Tristan_da_Cunha

qas: question: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
answers: text: volcanic

question: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?
answers: text: south Atlantic Ocean

question: how many square kilometres  is the island?
answers: text: 98

question: what type of island group are the islands?
answers: text: archipelago

question: WHat is the name for the main kilometres of the group?

question: Which is the least remotely inhabited archipelago in the world?

question: What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the north Atlantic Ocean?

question: What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the south Pacific Ocean?

question: What is the name for the group of remote wildlife reserves in the north Atlantic Ocean?
context: Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

qas: question: what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?
answers: text: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena

question: What is the population of the island?
answers: text: 267

question: what other island is included in the territory?
answers: text: Ascension Island

question: Which territory is Saint Helena part of?

question: Which territory is Axcension part of?

question: Which territory is British overseas a part of?

question: What is located 3,730 miles north of Tristan?

question: Which Island is located 3,730 kilometres south of Tristan?
context: Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

qas: question: in what year were the islands first sighted?
answers: text: 1506

question: what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?
answers: text: Tristão da Cunha

question: who was the main island named after?
answers: text: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha

question: what year was it said the first island landing was made?
answers: text: 1520

question: Who first sighted the Islands in 1643?

question: Who made the first undisputed landing in 1506?

question: Who was the captain of the Tristan da Cunha?

question: When do some sources say the British made the first landing?

question: By who was the Las Gerritsz captained?
context: The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.

qas: question: what was the name of the first long term settler? 
answers: text: Jonathan Lambert

question: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?
answers: text: December 1810

question: what did one of the settlers rename the islands?
answers: text: Islands of Refreshment

question: From where was the last permanent settler to the islands?

question: Who was the last permanent settler to the islands?

question: In which month of 1810 did the last permanent settler arrive to the islands?

question: In which year did the last permanent settler arrive at the islands?

question: Where did the only survivor, Thomas Currie, remain a dead man?
context: The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.

qas: question: in what year did the UK annex the islands?
answers: text: 1816

question: where did the UK rule the islands from?
answers: text: South Africa

question: In what year did the islands annex the United Kingdom?

question: From where did the islands rule the United Kingdom?

question: When were the islands annexed by Napoleon Bonaparte?

question: Where was the prison of Tristan da Cunha located?

question: What prevented the US from using Napoleon Bonaparte as a cruiser base?
context: In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.

qas: question: in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?
answers: text: 1867

question: what was the main settlement named?
answers: text: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

question: who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?
answers: text: Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson

question: When did the third son of Queen Victoria visit the islands?

question: When did Queen Victoria visit the islands?

question: When did Edwin Heron visit the islands?

question: When did Lewis Carroll Dodgson visit the islands?

question: When did Tristan da Cunha visit the islands?
context: In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.

qas: question: what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?
answers: text: the opening of the Suez Canal

question: By who was the sailing ships occupied?

question: Who used the islands as a base in the Northern Atlantic?

question: Which canal was opened in 1689?

question: What decreased isolation in the islands?

question: When was the East Asia canal opened?
context: The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.

qas: question: what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena?
answers: text: 1938

question: When was Saint Helena declared a dependency of the islands?

question: What declared Saint Helena a dependency of the islands?

question: For how long did Letters Patent stop at the island?

question: When was Letters Patent declared a dependency of the islands?

question: When were the islands declared independent from Saint Helena?
context: On 12 January 1938 by Letters Patent the islands were declared a dependency of Saint Helena. Prior to roughly this period, passing ships stopped irregularly at the island for a period of mere hours.

qas: question: During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station?
answers: text: World War II

question: What was the islands codename during World War II?
answers: text: HMS Atlantic Isle

question: Who was the administrator during World War II for the island?
answers: text: Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley

question: What were the islands used as during World War I?

question: What were the islands code-named during World War I?

question: The islands were used as a base during World War I to monitor what type of boats?

question: What kind of contact were Navy U-boats required to maintain?

question: By who was the second administrator appointed?
context: During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, was appointed by the British government during this time.

qas: question: What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?
answers: text: 1958

question: What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?
answers: text: United States

question: During which mission did the US Army detonate an atomic bomb?

question: What was detonated during Operation Navy in 1958?

question: Where was the nuclear bomb detonated?

question: When did the upper atmosphere detonate an atomic bomb?
context: In 1958 as part of an experiment, Operation Argus, the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres (100 mi) high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of the main island.

qas: question: What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption?
answers: text: 1961

question: What year did most families return after being evacuated?
answers: text: 1963

question: What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation?
answers: text: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

question: When was the population of England forced to Cape Town?

question: Which eruption caused the population of Royal Society to evacuate to England?

question: What returned to the island by 1961?

question: By when had most families left the islands?

