Estonian_language

qas: question: What country has Estonian as its official language?
answers: text: Estonian

question: In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
answers: text: 1.1 million

question: Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
answers: text: Uralic

question: On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
answers: text: Finnic

question: How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
answers: text: tens of thousands
context: Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

qas: question: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
answers: text: linguists

question: What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
answers: text: short, long, and "overlong"

question: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
answers: text: the underlying phonological mechanism

question: Who isn't interested in the degrees of phonemic length?

question: What is not a distinctive feature? 

question: Underlong is a degree of what length? 

question: What are the three degrees of phonemic width? 
context: One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

qas: question: What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
answers: text: Finnic

question: What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
answers: text: Finnish, Karelian

question: What language group is Estonian not a part of?
answers: text: Indo-European languages

question: What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
answers: text: Hungarian and to the Sami languages

question: What Uralic language branch does not contain Estonian?

question: What Uralic language branch does not contain Finnish?

question: What Uralic language branch does not contain Karelian? 

question:  What languages are very close to Estonian?

question: What languages are not related to Estonian?
context: Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

qas: question: Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
answers: text: Baltic Germans

question: Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
answers: text: Middle Low German

question: Baltic Germans spoke which language? 

question: What German language did not influence Estonian?

question: Where is Middle Low German spoken today? 

question: Which language did Russian not influence? 
context: Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

qas: question: What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
answers: text: vowel

question: What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? 
answers: text: agglutinative

question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
answers: text: subject–verb–object

question:  What kind of harmony has Estonian not lost?

question:  What language features do Estonian, Finish and Hungarian differ?

question:  In what order are words put in sentences in the Finnish language?

question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Hungarian language?

question: What made it shift from a fusional language to an agglutinative one?
context: Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.

qas: question: What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
answers: text: two

question: What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
answers: text: North and South Estonian languages

question: What are East and West Estonian languages based on?

question: What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?

question: The two waves of migration into Estonian spoke the exact same type of what language? 

question: What was the maximum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
context: The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.

qas: question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
answers: text: 13th century to 1918

question: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
answers: text: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia

question: Following the crusades which country was dominated?
answers: text: Estonia

question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
answers: text: indigenous literacy

question: When didn't the Northern Crusades happen?

question:  Which countries didn't take part in the Northern Crusades?

question:  Following the crusades which country was not dominated?

question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up beginning in Estonia?

question: What country was involved in the Eastern Crusades?
context: The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

qas: question: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
answers: text: 13th century

question: Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
answers: text: Originates Livoniae

question: Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
answers: text: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia

question: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
answers: text: words and fragments of sentences.

question:  Where can records of Estonian place names not be found?

question: Which Chronicle does not contain the Originates Livoniae?

question: What was the last century fo Estonia's Finnic language? 

question: When is the most recent written records of Finnic Languages of Estonia?

question: In what book were place names, words and fragments of sentences were not included?
context: The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.

qas: question: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
answers: text: a Lutheran manuscript

question: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
answers: text: 1524 and 1528

question: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
answers: text: destroyed

question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
answers: text: immediately after publication

question:  What was the last Estonian language book to be published?

question: Who wrote the first prayers? 

question:  What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1524?

question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript published?

question: What manuscript was written in 1528?
context: The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

qas: question: What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?
answers: text: S. Wanradt and J. Koell

question: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?
answers: text: 1535

question: What type of book was it?
answers: text: bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism

question: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
answers: text: An Estonian grammar book

question: What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?
answers: text: 1637

question: Who wrote the last Estonian book? 

question: What book was published in Eastern Estonia in 1715?

question: What book was not used by priests in 1637?

question: Who wrote in Eastern Estonian? 

question: Who wrote the grammar book in 1637? 
context: The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.

qas: question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
answers: text: Kristjan Jaak Peterson

question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
answers: text: patriotic and philosophical

question: When was Peterson born?
answers: text: March 14

question: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?
answers: text: Mother Tongue Day

question: What university did Peterson attend?
answers: text: German-language University of Dorpat

question: Which Estonian playwright works were printed from 1810 to 1820?

question:  What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson novels on?

question: Whose birthday is on March 13th? 

question: What day is Father Tongue Day on?

question:  What university was Peterson rejected from?
context: The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

qas: question: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
answers: text: 23,868

question: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
answers: text: 14,503

question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
answers: text: Estonian

question: How many books were published in Etonian before 1525?

question: How many Estonian books were published after 1917 through today?

question: How many books were published before 1918?

question: How many books were published after 1940?
context: From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

qas: question: What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?
answers: text: Age of Enlightenment

question: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
answers: text: Baltic Germans

question: Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?
answers: text: Estophile educated class

question: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
answers: text: Danes and Germans

question: When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?
answers: text: 13th century

question:  What Age's ideas did not allow Estonian writings to gain significance?

question:  Who did not want their future to be fused with Estonians?

question:  Who had did not like the ancient Estonian culture?

question:  Who conquered the ancient Danes?

question:  Who conquered the ancient Germans?
context: Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.

qas: question: What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?
answers: text: 1919

question: After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?
answers: text: Estonian

question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?
answers: text: 97.3%

question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
answers: text: Estonian

question: What year did Estonia have a civil war? 

question: What percentage of Estonians did not speak Estonian in 1945?

question: What war took place in 1945?

question: What language did ethnic Estonians refuse to speak?

question: What year did Estonia fail at getting independence? 
context: After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

qas: question: What happened to Estonia during WWII?
answers: text: invaded and occupied

question: Who invaded Estonia?
answers: text: Soviet Union

question: After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?
answers: text: Russian

question: What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?
answers: text: Latvia

question: What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?
answers: text: pressure of bilingualism

question: What country did not occupy Estonia? 

question: What happened to Estonia during WWI from the Soviet Union?

question:  What became more intense in the early 1970's in Estonia?

question: What is the third language of Estonia? 

question: What language was terms the "language of enemy nations"?
context: When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.

qas: question: What historical event once again freed Estonia?
answers: text: collapse of the Soviet Union

question: Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?
answers: text: Estonian

question: What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?
answers: text: Russian

question: What came into being in January 1989?
answers: text: The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language

question: What historical event once again enslaved Estonia?

question: Following the Soviet rise what became the only official Estonian Language?

question: What language became less popular prior to the Soviet collapse? 

question:  What came into being in February 1989?

question: When was Russian encouraged to be used in Estonia?
context: During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.

qas: question: Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?
answers: text: above 70%

question: When Soviet immigrants joined Estonia, how many Estonians lived in Estonia?

question: How many native Estonians adopted Estonian? 

question: What percentage of Estonians spoke Russian in 2000?

question: What percentage of Soviets spoke Estonian? 

question: What percentage of Latvians spoke Russian?  
context: The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census.

qas: question: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
answers: text: two

question: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
answers: text: the northern and southern dialects

question: What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?
answers: text: Tallinn

question: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
answers: text: the northeastern coast of Estonia

question: What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?
answers: text: Tartu

question: What city is north of Tallinn? 

question: What city is south of Tartu? 

question: What is the city where the eastern dialect was historically spoken?

question:  Where is the kirderanniku dialect not spoken?
context: The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.

qas: question: What dialect is also known as the central dialect?
answers: text: the keskmurre

question: What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?
answers: text: the idamurre or eastern dialect

question: What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?
answers: text: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa

question: What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?
answers: text: the läänemurre

question: What dialect is also known as the middle dialect?

question:  What is the dialect from the city of Peipsi?

question: What dialects of the southern group are spoken on the saarte murre?

question: What is another name for Estonian's southern dialect?
context: The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.

qas: question: What dialects comprise the southern group?
answers: text: the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects

question: More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?
answers: text: their culture

question: Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?
answers: text: separate languages altogether

question: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?
answers: text: Christian

question:  What dialects do not comprise the southern group?

question: How are the seto and voro communties similar?

question:  What religion is rejected by the Seto and Võro?
context: The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.

qas: question: From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?
answers: text: Latin

question: What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?
answers: text: Finnish

question: In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?
answers: text: [æ], as in English mat

question:  From what script does the Swedish language get its alphabet?

question:  From what script does the German language get its alphabet?

question: What vowels are not separate phonemes?

question: What letters are not limited to proper names of foreign origin?
context: Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), Ä is pronounced [æ], as in English mat. The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ, and is used to transcribe the Russian ы.

qas: question: What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?
answers: text: phonemic principles

question: To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?
answers: text: one

question: What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?
answers: text: some historical and morphological deviations

question: On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh?
answers: text: Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž

question: What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?
answers: text: Pasha (pas-ha)

question:  What principles never govern the Estonian orthography?

question: On what occasions are š and ž replaced with ch and zu?

question:  What is an example of a word not containing a voiceless glottal fricative?

