Comics

qas: question: Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?
answers: text: fumetti

question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?
answers: text: speech balloons

question: What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?
answers: text: online webcomics

question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?
answers: text: narrative pacing

question: Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images?

question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?

question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics?

question: What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century?

question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics?
context: Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.

qas: question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?
answers: text: 1830s

question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?
answers: text: Superman

question: What is Japanese cartooning known as?
answers: text: manga

question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news?

question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983?

question: Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938?

question: What is Chinese cartooning known as?

question: What is Japanese cartooning not known as?
context: The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

qas: question: French comics are also known as what?
answers: text: bandes dessinées

question: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
answers: text: when it refers to the medium

question: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
answers: text: recurring characters

question: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
answers: text: images and text

question: What are Japanese comics called?
answers: text: manga

question: French comics are not known as what?

question: When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural?

question: The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?

question: No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?

question: What are Japanese comics never called?
context: The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

qas: question: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?
answers: text: Rodolphe Töpffer

question: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?
answers: text: Richard F. Outcault

question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?
answers: text: 1890s

question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?
answers: text: satirical

question: Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe?

question: Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe?

question: Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America?

question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books?

question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I?
context: The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

qas: question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?
answers: text: Lascaux cave paintings

question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
answers: text: The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel

question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?
answers: text: hieroglyphs

question: In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
answers: text: Trajan's Column

question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics?

question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics?

question: What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?

question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?

question: In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?
context: Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]

qas: question: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
answers: text: The Glasgow Looking Glass

question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
answers: text: 1825

question: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?
answers: text: Punch

question: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
answers: text: Ally Sloper

question: When did Ally Sloper first appear?
answers: text: 1884

question: What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?

question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?

question: In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?

question: Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?

question: When did Ally Sloper last appear?
context: Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

qas: question: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?
answers: text: New York World

question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
answers: text: Outcault's The Yellow Kid

question: Which outlet did comic supplements fail in?

question: Which outlet did news supplements find success in?

question: Which outlet didn't comic supplements find success in?

question: Which strip had no success as a comic strip?

question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a news article?
context: American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

qas: question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?
answers: text: Mutt and Jeff

question: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?
answers: text: 1907

question: When did comic books make an appearance?
answers: text: 1930s

question: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
answers: text: Action Comics

question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with?

question: What news column did Bud Fisher have success with?

question: When did Mutt and Jeff end?

question: When did news books make an appearance?

question: Which comic book failed with its first superhero in 1938?
context: Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

qas: question: Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?
answers: text: crime and horror

question: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?
answers: text: Comics Code Authority

question: When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?
answers: text: 1960s

question: When did the alternative comics movement begin?
answers: text: 1980s

question: Which genre of comic books had children concerned?

question: Which genre of comic books had parents excited?

question: Which group was disbanded after a Senate hearing on comic books content?

question: When did super heroes lose popularity again in comic books?

question: When did the alternative comics movement end?
context: The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

qas: question: Serialization of comics became less popular when?
answers: text: 1980s

question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?
answers: text: as albums

question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?
answers: text: L'Association

question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?
answers: text: print market

question: Serialization of comics became more popular when?

question: Serialization of newspapers became less popular when?

question: How were comics published when serialization became more common?

question: Which major publisher published in formats that were not traditional?

question: Comics continue to decline regardless of the decrease in what market?
context: From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

qas: question: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
answers: text: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books

question: What is ukiyo-e an example of?
answers: text: woodblock prints

question: What picture books from the 16th century show manga origins?

question: What picture newspapers from the 17th century show manga origins?

question: What picture books from the 17th century don't show manga origins?

question: What is ukiyo-e not an example of?

question: what didn't become popular between the 17th and 20th centuries?
context: Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

qas: question: When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?
answers: text: 1890s

question: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?
answers: text: Western expatriates

question: When did Jiji Manga debut?
answers: text: 1900

question: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?
answers: text: Rakuten Kitazawa

question: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
answers: text: 1930s

question: When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan?

question: When did comic supplements start showing up in China?

question: Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan?

question: When did Jiji Manga end?

question: Who started the last Japanese comic strip in modern times?
context: Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

qas: question: What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?
answers: text: Sazae-san

question: Where were comic strip stories first serialized?
answers: text: magazines

question: What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?
answers: text: after World War II

question: What comic strip was ended by Osamu Tezuka?

question: What comic strip wasn't created by Osamu Tezuka?

question: Where were comic strip stories never serialized?

question: What is considered the end of the modern comics in Japan?

question: What is considered the start of the ancient comics in Japan?
context: The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.

qas: question: Where do comics usually appear?
answers: text: newspapers

question: Where do comics never appear?

question: What country do weekly strips have normally occupied a single tier?

question: What country do daily strips have abnormally occupied a single tier?

question: What country do daily strips have normally occupied a double tier?

question: while Saturday strips have been given how many tiers?
context: Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.

qas: question: Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?
answers: text: magazines

question: How often are European serialized comics in magazines?
answers: text: monthly or weekly

question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?
answers: text: weekly

question: How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?
answers: text: hundreds of pages

question: Where do non-serialized comics in Japan typically appear?

question: Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear?

question: How often are American serialized comics in magazines?

question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Chinese magazines?

question: How long is the atypical Japanese comic magazine?
context: Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.

qas: question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?
answers: text: graphic novels

question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?
answers: text: tankōbon

question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?
answers: text: fiction

question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?
answers: text: graphic novels

question: What are bounds volumes of newspapers called in America?

question: What is the name not given to Japanese comics volumes?

question: What type of play is the word novel generally geared towards?

question: What term can mean a fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?

question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of long pieces?
context: Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

qas: question: Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?
answers: text: Europe

question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?
answers: text: 1843

question: In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?
answers: text: Punch

question: Where did gag cartoons last make an appearance?

question: Where did serious cartoons first make an appearance?

question: When did serious single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?

question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as comics?

question: In which publication was cartoon last used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?
context: Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.

qas: question: What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?
answers: text: lowbrow reputation

question: Who thought pop culture was a risk?
answers: text: cultural elites

question: What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?
answers: text: Comics

question: What did comics have in the United States because of sports roots?

question: What did comics not have in the United States because of cultural roots?

question: Who thought pop culture wasn't at risk?

question: What was thought to be bad for children and those who could not read or write?

question: What was thought to be only good for children and those who could read or write?
context: Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.

qas: question: What is a comic that is as long as a book called?
answers: text: graphic novel

question: Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention?
answers: text: Will Eisner

question: What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public?
answers: text: 1980s

question: In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?
answers: text: webcomics

question: The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?
answers: text: Maus

question: What is a comic that is as short as a book called?

question: Who helped "graphic novel" lose public attention?

question: What decade did the term "graphic novel" become lesser known by the public?

question: In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular offline?

question: The loss in popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?
context: The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.

qas: question: Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?
answers: text: Rodolphe Töpffer

question: What century had comics in wide production?
answers: text: 19th

question: What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?
answers: text: Zig et Puce

question: What comics began to dominate in Europe?
answers: text: Franco-Belgian

question: When was "The Adventures of Tintin" serialized?
answers: text: 1929

question: Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1872?

question: What century had comics in local production?

question: What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles unpopular?

question: When was "The Adventures of Tintin" unserialized?
context: The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.

qas: question: In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?
answers: text: literacy

question: What was seen as "infantile" in the United States?
answers: text: comics

question: Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?
answers: text: literature

question: In the United States in the middle of the 19th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?

question: In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a boon to culture and what?

question: What was seen as sophisticated reading in the United States?

question: Comics were quoted as a product of art and what?

question: Comics were quoted as a sabotage of writing and what?
context: Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest serious analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d]

qas: question: Comics for adults began to be called what?
answers: text: Ninth Art

question: What year did Pilote begin?
answers: text: 1959

question: What became a best-seller comic in the French language?
answers: text: Adventures of Asterix

question: What does bandes dessinées not mean?

question: Comics for kids began to be called what?

question: What year did Pilote end?

question: What became a best-seller comic in the English language?

question: What became a low-seller comic in the French language?
context: In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.

qas: question: Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?
answers: text: editorial interference

question: When was L'Écho des savanes begun?
answers: text: 1972

question: Métal hurlant was of what genre?
answers: text: science fiction

question: What format did adult comics begin to be published in?
answers: text: prestige

question: Pilote cartoonists were happy with censorship and what?

question: Pilote readers were upset with censorship and what?

question: When was L'Écho des savanes ended?

question: Métal hurlant wasn't of what genre?

question: What format did child comics begin to be published in?
context: Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics.

qas: question: Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?
answers: text: Nihon Manga-Shi

question: When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?
answers: text: 1924

question: What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?
answers: text: Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics

question: Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?
answers: text: Frederik L. Schodt

question: What publication is Schodt responsible for?
answers: text: Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics

question: Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara reject?

question: When did Hosokibara reject Nihon Manga-Shi?

question: What was abolished in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?

question: Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga inside of Japan's borders?

question: What publication is Schodt not responsible for?
context: Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

qas: question: Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?
answers: text: Coulton Waugh

question: What was the name of Waugh's work?
answers: text: The Comics

question: Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?
answers: text: David Carrier

question: What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?
answers: text: Comics and Sequential Art

question: Who put together a history of American comics in 1974?

question: Who didn't put together a history of American comics in 1947?

question: What wasn't the name of Waugh's work?

question: Who created a book about comics from a biographical point of view?

question: What book did Will Eisner create in 1958?
context: Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.

qas: question: What word is used in France for comics?
answers: text: bandes dessinées

question: What word is used in Japan for comics?
answers: text: manga

question: What does bandes dessinées mean?
answers: text: drawn strip

question: What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées?
answers: text: drawn images

question: What word is rejected in France for comics?

question: What word is used in France for comedies?

question: What word isn't used in Japan for comics?

question: What doesn't bandes dessinées mean?

question: What is the non-definitive factor of bandes dessinées?
context: Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.

qas: question: What comics are on the Internet?
answers: text: Webcomics

question: Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?
answers: text: readers

question: With webcomics, readers have access to what?
answers: text: archived installments

question: Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?
answers: text: infinite canvas

question: What comics aren't on the Internet?

question: Webcomics reach small audiences and new what?

question: Webcomics reach large audiences and old what?

question: With webcomics, readers have no access to what?

question: Held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?
context: Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.

qas: question: Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?
answers: text: Wordless novels

question: Storyboards are used a lot by what?
answers: text: Film studios

question: Storyboards are not considered what?
answers: text: an end product

question: Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?
answers: text: the public

question: A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?
answers: text: Wordless novels

question: Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by all?

question: Storyboards are not used a lot by what?

question: Scripts are used a lot by what?

question: Storyboards are considered what?

question: A book without pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?
context: Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.

qas: question: What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?
answers: text: consensus

question: R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?
answers: text: Theorists

question: What are there prominent examples of in comic history?
answers: text: pantomime comics

question: Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?
answers: text: images

question: What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?
answers: text: 20th

question: What has been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?

question: R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are not considered to be comic what?

question: What aren't there prominent examples of in comic history?

question: Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be secondary?

question: What century had remembered comic forms rediscovered?
context: Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.

qas: question: In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?
answers: text: his own

question: Who introduced the term "multiframe"?
answers: text: Henri Vanlier

question: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?
answers: text: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle

question: Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?
answers: text: Neil Cohn

question: In the 1940s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?

question: Who rejected the term "multiframe"?

question: Who never used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s

question: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1980s

question: Who used cognitive science to learn how dogs understand comics?
context: European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

qas: question: What Russian word is used for comics?
answers: text: komiks

question: What German word is used for comics?
answers: text: comics

question: What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?
answers: text: manhua

question: What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?
answers: text: manhwa

question: What Russian word isn't used for comics?

question: What Prussian word is used for comics?

question: What German word isn't used for comics?

question: What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga?

question: What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga?
context: Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

qas: question: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?
answers: text: newspaper comic strips

question: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?
answers: text: non-humorous

question: Comic books are what type of books?
answers: text: periodicals

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?
answers: text: manga

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?
answers: text: bandes dessinées

question: The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where?

question: Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works?

question: Comic books aren't what type of books?

question: What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan?

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian?
context: The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

qas: question: Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?
answers: text: specialists

question: What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?
answers: text: penciller

question: What does an inker do?
answers: text: finishes the artwork in ink

question: Though one person always creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?

question: What is a person called who doesn't do the initial pencil work for the artwork?

question: What is a person called who does the initial pen work for the artwork?

question: What does an linker do?

question: What doesn't an inker do?
context: While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.

qas: question: What are the individual images with action called in comics?
answers: text: Panels

question: Narrative is placed into panels using what?
answers: text: encapsulation

question: Who puts the panels together using closure?
answers: text: The reader

question: Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?
answers: text: arrangement

question: When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?
answers: text: asynchronous

question: What are the multiple images with action called in comics?

question: Narrative isn't placed into panels using what?

question: Who takes the panels apart using closure?

question: Timing and pace of comics is made by not adjusting size, shape and what of panels?

question: When a comic panel has events that are at the same time the panel is considered to be what?
context: Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

qas: question: What association with comics is strong?
answers: text: Speech balloons

question: The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?
answers: text: comics

question: What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?
answers: text: onomatopoeia

question: What association with comics is weak?

question: What disassociation with comics is strong?

question: The presence of a double speech balloon in an image turns it into what?

question: The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?

question: What type of words are used to do word effects in comics?
context: Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words.

qas: question: What type of ink is often used in making comics?
answers: text: India ink

question: What method is mostly used in making comics?
answers: text: Cartooning

question: Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?
answers: text: digital technology

question: Motion lines and what are often used in comics?
answers: text: abstract symbols

question: What type of ink is never used in making comics?

question: What type of ink is often used in making comedies?

question: What method is least used in making comics?

question: Mixed media and what else are becoming unpopular for making comics?

question: Motion lines and what are never used in comics?
context: Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.

qas: question: The term comedies refers to what?

question: The term comics doesn't refer to what?

question: When comic appears as a countable verb it refers to what?

question: When comedies appears as a countable noun it refers to what?

question: When comic doesn't appear as a countable noun it refers to what?
context: The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement."