Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

qas: question: Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?
answers: text: Separation of powers

question: How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?
answers: text: three

question: What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?
answers: text: United States Constitution

question: What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?
answers: text: checks and balances

question: What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?
answers: text: separation of powers

question: What originates in the writings of the Legislative powers?

question: Who urged for a government with four individual branches?

question: In which doctrine did the US call for three separate branches of government?

question: Which philosophy was a great influence on the Legislative branch of government?

question: Which document was greatly influenced by the idea of a constitutional government?
context: Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.

qas: question: Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?
answers: text: John Locke

question: Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?
answers: text: Thomas Hobbes

question: Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?
answers: text: Montesquieu

question: Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?
answers: text: the framers of the United States Constitution

question: Who was an advocate of separation of powers?
answers: text: John Locke

question: Who was an opponent of separation of powers?
answers: text: Thomas Hobbes

question: Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  
answers: text: Montesquieu

question: During which age did Thomas Hobbes advocate the principle in his writing?

question: During which age did John Locke oppose the principle in his writing?

question: Who was at the forefront of the opposition towards separating the branches of government?

question: Who's writings had no influence on the framers of the US constitution?
context: During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.

qas: question: What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?
answers: text: UK

question: What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?
answers: text: parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government

question: What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?
answers: text: separate and distinct

question: What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?
answers: text: United Kingdom

question: In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? 
answers: text: a member of the Court of Appeals

question: Which political structure served as a model for the United Kingdom government?

question: What body consisted of the House of Lords and the House of Majesty;s government?

question: What were the Chancellor's Ministers mos often members of?

question: In which state was the Governor a member of the court of appeals?

question: In which states did members of the Lord Chancellor's council and judges serve at the same time?
context: Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."

qas: question: What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?
answers: text: Congress

question: Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?
answers: text: Clinton v. City of New York

question: When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?
answers: text: 1998

question: In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?
answers: text: Congress

question: What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?
answers: text: nondelegation doctrine

question: What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?
answers: text: Clinton v. City of New York

question: What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?
answers: text: 1998

question: Who has shared legislative power in the United States?

question: Which doctrine says Congress can delegate its powers to whoever it wants?

question: In which year was the court case Clinton v. Supreme Court held?

question: Who may delegate lawmaking responsibilities to other agencies as it pleases?

question: In which country does Congress have shared lawmaking responsibilities?
context: Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.

qas: question: What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
answers: text: Wayman v. Southard

question: In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
answers: text: 1825

question: Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
answers: text: John Marshall

question: In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?
answers: text: the judiciary

question: What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
answers: text: Wayman v. Southard

question: Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
answers: text: John Marshall

question: Where has the Supreme Court been known to be more stringent towards Congress?

question: What is one of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation?

question: When did the Supreme Court hear John Marshall v Southard?

question: Which case was heard by Congress in regards to non delegation limits?

question: When was the US Congress Court Wayman v. Southard heard?
context: Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."

qas: question: When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
answers: text: the 1930s

question: The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?
answers: text: National Recovery Administration

question: In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?
answers: text: 1935

question: In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?
answers: text: 1935

question: What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?
answers: text: Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States

question: What gave Congress less latitude in delegating powers?

question: During which decade did the Supreme Court hold a delegation of authority as constitutional?

question: When did Congress make the decision that a delegation of authority is unconstitutional?

question: In which case was Congress able to authorize the president to formulate codes?

question: During which year did Congress authorize the presidential formulation of fair competition codes?
context: Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice.

qas: question: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
answers: text: Army and Navy

question: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
answers: text: Senate

question: What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
answers: text: impeachment

question: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
answers: text: quasi-judicial

question: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
answers: text: Executive

question: Who has the authority to make treaties?
answers: text: the President

question: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
answers: text: impeachment

question: Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
answers: text: Congress

question: In whom is Congressional power vested?

question: What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of?

question: By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws?

question: Laws are made by the President and approved by which body?

question: Who may the President restrict through impeachment?
context: Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.

qas: question: To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?
answers: text: the performance of their duties

question: What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?
answers: text: INS v. Chadha

question: When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?
answers: text: 1983

question: By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?
answers: text: two-thirds

question: Who often writes laws to restrain Congress to the performance of their duties?

question: In which case did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?

question:  Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a which two bodies?

question: In what year did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?

question: Who must be presented with every bill passed by the President?
context: Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.

qas: question: In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?
answers: text: Judicial

question: Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?
answers: text: president

question: Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?
answers: text: Senate

question: What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?
answers: text: constitutional courts

question: What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?
answers: text: Judicial power

question: Who appoints a judge?
answers: text: the president

question: Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
answers: text: the Senate

question: Which type of power is vested in Congress?

question: Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges?

question: What are courts exercising presidential power referred to?

question: Who appoints judges to the presidency?

question: What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president?
context: Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."

qas: question: What kind of courts did congress establish?
answers: text: legislative courts

question: What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
answers: text: judicial power of the United States

question: Which type of courts are established by Hoboken Land & Improvement CO.?

question: Which form do legislative courts take?

question: Which power of the United States may legislative courts exercise?

question: Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate?

question: Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies?
context: Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).

qas: question: Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?
answers: text: President

question: Who can call congress into emergency session?
answers: text: The president

question: Who serves as president of the Senate?
answers: text: The Vice President

question: How does Congress exercise a check over the President?

question: Who has the ability to override any veto made by Congress?

question: Which veto is the only one Congress is able to override with a two thirds majority?

question: Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment?

question: Who serves as President of the Senate and is the only member with voting rights?
context: The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.

qas: question: Who has the power to issue a pardon?
answers: text: The president

question: Who has the power to issue a reprieve? 
answers: text: The president

question: Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?

question: Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges?

question: Who appoints judges with the President's approval?

question: The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else?

question: Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue?
context: The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.

qas: question: Who is the commander and chief of the Army?
answers: text: The president

question: Who has the power to declare ware?
answers: text: Congress

question: Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?
answers: text: the Senate

question: Who is the Commander in Chief of Congress?

question: Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations?

question: Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises?

question: Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces?

question: Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote?
context: The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.

qas: question: Who is responsible for judicial review?
answers: text: Courts

question: What is the court case that established judicial review?
answers: text: Marbury v. Madison

question: Through which type of review does the Constitution check the executive and legislative branches?

question: In which case did the Constitution establish a precedent for judicial review?

question: Through which type of review does the President check the executive and legislative branches?

question: In which case did the Supreme Court establish a precedent for Federalist Papers?

question: What abolished the principle that a court could strike down unconstitutional laws?
context: Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.

qas: question: Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?
answers: text: the Supreme Court

question: Which court is the only one able to determine constitutionality?

question: Which power are inferior courts unable to exercise?

question: Which courts' decisions, other than Supreme Court, are binding across the country?

question: Which is the only court unable to determine constitutionality?
context: A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.

qas: question: Who can limit judicial review of a law?
answers: text: Congress

question: Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?
answers: text: the Supreme Court

question: Who lacks the ability to review the constitutionality of laws?

question: Who lacks the power to set the jurisdiction of courts?

question: The Supreme court has power to set jurisdiction of what?

question: Who has the ability to determine whether a Supreme Court is constitutional or not?

question: The only constitutional limit on the Supreme Court's power to set jurisdiction relates to which body?
context: The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.

qas: question: Who presides over an impeachment trial?
answers: text: The Chief Justice

question: Where does the Chief Justice preside during a Senate impeachment trial?

question: Which rules grant much authority to the presiding officer?

question: Who has an unlimited role in this regard?

question: Where does the president preside during the Chief Justice impeachment trial?

question: Which rules do not grant authority to the President?
context: The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.

qas: question: Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?
answers: text: James Madison

question: In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?
answers: text: Federalist 51

question: Who wrote in the Constitution that legislative authority is predominate?

question: Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power?

question: Who wrote that it was possible to give equal power of self defense to each department?

question: Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the judicial branch of government?

