Neptune

qas: question: What planet is Neptune's near-twin? 
answers: text: Uranus

question: How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?
answers: text: 17 times

question: What is Neptune named after?
answers: text: Roman god of the sea

question: What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?
answers: text: god Neptune's trident

question: How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? 
answers: text: 164.8 years

question: What is the third largest planet by diameter

question: What is the eighth planet from the earth?

question: What is neptune the least dense of?

question: What is neptune 17 times smaller than?

question: What Greek god was neptune named for?

question: What planet is Neptune's opposite?

question:  How much lighter is Neptune compared to Earth?

question:  What does the astronomical sign of Uranus represent?
context: Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

qas: question: How was Neptune found? 
answers: text: mathematical prediction

question: Who discovered Neptune? 
answers: text: Alexis Bouvard

question: When was Neptune first observed? 
answers: text: 23 September 1846

question: What is Neptune's largest moon? 
answers: text: Triton

question: What flew by Neptune in 1989? 
answers: text: Voyager 2

question: What is the only planet in the solar system found by empirical observation?

question: What led Bouvard to deduce Neptune was subject to gravitational perturbation of an unknown planet?

question: Who discovered Uranus?

question: Who observed neptune with a telescope in the 18th century?

question: When did Voyager 1 fligh by neptune?

question: How was Neptune missed before it was found?

question:  Who didn't discover Neptune?

question:  When was Neptune last observed?

question:  What is Neptune's smallest moon?

question:  What flew by Neptune in 1988?
context: Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

qas: question: Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? 
answers: text: Uranus

question: What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? 
answers: text: hydrogen and helium

question: What is the interior of Neptune composed of? 
answers: text: ices and rock

question: What makes Neptune blue? 
answers: text: methane

question: What "ices" makes up Neptune? 
answers: text: water, ammonia, and methane

question: What other 2 gas Giants is Neptune similar to?

question: What gas besides oxygen makes up the atmosphere of Neptune?

question: what color does helium make neptune?

question:  Which planet is compositionally different than Neptune?

question:  What is Neptune's atmosphere never composed of?

question:  What is the exterior of Neptune composed of?

question:  What makes Neptune red?

question:  What "rain" makes up Neptune?
context: Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

qas: question: What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? 
answers: text: Great Dark Spot

question: What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? 
answers: text: sustained winds

question: What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? 
answers: text: 2,100 kilometres per hour

question: What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? 
answers: text: 55 K (−218 °C).

question: What is Neptune's planet center temperature? 
answers: text: 5,400 K (5,100 °C)

question: What observed a hazy featureless atmosphere on Neptune

question: When was the Great Red spot discovered on Jupiter

question: What speed are the winds on Uranus?

question: What weather feature is weakest on Neptune?

question: What did Voyager 1 detect around Neptune in 1960

question: What weather did Voyager 3 observe on Neptune?

question: What weather feature does Neptune have weaker than any other planet?

question:  What were the rain speeds recorded on Neptune?

question:  What is the cloud bottoms on Neptune temperature?

question:  What is Neptune's planet surface temperature?
context: In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

qas: question: Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? 
answers: text: Galileo

question: What was Neptune mistaken for at first? 
answers: text: a fixed star

question: What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? 
answers: text: Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet

question: What date was Neptune drawn first? 
answers: text: 28 December 1612

question: Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? 
answers: text: David Jamieson

question: Who first recorded observations of Neptune in the 16th century?

question: Who mistook Neptune for Jupiter?

question: When was Galileo credited with discovering Neptune?

question: Who proved that the the star Galileo observed was fixed?

question: What planet did Galileo observe at the end of its retrograde cycle?

question:  Who wrote about Neptune after observing it with a telescope?

question: What was Jupiter mistaken for at first?

question:  What doesn't happen when Neptune goes retrograde?

question: What date was Neptune talked about first?

question:  Who first researched the original observation of Neptune?
context: Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.

qas: question: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? 
answers: text: 1821

question: What did Alexis Bouvard study? 
answers: text: the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus

question: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? 
answers: text: 1843

question: Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? 
answers: text: Sir George Airy

question: What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? 
answers: text: several different estimates of a new planet

question: What did Alexis Bouvard publish in the 18th century?

question: Who published astronomical tables of Neptunes orbit?

question: Who gave Sir George  Airy extra data?

question: What did Sir George Airy produce with the extra data?

question: What happened in 1831?

question:  What did Alexis Bouvard teach?

question: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Neptune?

question:  Who took away John Couch Adams' data?

question: What happened in February 1855?
context: In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.

qas: question: Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 
answers: text: student at the observatory

question: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 
answers: text: the displacement characteristic of a planet

question: When did Galle discover Neptune? 
answers: text: 23 September 1846

question: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?
answers: text: 12°

question: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 
answers: text: comet observations

question: Who urged Le Verrier to search with the observatory refractor?

question: What did Galle suggest to Heinrich d'Arrest?

question: Who discovered Nepptune in the 18th century?

question: What was within 10 degrees of where Le Verrier predicted it would be?

question: When was Le Verrier born?

question: When did Le Verrier die?

question:  What didn't Henrich d'Arrest seek to find?

question: What was 15 degrees away?

question: What was Challis looking for when he saw Uranus the first two times?
context: Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

qas: question: What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? 
answers: text: French and the British

question: Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? 
answers: text: Le Verrier and Adams

question: Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? 
answers: text: Dennis Rawlins

question: Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? 
answers: text: Adams

question: Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? 
answers: text: Le Verrier

question: What two countries developed friendship after the discovery of Neptune?

question: Who credited Britian with the discovery of Neptune?

question: Who questioned the credibility of Adam's claim in the 19th century?

question: What papers were written in 1998?

question: Who determinded that Adam's was solely reponsible for the discovery of Neptune?

question: What three countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune?

question:  Who ultimately lost credit for the discovery of Neptune?

question:  Who believed Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune?

question:  Who bought the credit to co-discovery of Neptune?
context: In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents) to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. After reviewing the documents, they suggest that "Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it."

qas: question: Who claimed the right to name Neptune? 
answers: text: Le Verrier

question: What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? 
answers: text: Le Verrier

question: What country approved Neptune's first name? 
answers: text: France

question: What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? 
answers: text: French almanacs

question: Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? 
answers: text: French Bureau des Longitudes

question: What name was opposed by the french?

question: What name did the French Bureau des Longitudes approve?

question: What did Le Verrier want to name Uranus?

question: Who refused the right to name Neptune?

question:  What did the discoverer want to name Uranus first?

question:  What country disapproved Neptune's first name?

question:  What first introduced Jupiter and Uranus's names?
context: Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.

qas: question: What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? 
answers: text: sea king star

question: What god was Neptune? 
answers: text: god of the sea

question: What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? 
answers: text: Dalain Van

question: What did the Greeks call Neptune? 
answers: text: Poseidon

question: What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? 
answers: text: Rahab

question: What does the Japanese name Reha mean?

question: Whaqt book of the Bible does the name Neptune come from?

question: Who is the Mongolian rain god?

question: What did ancient greeks call Neptune?

question: What is the French translation for Neptune?

question:  What god was Jupiter?

question: What is the English name for Neptune?

question: What did the Irish call Neptune?

question: What was the Biblical land monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew?
context: Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, "Rahab" (רהב), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In Māori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the Māori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god Tlāloc.

qas: question: What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? 
answers: text: farthest known planet

question: What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? 
answers: text: between 1979 and 1999

question: What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? 
answers: text: the Kuiper belt

question: What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? 
answers: text: 2006

question: Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? 
answers: text: the outermost known planet

question: What was the furthest know planet until 1846?

question: What planet was discovered before neptune?

question: What body was not considered a planet when it was discovered?

question: What was Jupiter before Pluto was discovered?

question:  What period was Jupiter closer to the sun than Neptune?

question: What discovery made astronomer's debate Neptune's status as a planet?

question: What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word star?

question: Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Uranus known for in our solar system?
context: From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

qas: question: What is Neptune's mass? 
answers: text: 1.0243×1026 kg

question: How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? 
answers: text: 17 times

question: What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? 
answers: text: 11.15 m/s2

question: What is Neptune's equatorial radius? 
answers: text: 24,764 km

question: What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? 
answers: text: ice giant

question: What planet is larger than the Gas Giants?

question: What planet is 17 times smaller than the earth?

question: What is the equatoral radius of Earth?

question: What two planets are less volitile than Jupiter and Saturn?

question: What is Neptune's weight?

question:  How much less mass does Neptune have compared to Earth?

