Architecture

qas: question: What is the latin word for architecture?
answers: text: Architectural

question: In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?
answers: text: Greek

question: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?
answers: text: ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"

question: Architecture involves the creation of what?
answers: text: buildings and other physical structures

question: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?
answers: text: as works of art

question: What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
answers: text: Historical civilizations

question: What is the french word for architecture?

question:  What is the Italian word for architecture?

question:  What do you call the destruction of buildings?

question: What structures never be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?

question: Civilizations from the past will never be identified by what surviving structures?
context: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

qas: question: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
answers: text: De architectura

question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
answers: text: Roman architect Vitruvius

question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
answers: text: 1st century AD.

question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
answers: text: firmness, commodity and delight.

question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
answers: text: De architectura

question: Who was the author of  De architectura?
answers: text: Vitruvius

question: What was Vitruvius' profession?
answers: text: architect

question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
answers: text: firmitas, utilitas, venustas

question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
answers: text: firmness, commodity and delight

question: What is the youngest architecture plans that has survived?

question: Who created the most recent surviving architecture plans?

question: What was written in the 2nd century AD?

question:  What was Vitruvius' fourth principles for a well made building?

question:  What is the commonly seen French translation of the three principles?
context: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

qas: question: When were the styles of arts created?
answers: text: 16th century

question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
answers: text: Vasari

question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
answers: text: Italian, French, Spanish and English

question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?
answers: text: architect

question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
answers: text: Leon Battista Alberti

question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
answers: text: proportion

question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
answers: text: the Golden mean

question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
answers: text: 16th

question: What was created in the 17th century? 

question: Who wrote Lives of the Least Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

question: By the 16th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?

question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles rejected?

question:  Who wrote Re Re Aedificatoria?
context: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.

qas: question: Who wrote the book Contrasts?
answers: text: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin

question: What year was Contrasts written in?
answers: text: 1836

question: What was the name of Pugin's book?
answers: text: Contrasts

question: In what year was Contrasts written?
answers: text: 1836

question: What world did Pugin dislike?
answers: text: modern, industrial world

question: What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
answers: text: Gothic

question: What book was written in the 18th century? 

question: Who wrote Contrasts in the 17th century?

question: When did Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin paint the artwork called Contrasts?

question:  What world did Pugin like?

question:  What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly non-Christian?
context: In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."

qas: question: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
answers: text: John Ruskin

question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
answers: text: John Ruskin

question: What was Ruskin's career? 
answers: text: art critic

question: When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
answers: text: 1849

question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
answers: text: to his mental health, power, and pleasure

question:  Who wrote Eight Lamps of Architecture?

question: When did John Ruskin write the Seven Lamps of Architecture?

question: What book came out in the 18th century?

question: What subject did John Ruskin teach in college?

question: Who said "art which never disposes and adorns the edifices"
context: The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

qas: question: Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?
answers: text: not

question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
answers: text: the aesthetic

question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
answers: text: it is in some way "adorned"

question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
answers: text: string courses or rustication

question: Who believes all buildings are works of architecture?

question:  What was least significant in architecture according to Ruskin?

question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should never be done to a structure?

question: What features at maximum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
context: For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.

qas: question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
answers: text: 20th-century

question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 
answers: text: Le Corbusier

question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
answers: text: Architect

question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
answers: text: 20th-century

question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
answers: text: heart

question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
answers: text: I am happy

question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier born?

question: Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?

question: What job did Le Corbusier quit?

question: Who said "You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete"

question: Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture"
context: On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

qas: question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
answers: text: Function

question: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
answers: text: aesthetic, psychological and cultural

question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
answers: text: Vitruvius

question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
answers: text: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building

question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
answers: text: both popularity and skepticism

question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "nonutility"?

question: What was the term "criteria" replaced by? 

question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function not replace?

question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the smaller concept of function?

question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should never come before other concerns?
context: While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

qas: question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
answers: text: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
answers: text: philosophies

question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
answers: text: their approach to building design

question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?
answers: text: poststructuralism

question: What are some philosophies that ancient architects use?

question:  Rationalism and empiricism are not examples of what?

question:  Which philosophy came before structuralism?

question:  Aside from the architects what did the rationalism influence?
context: Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

qas: question: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
answers: text: late 20th century

question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
answers: text: sustainability

question: To what should a building be friendly?
answers: text: environment

question: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
answers: text: non-sustainable power sources

question: When was the conecept, unsustainable architecture used?

question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 19th century?

question: To what should a building be not friendly?

question: What sort of power sources should a building always overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
context: In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

qas: question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
answers: text: shelter, security, worship

question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
answers: text: knowledge

question: What was building considered?
answers: text: a craft

question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?
answers: text: architecture

question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
answers: text: building materials

question:  What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?

question: Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

question:  What was building never considered?

question:  What was the least valued type of building craft called?

question: Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?
context: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

qas: question: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
answers: text: vernacular buildings

question: Why did the economy begin to expand?
answers: text: a surplus in production

question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
answers: text: trial and error

question: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
answers: text: vernacular

question: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
answers: text: rural

question: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
answers: text: urbanization

question: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
answers: text: rapidly

question: What type of buildings are not built mostly through out the world?

question:  Why did the economy stop expanding?

question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were not made?

question: What is a popular type of architecture that doesn't exist around the planet?

question:  In what environment were many of the latest human settlements?
context: It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.

qas: question: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
answers: text: Egypt and Mesopotamia

question: What are two examples of past civilizations?
answers: text: Egypt and Mesopotamia

question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
answers: text: the divine and the supernatural

question: What does architectural monumentality often represent?
answers: text: political power

question: What civilizations didn't use the divine and supernatural in their architecture?

question:  What are three examples of past civilizations?

question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to weren't shown off by their architecture?

question:  What does architectural monumentality never represent?
context: In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.

qas: question: Name one Asian architectural writer.
answers: text: Kao Gong Ji

question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
answers: text: China

question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
answers: text: 7th–5th centuries BCE

question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
answers: text: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra

question: India produced which early architectural text?
answers: text: Shilpa Shastras

question: Who wrote late Asian writings?

question:  What country rejected the Kao Gong Ji?

question: What was written in 4th century BCE?

question:  What religious writing came from Sri Lanka?

question:  India produced which modern architectural text?
context: Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

qas: question: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
answers: text: pantheistic religion

question: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
answers: text: Buddhist architecture

question: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
answers: text: 3rd century BCE

question: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
answers: text: the macrocosm and the microcosm

question: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
answers: text: the Shastras

question: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
answers: text: Buddhist

question: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
answers: text: pantheistic religion

question:  What religion led to architectural changes in many English countries?

question:  Which cultures architecture showed a lot of similarities?

question:  When did Muslim temple architecture begin being produced?

question:  What does Hindu temple architecture try to hide?

question: What type of architectural is especially known for its non-regional differences
context: The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

qas: question: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
answers: text: European architecture

question: When was Islamic architecture first seen?
answers: text: 7th century CE

question: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
answers: text: Byzantium

question: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
answers: text: religious and social needs

question: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
answers: text: pointed arch
context: Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

qas: question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
answers: text: abbeys and cathedrals.

question: What were the most important buildings of the time?
answers: text: abbeys and cathedrals

question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
answers: text: clerics and tradesmen

question: What style is Gothic?
answers: text: pan-European

question: What is another pan-European style?
answers: text: Romanesque

question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
answers: text: 900 CE onwards

question:  What type of buildings were took the least effort to build?

question:  What were the least important buildings of the time?

question:  What three groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?

question:  What style is pre-Gothic?

question:  What is another pre-European style?
context: The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

qas: question: When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
answers: text: 1400

question: When did the Classical learning revival begin?
answers: text: 1400 onwards

question: What continent did this revival take place on?
answers: text: Europe

question: What was the name for the time period?
answers: text: Renaissance

question: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
answers: text: role of the individual

question: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
answers: text: artist, architect and engineer

question: What was developed before 1400?

