Protestantism

qas: question: What type of faith is Protestantism?
answers: text: Christian

question: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?
answers: text: Martin Luther

question: Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?
answers: text: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

question: Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?
answers: text: Lutheran princes

question: What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?
answers: text: the Protestant Reformation
context: Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.

qas: question: What do all Protestantism denominations reject?
answers: text: the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal

question: What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?
answers: text: transubstantiation,

question: What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?
answers: text: sola fide

question: What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?
answers: text: the Bible

question: What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?
answers: text: Five solae
context: All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.

qas: question: Where did Lutheranism begin?
answers: text: Germany

question: Name three early Protestant reformers.
answers: text: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox

question: Where did Arminianism take hold?
answers: text: the Netherlands and parts of Germany

question: Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?
answers: text: King Henry VIII

question: Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?
answers: text: Protestants
context: Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.

qas: question: What percentage of Christians are Protestant?
answers: text: nearly forty percent

question: Which continents have some form of Protestantism?
answers: text: all populated continents

question: What types of Protestantism are increasing?
answers: text: Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches

question: What Protestant church has members around the world?
answers: text: the Anglican Communion

question: How many people are considered Protestant?
answers: text: more than 900 million
context: Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.

qas: question: From what language does the term evangelical originate?
answers: text: German

question: What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?
answers: text: evangelisch

question: What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?
answers: text: evangelical

question: Name two contributors to Reformed churches.
answers: text: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli

question: Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?
answers: text: the Puritans
context: During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

qas: question: What is the term for teaching by only scripture?
answers: text: sola scriptura

question: How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?
answers: text: four

question: What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?
answers: text: inerrancy

question: What power can help someone overcome sin?
answers: text: the Holy Spirit

question: What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?
answers: text: necessity
context: The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).

qas: question: Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?
answers: text: necessity and inerrancy

question: What is the term for how the church as a whole works?
answers: text: ecclesiology

question: What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?
answers: text: Catholics

question: At what period was inerrancy debated?
answers: text: the Enlightenment

question: What item could be learned to gain salvation?
answers: text: the Bible
context: The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.

qas: question: What is the second principle of Protestantism?
answers: text: sola fide (by faith alone)

question: What was Luther's main principle?
answers: text: sola fide (by faith alone)

question: What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?
answers: text: sola scriptura

question: What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?
answers: text: Christocentric

question: Faith can bring what eternal benefit?
answers: text: salvation
context: The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

qas: question: When did Protestantism begin to split?
answers: text: the mid-to-late 16th century

question: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?
answers: text: controversy over the Eucharist

question: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?
answers: text: transubstantiation

question: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?
answers: text: bread and wine

question: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?
answers: text: Christ
context: The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

qas: question: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?
answers: text: Arnold of Brescia

question: When were the Waldensians created?
answers: text: the early 1170s

question: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?
answers: text: 1215

question: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
answers: text: Italy

question: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?
answers: text: apostolic poverty
context: In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

qas: question: Who started the Hussite movement?
answers: text: Jan Hus

question: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?
answers: text: John Wycliffe

question: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?
answers: text: five

question: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?
answers: text: the Pope

question: How did Jan Hus die?
answers: text: burned at the stake
context: Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

qas: question: When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?
answers: text: 31 October 1517

question: What did the theses argue against selling?
answers: text: indulgences

question: What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/
answers: text: Virgin Mary

question: Where was All Saints' Church?
answers: text: Wittenberg

question: Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?
answers: text: the Church and the papacy
context: On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.

qas: question: Who condemned the Reformation?
answers: text: the Pope

question: Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?
answers: text: John Calvin

question: What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?
answers: text: Geneva

question: What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?
answers: text: Calvinist

question: When did John Calvin die?
answers: text: 1563
context: Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.

qas: question: What was the nickname for French Protestants?
answers: text: Huguenots

question: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?
answers: text: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment

question: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?
answers: text: the 1550s

question: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?
answers: text: Henry II

question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
answers: text: August 1572
context: Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

qas: question: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?
answers: text: Huldrych Zwingli

question: Which two areas had a long history of resentment?
answers: text: the German states and the Swiss Confederation

question: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?
answers: text: the Colloquy of Marburg

question: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?
answers: text: Prince Philip of Hesse

question: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?
answers: text: its failure
context: Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

qas: question: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?
answers: text: Henry VIII

question: When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
answers: text: 1534

question: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?
answers: text: King Henry

question: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
answers: text: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement

question: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?
answers: text: Between 1535 and 1540
context: The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

qas: question: The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?
answers: text: the Elizabethan Age

question: The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?
answers: text: the Church of England

question: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?
answers: text: the Protestant churches of Europe

question: What was another name for the later Puritan movement?
answers: text: dissenters and nonconformists

question: What did the later Puritan movement create?
answers: text: various Reformed denominations
context: The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

qas: question: When was the Scottish Reformation?
answers: text: 1560

question: The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?
answers: text: France

question: Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?
answers: text: John Knox

question: Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?
answers: text: Mary of Guise

question: When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?
answers: text: 1560
context: The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.

qas: question: When was the German Peasants' War?
answers: text: 1524–25

question: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?
answers: text: the Thirty Years' War

question: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?
answers: text: between 25% and 40%

question: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
answers: text: the Peace of Westphalia

question: Where was the German Peasants' War?
answers: text: the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities
context: In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

qas: question: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?
answers: text: The First Great Awakening

question: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?
answers: text: The First Great Awakening
context: The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

qas: question: When did the Second Great Awakening start?
answers: text: around 1790

question: Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?
answers: text: Baptist and Methodist

question: When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?
answers: text: by the late 1840s

question: What did the Second Great Awakening create?
answers: text: the formation of new denominations

question: What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?
answers: text: skepticism, deism, and rationalism
context: The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

qas: question: When was the Third Great Awakening?
answers: text: the late 1850s to the early 20th century

question: What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?
answers: text: pietistic Protestant denominations

question: What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?
answers: text: the Social Gospel Movement

question: What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?
answers: text: the worldwide missionary movement

question: What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?
answers: text: the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements
context: The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.

qas: question: What modern movement began in the 20th century?
answers: text: the modern Pentecostal movement

question: What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?
answers: text: Methodist and Wesleyan

question: What movement did Pentecostalism create?
answers: text: the Charismatic movement

question: In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?
answers: text: Los Angeles

question: What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?
answers: text: urban
context: A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.

qas: question: Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?
answers: text: In the United States and elsewhere in the world

question: What type of churches have declined?
answers: text: mainstream liberal churches

question: When did Liberal Christianity increase?
answers: text: In the post–World War I era

question: When did conservative churches start to increase?
answers: text: In the post–World War II era

question: What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?
answers: text: those that are more exclusively evangelical
context: In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post–World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

qas: question: What direction has Europe moved towards?
answers: text: secularism

question: What caused the spread of secularism?
answers: text: The Enlightenment

question: What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?
answers: text: North America, South America and Australia

question: What country is more religious than other developed nations?
answers: text: United States

question: When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?
answers: text: the 20th and 21st centuries
context: In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

qas: question: Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?
answers: text: the Magisterial Reformation

question: What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?
answers: text: new papists

question: What is another name for magister?
answers: text: teacher

question: What were reform movement leaders compared to?
answers: text: Roman Popes

question: What has been linked with pacifism?
answers: text: Anabaptism
context: In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

qas: question: What type of church do Protestants believe in?
answers: text: the invisible church

question: Who comprises the invisible church?
answers: text: all who profess faith in Jesus Christ

question: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?
answers: text: the five solas

question: What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?
answers: text: non-denominational groups and organizations

question: What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?
answers: text: it is the one true church
context: Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

qas: question: What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?
answers: text: Various ecumenical

question: Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?
answers: text: divisions

question: What beliefs do most denominations agree on?
answers: text: common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith

question: What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?
answers: text: secondary

question: What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?
answers: text: idiosyncratic
context: Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

qas: question: What do national churches bring together?
answers: text: the ecclesiastical structure with the state

question: How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?
answers: text: since 2007

question: Who has the only Reformed church?
answers: text: Tuvalu

question: Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?
answers: text: The Church of England

question: What type of church does Tonga have?
answers: text: Methodist
context: Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

qas: question: What is another name for denominational families?
answers: text: branches

question: What are the major branches of Protestantism?
answers: text: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal

question: What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?
answers: text: Anabaptist

question: What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?
answers: text: how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation

question: What do some branches share in common?
answers: text: lineage
context: Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

qas: question: The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?
answers: text: the whole Bible

question: What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?
answers: text: Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups

question: What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?
answers: text: the 28 Fundamental Beliefs

question: What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?
answers: text: Biblical references

question: What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?
answers: text: annihilation or eternal torment
context: Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

qas: question: What does the word Anabaptist describe?
answers: text: one who baptizes again

question: Who named the Anabaptists?
answers: text: their persecutors

question: What baptism do Anabaptists reject?
answers: text: baptism of infants

question: Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?
answers: text: Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics

question: Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?
answers: text: Second Front Reformers
context: The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas Müntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz.

qas: question: What does Anglican mean?
answers: text: the English Church

question: When did the word Anglican begin?
answers: text: 1246

question: Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?
answers: text: the Archbishop of Canterbury

question: How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?
answers: text: 80 million

question: What power does each national or regional church possess?
answers: text: full autonomy
context: Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

qas: question: Who did the Church of England split from?
answers: text: the Catholic Church

question: At what time did the Church of England become independent?
answers: text: the Elizabethan Religious Settlement

question: Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?
answers: text: Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer

question: The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?
answers: text: Lutheranism and Calvinism

question: What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?
answers: text: traditional
context: The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism. By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.

qas: question: According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?
answers: text: professing believers

question: What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?
answers: text: complete immersion

question: What two offices do Baptists have?
answers: text: pastors and deacons

question: What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?
answers: text: Protestant

question: What is another term for soul competency?
answers: text: liberty
context: Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

qas: question: Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?
answers: text: Amsterdam

question: Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?
answers: text: John Smyth

question: Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?
answers: text: General Baptists

question: Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?
answers: text: Roger Williams

question: Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?
answers: text: Baptist missionaries
context: Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

qas: question: What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?
answers: text: the five points of Calvinism

question: What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?
answers: text: the Calvinist view on soteriology

question: What is a brief description of Calvinism?
answers: text: the sovereignty or rule of God in all things

question: What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?
answers: text: predestination and total depravity

question: Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?
answers: text: Calvin
context: Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things — in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

qas: question: What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?
answers: text: Lutheranism

question: How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?
answers: text: third

question: What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?
answers: text: The Lutheran World Federation

question: How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?
answers: text: over 72 million people

question: Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.
answers: text: International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference
context: Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.

qas: question: Who was the inspiration for Methodism?
answers: text: John Wesley

question: Who did Methodism originally attract?
answers: text: workers, agricultural workers, and slaves

question: What was John Wesley's occupation?
answers: text: Anglican priest

question: How many Methodists are there in the world today?
answers: text: approximately 80 million

question: How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?
answers: text: vigorous missionary activity
context: Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.

qas: question: Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?
answers: text: every human being

question: What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?
answers: text: exercise an act of the will

question: What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?
answers: text: its rich musical tradition

question: Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?
answers: text: John Wesley's brother, Charles

question: What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?
answers: text: monergism
context: Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church, and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.

qas: question: Give two examples of spiritual gifts.
answers: text: speaking in tongues and divine healing

question: What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?
answers: text: Apostolic or Full Gospel

question: Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?
answers: text: Apostolic

question: Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?
answers: text: the Holy Spirit

question: What three things are Pentecostals committed to?
answers: text: biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous
context: This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

qas: question: How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?
answers: text: hundreds

question: How many Pentecostals are there in the world?
answers: text: over 279 million

question: What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?
answers: text: Charismatic

question: Who can claim over 500 million members?
answers: text: Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity

question: Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?
answers: text: the global South
context: Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.

qas: question: What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?
answers: text: "Christians" or "born-again Christians"

question: What denomination do these small groups belong to?
answers: text: "non-denominational" or "evangelical"

question: How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?
answers: text: little

question: Who has founded these small groups of Christians?
answers: text: individual pastors
context: There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational" or "evangelical". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.

qas: question: Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?
answers: text: Dublin, Ireland

question: What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?
answers: text: sola scriptura

question: Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?
answers: text: The Brethren

question: When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?
answers: text: late 1820s

question: What denomination do the Brethren originate from?
answers: text: Anglicanism
context: The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.

qas: question: What is another informal name for Quaker?
answers: text: Friends

question: What is the Quakers unifying belief?
answers: text: the priesthood of all believers

question: What have the Quakers tried to avoid?
answers: text: creeds and hierarchical structures

question: What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?
answers: text: the Religious Society of Friends

question: What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?
answers: text: evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative
context: Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.

qas: question: What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?
answers: text: Evangelicalism

question: Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?
answers: text: Charismatic Movement

question: What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?
answers: text: Pentecostals

question: Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.
answers: text: Neo-charismatic churches

question: What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?
answers: text: Nondenominational churches
context: There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

qas: question: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?
answers: text: the 18th and 19th centuries

question: Methodism is part of what movement?
answers: text: Evangelicalism

question: Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?
answers: text: Britain and North America

question: What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?
answers: text: Nicolaus Zinzendorf
context: It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

qas: question: What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?
answers: text: Dennis Bennett

question: When was the Massey conference held?
answers: text: 1964

question: The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?
answers: text: Life in the Spirit

question: Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.
answers: text: Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson

question: Where was the Massey conference held?
answers: text: New Zealand
context: In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.

qas: question: Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?
answers: text: Larry Christenson

question: In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?
answers: text: Minnesota

question: Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?
answers: text: Huntington Beach

question: What was published in 1974?
answers: text: Touched by the Spirit

question: Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?
answers: text: Richard A. Jensen
context: Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

qas: question: Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?
answers: text: Terry Virgo

question: Where is Every Nations Churches located?
answers: text: USA

question: What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?
answers: text: overemotional

question: What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?
answers: text: charismata

question: Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.
answers: text: Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival
context: In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.

qas: question: What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?
answers: text: Puritans

question: What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?
answers: text: the University of Cambridge

question: What movement influenced the Puritans?
answers: text: millennialism

question: What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?
answers: text: Sabbatarianism

question: When was the Synod of Dort?
answers: text: 1619
context: Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.

qas: question: What type of theology did Puritans accept?
answers: text: Reformed

question: When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?
answers: text: the 1640s

question: What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?
answers: text: personal and group

question: Where was Calvin criticized?
answers: text: Geneva

question: At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?
answers: text: the Westminster Assembly
context: They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

qas: question: What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?
answers: text: the Reformation

question: What churches let their clergy marry?
answers: text: Protestant

question: When did women join the Protestant ministry?
answers: text: 1950

question: What types of churches have women had leading positions?
answers: text: Protestant

question: What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?
answers: text: celibate
context: Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts. Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry. Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries. Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops), in most Protestant churches.

qas: question: What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?
answers: text: education

question: In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?
answers: text: eight of ten men and women

question: Who founded Harvard College?
answers: text: the Puritans

question: When was Yale founded?
answers: text: 1701

question: What state became a hub of learning?
answers: text: Pennsylvania
context: As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning.

qas: question: What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?
answers: text: Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility

question: What did Calvin particular reject?
answers: text: luxury

question: What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?
answers: text: economic success

question: What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?
answers: text: Protestant

question: What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?
answers: text: Protestant ethic thesis
context: The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis."

qas: question: Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?
answers: text: Arno Tausch

question: What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?
answers: text: Protestantism

question: Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?
answers: text: Arno Tausch

question: What university is Arno Tausch from?
answers: text: Corvinus University of Budapest

question: What type of engagement is considered a World Value?
answers: text: environmental activism
context: In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.

qas: question: What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?
answers: text: Episcopalians and Presbyterians

question: Affluent American families are what type of families?
answers: text: Mainline Protestant

question: What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?
answers: text: Episcopalians and Presbyterians

question: What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?
answers: text: Republican Party

question: Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?
answers: text: American business, law
context: Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.

qas: question: The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?
answers: text: early experimental science

question: What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?
answers: text: English Puritanism and German Pietism

question: What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?
answers: text: an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology

question: What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?
answers: text: Puritans or other Protestants

question: What values were thought to have a significant synergy?
answers: text: ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science
context: Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

qas: question: What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?
answers: text: doctrine of the two kingdoms

question: When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?
answers: text: 1523

question: Who added the election of laymen to church government?
answers: text: Calvin

question: Who added synods to church government?
answers: text: The Huguenots

question: What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?
answers: text: reason
context: In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

qas: question: What political mixture did Calvin prefer?
answers: text: aristocracy and democracy

question: What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?
answers: text: separation of powers

question: Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?
answers: text: Calvin

question: Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?
answers: text: Hugo Grotius

question: What philosophers were given asylum?
answers: text: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle
context: Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

qas: question: Whose democracies were created by Protestants?
answers: text: the English and the American democracies

question: Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?
answers: text: Australia, New Zealand, and India

question: What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?
answers: text: self-rule and separation of powers

question: What group believed that democracy was the will of God?
answers: text: Congregationalists

question: What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?
answers: text: Massachusetts Bay Colony
context: Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.

qas: question: What group initiated the right to religious freedom?
answers: text: Protestants

question: Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?
answers: text: Worms

question: What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?
answers: text: Anabaptists and Huguenots

question: Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?
answers: text: John Smyth and Thomas Helwys

question: How many American Protestants supported independence in America?
answers: text: The great majority
context: Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.

qas: question: What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state?
answers: text: Enlightenment thinkers

question: What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs?
answers: text: a set of Protestant Christian assumptions

question: Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?
answers: text: John Locke

question: What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable?
answers: text: Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness

question: What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality?
answers: text: Genesis 1, 26-28
context: Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - had Protestant backgrounds. For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions", derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders ("Adam and Eve"), from Genesis 1, 26-28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed "the consent of the governed." These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence, which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."

qas: question: When did Prussia stop torture?
answers: text: 1740

question: When did Britain end slavery?
answers: text: 1834

question: Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?
answers: text: Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf

question: Who founded the Red Cross?
answers: text: Henry Dunant

question: What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?
answers: text: The Geneva Convention
context: Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law. The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.

qas: question: Who first introduced social insurance programs?
answers: text: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

question: What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?
answers: text: practical Christianity

question: What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?
answers: text: the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage

question: What country started programs that led to the welfare state?
answers: text: Germany

question: What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?
answers: text: the Western world
context: Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies. In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity". These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.

qas: question: What did John Milton do for world literature?
answers: text: enrich

question: Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?
answers: text: World literature

question: What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?
answers: text: Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë

question: Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?
answers: text: World
context: World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others.

qas: question: The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?
answers: text: ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities

question: What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?
answers: text: no sacramental ministerial priesthood

question: What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?
answers: text: ordinances and doctrines

question: What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?
answers: text: Eastern Orthodox

question: What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?
answers: text: true apostolic succession
context: The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.

qas: question: Who were Magisterial reformers?
answers: text: Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli

question: What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?
answers: text: the Roman Catholic Church

question: Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?
answers: text: a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church

question: When did the idea of a hidden church begin?
answers: text: in the early days of the Protestant Reformation

question: What church did the Reformers claim had left them?
answers: text: the Roman Catholic Church
context: Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

qas: question: The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?
answers: text: Conciliar

question: Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?
answers: text: the ruling authorities

question: What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?
answers: text: the five solas

question: What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?
answers: text: the Council of Trent

question: What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?
answers: text: invisible
context: Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.

qas: question: What group has been unsuccessful in creating a unified church since 1948?
answers: text: the World Council of Churches

question: What conference was held in 1910?
answers: text: the Edinburgh Missionary Conference

question: What churches have been strongly engaged in the ecumenical movement?
answers: text: Orthodox

question: What have Orthodox churches condemned the perception of?
answers: text: watering down Orthodox doctrine

question: What types of churches have had rapidly declining memberships?
answers: text: united churches
context: The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine.

qas: question: If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?
answers: text: baptism

question: What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?
answers: text: marriage

question: Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?
answers: text: Protestant ministers who become Catholics

question: Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?
answers: text: re-baptized

question: Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?
answers: text: the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church
context: A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study.

qas: question: What document was signed in 1999?
answers: text: the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification

question: Who rejects the statement signed in 1999?
answers: text: Confessional Lutherans

question: Who adopted the Joint Declaration in 2006?
answers: text: delegates to the World Methodist Conference

question: The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement?
answers: text: the Protestant Reformation

question: What two groups originally signed the Joint Declaration?
answers: text: Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church
context: In 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement. This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.

qas: question: How many Protestants are there in the world?
answers: text: more than 900 million

question: What is the total population of Christians in the world?
answers: text: approximately 2.4 billion

question: Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?
answers: text: more than one tenth

question: What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?
answers: text: Middle East-North Africa

question: What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?
answers: text: Sub-Saharan Africa
context: There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa. Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population. Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%, 36%, 36.7%, and 40%, while in relation to the world's population at 11.6% and 13%.

qas: question: In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion?
answers: text: the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom

question: In 2012, what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant?
answers: text: 12%

question: In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular (but not THE most popular) religions?
answers: text: Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary

question: The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe's Christian population in 2010?
answers: text: 17.8%

question: What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement, but now only has a small number of Protestants?
answers: text: Czech Republic
context: In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion. These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom. In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, it remains one of the most popular religions. Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements, there are only few Protestant adherents; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs, restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 12% of the EU population. According to Pew Research Center, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 17.8%) of the continent's Christian population in 2010. Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.

qas: question: Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900's?
answers: text: Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America

question: When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century?
answers: text: after World War II

question: What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910?
answers: text: 79%

question: In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?
answers: text: 59%

question: In 2010, what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together?
answers: text: Brazil
context: Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe. China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[af]