question:  What is Neptune's gravity at 41 bar?

question:  What is Uranus' equatorial radius?

question: What is Neptune referred to due to it's heat and concentration of volatiles?
context: Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

qas: question: What is Neptune's mantle rich in? 
answers: text: water, ammonia and methane

question: What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? 
answers: text: icy

question: What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? 
answers: text: electrical

question: How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? 
answers: text: 7000 km

question: What rains on Neptune? 
answers: text: diamond crystals

question: Who's mantle is 10 to 15 times greater than Neptunes?

question: What is the cold dense liqued on Neptune called?

question: What substance on Neptune inhibits electricity?

question: What kind of crystal forms 7000 km above the surface of neoptune?

question: who suggested Neptunes mantle is solid carbon?

question:  What does Neptune's mantle lack?

question: What is the cold, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as?

question: What does the fluid in Uranus have a high conductivity of?

question:  How deep does Neptune's oxygen ocean go?

question:  What rises on Neptune?
context: The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.

qas: question: What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? 
answers: text: 80% hydrogen and 19% helium

question: Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? 
answers: text: wavelengths above 600 nm

question: What gives Neptune it's blue hue? 
answers: text: absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane

question: What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? 
answers: text: Uranus

question: What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? 
answers: text: cyan

question: What is Neptune's atmosphere never made of?

question:  Where are absorption bands of oxygen on Neptune?

question:  What gives Neptune it's red hue?

question:  What planet doesn't get it's color from atmospheric constituent?

question:  What color is Jupiter, compared to Neptune?
context: At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue, although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder cyan. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour.

qas: question: What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? 
answers: text: altitude

question: Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  
answers: text: upper-level

question: What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? 
answers: text: ammonia and hydrogen sulfide

question: On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? 
answers: text: ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water

question: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? 
answers: text: 273 K (0 °C)

question:  What is Neptune's rain competition variants dependent on?

question:  Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to expand?

question:  What clouds form between one and six bars on Neptune?

question:  On Neptune, what do clouds above six bars consist of?

question: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 500 bars?
context: Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.

qas: question: On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? 
answers: text: High-altitude clouds

question: What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? 
answers: text: 50–150 km

question: Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? 
answers: text: 50–110 km above the cloud deck.

question: Where on Neptune does weather not occur? 
answers: text: higher stratosphere or thermosphere

question: What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? 
answers: text: volume of ocean

question: On Uranus, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it?

question:  What are the lengths of the cloud bands on Neptune?

question:  Where are the low altitude bands of clouds on Neptune?

question:  Where on Neptune does weather always occur?

question:  What does Neptune have less of compared to Uranus?
context: High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.

qas: question: What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? 
answers: text: 750 K

question: What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?
answers: text: atmospheric interaction with ions

question: Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? 
answers: text: in the atmosphere

question: What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? 
answers: text: carbon dioxide and water

question: What is Uranus's temperature in the thermosphere?

question: What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it cold?

question: Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior appear?

question:  What does Neptune's thermosphere never contain traces of?
context: For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

qas: question: What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? 
answers: text: 47°

question: Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? 
answers: text: 0.55 radii

question: What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? 
answers: text: Uranus's

question: What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? 
answers: text: flows in the planets' interiors

question: What fluids are in Neptune's interior? 
answers: text: ammonia, methane and water

question: What is the rotational axis of Uranus's magnetic field?

question:  Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the outside?

question:  What planet besides Jupiter has a sideways rotation?

question:  What definitely doesn't cause Neptune's extreme orientation?

question:  What fluids aren't in Neptune's interior?
context: Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.

qas: question: What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? 
answers: text: 2.2 × 1017 T·m3

question: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? 
answers: text: strong quadrupole moment

question: Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
answers: text: Earth, Jupiter and Saturn

question: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?
answers: text: the planet's centre

question: What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?
answers: text: 14 microteslas (0.14 G)

question: What is Jupiter's dipole magnetic moment?

question: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in weakness?

question:  What is the fourth planet to have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?

question:  What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Uranus?

question: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another reason of the quadrupole moment?
context: The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.

qas: question: What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? 
answers: text: planetary ring system

question: What might Neptune's rings consist of?
answers: text: ice particles

question: What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?
answers: text: silicates or carbon-based material

question: Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?
answers: text: 63,000 km

question: Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?
answers: text: 53,000 km

question: What system, like Jupiter, does Neptune have?

question:  What doesn't Neptune's rings consist of?

question:  What isn't the ice particles of Neptune's rings coated with?

question: Where is Johns ring from the center of Neptune?

question:  Where is the Walter ring from the center of Neptune?
context: Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

qas: question: What dynamic weather does Neptune have?
answers: text: storm

question: What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? 
answers: text: 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)

question: What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?
answers: text: 400 m/s

question: Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?
answers: text: opposite

question: What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? 
answers: text: skin effect

question: What calm weather does Neptune have?

question:  What are the slowest Neptune's wind speeds?

question:  What is the low wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?

question: Which direction does Neptune's rain move relevant to the plant's rotation?

question: What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Jupiter?
context: Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "skin effect" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70° S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.

qas: question: How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? 
answers: text: 10 K

question: What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole? 
answers: text: 73 K (−200 °C).

question: Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? 
answers: text: the stratosphere near the pole.

question: How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?
answers: text: 40

question: To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?
answers: text: north pole

question: How much colder is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere?

question:  What is the average temperature of Neptune's north pole?

question:  Where does methane in the north pole escape to on Neptune?

question:  How many mars years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?

question: To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the same side of the sun?
context: In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole. The relative "hot spot" is due to Neptune's axial tilt, which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.

qas: question: What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?
answers: text: The Scooter

question: When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?
answers: text: 1989

question: What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune? 
answers: text: southern cyclonic storm

question: What detected the storms on Neptune? 
answers: text: Voyager 2)

question: What is the second most intense storm on Neptune? 
answers: text: The Small Dark Spot

question: What dark cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the light great spot?

question:  When was The Pooter on Neptune observed?

question:  What type of storm is The Pooter on Neptune?

question:  What didn't detect the storms on Neptune?

question:  What is the third most intense storm on Neptune?
context: The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.

qas: question: Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? 
answers: text: in the troposphere

question: What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? 
answers: text: holes

question: Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?
answers: text: vortex structures

question: What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?
answers: text: methane clouds

question: When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?
answers: text: dissipate

question: Where are Neptune's light spots thought to occur?

question:  What do Neptune's light spots appear as in the cloud decks?

question: Since Neptune's light spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?

question:  What on Neptune are associated with light spots that are brighter?

question: When Neptune's light spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?
context: Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.

qas: question: Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?
answers: text: higher internal heating

question: How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?
answers: text: 50%

question: How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?
answers: text: 40%

question: How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives? 
answers: text: 2.61

question: The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?
answers: text: heat left over from Neptune's formation

question: Why might Uranus have more varied weather than Jupiter?

question:  How much farther is Neptune from the Moon than Uranus?

question: How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Jupiter?

question: How much more energy does Jupiter radiate than it receives?

question:  The current cold flow on Neptune might be explained by what?
context: Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (−221.3 °C). At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa), the temperature is 72.00 K (−201.15 °C). Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.

qas: question: When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?
answers: text: 11 July 2011

question: What is the Earth's orbit?
answers: text: 365.26-day

question: Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude? 
answers: text: 12 July 2011

question: Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position? 
answers: text: Earth was in a different location

question: When did Neptune complete it's last barycentric orbit since it's discovery?

question: Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Jupiter reach the discovery longitude?

question: Why did Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position?
context: On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.

qas: question: What is the region behind Neptune called? 
answers: text: Kuiper belt

question: What does the Kuiper belt consist of?
answers: text: small icy worlds

question: Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?
answers: text: 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun

question: What dominates the Kuiper belt? 
answers: text: Neptune's gravity

question: What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt? 
answers: text: gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure

question: What is the region behind Jupiter called?

question:  What does the Kuiper belt not consist of?

question:  Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Mars?

question:  What doesn't dominate the Kuiper belt?

question:  What did Jupiter's gravity do to Kuiper belt?
context: Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the asteroid belt, shaping its structure, so Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure. The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example.

qas: question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? 
answers: text: 2:3 resonance

question: How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
answers: text: 200

question: What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?
answers: text: Pluto

question: What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?
answers: text: 2:3

question: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?
answers: text: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5

question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Jupiter belt?

question: How many unknown objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?

question:  What is the least known object in the Kuiper belt?

