Valencia

qas: question: What country is Valencia in?
answers: text: Spain

question: What is the population of Valencia's urban area?
answers: text: 1.5 million

question: Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?
answers: text: third

question: What body of water is Valencia located on?
answers: text: the Mediterranean Sea

question: What is the city of Valencia the capital of?
answers: text: the autonomous community of Valencia
context: Valencia (/vəˈlɛnsiə/; Spanish: [baˈlenθja]), or València (Valencian: [vaˈlensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea.

qas: question: What is the main type of employment in Valencia?
answers: text: service sector occupations

question: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?
answers: text: 5.5

question: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?
answers: text: 1.9

question: How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?
answers: text: 3973 hectares

question: What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?
answers: text: orchards and citrus groves
context: Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

qas: question: What airport is closest to Valencia?
answers: text: Valencia Airport

question: What airport is south of Valencia?
answers: text: Alicante Airport

question: What is the main train station in Valencia?
answers: text: Estació del Nord

question: What group runs Valencia's public transit?
answers: text: Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana

question: What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?
answers: text: Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla
context: Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia.

qas: question: What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?
answers: text: The Paseo Marítimo

question: How long is the Paseo Maritimo?
answers: text: 4 km (2 mi)

question: What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?
answers: text: San Miguel de los Reyes monastery

question: When did Valencia's rapid development begin?
answers: text: the mid-1990s

question: What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?
answers: text: the Carmen Quarter
context: Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrano Towers and Quart Towers), and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Paseo Marítimo, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa).

qas: question: How long did the English occupy Valencia?
answers: text: 16 months

question: At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?
answers: text: Battle of Almansa

question: Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?
answers: text: Philip V

question: What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?
answers: text: Nueva Planta decrees

question: Who resigned in protest against Philip?
answers: text: Cardinal Luis de Belluga
context: The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

qas: question: In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?
answers: text: 1102

question: Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?
answers: text: Alfonso VI of León and Castile

question: Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?
answers: text: Ibn Khafaja

question: When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?
answers: text: 1145

question: Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?
answers: text: Ibn Mardanis
context: The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of León and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century.

qas: question: When was the Valencian Golden Age?
answers: text: 15th century

question: Of what area was Valencia the largest city?
answers: text: Crown of Aragon

question: What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?
answers: text: Silk Exchange

question: Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?
answers: text: Queen Isabella I of Castile

question: What was Valencia's leading industry?
answers: text: textile production
context: The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus's voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.

qas: question: Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?
answers: text: Germaine of Foix

question: When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?
answers: text: 1520–1522

question: What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?
answers: text: comuneros

question: Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?
answers: text: 800

question: Whom did the comuneros rebel against?
answers: text: Charles
context: The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

qas: question: What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?
answers: text: wine and citrus

question: When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?
answers: text: 1909

question: What architectural style was particularly successful?
answers: text: Art Nouveau

question: What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?
answers: text: North Station (Gare du Nord)

question: What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?
answers: text: Central and Columbus
context: In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station (Gare du Nord) and the Central and Columbus markets.

qas: question: What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?
answers: text: 18.4 °C

question: Which month is the hottest in Valencia?
answers: text: August

question: Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?
answers: text: January

question: In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?
answers: text: May and September

question: What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?
answers: text: 28–34 °C
context: Its average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) during the day and 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 °C (55 to 70 °F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 °C (39 to 54 °F). In the warmest month – August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28–34 °C (82–93 °F), about 23 °C (73 °F) at night. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.0 °C (66 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 7 °C (45 °F) at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.

qas: question: When was the age of Enlightenment?
answers: text: 18th century

question: Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment's ideas?
answers: text: Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer

question: When was the Economic Society of Friends created?
answers: text: 1776

question: What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve?
answers: text: woven silk and ceramic tiles

question: Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule?
answers: text: Charles III
context: The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time. In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country (Societat Econòmica d'Amics del País) was founded in 1776; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural, civic, and economic institutions in Valencia.

qas: question: Whose regime prohibited political parties?
answers: text: Franco

question: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?
answers: text: eighty-one

question: What river flooded in 1957?
answers: text: Turia

question: What park is located in the previous river bed?
answers: text: Garden of the Turia

question: What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?
answers: text: motorway
context: The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

qas: question: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?
answers: text: 20

question: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?
answers: text: Mediterranean western coast

question: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?
answers: text: second

question: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?
answers: text: oranges
context: Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

qas: question: Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?
answers: text: Elío

question: When was Elio killed?
answers: text: 1822

question: How was Elio executed?
answers: text: by garroting

question: What are the years from 1823-1833 called?
answers: text: Ominous Decade

question: Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?
answers: text: Gaietà Ripoli
context: A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.

qas: question: What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?
answers: text: Santo Caliz

question: Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?
answers: text: Benedict XVI

question: What century is the Santo Caliz from?
answers: text: 1st

question: When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?
answers: text: 9 July 2006

question: According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?
answers: text: St. Peter
context: On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones.

qas: question: In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?
answers: text: 1873

question: Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?
answers: text: General Martinez-Campos

question: Who became king in 1874?
answers: text: Alfonso XII

question: When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?
answers: text: 11 January 1875

question: Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?
answers: text: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
context: During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, gained considerably more of the popular vote.

qas: question: Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?
answers: text: Santiago Calatrava

question: Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?
answers: text: centre of the city

question: What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?
answers: text: modern

question: Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?
answers: text: City of Arts and Sciences
context: World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La Música) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

qas: question: How many official languages does Valencia have?
answers: text: two

question: What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?
answers: text: Catalan

question: What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?
answers: text: Spanish

question: How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?
answers: text: more than 70

question: When did Valencian regain its offical status?
answers: text: 1978
context: Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.
Valencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.
Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.

qas: question: During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?
answers: text: the last thirty years

question: Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?
answers: text: Santiago Calatrava

question: Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?
answers: text: Félix Candela

question: What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?
answers: text: Old City
context: Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

qas: question: What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?
answers: text: Saints John

question: Who decorated the Saints John's dome?
answers: text: Palonino

question: Who destroyed the Jesuit college?
answers: text: the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front

question: What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?
answers: text: Capital General

question: What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?
answers: text: Colegio de San Juan
context: Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

qas: question: When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?
answers: text: 554

question: When were the Byzantines expelled?
answers: text: 625

question: What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?
answers: text: Toledo

question: Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?
answers: text: the church

question: After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?
answers: text: Visigothic military contingents
context: A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.

qas: question: When was the dome built?
answers: text: 15th century

question: Who started the construction of the main chapel?
answers: text: Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros

question: When was the main entrance constructed?
answers: text: beginning of the 18th century

question: In what style is the door of the Apostles?
answers: text: Gothic

question: Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?
answers: text: Francisco Goya
context: In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Paláu. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados or Mare de Déu dels Desamparats).

qas: question: What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?
answers: text: King James I of Aragon

question: When did Valencia surrender?
answers: text: 28 September

question: Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?
answers: text: the Muslim population

question: What were Valencia's new charters called?
answers: text: Furs of Valencia

question: What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?
answers: text: Order of Calatrava
context: In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

qas: question: Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?
answers: text: the 32nd and the 33rd

question: What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?
answers: text: Global Champions Tour

question: What tennis event has Valencia hosted?
answers: text: Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament

question: When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?
answers: text: 2009

question: What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?
answers: text: Falles
context: In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.

qas: question: Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?
answers: text: Abd al-Rahman I

question: What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?
answers: text: the Russafa

question: What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?
answers: text: Medina al-Turab

question: When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?
answers: text: by 714 AD

question: What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?
answers: text: El Micalet
context: The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Baños del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.

