Dog

qas: question: What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?
answers: text: Canis lupus familiaris

question: What is Canis familiaris?
answers: text: domestic dog

question: How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?
answers: text: millennia

question: Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?
answers: text: sensory capabilities
context: The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.

qas: question: What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?
answers: text: 2010s

question: Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?
answers: text: 40,000

question: What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?
answers: text: Eurasia

question: What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?
answers: text: starch-rich

question: What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?
answers: text: extensive genetic studies
context: Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago. Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.

qas: question: What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?
answers: text: man's best friend

question: What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?
answers: text: man's best friend

question: Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?
answers: text: meat
context: Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.

qas: question: What is the Proto-Germanic word that "dog" may have come from?
answers: text: dukkōn

question: What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word "dog" came from?
answers: text: Proto-Indo-European

question: Where does the word dog originate?
answers: text: Old English docga

question: Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?
answers: text: Proto-Indo-European
context: The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.

qas: question: What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?
answers: text: hound

question: What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?
answers: text: mastiff.

question: In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs?
answers: text: 16th

question: What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?
answers: text: hound

question: When did the word dog become the common term for canines?
answers: text: 16th century

question: Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?
answers: text: hunting

question: What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?
answers: text: *kwon- "dog"
context: In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".

qas: question: What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?
answers: text: a litter.

question: What is the male who is father of the pups called?
answers: text: sire

question: What is the French word that "puppy" comes from?
answers: text: poupée

question: What is giving birth to dogs called?
answers: text: whelping

question: What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?
answers: text: bitch

question: A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?
answers: text: bitch

question: What are canine offspring referred as?
answers: text: litter

question: What is the father of a litter referred as?
answers: text: sire

question: What is the mother of a litter referred as?
answers: text: dam

question: What are the individual litter canines called?
answers: text: pups
context: In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.

qas: question: What is the Latin term for "dog.?"
answers: text: Canis

question: What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?
answers: text: 1758

question: Who published Systema Naturae?
answers: text: Linnaeus

question: What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?
answers: text: wolf

question: What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?
answers: text: Mammal Species of the World

question: What is the Latin word for dog?
answers: text: Canis

question: Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?
answers: text: family dog

question: What is the Latin name for a wolf?
answers: text: Canis lupus

question: Feral dogs have what Latin classification?
answers: text: Canis dingo

question: What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?
answers: text: 1982
context: In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.

qas: question: What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?
answers: text: 2003

question: What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?
answers: text: Mammal Species of the World

question: What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?
answers: text: Canis familiaris.

question: What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?
answers: text: ICZN

question: Many researchers prefer what term?
answers: text: Canis familiaris.

question: Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?
answers: text: ICZN

question: What was this decision called?
answers: text: Opinion 2027
context: In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.

qas: question: What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?
answers: text: genetic studies

question: The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?
answers: text: extinct.
context: Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.

qas: question: Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?
answers: text: hunter-gatherers

question: Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?
answers: text: Taimyr wolf of North Asia

question: Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?
answers: text: human hunter-gatherers

question: Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?
answers: text: gray wolf

question: Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?
answers: text: Taimyr
context: The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.

qas: question: What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?
answers: text: Modern dog breeds

question: What are dog teeth best suited for?
answers: text: catching and tearing.

question: Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?
answers: text: scavengers

question: What bones in dog legs are fused?
answers: text: wrist

question: A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?
answers: text: endurance

question: What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?
answers: text: catching and tearing

question: Dogs originated as predators and what?
answers: text: scavengers
context: Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.

qas: question: Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?
answers: text: height and weight.

question: What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?
answers: text: English Mastiff

question: What is the biggest known dog?
answers: text: English Mastiff
context: Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.

qas: question: Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?
answers: text: double

question: Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?
answers: text: soft down hair

question: What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?
answers: text: double

question: What is a single coat?
answers: text: topcoat only
context: The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only.

qas: question: When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?
answers: text: countershading

question: A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?
answers: text: upper surfaces

question: A natural camo pattern is known as what?
answers: text: countershading

question: What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?
answers: text: dark coloring

question: What is reduced when a dog has countershading?
answers: text: visibility
context: Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.

qas: question: What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?
answers: text: tails

question: What does a dog communicate with its tail?
answers: text: emotional state

question: What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?
answers: text: tails
context: There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.

qas: question: What are some dogs prone to?
answers: text: genetic ailments

question: What are all dogs susceptible to?
answers: text: parasites

question: Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?
answers: text: unspayed

question: Who does pyometra affect?
answers: text: unspayed females

question: What are fleas, ticks and mites called?
answers: text: parasites
context: Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.

qas: question: Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?
answers: text: toxic

question: Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?
answers: text: xylitol

question: What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?
answers: text: macadamia

question: What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?
answers: text: theobromine

question: Some human foods can be what to dogs?
answers: text: toxic

question: What in tobacco can hurt dogs?
answers: text: nicotine

question: What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?
answers: text: dark
context: A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.

qas: question: Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?
answers: text: 1.2 years

question: Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?
answers: text: shorter

question: When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?
answers: text: 2013

question: Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?
answers: text: 1.2 years longer
context: In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).

qas: question: What is the median lifespan of canines?
answers: text: 10 to 13 years.
context: The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.

qas: question: What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?
answers: text: Dogue de Bordeaux

question: What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?
answers: text: 5.2 years

question: What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?
answers: text: 6 to 7 years.

question: Which dog has the shortest lifespan?
answers: text: Dogue de Bordeaux

question: What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?
answers: text: 5.2 years
context: The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.

qas: question: What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?
answers: text: 14 to 15 years.

question: What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?
answers: text: Bluey

question: What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?
answers: text: Pusuke

question: What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?
answers: text: 1939

question: What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?
answers: text: Bluey

question: When did Bluey die?
answers: text: 1939

question: Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?
answers: text: Pusuke
context: The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.

qas: question: How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?
answers: text: two

question: What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?
answers: text: pregnancy.

question: Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?
answers: text: two years

question: What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?
answers: text: first estrous cycle
context: In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.

qas: question: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?
answers: text: 58 to 68 days

question: What is the average length of dog pregnancy?
answers: text: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups in a litter?
answers: text: about six

question: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?
answers: text: one to four

question: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?
answers: text: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups per litter?
answers: text: six

question: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?
answers: text: one to four
context: Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.

qas: question: What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?
answers: text: Neutering

question: According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?
answers: text: the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)

question: What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?
answers: text: testicles

question: What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?
answers: text: ovaries and uterus

question: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?
answers: text: testicles

question: In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?
answers: text: ovaries and uterus

question: What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?
answers: text: neutered
context: Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.

qas: question: Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?
answers: text: Neutering

question: According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?
answers: text: urinary incontinence

question: Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?
answers: text: Spayed

question: What is increased in female dogs with neutering?
answers: text: urinary incontinence

question: What is increased in male dogs with neutering?
answers: text: prostate cancer
context: Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.

qas: question: What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?
answers: text: Rico

question: What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?
answers: text: Chaser

question: In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?
answers: text: gesturing and pointing

question: What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?
answers: text: Australian dingos

question: What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?
answers: text: to solve their problems for them.

question: Perceiving information and retaining it is what?
answers: text: intelligence

question: How many labels does Rico the dog know?
answers: text: over 200

question: What kind of memory skills do dogs have?
answers: text: advanced

question: How many words did Chaser know?
answers: text: over 1,000
context: Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.

qas: question: Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?
answers: text: 9,000–30,000 years BCE

question: Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?
answers: text: humans.

question: What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?
answers: text: social-cognitive skills of human children

question: Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?
answers: text: humans.

question: Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?
answers: text: humans.

question: What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?
answers: text: Dog behavior

question: More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?
answers: text: understand and communicate

question: Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?
answers: text: human children
context: Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.

qas: question: What is gustatory communication include in dogs?
answers: text: scents, pheromones and taste

question: People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?
answers: text: hand signals

question: Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?
answers: text: Dog communication

question: In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?
answers: text: hand signals
context: Dog communication is about how dogs "speak" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.

qas: question: Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?
answers: text: dogs.

question: Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?
answers: text: atrophy of the jaw muscles.

question: What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?
answers: text: diagnostic features

question: How often do female wolves enter estrus?
answers: text: once a year.
context: Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.

qas: question: Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?
answers: text: behaviors.

question: How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?
answers: text: 11

question: The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?
answers: text: morphology and behavior

question: What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?
answers: text: tameness

question: What do most dogs show less of than wolves?
answers: text: fear and aggression

question: Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?
answers: text: production-related traits

question: Why were dogs initially selected?
answers: text: for their behaviors.

question: For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?
answers: text: 11

question: Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?
answers: text: aggression
context: Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.

qas: question: What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?
answers: text: 525 million

question: How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?
answers: text: 525 million

question: What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?
answers: text: human population densities
context: The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.

qas: question: Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?
answers: text: apex

question: Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?
answers: text: fearless

question: What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?
answers: text: dogs

question: Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?
answers: text: apex

question: Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?
answers: text: sheep

question: What limits the feral dog population in Russia?
answers: text: Wolves
context: Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.

qas: question: What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?
answers: text: leopards.

question: What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?
answers: text: Striped hyenas

question: What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?
answers: text: alligators and pythons

question: What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?
answers: text: Leopards

question: What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?
answers: text: Tigers

question: What type of reptiles eat dogs?
answers: text: alligators and pythons

question: What is a known predator of village dogs in India?
answers: text: Striped hyenas
context: Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.

qas: question: Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?
answers: text: omnivores

question: Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?
answers: text: vegetables and grains

question: Cats are known as what type of carnivore?
answers: text: obligate

question: Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?
answers: text: carnivores or omnivores

question: Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?
answers: text: protein

question: Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?
answers: text: starch
context: Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.

qas: question: The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?
answers: text: a few hundred years

question: People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?
answers: text: particular morphologies and behaviors

question: Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?
answers: text: selective breeding

question: Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?
answers: text: Irish Wolfhound

question: How old are most dog breeds?
answers: text: a few hundred years old

question: How many different breeds are there?
answers: text: hundreds

question: Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?
answers: text: blue
context: Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.

qas: question: Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?
answers: text: selective breeding

question: What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?
answers: text: breed

question: Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?
answers: text: modern kennel clubs.

question: What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?
answers: text: natural selection and selective breeding

question: Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?
answers: text: breeds

question: Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?
answers: text: non-scientific
context: While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.

qas: question: The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
answers: text: unsystematic.

question: A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?
answers: text: four

question: What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?
answers: text: Malamute and Shar Pei

question: the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?
answers: text: herding

question: How many main types of dogs are there?
answers: text: four

question: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
answers: text: old world dogs

question: What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
answers: text: all others
context: Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).

qas: question: What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?
answers: text: bite inhibition

question: What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?
answers: text: sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication

question: Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?
answers: text: one of the most successful species on the planet today.

question: What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?
answers: text: bite inhibition
context: Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136

qas: question: Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?
answers: text: hunter-gatherers

question: Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?
answers: text: aiding handicapped individuals.

question: Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?
answers: text: man's best friend

question: Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
answers: text: a source of meat
context: The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.

qas: question: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
answers: text: food scraps.

question: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? 
answers: text: three dog night

question: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
answers: text: early warning.

question: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
answers: text: cleaning up food scraps

question: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
answers: text: three dog night
context: Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.

qas: question: What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?
answers: text: cooperative hunting

question: What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?
answers: text: 2004

question: What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?
answers: text: sense of smell

question: The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?
answers: text: the domestication of the wolf
context: Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.

qas: question: What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?
answers: text: sled dogs

question: What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?
answers: text: Bering land bridge

question: How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?
answers: text: 9,400 years

question: Evidence places dogs in North America when?
answers: text: 12,000 years ago

question: Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?
answers: text: Athabascan

question: Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?
answers: text: Apache and Navajo tribes

question: People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?
answers: text: horse
context: Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.