question: Which settlement had been devastatingly affected?
context: The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.

qas: question: In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone?
answers: text: 2001

question: Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone?
answers: text: the British government

question: What happened on May 19, 2023?

question: How high were the wind speeds generated from the hurricane on May 23, 2001?

question: Who provided cattle to the area following the cyclone?

question: What was provided to the area by cattle after the storm?

question: In miles, what is the equivalent of 120 kilometres per hour?
context: On 23 May 2001, the islands experienced an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid, provided by the British government.

qas: question: what year was a virus induced flu reported?
answers: text: 2007

question: What was reported on December 20, 2004?

question: When was there an outbreak of acute virus-induced flu on the moon?

question: What was in abundance on the island of Tristan?

question: When did the medical supply outbreak occur?

question: When did the Tristan outbreak hit the islands?
context: On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported. This outbreak was compounded by Tristan's lack of suitable and sufficient medical supplies.

qas: question: What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory?
answers: text: 2008

question: When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems?
answers: text: March 2008

question: what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility?
answers: text: M/V Kelso

question: when was the new fishing factory ready for use?
answers: text: July 2009

question: What destroyed the economy on February 13, 2008?

question: When was there a fire that destroyed the new facility?

question: When did the fire come to the island to act as a new factory ship?

question: What came to the island during the fire to act as a factory ship?

question: By when was the old facility ready?
context: On 13 February 2008, fire destroyed the fishing factory and the four generators that supplied power to the island. On 14 March 2008, new generators were installed and uninterrupted power was restored. This fire was devastating to the island because fishing is a mainstay of the economy. While a new factory was being planned and built, M/V Kelso came to the island and acted as a factory ship, with island fishermen based on board for stints normally of one week. The new facility was ready in July 2009, for the start of the 2009–10 fishing season.

qas: question: When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?
answers: text: March 2011

question: What was spilled when the freighter ran aground?
answers: text: heavy fuel oil

question: what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill?
answers: text: rockhopper penguins

question: where were the penguins transported for cleaning?
answers: text: Tristan da Cunha

question: When did MS Oliva spill Tristan da Cunha into the ocean?

question: What was spilled into rockhopper penguins on March 16, 2011?

question: Who was responsible for spilling tons of rockhopper penguins in the ocean?

question: What was transported to NIghtingale Island for cleaning?

question: Where was the heavy fuel oil transported to for cleaning?
context: On 16 March 2011, the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean, leaving an oil slick threatening the island's population of rockhopper penguins. Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.

qas: question: When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?
answers: text: November 2011

question: What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race?
answers: text: Puma's Mar Mostro

question: What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in?
answers: text: Volvo Ocean Race

question: what was broken/damaged on the boat?
answers: text: mast

question: Where did the Volvo break its mast?

question: Where did the PUma's Mar Mostro break its first leg?

question: What made the island unknown worldwide?

question: What made Alicante known worldwide?

question: What made Cape Town known worldwide?
context: On November 2011, the sailing boat Puma's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town. This event made the island, its inhabitants and lifestyle known worldwide thanks to the media reports.

qas: question: During which time did a British party make the first scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha?

question: When did the Norwegian party make the first ever scientific expedition to the moon?

question: Where did the British expedition party make the first ever trip to?

question: When did the Norwegian Party make the last scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha?

question: What did the British expeditionary party do while on their stay at the island?
context: From December 1937 to March 1938 a Norwegian party made the first ever scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha. During their stay, the expeditionary party carried out observations and made recordings of the topography of the island, its people and how they lived and worked and the flora and fauna that inhabited the island.

qas: question: What is located in the south-west coast?

question: What is the name for the settlement located in the south-west coast?

question: Where is the lowest point of the island?

question: What has been operated since 1562 at Transvaal Bay?

question: Where is the weather station with a staff of 2,062 currently located?
context: The main island is generally mountainous. The only flat area is on the north-west coast, which is the location of the only settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas. The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary's Peak 2,062 metres (6,765.1 ft), which is covered by snow in winter. The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for a weather station with a staff of six on Gough Island, which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 (since 1963 at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the south-east coast).

qas: question: What has a wet oceanic climate with unpleasant temperatures?

question: What can the number of foggy days be compared to?

question: To where can moonlight hours be compared?

question: Above which elevations is frost virtually unknown?

question: Which place on the island is said to be the coolest and wettest?
context: The archipelago has a wet oceanic climate with pleasant temperatures but consistent moderate to heavy rainfall and very limited sunshine, due to the persistent westerly winds. The number of rainy days is comparable to the Aleutian Islands at a much higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, while sunshine hours are comparable to Juneau, Alaska, 20° farther from the equator. Frost is unknown below elevations of 500 metres (1,600 ft) and summer temperatures are similarly mild, never reaching 25 °C (77 °F). Sandy Point on the east coast is reputed to be the warmest and driest place on the island, being in the lee of the prevailing winds.