qas: question: When were the Serranos Towers constructed?
answers: text: 1392

question: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?
answers: text: Tirant lo Blanch

question: Who was an early poet to use Valencian?
answers: text: Ausiàs March

question: When was the University of Valencia founded?
answers: text: between 1499 and 1502

question: What was the University of Valencia's original name?
answers: text: Estudio General
context: This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

qas: question: What war took place from 1702-1709?
answers: text: War of Spanish Succession

question: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?
answers: text: Charles of Austria

question: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?
answers: text: 24 January 1706

question: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?
answers: text: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth

question: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?
answers: text: fortress at Sagunt
context: The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

qas: question: Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
answers: text: Moncey

question: When did Valencia surrender to the French?
answers: text: 8 January 1812

question: Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
answers: text: Suchet

question: What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
answers: text: Battle of Vitoria

question: What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
answers: text: Valencia
context: The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

qas: question: What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?
answers: text: Moriscos

question: When were the Jews expelled?
answers: text: 1609

question: Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?
answers: text: North Africa

question: What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?
answers: text: a third

question: When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?
answers: text: 1613
context: The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

qas: question: Who had suppressed the Valencian language?
answers: text: Philip V

question: What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?
answers: text: Lo Rat Penat

question: Who founded Lo Rat Penat?
answers: text: Constantine Llombart

question: What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?
answers: text: Teodor Llorente

question: Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?
answers: text: land-owners
context: During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

qas: question: Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?
answers: text: Espartero

question: When did Espartero rule?
answers: text: 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841

question: What type of government did Espartero have?
answers: text: progressive

question: Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?
answers: text: local bourgeoisie

question: Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?
answers: text: General Cabrera
context: During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.

qas: question: How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?
answers: text: 43

question: When did the Valencia metro derail?
answers: text: 3 July 2006

question: Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?
answers: text: Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá

question: On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?
answers: text: 1

question: How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?
answers: text: more than ten
context: The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá called the accident a "fortuitous" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of "rushing" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of "constant deterioration" with a "failure to carry out maintenance".

qas: question: What was Valencia's population in 2000?
answers: text: 739,014

question: Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
answers: text: third

question: Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
answers: text: third

question: When was the Gare du Nord station finished?
answers: text: 1921

question: When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?
answers: text: 1909
context: During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.

qas: question: Who was prime minister in 1936?
answers: text: Manuel Azana

question: What building did the government move to in 1936?
answers: text: Palau de Benicarló

question: How many bomb shelters were built?
answers: text: over two hundred

question: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?
answers: text: 13 January 1937

question: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?
answers: text: Barcelona
context: The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

qas: question: What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?
answers: text: Salvados

question: What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?
answers: text: visit of the pope to Valencia

question: What evidence related to the crash remains missing?
answers: text: book of train breakdowns

question: Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?
answers: text: El Mundo

question: When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?
answers: text: March 2012
context: In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident, which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia, or even to hide evidence, as the book of train breakdowns was never found. The day after the broadcast of this report, which received extensive media coverage, several voices called for the reopening of the investigation. The investigation was effectively reopened and the accident is currently under re-examination.

qas: question: Who was the hospital's patroness?
answers: text: Santa María de los Inocentes

question: What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?
answers: text: Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados

question: Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?
answers: text: Archbishop Pedro de Urbina

question: What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?
answers: text: a grain market

question: Who insisted on building the new chapel?
answers: text: Conde de Oropesa
context: In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

qas: question: When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?
answers: text: 2004

question: How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?
answers: text: six

question: What is Levante UD's stadium?
answers: text: Estadi Ciutat de València

question: In which division does Huracan Valencia play?
answers: text: Segunda División B

question: Where does Huracan Valencia play?
answers: text: Municipal de Manises
context: Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de València. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Huracán Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda División B.

qas: question: When was Valencia's founding?
answers: text: 138 BC

question: On what river is Valencia located?
answers: text: Turia

question: How big is Valencia's historic centre?
answers: text: 169 hectares

question: What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?
answers: text: Museu de Belles Arts de València

question: What Valencian museum has a photography collection?
answers: text: Institut Valencià d'Art Modern
context: Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Velázquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.

qas: question: How far from Valencia is the Albufera?
answers: text: 11 km

question: In what park is the Albufera located?
answers: text: Parc Natural de l'Albufera

question: How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?
answers: text: 6.4 km

question: Who founded Valencia?
answers: text: Romans

question: From what entity was the Albufera bought?
answers: text: Crown of Spain
context: Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.

qas: question: How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?
answers: text: 809,267

question: How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?
answers: text: 14%

question: Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?
answers: text: 24th

question: How much land is within Valencia's limits?
answers: text: 134.6 km2

question: From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?
answers: text: Bolivia, Romania and Italy
context: The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.

qas: question: Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?
answers: text: Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico

question: How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?
answers: text: two thousand

question: What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?
answers: text: Via Augusta

question: What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?
answers: text: Plaza de la Virgen

question: In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?
answers: text: Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus
context: About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.

qas: question: What was El Cid's real name?
answers: text: Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar

question: When did El Cid die?
answers: text: July 1099

question: Who took El Cid's position after his death?
answers: text: Ximena Díaz

question: When did El Cid rule?
answers: text: 15 June 1094 to July 1099

question: Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?
answers: text: Abd al-Aziz
context: Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.

qas: question: When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?
answers: text: 1348

question: Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?
answers: text: Christian, Jewish and Muslim

question: The Muslims lived near what current market?
answers: text: Mosen Sorel

question: When was the Jewish section attacked?
answers: text: 1391

question: When was the Muslim section attacked?
answers: text: 1456
context: The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics — and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom — and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city—Christian, Jewish and Muslim — was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighbouring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor.

qas: question: Whose government did the guilds rebel against?
answers: text: Charles I

question: When did the guilds' rebellion take place?
answers: text: 1519–1523

question: What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?
answers: text: plague

question: From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?
answers: text: Italian republics

question: What were the artisan guilds called?
answers: text: the Germanies
context: Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.

qas: question: What type of people often held Valencia's offices?
answers: text: foreign aristocrats

question: From where were Valencia's officials chosen?
answers: text: Madrid

question: What convent was close to the area where troops lived?
answers: text: Santo Domingo

question: Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?
answers: text: 1762
context: With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

qas: question: Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?
answers: text: Valencia

question: How long did absolutist rule last?
answers: text: six years

question: When was the Trieno Liberal?
answers: text: 1820–1823

question: When was the Constitution abolished?
answers: text: 1812

question: Who offered troops to the King?
answers: text: General Elio
context: Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820–1823.

qas: question: When were plans for city expansion drawn?
answers: text: 1858

question: What was finished in 1850?
answers: text: public water supply network

question: When did Valencia get electricity?
answers: text: 1882

question: What was knocked down in 1866?
answers: text: city walls

question: What was Valencia's population in 1860?
answers: text: 140,416
context: The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.

qas: question: When democracy began in Spain, what did the kingdom of Valencia become?
answers: text: the Valencian Community

question: Who led a coup in Valencia?
answers: text: Jaime Milans del Bosch

question: Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal?
answers: text: King Juan Carlos I

question: When did Milans del Bosch surrender?
answers: text: 24 February

question: What law made Valencia the capital of its region?
answers: text: Statute of Autonomy
context: The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. On the night of 23 February 1981, shortly after Antonio Tejero had stormed Congress, the Captain General of the Third Military Region, Jaime Milans del Bosch, rose up in Valencia, put tanks on the streets, declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup. After the televised message of King Juan Carlos I, those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government, and the coup failed. Despite this lack of support, Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day, 24 February.

qas: question: Where is Valencia's City Hall located?
answers: text: Plaza del Ayuntamiento

question: What is on the eastern side of Valencia's largest plaza?
answers: text: the central post office

question: What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento?
answers: text: triangular

question: What is in the north part of the plaza?
answers: text: a large fountain

question: When are firewords heard every day?
answers: text: during the Les Falles
context: The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Mascletà can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end.

qas: question: What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?
answers: text: Basilica Metropolitana

question: What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?
answers: text: Diana

question: How tall is the cathedral's tower?
answers: text: 58 m

question: What is the tower called?
answers: text: El Miguelete

question: What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista? 
answers: text: Iglesia Mayor
context: The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista, then Iglesia de la Seo (Seo is from the Latin sedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the Basilica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood. In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King James I of Aragon did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andrés de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called El Miguelete because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418. The tower is about 58 m high and topped with a belfry (1660–1736).

qas: question: Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?
answers: text: Fernando Alonso

question: What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?
answers: text: Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix

question: In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?
answers: text: 2008–2012

question: What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?
answers: text: Circuit de Valencia
context: Once a year between 2008–2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia). Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.