Cardinal_(Catholicism)

qas: question: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? 
answers: text: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

question: What were the cardinals assigned? 
answers: text: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses

question: Who did not have the right of electing the pope in 1059?

question: Who held the right to appoint ecclesiastics from outside Rome in 1059?

question: What were the cardinals not assigned?

question: Where outside of Rome were the ecclesiastics assigned?
context: In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

qas: question: At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?
answers: text: cardinal

question: How early was this term used?
answers: text: ninth century

question: The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?
answers: text: tituli

question: What Latin word does "cardinal" come from?
answers: text: cardo

question: Which church still holds on to the original meaning of "cardinal" from the above Latin word?
answers: text: The Church of England

question: What does the Latin cardo not mean?

question: What is the term applied to any priest temporarily assigned or incardinated to a church?

question: What term was applied as early as the eighth century to the priests of the tituli of the diocese of Rome?

question: What term was used by the Church of France that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canon of St. Paul's Catherdral?

question: Which church maintains the original meaning of the Greek word "cardo"?
context: The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.

qas: question: Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? 
answers: text: the deacons of the seven regions of the city

question: When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?
answers: text: 8th century

question: What year did the ruling "only a cardinal was eligible to become pope" come in effect?
answers: text: 769

question: Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?
answers: text: Nicholas II

question: What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?
answers: text: the Papal Bull In nomine Domini

question: In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?
answers: text: 1244

question: Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?
answers: text: Pope Innocent IV

question: Who were the first persons to be called cardinals at the beginning of the 7th century in Rome?

question: What did the word cardinal begin to mean at the beginning of the 8th century?

question: When were the Roman cardinals considered part of the peasant class?

question: In what year was the pope eligible to become a cardinal?

question: Who rescinded the right of the whole body of cardinals to elect the pope in 1179?
context: There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

qas: question: What term was given to certain church men of honor?
answers: text: cardinal

question: When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?
answers: text: 747

question: When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?
answers: text: 1567

question: In regards to the word "cardinal" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?
answers: text: Pope Zacharias

question: In what year was the letter sent?
answers: text: 747

question: Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?
answers: text: Pius V.

question: In what year did the pope make the declaration?
answers: text: 1567

question: What term was applied to certain political leaders as a mark of honor?

question: What did Pippin III call priests of Paris to distinguish them from county clergy?

question: What century did the term cardinal spread quickly throughout various Muslim cities? 

question: In what year did Pope Zacharias reserve the title for the cardinals of Rome? 

question: Who had a special class among clergy known as priests in the 9th century?
context: In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.

qas: question: In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? 
answers: text: 1563

question: Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?
answers: text: Pope Pius IV

question: In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?
answers: text: 1563

question: Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?
answers: text: Pope Pius IV

question: What year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent headed by Pope Zacharius write about the importance of selecting good cardinals?

question: Who led the Ecumenical Council of Thames?

question: Who did the historic council determine that the College of Cardinals should select as cardinals?

question: What did our Lord Jesus Christ not require according to the Council of Trent?

question: Who would not be negligent or forgetful of their office?
context: In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."

qas: question: Who were generally temporal rulers?
answers: text: French kings

question: Who reasserted the earliest influence of temporal subjects?

question: Who did the English kings appoint to influence politically significant movement?

question: What tradition in England, France, and Portugal developed entitling certain political influencers to nominate their trusted subjects?

question: Who did not reassert themselves through the influence of cardinals?
context: The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]

qas: question: In what roles did cardinals have important roles?
answers: text: secular affairs.

question: What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?
answers: text: Cardinal Richelieu

question: Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?
answers: text: Cardinal Richelieu

question: Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?
answers: text: Henry, King of Portugal

question: What role did priests have in secular affairs?

question: Who did not take powerful positions in government?

question: Who acted as Henry VI's chief minister?

question: Which cardinal had power so great that he effectively ruled England?

question: What five great cardinals once ruled France?
context: In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the "four great" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.

qas: question: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?
answers: text: 70

question: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?
answers: text: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

question: During who's term did the ruling exceed? 
answers: text: Pope John XXIII

question: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? 
answers: text: 120

question: What is the maximum age for electors?
answers: text: 80

question: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?
answers: text: 120

question: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?
answers: text: the number of cardinals generally

question: What was the limit of cardinals that Pope Pius implemented?

question: What did the composition of popes consist of?

question: Who implemented the maximum age of 60 years for electors?

question: Who gave a rank to patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?

question: What can popes not dispense from?
context: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

qas: question: Where do the cardinals work?
answers: text: a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees

question: What do cardinals do in order to influence governing or administration of goods, discipline, or service of their titular churches? 

question: Which Moroccan cities do cardinals get assigned to their titular church?

question: What duties are nuns allowed to perform?

question: Who does not offer monetary support to their titular churches?

question: What do many nuns do for their titular churches?
context: Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.

qas: question: Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?
answers: text: The Dean of the College of Cardinals

question: What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?
answers: text: titular bishopric of Ostia

question: Who receives the titular bisphoric of Tok Hangari?

question: What other title does the Dean of the College of Priests receive upon appointment?

question: What do nuns retain if they are governing a particular church?

question: What is other title does the President of the College of Cardinals receive?
context: The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.

qas: question: In was year was the title decreed Eminence?
answers: text: 1630

question: Who decreed this?
answers: text: Pope Urban VIII

question: What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?
answers: text: Prince

question: Who held more power then the cardinal?
answers: text: the Pope and crowned monarchs

question: Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?
answers: text: Pope Urban VIII

question: What year did Pope Pious II decree their title to be Eminence?

question: What did was the title of the pope before 1630?

question: Who decreed that their secular rank would equate to king?

question: Who held less power then the cardinal?
context: In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.

qas: question: The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? 
answers: text: "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"

question: What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?
answers: text: Cardinal [First name] [Surname]

question: How do cardinals sign traditionally?
answers: text: by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname

question: How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?
answers: text: Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis

question: Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?
answers: text: because they do not belong to the Roman clergy

question: What is not the correct way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?

question: How do cardinals sign that is not in accordance with tradition?

question: What style is generally not followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences?

question: How do English Patriarchs typically sign?

question: Who does not belong to the French clergy?
context: In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.

qas: question: What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?
answers: text: [First name] Cardinal [Surname]

question: What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?
answers: text: Cardinal

question: When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?
answers: text: 1378

question: When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?
answers: text: 1378

question: What way is used in the proclamation of the election of a new nun in Latin?

question: What should a new pope not have been before becoming a pope?

question: How should a new pope not be addresses by the Cardinal protodeacon?

question: When was the last election of a cardinal?
context: In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..." (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.

qas: question: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
answers: text: no

question: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?
answers: text: the cardinalate

question: Which see carries a right to the cardinalate?

question: Which bishop carries an actual right to the cardinalate?

question: Who is not sometimes entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate?

question: Who are not regularly made cardinals?
context: While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.

qas: question: Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?
answers: text: Cardinal bishops

question: What is a cardinal bishop?
answers: text: cardinals of the episcopal order

question: Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?
answers: text: Cardinal bishops

question: Who is among the most junior prelates of the Catholic Church?

question: What is a cardinal of the Benedictine order?

question: What are most cardinals not known as in modern times?

question: What does the term "cardinal bishop" not refer to?
context: Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees.

qas: question: In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?
answers: text: a Roman priest

question: Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?
answers: text: To preserve apostolic succession

question: What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? 
answers: text: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

question: What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?
answers: text: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

question: What was reserved for the cardinals in early times?

question: Who was generally not elected to cardinal in early times?

question: What is the rule if the person elected is a bishop?

question: What happens if a Nun is elected who is not a bishop?
context: In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

qas: question: How many suburbicarian sees?
answers: text: seven

question: When were the two sees combined? 
answers: text: 1150 until 1914

question: Who separated them?
answers: text: Pope Pius X

question: What are the seven sees?
answers: text: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri

question: What are the name of the eight suburbicarian sees?

question: Which two sees were united from 1250 to 1944?

question: What did Pope Pius II do to Velletri and Ostia in 1914?

question: How did Pope Pius X maintain only four cardinal bishops?

question: What suburbicarian would the President of the College of Cardinal keep in addition to that Velletri?
context: There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.

qas: question: Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?
answers: text: 1962

question: Which see doesn't have its own bishop?
answers: text: Ostia

question: Who is in charge of Ostia? 
answers: text: Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

question: In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?
answers: text: 1962

question: What see is the one exception to this rule?
answers: text: Ostia

question: Who has power over the exception?
answers: text: the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome

question: What type of relationship did the pope have with suburbicarian sees?

question: Who had powers of governance over suburbicarian sees?

question: In what year did cardinal bishops have the powers of governance over suburbicarian sees?

question: Who is the bishop of Ostia?

question: Which does each see not have with the exception of Ostia?
context: Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

qas: question: The entire group of cardinals is known as what?
answers: text: College of Cardinals

question: Who is a junior ecclesiastical leader in the Holy Roman Church?

question: What are the cardinals of the church not collectively known as?

question: What duties do cardinals not perform?

question: What is a priest's primary duty?

question: Who does not oversee the day-to-day governance during the sede vacante?
context: A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.

qas: question: Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?
answers: text: the pope

question: What does the privilege of democracy guarantee cardinals and popes?

question: Who is forbidden to judge cardinals in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction? 

question: What does the pope either decide or delegates the decision to the the College of Cardinals?

question: What are cardinals not subject to like everybody else?
context: Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.

qas: question: What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?
answers: text: a gold ring

question: Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?
answers: text: the pope

question: What does the pope give to each retiring cardinal?

question: What does the silver ring symbolize?

question: What is traditionally kissed by Athiests when greeting a cardinal?

question: What includes the cardinal's coat of arms?

question: What image did Pope John Paul II depict on the outside of the ring?
context: To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]

qas: question: What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?
answers: text: a galero.

question: In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?
answers: text: 1969

question: What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?
answers: text: scarlet biretta

question: What was the name of the hat bestowed upon a pope upon his naming?

question: What custom was discontinued in 1959?

question: What do cardinals not have the right to display in their cathedral?

question: What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies?

question: What is officially part of a cardinals apparel?
context: In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]

qas: question: Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?
answers: text: Eastern Catholic cardinals

question: What do Western Catholic cardinals continue to wear?

question: What do Western Catholic cardinals sometimes line?

question: What color are Western style cassocks made entirely of?

question: What traditional dress do eastern Catholic deacons continue to wear?
context: Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.

qas: question: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?
answers: text: willingness to die for his faith

question: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?
answers: text: rochet

question: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?
answers: text: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture

question: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?
answers: text: 1460s

question: What color is worn by popes when in choir dress?

question: What does the blood like red not symbolize for a cardinal?

question: What was customary for cardinals to wear until the 1700's?

question: What is not distinctive about the biretta of a cardinal?

question: What color ferrailo does a pope occasionally wear?
context: When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]

qas: question: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?
answers: text: the cardinalate expires

question: What does the Pope do if conditions do not change?

question: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore and the president dies?

question: Whose identity is not revealed if the pope dies?

question: Who ranks secondary to those raised in the cardinalate at the time of his appointment?
context: If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

qas: question: Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?
answers: text: Pope Martin V

question: How were many Cardinals created during the Eastern Schism>?

question: What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V?

question: What did Pope Pious V begin using?

question: What position was not being contended during the Western Schism?
context: During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.

qas: question: What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?
answers: text: marry

question: In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?
answers: text: 1917

question: What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?
answers: text: only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals

question: What was a lay cardinal not allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?

question: Who was among the first lay cardinal?

question: What year did Pope Benedict X revise the Code of Canon Law?

question: Who may not be appointed cardinals according the revision of Code of Cannon Law?
context: At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

qas: question: A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what?
answers: text: perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination

question: Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?
answers: text: 1962

question: What is a cardinal who is a bishop entitles to wear and use?

question: What six items make up the episcopal regalia?

question: What may a cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" do?

question: What year were cardinals were were bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80?
context: A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.

qas: question: In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?
answers: text: 1917

question: In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?
answers: text: 1962

question: What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders?

question: Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen?

question: What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops?

question: What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment?

question: What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop?
context: Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.

qas: question: In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?
answers: text: collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals

question: What four entities make up the Apostolic Camera?

question: Who has functions that are not limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy?

question: Who does nor collate information about the financial situation of all dependent administrations of the Holy See?

question: Who does not have the responsibility of presenting results to the College of Cardinals?
context: The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.

qas: question: Who announces the election of a new pope?
answers: text: The cardinal protodeacon

question: Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?
answers: text: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State

question: Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?
answers: text: Pope John Paul I

question: Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election?

question: What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as?

question: Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976?

question: What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I?

question: What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold?
context: The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.

qas: question: What color is the hat?
answers: text: white

question: How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Masses?

question: How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Ecumenical Meetings?

question: How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings?

question: What do nuns wear in addition to the simple white mitre?
context: When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

qas: question: How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?
answers: text: 30

question: How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?
answers: text: 10 years

question: How many churches are recognized as cardinalatial deaconries in 2000?

question: How many cardinals were there in the order of popes?

question: What have Cardinal deacons not had the right to do?

question: Who may not take a vacant title?

question: Who may opt for the order of cardinal priests after they have been deacons for 30 years?
context: As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).

qas: question: In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?
answers: text: about half

question: In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?
answers: text: third

question: Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of?

question: How many Cardinals were French in 1939?

question: How many Cardinals were French in 1994?

question: How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929?

question: What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals?
context: Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.

qas: question: What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?
answers: text: seven deacons in the Papal Household

question: Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from?

question: Who is originally from the six deacons in the Papal Household?

question: Who does not supervise the Church's works in the districts of Rome?

question: Who did not provide all social services in Rome during the early Middle Ages?

question: Who is not given title to one of these seven deacons?
context: Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.

qas: question: Which cardinals are ranked lowest?
answers: text: cardinal deacons

question: What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals?

question: What position do cardinal deacons not hold?

question: What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities?

question: What are cardinals who are not elevated to the diaconal order?
context: The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.

qas: question: Who can become the cardinal protopriest?
answers: text: The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests

question: Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?
answers: text: Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil

question: What title is given to the newest member of the order of cardinal priests?

question: What position does Paulo Evaristo Arns of Columbia currently hold?

question: Whose ceremonial duties in the conclave continued after the age of 80?

question: Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80?
context: The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.

qas: question: In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?
answers: text: the Pope

question: Who does not need the approval of the Pope?

question: What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as?

question: Who does not act as the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals?

question: Who approves the appointment of the Cardinal-dean by the Pope? 

question: What position belonged by right to the shortest-serving of the cardinal bishops?
context: The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.

qas: question: Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?
answers: text: a suburbicarian see

question: What did Pope Paul VI decree in 1965 about the patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?

question: Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? 

question: What title did patriarch cardinals receive?

question: How many Western Patriarchs are currently cardinal bishops?

question: Who can elect the dean or become dean?
context: In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:

qas: question: Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?
answers: text: cardinal deacons

question: Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?
answers: text: cardinal bishops

question: Which rank has the most cardinals?
answers: text: Cardinal priests

question: Who are the highest ranking priests in the Catholic church?

question: Who are the most numerous of the four orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church?

question: Who is the lowest ranking priest in the Catholic Church?

question: What are those named cardinal popes today generally bishops of?

question: What position do some popes currently hold?
context: Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.

qas: question: What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?
answers: text: priests chosen by the pope

question: What name was interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of popes?

question: What does the name "cardinal popes" originally refer to?

question: What is the name of the important nuns that are chosen by the pope to advice him?

question: Who holds the title Cardinal of Rome?

question: What term did not gradually become exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the pope?
context: In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.

qas: question: Each cardinal priest has what?
answers: text: a titular church in Rome

question: What does every cardinal priest not have?

question: What has not been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia?

question: What did Pope Paul V abolish?

question: What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights?

question: What are cardinals not expected to do?
context: While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

qas: question: In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
answers: text: 1587

question: What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
answers: text: 70

question: Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
answers: text: Pope John XXIII

question: Who had a large number from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance?

question: What happened to the College of the Cardinals in the 3rd century?

question: Who sought to cap the number of the College at 50?

question: Who upheld the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
context: While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

qas: question: What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century?

question: What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become?

question: Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment?

question: How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests?

question: Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests?
context: For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment.

qas: question: Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church?

question: What does the cardinal named pectore know?

question: What can a cardinal in pectore continue to function as?

question: What is done to cardinals that does not protect them or their congregations?
context: A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known.