Hellenistic_period

qas: question: What mathematician advance Greek Science?
answers: text: Greek Science

question: What period saw the rise of New Comedy?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: When was the Battle of Actium?
answers: text: 31 BC

question: When did Alexander the Great die?
answers: text: 323 BC

question: What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: dd
answers: text: Buddhism

question: d
answers: text: the Gre
context: The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.

qas: question: What is a common Attic-based dialect?
answers: text: Koine Greek

question: Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: north-east Africa

question: Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?
answers: text: South Asia

question: Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?
answers: text: South Asia

question: Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?
answers: text: south-west Asia
context: After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.

qas: question: When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: 31 BC

question: Who was the Roman emporer?
answers: text: Constantine the Great

question: When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?
answers: text: 330 AD

question: What term defines the influence of Greek culture?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?
answers: text: Constantinople
context: Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.

qas: question: Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?
answers: text: J. G. Droysen

question: What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?
answers: text: History of Hellenism

question: Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?
answers: text: Matthew Arnold

question: What century did Hellenistic become a concept?
answers: text: 19th

question: In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?
answers: text: Hellenism
context: "Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.

qas: question: How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?
answers: text: Some

question: How often did Greek population and natives mix?
answers: text: not always

question: What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?
answers: text: Hellenistic
context: The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.

qas: question: What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?
answers: text: Polybius

question: Where was Polybius from?
answers: text: Megalopolis

question: Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?
answers: text: Rome

question: What years do Polybius books cover?
answers: text: 220 to 167 BCE

question: What League was Polybius a statesman?
answers: text: Achaean
context: While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.

qas: question: When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?
answers: text: 60 and 30 BCE

question: What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?
answers: text: battle of Ipsus

question: Who wrote Parallel Lives?
answers: text: Plutarch

question: Where was Apprian from?
answers: text: Alexandria

question: Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?
answers: text: Plutarch
context: The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.

qas: question: When was the Peloponnesian War?
answers: text: 431–404 BC

question: What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?
answers: text: Theban

question: When was the Battle of Leuctra?
answers: text: 371 BC

question: When was the Battle of Mantinea?
answers: text: 362 BC

question: Which king lend the rise of Macedon?
answers: text: Philip II
context: Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.

qas: question: When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
answers: text: 352 BC

question: Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
answers: text: Philip II

question: When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
answers: text: 338 BC

question: Who formed the League of Corinth?
answers: text: Philip

question: Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
answers: text: Achaemenid Empire of Persia
context: Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.

qas: question: Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
answers: text: Alexander

question: Who was the leading calvary commander?
answers: text: Perdiccas

question: Who order the death of Meleager?
answers: text: Perdiccas

question: What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
answers: text: Babylon

question: Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? 
answers: text: Arrian
context: Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".

qas: question: Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
answers: text: Cleopatra

question: Who was Alexander's sister?
answers: text: Cleopatra

question: Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
answers: text: Antigonus I Monophthalmus

question: Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?
answers: text: Anatolia

question: Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?
answers: text: Perdiccas
context: The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.

qas: question: When did Antipater die?
answers: text: 319 BC

question: Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
answers: text: Polyperchon

question: When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
answers: text: 317

question: Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
answers: text: Antigonus

question: Who sentenced Olympias to death?
answers: text: Cassander
context: The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.

qas: question: How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
answers: text: 25,000

question: Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
answers: text: Ptolemy

question: When was the Battle of Gaza?
answers: text: 312 BC

question: Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
answers: text: Cassander

question: What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
answers: text: 310
context: The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

qas: question: Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
answers: text: Demetrius

question: When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
answers: text: 307

question: Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
answers: text: Antigonus

question: What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
answers: text: Battle of Salamis

question: What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
answers: text: Cyprus
context: Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

qas: question: Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
answers: text: Seleucus

question: Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
answers: text: Antigonus

question: When was the Battle of Ipsus?
answers: text: 301 BCE

question: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
answers: text: Cilicia

question: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
answers: text: Cyprus
context: The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.

qas: question: When did Cassander die?
answers: text: 298 BCE

question: When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
answers: text: 294

question: Who captured Demetrius?
answers: text: Seleucus

question: What year was Seleucus killed?
answers: text: 281 BCE

question: At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
answers: text: Battle of Corupedium
context: After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.

qas: question: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
answers: text: Alexandria

question: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
answers: text: Antioch

question: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
answers: text: Alexander

question: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
answers: text: young and ambitious
context: During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

qas: question: When was the Lamian war?
answers: text: 323-322

question: When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
answers: text: 307

question: Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
answers: text: Antigonus

question: Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
answers: text: Ptolemaic Egypt

question: When was the Chremonidean War?
answers: text: 267-61
context: Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

qas: question: What years did Cleomenes III rule?
answers: text: 235–222 BCE

question: In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?
answers: text: Battle of Sellasia

question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
answers: text: Sparta

question: What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
answers: text: independent
context: Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.

qas: question: When was the Aetolian League formed?
answers: text: 370 BCE

question: When was the Achaean League formed?
answers: text: 280 BCE

question: Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?
answers: text: Northern League

question: What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
answers: text: sympoliteia

question: What league freed Corinth?
answers: text: Achean
context: Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.

qas: question: What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
answers: text: Colossus of Rhodes

question: What period did Rhodes prosper?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
answers: text: navy

question: What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
answers: text: 304-305 BCE
context: One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.

qas: question: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
answers: text: Chremonidean War

question: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
answers: text: Pangaeum

question: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
answers: text: 25,000 men

question: Who taught Antigonus II?
answers: text: Zeno of Citium

question: Who did Antigonus II defend against?
answers: text: Epirus
context: Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.

qas: question: When did Doson die?
answers: text: 221 BC

question: Who took control when Doson died?
answers: text: Philip V

question: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
answers: text: Philip V

question: What was Philip V known as?
answers: text: the darling of Hellas

question: When was the Peace of Naupactus?
answers: text: 217 BC
context: Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

qas: question: When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
answers: text: 215 BC

question: When did the First Macedonian War begin?
answers: text: 212 BC

question: When did the First Macedonian War end?
answers: text: 205 BC

question: How did the First Macedonian War end?
answers: text: inconclusively

question: Who defeated Philip?
answers: text: Titus Quinctius Flamininus
context: In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).

qas: question: What years did Queen Teutra reign?
answers: text: 231 BC to 227 BCE

question: From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?
answers: text: Ancient Greeks

question: What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?
answers: text: Ancient Macedon

question: What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?
answers: text: Illyrian

question: What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?
answers: text: Agrianes
context: The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).

qas: question: What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
answers: text: Thrace

question: Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
answers: text: Alexander

question: What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
answers: text: one fifth

question: What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
answers: text: Greek

question: Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
answers: text: Thracian
context: The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.

qas: question: What was Southern Italy refered to as?
answers: text: Magna Graecia

question: Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?
answers: text: 8th

question: Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?
answers: text: Agathocles of Syracuse

question: In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?
answers: text: Carthaginian

question: In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?
answers: text: 300 BCE
context: Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.

qas: question: What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?
answers: text: Massalia

question: How many inhabitants were in Massalia?
answers: text: 6,000

question: Who controlled Nice and Agde?
answers: text: Massalia

question: Massalia was the center of education according to whom?
answers: text: Strabo

question: When did Massalia side with Pompey?
answers: text: 49 BCE
context: Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.

qas: question: Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
answers: text: Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors

question: Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?
answers: text: military and paramilitary forces

question: Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?
answers: text: the monarch

question: What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?
answers: text: royal estates

question: Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
answers: text: Greco-Macedonian settlers
context: The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.

qas: question: Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?
answers: text: Ptolemy

question: When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?
answers: text: 323 BC

question: When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?
answers: text: 305 BC

question: What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?
answers: text: Soter

question: Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?
answers: text: Faiyum
context: Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.

qas: question: Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?
answers: text: Egyptian Pharaohs

question: What god did Ptolemy I create?
answers: text: Serapis

question: Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?
answers: text: strategoi

question: By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?
answers: text: Ancient Egyptian

question: Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?
answers: text: Serapis
context: The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.

