Rule_of_law

qas: question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?
answers: text: Samuel Rutherford

question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?
answers: text: A. V. Dicey

question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?
answers: text: Law should govern

question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
answers: text: against the divine right of kings

question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? 
answers: text: law

question: What type of rule says a nation should be governed by the decisions of government officials?

question: What refers to the influence and authority of society?

question: What country can a phrase rule of law be traced back to the 1600s?

question: What British theologian used the rule of law in his argument against the divine rights of kings?

question: What jurist popularized the phrase rule of law in the 1900s?
context: The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

qas: question: In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?
answers: text: autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy

question: According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?
answers: text: every citizen

question: What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?
answers: text: nomocracy

question: What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?
answers: text: decay

question: For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?
answers: text: neglect or ignorance of the law

question: According to rule of law who is not subject to the law?

question: Who was held above the law in a nomocracy?

question: What is often found in dictatorships but not democracies

question: What causes rule of law to decay in a dictatorship?
context: Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

qas: question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
answers: text: rule by the best men

question: According to Plato, who was above the law?
answers: text: king

question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
answers: text: benevolent monarchy

question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
answers: text: rule of law

question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
answers: text: slave

question: What form of government did the Greeks think was second only to democracy?

question: Who advocated ruled by a philosopher king who was subject to the law?

question: Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws?

question: Who did Aristotle envision ruling a benevolent monarchy?
context: In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

qas: question: In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?
answers: text: Deuteronomy

question: Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?
answers: text: Bishop John Ponet

question: What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?
answers: text: divine right of kings

question: What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?
answers: text: Bible

question: According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?
answers: text: horses

question: Book of the viable gives unlimited power Jewish monarchs?

question: Who was against the divine right of kings in England during the fifteenth century?

question: What book of the Bible supported the divine rule of kings

question: What group of ancient Jews could have as many wives and horses as they wanted?
context: There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, "This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented...." The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.

qas: question: To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?
answers: text: golden met-wand

question: According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?
answers: text: God and the law

question: When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?
answers: text: 1607

question: How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?
answers: text: greatly offended

question: What was Edward Coke's official title?
answers: text: Chief Justice Sir

question: Who called the law a golden met-wand during the sixteenth century?

question: According to Coke what should kings be above?

question: Who spoke about the rule of law in sixteenth century England?

question: Who said it was treason to affirm the King was not subject to the law?
context: In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.)."

qas: question: What is another word for a thin definition?
answers: text: formalist

question: What is another word for a thick definition?
answers: text: substantive

question: Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?
answers: text: politicians, judges and academics

question: On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?
answers: text: specific procedural attributes

question: What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?
answers: text: functional

question: Who has spoken against the rule of law?

question: Who uses a substantive or thin definition of rule of law?

question: Who uses a formalist or thick definition of rule of law?

question: What definition by formalist makes a judgment about the justness of law?

question: What conception of the rule of law excludes substantive rights?
context: Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; one occasionally encounters a third "functional" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the "justness" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.

qas: question: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?
answers: text: generality, equality, and certainty

question: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?
answers: text: individual rights

question: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?
answers: text: democracy

question: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?
answers: text: content

question: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?
answers: text: formal and substantive

question: Who believes that the rule of law has no formal characteristics?

question: What characteristics do most legal theorists say the rule of law cannot possess?

question: What does not protect individual rights?

question: What two concepts defined rule without law?
context: Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

qas: question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?
answers: text: formal

question: According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?
answers: text: individual rights

question: According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?
answers: text: well-known

question: How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?
answers: text: no requirements

question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?
answers: text: substantive
context: The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of "rule of law" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.

qas: question: According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?
answers: text: rule of law

question: What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the "rule of law" have?
answers: text: little

question: What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have?
answers: text: a great deal

question: What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?
answers: text: punishment

question: What fights against the rule of law?
answers: text: flexibility

question: What does a Society have a high degree of if its government officers have a great deal of discretion?

question: What does a society have a low degree of if its government officials have little disctetion?

question: What is necessary for offenses that are justifiable unter statutory law but not natural law?

question: What is flexibility compatible with? 
context: The functional interpretation of the term "rule of law", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the "rule of law" with the "rule of man." According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of "rule of law", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of "rule of law". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.

qas: question: For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?
answers: text: more than 200 countries

question: What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?
answers: text: nomocracy

question: What is the Greek word for law?
answers: text: nomos

question: What is the Greek word for power?
answers: text: kratos

question: What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?
answers: text: rule of law

question: What is the law of man a key dimension of?

question: What defines a rule of law is the extent to which people agree with the rules of society?

question: What is the Greek word for natural law?
context: The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence." Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a "nomocracy", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).

qas: question: What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?
answers: text: the Constitution

question: According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?
answers: text: rule of law

question: What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?
answers: text: the Constitution

question: According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?
answers: text: the rule of any human leader

question: What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?
answers: text: executive branch

question: What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?
answers: text: legislative branch

question: Which branch of government has judicial discretion?
answers: text: judicial branch

question: The president of the United States is the only government officer to make what pledge?

question: What does a firm that natural law is superior to the rule of law?

question: What does executive branch of little discretion over?

question: According to the Constitution what is rule of human leader superior to?
context: All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.

qas: question: Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?
answers: text: Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks

question: For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?
answers: text: U.S. Constitution

question: According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?
answers: text: that which is legally binding

question: According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?
answers: text: the framers of the U.S. Constitution

question: Who argues over whether the U.S. Constitution adopted the rule of law?

question: What law professor says the Constitution does it meet either the formal or substantive?

question: Who believed that an unjust law was still a law?

question: The framers of the Constitution say did not have discretion to decide which laws submit such vague criteria?
context: Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law," and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word "law" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria," and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.

qas: question: When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?
answers: text: 1941

question: Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?
answers: text: administrators

question: Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?
answers: text: individuals

question: Who was Charles Evans Hughes?
answers: text: a Chief Justice of the United States

question: What cannot survive if administrators can't exercise discretion?

question: Who said no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer except for breaching natural law?

question: Who said the individual should not be able to challenge administrative order?

question: Who did Dicey believe administration should be done by?

question: Whose rule of law was transformed by compromise in the nineteenth century?
context: Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: “no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land.” That is, individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction. As the dockets of worker compensation commissions, public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned, it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute (such as the extent of an injury in a worker's compensation case) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place. Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed “you must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.” By 1941, a compromise had emerged. If administrators adopted procedures that more-or-less tracked "the ordinary legal manner" of the courts, further review of the facts by "the ordinary Courts of the land" was unnecessary. That is, if you had your "day in commission," the rule of law did not require a further "day in court." Thus Dicey's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form.

qas: question: When was the Philadelphia Convention?
answers: text: 1787

question: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?
answers: text: James Wilson

question: What was John Marshall's title?
answers: text: Chief Justice

question: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?
answers: text: declare an unconstitutional law void

question: Who said that laws may be just, wise or dangerous?

question: What convention took place in the seventeenth century?

question: What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century?

question: Who did George Mason say could not declare a law unconstitutional
context: James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

qas: question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? 
answers: text: Confucianism

question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?
answers: text: Legalism

question: How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?
answers: text: weak or nonexistent

question: Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?
answers: text: South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong

question: How many schools of thought influence central Asian cultures?

question: What did Confucianism advocate strict adherence to?

question: What kind of leader is advocated for under legalism?

question: What is weak or nonexistent in South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong?

question: What is strong in Thailand, Cambodia and most of Asia?
context: East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:

qas: question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?
answers: text: China and Vietnam

question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?
answers: text: the transition to a market economy

question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?
answers: text: legal scholars and politicians

question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?
answers: text: foreign investors

question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?
answers: text: democracy and human rights

question: What type of economy has rule of law help China and Vietnam move towards?

question: What is rule of law not important for?

question: What has already spilled over to other areas in China and Vietnam?

question: What two Asian countries have refused to adopt the rule of law?
context: In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

qas: question: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
answers: text: Thailand

question: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
answers: text: royalist

question: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?
answers: text: executive branch

question: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
answers: text: 1932

question: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
answers: text: Ancient prejudices and political bias

question: What kingdom has not had a Constitution since 1932?

question: What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932?

question: What has been eradicated from the three branches of Thailand's government?

question: What is no longer advocated in Thailand since the twenty-first century?

question: Whose decision did the Supreme Court reject in Thailand?
context: In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

qas: question: What country has the longest version of a constitution?
answers: text: India

question: In what year was India's constitution drafted?
answers: text: 1950

question: What country has the longest Constitution?
answers: text: India

question: In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?
answers: text: judicial review

question: What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?
answers: text: rule of judges

question: What country has the longest history of constitutional government?

question: What country had a Constitution until 1950?

question: What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions?

question: What type of discretion was meant to be encouraged by India's Constitution

question: What is threatening to replace the role of judges?
context: In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review. According to Indian journalist Harish Khare, "The rule of law or rather the Constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges."

qas: question: When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?
answers: text: 1959

question: How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?
answers: text: 185

question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?
answers: text: rule of law

question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?
answers: text: social, economic and cultural

question: Who made a declaration about the principle of rule of law in the nineteenth century?

question: What declaration stated that the rule of law applies to certain rights and freedoms?

question: What suggested that the rule of law requires legislative power?

question: What commission has fifty-three members?
context: In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.

qas: question: When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?
answers: text: 1992

question: What organization debates the rule of law?
answers: text: The Security Council

question: What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?
answers: text: The Peacebuilding Commission

question: What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?
answers: text: human rights education

question: In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?
answers: text: 2006

question: Who consider rule of law and agenda item since before 1992?

question: Who took renewed interest in the rule of law in 1992?

question: Who has opposed the rule of law through several debates?

question: Was argued for lovelorn protection of soldiers during war?
context: The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.

qas: question: What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?
answers: text: The International Development Law Organization

question: What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?
answers: text: emerging economies and middle-income

question: With how many countries does the IDLO work?
answers: text: more than 170

question: What organization focuses on studying rule of law?

question: Who focuses on empowering governments to establish laws?

question: What are Third World countries encouraged to do?

question: What is the only terminal organization with a mandate to enforce rule of law?
context: The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.

qas: question: The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?
answers: text: economic development

question: What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?
answers: text: Constitutional economics

question: In what branch of government is corruption examined?
answers: text: executive branch

question: In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?
answers: text: the executive

question: What is the term for corruption by individuals?
answers: text: corruption by private actors

question: What type of development is not impacted by rule of law?

question: What doctoring studies rules in your relationships with the government?

question: What is this study of economics and financial decisions regardless of law?
context: One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law’s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.

qas: question: What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?
answers: text: English

question: In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?
answers: text: developing and transitional

question: In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?
answers: text: not yet fully clarified

question: What other countries have successful democracies?
answers: text: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

question: What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?
answers: text: common language

question: Where is the rule of law least important?

question: What term is primarily used in non-English speaking countries?

question: What well-established democracies have a clear understanding of role of law?

question: What is a common language not important for?
context: The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

qas: question: What is F.A. Hayek's profession?
answers: text: economist

question: According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?
answers: text: confidence in a successful return on investment

question: According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?
answers: text: frustrate his efforts

question: According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?
answers: text: pursue his personal ends and desires

question: Who studied how the rule of law might hurt free market?

question: Under rule along whose efforts can government stifle?

question: Hooters rule of law key from pursuing personal ends and desires?
context: The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated: "under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action. Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts."