Tibet

qas: question: What is the highest elevation in Tibet?
answers: text: Mount Everest

question: Which continent contains Tibet?
answers: text: Asia

question: What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?
answers: text: 16,000

question: How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?
answers: text: 29,029

question: Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?
answers: text: Tibet

question: Where is the Asian Plateau? 

question: What ethnic groups live on Mount Everest?

question: What has an average elevation of 4,900 feet?

question: What rises 8,848 ft above sea level?

question: What is he Xizang term for Tibet?
context: Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

qas: question: When were the current borders of Tibet established?
answers: text: 18th century

question: When did the Tibetan empire emerge?
answers: text: 7th century

question: Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?
answers: text: Sichuan and Qinghai

question: Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?
answers: text: Battle of Chamdo

question: What empire emerged in the 18th century?

question: What central regions maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure?

question: After what battle did Tibet fall under Mongol leadership?

question: What current feature was established in the 7th century?
context: The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.

qas: question: In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?
answers: text: 1959

question: In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?
answers: text: 1912

question: Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?
answers: text: western and central Tibet

question: Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?
answers: text: Battle of Chamdo

question: What year did the Qing Revolution take place?

question: What region declared independence in 1912?

question: Where did Tibet become incorporated into in 1915?

question: What was abolished in 1599?
context: Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.

qas: question: What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?
answers: text: subsistence agriculture

question: What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?
answers: text: tourism

question: What is the dominant religion in Tibet?
answers: text: Tibetan Buddhism

question: What is a staple food in Tibet?
answers: text: yak meat

question: Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?
answers: text: Chinese and Indian

question: What is dominated by tourism?

question: What dominant system is Bon?

question: What are staple foods in Chinese areas?

question: What is the primary influence on staple foods in Tibet?
context: The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea.

qas: question: What is the Tibetan name for the area?
answers: text: Bod

question: Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod "Tibet"?
answers: text: Bautai

question: What area did Bod originally refer to?
answers: text: central region around Lhasa

question: What is the Egyptian name for Tibetan land?

question: Who made the first reference to Bod "Tibet?"

question: When was the first written reference to Tibet by the Egyptian people made?

question: When was Periplus of the Geographia Sea written?
context: The Tibetan name for their land, Bod བོད་, means "Tibet" or "Tibetan Plateau", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [pʰøʔ˨˧˨], is transcribed Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod "Tibet" was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhauṭṭa of the Indian geographical tradition.

qas: question: How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?
answers: text: Zangqu

question: How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?
answers: text: Zang

question: During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?
answers: text: Qing

question: Which Chinese suffix means "area, district, region, ward"?
answers: text: qū

question: What is the Tsang exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region?

question: What does the Chinese suffix uq mean?

question: What does the prefix ix mean?

question: What people, language and culture is the term Jiaqing referring to?

question: How long did the Qing dynasty last for?
context: The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng) although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 xī) to Zang.

qas: question: What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?
answers: text: Tubo

question: When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?
answers: text: 7th century

question: Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?
answers: text: William H. Baxter

question: What is the best known Chinese name for Tubo?

question: What book describes the 680-690 emissaries from Namri Songsten?

question: Who else in addition to Emperor Yang Songsten does the Old Book of Tang describe?

question: What did Baxter H. William reconstruct? 
context: The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).

qas: question: Who is an American Tibetologist?
answers: text: Elliot Sperling

question: What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?
answers: text: Tubote

question: What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?
answers: text: Wusiguo

question: Who was Sperling Elliot?

question: Who fought to revive the term Xizang?

question: What word is Xizang the modern version of?

question: What does Tubote include instead of the entire Tibetan plateau?
context: Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: 烏斯國; pinyin: Wūsīguó; cf. Tibetan dbus, Ü, [wyʔ˨˧˨]), Wusizang (Chinese: 烏斯藏; pinyin: wūsīzàng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, Ü-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè), and Tanggute (Chinese: 唐古忒; pinyin: Tánggǔtè, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: 图伯特; traditional Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

qas: question: How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?
answers: text: approximately 6 million

question: How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?
answers: text: approximately 150,000

question: Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?
answers: text: political reasons

question: Where have 6 million exiles fled to?

question: What is spoken by 156,000 people?

question: What type of dialects are Dzongkha and Sherpa considered?