qas: question: Who has identified the island as an Important Antarctic Area?

question: There are 13 species of resident land birds on the islands and how many species of breeding seabirds?

question: There are 2 species of breeding seabirds on the island and how many species of resident land birds?

question: Where is the only known breeding site of the Tristan Petrel?

question: What is Gough primarily known for?
context: Tristan is primarily known for its wildlife. The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because there are 13 known species of breeding seabirds on the island and two species of resident land birds. The seabirds include northern rockhopper penguins, Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses, sooty albatrosses, Atlantic petrels, great-winged petrels, soft-plumaged petrels, broad-billed prions, grey petrels, great shearwaters, sooty shearwaters, Tristan skuas, Antarctic terns and brown noddies. Tristan and Gough Islands are the only known breeding sites in the world for the Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta; IUCN status EN). Inaccessible Island is also the only known breeding ground of the Spectacled Petrel (Procellaria conspicillata; IUCN Vulnerable). The Tristan albatross (IUCN status CR) is known to breed only on Gough and Inaccessible Islands: all nest on Gough except for one or two pairs who nest on Inaccessible Island.

qas: question: What is based on principles put into place by William Glass in 2013?

question: Who established a settlement based on inequality in 1817?

question: On what did William Glass base his island on?

question: What will not allow for a outsiders to buy land or settle on Tristan?

question: For how many months does the nominal fishing season last?
context: The island's unique social and economic organisation has evolved over the years, but is based on the principles set out by William Glass in 1817 when he established a settlement based on equality. All Tristan families are farmers, owning their own stock and/or fishing. All land is communally owned. All households have plots of land at The Patches on which they grow potatoes. Livestock numbers are strictly controlled to conserve pasture and to prevent better-off families from accumulating wealth. Unless it votes for a change in its law, no outsiders are allowed to buy land or settle on Tristan; theoretically the whole island would have to be put up for sale. All people – including children and pensioners – are involved in farming, while adults additionally have salaried jobs working either for the Government, or, a small number in domestic service, and many of the men are involved in the fishing industry, going to sea in good weather. The nominal fishing season lasts 90 days; however during the 2013 fishing season – 1 July through 30 September – there were only 10 days suitable for fishing.

qas: question: Which South African Company was destroyed by a 1961 volcanic eruption?

question: Who has exclusive rights to sell crawfish to the US and UK?

question: Who is the UK an overseas territory of?

question: What may expedite the updating of communication equipment on the island?

question: What may expedite the improving of education on the island?
context: The 1961 volcanic eruption destroyed the Tristan da Cunha canned crawfish factory, which was rebuilt a short time later. The crawfish catchers and processors work for the South African company Ovenstone, which has an exclusive contract to sell crawfish to the United States and Japan. Even though Tristan da Cunha is a UK overseas territory, it is not permitted direct access to European Union markets. Recent[clarification needed] economic conditions have meant that the islanders have had to draw from their reserves. The islands' financial problems may cause delays in updating communication equipment and improving education on the island. The fire of 13 February 2008 (see History) resulted in major temporary economic disruption.

qas: question: For how long does the biannual break from government last?

question: For how long does the biannual break from factory work  last?

question: Which day is usually marked with parties at various Island Stores?

question: What is the break that begins on News Year Day from?

question: In which year did the Island Store close a week later than normal due to inventory shortages?
context: There is an annual break from government and factory work which begins before Christmas and lasts for 3 weeks. Break-Up Day is usually marked with parties at various work "departments". Break-Up includes the Island Store, which means that families must be organised to have a full larder of provisions during the period. In 2013, the Island Store closed a week earlier than usual to conduct a comprehensive inventory, and all purchases had to be made by Friday 13 December as the shop did not open again until a month later.

qas: question: What is the government funded by?

question: From where are the five resident nurses from?

question: From where are the five doctors on the island from?

question: What makes it impossible to send EKG pictures to other countries?

question: How has the system for long distance medical help remained unlimited?
context: Healthcare is funded by the government, undertaken by one resident doctor from South Africa and five nurses. Surgery or facilities for complex childbirth are therefore limited, and emergencies can necessitate communicating with passing fishing vessels so the injured person can be ferried to Cape Town. As of late 2007, IBM and Beacon Equity Partners, co-operating with Medweb, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the island's government on "Project Tristan", has supplied the island's doctor with access to long distance tele-medical help, making it possible to send EKG and X-ray pictures to doctors in other countries for instant consultation. This system has been limited owing to the poor reliability of Internet connections and an absence of qualified technicians on the island to service fibre optic links between the hospital and Internet centre at the administration buildings.