qas: question: A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?
answers: text: puppy

question: What two species have the most widespread bonding?
answers: text: humans and dogs

question: When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?
answers: text: after World War II

question: What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?
answers: text: 1980s

question: In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?
answers: text: outside

question: Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?
answers: text: elites

question: Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?
answers: text: outside

question: When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?
answers: text: 1980s
context: "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.

qas: question: Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?
answers: text: commodification

question: The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?
answers: text: dogs.

question: How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?
answers: text: two

question: When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?
answers: text: commodification

question: A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
answers: text: everyday routines
context: There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.

qas: question: It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?
answers: text: commodity forms

question: Dog training can be researched back to what century?
answers: text: 18th

question: How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?
answers: text: urine marking

question: How far back can dog training be found?
answers: text: 18th century

question: How do dogs mark their territory?
answers: text: urine marking

question: What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?
answers: text: training
context: There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.

qas: question: How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?
answers: text: part of the family

question: What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?
answers: text: Dog Whisperer.

question: Most people today describe their dogs as what?
answers: text: part of the family

question: What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?
answers: text: Dog Whisperer
context: The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.

qas: question: A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?
answers: text: newspaper

question: Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?
answers: text: plates

question: In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?
answers: text: dog yoga.

question: What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?
answers: text: set tasks or routines

question: What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?
answers: text: the newspaper
context: Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.

qas: question: The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?
answers: text: 77.5 million

question: How many people in the United States are said to own dog?
answers: text: 77.5 million
context: According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.

qas: question: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
answers: text: magnetic resonance imaging

question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
answers: text: voices

question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
answers: text: the brain

question: Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?
answers: text: emotion

question: What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
answers: text: MRI

question: Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
answers: text: emotional
context: The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

qas: question: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?
answers: text: man's best friend

question: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?
answers: text: hunt

question: Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?
answers: text: nets

question: Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?
answers: text: Laika

question: What breed was Laika?
answers: text: husky-terrier mix

question: What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?
answers: text: man's best friend

question: What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?
answers: text: pointers and hounds

question: Some dogs help fishermen with what?
answers: text: nets

question: What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?
answers: text: Laika

question: What year was the first dog sent into space?
answers: text: 1957
context: Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.

qas: question: What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?
answers: text: Service dogs

question: Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?
answers: text: medical care.
context: Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.

qas: question: What are conformation shows also known as?
answers: text: breed shows

question: Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?
answers: text: a judge

question: What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?
answers: text: conformity with their established breed

question: What is the only standard judged?
answers: text: externally observable qualities

question: What is another word for "breed shows"?
answers: text: conformation shows.

question: What is the evaluator called in a breed show?
answers: text: a judge

question: The breed standard only is about what?
answers: text: externally observable qualities

question: Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?
answers: text: health
context: In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.

qas: question: Where do some people eat dogs?
answers: text: East Asian countries

question: In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?
answers: text: taboo.

question: In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?
answers: text: dog fat

question: What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?
answers: text: western hypocrisy

question: The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?
answers: text: taboo

question: Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?
answers: text: medicinal properties
context: Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.

qas: question: What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?
answers: text: gaejang-guk

question: What is Gaejang-guk?
answers: text: a spicy stew

question: Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?
answers: text: to balance the body's heat

question: What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?
answers: text: scallions and chili powder.

question: When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?
answers: text: the summer months

question: What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?
answers: text: scallions and chili powder.
context: The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.

qas: question: How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?
answers: text: 4.5 million

question: During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?
answers: text: 17

question: In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?
answers: text: 26

question: According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?
answers: text: 4.5 million

question: What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?
answers: text: 2000s
context: Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.

qas: question: According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?
answers: text: less severe

question: Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?
answers: text: 12.9

question: Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?
answers: text: 60.7

question: Children are often bit where by dogs?
answers: text: the face or neck.

question: A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?
answers: text: infections.

question: Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?
answers: text: Colorado

question: About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?
answers: text: 60.7

question: According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?
answers: text: infections.
context: A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.

qas: question: In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?
answers: text: cats

question: Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?
answers: text: two-wheeled vehicles.

question: What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?
answers: text: two-wheeled vehicles
context: In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.

