Crucifixion_of_Jesus

qas: question: Who was the person that tried Jesus?
answers: text: Pontius Pilate

question: How long was Jesus hung for?
answers: text: six hours

question: What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?
answers: text: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

question: What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?
answers: text: they pierced his side with a spear

question: How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?
answers: text: seven statements

question: Who did Pontius Pilate believe that he was?

question: What did soldiers do to Christians as a punishment?

question: What is one thing that Pilate used to drink?

question: What did Pilate take from Jesus after winning a bet?

question: How many statements did the Romans make about Christians?
context: According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.

qas: question: What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?
answers: text: baptism of Jesus

question: Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?
answers: text: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

question: Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?
answers: text: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

question: Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.
answers: text: Eddy

question: Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?
answers: text: James Dunn

question: What kind of confirmation is there about the life of Pontius Pilate?

question: What do Eddy and Boyd believe about Pilate and and how he shaped the life of the Jewish people?

question: How many trials had Pilate presided over before Jesus?

question: What does the crucifixion of Jesus mean for understanding the life of Pilate?

question: Why did Pilate decide to turn Jesus over to the Jews?
context: The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.

qas: question: Are all sources of the crucification literary?
answers: text: almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary

question: What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?
answers: text: the 1968 archeological discovery

question: Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?
answers: text: ben Hagkol

question: When was Ben Hagkol crucified?
answers: text: about 70 AD

question: What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?
answers: text: Israel Museum

question: When did the Romans first take the city of Hagkol?

question: What year was the Israel Museum established?

question: What discovery was made northeast of the city of Hagkol?

question: What was the average age of Roman soldiers?

question: What did the Romans keep as a deterrent to others who would revolt?
context: Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.

qas: question: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?
answers: text: four canonical gospels

question: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?
answers: text: New Testament epistles

question: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?
answers: text: three

question: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?
answers: text: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection

question: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?
answers: text: hour-by-hour account

question: What part of the Bible was written later than the Old Testament?

question: How many scholars did it take to translate the New Testament?

question: How quickly were scholars able to interpret and translate the Bible?

question: What do scholars have to overcome when meeting bias about discussing Jesus?

question: How did scholars treat the Bible when trying to accurately translate it?
context: The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

qas: question: Where was Jesus arrested?
answers: text: Gethsemane

question: What did Jesus do before he was arrested?
answers: text: the Last Supper

question: How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?
answers: text: Twelve Apostles

question: How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?
answers: text: flogged

question: What was placed on Jesus' head?
answers: text: crowned with thorns

question: What city was the Sanhedrin located in?

question: Who appointed the Sanhedrin to office to form a judicial body?

question: In front of what judicial body did the twelve apostles stand trial?

question: What group handed the twelve apostles over for crucifixion?

question: What was a punishment given to the twelve apostles?
context: Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.

qas: question: What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?
answers: text: wine mixed with gall

question: How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?
answers: text: six hours

question: How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?
answers: text: seven statements altogether

question: Who removed Jesus from the cross?
answers: text: Joseph of Arimathea

question: What was offered to the two thieves to drink?

question: Did the two thieves drink the wine or refuse it?

question: How many statements did the two thieves make after being crucified?

question: Where were the two thieves buried after they died from crucifixion?

question: Who was related to the two thieves that were crucified?
context: Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.

qas: question: What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?
answers: text: an earthquake

question: Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?
answers: text: Mark

question: Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?
answers: text: words to the women who were mourning

question: What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?
answers: text: John

question: What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?
answers: text: Old Testament prophecy

question: What time did the Romans decide to guard the tomb of Jesus?

question: Who did the Roman soldiers speak to when they were in mourning?

question: What did one Roman soldier do to chastise the other?

question: What did the Roman soldiers do to celebrate their victory?

question: What did the Romans use when one of their soldiers had an injury?
context: There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.

qas: question: Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?
answers: text: First Epistle to the Corinthians

question: Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?
answers: text: canonical Gospels

question: How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?
answers: text: forty days

question: What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?
answers: text: Easter Sunday

question: Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?
answers: text: St. Luke

question: Where did St. Luke go after he died?

question: How many days had Luke been an apostle?

question: How many people saw Jesus when he was first seen after his crucifixion?

question: Who was the first apostle to see Jesus afte he was raised from the dead?

question: How often do scholars need to revise what they have written about the Bible?
context: According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.