qas: question: Who collaborated with St. Mary's School to create the amateur composers Project?

question: Who collaborated with amateur composers to create the St. Mary's School Project?

question: Who collaborated with Tristan Song to create the Amateur Composers Project?

question: Which project was led by Rockhopper Penguins?

question: When did the Tristan Song Project narrow its scope?
context: The Tristan Song Project was a collaboration between St Mary's School and amateur composers in England, led by music teacher Tony Triggs. It began in 2010 and involved St Mary's pupils writing poems and Tony Triggs providing musical settings by himself and his pupils. A desktop publication entitled Rockhopper Penguins and Other Songs (2010) embraced most of the songs completed that year and funded a consignment of guitars to the School. In February 2013 the Tristan Post Office issued a set of four Song Project stamps featuring island musical instruments and lyrics from Song Project songs about Tristan's volcano and wildlife. In 2014 the Project broadened its scope and continues as the International Song Project.

qas: question: What is The Settlement known by locals as?

question: From how many ancestors is the current population of 15 thought to have descended from?

question: From where did the female founders originate?

question: How many families live in the Roman Catholic church?

question: What is the name of the book, written by Simon Winchester, that documents examples of the island's dialect?
context: The islands have a population of 301. The main settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement"). The only religion is Christianity, with denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic. The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who arrived on the island at various times between 1816 and 1908. The male founders originated from Scotland, England, The Netherlands, the United States and Italy, belonging to 3 Y-haplogroups: I (M170), R-SRY10831.2 and R (M207) (xSRY10831.2) and share just eight surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello, Patterson, Repetto, Rogers, and Swain.[n 1] There are 80 families on the island. Tristan da Cunha's isolation has led to an unusual, patois-like dialect of English described by the writer Simon Winchester as "a sonorous amalgam of Home Counties lockjaw and nineteenth century idiom, Afrikaans slang and Italian." Bill Bryson documents some examples of the island's dialect in his book, The Mother Tongue.

qas: question: Who is the Governor of Saint Helena represented by?

question: What is vested in executive authority?

question: Where does the Queen permanently reside?

question: Who was appointed Tristan da Cunha's 3-year Administrator?

question: When did Sean Burns arrive to takeover from Alex Mitham?
context: Executive authority is vested in the Queen, who is represented in the territory by the Governor of Saint Helena. As the Governor resides permanently in Saint Helena, an Administrator is appointed to represent the Governor in the islands. The Administrator is a career civil servant in the Foreign Office and is selected by London. Since 1998, each Administrator has served a single, three-year term (which begins in September, upon arrival of the supply ship from Cape Town.) The Administrator acts as the local head of government, and takes advice from the Tristan da Cunha Island Council. Alex Mitham was appointed Tristan da Cunha’s 22nd Administrator and arrived, with his wife Hasene, to take over from Sean Burns in September 2013. The Island Council is made up of eight elected and three appointed members, who serve a 3-year term which begins in February (or March).

qas: question: What makes travelling to the outside world easy?

question: Lacking a sea, how can the islands be reached?

question: How many times a year do airplanes service the area?

question: Where did the United Kingdom government stay during the volcanic eruption?

question: Who financed the new airport in Calshot Harbour?
context: The remote location of the islands makes transport to the outside world difficult. Lacking an airport, the islands can be reached only by sea. Fishing boats from South Africa service the islands eight or nine times a year. The RMS Saint Helena used to connect the main island to St Helena and South Africa once each year during its January voyage, but has done so only twice in the last few years, in 2006 and 2011. The wider territory has access to air travel with Ascension island served by RAF Ascension Island and a new airport, financed by the United Kingdom government, under construction on St Helena and due for completion in 2016. There is however no direct, regular service to Tristan da Cunha itself from either location. The harbour at Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is called Calshot Harbour, named after the place in Hampshire where the islanders temporarily stayed during the volcanic eruption.

qas: question: From when was there a low cost, high speed internet available on the island?

question: With who does St. Helena share the 3072 code?

question: Who provides the Global Crossing Network?

question: Who does Tristan Da Cunha share Global Crossing codes with?
context: Although Tristan da Cunha shares the +290 code with St Helena, residents have access to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Telecommunications Network, provided by Global Crossing. This uses a London 020 numbering range, meaning that numbers are accessed via the UK telephone numbering plan. From 1998 to 2006, internet was available in Tristan da Cunha but its high cost made it almost unaffordable for the local population, who primarily used it only to send email. The connection was also extremely unreliable, connecting through a 64 kbit/s satellite phone connection provided by Inmarsat. From 2006, a very-small-aperture terminal provides 3072 kbit/s of publicly accessible bandwidth via an internet cafe.