Carnival

qas: question: What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?
answers: text: Carnival

question: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?
answers: text: February

question: Who is the Carnival open to?
answers: text: public

question: What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?
answers: text: social unity

question: What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?
answers: text: alcohol
context: Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms. 

qas: question: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
answers: text: Catholic

question: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
answers: text: the Philippines

question: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
answers: text: 1939

question: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
answers: text: Fastelavn

question: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
answers: text: Maslenitsa
context: The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

qas: question: Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?
answers: text: food shortage at the end of the winter

question: What was one limited to during the winter?
answers: text: the minimum necessary

question: What does "vastenavond" mean?
answers: text: the days before fasting)

question: Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?
answers: text: it would soon start to rot and decay

question: When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?
answers: text: spring
context: Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

qas: question: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
answers: text: the returning of the daylight

question: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
answers: text: on wheels

question: Why was the winter driven out?
answers: text: to make sure that fertility could return in spring

question: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
answers: text: fertility

question: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
answers: text: be consummated
context: Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

qas: question: Who wrote the Germania?
answers: text: Tacitus

question: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
answers: text: walls

question: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
answers: text: human

question: When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
answers: text: Afterwards

question: Where is the divinity herself purified? 
answers: text: a secret lake
context: Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

qas: question: What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?
answers: text: sexual

question: All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?
answers: text: Lent

question: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?
answers: text: Carnival

question: How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?
answers: text: six weeks

question: What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?
answers: text: meat, dairy, fat and sugar
context: Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

qas: question: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
answers: text: corpus christi

question: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
answers: text: European

question: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
answers: text: 40

question: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
answers: text: Christmas

question: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
answers: text: outlet for their daily frustrations
context: While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

qas: question: In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?
answers: text: 743

question: In what month did the excesses occur?
answers: text: February

question: What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?
answers: text: Confession

question: What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?
answers: text: an animal or old woman

question: What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?
answers: text: the opposite gender
context: In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.

qas: question: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
answers: text: Christian

question: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
answers: text: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia

question: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
answers: text: Dionysia

question: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
answers: text: December 17

question: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
answers: text: horribly murdered
context: While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

qas: question: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
answers: text: evidence

question: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
answers: text: Saturnalia

question: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
answers: text: with their deaths

question: What is the gift of King Carnival?
answers: text: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life

question: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
answers: text: Jews
context: While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

qas: question: Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?
answers: text: Italy

question: What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?
answers: text: Venice

question: What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?
answers: text: New France

question: What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?
answers: text: foolish guise

question: Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?
answers: text: Pope Gregory XVI
context: Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”

qas: question: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
answers: text: Portuguese

question: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
answers: text: nine

question: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
answers: text: a yearly prize

question: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
answers: text: a painted float

question: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
answers: text: three
context: Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

qas: question: What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?
answers: text: Goa

question: What does the Indian word "Intruz" mean?
answers: text: swindler

question: The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?
answers: text: Panjim

question: What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?
answers: text: crepes

question: What legendary king eventually takes over the state?
answers: text: Momo
context: In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as "AleBelle." The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.

qas: question: Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?
answers: text: Malmedy

question: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?
answers: text: Latin

question: How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?
answers: text: 4

question: Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?
answers: text: in the street

question: What do disguised people pass through during the festival?
answers: text: the crowd
context: The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

qas: question: What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?
answers: text: Carnivals

question: What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?
answers: text: the Carnival de la Laetare

question: What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?
answers: text: Blancs-Moussis

question: What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?
answers: text: Laetare Sunday

question: What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? 
answers: text: Carnival Parade of Maaseik
context: Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.

qas: question: Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?
answers: text: Kvarner

question: What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?
answers: text: a man-like doll

question: Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?
answers: text: Jure Piškanac

question: What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?
answers: text: their areas of origin

question: What is the traditional Carnival food?
answers: text: fritule
context: Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a "Jure Piškanac", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvončari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.

qas: question: How long has Carnival been celebrated?
answers: text: centuries

question: Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?
answers: text: Venetian

question: Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? 
answers: text: Greek

question: In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?
answers: text: twentieth

question: What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?
answers: text: Limassol
context: Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

qas: question: How many parades take place during Carnival?
answers: text: Three

question: Who rides through the city on a carriage?
answers: text: the "Carnival King

question: Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?
answers: text: The second

question: What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?
answers: text: costume

question: Who are the last two parades open for participation by?
answers: text: anyone who wishes to participate
context: Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the "Carnival King" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.