qas: question: Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?
answers: text: two rebels

question: How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?
answers: text: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

question: what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?
answers: text: an earthquake

question: What does Luke say one of the rebels does?
answers: text: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

question: How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?
answers: text: impassive

question: How long were the two rebels hanging on crosses?

question: How was one criminal treated when crucified compared to the other?

question: What did one of the criminals do before he died from being crucified?

question: What happened to the clothes one of the criminals was wearing?

question: How did the criminals react to their own crucifixion?
context: In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.

qas: question: Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?
answers: text: Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son

question: What is the author of the letter assumed to be?
answers: text: pagan

question: What does the letter reference?
answers: text: retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men

question: Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?
answers: text: Socrates

question: Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?
answers: text: others place less value in the letter

question: Who did Socrates write a letter to about the crucifixion?

question: When did Socrates write a letter to his son about the crucifixion?

question: What religion is Socrates presumed to follow?

question: Who was Socrates referring to in his letter according to Pythagoras?

question: How much value did Pythagoras place in the crucifixion?
context: An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and "the wise king" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.

qas: question: What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?
answers: text: Friday

question: Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?
answers: text: a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath

question: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?
answers: text: on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew

question: How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?
answers: text: three days and three nights

question: Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?
answers: text: references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights

question: On what day is it thought the first part of the New Testament was written?

question: What other two days could the New Testament could have been written?

question: Why would some scholars believe the beginning of the New Testament was written on Thursday?

question: What other day is believed the first part of the New Testament was written on instead of Friday?

question: During what period was the beginning of the New Testament written?
context: The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.

qas: question: What time was the crucifiction per Mark?
answers: text: 9 a.m.

question: What time did Jesus die per Mark?
answers: text: 3 p.m.

question: Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?
answers: text: based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark

question: What is another reason the times differ so much?
answers: text: no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available

question: How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?
answers: text: approximated to the closest three-hour period

question: What time did Pilate hold court in the morning?

question: What did Pilate call for to make it easier to tell time?

question: During what time period was Pilate avaliable to be seen?

question: What did Pilate want with the Roman empire?

question: What was rejected by Rome when Pilate brought reconciliation to the table?
context: In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.

qas: question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?
answers: text: Luke's gospel

question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?
answers: text: do not weep for me

question: Where are the words found in the Gospel?
answers: text: Lk. 23:28-31

question: What followed Jesus around?
answers: text: crowd of mourners

question: What was the ground like where Jesus was crucified?

question: What did the women gather to keep themselves warm?

question: What color did some women in Jerusalem like to wear?

question: What did Jesus do when he felt sorrow for Jerusalem?

question: What high area is usually green when new grass grows?
context: Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

qas: question: Where was Jesus Crucified?
answers: text: Calvary

question: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?
answers: text: all four Gospels

question: What was one reason Calvary was chosen?
answers: text: a place of public execution

question: What is rumored to be found in Calvary?
answers: text: skulls of abandoned victims

question: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?
answers: text: the name was derived from the physical contour

question: What language did most Romans know how to speak?

question: Where did the Romans usually speak Aramaic?

question: What did Romans do with Aramaic after they began speaking Latin?

question: On top of what formation was the Roman empire located?

question: What type of punishment did most people suffer who were buried in a nearby cemetery?
context: Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

qas: question: Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?
answers: text: many women

question: The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?
answers: text: the chief priests

question: How many people were crucified with Jesus?
answers: text: two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left

question: Who kept watch over Jesus?
answers: text: the soldiers

question: Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?
answers: text: acquaintances

question: Who were the women keeping watch over according to his acquanitances?

question: How many acquaintances are named in the Gospels?

question: What had the scribes and elders been assembled for according to the women?

question: Where were the elders standing when Jesus was crucified?

question: What was the attidude of the scribes when watching the crucifixion?
context: The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: "the chief priests, with the scribes and elders"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief; "the soldiers", "the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus"; passers-by; "bystanders", "the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle"; and "his acquaintances"

qas: question: What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?
answers: text: traditional two-beamed cross

question: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?
answers: text: single upright stake

question: What causes the different accounts of the cross used?
answers: text: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous

question: What latin word was used to describe the cross used?
answers: text: crux

question: Why was there doubt about the Latin word?
answers: text: crux was also applied to objects other than a cross

question: What terms did Jehovah's Witnesses use to describe a cross?

question: What is the definition of koine?

question: What objects were the word gibbet also applied to?

question: What is the nature of the words Jehovah's Witnesses use to describe wood?