question: What reason do the speakers of Kham consider their language to be separate? 
context: The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

qas: question: What is written Tibetan base on?
answers: text: Classical Tibetan

question: What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?
answers: text: Tibetan empire

question: From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?
answers: text: ancient Indian Brāhmī script

question: What runs from northern Pakistan to Ladakhi?

question: What is Sichuan derived from?

question: What is the ancient Indian Brahmi script derived from?

question: What languages does the Indian language share script with?
context: Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

qas: question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?
answers: text: Amdo region

question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?
answers: text: western Tibet

question: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?
answers: text: Zhang Zhung

question: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?
answers: text: Drigum Tsenpo

question: Who was the first factual king of Tibet?
answers: text: Songtsän Gampo

question: What region did the Amdo culture migrate from?

question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to from the region of Guge?

question: What is the Amdo Region considered to be the original home of?

question: Who annexed the Zhuang Zhung in the 1st century BCE?

question: In what valley did a kingdom arise in the 7th century?
context: The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

qas: question: Who founded the Tibetan Empire?
answers: text: Songtsän Gampo

question: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?
answers: text: Princess Wencheng

question: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?
answers: text: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti

question: What did Songtsan Gampo unite?
answers: text: parts of the Yarlung River Valley

question: Who ruled Tibet from 640-650 CE?

question: What began in the period from 640 to 650 CE?

question: What empire did Gampo Songstan found?

question: Who was Princess Wencheng the first wife of?

question: Who was the Princess of Nepal the second wife of?
context: The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

qas: question: When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?
answers: text: 821/822 CE

question: Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?
answers: text: Jokhang temple in Lhasa

question: When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?
answers: text: mid-9th century

question: What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?
answers: text: Era of Fragmentation

question: What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?
answers: text: political control over Tibet

question: Who signed a peace treaty in 812/822 CE?

question: What stands outside the Lhasa temple in Jokhang?

question: What did a civil war in the mid-8th century lead to?

question: What did the Era of Succession follow?
context: In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.

qas: question: Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?
answers: text: Mongol Yuan

question: What was a dpon-chen?
answers: text: great administrator

question: Who confirmed the dpon-chen?
answers: text: Mongol emperor

question: Who was the political authority of the region?
answers: text: Sakya lama

question: Who held administrative and military power?
answers: text: dpon-chen

question: What was one of the Mongol Yuan department's purposes?

question: What is the Yuan term for the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs?

question: What did the Mongol lama retain?

question: What did Mongol rule of China remain separate from?

question: What troops did the Sayka lama have the authority to send?
context: The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

qas: question: Who managed religious and regional political affairs?
answers: text: Tibet

question: Who managed structural and administrative rule?
answers: text: Mongols

question: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?
answers: text: Mongolian prince Khuden

question: Who founded the Yuan dynasty?
answers: text: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan

question: What did the Mongols retain nominal power over?

question: What did Tibet manage over the region?

question: When did Emperor Khuden gain temporal power in Tibet?

question: When did Prince Yuan gain temporal power in Tibet?

question: Who gained temporal power in the 1420s?
context: Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

qas: question: When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?
answers: text: Between 1346 and 1354

question: Who founded the Gelug school?
answers: text: disciples of Je Tsongkhapa

question: Who dominated politics after 1435?
answers: text: minister family Rinpungpa

question: What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?
answers: text: Karma Kagyu

question: Who topped the Sakya between 1436 and 1534?

question: What was founded during 1436 and 1534?

question: Who founded the Sakya Dynasty?

question: What was the Tsongkhapa school also known as?

question: Who dominated politics after 1453?
context: Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.

qas: question: Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?
answers: text: 5th Dalai Lama

question: Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?
answers: text: Güshi Khan

question: What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?
answers: text: Lhasa state

question: What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?
answers: text: Ganden Phodrang

question: Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of Kagyu?

question: What was the Gelug prince defeated after?

question: What was Gushi Oirat the leader of?

question: What civil administration did Gushi Khan establish?
context: The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.

qas: question: When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?
answers: text: 1720

question: When did Amdo come under Qing control?
answers: text: 1724

question: When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?
answers: text: 1728

question: Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?
answers: text: Qing

question: What was the governing councel called?
answers: text: Kashag

question: What dynasty began their rule in 1702?

question: What came under Qing control in 1742?

question: What happened to eastern Kham in 1782?

question: How were the Ambans living in Lhasa killed in 1705?

question: What did the Qing commander do in 1732 and 1728?
context: Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

qas: question: When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?
answers: text: 1792

question: Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?
answers: text: push the invading Nepalese out

question: What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?
answers: text: Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet

question: When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?
answers: text: 18th century

question: What happened in 1729?