question:  When did the Classical learning revival ed?

question:  What state did this revival take place in?

question:  What was the name for the time period before this?

question:  What didn't Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
context: In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

qas: question: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 
answers: text: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic

question: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
answers: text: form, space and ambience

question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
answers: text: pragmatic aspects

question: What sort of considerations does architectural design never take into account?

question:  In architecture what aspects are never planned and designed?

question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture never involve?
context: Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

qas: question: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
answers: text: Nunzia Rondanini

question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
answers: text: Through its aesthetic dimension

question: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
answers: text: social life

question: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
answers: text: social development

question: What does architecture share with other sciences?
answers: text: functional aspects

question: Who said that architecture wasn't able extend beyond function?

question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini not believe architecture moved past mere functionality?

question: What couldn't, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?

question: What should architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?

question:  How does architecture differ from other sciences?
context: Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'

qas: question: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
answers: text: art for art's sake

question: What sort of quest lacks purpose?
answers: text: quest for perfection or originality

question: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
answers: text: form

question: What is a reactionary thing to expand formalism's meaning to?

question:  What sort of quest defines purpose?

question:  What ends up being maximized in quality by this quest?
context: To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".

qas: question: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
answers: text: civic ideals

question: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
answers: text: new building types

question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
answers: text: religious or empirical ones

question: What owes its development to the Classical orders?
answers: text: Architectural "style"

question:  From what ideals did Classical architecture not come from?

question:  These civic ideas allowed what to not come into being?

question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on?

question:  What doesn't owe its development to the Classical orders?
context: The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.

qas: question: When were architectural writings first made?
answers: text: ancient time

question: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
answers: text: specific formal prescriptions

question: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
answers: text: canons

question: When did Vitruvius write his canons?
answers: text: 1st-century BCE

question: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
answers: text: religious

question:  When were architectural writings last made?

question:  Aside from general advice what did the texts not contain?

question:  What is another term for specific informal prescriptions?

question: Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE?

question:  What is an insignificant early architectural canonical type?
context: Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

qas: question: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
answers: text: guilds

question: What records of the guilds are still in existence?
answers: text: written contracts

question: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
answers: text: ecclesiastical buildings

question: What is another term for master mason?
answers: text: Magister lathomorum

question: What organizations were not created by Medieval craftsmen?

question:  What records of the guilds are no longer in existence?

question:  What was the least important thing the contracts were had to do with?

question:  What is another term for trainer mason?
context: In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.

qas: question: What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
answers: text: proportions and structure

question: Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
answers: text: generalist

question: What aspects of buildings did engineering not have an effect on?

question: What aspects of buildings did science not have an effect on?

question: Who still couldn't handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
context: A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.

qas: question: What two fields began to grow apart?
answers: text: architecture and engineering

question: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
answers: text: technical aspects of building design

question: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
answers: text: "gentleman architect"

question: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
answers: text: context and feasibility

question: Where did most architects learn their trade?
answers: text: in the offices of other architects

question:  What two fields got closer?

question:  What three fields began to grow apart?

question:  What did architects often favor in their pursuit of aesthetics?

question:  What was a term for an architect who catered to the poor?

question:  What did 18th century formal architectural training neglect?
context: With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.

qas: question: What started with the Industrial Revolution?
answers: text: mass production and consumption

question: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
answers: text: ornamented products

question: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
answers: text: Aesthetics

question: What ended with the Industrial Revolution?

question:  What became cheap enough for the lower class to buy?

question:  As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the upper class?

question:  As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the lower class?
context: Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

qas: question: What kind of books did housebuilders use?
answers: text: pattern books and architectural journals

question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
answers: text: current architectural design

question: What kind of books did housebuilders reject?

question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject?
context: Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.

qas: question: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? 
answers: text: 20th

question: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
answers: text: Modern Architecture

question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
answers: text: 1907

question: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
answers: text: to produce better quality machine made objects

question: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
answers: text: the Bauhaus school

question:  At what century's end did revivalist fall into disfavor?

question: What old type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?

question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund end?

question: What started in 1970?

question:  In 1919 what business opened in Weimar, Germany?
context: Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.

qas: question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?
answers: text: avant-garde movement

question: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
answers: text: the middle and working classes

question: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
answers: text: the rapidly declining aristocratic order

question: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
answers: text: functionalist

question: What details did Modernists' do away with?
answers: text: historical references and ornament

question: What kind of movement was prehistoric architecture in the beginning?

question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the ending?

question:  Who was the old movement meant to suit the needs of?

question:  What details did Modernists' encourage?
context: When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

qas: question: Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?
answers: text: Frank Lloyd Wright

question: What are two of Wright's designs?
answers: text: Robie House and Fallingwater

question: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
answers: text: to promote harmony

question:  Who was instrumental in rejecting Organic architecture?

question:  Who was instrumental in creating inorganic architecture?

question:  What are four of Wright's designs?

question: Wright wanted to promote disharmony in what two groups?
context: Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.

qas: question: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?
answers: text: the Industrial Revolution

question: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
answers: text: steel-frame construction

question: What style came after Modernism?
answers: text: International Style

question: What is an example of International Style?
answers: text: Twin Towers

question: Who designed the Twin Towers?
answers: text: Minoru Yamasaki

question: What made it impossible to design architecture through new means and methods?

question:  What old type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?

question:  What style came before Modernism?

question:  Who designed the Triplet Towers?

question:  What is an example of Domestic Style?
context: Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.

qas: question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
answers: text: decorative richness

question: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
answers: text: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen

question: What material was used in Brutalist structures?
answers: text: unfinished concrete

question: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
answers: text: postwar generation

question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find booming in modernist styles?

question:  Who were three architects who discouraged Brutalism?

question:  What material was never used in Brutalist structures?

question:  Who agreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
context: Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

qas: question: What school was a response to Brutalism?
answers: text: the school of metaphoric architecture

question: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
answers: text: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture

question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
answers: text: nature

question: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
answers: text: expressionist architecture

question: What school was a warm aesthetic of modernism

question:  What are two examples of non-metaphoric architecture?

question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture not based after design wise?

question: What type of architecture does nobody consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
context: One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.

qas: question: When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?
answers: text: the late 1950s and 1960s

question: What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?
answers: text: modernism

question: What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?
answers: text: human experience

question: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?
answers: text: Robert Venturi

question: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
answers: text: "ducks"

question: When was the end of the architectural phenomenology movement?

question: What happened in the early 1950s?

question:  What was architectural phenomenology not reacting to?

question:  What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to stay away from?

question:  Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated building"?
context: Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).

qas: question: About when did architecture begin specializing?
answers: text: Since the 1980s

question: Who can no longer design a large structure?
answers: text: one person

question: What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? 
answers: text: Modernism and Postmodernism

question:  About when did architecture stop specializing?

question: What happened before the 1980s?

question: When did complexity of buildings began to decrease? 

question: What two architectural movements have never faced criticism for their focus on individuality?
context: Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.

qas: question: What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?
answers: text: Environmental sustainability

question: What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?
answers: text: the environment

question: Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?
answers: text: Frank Lloyd Wright

question: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?
answers: text: Buckminster Fuller

question: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?
answers: text: The U.S. Green Building Council

question: What issue has moved to the forefront in past years?

question:  What do architecture schools look at less and less nowadays?

question:  Who was the last to design architecture environmentally?

question:  Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1970s?

question: What organization's rating system discourages sustainability?
context: Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.

qas: question: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?
answers: text: New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture

question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?
answers: text: solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.

question: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?
answers: text: smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design

question: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
answers: text: modernist and globally uniform architecture

question: What are three old movements that have a focus on sustainability?

question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the old movements not in favor of?

question:  What are three things the old movements try to achieve?

question: What older architectural movements do the older movements not go along with?
context: Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.