question: What language did Jehovah's Witnesses base their religious writings on?
context: Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.

qas: question: What Epistle described the cross?
answers: text: Epistle of Barnabas

question: Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?
answers: text: Justin Martyr

question: Why was that type of cross important?
answers: text: a symbol of the suffering

question: How many ends did the cross supposedly have?
answers: text: five extremities

question: How is one attached to the cross?
answers: text: fixed by the nails

question: In what year was Barnabas born?

question: What numeric value did the significance of the lamb have?

question: For how long was the Greek alphabet used?

question: What did Barnabas use to build a cross with?

question: How many times had Irenaeus seen a roasted lamb?
context: However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11–12. Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb." Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."

qas: question: How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?
answers: text: three nails

question: According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?
answers: text: 14 nails

question: What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?
answers: text: artistic depictions of the crucifixion

question: What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?
answers: text: Nails are almost always depicted

question: Jesuits claim how many nails were used?
answers: text: three nails

question: How many paintings have been made about the crucifixion?

question: Before the Renaissance where did Jesuits usually place their art?

question: What artistic medium was appreciated by Romans?

question: There were 14 western churches before what period?

question: What are Romans usually depicted in?
context: The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.

qas: question: Where were the nails placed?
answers: text: the hands, or the wrists

question: Who claims the hands were pierced?
answers: text: the Greek

question: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?
answers: text: without fracturing any bones

question: What other location is offered by the Greek?
answers: text: forearm

question: What other way to affix to the cross is there?
answers: text: Ropes

question: Do theories say if Destot's bones were fractured?

question: What bones are the radius and ulna located between?

question: What did Destot use instead of nails to avoid fracturing bones?

question: What was the nationality of Destot?

question: What other location does Destot believe was used for crucifixion?
context: The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

qas: question: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?
answers: text: a hypopodium

question: Why was a platform used?
answers: text: the hands may not have been able to support the weight

question: Who considered this topic in the 17th century?
answers: text: Rasmus Bartholin

question: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?
answers: text: Frederick Zugibe

question: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?
answers: text: Nazis

question: In what century did Rasmos Bartholin perform crucifixion experiments?

question: What was the occupation of Rasmus Bartholin?

question: What was an aufbinden used for to support the feet in crucifixion?

question: Who did Bartholin hang in his experiments on crucifixion in the 20th century?

question: What did Bartholin use to hang human subjects during crucifixion experiments?
context: Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

qas: question: What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?
answers: text: Psalm 22

question: What contradiction is found in this Psalm?
answers: text: verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew

question: What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?
answers: text: a proverbial saying in common usage

question: How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?
answers: text: theologically correct and reassuring

question: How does the sentence appear to historians?
answers: text: a genuine cry

question: What kind of writing did Geza Vermes usually produce?

question: What language did Geza Vermes study while in school?

question: What language was learned by Geza Vermes when he was a child?

question: How did Raymond Brown describe the effect Jesus had on society?

question: Does Geza Vermes believe that there is a valid argument against the existence of Jesus?
context: The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.

qas: question: As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?
answers: text: a solar eclipse

question: Why was a solar eclipse impossible?
answers: text: the full moon

question: Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?
answers: text: Greek historian Phlegon

question: Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?
answers: text: Tiberius Caesar

question: What other event supposedly took place that shook people?
answers: text: earthquakes

question: In what year was the first known solar eclipse?

question: During what event was Phlegon born?

question: What Jewish feast day was first celebrated in the 2nd century AD?

question: What did Origen believe he witnessed when he wrote about it in the 2nd century AD?

question: During who's rule did Origen write about an eclipse?
context: Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place"

qas: question: Which historian was referenced for the reports?
answers: text: Thallus

question: What event did Thallus describe?
answers: text: an eclipse of the sun

question: What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?
answers: text: the 14th day

question: When does the passion of Jesus fall?
answers: text: the day before the passover

question: Where were these events documented?
answers: text: the Roman archives

question: For how many years had the Romans kept archives?

question: Where did Africanus believe that the recording of the date of Passover was documented?

question: What was the occupation of Africanus?

question: His book of History was Tertullian's what in a series of books written?

question: When did the Romans begin their rule of Jerusalem?
context: Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun." Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.

qas: question: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?
answers: text: lunar

question: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?
answers: text: thirty minutes

question: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?
answers: text: a scribe wrongly amending a text

question: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?
answers: text: David Henige

question: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?
answers: text: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours

question: What university is David Henige employed by?

question: What event did David Henige believe might have happened instead of a solar eclipse?

question: For how many minutes did David Henige belive the lunar eclipse would be visible?

question: What city was Henige originally from?

question: What does Colin Humphreys dismiss the explanation as?
context: Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

qas: question: Who created the account of Jesus?
answers: text: author of the Mark Gospel

question: Who amended the account at a later date?
answers: text: Luke

question: What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?
answers: text: the death of kings and other major figures

question: What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?
answers: text: Jewish

question: Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?
answers: text: Géza Vermes

question: What does Philo believe those who take the image of darkness literally are doing?

question: What prompted Philo to become a writer?

question: What did Philo not intend to happen after someone read his writings?

question: What nationality was Dio Cassius?

question: What group of readers would have read works by Geza Vermes?
context: Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

qas: question: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
answers: text: Frederick Zugibe

question: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
answers: text: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus

question: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
answers: text: carried out a number of experiments over several years

question: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
answers: text: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging

question: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
answers: text: amount of pull and the corresponding pain

question: What book was written by volunteers?

question: What did volunteers study to write the book about Jesus' crucifixion?

question: How did volunteers study how Jesus died?

question: In what way did volunteers hang Zugibe during the experiments?

question: What did volunteers find increased in Zugibe depending on if his feet were secured?
context: In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

qas: question: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?
answers: text: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God

question: How are people united with God?
answers: text: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death

question: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?
answers: text: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death

question: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?
answers: text: confidence of eternal life

question: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?
answers: text: joy

question: What is one thing people need to have to gain employment?

question: What kind of music do Christians often have during church service?

question: Who do Christians believe created the universe?

question: What is one thing that people are afraid of?

question: What is one thing you need to have in your house to see at night?
context: Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

qas: question: What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?
answers: text: agent Christology

question: Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.
answers: text: sake of eventual victory

question: What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?
answers: text: salvific theme

question: How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?
answers: text: lamb slain but standing

question: What is another name for Jesus given?
answers: text: The Lamb of God

question: Why did Johannine accept who would be saved?

question: What book was written by John the Baptist?

question: What sacrifice did John the Baptist make as an agent of?

question: What did John the Baptist want to take away?

question: What did Johannine believe he was not?
context: In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the "lamb slain but standing" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.

qas: question: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?
answers: text: Paul's Christology

question: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?
answers: text: directly related

question: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?
answers: text: the cross of Christ

question: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?
answers: text: based on the plan of God

question: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?
answers: text: power of the cross

question: At what time is it believed Paul wrote 1 Corinthians?

question: By what plan did Paul write some of the Gospels?

question: When have cosmic events usually happened?

question: What is the birth of Jesus thought to be in history?

question: Why is it believed that Paul was born?
context: Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

qas: question: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?
answers: text: successfully argued for his innocence

question: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?
answers: text: obedience to the Father

question: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?
answers: text: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father

question: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?
answers: text: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam

question: What is the blood of the lamb?
answers: text: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water

question: What kind of Christology was supported by Karl Rahner?

question: What did Karl Rahner believe Jesus could have successfully argued for?

question: According to Rahner how did Jesus submit during his trial?

question: How did John Calvin believe the crucifixion was determined?

question: What was the blood of Jesus similar to according to John Calvin?
context: John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

qas: question: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?
answers: text: how salvation is granted to humanity

question: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?
answers: text: central importance

question: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?
answers: text: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself

question: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?
answers: text: an act of perfect obedience

question: What church is the sacrifice important to?
answers: text: the Roman Catholic church

question: According to the moral influence theory, Jesus death is how important?

question: What kind of obedience do those believe in moral influence theory believe Jesus went to his death in?

question: What do moral influence theorists believe God thought of Jesus's sacrifice?

question: Since what period in time has the Roman Catholic Church existed?

question: What kind of substitution do moral influence theorists believe Jesus's death particularly was?
context: Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

qas: question: Who was present under the cross?
answers: text: Virgin Mary

question: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?
answers: text: Marian Cross

question: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?
answers: text: Pope John Paul II

question: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.
answers: text: Raphael

question: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?
answers: text: Caravaggio

question: What kind of medal did Raphael put in one of his paintings?

question: What pope did Caravaggio crate a portrait of?

question: What was Pope John Paul II wearing in his portrait?

question: Who did Caravaggio believe Mary was united to on the cross?

question: What famous artist worked for Pope John Paul II?
context: The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.