qas: question: The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?
answers: text: the Seleucids

question: What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?
answers: text: Coele-Syria

question: Who won the great battle of Raphia?
answers: text: Ptolemy IV

question: When was the great battle of Raphia?
answers: text: 217 BCE

question: Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?
answers: text: Seleucids
context: Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.

qas: question: Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?
answers: text: 30 BC

question: All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
answers: text: Ptolemy

question: Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?
answers: text: Ptolemaic queens

question: Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?
answers: text: Cleopatra VII

question: How did Cleoptra die?
answers: text: suicide
context: Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.

qas: question: After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?
answers: text: Babylonia

question: Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?
answers: text: Eumenes I

question: Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?
answers: text: Antiochus I

question: What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?
answers: text: Antiochus Hierax

question: Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?
answers: text: Attalus I
context: Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.

qas: question: The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?
answers: text: Greco-Macedonian political elite

question: What are Seleucid garrisons called?
answers: text: choria

question: What are Seleucid military colonies called?
answers: text: katoikiai

question: Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?
answers: text: Ptolemy IV

question: What year did Ptolemy IV die?
answers: text: 204
context: The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

qas: question: Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?
answers: text: Philetaerus

question: Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?
answers: text: Seleucus I

question: Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?
answers: text: Philip V of Macedon

question: Where was the library of Pergamum located?
answers: text: Pergamon

question: What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?
answers: text: Pergamum Altar
context: After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.

qas: question: Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?
answers: text: Thrace

question: What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?
answers: text: battle of the Elephants

question: What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?
answers: text: Dying Gaul

question: What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?
answers: text: 2nd century BC

question: Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?
answers: text: Rome
context: The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.

qas: question: Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?
answers: text: The Bithynians

question: King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?
answers: text: Calas

question: Who assumed the title of king from Bas?
answers: text: Zipoetes I

question: When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?
answers: text: 297 BCE

question: Who founded Nicomedia?
answers: text: Nicomedes I
context: The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).

qas: question: Who married Stratonice?
answers: text: Ariarathes III

question: When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?
answers: text: 255 B.C.

question: Who was Stratonice's father?
answers: text: Antiochus II

question: Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?
answers: text: Ariarathes IV

question: What year was Ariarathes V defeated?
answers: text: 130 BCE
context: In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.

qas: question: What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?
answers: text: Pontus

question: Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?
answers: text: Mithridates I

question: When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?
answers: text: 291 BC

question: When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?
answers: text: 63 BC

question: What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?
answers: text: Greek
context: The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.

qas: question: Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?
answers: text: Mithridates VI

question: Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?
answers: text: Mithridates VI

question: What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
answers: text: anastole

question: Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?
answers: text: Herakles

question: Pontus was defeated in what wars?
answers: text: Mithridatic
context: The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.

qas: question: Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?
answers: text: Persia

question: Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?
answers: text: Mithranes

question: Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?
answers: text: Seleucid

question: What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?
answers: text: 212 BC

question: Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?
answers: text: Antiochus III the Great
context: Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.

qas: question: When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia?
answers: text: 190 BC

question: Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia?
answers: text: Artaxias

question: Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what?
answers: text: Philhellenes

question: What years did Tigranes the Great reign?
answers: text: 95–55 BC

question: Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies?
answers: text: Artavasdes II
context: After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization. Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. Some coins describe the Armenian kings as "Philhellenes". During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities including the entire Syrian tetrapolis. Cleopatra, the wife of Tigranes the Great, invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court, and - according to Plutarch - when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes. Tigranes' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself.

qas: question: When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?
answers: text: 247 BC

question: When did Andragoras' reign end?
answers: text: 238 BCE

question: Who killed Andragoras?
answers: text: Arsaces

question: What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?
answers: text: Parni

question: When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?
answers: text: 209 BC
context: Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip (satrap). In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace became a vassal of the Seleucids and it was not until the reign of Phraates I (168–165 BCE), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence.

qas: question: The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?
answers: text: Antiochus VII Sidetes

question: Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?
answers: text: Parthian

question: What years were the Roman–Parthian Wars?
answers: text: 66 BC – 217 AD

question: What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?
answers: text: Greek drachmas

question: The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?
answers: text: Iranian
context: During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid–Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets.