question: Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the executive branch of government?
context: The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."

qas: question: Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?
answers: text: Congress

question: Between who and the Senate has dominance of one branch of government been a struggle?

question: After which war did Republicans hold a minority in Congress?

question: After which war did Democrats hold a majority in Congress?

question: Which act was passed to make Congress subordinate to the President?

question: The Tenure of Office Act says Congress is subordinate to who?
context: Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.

qas: question: How many bills did George Washington veto?
answers: text: two

question: How many bills did James Monroe veto?
answers: text: one

question: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
answers: text: twelve

question: Who was the seventh President of the United States?
answers: text: Andrew Jackson

question: Which president vetoed six bills?

question: Who was the last president to use veto as a political weapon?

question: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto to make him the least likely president to veto a bill?

question: Who stated "Andrew Jackson has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"?

question: Who defied the Supreme Court by enforcing Supreme Court Removal?
context: The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"

qas: question: How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress
answers: text: fifteen

question: What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?
answers: text: Tenure of Office Act

question: After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President?

question: Who vetoed several bills passed by the Radical Democrats?

question: How many of Johnson's fifteen vetoes did Congress override?

question: How many of Congress' 29 vetoes did Johnson override?

question: Through which act did Jackson attempt to curb presidential power?
context: Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

qas: question: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
answers: text: Grover Cleveland

question: Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 
answers: text: Grover Cleveland

question: What did Cleveland's impeachment do to the presidency?

question: Who's impeachment was perceived as having helped the presidency?

question: Which body of government because subordinate to the presidency?

question: After Grover Cleveland, who was the first Democratic President?

question: Who was the first Republican President after Johnson?
context: Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.

qas: question: Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?
answers: text: Franklin Roosevelt

question: Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?
answers: text: Congress

question: Which presidents have tried to decrease the power of the presidential office?

question: Who claimed the president was not permitted to do whatever wasn't allowed by law?

question: Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression?

question: Who had considerable power during the Great Recession?

question: Who introduced a plan to decrease the number of Supreme Court seats for the president to fill?
context: Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.

qas: question: Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
answers: text: national security

question: Who used the Supreme Court as a basis for expansion of power?

question: Who claimed that executive privilege did not shield him from legislative oversight?

question: Which president refused to spend money that was appropriated by the Supreme Court?

question: Into which tapes was there an ongoing civil investigation?

question: Which president followed Congress' plan for appropriated government programs?
context: Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

qas: question: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
answers: text: checks and balances

question: What does combination of powers mean?

question: What does not apply to the judicial branch?

question: What does not apply to any branch of government?

question: Branches are free to act in which way on all issues?

question: The Judicial branch of government is the only one to which what is applied?
context: It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.

qas: question: Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 
answers: text: the Supreme Court

question: The regulation of Congress is an example of what?

question: While Supreme Court holds these powers, who does it delegate them to?

question: In practice, what is delegated to Congress?

question: What is Congress unable to withdraw?
context: An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.

qas: question: Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?
answers: text: the Florida Supreme Court

question: Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
answers: text: the Florida Supreme Court

question: In which supreme court is an example of the third view at the State level?

question: Where is an example of the second view at the National level found?

question: Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts?

question: Which court is the only one able to regulate attorneys appearing before the Supreme Court?

question: Which court is the only one able to license attorneys appearing before New Hampshire Supreme Court?
context: An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]

qas: question: Which branch may be historically claimed to be the strongest of the branches of government?

question: Which power of the judiciary is explicitly granted in the Constitution?

question: How many times prior to Dred Scott v. Sandford had the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?

question: How many times before World War I has the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?

question: Before the Civil War, the Marbury had exercised its power to strike down what type of acts only twice?
context: One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.

qas: question: What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism?

question: Who claimed that separation of powers deteriorated the unique political structure in the US?

question: What do many political scientists attribute the large number of active interest groups in the US to?

question: What does John W. Kingdon attribute the small number of interest groups in the US to?

question: Who attributes the small number of active interest groups to the separation of powers?
context: Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]