Anthropology

qas: question: What is anthropology a study of?
answers: text: humans and their societies

question: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?
answers: text: social

question: What investigates the influence of language in social life?
answers: text: linguistic anthropology

question: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?
answers: text: physical

question: Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?
answers: text: United States

question: What is the study of human history?

question: What are the main subdivisions of history?

question: What studies the influence of societies on social life?

question: what studies the influince of other organisms on humans?

question: What does the United States view as a discipline in its own right?
context: Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.

qas: question: Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?
answers: text: Étienne Serres

question: When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?
answers: text: 1838

question: When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?
answers: text: 1850

question: Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?
answers: text: France

question: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?
answers: text: Société Ethnologique de Paris

question: What did Etienne Serres describe in the 18th century?

question: Where was a chair in anthropology and ethnography created in 1838?

question: Who created a chair in anthropology and ethnography in the 18th century?

question: What group first used the term Ethnology in the 18th century?

question: What society abolised slavery in France?
context: Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned.

qas: question: What is anthropology the intellectual results of?
answers: text: comparative methods

question: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?
answers: text: similarities

question: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?
answers: text: processes or laws unknown to them then

question: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?
answers: text: epiphany

question: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?
answers: text: comparison of species

question: What is the result of methods developed in the 1900's

question: What methods were developed in the 1900's?

question: Who was begining to suspect diffrences between animals, languages and folkways?

question: Who contradicted the supisions of other theorists?
context: Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.

qas: question: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?
answers: text: late 1850s.

question: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?
answers: text: bring it into the social sciences

question: Where did Paul Broca reside?
answers: text: Paris

question: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?
answers: text: Société de biologie

question: What did the French call evolutionism?
answers: text: Transformisme

question: Who unveiled evolution in the 18th century?

question: Who broke away from the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris?

question: Who formed the Societe de biologie?

question: What did Broca redefine Transformisme to?
context: Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature".

qas: question: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?
answers: text: neurosurgeon

question: What particularly interested Broca?
answers: text: the pathology of speech

question: What did Broca discover in the human brain?
answers: text: speech center

question: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?
answers: text: psychology

question: How many volumes was Waitz work?
answers: text: six

question: What did Broca leave neurosurgery to study?

question: Where did Broca think the similarity between man and other animals resided?

question: Who wrote a six-volume work on Biological anthropology?

question: What did Waitz write in the 18th century?
context: Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously.

qas: question: How did Waitz define anthropology?
answers: text: the science of the nature of man

question: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?
answers: text: an animist

question: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?
answers: text: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology

question: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?
answers: text: empirical

question: What history was to be brought into the comparison?
answers: text: civilization

question: How did Broca define anthropology?

question: How did Broca define nature?

question: who followed Waitz lead and pointed out anthropology was a new field?

question: What was to be compared to civilizations?
context: Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".

qas: question: Who was Waitz influential among?
answers: text: British ethnologists

question: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?
answers: text: 1863

question: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?
answers: text: anthropology

question: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?
answers: text: French Société

question: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?
answers: text: Waitz

question: Who was influentual among European ethnologists?

question: Who did Richard Francis Burton break away from in the 18th century?

question: What society did James Hunt form in the 18th century?

question: What was the name of Waitz new publication?

question: What field did Alfred Tylor invent?
context: Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.

qas: question: When was the American Anthropological Association founded?
answers: text: 1902

question: When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?
answers: text: 1865

question: Vienna created it's society in what year?
answers: text: 1870

question: When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?
answers: text: 1869

question: What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?
answers: text: empirical foundation

question: What organization was founded in America in the 19th century?

question: What Italian Society was founded by Rudolph Virchow?

question: What society was founded in Vienna in 1865?

question: Who was known for is attacks on evolutionist on religious grounds?
context: Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.

qas: question: What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?
answers: text: anthropological societies

question: What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?
answers: text: international

question: Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?
answers: text: The major theorists

question: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?
answers: text: 48

question: How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?
answers: text: 13

question: What was there a proliferation of in the 1900's?

question: Who created anthropology curricula in major institutions of higher learning?

question: What was found in 48 educational institutions in the 18th century?
context: During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.

qas: question: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?
answers: text: majority of the world's higher educational institutions

question: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?
answers: text: subdivisions

question: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?
answers: text: Practical

question: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?
answers: text: recreate the final scene

question: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?
answers: text: about three dozen

question: Where were anthropology departments found by the 2000's?

question: What has been combined into one anthropology field?

question: What type of anthropology is used to solve hypothetical problems?

question: What do practical antropologists recreate?
context: This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.

qas: question: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?
answers: text: late 19th and early 20th centuries

question: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?
answers: text: cross-cultural comparisons

question: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?
answers: text: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques

question: What did Boas' argue against?
answers: text: 19th-century racial ideology

question: What did Margaret Mead advocate for?
answers: text: gender equality and sexual liberation

question: Who distinguished cultural and social antropology from other sciences in the 1900's and early 2000?

question: How was cultural and Social anthropology distinguish from other sciences around the world?

question: What kind of relativisim has been emphasized by social anthropology?

question: .What did Boas use to advocate for gender equality?

question: What did Margaret Meade use to argue against 19th century racial ideology?
context: Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.

qas: question: What type of discipline is anthropology?
answers: text: global

question: What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?
answers: text: humanities, social, and natural sciences

question: What builds upon natural and social sciences?
answers: text: Anthropology

question: Where did early anthropology originate?
answers: text: Greece and Persia

question: What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?
answers: text: cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies

question: What disciplines is Anthropolgy forced to confront?

question: What builds upon knowledge from Anthropology?

question: What began in modern day Greece?

question: What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology developed from?
context: Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

qas: question: What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?
answers: text: structuralist and postmodern theories

question: When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?
answers: text: During the 1970s and 1990s

question: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?
answers: text: nature and production of knowledge

question: What two fields remained largely positivist? 
answers: text: archaeology and biological anthropology

question: What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?
answers: text: cohesion

question: what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories?

question: When was there a shift towards the positivist traditions?

question: What did archeology and biological anthropology largly shift away from?

question: What has been cohesive over the last several decades?
context: Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.

qas: question: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?
answers: text: Sociocultural anthropology

question: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?
answers: text: Cultural anthropology

question: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?
answers: text: social

question: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?
answers: text: social structures,

question: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?
answers: text: hard-and-fast

question: What draws together the aces of Sociocultural anthropology?

question: What studies how people use the world around them?

question: What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history?

question: What type off anthropology has a hard-and-fast distinction from social anthropology?
context: Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.

qas: question: What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?
answers: text: cultural relativism

question: What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?
answers: text: reductionism in cross-cultural comparison

question: What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?
answers: text: Ethnography

question: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?
answers: text: Participant observation

question: What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"?
answers: text: emic

question: What is cultural relativism guided by?

question: What moderates accepting other cultures on their own terms?

question: What is one of the foundational methods of Ethnology?

question: What does social anthropology involve the comarision of?
context: Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.

qas: question: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?
answers: text: Sociocultural

question: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?
answers: text: resolution

question: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?
answers: text: consumption and exchange

question: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?
answers: text: language

question: What is a human universal?
answers: text: kinship

question: What is the study of kinship and ancestory?

question: What type of anthropology covers the formation of conflict?
context: The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

qas: question: What field studies human's past through material remains?
answers: text: Archaeology

question: What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?
answers: text: cultural and material lives of past societies

question: What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?
answers: text: human behavior and cultural practices

question: What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?
answers: text: past human groups

question: How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?
answers: text: in similar ways

question: What is the study of humanity?

question: What creates patterns of past humane behavior?

question: What do Ethnoarchaelogist study to get a better understanding of past humane goups?
context: Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.

qas: question: What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?
answers: text: Linguistic

question: What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?
answers: text: anthropological

question: What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?
answers: text: interpretation of sociocultural processes

question: What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?
answers: text: sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis

question: What subdivision of linguistics studies human communication?

question: What is the analysis of of linguistic anthropology?

question: What related fields draw on linguistic anthropology?
context: Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.

qas: question: What is a cultural phenomenon? 
answers: text: art

question: What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?
answers: text: do not exist

question: What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?
answers: text: evident 'aesthetic' qualities

question: When was Art as Cultural System penned?
answers: text: 1983

question: What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?
answers: text: culturally specific 'aesthetics'

question: What is a central problem of the study of art?

question: What categories of art do not exixt in most Wester contests?

question: When did Boas write The Way of the Masks?

question: What have anthropologists triet to turn the anthropology of culturally specific aesthetics into?

question: When did Greetz write Primitive Art?
context: One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.

qas: question: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
answers: text: Media anthropology

question: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
answers: text: ethnographic

question: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
answers: text: cyber

question: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
answers: text: early 1990s

question: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
answers: text: media reception

question: What is the study of Mass Media?

question: What type of anthropology involves the internet and roboticas?

question: What form of media began to lose its presence in the 1990's?
context: Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

qas: question: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
answers: text: Visual

question: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?
answers: text: visual representation

question: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
answers: text: all

question: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
answers: text: ethnographic film

question: What type of anthropology involves photographers?

question: What type of representation does ethnographic film study?

question: What term has replaced Visual anthropology?
context: Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

qas: question: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?
answers: text: Economic

question: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?
answers: text: historic, geographic and cultural

question: What is economic anthropology highly critical of?
answers: text: discipline of economics

question: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?
answers: text: Bronislaw Malinowski

question: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?
answers: text: exchange

question: What type of anthropology attempts explain human finances?

question: What study focuses on the history of human economics rather than culural?

question: What alternative to gift-giving exchange did Mauss study?

question: What school of thought did Marx found?
context: Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.

qas: question: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?
answers: text: traditional concerns

question: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?
answers: text: history and colonialism

question: Who were the original affluent society?
answers: text: Hunter-gatherers

question: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?
answers: text: population

question: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?
answers: text: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism

question: What field of study removes Historical Materialism from the traditional concernsw of anthropology?

question: What did Political Economy introduce to quwestions of history and coloialism?

question: Who makes up only a small part of the world's population?

question: Who has helped spread capitalism around the world?
context: Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

qas: question: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?
answers: text: Applied

question: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?
answers: text: change or stability

question: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?
answers: text: direct

question: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?
answers: text: the practical side

question: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?
answers: text: participating

question: What refers to the study of the methods and theries of anthropology?

question: What produces methods of applied anthropology?

question: What is the creative side of anthropology?

question: what is distincly different than Development Anthropology?
context: Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

qas: question: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
answers: text: critical

question: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
answers: text: pondering

question: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?
answers: text: increasing

question: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?
answers: text: gap

question: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
answers: text: fail

question: What tends to view development from a positive perspective?

question: What field of anthropology has a goal to eleviate poverty?

question: What looks for the connections between plans and outcomes?

question: What type of development rarely fails?
context: Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

qas: question: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?
answers: text: Kinship

question: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?
answers: text: anthropology

question: When has anthropology developed related terms?
answers: text: Over its history

question: What does it mean if people are related by descent?
answers: text: one's social relations during development

question: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?
answers: text: marriage

question: What is the study of human culture?

question: What has developed a number of unrelated concepts and terms?

question: What type of patterns onlyrefer to people related by descent?
context: Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.

qas: question: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?
answers: text: Feminist

question: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?
answers: text: male bias

question: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?
answers: text: systematic bias

question: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?
answers: text: gender

question: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?
answers: text: birth anthropology

question: What is a single field approach to anthropology?

question: What seeks to reduce female bias in research?

question: Who's experiences are similar to white European and American feminists?

question: What perspectives have been historically regarded as valid?
context: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

qas: question: What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?
answers: text: Nutritional

question: Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?
answers: text: food security

question: If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?
answers: text: globalization

question: What affects overall health status?
answers: text: Nutritional status

question: What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?
answers: text: economic

question: What part of anthropology deals with food production?

question: What investigates the interplay between culture and food security?

question: What effects overall Nutritional status>

question: What can affect acess to food?
context: Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.

qas: question: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? 
answers: text: Psychological

question: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?
answers: text: humans' development and enculturation

question: What aspects define a cultural group?
answers: text: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories

question: What shapes processes of human cognition?
answers: text: cultural group

question: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?
answers: text: understanding

question: What subfield of anthropolgy studies mental health?

question: Where does Pysychological anthropology defocus on human development and enculteration?

question: What shapes cultural groups?
context: Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

qas: question: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?
answers: text: Cognitive

question: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?
answers: text: cognitive sciences

question: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?
answers: text: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology

question: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?
answers: text: implicit knowledge

question: What seeks to explain pattterns of aquired knowledge?

question: What do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cognitive sciences?

question: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive anthropology?
context: Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

qas: question: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?
answers: text: Political

question: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?
answers: text: structure of societies

question: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?
answers: text: the 1960s

question: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?
answers: text: "complex"

question: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?
answers: text: Geertz

question: What field of anthropology concerns the stucture of governments?

question: Political anthropology was primarily concerned with the politics of strong what?

question: Political anthropology turned from complex socities to what?

question: When did the study of stateless societies begin?
context: Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

qas: question: What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?
answers: text: Cyborg

question: When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?
answers: text: 1993

question: What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?
answers: text: the Society for the Social Studies of Science

question: Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?
answers: text: Donna Haraway

question: What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?
answers: text: its relations

question: What type of anthropology began in Europe in 1993?

question: When did the study of cyborg technology begin?

question: What did Harway write in 1993?
context: Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.

qas: question: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?
answers: text: Environmental

question: What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?
answers: text: political ecology

question: What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?
answers: text: culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.

