Seven_Years%27_War

qas: question: What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?
answers: text: two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France

question: When was the Seven Year' War fought?
answers: text: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764

question: What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?
answers: text: It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire

question: What country emerged as the world's predominate power?
answers: text: Britain rose as the world's predominant power

question: What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?
answers: text: Considered a prelude to the two world wars
context: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.

qas: question: Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?
answers: text: Prussia preemptively struck

question: What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War
answers: text: Saxony

question: What country allied with Prussia?
answers: text: Prussia's alliance with Britain

question: What was the initial country to ally with France?
answers: text: Austria formed an alliance with France

question: The smaller German states joined which side?
answers: text: Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states
context: Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

qas: question: With whom did the Dutch Republic align?
answers: text: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact

question: Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?
answers: text: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

question: How did the war impact the Russian population?
answers: text: The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship

question: What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?
answers: text: being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759

question: What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?
answers: text: Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.
context: Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

qas: question: What did Britain gain in North America from the war?
answers: text: Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida

question: What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?
answers: text: some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,

question: What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?
answers: text: the colony of Senegal on the West African coast

question: What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?
answers: text: France was deprived of many of its colonies

question: How did the war impact France financially?
answers: text: had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle
context: The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia (its original goal) its military prowess was also noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

qas: question: What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?
answers: text: The war has been described as the first "world war"

question: What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe?
answers: text: The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,

question: What is the precedent for the "Second Hundred Year's War?
answers: text: reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century

question: What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?
answers: text: to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars
context: The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.

qas: question: What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?
answers: text: Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,

question: What country did Spain invade?
answers: text: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal

question: When did Spain invade?
answers: text: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762

question: What was the result of the invasion by Spain?
answers: text: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion

question: What region did Austria hope to recapture?
answers: text: Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war
context: Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

qas: question: Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?
answers: text: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe

question: What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?
answers: text: the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.

question: Why did Naples remain neutral?
answers: text: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

question: Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?
answers: text: Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party
context: Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

qas: question: What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?
answers: text: superiority over the French trading outposts

question: What was the result for the Native American tribes?
answers: text: The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement

question: What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?
answers: text: ; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status.

question: What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?
answers: text: good luck and successful strategy

question: Who was the leader of Prussia?
answers: text: King Frederick the Great
context: The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers will soon avenge their defeat in 1778 when American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

qas: question: Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?
answers: text: Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced

question: What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?
answers: text: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British

question: What was gained or lost by Austria?
answers: text: British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria

question: Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?
answers: text: . Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria

question: What alliances were formed in the "diplomatic reversal"?
answers: text: The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution”
context: The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France’s traditional enemies, Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. Prussia, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France had concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the Anglo-Austrian alignment after 1748 was deemed essential by the Duke of Newcastle, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother Henry Pelham. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution” or the “reversal of alliances.”

qas: question: What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?
answers: text: June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire

question: According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?
answers: text: They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria

question: What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?
answers: text: the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria

question: What individual was the main target of the pact?
answers: text: Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether

question: Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?
answers: text: he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia
context: In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

qas: question: What was the house of king George II?
answers: text: Hanover

question: Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.
answers: text: his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas

question: How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?
answers: text: it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

question: Why would France want to invade Hanover?
answers: text: France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain

question: What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?
answers: text: Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack
context: The Hanoverian king George II of Great Britain was passionately devoted to his family’s continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

qas: question: What was the objective of le Secret du roi?
answers: text: goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies

question: Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?
answers: text: his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti,

question: What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?
answers: text: Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests

question: What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?
answers: text: Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,

question: What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?
answers: text: Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian
context: French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies. Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.

qas: question: What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?
answers: text: Saxony and Polish west Prussia

question: What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?
answers: text: could not expect French support

question: What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?
answers: text: he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack

question: What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?
answers: text: the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia

question: Who was Poland's ancient ally?
answers: text: Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,
context: Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Augustus III, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria.

qas: question: What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?
answers: text: Austria

question: What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?
answers: text: Frederick and Prussia

question: What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia?
answers: text: saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.

question: What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?
answers: text: to protect Hanover's interests against France.

question: What was Kaunitz's objective with the French?
answers: text: Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria
context: In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. While at the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who meddled with their affairs in Austria's succession war, years earlier, and saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.

qas: question: What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?
answers: text: willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid

question: What did Russia use Britain's money for?
answers: text: to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover

question: What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?
answers: text: Britain and Prussia

question: When was the Convention of Westminster signed?
answers: text: January 16, 1756

question: Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?
answers: text: Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,
context: Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On September 30, 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king; Frederick, who began fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, and was excited to welcome a rapprochement with Britain. On January 16, 1756, the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe.

qas: question: What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?
answers: text: Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged

question: Why was France mad at the British-Prussian agreement?
answers: text: France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria,

question: France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?
answers: text: France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance

question: Who were the parties to the treaty of Versailles?
answers: text: Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France

question: How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?
answers: text: 24.000 troops
context: The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on May 1, 1756, the First Treaty of Versailles was signed, in which both nations pledged 24.000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were self-defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.

qas: question: Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?
answers: text: the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River

question: What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?
answers: text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

question: Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?
answers: text: British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful

question: Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?
answers: text: Led by George Washington

question: Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?
answers: text: Fort Necessity
context: The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne. British colonial militia from Virginia were then sent to drive them out. Led by George Washington, they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander Jumonville. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.

qas: question: Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?
answers: text: Britain and France

question: What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?
answers: text: the expedition ended in disastrous defeat

question: Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?
answers: text: British Major General Edward Braddock

question: What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France?
answers: text: Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships

question: Who won the Battle of Lake George?
answers: text: inconclusive
context: News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immediately followed by their expulsion of the Acadians. In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat. In further action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, French and British troops met in the inconclusive Battle of Lake George.

qas: question: How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?
answers: text: It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help

question: Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?
answers: text: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult

question: Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?
answers: text: several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative

question: In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make.
answers: text: in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.

question: How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?
answers: text: France had few counterbalancing European successes.
context: For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions. This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, but although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.

qas: question: How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe?
answers: text: allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,

question: Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.
answers: text: Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage

question: Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?
answers: text: Frederick the Great of Prussia

question: What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?
answers: text: leaving Austria to side with France

question: How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach?
answers: text: In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies
context: The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France.:15–16 By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the greatest general of the day, Frederick the Great of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns.:106 This was accomplished in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favor of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies, taking full advantage of its naval power. :64–66 The British pursued a dual strategy – naval blockade and bombardment of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea. They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort.

qas: question: What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
answers: text: a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire

question: What locations did Pitt want from France?
answers: text: North America and India

question: What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
answers: text: Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy

question: How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?
answers: text: He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies

question: How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
answers: text: even after that the British continued his strategy
context: William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

qas: question: What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?
answers: text: the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe

question: What country initiated conflict?
answers: text: the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca

question: What was the result for Admiral Byng?
answers: text: Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed

question: When was war declared between Britain and France?
answers: text: War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May

question: How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?
answers: text: nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.
context: The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at Toulon, and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed). War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.

qas: question: How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?
answers: text: he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony

question: What country was Saxony aligned with?
answers: text: Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria

question: Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?
answers: text: pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia

question: What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?
answers: text: he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia

question: What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?
answers: text: to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense
context: Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

qas: question: How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?
answers: text: leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary

question: How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?
answers: text: leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east

question: Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
answers: text: a column of about 15,000 men

question: Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.
answers: text: a column of 18,000 men

question: Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith 
answers: text: a corps of 30,000 troops.
context: Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.

qas: question: How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?
answers: text: Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.

question: What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?
answers: text: Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne

question: What happened to the Saxon army?
answers: text: Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army

question: What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?
answers: text: attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage

question: What was the result of the fury of Europe?
answers: text: led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition
context: The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.

qas: question: How did Britain Protect Hanover?
answers: text: combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover

question: How did the British support Prussia?
answers: text: shipping supplies and ₤670,000

question: Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?
answers: text: the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral

question: Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?
answers: text: successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

question: Who led the force to defend Hanover?
answers: text: under the command of the Duke of Cumberland
context: Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The British attempted to persuade the Dutch Republic to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

qas: question: Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?
answers: text: the fortifications of Prague

question: Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
answers: text: Frederick II

question: What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?
answers: text: both forces suffered major casualties

question: Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?
answers: text: Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia

question: How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?
answers: text: picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague.
context: In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

qas: question: What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
answers: text: five days of artillery bombardment

question: How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
answers: text: used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia

question: What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
answers: text: defeated a smaller Prussian force

question: What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
answers: text: he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory

question: What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
answers: text: Sweden
context: Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

qas: question: What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?
answers: text: the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west

question: What was the initial result of the French invasion?
answers: text: Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757

question: What was the result of the Austrian invasion?
answers: text: then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757

question: Name the four opponents of Prussia.
answers: text: (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)

question: What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?
answers: text: a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership
context: Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.

qas: question: What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?
answers: text: Cumberland

question: What country won the battle at Hanover?
answers: text: French

question: How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?
answers: text: Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war

question: How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?
answers: text: Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance
context: This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.

qas: question: Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
answers: text: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758

question: What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?
answers: text: the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

question: What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
answers: text: occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

question: What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?
answers: text: Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.

question: What political development shaped the policy of the British?
answers: text: successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition
context: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

qas: question: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
answers: text: Count András Hadik

question: What city did Hadik occupy?
answers: text: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

question: How was Berlin spared?
answers: text: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
answers: text: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city

question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
answers: text: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines
context: Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

qas: question: Where did Frederick invade in 1758
answers: text: Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia

question: What city did Frederick lay siege to?
answers: text: Olmütz

question: What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?
answers: text: Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,

question: How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?
answers: text: Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.
context: In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.

qas: question: What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
answers: text: an annual subsidy of £670,000

question: How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
answers: text: Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army

question: Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
answers: text: the French

question: What caused alarm in France?
answers: text: re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces

question: Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?
answers: text: he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine
context: In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

qas: question: How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
answers: text: marched to counter it.

question: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
answers: text: 35,000 men

question: How many Russians were in defense?
answers: text: Russian army of 43,000

question: Which army withdrew?
answers: text: the Russians withdrew

question: What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
answers: text: Swedish
context: By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

qas: question: What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
answers: text: Marshal Daun

question: What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
answers: text: lost much of his artillery

question: Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
answers: text: retreated in good order, helped by dense woods

question: What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?
answers: text: The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough

question: How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?
answers: text: , Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter
context: The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

qas: question: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
answers: text: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats

question: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
answers: text: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians

question: What happened at Minden in 1757?
answers: text: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French

question: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
answers: text: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000

question: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
answers: text: Frederick himself lost half his army
context: The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

qas: question: Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?
answers: text: near the mouth of the Loire

question: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?
answers: text: their Brest and Toulon fleets

question: What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?
answers: text: the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet

question: What happened to the French Brest fleet?
answers: text: caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground

question: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?
answers: text: putting an end to the French plans.
context: The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

qas: question: Identify a success of the Austrians?
answers: text: the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz

question: Where is Glatz
answers: text: Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia

question: What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
answers: text: outnumbered three to one

question: Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
answers: text: General Saltykov

question: Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?
answers: text: he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.
context: Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

qas: question: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
answers: text: Spain

question: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
answers: text: Portugal

question: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
answers: text: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

question: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
answers: text: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

question: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?
answers: text: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain
context: 1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

qas: question: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
answers: text: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them

question: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?
answers: text: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons

question: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
answers: text: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania

question: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
answers: text: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.

question: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?
answers: text: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
context: On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

qas: question: Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?
answers: text: offering concessions to secure peace

question: How many troops did Frederick have left?
answers: text: 60,000 men

question: What development in Russia assisted Prussia?
answers: text: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

question: What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?
answers: text: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

question: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?
answers: text: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command
context: Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

qas: question: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
answers: text: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

question: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?
answers: text: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

question: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?
answers: text: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

question: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?
answers: text: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

question: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?
answers: text: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.
context: By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

qas: question: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
answers: text: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

question: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
answers: text: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

question: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?
answers: text: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

question: What damage was done at the alternate site?
answers: text: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

question: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
answers: text: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering
context: Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

qas: question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
answers: text: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

question: Who led the invasion troops?
answers: text: The elderly General Bligh

question: Where did the troops land?
answers: text: Cherbourg

question: Was the landing successful?
answers: text: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?
answers: text: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.
context: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

qas: question: What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?
answers: text: Worsening weather

question: How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?
answers: text: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast

question: How did the army get to the new anchorage location?
answers: text: the army proceeded overland.

question: What happened to the British army?
answers: text: a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops

question: How did the British army escape
answers: text: A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked
context: The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

qas: question: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
answers: text: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

question: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
answers: text: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

question: Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.
answers: text: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

question: What success did the British have in Cuba?
answers: text: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

question: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
answers: text: Manila in the Philippines
context: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

qas: question: Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?
answers: text: These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley

question: Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?
answers: text: the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois

question: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?
answers: text: the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley

question: Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?
answers: text: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British

question: How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?
answers: text: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war
context: During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

qas: question: Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
answers: text: France's native allies

question: How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
answers: text: slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children

question: How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
answers: text: the French refused to protect their captives

question: How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
answers: text: French naval deployments

question: What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
answers: text: securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.
context: In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

qas: question: How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?
answers: text: French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena

question: Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.
answers: text: Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac

question: Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?
answers: text: the Acadian population

question: What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?
answers: text: Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)

question: How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?
answers: text: 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British
context: British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island), the St. John River valley, and the Petitcodiac River valley. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British.

qas: question: Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759
answers: text: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759

question: What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?
answers: text: Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces

question: When did General Wolfe take Quebec?
answers: text: On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French

question: Did the French take Quebec back?
answers: text: they were unable to retake Quebec

question: What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?
answers: text: British naval superiority
context: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.

qas: question: Where did the French attack in 1762?
answers: text: St. John's, Newfoundland

question: What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
answers: text: the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table

question: Did the French take St. John's?
answers: text: they took St. John's

question: Did the French hold St. John's?
answers: text: French forces were eventually defeated by British troops

question: Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
answers: text: Battle of Signal Hill
context: In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

qas: question: Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.
answers: text: the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec

question: Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.
answers: text: the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry

question: How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?
answers: text: generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels

question: What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?
answers: text: Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans

question: What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?
answers: text: maps and other printed materials
context: The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

qas: question: How were the British-French hostilities concluded?
answers: text: hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris

question: Who ended up owning Louisiana?
answers: text: the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana

question: What part of North America did Britain end up with?
answers: text: they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

question: What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?
answers: text: Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter

question: What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans
answers: text: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans
context: The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

qas: question: What did France retain in India?
answers: text: returned all the French trading ports

question: How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?
answers: text: treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt

question: What French ally in the area abandoned the French?
answers: text: loss of France's ally in Bengal

question: Who defected to the British?
answers: text: the defection of Hyderabad to the British

question: What happened to French power in the area?
answers: text: this effectively brought French power in India to an end
context: In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.

qas: question: Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?
answers: text: at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.

question: Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?
answers: text: Austria, Prussia, and Saxony

question: What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?
answers: text: The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748

question: What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg
answers: text: The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz

question: Did the Austrians retain Glatz?
answers: text: Frederick would not allow it
context: The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on February 15, 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. Negotiations had started there on December 31, 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor.

qas: question: What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?
answers: text: Austria's prestige was restored in great part

question: How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?
answers: text: was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

question: What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?
answers: text: it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony

question: Did Austria get Silesia back?
answers: text: Austria was not able to retake Silesia

question: Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?
answers: text: by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections
context: Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

qas: question: What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?
answers: text: the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.

question: What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?
answers: text: Beside the rise of Prussia

question: What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?
answers: text: -belligerent Hanover

question: How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?
answers: text: she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

question: Which British king supported Hanover following the war?
answers: text: George III of Great Britain
context: Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

qas: question: What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?
answers: text: Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced

question: What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?
answers: text: his military genius was strenuously kept alive

question: What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?
answers: text: Russia’s volte-face

question: What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?
answers: text: Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland

question: What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?
answers: text: a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved
context: Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

qas: question: Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?
answers: text: American Indian tribes

question: Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?
answers: text: outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands

question: Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?
answers: text: French Canadians

question: How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?
answers: text: The act protected Catholic religion

question: What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?
answers: text: The act protected Catholic religion and French language
context: The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The Quebec Act of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel.

qas: question: What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?
answers: text: Lord Sandwich

question: What countries joined Britain as allies?
answers: text: lacking any substantial ally

question: Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?
answers: text: now saw Britain as a greater threat than France

question: When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?
answers: text: 1778–83

question: What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?
answers: text: Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762
context: The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.