qas: question: What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?
answers: text: Nabatean Kingdom

question: What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?
answers: text: Petra

question: Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?
answers: text: Hasmoneans

question: Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?
answers: text: Aretas III Philhellene

question: What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?
answers: text: 1st
context: The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.

qas: question: What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?
answers: text: Judea

question: Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?
answers: text: High Priest of Israel

question: What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?
answers: text: Judaism

question: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?
answers: text: Antioch
context: During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.

qas: question: What was the Jewish elite class called?
answers: text: the Tobiads

question: Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?
answers: text: Antiochus III

question: When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?
answers: text: 198

question: What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?
answers: text: Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus

question: What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
answers: text: 174–135 BCE
context: Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah).

qas: question: What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
answers: text: Hasmonaean Dynasty

question: What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?
answers: text: 165 BCE to 63 BCE

question: Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?
answers: text: Antigonus II Mattathias

question: Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?
answers: text: Herod

question: When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?
answers: text: 37 BCE
context: Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.

qas: question: Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?
answers: text: Diodotus

question: When was Diodotus II overthrown?
answers: text: 230 BC

question: What leader overthrew Diodotus II?
answers: text: Euthydemus

question: The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?
answers: text: Antiochus III

question: Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?
answers: text: Euthydemus
context: The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.

qas: question: Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?
answers: text: Strabo

question: When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?
answers: text: 180 BC

question: Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?
answers: text: Demetrius

question: Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?
answers: text: Heliocles
context: According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

qas: question: Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?
answers: text: Apollodotus I

question: Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?
answers: text: Antimachus II

question: Who succeeded Antimachus II?
answers: text: Menander I

question: What religion did Menander I convert to?
answers: text: Buddhism

question: What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?
answers: text: Milinda
context: After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.

qas: question: When did Menander die?
answers: text: 130 BC

question: What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?
answers: text: Indo-Scythian

question: Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?
answers: text: Paropamisadae

question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
answers: text: in
context: After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.

qas: question: What does "sarvajnaa yavanaa" mean?
answers: text: the all-knowing Yavanas

question: Who said "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so."?
answers: text: The Mahabharata

question: Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?
answers: text: Varahamihira

question: Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy."
answers: text: The Mahabharata

question: Who said "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...."
answers: text: Varahamihira
context: Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." .

qas: question: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?
answers: text: Hellenistic
context: Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

qas: question: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?
answers: text: Crimean

question: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?
answers: text: Bosporan

question: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
answers: text: Pontic-Caspian steppe

question: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
answers: text: Greeks of Bactria

question: Hellenized Scythians were known as?
answers: text: young Scythians
context: Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

qas: question: What did the Greeks call Bahrain?
answers: text: Tylos

question: Where was the central point of pearl trading?
answers: text: Bahrain

question: Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?
answers: text: Nearchus

question: Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?
answers: text: Greek

question: Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?
answers: text: Shams
context: In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

qas: question: Carthage was on the coast of what country?
answers: text: Tunisia

question: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?
answers: text: military

question: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?
answers: text: Mago I of Carthage

question: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?
answers: text: phalanx

question: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?
answers: text: Xanthippus of Carthage
context: Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

qas: question: Rome dominated what peninsula?
answers: text: Italian

question: Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
answers: text: Roman

question: Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
answers: text: First Punic War

question: Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
answers: text: Romans
context: Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

qas: question: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
answers: text: Roman

question: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
answers: text: Philip V

question: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
answers: text: the Romans

question: When was the Battle of Cannae?
answers: text: 216 BC

question: In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
answers: text: Second Punic War
context: Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

qas: question: In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?
answers: text: the Balkans

question: Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?
answers: text: Philip

question: What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?
answers: text: 200 BC

question: What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?
answers: text: Battle of Cynoscephalae

question: What empire won the Second Macedonian War?
answers: text: Roman
context: Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.

qas: question: Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?
answers: text: Philip V

question: Who defeated Ptolemy?
answers: text: Antiochus

question: In what war was Ptolemy defeated?
answers: text: Fifth Syrian War

question: What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?
answers: text: Roman-Syrian War

question: What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?
answers: text: 192–188 BC
context: As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192–188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked.

qas: question: What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?
answers: text: Perseus

question: Perseus fought the Romans in what war?
answers: text: Third Macedonian War

question: When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?
answers: text: 146 BC

question: Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?
answers: text: Lucius Mummius

question: When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?
answers: text: 146 BC
context: Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.

qas: question: Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?
answers: text: Attalus III

question: When did Attalus III die?
answers: text: 133 BC

question: Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?
answers: text: Attalus III

question: In what year was the final Greek resistance?
answers: text: 88 BC

question: Who led the final Greek resistance?
answers: text: Mithridates of Pontus
context: The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity.

qas: question: Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?
answers: text: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

question: Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?
answers: text: Pompey the Great

question: Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?
answers: text: Cleopatra VII

question: At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?
answers: text: Battle of Actium

question: What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?
answers: text: Egypt
context: Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.

qas: question: Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?
answers: text: Hellenistic Greeks

question: What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?
answers: text: Alexandria

question: Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?
answers: text: Alexandria
context: In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories. The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature.

qas: question: Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?
answers: text: Athens

question: What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes?
answers: text: Library of Alexandria

question: Which city became a major center of book production?
answers: text: Pergamon

question: What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics?
answers: text: Rhodes

question: What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris?
answers: text: Seleucia
context: Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. Alexandria had the monumental Museum (i.e. research center) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes. The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production. The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. Libraries were also present in Antioch, Pella, and Kos. Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity. Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris.

qas: question: Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?
answers: text: Attic Greek

question: Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?
answers: text: Koine

question: Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?
answers: text: trade
context: The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states.

qas: question: The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?
answers: text: Interpretatio graeca

question: Who wrote the story of Crassus?
answers: text: Plutarch

question: Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?
answers: text: The Bacchae

question: A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?
answers: text: Ai-Khanoum
context: The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed 'Interpretatio graeca', facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap, and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus, in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows – larger than the theater in Babylon.

qas: question: Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?
answers: text: Alexander

question: Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?
answers: text: Persian

question: Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?
answers: text: the Macedonians

question: Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?
answers: text: megalomania
context: It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civilise the natives"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought in Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry. Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the 'barbarians'. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania during his later years.

qas: question: Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples?
answers: text: Greek

question: Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom?
answers: text: Greeks

question: What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates?
answers: text: highly localized

question: What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites?
answers: text: 2.5
context: Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native "barbarians" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus, but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite. The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the Seleucid empire for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class.

qas: question: Menander converted to what religion?
answers: text: Buddhism

question: Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?
answers: text: 2nd

question: Greeks adopted what from local cultures?
answers: text: customs
context: Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society.

qas: question: A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?
answers: text: adopt local ways

question: Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?
answers: text: Greek

question: Who did Greeks look down upon?
answers: text: non-Greeks

question: Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?
answers: text: Cleopatra VII
context: The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families, usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It is only until Cleopatra VII, that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects.

qas: question: What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?
answers: text: Isis

question: Zeus was paired with which local god?
answers: text: Ammon

question: Aphrodite was paired with which local god?
answers: text: Hagne

question: Isis was paired with what local god?
answers: text: Demeter
context: In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

qas: question: What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?
answers: text: Pharaonic

question: What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?
answers: text: isotheism

question: A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?
answers: text: Alexander

question: Where was Alexander's tomb located?
answers: text: Alexandria
context: The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.

qas: question: The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?
answers: text: traditional

question: Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?
answers: text: Sophists

question: What is the view "that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes" called?
answers: text: Euhemerism

question: Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?
answers: text: Epicurus

question: Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?
answers: text: down to earth
context: The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia. The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes.

qas: question: How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?
answers: text: charms

question: What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?
answers: text: astrology

question: Astrology was associated with which cult?
answers: text: Tyche

question: What does Tyche mean?
answers: text: luck

question: What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?
answers: text: grew
context: Magic was practiced widely, and these too, were a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology, which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period.

qas: question: Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?
answers: text: New Comedy

question: What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?
answers: text: Dyskolos

question: What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?
answers: text: The Supplementum Hellenisticum

question: What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?
answers: text: 342/1 BCE
context: The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BCE). Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism, marriage, romance and luck (Tyche). Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The Supplementum Hellenisticum, a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors.

qas: question: Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?
answers: text: kings

question: Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?
answers: text: Callimachus

question: Who said "Big book, big evil"?
answers: text: Callimachus

question: What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?
answers: text: Pinakes

question: Who wrote Argonautica?
answers: text: Apollonius of Rhodes
context: Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.

qas: question: What city remained the center of philosophical thought?
answers: text: Athens

question: What does ataraxia mean?
answers: text: un-disturbedness

question: What does autarky mean?
answers: text: self-sufficiency

question: What does apatheia mean?
answers: text: freedom from suffering
context: During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.

qas: question: Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?
answers: text: Epicurus

question: Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?
answers: text: Diogenes of Sinope

question: Which group embraced hedonism?
answers: text: Cyrenaics

question: Who founded Stoicism?
answers: text: Zeno of Citium

question: Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?
answers: text: Antiochus of Ascalon
context: The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.

qas: question: The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?
answers: text: Hellenistic

question: What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?
answers: text: Alexandria

question: What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?
answers: text: 3rd
context: Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.

qas: question: When did Archimedes die?
answers: text: 212 BC

question: When was Euclid born?
answers: text: 325

question: Who worked on the five Platonic solids?
answers: text: Euclid

question: Who measured the circumference of the Earth?
answers: text: Eratosthenes

question: Who was the Father of Geomtery?
answers: text: Eratosthenes
context: Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287 – 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the ﬁve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the "Father of Geography ", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.

qas: question: When was Hipparchus born?
answers: text: 190

question: Hipparchus measured the precession of what?
answers: text: Earth

question: Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?
answers: text: Pliny

question: Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?
answers: text: Farnese Atlas

question: Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?
answers: text: Aristarchos of Samos
context: Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.

qas: question: What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?
answers: text: Antikythera mechanism

question: Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?
answers: text: 10th

question: What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?
answers: text: Al-Biruni

question: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?
answers: text: 150–100 BC
context: The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

qas: question: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?
answers: text: Praxagoras of Kos

question: Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?
answers: text: Herophilos

question: Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?
answers: text: Empiric

question: Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?
answers: text: Herophilos
context: Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

qas: question: Philip II used a dense military formation called what?
answers: text: Macedonian Phalanx

question: Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?
answers: text: larger

question: The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?
answers: text: Thureos

question: From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?
answers: text: Mauryan empire

question: What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?
answers: text: African elephant
context: Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

qas: question: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?
answers: text: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

question: Who invented the Polybolos?
answers: text: Dionysios of Alexandria

question: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?
answers: text: ballista

question: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?
answers: text: 160 ton

question: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?
answers: text: 12-month
context: Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

qas: question: Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?
answers: text: pathos

question: Character is called what in Hellenistic art?
answers: text: ethos

question: Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?
answers: text: Zeuxis

question: The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?
answers: text: passion

question: What painting epitomized the female nude?
answers: text: Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles
context: Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.

qas: question: Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?
answers: text: Peiraikos

question: Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?
answers: text: Galatians

question: All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?
answers: text: Alexander the Great

question: Venus de Milo belongs to which period?
answers: text: Hellenistic
context: People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

qas: question: Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?
answers: text: Zeuxis

question: Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?
answers: text: larger

question: Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?
answers: text: Seleucus

question: What is a Greek royal palace called?
answers: text: basileion

question: What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?
answers: text: villa of Cassander at Vergina
context: Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.

qas: question: Who said "then art dissapeared"?
answers: text: Pliny the Elder

question: The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?
answers: text: Vergina

question: Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?
answers: text: Golden Age of Classical Athens

question: What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?
answers: text: 18th
context: There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

qas: question: What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?
answers: text: 19th

question: How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?
answers: text: a mirror

question: The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?
answers: text: unfair
context: The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:

qas: question: Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?
answers: text: William Woodthorpe Tarn

question: Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?
answers: text: Russian Revolution

question: Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?
answers: text: Arnaldo Momigliano

question: Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?
answers: text: class

question: Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?
answers: text: C. Préaux
context: However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.