Black_people

qas: question: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
answers: text: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,

question: What is "black people" a term for?
answers: text: racial classification or of ethnicity

question: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?
answers: text: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies

question: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?
answers: text: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,

question: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
answers: text: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.
context: Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

qas: question: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?
answers: text: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black"

question: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?
answers: text: societal variables

question: Are mixed race people classified as black?
answers: text: mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."

question: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?
answers: text: it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

question: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?
answers: text: European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.
context: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

qas: question: What made up Mauretania?
answers: text: Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla

question: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?
answers: text: The Romans

question: During what period did Mauretania exist? 
answers: text: the classical period.

question: Where were the people of the region noted? 
answers: text: in Classical literature

question: What is Mauri in English? 
answers: text: Moors
context: The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

qas: question: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?
answers: text: North Africa

question: When were the Arab Invasions?
answers: text: the 7th century

question: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? 
answers: text: North Africa

question: When did these communities begin?
answers: text: some dating from prehistoric communities.

question: Who are they descendants of?
answers: text: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples
context: Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

qas: question: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?
answers: text: (1672–1727)

question: How many black slaves did he own?
answers: text: 150,000

question: What did he call his slave army?
answers: text: Black Guard

question: What did the Black Guard do?
answers: text: coerced the country into submission.

question: When did the Black Guard exist?
answers: text: In the 18th century
context: In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

qas: question: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?
answers: text: because they have some distant white ancestry.

question: Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?
answers: text: Brazil's University of the State of Bahia

question: How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
answers: text: in ways that resemble multi-racials
context: According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.

qas: question: Who was the Egyptian President?
answers: text: Anwar Sadat

question: What ethnicity was his father?
answers: text: Egyptian

question: What color did he refer to himself as?
answers: text: reddish
context: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

qas: question: Who was enslaved more often?
answers: text: black women

question: What were female slaves used for?
answers: text: domestic service and agriculture

question: What did the Qur'an permit?
answers: text: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave

question: What is the term for a pregnant slave?
answers: text: umm walad

question: What does umm walad mean?
answers: text: "mother of a child"
context: Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

qas: question: Who was the ruler in Morocco?
answers: text: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur

question: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
answers: text: from 1578 to 1608

question: What ethnicity was his mother?
answers: text: Fulani

question: What Arabic term is still used for black people?
answers: text: (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave")

question: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?
answers: text: sub-Saharan peoples
context: Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

qas: question: When did the Arab apartheid intensify? 
answers: text: early 1991

question: Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
answers: text: non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe

question: Where did these people live?
answers: text: Sudan

question: Who controlled the government?
answers: text: Sudanese Arabs

question: What was the government being accused of?
answers: text: deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.
context: In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

qas: question: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
answers: text: George Ayittey

question: Who executed the apartheid?
answers: text: the Arab government

question: Who was excluded?
answers: text: blacks

question: Where were they?
answers: text: Sudan

question: What is George Ayittey's profession? 
answers: text: economist
context: American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

qas: question: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?
answers: text: Irwin Cotler

question: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?
answers: text: an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."

question: Who argeed with Dershowitz?
answers: text: Irwin Cotler

question: Where did Irwin Cotler live?
answers: text: Canadian
context: Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

qas: question: What did the colonization of South Africa result in?
answers: text: many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes

question: What was a result of these marriages?
answers: text: mixed-race children

question: What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?
answers: text: second-class

question: Who was included in the Coloured group?
answers: text: Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent

question: What does apartheid mean?
answers: text: a system of legal racial segregation
context: In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

qas: question: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
answers: text: the Population Registration Act of 1945

question: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
answers: text: pencil test

question: How did the pencil test work?
answers: text: A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil

question: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
answers: text: Minor officials
context: The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

qas: question: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
answers: text: Sandra Laing

question: What year was the movie "Skin" made?
answers: text: 2008

question: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
answers: text: age 10

question: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? 
answers: text: South African

question: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
answers: text: three
context: Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

qas: question: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?
answers: text: those classed as "Coloured"

question: What era did this discrimination take place?
answers: text: During the apartheid era

question: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?
answers: text: those classed as "Black"

question: Where were the "black" areas?
answers: text: large townships located away from the cities
context: During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

qas: question: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?
answers: text: a "Non-racial democracy"

question: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
answers: text: affirmative action policies

question: Who does the term "black" people include?
answers: text: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"

question: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?
answers: text: ANC (African National Congress)

question: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? 
answers: text: "Africans
context: In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

qas: question: Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?
answers: text: the High Court in South Africa

question: What year did this ruling happen?
answers: text: 2008

question: Why was this classification made?
answers: text: solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits

question: What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?
answers: text: Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid

question: Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits? 
answers: text: they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.
context: In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

qas: question: What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?
answers: text: language

question: What languages are most common?
answers: text: Afrikaans or English

question: What are less common languages spoken?
answers: text: Zulu or Xhosa

question: What types of names do "coloureds" have?
answers: text: European-sounding names

question: What type of names do "blacks" have?
answers: text: Bantu names
context: Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

qas: question: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
answers: text: 10 to 18 million

question: In what time frame were these people enslaved?
answers: text: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century

question: Who enslaved these people?
answers: text: Arab slave traders

question: Why were women slaves more popular?
answers: text: for them to serve as concubines

question: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
answers: text: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners
context: Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

qas: question: How many people in Yemen have African lineage? 
answers: text: average of 38%

question: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
answers: text: 16%

question: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
answers: text: 10%

question: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
answers: text: African female-mediated gene
context: Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

qas: question: Who is seeking minority status from the government?
answers: text: African-Iraquis

question: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
answers: text: Parliament

question: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
answers: text: as Arab

question: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
answers: text: Distinctive and self-identified black communities

question: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
answers: text: Alamin M. Mazrui et al.
context: Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

qas: question: How many East African and black people live in Israel?
answers: text: About 150,000

question: What percent of Israel's population is black?
answers: text: just over 2%

question: When did they migrate to Israel?
answers: text: during the 1980s and 1990s

question: Where did they migrate from?
answers: text: Ethiopia.

question: Where are most of the black converts from?
answers: text: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
context: About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

qas: question: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
answers: text: around 60,000

question: What have these immigrants sought?
answers: text: asylum

question: Where are most of them from?
answers: text: Sudan and Eritrea

question: What languages do they speak?
answers: text: Niger-Congo

question: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
answers: text: southern Nuba Mountains
context: Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

qas: question: When did the slave trade begin?
answers: text: during the period of the Ottoman Empire

question: Where were the slaves brought?
answers: text: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

question: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
answers: text: İzmir area

question: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
answers: text: 1923
context: Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

qas: question: Who are the Siddi?
answers: text: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

question: Who did the Siddi descend from?
answers: text: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

question: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
answers: text: "Sayyid"

question: Where does the term Sayyid come from?
answers: text: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

question: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
answers: text: 1960s
context: The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

qas: question: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
answers: text: The Negritos

question: Where do the Negritos reside currently?
answers: text: Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

question: What does Negrito mean?
answers: text: "little black people"

question: What language does the term Negrito come from?
answers: text: Spanish

question: What term is interchangable with Negrito?
answers: text: Semang
context: The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

qas: question: What does the term "Moors" refer to?
answers: text: Muslims

question: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
answers: text: Arab or Berber descent

question: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
answers: text: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans

question: Where did "Moors" migrate from?
answers: text: North Africa or Iberia

question: What kind of term is "Moors"?
answers: text: derogatory
context: The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

qas: question: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
answers: text: Isidore of Seville

question: When was this claim made?
answers: text: 7th century,

question: What does mauron mean?
answers: text: black

question: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
answers: text: Etymologies

question: What was "Black by definition"?
answers: text: Moors
context: Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

qas: question: What are Afro-Spaniards?
answers: text: Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent

question: Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?
answers: text: Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal

question: Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?
answers: text: Equatorial Guinea

question: How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?
answers: text: an estimated 683,000
context: Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

qas: question: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?
answers: text: over a million black

question: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?
answers: text: 1%

question: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?
answers: text: 0.8%

question: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?
answers: text: 0.2%

question: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?
answers: text: after World War II
context: According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

qas: question: When did African states become independent?
answers: text: 1960s

question: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?
answers: text: Soviet Union

question: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?
answers: text: about 400,000

question: Why did students move to Russia?
answers: text: to pursue higher studies

question: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?
answers: text: Eastern bloc.
context: As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

qas: question: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
answers: text: in the Balkans

question: What town had it's own black community?
answers: text: Ulcinj

question: What country is Ulcinj in?
answers: text: Montenegro

question: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
answers: text: 100

question: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
answers: text: an estimated 30,000
context: Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

qas: question: Who has been referred to as "black people"?
answers: text: Indigenous Australians

question: What was the original term related to?
answers: text: skin colour

question: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?
answers: text: since the early days of European settlement

question: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? 
answers: text: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry
context: Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

qas: question: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?
answers: text: Aboriginal Protection Boards

question: What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?
answers: text: where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.

question: Were Aborigines allowed to vote?
answers: text: Aborigines were not allowed to vote

question: Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?
answers: text: Sir Baldwin Spencer

question: What year was his report from?
answers: text: 1913
context: Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

qas: question: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?
answers: text: mixed-race people

question: What did people fear in 1930?
answers: text: "half-caste menace"

question: What did this menace undermine?
answers: text: the White Australia ideal

question: Who noted this particular fear?
answers: text: Dr. Cecil Cook

question: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?
answers: text: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,
context: After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

qas: question: Who did the government want raised as white?
answers: text: "half-caste" individuals

question: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
answers: text: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

question: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
answers: text: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

question: What was this process referred to?
answers: text: the Stolen Generation
context: The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

qas: question: When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?
answers: text: The second half of the 20th century

question: What year was constitutional discrimination ended?
answers: text: 1967

question: What else was included in the 1967 referendum?
answers: text: to include Aborigines in the national census.

question: What term was embraced during this period?
answers: text: "black"

question: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?
answers: text: Activist Bob Maza
context: The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

qas: question: Who wrote "Living Black?
answers: text: Kevin Gilbert

question: What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?
answers: text: 1978

question: What was Living Black about?
answers: text: a collection of Aboriginal people's stories

question: What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?
answers: text: the Human Rights Award for Literature

question: What was the award in 1998 for?
answers: text: Inside Black Australia
context: In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

qas: question: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
answers: text: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

question: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?
answers: text: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

question: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
answers: text: 2012

question: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
answers: text: Anthony Mundine

question: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
answers: text: Andrew Bolt
context: This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

qas: question: Who described slaves as negars?
answers: text: John Rolfe

question: Where was John Rolfe?
answers: text: Colonial America

question: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
answers: text: Virginia colony

question: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
answers: text: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"

question: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
answers: text: Cemetery of the Negro
context: In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

qas: question: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
answers: text: By the 1900s

question: What term replaced negro as mainstream?
answers: text: colored

question: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
answers: text: "black"

question: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? 
answers: text: the African-American Civil rights movement

question: Who led the Civil Rights movement?
answers: text: Reverend Martin Luther King
context: By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

qas: question: How did black people identify in early America?
answers: text: by their specific ethnic group

question: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
answers: text: individual ethnic affiliations

question: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
answers: text: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast

question: How was the new African American identity defined?
answers: text: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status

question: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
answers: text: French and Spanish colonists
context: In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

qas: question: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
answers: text: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors

question: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
answers: text: socially based racial classification related to being African American,

question: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
answers: text: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

question: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
answers: text: they fulfill the social criteria
context: The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

qas: question: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
answers: text: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

question: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
answers: text: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

question: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
answers: text: 1835,

question: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
answers: text: the African Methodist Episcopal Church

question: What terms did African Americans use instead?
answers: text: "Negro" or "colored"
context: By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

qas: question: Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
answers: text: Jesse Jackson

question: What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
answers: text: 1988

question: Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
answers: text: it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants

question: Who also argued for the term "African American"?
answers: text: African-American

question: Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
answers: text: because "African" suggests foreignness
context: In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

qas: question: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
answers: text: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

question: What classification are given?
answers: text: socio-political constructs

question: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
answers: text: 17–18%

question: What is the Census definition not based on?
answers: text: scientific or anthropological
context: The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

qas: question: What did the "one-drop" rule do?
answers: text: classify as black a person of any known African ancestry

question: When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
answers: text: early 20th century.

question: When was racial definition more flexible?
answers: text: 18th and 19th centuries

question: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
answers: text: the American Civil War

question: When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
answers: text: 1662
context: From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

qas: question: How is blackness described in the US?
answers: text: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.

question: What defines "blackness"?
answers: text: political orientation, culture and behavior

question: What is the opposite of "blackness"?
answers: text: "acting white"

question: How does one "act white"?
answers: text: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans

question: In what regards can one "act white"?
answers: text: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,
context: The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

qas: question: Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
answers: text: Toni Morrison

question: Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
answers: text: Christopher Hitchens

question: Who is Toni Morrison?
answers: text: Nobel Prize-winning novelist

question: Why were people offended by this comment?
answers: text: Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain

question: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
answers: text: Rwandan Genocide
context: Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

qas: question: Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
answers: text: John Punch

question: Who is John Punch?
answers: text: the first African slave in the Virginia colony

question: When was Punch indentured?
answers: text: 1640

question: Why was he indentured for life?
answers: text: trying to escape

question: Why were his children free?
answers: text: they were born to free English women
context: In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

qas: question: How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
answers: text: 12 million

question: How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
answers: text: 11.5 million

question: How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
answers: text: 5.5 million

question: How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
answers: text: 2.76 million

question: How is black identified in South America?
answers: text: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,
context: Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

qas: question: How are people in Brazil classified?
answers: text: by appearance

question: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
answers: text: Brazil

question: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
answers: text: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color

question: How are people evaluated in Brazil?
answers: text: like the colors of the spectrum
context: The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

qas: question: What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
answers: text: lighter skin

question: What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
answers: text: black

question: What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
answers: text: white

question: What does Preto mean?
answers: text: (black)
context: Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

qas: question: How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
answers: text: estimated 3.5 million

question: How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
answers: text: more than half

question: Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?
answers: text: Afro-descendants

question: What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
answers: text: segregation laws

question: What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
answers: text: intermarriage
context: From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) — a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.

qas: question: How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
answers: text: 6.2%

question: How much identified as mixed race?
answers: text: 40%

question: How much identified as white?
answers: text: 55%

question: How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
answers: text: 29%
context: By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

qas: question: What has Brazil avoided?
answers: text: the binary polarization of society into black and white

question: What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
answers: text: civil war

question: How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
answers: text: violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.

question: Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality? 
answers: text: Elio Ferreira de Araujo

question: Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
answers: text: black and indigenous communities.
context: Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

qas: question: In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?
answers: text: 75%

question: In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?
answers: text: 50%

question: What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?
answers: text: one-drop rule

question: What does the one drop rule do?
answers: text: discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.

question: What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?
answers: text: illiteracy and education levels
context: In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]

qas: question: What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?
answers: text: blacks

question: How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?
answers: text: 80%

question: When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?
answers: text: 1965

question: When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?
answers: text: 1970s

question: What large hurricane hit New Orleans?
answers: text: Hurricane Katrina
context: Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

qas: question: What do critics claim people of color have?
answers: text: limited media visibility

question: What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
answers: text: hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.

question: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
answers: text: northern Europeans

question: What is another word for "Light Skinned"
answers: text: mulatto
context: Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).

qas: question: What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?
answers: text: all African-descended people

question: What does this aim to stimulate?
answers: text: a "black" consciousness and identity.

question: What does the term "pardo" include?
answers: text: a wide range of multiracial people

question: What does caboclos mean?
answers: text: mestizos
context: These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.