Southern_Europe

qas: question: What is another term for southern Europe
answers: text: Mediterranean Europe

question: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
answers: text: Iberian peninsula

question: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
answers: text: Balkan countries

question: What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
answers: text: southern France

question: What is the name for the stretch of land on which France and Greece are located

question: What is another name for northern Europe

question: What peninsulas are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?

question: What area of France is considered a part of the Balkan countries?

question: What countries have the same historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds as the rest of southern Europe?
context: Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.

qas: question: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
answers: text: political, economic, and cultural attributes

question: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
answers: text: geography, climate, and flora

question: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize natural features?

question: What are three aspects of the environment of Southern Asia that can be used to distinguish the region?

question: What can be defined by its industries?

question: What area is defined by it's genealogy?

question: What methods can be used to define the southern Mediterranean?
context: Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora.

qas: question: What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
answers: text: The Mediterranean climate

question: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
answers: text: Western and Southern coastal regions

question: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
answers: text: vegetations and landscapes

question: What climate is that of all of Europe?

question: What countries have varying vegetations and landscapes?

question: Which parts of Greece are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?

question: What are two broad categories of similarity among forests which have a Mediterranean climate?

question: What kind of vegetation grows in the Mediterranean?
context: Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.

qas: question: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
answers: text: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy

question: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
answers: text: north coast of Spain

question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
answers: text: Atlantic climate

question: Where do colder areas occur within northern Europe?

question: Where are dry areas found in southern Europe?

question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of Northern Europe?

question: The east coast of Spain experiences what kind of climate?

question: Where have cooler climates recently began to warm up?
context: Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

qas: question: What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?
answers: text: phytochoria

question: Who coined the term phytochoria?
answers: text: Armen Takhtajan

question: Who coined the term Submediterranean?

question: What is a word that can be used to describe the animal life of southern Europe?

question: What is found on the southern coast of Bosnia?

question: In what region are southern Europe's coasts found?

question: Where are the arctic and subarctic climate regions in Europe found?
context: Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.

qas: question: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
answers: text: classical antiquity

question: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
answers: text: city-states

question: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
answers: text: Alexander the Great

question: What era started when Alexander the Great became a self governing entity?

question: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Asia?

question: Who was responsible for bringing Asian culture to the Greek?

question: Where did Alexander go to spread city-states?

question: What period began with Alexander the Great?
context: The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.

qas: question: Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
answers: text: Rome

question: Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
answers: text: Constantinople

question: Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
answers: text: Germanic

question: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
answers: text: AD 476

question: By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
answers: text: 300 AD

question: What empire dominated northern Europe?

question: Where was the headquarters of the northern Roman Empire?

question: Where were the headquarters of the Germanic Roman Empire?

question: Which tribes built up the Western Roman Empire?

question: By what year was the Germanic Empire split into two sections?
context: The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.

qas: question: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
answers: text: the Byzantine Empire

question: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
answers: text: Germanic peoples

question: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
answers: text: kingdoms and empires of their own

question: What is the Western Roman Empire in the Middle ages called by contemporary scholars?

question: Who took over the remains of the Eastern Roman Empire?

question: What did Roman people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?

question: What Empire was located in Western Europe?

question: What empire doubled in size during the middle ages?
context: During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

qas: question: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
answers: text: the Crusades

question: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
answers: text: 1204

question: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
answers: text: Genoa and Venice

question: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
answers: text: The Reconquista

question: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
answers: text: the Byzantine Empire

question: What is the name of the period of peaceful incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?

question: When did the Byzantine Empire invade Constantinople?

question: Which two cities were demolished by the crusaders?

question: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occurring in the eastern Mediterranean?

question: What empire was destroyed Christian Rule?
context: The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

qas: question: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
answers: text: The Late Middle Ages

question: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: the Black Death

question: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
answers: text: the Ottoman Empire

question: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
answers: text: 1453

question: What era was characterized by the Ottoman Empire?

question: What disease plagued former Byzatine lands in the Late Middle Ages?

question: Which new regime appeared in the Constantinople region during the Late Middle Ages?

question: When did the Ottoman Empire liberate Constantinople from the Balkans?

question: What kept states of Europe in a famine?
context: The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

qas: question: When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
answers: text: 14th century

question: In what city did the Renaissance begin?
answers: text: Florence

question: What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
answers: text: science and theology

question: The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
answers: text: Greek and Roman

question: When was the start of the period known as Greek and Roman?

question: What city discovered lost Arabic texts?

question: What areas of knowledge stagnated during the Renaissance?

question: The encounter with the Florence printing press put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which civilizations?

question: What brought about rediscovery of printing press knowledge?
context: Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

qas: question: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
answers: text: Portugal and Spain

question: When did religious conflict end in Europe?
answers: text: 1648

question: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
answers: text: Spain and France

question: Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
answers: text: Galileo Galilei

question: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
answers: text: Guglielmo Marconi

question: Which countries initiated the Peace of Westphalia following the Reconquista?

question: When did revolutions end in Europe?

question: Between which two nations was the Thirty Years's War signed?

question: Which scientist developed a means of ending wars?

question: Who was responsible for creating the most famous continent?
context: The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

qas: question: What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
answers: text: the rise of colonial empires

question: What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
answers: text: the Columbian Exchange

question: What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
answers: text: manufacturing

question: Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?
answers: text: the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain

question: What resulted from Europe's Columbian exchange?

question: What institution of mercantilism was established with Great Britain?

question: What replaced colonial empires as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?

question: Aside from the activities of colonies what other even fostered the transition from manufacturing to agriculture?

question: What allowed a new economy based on subsistence agriculture?
context: European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.

qas: question: When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?
answers: text: between 1815 and 1871

question: From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?
answers: text: the Ottoman Empire

question: In what year was Rome conquered?
answers: text: 1870

question: What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?
answers: text: The Age of Empire

question: When were there many struggles for Italy?

question: From whom did nation Roman start retaking their independence?

question: What year was known as The Age of the Empire?

question: What ended the Papal revolutionary attempt?

question: What phrase is used to describe the period marked by nation states?
context: The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.

qas: question: In what year did World War I begin?
answers: text: 1914

question: When did a victor emerge in World War I?
answers: text: 1918

question: At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
answers: text: the Paris Peace Conference

question: In what year did World War II begin?

question: When did a stalemate occur in World War I?

question: At what event did the major Central Powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?

question: What is an example of a treaty precipitated by the rise of nationalism?

question: Who imposed their ideas about climate control?
context: The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.

qas: question: Which group took control in 1933?
answers: text: The Nazi regime

question: Who led the Nazis?
answers: text: Adolf Hitler

question: Which country did Hitler align Germany with?
answers: text: Italy

question: Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?
answers: text: Mussolini

question: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?
answers: text: the Warsaw Pact

question: Which group was dominated by the Soviet Unioin in 1933?

question: Which country did Hitler form the European Economic Community with?

question: Who was the leader of the continent when World War II started?

question: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with Yugoslavia called?

question: What divided the Nazi regime?
context: The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.

qas: question: What does EU stand for?
answers: text: European Union

question: What was the European Union tasked with managing?
answers: text: market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism

question: When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
answers: text: 1989

question: When did the USSR dissolve?
answers: text: 1991

question: In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
answers: text: 2013

question: What Soviet Union tasked with managing?

question: When did democracy fall in allies of the Soviet Union?

question: When did the EU dissovle?

question: In what year was Croatia admitted to the communist party?

question: What involved the division of formerly communist European countries?
context: Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).

qas: question: What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
answers: text: Romance languages

question: What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
answers: text: Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican

question: Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
answers: text: eastern Spain

question: What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
answers: text: Galician

question: How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
answers: text: over 40 million

question: What is the most common group of languages spoken in Catalan?

question: What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Latin speakers can be found?

question: How many people in Spain and France are Spanish speakers?

question: How many people speak Italian in Europe?

question: What languages are emblematic of northern Europe?
context: The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.

qas: question: What is another term for Greek?
answers: text: Hellenic

question: Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?
answers: text: Cyprus

question: What is another term for Cyprus?

question: In what other nation is Icelandic a major language?

question: Where are small varieties of Latin spoken in small communities?

question: In what country is Greek spoken by the wealthy?

question: What part of Cyprus is known for its many languages?
context: The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.

qas: question: What language is used in Macedonia?
answers: text: Macedonian

question: What do people speak in Bulgaria?
answers: text: Bulgarian

question: Slovene is a major language in what country?
answers: text: Slovenia

question: What is the most common Slavic language? 

question: Where is Bulgarian ale made?

question: Where is Croatian the second most common language?

question: What languages are spoken by millions of people in Northern Europe?

question: What language is spoken in both Serbia and Croatia?
context: Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.

qas: question: What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
answers: text: English

question: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?
answers: text: Spanish

question: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?
answers: text: Maltese

question: What language is considered a defacto first langauge in Mediterranean Europe?

question: What language is the third most common in Malta?

question: What language is the most common in Southern Europe?

question: What language is the third most common in Gibraltar?

question: Where does English have a large presence as a primary language?
context: English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).

qas: question: What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?
answers: text: Albanian

question: What type of language is Maltese?
answers: text: Semitic

question: Where is Basque Country located?
answers: text: northern Spain and southwestern France

question: What language is spoken in Cyprus?

question: What type of language is Albanian?

question: Where is Malta located?

question: What is the second most common language in Albania?

question: What is the second most common language in the Basque Country?
context: There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.

qas: question: What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?
answers: text: Christianity

question: When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?
answers: text: 380 AD

question: What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?
answers: text: Roman Catholic

question: Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?
answers: text: Greek Orthodox

question: What is the main faith practiced in western Europe?

question: When did the Romans say that Christianity was true? 

question: What denomination of Christianity was common in Constantinople?

question: Which denomination of Christianity was most common during the Roman Empire?

question: Why are different branches of Christianity spread evenly over Europe?
context: The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.

qas: question: What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?
answers: text: regions

question: What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?
answers: text: statistical convenience

question: What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?
answers: text: sub-regions

question: What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of cities?

question: What is the reason for the UNO's official works?

question: What smaller units are recorded in newspaper publications?

question: What does not imply a religious affiliation?

question: Who groups countries according to political affiliation?
context: For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:

qas: question: What does TDM stand for?
answers: text: Tourism Decision Metrics

question: Which group uses TDM as a metric?
answers: text: European Travel Commission

question: Which group uses European regions as a metric?

question: Who divides the mountainous regions?

question: What model shows countries grouped by population?

question: What region does Ireland belong to? 

question: Who divides the Asian region?
context: European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are: