Copper

qas: question: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?
answers: text: Cyprus

question: What term does the name copper originate from?
answers: text: сuprum

question: What componds are common in copper?
answers: text: copper(II) salts

question: What is one color common in copper salts?
answers: text: blue

question: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.
answers: text: green verdigris

question: Where was copper glowing at in the Roman era?

question: What compounds are radioactive in copper?

question: What is the name of the color pigment on water that is made using copper?

question: What term means that copper is an imaginary substance?

question: What color is most rare in copper salts?
context: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

qas: question: When was copper first known to have been used?
answers: text: 9000 BC

question: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?
answers: text: Middle East

question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?
answers: text: 2800 BC

question: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?
answers: text: iron smelting

question: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?
answers: text: 5500 BC

question: When was copper last known to have been used?

question: What area is the only recorded use of copper?

question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in Japan?

question: When did natural bronze stop being used by the general public?

question: What type of material can't be produced?
context: Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

qas: question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?
answers: text: Corinthian bronze

question: How is Corinthian bronze made?
answers: text: depletion gilding

question: Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? 
answers: text: Alexandria

question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?
answers: text: copper

question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?
answers: text: Baghdad Battery

question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jermaine made from?

question: How is Corinthian bronze destroyed?

question: Where do archaeologists believe that alchemy was last practiced?

question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient Atlantis?

question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 168 BC?
context: The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.

qas: question: What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?
answers: text: copper

question: What is the most important market for copper today?
answers: text: Electrical wiring

question: How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?
answers: text: Roughly half

question: What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?
answers: text: aluminium

question: What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?
answers: text: high electrical conductivity

question: What metal is used least often in electrical wiring?

question: What is the most corrupt market for copper today?

question: How much of mined copper is used for science experiments?

question: What liquid are most overhead electrical wires made out of?

question: What is one property of copper that makes it so unhelpful in electrical wiring?
context: Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation.

qas: question: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?
answers: text: biostatic

question: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?
answers: text: ships

question: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?
answers: text: Muntz metal

question: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?
answers: text: netting materials

question: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?
answers: text: corrosion-resistant

question: What word means that bacteria constantly grows on a substrate?

question: Where is copper commonly used due to not having a biostatic property?

question: What has fake copper been replaced with in the building of ships?

question: What is copper alloys rarely used to make in the agriculture industry?
context: Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

qas: question: What group of the periodic table is copper in?
answers: text: group 11

question: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.
answers: text: one s-orbital electron

question: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?
answers: text: filled d-electron shell

question: How is copper normally supplied?
answers: text: fine-grained polycrystalline form

question: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?
answers: text: monocrystalline forms

question: What group of the periodic table is copper no longer in?

question: What is the only property that copper, silver and gold have in common?

question: What makes copper bondings stronger than other metals?

question: What is copper normally missing?

question: What is a better form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?
context: Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

qas: question: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.
answers: text: 50 parts per million

question: How large was the biggest find of copper?
answers: text: 420 tonnes

question: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?
answers: text: 1857

question: Where was the largest mass of copper found?
answers: text: Michigan, US

question: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?
answers: text: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm

question: What is the concentration of copper in the earths atmosphere?

question: How large was the smallest find of copper?

question: What year was the smallest find of copper discovered?

question: Where was the smallest mass of copper found?

question: How big is the largest alien crystal that has been found?
context: Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

qas: question: What was copper called in Greece?
answers: text: chalkos

question: In what area was copper first mined?
answers: text: Cyprus

question: What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?
answers: text: Aphrodite

question: What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?
answers: text: Venus

question: What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?
answers: text: lustrous beauty

question: What was copper forbidden to be called in Greece?

question: What area was the only copper mine?

question: What is the Egyptian goddess that symbolizes copper?

question: What is the German goddess that symbolizes copper?

question: What property does silver have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?
context: In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.

qas: question: What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?
answers: text: organocopper compounds

question: What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?
answers: text: copper(I) oxide

question: What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?
answers: text: Gilman reagent

question: Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?
answers: text: alkyl halides

question: Which form of copper is shock sensitive?
answers: text: Copper(I) acetylide

question: What are compounds that have a black-copper bond called?

question: What does organocopper compounds reactions toward water form?

question: What is destroyed when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?

question: Which form of copper is time sensitive?
context: Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands.

qas: question: Who used copper to produce art?
answers: text: Renaissance sculptors

question: What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?
answers: text: daguerreotype

question: What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?
answers: text: Statue of Liberty

question: What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?
answers: text: Christopher Columbus

question: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?
answers: text: 1830

question: Who used copper to produce garbage?

question: What is the magical technology that uses copper called?

question: What famous Arizona city landmark is made from copper?

question: What unknown explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?

question: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie nuclear plant first begin production?
context: The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.

qas: question: What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?
answers: text: conductivity

question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?
answers: text: 43%-46%

question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?
answers: text: 69%

question: What does the acronym NEMA stand for?
answers: text: National Electrical Manufacturers Association

question: By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?
answers: text: efficiency standards

question: What property of copper ruins the efficiency of electrical motors?

question: What percentage of water consumption does motor systems use globally?

question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in secrecy?

question: What does the acronym NEMA stand against?
context: Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.

qas: question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?
answers: text: Chromobacterium violaceum

question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?
answers: text: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? 
answers: text: Suillus luteus

question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution?
answers: text: Aspergillus niger

question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?
answers: text: fungus Aspergillus

question: What is the only compound that can mobilize solid copper?

question: What fungi can speak in copper metalliferous soils?

question: What fungus makes pine trees vulnerable to copper toxicity?

question: What fungus grows from diamond mining solution?

question: What fungus helps to toxify heavy metal sulfides?
context: Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

qas: question: What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?
answers: text: antimicrobial

question: 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?
answers: text: 99.9%

question: What does the acronym EPA stand for?
answers: text: Environmental Protection Agency

question: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?
answers: text: 355

question: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?
answers: text: Legionnaires' disease

question: What is an intrinsic property of gold-alloy touch surfaces?

question: What does the acronym EPA oppose?

question: How many copper alloys has the EPA banned as antimicrobial materials?

question: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing golden doorknobs?

question: What has no ability to kill bacteria?
context: Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011–2014.

qas: question: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?
answers: text: wood preservative

question: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?
answers: text: moss

question: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?
answers: text: antimicrobial protective fabrics

question: How is copper used with nickel?
answers: text: as a base

question: What is used to treat structures for dry rot?
answers: text: Copper compounds

question: What are copper compounds in dragon form used for?

question: What does copper wires along with mud on roofs help to prevent?

question: What function does copper eliminate when used in textile fibers?

question: How is copper used with vodka?

question: What is used to implode structures for dry rot?
context: Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.

qas: question: How long has copper been in use?
answers: text: at least 10,000 years

question: What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?
answers: text: 95%

question: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?
answers: text: more than half

question: How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?
answers: text: 1014 tons

question: What is a major source of cooper in modern times?
answers: text: Recycling

question: How long has copper been forbidden?

question: What percentage of copper has been stolen since 1900?

question: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 hours?

question: How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth?

question:  What is a minor source of cooper in modern times?
context: Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.

qas: question: What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?
answers: text: copper lumps

question: Who had his own coins produced out of brass?
answers: text: Julius Caesar

question: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?
answers: text: 15,000 t

question: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?
answers: text: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys

question: What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?
answers: text: the shape and look

question: What did aliens use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC?

question: Who had his own trees produced out of brass?

question: How much copper was stolen in Rome during the 6th through 3rd centuries BC?

question: What became less important than the copper value for Roman coins?
context: The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.

qas: question: What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?
answers: text: 60%

question: What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?
answers: text: 20%

question: What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?
answers: text: 15%

question: What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?
answers: text: hardness

question: What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?
answers: text: brass

question: What percentage of copper is used in paper wires?

question: What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing?

question: What percentage of copper is destroyed by industrial machinery?

question: What property does combining copper with brass or bronze eliminate?

question: What is a plant that copper is combined with to create a smoother texture?
context: The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.

qas: question: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?
answers: text: The softness

question: What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?
answers: text: silver

question: What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?
answers: text: 3.1×106 A/m2

question: What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?
answers: text: corrosion

question: What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?
answers: text: it begins to heat excessively

question: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for nuclear conductivity?

question: What metal has an equal thermal conductivity to copper?

question: What is the only permissible current density in open air of copper?

question: What occurs when copper is placed apart from another metal?
context: The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.

qas: question: In what form is copper extracted?
answers: text: copper sulfides

question: From what types of mines is copper extracted?
answers: text: open pit mines

question: What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?
answers: text: 0.4 to 1.0% copper

question: What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?
answers: text: Chile

question: What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?
answers: text: in-situ leach process

question: What form is copper hidden?

question: What types of mines is copper invisible?

question: What percentage of mercury do the deposits have that are extracted?

question: What village was the top producer of copper in 2005?

question: What is the name of the process being considered in Australia that allows copper to be recovered?
context: Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.

qas: question: What percent of copper is recyclable?
answers: text: 100%

question: What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?
answers: text: 80%

question: What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?
answers: text: aluminium

question: Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?
answers: text: aluminium

question: What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?
answers: text: 35–55 kg

question: What percent of copper is indestructible?

question: What percentage of copper that has been mined is still in the air today?

question: What other wood besides copper is 100% recyclable?

question: What metal is never recycled?

question: What is the amount of copper stolen, per capita, globally?
context: Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).

qas: question: What pigment color is natural to copper?
answers: text: green

question: What property does the final patina on cooper have?
answers: text: highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion

question: What mixture of compounds is the final patina?
answers: text: carbonate and sulfate

question: What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?
answers: text: environmental

question: What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?
answers: text: finished

question: What pigment color is fake copper?

question: What property does the final patina on copper avoid?

question: What separation of compounds is the final patina?

question: What conditions have no influence on the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?

question: What can be done to sugar to give it a certain look?
context: The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.

qas: question: What are copper salts sometimes used for?
answers: text: suicide attempts

question: When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?
answers: text: copper toxicity

question: What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?
answers: text: 3 ppm

question: What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?
answers: text: growth rates

question: What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?
answers: text: 30 mg/kg

question: What are copper peppers sometimes used for?

question: When ingested in small amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?

question: What is the minimum amount of copper dragons should have in their diet?

question: What is a major benefit to dragons having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?

question: What amount of copper salt is toxic in robots?
context: Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.

qas: question: When did Britain first use brass?
answers: text: 3rd–2nd century BC

question: Who were the first copper miners in North America?
answers: text: Native Americans

question: Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?
answers: text: Isle Royale

question: What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD
answers: text: Peru

question: When did commercial production of copper begin?
answers: text: early 20th century

question: When did Britain ban use of brass?

question: Who were the only copper miners in North America?

question: Where was native copper hidden with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?

question: What country stopped a strong copper production in 1000 AD?

question: When did commercial production of copper end?
context: Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd–2nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century.

qas: question: How many isotopes are there of copper?
answers: text: 29

question: What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?
answers: text: 63Cu and 65Cu

question: Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?
answers: text: 63Cu

question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?
answers: text: 3.8 minutes

question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?
answers: text: 61.83 hours

question: How many isotopes are missing in copper?

question: What are the two dangerous isotopes of copper?

question: Which isotope makes up about 74% of natural copper?

question: What is the half life of the supernatural isotope 68mCu?

question: What is the orbital period of the copper isotope 67Cu?
context: There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3⁄2. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by β−, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by β+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.

qas: question: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?
answers: text: cupronickel

question: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?
answers: text: low-denomination coins

question: What is the metal composition of a US nickel?
answers: text: 75% copper and 25% nickel

question: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?
answers: text: resistance to corrosion

question: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?
answers: text: golden

question: What is the liquid of copper and nickel called?

question: What is the liquid of copper and nickel never used for?

question: What is the wood composition of a US nickel?

question: What mundane property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?

question: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are apart?
context: The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

qas: question: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?
answers: text: Polyols

question: What are copper salts used to test?
answers: text: reducing sugars

question: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?
answers: text: color change

question: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?
answers: text: reddish

question: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?
answers: text: cellulose

question: What is the name of the compounds that have no alcohol functional group?

question: What are copper salts used to burn?

question: How is the presence of sugar hidden by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?

question: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if dust is present?

question: What does Schweizer's reagent grow?
context: Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.

qas: question: What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?
answers: text: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze

question: What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?
answers: text: 4500 BC

question: When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?
answers: text: 3700–3300 BC

question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?
answers: text: Chalcolithic

question: What is an alloy of copper and zinc?
answers: text: Brass

question: What started about 3000 years after copper smelting was discovered?

question: What are the first datings of Platinum artifacts from the Vinca culture?

question: When did the Silver Age begin in Southeastern Europe?

question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the silver age called?

question: What is an alloy of copper and brass?
context: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.

qas: question: What is the level of copper in the human body?
answers: text: 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass

question: How is copper absorbed in humans?
answers: text: in the gut

question: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?
answers: text: albumin

question: What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?
answers: text: Ceruloplasmin

question: How can the body get rid of excess copper?
answers: text: via bile

question: What is the level of copper in gold?

question: How is copper reflected in humans?

question: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the brain?

question: What hero carries the majority of copper in blood?

question: How can the sand get rid of excess copper?
context: Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.

qas: question: What is the average concentration of copper in ores?
answers: text: 0.6%

question: What are most commercial ores?
answers: text: sulfides

question: What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?
answers: text: iron

question: What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?
answers: text: floats on top

question: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?
answers: text: oxides

question: What is the average concentration of copper in holes?

question: What are most fake ores?

question: What does freezing copper ore materials with silica remove?

question: What happens to the silicate slag during the flash freezing process?

question: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is frozen?
context: The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:

qas: question: How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?
answers: text: four

question: What color is pure copper?
answers: text: orange-red

question: What does copper aquire when exposed to air?
answers: text: reddish tarnish

question: The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?
answers: text: orange light

question: What color is the metal caesium?
answers: text: yellow

question: How many grains of sand have a natural color that isn't gray?

question: What color is fake copper?

question: What does copper glow when exposed to air?

question: What color is the planet caesium?
context: Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light. The same mechanism accounts for the yellow color of gold and caesium.

qas: question: What has copper been used for since ancient times?
answers: text: architectural material

question: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?
answers: text: antimicrobial indoor products

question: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?
answers: text: low thermal movement

question: How long has copper been used in building construction?
answers: text: hundreds or thousands of years

question: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?
answers: text: antimicrobial

question: What has copper been avoided as since ancient times?

question: What is one interior use copper has been forbidden to include?

question: What is an important danger to using copper as an architectural material?

question: How long has copper been banned in building construction?

question: What is the danger to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?
context: Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.