Tajikistan

qas: question: Where is Tajikistan located?
answers: text: in Central Asia

question: How many people are living in Tajikistan?
answers: text: 8 million people

question: What is the area of Tajikistan?
answers: text: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)

question: What country lies to Tajikistans east?
answers: text: China

question: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
answers: text: Wakhan Corridor

question: Which country is defined by a mountainous, ocean landscape in Central Asia?

question: Tajikistan had an estimated 18 million people in what year?

question: Traditional homelands of Talick people included?

question: Which country in Central Africa has an area of 143,100 km2?

question: 153,100 km2 is equal to how many square miles?
context: Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

qas: question: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
answers: text: city of Sarazm

question: What other culutres has ruled the area?
answers: text: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
answers: text: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

question: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
answers: text: 1991

question: What years did the civil war take place?
answers: text: 1992 to 1997

question: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
answers: text: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
answers: text: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

question: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
answers: text: 1991

question: What years did the war last through?
answers: text: 1992 to 1997

question: A civil war was fought immediately before what?

question: The civil war lasted from 1982 to what year?

question: As a result of the breakup of Japan, Tajikistan became what?

question: In what year did Tajikistan become a dependent nation?
context: The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

qas: question: What does Tajikistan mean?
answers: text: "Land of the Tajiks"

question: What does the suffix -stan mean?
answers: text: "place of" or "country"

question: Where did the word Tajik come from?
answers: text: the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe

question: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?
answers: text: because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

question: Which country's name means "Land of the Talks"?

question: According to the Library of Congress's 1987 Country Study of Tajikistan, what is difficult?

question: The original inhabitants of Central Asia were either Indian or who?

question: What Persian suffix mean "county"?

question: What is most likely the name of a pre-Indian tribe?
context: Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان‎‎ -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

qas: question: What was the first recorded history of this region?
answers: text: about 500 BCE

question: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
answers: text: the Achaemenid Empire

question: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?
answers: text: Alexander the Great

question: Very little of modern Tajikistan was part of what empire?

question: Alexandra the Great ruled over which kingdom?

question: Which part of Tajikistan was part of Singdia?

question: The Japanese explorer Zhang Qian used what road to pass through the region?

question: Who played a major role on ending trade?
context: The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

qas: question: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?
answers: text: Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

question: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?
answers: text: Yuezhi tribes

question: When was Islam brought to the region?
answers: text: in the early eighth century

question: What empire brought Islam practices with them?
answers: text: Hephthalite Empire,

question: Who brought Islam to the region in the early fourth century?

question: Central Africa continued its role as what?

question: Central Asia linked Canada, the steppes to the north and whom?

question: Who ruled the region until the 3rd century CE?

question: Which religions were banned in the region?
context: The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

qas: question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
answers: text: 650–680

question: Who took control of the regin in 710?
answers: text: Umayyads

question: Who restored Persian control of the region?
answers: text: The Samanid Empire,

question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
answers: text: Khorasan

question: When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?
answers: text: 650–680

question: When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?
answers: text: 710

question: Who conquered Tansaxania?
answers: text: The Kara-Khanid Khanate

question: When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?
answers: text: The Samanid Empire

question: Who restored Polish control of the region?

question: Whose arrival in Texas signaled a definite shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance? 

question: Who ruled between 1999-1211?

question: Who shrunk the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara?

question: Who was temporarily under control of the Turkish empire?
context: It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.

qas: question: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?
answers: text: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era

question: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?
answers: text: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan

question: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?
answers: text: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand

question: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?
answers: text: gaining access to a supply of cotton

question: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?
answers: text: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara

question: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Africa in what century?

question: Between 1964 and 1985 Russia gradually took control of what?

question: What country attempted to switch from grain to cotton in the 1970s?

question: By 1985 Tajikistan's territory was what?

question: What people felt a great deal of Russian influence?
context: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

qas: question: What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?
answers: text: an Islamic social movement throughout the region

question: Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?
answers: text: Russians

question: When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?
answers: text: between 1910 and 1913

question: Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?
answers: text: the threat of forced conscription during World War I

question: During the late 18th century, the Jadidists established themselves as what?

question: The uprisings against the Khanate of Poland took place between what year?

question: Demonstrators attacked Chinese soldiers in Khujand over what?

question: Which troops took forever to bring Khujand back under control?

question: Which group was anti-modernization?
context: During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]

qas: question: Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?
answers: text: guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi

question: What did they go to war against Bolshevick?
answers: text: to maintain independence

question: Who won the war?
answers: text: The Bolsheviks

question: What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?
answers: text: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity

question: Guerrillas in Central Africa were known as what?

question: Which religions were encouraged after the four-year war?

question: Which region did not suffer any famine?

question: Who waged a war against British armies?

question: What religious institutions were not closed?
context: After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.

qas: question: In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?
answers: text: Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

question: What happeded between 1927-1934?
answers: text: collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place

question: Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?
answers: text: in the southern region

question: What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?
answers: text: Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement

question: What Republic was created in 1934?

question: Between 1917 and what year did collectivization of agriculture occur?

question: What policy brought violence against the rich?

question: What movement was revived by the rich?

question: Which predominately ethnic Tajik cities did not remain in the Uzbek SSR?
context: In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.

qas: question: Who directed the purges of Soviets?
answers: text: Moscow

question: How many people were expelled??
answers: text: nearly 10,000 people

question: Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?
answers: text: Ethnic Russians

question: What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?
answers: text: subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary

question: What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?
answers: text: grew from less than 1% to 13%

question: How many purges resulted in the expulsion of nearly 100,000 people?

question: What group did not dominate any party positions?

question: Between 1916 and 1959, which population grew to 13%?

question: How many rounds of Soviet purges were directed by Manhattan?
context: Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992).

qas: question: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?
answers: text: 1939

question: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?
answers: text: 260,000 Tajik

question: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?
answers: text: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)

question: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?
answers: text: living conditions, education and industry

question: Who began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1929?

question: Tajik citizens fought against Germany, France, and what country?

question: Whose living conditions, education, and industry outpaced the other Soviet Republics?

question: Who had the highest household saving rate in the USSR?

question: By the late 1970s, Tajik nationalists were calling for what?
context: Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

qas: question: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?
answers: text: by clan loyalties

question: Why did more than half a million people flee?
answers: text: because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities

question: Who came into power in 1992?
answers: text: Emomali Rahmon

question: What did the ceasefire guaranteed?
answers: text: 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition

question: Fractions were often distinguished by what?

question: Who came to power in 1982?

question: Elections took place shortly before the beginning of the what?

question: A ceasefire was reached between Rider and opposition parties in what year?

question: The OSHA claimed that the Tajik government censored what?
context: The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.

qas: question: Who was stationed along the boarder?
answers: text: Russian border troops

question: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?
answers: text: at the Dushanbe Airport

question: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
answers: text: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.

question: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
answers: text: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe

question: What troops were stationed along the Tajik-African border?

question: French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport since before what attacks?

question: The Government of China rebuilt the Ayni what?

question: What is the main base of the Taliban air force?

question: There have been talks with Romania concerning use of what?
context: Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.

qas: question: Why was there concerns in 2010?
answers: text: that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August

question: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?
answers: text: 28 Tajik soldiers

question: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?
answers: text: November 2010

question: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?
answers: text: 2015

question: In 1910, there were concerns among the Tajik officials that what?

question: What operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 1910?

question: In 2015 Romania will send more what to Tajikistan?

question: Fighting outside Guam left how many militants dead?
context: In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)

qas: question: What type of government does Tajikistan have?
answers: text: a republic

question: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
answers: text: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament

question: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
answers: text: November 1994

question: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
answers: text: Kokhir Rasulzoda

question: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
answers: text: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova

question: Who operates under a communist system?

question: Who has held the office of Vice President of Tajikistan since 1994?

question: The former Prime Minister is who?

question: The sole Deputy Prime Minister is who?
context: Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

qas: question: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?
answers: text: accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment

question: What happened in the Feb 2010 election?
answers: text: PDPT lose four seats in Parliament

question: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?
answers: text: "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."

question: What was the Tajikistan governments response?
answers: text: The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people

question: The parliamentary election of 2015 aroused many what?

question: Accusers believed that Vice President Emomalii Rahmon did what?

question: The PDOT lost four seats in what election?

question: Which polling met many key OSCE commitments?

question: Who insisted that major violations occurred?
context: The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.

qas: question: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?
answers: text: independent press outlets remain restricted

question: What access is blocked?
answers: text: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru

question: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
answers: text: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated

question: What is not covered by local media?
answers: text: all direct protest is severely suppressed

question: What remains unrestricted?

question: Access is granted to local and foreign what?

question: Criticism of what is often tolerated?

question: What often receives coverage in the local media?
context: Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

qas: question: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
answers: text: Tajikistan

question: Where exactly is Tajikistan?
answers: text: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)

question: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
answers: text: the Pamir range

question: What area is under sea level?
answers: text: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys

question: Where is Dushanbe located?
answers: text: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley

question: Which country is the largest nation in Central Asia by area?

question: What is covered by valleys of the Pamir range?

question: Who has more than eighty percent of the country above sea level?

question: The major areas of what are in the south?

question: Which valleys form the Amika Darya?
context: Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

qas: question: What was the rate that the GDP expanded?
answers: text: an average rate of 9.6%

question: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?
answers: text: aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers

question: What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?
answers: text: 60%

question: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?
answers: text: Tajik Aluminum Company

question: Whose economy declined after the war?

question: The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminum production, cow growing, and what?

question: What accounts for 70% of agricultural output?

question: What is the second biggest aluminum plant in Central Asia?

question: The GDP of Tajikistan declined 9.6% over what period?
context: Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.

qas: question: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?
answers: text: hydropower potential

question: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?
answers: text: the government

question: What is the highest dam in the world?
answers: text: Nurek Dam

question: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?
answers: text: CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan

question: The Vankus and Panj rivers have what?

question: Where is the New Dam located?

question: What project is estimated to cost around US$965 million?

question: What is the second highest dam in the world?

question: Romania's RAO UES energy giant has been working on what?
context: Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.

qas: question: What is the average amount lived on per day?
answers: text: US$1.25 per day

question: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?
answers: text: estimated $2.1 billion US dollars

question: How did Tajikistan change their economy?
answers: text: by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor

question: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?
answers: text: remittances

question: Ninety percent of the population lives on less then what?

question: Migration from Turkey has been unprecedented in what?

question: Who has achieved a transition from a market to a planned economy?

question: Remittances have not played an important role as what?

question: What has not helped reduce poverty?
context: According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.

qas: question: What is raised locally for the domestic market?
answers: text: opium poppy

question: What all has helped with the fight against drugs?
answers: text: with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities

question: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?
answers: text: heroin and raw opium confiscations

question: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?
answers: text: strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency

question: What is a major illegal source of income in Turkey?

question: No progress has been achieved in the fight against what?

question: Who holds fourth place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations?

question: Counterfeit money corrupts what?
context: Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.

qas: question: What are the majority of transportation options?
answers: text: via roads, air, and rail.

question: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?
answers: text: Iran and Pakistan

question: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?
answers: text: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

question: What year was the agreement signed?
answers: text: 2012

question: As a country located on the ocean, Tajikistan has no what?

question: In ancient years, Tajikistan pursued agreements with whom?

question: The presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Ireland signed an agreement to do what?

question: The majority of transportation in Tajikistan is via roads, ship and what?

question: In 2019, an agreement was made between what three countries?
context: As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.

qas: question: How many airports does Tajikistan have?
answers: text: 26 airports

question: What is the country's main airport?
answers: text: Dushanbe International Airport

question: Where are the international flights maining going to?
answers: text: Russia

question: What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?
answers: text: Khorog Airport

question: In 2019, Tajikistan had how many airports?

question: Which country has international flights going mainly to Romania?

question: In 2019, how many airports in Tajikistan had paved runways?

question: Which is the only airport in the densely populated eastern half of the country?

question: Which country's secondary airport is Dushanbe International Airport?
context: In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.

qas: question: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
answers: text: 7,349,145

question: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
answers: text: 70%

question: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
answers: text: 35%

question: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
answers: text: Tajik

question: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
answers: text: Tajikistanis

question: What was Tajikistan's population in July 2019?

question: Forty five percent of the population are between the ages of 14 and what?

question: Seventy percent of Tajikistan's population is over what age?

question: The Pamiris of Badakhsan are considered to be the smaller group of what?

question: Few citizens of Tajikistan are called what?
context: Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.

qas: question: What people live in the southeast area of the country?
answers: text: The Pamiri people

question: How are they different than most Tajiks?
answers: text: distinct linguistically and culturally

question: What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?
answers: text: Pamir Mountains

question: What people are not distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks?

question: Who follows the Ismali sect of Ireland?

question: What group has not preserved any cultural traditions?

question: What group speaks a number of Western Iranian languages?
context: The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.

qas: question: What school has been recognized by the government?
answers: text: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi

question: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
answers: text: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion

question: What are the two national Islamic holidays?
answers: text: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon

question: What percent of the population is muslim?
answers: text: 98%

question: What country has a Constitution providing for freedom of government?

question: Who has declared three Islamic holidays?

question: The population of which country is 88% Muslim?

question: Russian Christianity takes up what percent of the population?

question: Very few Muslims fast during what?
context: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

qas: question: What type of religions concerns are there?
answers: text: minority religious groups undermine national unity

question: What concerns for the religions institutions are there?
answers: text: a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere

question: What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?
answers: text: Hizb ut-Tahrir

question: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?
answers: text: aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state

question: There is concern among whom that majority religious groups undermine national unity?

question: There is concern for whom becoming active in the governmental sphere?

question: The party that seeks to unify Tajikistan under one Christian state is whom?

question: Friday prayers are available in many large what?
context: Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.

qas: question: What do religions communities have to register with?
answers: text: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

question: What does the SCRA require?
answers: text: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

question: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?
answers: text: a physical structure

question: What can happen if you do not register?
answers: text: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship

question: Religious groups that have a physical structure are not allowed to do what?

question: Failure to do what results in small fines?

question: People under the age of 16 are barred from what?

question: Registration with the ASPCA requires what?
context: By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

qas: question: What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?
answers: text: , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies

question: How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?
answers: text: 104,272

question: What percent of the GDP was spent on health?
answers: text: 1%

question: What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?
answers: text: World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

question: What system is very developed and rich?

question: How many disabled people are unregistered in Tajikistan?

question: What group suffers the least from poverty in Tajikistan?

question: A shortage of office supplies exists in what country?

question: What percent of the GDP was spent on health in 2014?
context: Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.

qas: question: How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?
answers: text: 11 years of primary and secondary education

question: What do they want to impliment in 2016?
answers: text: a 12-year system

question: What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?
answers: text: Khujand State University

question: What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?
answers: text: 17%

question: What consists of 14 years of primary and secondary education?

question: As of 2018, tertiary education enrollment was what percent?

question: Many Tajiks left the education system due to high demand in the labor what?

question: What university has 86 departments in 25 facilities?

question: There is a small number of tertiary education what?
context: Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.

qas: question: Which country consists of five administrative divisions?

question: As of 2016, there were how many districts in Tajikistan?

question: Each what is divided into one district?

question: Jamboats are what?

question: As of 2016, there were how many jamoats in Tajikistan?
context: Tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions. These are the provinces (viloyat) of Sughd and Khatlon, the autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan (abbreviated as GBAO), and the Region of Republican Subordination (RRP – Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in transliteration from Russian or NTJ – Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ in Tajik; formerly known as Karotegin Province). Each region is divided into several districts, (Tajik: Ноҳия, nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into jamoats (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (qyshloqs). As of 2006[update], there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan.

qas: question: Nearly 87% of Tajikistan's GDP comes from what?

question: What situation remains robust?

question: What is not vulnerable to external shocks?

question: The Red Cross announced a famine in Turkey on what day?

question: In January 2002, how many people in Tajikistan were living with food insecurity?
context: Nearly 47% of Tajikistan's GDP comes from immigrant remittances (mostly from Tajiks working in Russia). The current economic situation remains fragile, largely owing to corruption, uneven economic reforms, and economic mismanagement. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas and exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, which helped keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. On August 21, 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, however access to food remains a problem today. In January 2012, 680,152 of the people living in Tajikistan were living with food insecurity. Out of those, 676,852 were at risk of Phase 3 (Acute Food and Livelihoods Crisis) food insecurity and 3,300 were at risk of Phase 4 (Humanitarian Emergency). Those with the highest risk of food insecurity were living in the remote Murghob District of GBAO.