question:  Which resonances are more populated in the Kuiper belt?

question:  What is the resonance of Jupiter in the Kuiper belt?
context: There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.

qas: question: What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?
answers: text: 1:1

question: Where did most Neptune trojans form?
answers: text: alongside Neptune

question: What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?
answers: text: 2008 LC18

question: What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?
answers: text: (309239) 2007 RW10

question: How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune? 
answers: text: 12,500 years

question:  What is the resonance of Jupiter trojans?

question:  Where did most Jupiter trojans form?

question: What isn't the object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?

question:  What is Neptune's temporary  real satellite named?

question:  How long has Neptune's real satellite been with Neptune?
context: Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18. Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, (309239) 2007 RW10. The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.

qas: question: What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? 
answers: text: nearby massive OB star

question: What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?
answers: text: matter density

question: If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?
answers: text: core accretion

question: What didn't blast Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation?

question:  What is too high to account for the formation of Neptune?

question:  If Neptune wasn't formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it formed by?
context: The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.

qas: question: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?
answers: text: higher

question: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?
answers: text: removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc

question: What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?
answers: text: the Nice model

question: What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?
answers: text: Kuiper belt.

question: If Jupiter formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?

question: If Pluto formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?

question: What is the least widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?

question: What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Jupiter?
context: An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.

qas: question: How many moons does Neptune have?
answers: text: 14

question: What is Neptune's largest moon?
answers: text: Triton

question: Who discovered Triton? 
answers: text: William Lassell

question: What orbit does Triton have around Neptune? 
answers: text: retrograde orbit

question: What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?
answers: text: that it was captured

question: What planet has 13 moons?

question: What is the smallest moon?

question: Who failed to discover Triton?

question:  What orbit does Triton have around Jupiter?

question:  What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Jupiter?
context: Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the Roche limit. In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of 38 K (−235 °C).

qas: question: What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?
answers: text: Voyager 2

question: What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? 
answers: text: Proteus

question: What is notable about the moon Proteus?
answers: text: irregularly shaped

question: Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?
answers: text: Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea

question: When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered? 
answers: text: 1981

question: What discovered five moons of Neptune in 1989?

question:  What is the second least massive Neptunian moon?

question:  What is not notable about the moon Proteus?

question: Which are Neptune's four outermost moons?

question: What was discovered in 1984?
context: From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons—Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea—orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, Larissa, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. A new moon and the smallest yet, S/2004 N 1, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.

qas: question: What is Neptune's angular diameter range?
answers: text: 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds

question: The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?
answers: text: Hubble Space Telescope

question: When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?
answers: text: 1997

question: What seasons are Neptune currently entering?
answers: text: spring and summer

question: What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?
answers: text: five new small satellites

question:  What is Neptune's angular height?

question:  The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Jupiter?

question: What happened in 1978?

question:  What seasons are Uranus currently entering?

question:  What was discovered around Neptune in 2008 and 2009?
context: Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics (AO). The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of this Outer Planet. Both the HST and AO telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the Outer Planets for example. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.

qas: question: What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?
answers: text: Voyager 2

question: When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?
answers: text: 25 August 1989

question: What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?
answers: text: Triton

question: What program aired on PBS about Neptune?
answers: text: Neptune All Night

question:  What is the only spacecraft to never visit Neptune?

question:  When did a spacecraft refuse to get close to Neptune?

question:  What near Neptune did a spacecraft land on?

question:  What program aired on NBC about Neptune?

question: What aired in 1984?
context: Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.

qas: question: When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?
answers: text: late 2020s

question: What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their "Vision Missions Studies"?
answers: text: Neptune Orbiter with Probes

question: When will Argo be launched?
answers: text: 2019

question: What will Argo visit?
answers: text: Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object

question: When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?
answers: text: 2029

question:  When is the next set-in-stone mission to Neptune?

question: What about Uranus did NASA propose in 2003 in their "Vision Missions Studies"?

question: What will launch in 2027?

question:  What will Larrgo visit?

question:  When can we expect Argo to visit Mars?
context: After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner. In 2003, there was a proposal in NASA's "Vision Missions Studies" for a "Neptune Orbiter with Probes" mission that does Cassini-level science. Another, more recent proposal was for Argo, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029. The proposed New Horizons 2 mission (which was later scrapped) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system.