qas: question: Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?
answers: text: Paris

question: Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?
answers: text: in the old Freemasons lodge

question: Who composed the song "Karneval in Paris"?
answers: text: Johan Svendsens

question: What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?
answers: text: Tårnseilerne

question: When do the processions occur after?
answers: text: an opera performance
context: In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote "aus dem Karneval" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens søndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.

qas: question: Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?
answers: text: The "Rheinische"

question: Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?
answers: text: famous

question: What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?
answers: text: Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday

question: Who revolted in 1824?
answers: text: washer-women

question: What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?
answers: text: kiss
context: The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. Köln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Mainz and Düsseldorf are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades and parties such as Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg and München [Munich] Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day") in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man.

qas: question: What is the Greece Carnival also called?
answers: text: the Apokriés

question: What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?
answers: text: the liturgical book used by the church

question: What is one of the festival season's high points?
answers: text: Tsiknopempti

question: What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?
answers: text: roast beef

question: What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?
answers: text: pranks and revelry
context: In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokriés (Greek: Αποκριές, "saying goodbye to meat"), or the season of the "Opening of the Triodion", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday. The following week, the last before Lent, is called Tyrinē (Greek: Τυρινή, "cheese [week]") because meat is forbidden, although dairy products are not. Lent begins on "Clean Monday", the day after "Cheese Sunday". Throughout the Carnival season, people disguise themselves as maskarádes ("masqueraders") and engage in pranks and revelry.

qas: question: Who holds an annual Phallus festival?
answers: text: Tyrnavos

question: What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?
answers: text: papier maché

question: What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?
answers: text: a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit

question: What is the ancient celebration for?
answers: text: nature's rebirth

question: In what square do the bands all play at once?
answers: text: Ntoltso
context: Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnevalic customs, such as Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (West Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete) and in Xanthi (East Macedonia and Thrace). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional "phallkloric" event in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier maché are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit. Every year, from 1 to 8 January, mostly in regions of Western Macedonia, Carnival fiestas and festivals erupt. The best known is the Kastorian Carnival or "Ragoutsaria" (Gr. "Ραγκουτσάρια") [tags: Kastoria, Kastorian Carnival, Ragoutsaria, Ραγκουτσαρια, Καστοριά]. It takes place from 6 to 8 January with mass participation serenaded by brass bands, pipises, Macedonian and grand casa drums. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth (fiestas for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia)), which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time.

qas: question: In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?
answers: text: southern

question: Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?
answers: text: Ash

question: What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?
answers: text: traditions

question: What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?
answers: text: herring

question: What is dutch for "Peasant Wedding"?
answers: text: boerenbruiloft
context: Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortège ("Jester/adjutant and Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.

qas: question: How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?
answers: text: since at least 1670

question: What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?
answers: text: Turkish

question: Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?
answers: text: masked people

question: What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?
answers: text: Tuesday

question: What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?
answers: text: 2000
context: The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: Струмички Карневал, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house–to–house, with laughter, scream and song." The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of FECC and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.

qas: question: What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?
answers: text: Slovenian

question: Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?
answers: text: fluffy

question: Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?
answers: text: Ptuj

question: Who are magical creatures from another world?
answers: text: the Kurents

question: What do the Kurents try to banish?
answers: text: winter
context: The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.

qas: question: The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?
answers: text: groups

question: What do the chirigotas sing about?
answers: text: politics, new times and household topics

question: How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?
answers: text: the whole year

question: Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?
answers: text: The Choirs

question: Who has the most elaborated polyphony?
answers: text: The comparsas
context: The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the "Carnival Tango", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated polyphony that is easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice.

qas: question: Where do people dress in masks and costume?
answers: text: Catalonia

question: What are raced as part of the festivities? 
answers: text: bed

question: What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?
answers: text: Princep etern de Cornudella

question: Who has a lovely breast?
answers: text: Marquès

question: Who is upon the bed?
answers: text: the Artist of Honor
context: In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marquès de la bona mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Baró de les Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed).

qas: question: When may conventional social rules be broken?
answers: text: a period of misrule

question: Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?
answers: text: The King

question: What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?
answers: text: cercavila

question: Fat Thursday is also known as what day?
answers: text: omelette day

question: Who is typically burned on a pyre?
answers: text: King Carnival
context: The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.

qas: question: What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?
answers: text: Vilanova i la Geltrú

question: What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?
answers: text: "thighs and feathers"

question: In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?
answers: text: Les Comparses

question: What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?
answers: text: current events or public figures

question: What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?
answers: text: Merengada
context: The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltrú has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.

qas: question: What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?
answers: text: meringue

question: Who throws insults at the crowd?
answers: text: the Xerraire

question: What behavior scandalizes the town?
answers: text: sexual

question: Who creates sparks and explosions?
answers: text: ritual crew of devils

question: Who is the children's King?
answers: text: Caramel
context: Adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaça de les Cols. In the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer (the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire) accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer) who insults the crowd. In the King's precession he and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior. A correfoc (fire run) or Devil's dance (Ball de diables, features dancing youth amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils. Other items includes bed races in the streets, the debauched Nit dels Mascarots, Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's party, Vidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats) and the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites.

qas: question: What do people dress in for the King's funeral?
answers: text: elaborate mourning costume

question: Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies?
answers: text: cross-dressing men

question: Who weeps around the body of the King?
answers: text: concubines

question: What type of eulogy is provided for the King?
answers: text: satiric

question: What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism?
answers: text: communion
context: For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by an honor guard and weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's body is carried to the Plaça de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual. Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.

qas: question: What is one of the longest free events in the streets?
answers: text: Carnaval de Solsona

question: How long can the nightly concerts run for?
answers: text: more than a week

question: What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?
answers: text: the tower bell

question: How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?
answers: text: water pump

question: What does "matarrucs" mean?
answers: text: donkey killers
context: Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets, and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called "matarrucs" ("donkey killers").

qas: question: Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?
answers: text: Tarragona

question: What do the events of Tarragona start with?
answers: text: building of a huge barrel

question: On what day does the main parade take place?
answers: text: Saturday

question: What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?
answers: text: elegance

question: About how many people are members of the various parade groups?
answers: text: 5,000
context: Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.

qas: question: What contagiously throbs during the week of events?
answers: text: music

question: How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?
answers: text: a month

question: What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?
answers: text: flamboyant

question: What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?
answers: text: Street parades

question: When is King Mom symbolically burnt?
answers: text: On the evening before Lent
context: Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive "jump-ups" (street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, steel drum and roadmarch tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.

qas: question: What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?
answers: text: Crop Over

question: Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?
answers: text: sugar cane plantations

question: What year did Crop Over begin?
answers: text: 1688

question: What activity is done using a greased pole?
answers: text: climbing

question: What is the finale of Crop Over called?
answers: text: The Grand Kadooment
context: Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.

qas: question: What type of competition is a major feature of the festival?
answers: text: calypso

question: Where did Calypso music originate?
answers: text: Trinidad

question: Who perform biting social commentaries?
answers: text: musicians

question: What do the musical groups compete for?
answers: text: the Calypso Monarch Award

question: What is the climax of the festival called?
answers: text: Kadooment Day
context: A major feature is the calypso competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics. It offers a medium in which to satirise local politics, amidst the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries, political exposés or rousing exhortations to "wuk dah waistline" and "roll dat bumper". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is redolent with the smells of Bajan cooking during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot Festival blends dance, drama and music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the "Pic-o-de-Crop" Show is performed after the King of Calypso is finally crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day celebrated with a national holiday when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks.

qas: question: What's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play?
answers: text: a Carrosa

question: What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration?
answers: text: a given saint or deity

question: Who are usually included the group comparsa?
answers: text: notable men from the community

question: What is used in some of the festive fights?
answers: text: flour

question: What is the goal of the Carnival painters?
answers: text: to paint as many people as you can
context: Comparsas are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups "of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration". One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes. Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting. "On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can".

qas: question: What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?
answers: text: 1804

question: What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?
answers: text: declaration of independence

question: What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?
answers: text: Kanaval

question: What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?
answers: text: kompa

question: What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?
answers: text: song
context: Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as "Pre-Kanaval", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Kreyòl La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place.

qas: question: When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?
answers: text: before dawn

question: What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?
answers: text: current affairs,

question: What is "Clean Mud"?
answers: text: clay

question: What are "jab-jabs"?
answers: text: devils

question: How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?
answers: text: based on their witty political/social messages
context: J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.

qas: question: On what day is full costume worn?
answers: text: Carnival Tuesday

question: What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?
answers: text: "Mas Boots"

question: What does each band base their costume presentation on?
answers: text: theme

question: What do the mas bands eventually converge on?
answers: text: the Queen's Park Savannah

question: Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?
answers: text: The singer of the most played song
context: Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle.

qas: question: About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?
answers: text: 225

question: What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?
answers: text: level of European influence

question: Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?
answers: text: Huejotzingo, Puebla

question: What is the mock combat roughly based on?
answers: text: the Battle of Puebla

question: Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?
answers: text: local traditions
context: In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in Mazatlán and the city of Veracruz with others in Baja California and Yucatán. The larger city Carnivals employ costumes, elected queens and parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas.

qas: question: What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?
answers: text: Fat Tuesday

question: Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?
answers: text: Gulf Coast area

question: What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?
answers: text: Customs

question: What has been part of the celebrations for many years?
answers: text: street parades and masked balls

question: Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?
answers: text: celebrations
context: Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.

qas: question: Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?
answers: text: Brooklyn

question: What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?
answers: text: Labor Day

question: What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?
answers: text: Trinidad

question: Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?
answers: text: one million

question: What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?
answers: text: Crown Heights
context: Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.

qas: question: Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?
answers: text: Murga

question: What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?
answers: text: Gualeguaychú

question: What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?
answers: text: Carnival

question: What is Chamame?
answers: text: popular musical style.

question: Where is Carnival celebrated? 
answers: text: In all major cities and many towns throughout the country
context: In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaychú in the east of Entre Ríos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition. Chamame is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.

qas: question: Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?
answers: text: La Diablada

question: Who is the miners' patron saint?
answers: text: Vírgen de Socavon

question: Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? 
answers: text: 50

question: How many hours a day does the parade run?
answers: text: 18

question: What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?
answers: text: a Brazilian-type Carnival
context: La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.

qas: question: How many members do Samba Schools have?
answers: text: thousands

question: How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?
answers: text: $500–950

question: What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?
answers: text: Blocos

question: About how many Samba schools are in Rio?
answers: text: 30

question: How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?
answers: text: 1 billion
context: Samba Schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In Rio Carnival, samba schoolsparade in the Sambadrome ("sambódromo" in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nilópolis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and recently, Unidos da Tijuca and GRES União da Ilha do Governador. Local tourists pay $500–950, depending on the costume, to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade. Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 blocos operate in Rio. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called "street carnival bands", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical back-ground. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.

qas: question: Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?
answers: text: in small/unimportant towns

question: The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?
answers: text: one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

question: How many days does the non-stop festival go?
answers: text: six

question: Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogotá?
answers: text: the government
context: The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nariño (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The Bogotá Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.

qas: question: Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?
answers: text: Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province

question: What are the festivities known as in Ambato?
answers: text: Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas

question: Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?
answers: text: Imbabura

question: What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?
answers: text: afro-Ecuadorian

question: What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?
answers: text: bomba del chota
context: The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Cañari. Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.

qas: question: What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?
answers: text: touloulous

question: Why are Touloulous given free condoms?
answers: text: in the interest of the sexual health

question: What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?
answers: text: pay admittance

question: What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?
answers: text: refuse

question: Why do the women drink through a straw? 
answers: text: protect their anonymity
context: A uniquely Creole tradition is the touloulous. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called universities; in reality, large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars – the disguised women whisper to the men "touloulou thirsty", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.

qas: question: What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?
answers: text: violence

question: Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?
answers: text: because it is the rainy season

question: When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?
answers: text: second half of the 20th century

question: What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?
answers: text: sexual assaults on women

question: How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?
answers: text: eight
context: Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).

qas: question: How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?
answers: text: more than 40

question: What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?
answers: text: European

question: What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?
answers: text: slaves

question: What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?
answers: text: two colorful parades

question: What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?
answers: text: candombe
context: The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).

qas: question: What are built in many places through the cities?
answers: text: tablados

question: What do the different Carnival groups perform together?
answers: text: opera

question: What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to?
answers: text: the social and political situation

question: What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril?
answers: text: candombe

question: What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades?
answers: text: sensual
context: During the celebration, theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups (Murgas, Lubolos or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called vedettes and provide a sensual touch to parades.