qas: question: What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?
answers: text: dog roundworm

question: How are Toxicara canis infections spread?
answers: text: dog feces

question: About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?
answers: text: 10,000

question: Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?
answers: text: retinal damage and decreased vision.

question: Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?
answers: text: roundworm

question: What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?
answers: text: 14

question: How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?
answers: text: 10,000

question: What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?
answers: text: 24

question: If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?
answers: text: retinal damage and decreased vision
context: Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.

qas: question: What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?
answers: text: 2005

question: What is lowered in children who have pets?
answers: text: absenteeism from school

question: What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?
answers: text: 2005
context: A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.

qas: question: People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?
answers: text: exercise

question: People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?
answers: text: exercise
context: In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.

qas: question: What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?
answers: text: immune-stimulating microorganisms

question: Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?
answers: text: social interactions

question: What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?
answers: text: 2015

question: What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?
answers: text: anxiety

question: People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?
answers: text: strangers
context: The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.

qas: question: Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?
answers: text: mental institutions

question: Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?
answers: text: social behaviors

question: What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?
answers: text: antisocial and violent behavior

question: When did people start using dogs as therapy?
answers: text: the late 18th century

question: Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?
answers: text: mental institutions

question: Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?
answers: text: dogs

question: People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?
answers: text: animal-assisted therapy
context: The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.

qas: question: What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?
answers: text: diseases

question: How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?
answers: text: 40 times larger

question: A dog can detect smells in one part per what?
answers: text: trillion

question: How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?
answers: text: 40 times larger

question: How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?
answers: text: 551
context: Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.

qas: question: What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?
answers: text: Cerberus

question: What did Cerberus guard?
answers: text: the gates of Hades.

question: What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?
answers: text: Garmr

question: What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?
answers: text: Kimat

question: Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?
answers: text: thunder

question: In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?
answers: text: Persian

question: Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?
answers: text: Cerberus

question: Who is the dog that guards Helheim?
answers: text: Garmr

question: Who is Tadaklan?
answers: text: god of thunder

question: Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?
answers: text: Kimat
context: In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.

qas: question: In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?
answers: text: the gates of Naraka.

question: What is the name of the god of death?
answers: text: Yama

question: Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?
answers: text: bronze dog figurines.

question: Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?
answers: text: Yama

question: What do Yama's dogs watch over?
answers: text: the gates of Naraka

question: What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?
answers: text: mount

question: Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?
answers: text: bronze dog figurines
context: In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.

qas: question: How are dogs viewed in Islam?
answers: text: as unclean

question: Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?
answers: text: scavengers

question: What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?
answers: text: The Hague

question: In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?
answers: text: leather dog booties

question: Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?
answers: text: scavengers

question: When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?
answers: text: 2015

question: Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?
answers: text: Lérida, Spain

question: What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?
answers: text: their luggage
context: In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in Lérida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.

qas: question: What do dogs represent to Christians?
answers: text: faithfulness.

question: Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?
answers: text: themselves

question: If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?
answers: text: feed

question: What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?
answers: text: faithfulness
context: Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.

qas: question: Three Asian countries see dogs as what?
answers: text: kind protectors.

question: What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?
answers: text: China

question: How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?
answers: text: as kind protectors
context: In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).

qas: question: Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?
answers: text: caves.

question: What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?
answers: text: Hunting

question: Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?
answers: text: caves

question: What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?
answers: text: Hunting scenes

question: As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?
answers: text: became more elaborate
context: Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.

qas: question: Dogs can have the same health issues as who?
answers: text: humans
context: Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.

qas: question: Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?
answers: text: Male French Bulldogs
context: Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.

qas: question: When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?
answers: text: run away

question: When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?
answers: text: respond with aggression

question: Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?
answers: text: pet dogs living in human homes.
context: Although it is said that the "dog is man's best friend" regarding 17–24% of dogs in the developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.

qas: question: What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?
answers: text: significant benefits
context: Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps—more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes.

qas: question: What has likely led to human success?
answers: text: the domestication of dogs
context: The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.

qas: question: Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?
answers: text: poorly controlled

question: People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?
answers: text: to the doctor
context: The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that "[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.