question: When did the Chinese Emperor send a large army into Tibet?

question: What written plan did the Nepalese produce?

question: What year was the attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province?

question: Who dominated Tibet during the entire 18th century?
context: For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.

qas: question: When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.
answers: text: 1774

question: Who came to Tibet from Europe?
answers: text: Jesuits and Capuchins

question: When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?
answers: text: 19th century

question: Who came to Shigatse in 1747?

question: Why did George Bogle go to Shigatse in 1747?

question: Which empire encroached from northern India in 1774?

question: Which empire was expanding into Asia in 1774?
context: This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

qas: question: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?
answers: text: 1904

question: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?
answers: text: 13th Dalai Lama

question: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
answers: text: 600

question: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
answers: text: 12

question: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?
answers: text: Francis Younghusband

question: Who invaded Tibet in 1940?

question: Who did the 12th Dalai Lama negotiate with?

question: What took place on December 13, 1903?

question: What resulted in 600 British fatalities?

question: What resulted in 12 Tibetan fatalities? 
context: In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

qas: question: When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?
answers: text: 1911–12

question: Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?
answers: text: Dalai Lama

question: When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?
answers: text: 1913

question: When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?
answers: text: 1914

question: Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?
answers: text: illegal

question: What revolution took place in 1913?

question: What dynasty did the 1913 Xinhai Revolution topple?

question: Who governed Tibet for 63 years?

question: What did the Tibetan government sign in 1913?

question: Who did Tibet sign the Simla Accord with in 1913?
context: After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.

qas: question: Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?
answers: text: Dharamsala

question: How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?
answers: text: between 200,000 and 1,000,000

question: How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?
answers: text: 6,000

question: When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?
answers: text: 1962

question: To where did Chinese troops withdraw?
answers: text: north of the McMahon Line

question: Where in Beijing did the Dalai Lama's government flee?

question: What rebellion took place in 1962?

question: When did 6,000 Tibetans die?

question: Who fought in a 1959 war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions?

question: What were 200,000 monasteries destroyed during?
context: After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.

qas: question: When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?
answers: text: 1980

question: When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?
answers: text: 1989

question: What did the government do when it halted reforms?
answers: text: started an anti-separatist campaign

question: When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?
answers: text: 2008

question: For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?
answers: text: human rights

question: Who visited Tibet in 1989?

question: Who started protesting for independence in 1980?

question: What organisations have been critical of Tibet and Beijing's governments?

question: What protests are the 1980 independence protests compared to?
context: In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

qas: question: On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?
answers: text: Nepal

question: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?
answers: text: 29,029

question: Where is the source of the Yangtze river?
answers: text: Tibetan Plateau

question: What is 8,848 ft tall?

question: What rivers have their source in the Yangtze Plateau?

question: What is the deepest and longest canyon in the world?

question: What river is the Tsangpo Yarlung Grand Canyon located along?

question: What does Nepal have that make a top ten list?
context: Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

qas: question: Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?
answers: text: Mount Kailash

question: Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?
answers: text: Lord Shiva

question: What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?
answers: text: Khang Rinpoche

question: Which lake is the largest in China?
answers: text: Qinghai Lake

question: What mountain is a holy site for Hindus and Indus?

question: Who do the Tibetans consider Mount Kailash to be the abode of?

question: What is the Hindu name for Mt. Kailash?

question: What are the Hindu words for high-altitude lakes?
context: The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

qas: question: What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?
answers: text: 18 inches

question: What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?
answers: text: Indian monsoon

question: What are winters like in Tibet?
answers: text: intense cold

question: What has an annual average of only 9 inches?

question: What effect does the shadow rain have on Tibet?

question: What influences the weather in northern Tibet?
context: The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

qas: question: Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?
answers: text: lowest

question: What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?
answers: text: increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism

question: What is Tibet exempt from?
answers: text: all taxation

question: From which area does tourism bring the most income?
answers: text: sale of handicrafts

question: What are the main crops grown in China?

question: Where is Tibet ranked out of China's 13 provinces on the Human Development Index?

question: What percentage of Tibet's tourism comes from the sale of handicrafts?
context: The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China’s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.

qas: question: In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?
answers: text: 2010

question: Members of which committee attended the conference?
answers: text: CPC Politburo Standing Committee

question: By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?
answers: text: 2020

question: What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?
answers: text: education

question: How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?
answers: text: about 45.6 billion

question: Who attended the 2018 conference on Tibet?