question: The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?
answers: text: corporate

question: Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?
answers: text: people of Hyde Park

question: What field examines the environment and its affect of life?

question: What was the first focus of field work in environmental anthropology?

question: What does the observer never become part of?
context: Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.

qas: question: How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?
answers: text: by examining historical records

question: Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?
answers: text: ethnic

question: What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?
answers: text: its foundation

question: What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?
answers: text: documents and manuscripts

question: Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?
answers: text: Practitioners

question: What is the study of modern customs?

question: What extinct groups does ethno history study?

question: What does ethnohistory form the foundation for?
context: Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.

qas: question: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?
answers: text: Urban

question: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?
answers: text: Ulf Hannerz

question: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? 
answers: text: notoriously agoraphobic

question: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?
answers: text: two

question: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?
answers: text: social issues

question: What is the study of modern cities?

question: Who was often quated in the 1960's?

question: What is a new steryotpe of anthropologists?
context: Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.

qas: question: What is Anthrozoology also known as?
answers: text: human–animal studies

question: What is the study of interaction between living things?
answers: text: Anthrozoology

question: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?
answers: text: number of other disciplines

question: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?
answers: text: positive

question: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?
answers: text: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy

question: What is the study of animals?

question: What focuses on the positive affect of animals on humans?

question: What fields developed from Anthrozoology?
context: Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

qas: question: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?
answers: text: Evolutionary

question: What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?
answers: text: natural science and social science

question: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?
answers: text: past and present

question: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?
answers: text: scientific

question: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
answers: text: many lines
context: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

qas: question: What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?
answers: text: Ethical

question: What is the proper term for circumcision?
answers: text: mutilation

question: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?
answers: text: racism, slavery, and human sacrifice

question: Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?
answers: text: man

question: Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?
answers: text: depth of an anthropological approach
context: Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.

qas: question: What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?
answers: text: active in the allied war effort

question: What groups formed the Axis forces?
answers: text: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan

question: What did many anthropologists serve in?
answers: text: the armed forces

question: The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?
answers: text: intelligence

question: Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?
answers: text: communist sympathies.
context: But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.

qas: question: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?
answers: text: the state

question: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?
answers: text: secret

question: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?
answers: text: certain scholarship

question: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?
answers: text: The AAA

question: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?
answers: text: given

question: Who often emphasises the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state?

question: What permits antropologists to give secret briefings?

question: What does the AAA's current Statment of Professional Responsibility no longer say?

question: What has the ASA identified as being ethical?
context: Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."

qas: question: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? 
answers: text: the US military

question: What are the anthropologists part of?
answers: text: US Army's strategy in Afghanistan

question: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?
answers: text: Counterinsurgency

question: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?
answers: text: Iraq

question: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?
answers: text: ethics

question: Who is working with the UN militalry in Afghanistan??

question: what focuses better focuses on meeting national needs in Afghanistan?

question: Where are HTS teams considering working beside Afghanistan?

question: What does the AA believe ethics are compatible with?
context: Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

qas: question: What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?
answers: text: Biological

question: What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?
answers: text: human universals

question: Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?
answers: text: into the field

question: To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?
answers: text: a community in its own setting

question: Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?
answers: text: genetic

question: Who are interested in human variations and similarities to other organisms?

question: What are ideas shared by the dominite culture?

question: What kind of observations are made in and artificial environment?

question: What kind of work do anthropologists do with communities in a lab setting?
context: Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

qas: question: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?
answers: text: relevant time periods and geographic regions

question: How has human time on Earth been divided up?
answers: text: cultural traditions based on material

question: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?
answers: text: tool

question: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?
answers: text: geographers

question: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?
answers: text: comparative method

question: Who divides the world y theoretical emphasis?

question: Who likes to divide their projects into relevent time periods and geographic regions?

question: What helps anthropologists understand major trends in human culture?

question: What is divided into relevant cultural traditions based on art?
context: Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

qas: question: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?
answers: text: "other cultures

question: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?
answers: text: time

question: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?
answers: text: non-European/non-Western societies

question: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?
answers: text: Ulf Hannerz

question: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?
answers: text: only in late 1960s

question: What do some authors argue developed as the study of western culture in terms of time and space?

question: When did anthropologist specializing in other culture start searching in the "Third World"?
context: Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

qas: question: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?
answers: text: set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region

question: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?
answers: text: research to a single locale

question: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?
answers: text: daily life of ordinary people

question: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?
answers: text: scientific laboratories

question: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?
answers: text: research

question: Where has ethnographic research become less common since the 1980's?

question: What often limits research to a certain local?

question: Who has norrowed the focus to the daily life of ordinary people?

question: What settings is reasearch increasinly moving away from?
context: Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.