question: Foreign names are not considered what? 
context: Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.

qas: question:  In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?
answers: text: Newer Orthography

question: Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?
answers: text: Eduard Ahrens

question: In what century was the Newer Orthography created?
answers: text: 19th century

question: Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?
answers: text: Older Orthography

question: From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?
answers: text: standard German orthography

question: In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography reject?

question: When was Eduard Ahrens born? 

question: When did Eduard Ahrens die?

question: When did Newer Orthography end? 

question: When did German orthography stop being influential?
context: Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.

qas: question: In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?
answers: text: Russian

question: What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?
answers: text: Encyclopædia Britannica

question: What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?
answers: text: "ostrov Khiuma"

question: What famous encyclopedia contains a Estonian back-transliteration of Russian?

question: What is the Estonian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?

question: What is the Estonian translation of ostrov?

question: What is the Estonian translation of Khiuma?
context: It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma).

qas: question: What is the typological form of Estonian?
answers: text: transitional

question: What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?
answers: text: an agglutinating language

question: What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?
answers: text: a fusional language

question: How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?
answers: text: subject–verb–object

question:  What is not the typological form of Estonian?

question:  What sort of form is Estonian moving away from into?

question: What is the incorrect order of words in Estonian canonically?
context: Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object).

qas: question: What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?
answers: text: Estonian

question: In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?
answers: text: adjectives

question: What language relies on gendered nouns and pronouns?

question: In nominative cases what never agrees with the noun in number and case?

question: What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? 

question: How many cases to verbs decline?
context: In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja – majahan.

qas: question: What other language has a telicity contrast?
answers: text: Finnish

question: Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?
answers: text: partitive

question: What is the accusative used for?
answers: text: total objects

question: What language does not have a telicity contrast?

question: Where can the direct object of the noun be found?

question:  Why is the accusative rejected?

question: What is an example of a partial object?

question: What does a transitive noun create?
context: The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

qas: question: From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?
answers: text: verbal system

question: What is used in place of the future tense?
answers: text: present tense

question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?
answers: text: special forms

question:  From what system is a distinctive future tense prominent?

question: What is used in place of the past tense?

question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an determined subject?

question: What is performed by the undetermined subject?
context: The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

qas: question: Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
answers: text: Germanic languages

question: What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?
answers: text: Low Saxon

question: When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?
answers: text: during the period of German rule

question: From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?
answers: text: High German

question: Standard German is part of what Germanic language?
answers: text: High German

question: What language does Estonian have very close origins with? 

question: When did Low Saxon stop being part of the Estonian language?

question: From what non-Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?

question: Non-Standard German is part of what Germanic language?

question: Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
context: Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

qas: question: What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?
answers: text: 'b' & 'p'

question: What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?
answers: text: The initial letter 's' is often dropped

question: In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?
answers: text: pagas

question: What two letters can never be replaced with each other in Estonian?

question:  What happens to the first letter when a word starts with an 'L'?

question: In an example of replacing 's' with 'g' how is 'baggage' pronounced?

question: What word does Tool become when you apply the interchangeable rule?

question: What word does Loopima become when you drop the appropriate letter?
context: Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

qas: question: Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?
answers: text: Ado Grenzstein

question: In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?
answers: text: 1870s–90s

question: What is another term for making up words from nothing?
answers: text: formation ex nihilo

question: Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?
answers: text: Ado Grenzstein

question:  Who was the journalist refused to be a language planner?

question:  In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Germany?

question: When was Ado Grenzstein born?

question: When did Ado Grenzstein die?

question: What is the word for creating new words out of old words?
context: Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

qas: question: Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?
answers: text: Johannes Aavik

question: What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?
answers: text: 1880–1973

question: What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?
answers: text: creations ex nihilo

question: In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?
answers: text: Aavik’s dictionary

question: How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?
answers: text: approximately 4000

question: Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the least well known?

question:  What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik lived in Germany?

question: What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of old words?

question:  In what publication were examples of ex nihilo words eliminated?

question: What dictionary has under 3000 words?
context: The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

qas: question: What languages did Aavik know?
answers: text: Ancient Greek, Latin and French

question: When was Aavik's dictionary published?
answers: text: 1921

question: What is another term for words created by Aavik?
answers: text: Aavikisms

question: Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?
answers: text: foreign lexical items

question: What languages did Aavik create?

question:  When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed?

question:  What is another term for words Aavik destroyed?

question: Aavik's ex nihilo terms were not influenced by what?
context: Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.