question: Where was the 2018 conference on Tibet held?

question: During what year was Tibet's GDP expected to reach 47.3 billion yuan?

question: Who has invested 310 billion U.S. dollars in Tibet?

question: How much money did China invest in 2001?
context: From January 18–20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. "Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years."

qas: question: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?
answers: text: six red bands in the Tibetan flag

question: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?
answers: text: ethnic Tibetans

question: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?
answers: text: India

question: What groups represented by the red bands in the flag of India are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people?

question: What other ethnic groups live throughout all of Tibet?

question: What does the population of Tibet consist of?
context: Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

qas: question: What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?
answers: text: Religion

question: What is the ancient religion of Tibet?
answers: text: Bön

question: When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?
answers: text: During China's Cultural Revolution

question: When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?
answers: text: Before the 1950s

question: What has Tibetan Buddhism been almost eclipsed by?

question: What country introduced Bon into Tibet?

question: Where is Mongolian Buddhism practiced besides Tibet?

question: How many males in Tibet were monks in 1950?
context: Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, parts of northern India, the Buryat Republic, the Tuva Republic, and in the Republic of Kalmykia and some other parts of China. During China's Cultural Revolution, nearly all Tibet's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted – although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks.

qas: question: What are Tibetan Muslims known as?
answers: text: Kachee

question: Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?
answers: text: Persia

question: In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?
answers: text: 1959

question: What is the Chinese Muslim community called?
answers: text: gya kachee

question: What group of people has been living in Tibet since 1959?

question: What is an Indian term for Muslims?

question: What is an Indian term for Chinese Muslims?
context: Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.

qas: question: When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?
answers: text: 17th and 18th centuries

question: When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?
answers: text: 1624

question: When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?
answers: text: 1626

question: Who arrived in Western Tibet in 1642?

question: Where did Father Antonio de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reach in 1642?

question: How many converts were there by 1672?

question: What was established in 1662?
context: Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

qas: question: When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?
answers: text: 1661

question: When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?
answers: text: 1716–1721

question: How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?
answers: text: counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect

question: Who crossed Nepal before heading to Tibet in 1661?

question: Who remained in Tibet after building a church in Sining from 1716-1721?

question: What happened in 1754?

question: Who expelled the missionaries in 1754?
context: In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

qas: question: When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?
answers: text: 1877

question: When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?
answers: text: Beginning in the 20th century

question: How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?
answers: text: Famous earlier missionaries

question: Where did Cameron James walk in 1877?

question: Where was Cameron James from?

question: Who came to Tibet in 1787?

question: Who was James O. Broomhall and Alfred James Fraser?
context: In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

qas: question: Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?
answers: text: the Dalai Lama

question: How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?
answers: text: thirteen

question: How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?
answers: text: 10,000

question: What is Norbulingka?
answers: text: former summer residence of the Dalai Lama

question: What is 117 metres tall and 1180 metres wide?

question: What is 117 feet in height?

question: Where does the Dalai Lama live?

question: Where does the Dalai Lama live in the summer?

question: Where are there 10,000 chapels?
context: Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.

qas: question: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?
answers: text: Tibetan or Sanskrit

question: What do the chants often contain?
answers: text: recitations of sacred texts

question: What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?
answers: text: Yang

question: What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?
answers: text: classical

question: What does Sanskrit music often involve?

question: What does Yang chanting involve reciting?

question: What other schools are romantic music associated with in addition to Gelugpa school?
context: Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

qas: question: What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?
answers: text: Buddha

question: What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?
answers: text: Losar

question: What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?
answers: text: Guthuk

question: When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?
answers: text: between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month

question: Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?
answers: text: Tsong Khapa

question: What prayer festival precedes Losar?

question: What event was established in 1094?

question: What event was established by Khapa Tsong?

question: What event follows the Monlam Prayer Festival?
context: Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.

qas: question: What is the most important crop in Tibet?
answers: text: barley

question: What is dough made from barley flour called?
answers: text: tsampa

question: What are steamed dumplings called?
answers: text: momos

question: What is a popular drink in Tibet?
answers: text: Butter tea

question: What seed is cultivated in Tibet?
answers: text: Mustard

question: What are meat dumplings called?

question: What are barley doughs called?

question: Where is potato seed heavily cultivated? 
context: The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour—called tsampa—is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink.