Southampton

qas: question: What's the estimated population of Southampton?
answers: text: 253,651

question: What could you call someone who lives in Southampton?
answers: text: Sotonian

question: In what ceremonial county is Southampton located?
answers: text: Hampshire

question: How many miles away from London is Southampton?
answers: text: 75

question: In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton?
answers: text: north-west
context: Southampton (i/saʊθˈæmptən, -hæmptən/) is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 75 miles (121 km) south-west of London and 19 miles (31 km) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to "So'ton" or "Soton", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.

qas: question: What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called?
answers: text: WestQuay

question: In what month of 2014 did Southampton's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark?
answers: text: October

question: What war is Southampton often associated with?
answers: text: World War II

question: What company owns WestQuay Watermark?
answers: text: Hammerson

question: By the end of 2016, how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark?
answers: text: 1,550
context: Significant employers in Southampton include The University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, the NHS, ABP and Carnival UK. Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic, the Spitfire and more generally in the World War II narrative as one of the departure points for D-Day, and more recently as the home port of a number of the largest cruise ships in the world. Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park called WestQuay. In October 2014, the City Council approved a follow-up from the WestQuay park, called WestQuay Watermark. Construction by Sir Robert McAlpine commenced in January 2015. Hammerson, the owners of the retail park, aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on its premises at year-end 2016.

qas: question: What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?
answers: text: Portsmouth

question: What's the other name for South Hampshire?
answers: text: Solent City

question: In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?
answers: text: 855,569

question: What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?
answers: text: South Hampshire

question: What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?
answers: text: 1.5 million
context: In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also known as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.

qas: question: What year did the Romans invade Britain?
answers: text: AD 43

question: What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?
answers: text: Clausentum

question: According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?
answers: text: stone age

question: What is the site of Clausentum called now?
answers: text: Bitterne Manor

question: In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?
answers: text: a wall
context: Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor. Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410.

qas: question: What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary's area of Southampton?
answers: text: Anglo-Saxons

question: What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first?
answers: text: Hamwic

question: What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton?
answers: text: Hamtun

question: What county in England was named after Hampton?
answers: text: Hampshire

question: What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers?
answers: text: Itchen
context: The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton. Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name.

qas: question: What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?
answers: text: Viking

question: What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?
answers: text: 840

question: In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?
answers: text: 10th

question: What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?
answers: text: Southampton
context: Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.

qas: question: In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?
answers: text: 1066

question: What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?
answers: text: Winchester

question: Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?
answers: text: Normandy

question: In what century was Southampton Castle built?
answers: text: 12th

question: During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?
answers: text: French wine
context: Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.

qas: question: Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?
answers: text: 12th

question: What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?
answers: text: Black Death

question: What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?
answers: text: 1348

question: In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?
answers: text: Canute's Palace
context: Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.

qas: question: Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?
answers: text: Charles Grimaldi

question: What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?
answers: text: Monaco

question: What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?
answers: text: 1339

question: How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?
answers: text: 13

question: The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?
answers: text: 1175
context: The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco). On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to 'close the town'. The extensive rebuilding—part of the walls dates from 1175—culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380. Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.

qas: question: What's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes?
answers: text: God's House Tower

question: In what year was the God's House Tower built?
answers: text: 1417

question: What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?
answers: text: Museum of Archaeology

question: Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?
answers: text: Henry VIII

question: In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city?
answers: text: 15th
context: The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England. Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board. Until September 2011, it housed the Museum of Archaeology. The walls were completed in the 15th century, but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.

qas: question: The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?
answers: text: Castle Way

question: About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?
answers: text: 1233

question: What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?
answers: text: 1538

question: In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?
answers: text: 1940s

question: What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?
answers: text: Friary House
context: On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton, founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538, were swept away in the 1940s. The site is now occupied by Friary House.

qas: question: In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?
answers: text: 1290

question: Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?
answers: text: Conduit Head

question: What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?
answers: text: 1310

question: When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?
answers: text: 1420

question: What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?
answers: text: Conduit House
context: Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.

qas: question: What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?
answers: text: English Civil War

question: What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?
answers: text: 1642

question: What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?
answers: text: Redbridge

question: In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?
answers: text: March
context: In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton. The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge, Southampton, in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.

qas: question: What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?
answers: text: shipbuilding

question: What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?
answers: text: HMS Grace Dieu

question: What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?
answers: text: Walter Taylor

question: Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?
answers: text: Thornycroft

question: In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?
answers: text: Industrial Revolution
context: During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.

qas: question: What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?
answers: text: Battle of Agincourt

question: What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?
answers: text: Southampton Plot

question: What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?
answers: text: Red Lion

question: What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?
answers: text: Richard

question: Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?
answers: text: the Bargate
context: Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.

qas: question: What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century?
answers: text: embarkation

question: In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War, in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role?
answers: text: the Crimean war

question: What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port?
answers: text: the Great War

question: What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment?
answers: text: POWs

question: In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe?
answers: text: 1944
context: Southampton has been used for military embarkation, including during 18th-century wars with the French, the Crimean war, and the Boer War. Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs. It was also central to the preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944.

qas: question: When did Southampton turn into a spa town?
answers: text: 1740

question: Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw  Southampton become popular for sea bathing?
answers: text: 1760s

question: Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?
answers: text: West Quay

question: What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?
answers: text: the tide
context: Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.

qas: question: In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly?
answers: text: Victorian era

question: What year was the Southampton Docks company created?
answers: text: 1835

question: In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks?
answers: text: October

question: What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully?
answers: text: 1840

question: What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?
answers: text: The Gateway to the Empire
context: The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era. The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835. In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid and the first dock opened in 1842. The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades. The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840. Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire.

qas: question: Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?
answers: text: John Choules

question: What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?
answers: text: Oxford

question: How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?
answers: text: one mile and a half

question: What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?
answers: text: elegant

question: Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?
answers: text: clean
context: In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."

qas: question: What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?
answers: text: Mayflower

question: What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?
answers: text: 1620

question: How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?
answers: text: Four

question: What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?
answers: text: Cunard

question: In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?
answers: text: 1968
context: The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.

qas: question: Who designed the Supermarine Spitfire?
answers: text: R J Mitchell

question: What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from?
answers: text: Portswood

question: What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer's house?
answers: text: blue

question: In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell's seaplanes?
answers: text: September

question: Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids?
answers: text: Allied forces
context: The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the Schneider trophy-winning seaplanes of the 1920s and 1930s. Its designer, R J Mitchell, lived in the Portswood area of Southampton, and his house is today marked with a blue plaque. Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the Invasion of Europe, components for a Mulberry harbour were built here. After D-Day, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied, making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944. Southampton docks was featured in the television show 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.

qas: question: How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?
answers: text: 630

question: In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?
answers: text: 2,000

question: Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?
answers: text: thousands
context: 630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.

qas: question: What style of architecture partially survived the war?
answers: text: Georgian

question: Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?
answers: text: World War II

question: In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?
answers: text: 1920s

question: Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?
answers: text: the Bargate
context: Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.

qas: question: What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?
answers: text: Royal Charter

question: What is the new name of University College at Highfield?
answers: text: University of Southampton

question: When did Southampton officially become a city?
answers: text: 1964

question: In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?
answers: text: 1952
context: A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton. Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.

qas: question: In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?
answers: text: 1888

question: What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?
answers: text: the Corporation in Southampton

question: What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?
answers: text: 1959

question: Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?
answers: text: Hantscire

question: What designation was Southampton given in 1974?
answers: text: non-metropolitan district
context: After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the act in 1888, Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire, which meant that it had many features of a county, but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council. There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire. This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974.

qas: question: Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?
answers: text: King John

question: What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?
answers: text: £200

question: In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?
answers: text: Langstone

question: Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?
answers: text: Henry VI

question: What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?
answers: text: 29 June 1199
context: Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between Lymington and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth. By a charter of Henry VI, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 32), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire.

qas: question: What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?
answers: text: Charles I

question: What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?
answers: text: 1640

question: What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?
answers: text: Victorian period

question: After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?
answers: text: Hampshire County Council

question: What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?
answers: text: 1964
context: The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.

qas: question: What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?
answers: text: Hampshire County

question: What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization?
answers: text: unitary authority

question: What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997?
answers: text: 1992 Local Government Act

question: What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to?
answers: text: Hampshire
context: The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.

qas: question: How many concillors sit on Southampton's City Council?
answers: text: 48

question: How man wards are there in Southampton?
answers: text: 16

question: How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton?
answers: text: 3

question: In what month are council elections held?
answers: text: May

question: In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton?
answers: text: three
context: Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors, 3 for each of the 16 wards. Council elections are held in early May for one third of the seats (one councillor for each ward), elected for a four-year term, so there are elections three years out of four. Since the 2015 council elections, the composition of the council is:

qas: question: How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?
answers: text: three

question: What is Royston Smith's constituency?
answers: text: Southampton Itchen

question: Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?
answers: text: Dr. Alan Whitehead

question: To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?
answers: text: Conservative

question: Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?
answers: text: west
context: There are three members of parliament for the city: Royston Smith (Conservative) for Southampton Itchen, the constituency covering the east of the city; Dr. Alan Whitehead (Labour) for Southampton Test, which covers the west of the city; and Caroline Nokes (Conservative) for Romsey and Southampton North, which includes a northern portion of the city.

qas: question: How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?
answers: text: 16

question: Who's the current Mayor of Southampton?
answers: text: Linda Norris

question: What's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton?
answers: text: Catherine McEwing

question: When did John Melody, the town crier of Southampton, pass away?
answers: text: 2014

question: How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry?
answers: text: 104
context: The city has a Mayor and is one of the 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the Mayor. The current and 793rd Mayor of Southampton is Linda Norris. Catherine McEwing is the current and 578th sherriff. The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody, who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels.

qas: question: What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with?
answers: text: Le Havre

question: Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002?
answers: text: Trieste

question: What's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council?
answers: text: Hampton, Virginia

question: What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan, South Korea?
answers: text: 1978

question: In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis?
answers: text: Germany
context: Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France (since 1973), Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany (since 1991), Trieste in Italy (since 2002); Hampton, Virginia in USA, Qingdao in China (since 1998), and Busan in South Korea (since 1978).

qas: question: At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?
answers: text: northern

question: What river converges with the Test?
answers: text: Itchen

question: Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?
answers: text: Test

question: Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?
answers: text: Itchen

question: What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?
answers: text: The city centre
context: The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton Water, a deep water estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen converge. The Test—which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing—runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers.

qas: question: What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?
answers: text: Town Quay

question: In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?
answers: text: 1830s

question: What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?
answers: text: Southern Railway Company

question: What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?
answers: text: Southampton Water

question: In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?
answers: text: 1930s
context: Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen & Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme. Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water, to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships.

qas: question: How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get?
answers: text: two

question: What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water?
answers: text: Isle of Wight

question: What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide?
answers: text: English Channel

question: What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide?
answers: text: large

question: In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?
answers: text: depth
context: Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks, making the movement of large ships easier. This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel. In this area the general water flow is distorted by more local conditions reaching across to France.

qas: question: Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run?
answers: text: western

question: What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton?
answers: text: New Forest

question: What motorway crosses the River Test to the North?
answers: text: the M27

question: Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen?
answers: text: Mansbridge

question: What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen?
answers: text: Woodmill Bridge
context: The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built, is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom. The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge.

qas: question: What's the largest park in Southampton?
answers: text: Southampton Common

question: How many hectares is Southampton Common?
answers: text: 148

question: What wildlife center is located in Southampton Common?
answers: text: Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre

question: What related attraction was at the same site before the Urban Wildlife Centre?
answers: text: Southampton Zoo
context: Southampton is divided into council wards, suburbs, constituencies, ecclesiastical parishes, and other less formal areas. It has a number of parks and green spaces, the largest being the 148 hectare Southampton Common, parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals, circuses and fun fairs. The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre on the former site of Southampton Zoo, a paddling pool and several lakes and ponds.

qas: question: How many Local Authorities are there in England?
answers: text: 354

question: In addition to the Thornhill and Townhill Park districts, what other district has a council estate?
answers: text: Weston

question: What's Southampton's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England?
answers: text: 96th
context: Council estates are in the Weston, Thornhill and Townhill Park districts. The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England.

qas: question: What kind of climate does Southampton have?
answers: text: oceanic

question: For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?
answers: text: June

question: What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?
answers: text: 35.6

question: What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?
answers: text: 1976

question: What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit? 
answers: text: 96.1
context: As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Its southerly, low lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) since 1976.

qas: question: What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton's center?
answers: text: hot water aquifer

question: In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?
answers: text: West Quay

question: Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant?
answers: text: Southampton District Energy Scheme

question: What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006?
answers: text: British Gas

question: In the 2006 study, Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area?
answers: text: United Kingdom
context: The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the Port of Southampton and hot water to the Southampton District Energy Scheme used by many buildings including the WestQuay shopping centre. In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas, Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom.

qas: question: What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton's population?
answers: text: White

question: What percentage of the population of Southampton is Black, according to the 2001 Census?
answers: text: 1.0

question: Going by the 2001 Census, what percentage of Southampton's population is of mixed race?
answers: text: 1.5

question: What percentage of the white population did the 2001 Census show were White Irish?
answers: text: one

question: According to the 2001 Census, what race comprises 3.8% of people living in Southampton?
answers: text: South Asian
context: At the 2001 Census, 92.4 per cent of the city's populace was White—including one per cent White Irish—3.8 per cent were South Asian, 1.0 per cent Black, 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups, and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race.

qas: question: In 2011, what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits?
answers: text: 236,900

question: What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents?
answers: text: Polish

question: What's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton?
answers: text: 20,000
context: Southampton had an estimated 236,900 people living within the city boundary in 2011. There is a sizeable Polish population in the city, with estimates as high as 20,000.

qas: question: Are there more males or females in Southampton?
answers: text: males

question: What age range contains the most people from Southampton?
answers: text: 20–24

question: How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton?
answers: text: 17,800

question: How many women live in Southampton?
answers: text: 117,400

question: What's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton?
answers: text: Plymouth
context: There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females. The 20–24 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 25–29 range with 24,700 people and then 30–34 years with 17,800. By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second largest on the South Coast after Plymouth.

qas: question: By what percentage did the population of Southampton increase from 1996 to 2004?
answers: text: 4.9

question: What's the only other city in England besides Portsmouth more densely populated than Southampton?
answers: text: London

question: What organization anticipated an additional 2% population growth from 2006 to 2013?
answers: text: Hampshire County Council

question: What age segment of the population of Southampton is projected to increase the most?
answers: text: the elderly

question: How many more residents would Southampton have if the population grew by 2%, as the council expected?
answers: text: 4,200
context: Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent—the tenth biggest increase in England. In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth respectively. Hampshire County Council expects the city's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013, adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents. The highest increases are expected among the elderly.

qas: question: How many jobs were there in Southampton in March of 2007?
answers: text: 120,305

question: How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker's allowance in March, 2007?
answers: text: 3,570

question: In March 2007, what percentage of Southampton residents claimed job seeker's allowance?
answers: text: 2.4

question: What England's average percentage for people claiming job seeker's allowance?
answers: text: 2.5
context: In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton, and 3,570 people claiming job seeker's allowance, approximately 2.4 per cent of the city's population. This compares with an average of 2.5 per cent for England as a whole.

qas: question: What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?
answers: text: health and education

question: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?
answers: text: 19

question: What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?
answers: text: wholesale and retail

question: By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?
answers: text: 18.5

question: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?
answers: text: 16.2
context: Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent. Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.

qas: question: What was Southampton's average annual salary in January of 2007?
answers: text: £22,267

question: How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton?
answers: text: £1,700

question: How far below England's South East region is Southampton's average annual salary?
answers: text: £3,800
context: In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and £3,800 less than the average for the South East.

qas: question: About how much of UK's passenger traffic did Southampton handle during the inter-war period?
answers: text: half

question: What kind of passenger ships make up a lot of the traffic in the port of Southampton?
answers: text: cruise ships

question: Going by what unit of measurement makes Southampton the fourth largest port in the UK?
answers: text: tonnage

question: In what year did Southampton's fourth cruise terminal open in the western docklands?
answers: text: 2009

question: What branch of the Department for Transport has its headquarters in Southampton?
answers: text: Marine Accident Investigation Branch
context: Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth largest UK port by tonnage, with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Despite the still active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009, parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the Ocean Village development, which included a local marina and small entertainment complex, is a good example. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator Carnival UK.

qas: question: What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?
answers: text: 20th

question: Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?
answers: text: aircraft

question: What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?
answers: text: electrical

question: Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?
answers: text: tobacco
context: During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling, and tobacco processing.

qas: question: How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?
answers: text: 500,000

question: How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?
answers: text: 3 million

question: What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?
answers: text: palliative care

question: What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?
answers: text: Moorgreen Hospital

question: In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?
answers: text: West End
context: University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End, just outside the city.

qas: question: What's the name of the UK's national mapping agency?
answers: text: Ordnance Survey

question: What year did Ordnance Survey's new headquarters open in Southampton?
answers: text: 2011

question: What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton?
answers: text: Lloyd's Register Group

question: What area of Southampton holds a Ford assembly plant?
answers: text: Swaythling

question: Which model does Ford manufacture in their Southampton plant?
answers: text: Transit
context: Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011. The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton. The area of Swaythling is home to Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant, where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured. Closure of the plant in 2013 was announced in 2012, with the loss of hundreds of jobs.

qas: question: What's the largest retail center in Southampton?
answers: text: WestQuay Shopping Centre

question: What's WestQuay's ranking among the largest retail centers in the UK?
answers: text: 35th

question: What was the name of the third phase of West Quay development that got put on hold because of the recession?
answers: text: Watermark Westquay

question: What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay?
answers: text: 2015

question: What popular Swedish company opened a new store in the West Quay site in 2009?
answers: text: IKEA
context: Southampton's largest retail centre, and 35th largest in the UK, is the WestQuay Shopping Centre, which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer. The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase (Watermark Westquay) was put on hold due to the recession. Work is has resumed in 2015, with plans for this third stage including shops, housing, an hotel and a public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade. Southampton has also been granted a licence for a large casino. A further part of the redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store, opened on 12 February 2009, for Swedish home products retailer IKEA. Marlands is a smaller shopping centre, built in the 1990s and located close to the northern side of WestQuay. Southampton currently has two disused shopping centres: the 1970s Eaststreet mall, and the 1980s Bargate centre. Neither of these were ever commercially successful; the former has been earmarked for redevelopment as a Morrison's supermarket, while the future of the latter is uncertain. There is also the East Street area which has been designated for speciality shopping, with the aim of promoting smaller retailers, alongside the chain store Debenhams. In 2007, Southampton was ranked 13th for shopping in the UK.

qas: question: What type of tall buildings are being planned on Southampton's waterfront?
answers: text: skyscrapers

question: How many stories tall will each of the three proposed towers be?
answers: text: 23

question: What marina in Southampton may get a 15-story high hotel?
answers: text: Ocean Village

question: What factor is very strong in Southampton that encourages redevelopment of the city?
answers: text: economy

question: What's the projected budget of the development plan that includes the new hotels?
answers: text: £100m
context: Southampton's strong economy is promoting redevelopment, and major projects are proposed, including the city's first skyscrapers on the waterfront. The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller apartment blocks, office blocks and shops. There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina, and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre, as part of a £100m development.

qas: question: Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?
answers: text: £4.2 bn

question: What sector puts up most of Southampton's economic contribution?
answers: text: the service sector

question: In 2004, Southampton's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year?
answers: text: 1995
context: According to 2004 figures, Southampton contributes around £4.2 bn to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.

qas: question: What museum reopened on July 30th, 2011 after a huge renovation?
answers: text: Tudor House Museum

question: What's the name of the museum located in one of Southampton's tower walls?
answers: text: God's House Tower

question: What's the name of the aviation museum in Southampton?
answers: text: Solent Sky

question: What's the impressive budget of the SeaCity Museum?
answers: text: £28 million

question: What organization invested half a million pounds in the SeaCity Museum?
answers: text: the National Lottery
context: The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England, as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement; Southampton Maritime Museum; God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located in one of the tower walls; the Medieval Merchant's House; and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation. The SeaCity Museum is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the RMS Titanic. The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at £28 million.

qas: question: In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held?
answers: text: September

question: What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show?
answers: text: Mayflower Park

question: When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park?
answers: text: 1968

question: What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show?
answers: text: Sea City

question: Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors?
answers: text: 600
context: The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present. It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968. The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.

qas: question: What's the biggest theatre in Southampton?
answers: text: Mayflower Theatre

question: How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold?
answers: text: 2,300

question: What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?
answers: text: the Gaumont

question: What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower?
answers: text: English National Ballet

question: Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015?
answers: text: Nuffield Theatre
context: The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre (formerly known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London, has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables, The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet. There is also the Nuffield Theatre based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre in 2015. It also hosts touring companies and local performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the University Players).

qas: question: What gallery in Southampton houses a Designated Collection?
answers: text: The Southampton City Art Gallery

question: What's the all-lowercase named arts organization in charge of the art gallery in Southampton's Bargate?
answers: text: a space

question: What project, also run by a space, showcases art in Southampton's medieval buildings?
answers: text: Art Vaults

question: What art gallery is a part of Southampton Solent University?
answers: text: The Millais Gallery
context: There are many innovative art galleries in the city. The Southampton City Art Gallery at the Civic Centre is one of the best known and as well as a nationally important Designated Collection, houses several permanent and travelling exhibitions. The Millais Gallery at Southampton Solent University, the John Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including the Art House in Above Bar Street provide a different view. The city's Bargate is also an art gallery run by the arts organisation "a space". A space also run the Art Vaults project, which creatively uses several of Southampton's medieval vaults, halls and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations.

qas: question: In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music?
answers: text: the Guildhall

question: What legendary band with a color in its name has played at the Guildhall?
answers: text: Pink Floyd

question: What orchestra with a name that starts with "B" has played at the Guildhall?
answers: text: Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra

question: What choir from the area has sung at the Guildhall?
answers: text: Southampton Philharmonic Choir
context: Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Delirious?, Manic Street Preachers, The Killers, The Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, The Midnight Beast, Modestep, and All Time Low. It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, City of Southampton Orchestra, Southampton Concert Orchestra, Southampton Philharmonic Choir and Southampton Choral Society.

qas: question: What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK's best small nightclub?
answers: text: Junk

question: What genre of music is featured at Junk?
answers: text: dance

question: What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal?
answers: text: the Dolphin
context: The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Brook, The Talking Heads, The Soul Cellar, The Joiners and Turner Sims, as well as smaller "club circuit" venues like Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, PJ Harvey, the Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, the Verve, the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted early appearances by Kate Nash, Scouting for Girls and Band of Skulls. The nightclub, Junk, has been nominated for the UK's best small nightclub, and plays host to a range of dance music's top acts.

qas: question: What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?
answers: text: Craig David

question: What's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton?
answers: text: Will Champion

question: What group did Southampton's Rob Skipper sing for?
answers: text: Holloways

question: What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?
answers: text: Kids Can't Fly

question: What genre of music is James Zabiela known for?
answers: text: dance
context: The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones. Several rock bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, The Delays, Bury Tomorrow, Heart in Hand, Thomas Tantrum (disbanded in 2011) and Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014). James Zabiela, a highly regarded and recognised name in dance music, is also from Southampton.

qas: question: What program with a direction in its name does the BBC broadcast from Southampton?
answers: text: South Today

question: What's the name of the local ITV division?
answers: text: Meridian

question: Where is the Meridian headquarters located?
answers: text: Whiteley

question: What is the local television channel for Southampton called?
answers: text: That's Solent

question: Towards the end of what year did That's Solent begin broadcasting?
answers: text: 2014
context: Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 km) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth.

qas: question: How many community FM radio stations are there in Southampton?
answers: text: 2

question: What local FM station won the Queens Award?
answers: text: Unity 101 Community Radio
context: Southampton also has 2 community FM radio stations, the Queens Award winning Unity 101 Community Radio (www.unity101.org) broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and Ethnic communities, and Voice FM (http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk) located in St Mary's, which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011, playing a wide range of music from Rock to Dance music and Top 40. A third station, Awaaz FM (www.awaazfm.co.uk), is an internet only radio stations also catering for Asian and Ethnic community.

qas: question: What's the new name of the station formerly known as The Saint?
answers: text: The Breeze

question: What genre of music is played on The Breeze?
answers: text: Hot adult contemporary

question: What was the old name of Heart Hampshire?
answers: text: Ocean FM

question: What's Southampton University's radio station called?
answers: text: SURGE

question: What kind of music does Wave 105 play?
answers: text: adult contemporary
context: Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze, previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music, Capital, previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music, Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire, the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music, and 106 Jack FM (www.jackradio.com), previously The Coast 106. In addition, Southampton University has a radio station called SURGE, broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web.

qas: question: What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?
answers: text: The Saints

question: What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?
answers: text: St Mary's Stadium

question: What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?
answers: text: 1966

question: Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?
answers: text: Manchester United

question: What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992? 
answers: text: the Premier League
context: Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints"—who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away.

qas: question: Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?
answers: text: Sunday

question: How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have? 
answers: text: two

question: What's the name of the local league with "City" in its name?
answers: text: City of Southampton Sunday Football League

question: What's the name of the the local league with "District" in its name?
answers: text: Southampton and District Sunday Football League
context: The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.

qas: question: At what venue does the Hampshire County Cricket Club play?
answers: text: the Rose Bowl

question: What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in?
answers: text: West End

question: Besides the County Cricket Ground, at what other cricket ground did the Hampshire County Cricket Club used to play?
answers: text: the Antelope Ground

question: Besides the Hampshire County Cricket Club, what's the name of the other cricket league in Southampton?
answers: text: the Southampton Evening Cricket League
context: Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre. There is also the Southampton Evening Cricket League.

qas: question: What's Southampton's hockey club named?
answers: text: Southampton Hockey Club

question: What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded?
answers: text: 1938

question: How many senior men's teams does the hockey club field each week?
answers: text: 7

question: Weekly, how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field?
answers: text: 5

question: How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club?
answers: text: 6
context: The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys’ and girls’ teams from 6 upwards.

qas: question: What's the oldest rugby team in Southampton?
answers: text: Trojans RFC

question: What division was Trojans RFC promoted to in 2008-9?
answers: text: London South West 2

question: What famous player from Trojans RFC also played for the Leicester Tigers?
answers: text: Anthony Allen

question: What position did Allen play for the Leicester Tigers?
answers: text: centre

question: What division do the Tottonians belong to?
answers: text: London South West division 2
context: The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9. A notable former player is Anthony Allen, who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre. Tottonians are also in London South West division 2 and Southampton RFC are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10, alongside Millbrook RFC and Eastleigh RFC. Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls.

qas: question: What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting?
answers: text: marinas

question: What race named after a car company used to be hosted in Southampton?
answers: text: the Volvo Ocean Race

question: What was the former name of the Volvo Ocean Race?
answers: text: the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race

question: Which marina in Southampton hosted the yacht race from 1977 too 2001?
answers: text: Ocean Village marina
context: The city provides for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race, which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton's Ocean Village marina.

qas: question: What facility is the center of Southampton's public sports and outdoor activities?
answers: text: Southampton Sports Centre

question: How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives?
answers: text: 11

question: What company did the Council leisure executives sell operating rights to?
answers: text: Park Wood Leisure
context: The city also has the Southampton Sports Centre which is the focal point for the public's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an Alpine Centre, theme park and athletics centre which is used by professional athletes. With the addition of 11 other additional leisure venures which are currently operate by the Council leisure executives. However these have been sold the operating rights to "Park Wood Leisure."

qas: question: What magazine awarded Southampton "fittest city in the UK" in 2006?
answers: text: Men's Fitness

question: How many spots did Southampton lose in the "fittest city" rankings for 2007?
answers: text: one

question: Who was the "fittest city in the UK" ahead of Southampton in 2007?
answers: text: London

question: During the pre-war period, where was speedway racing held?
answers: text: Banister Court Stadium

question: What year did Banister Court Stadium close its doors for good?
answers: text: 1963
context: Southampton was named "fittest city in the UK" in 2006 by Men's Fitness magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership. In 2007, it had slipped one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country. Speedway racing took place at Banister Court Stadium in the pre-war era. It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area.

qas: question: What College American Football team calls Southampton home?
answers: text: Southampton Stags

question: At what sports venue do the Southampton Stags play?
answers: text: Wide Lane Sports Facility

question: Where is the Wide Lane Sports Facility located?
answers: text: Eastleigh
context: Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the UK, the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh.

qas: question: Who is responsible for policing Southampton?
answers: text: Hampshire Constabulary

question: How much did it cost to build the operations base of Southampton's police service?
answers: text: £30 million

question: On what street in Southampton is the police headquarters for the city?
answers: text: Southern Road

question: What year did the brand new, eight-story police headquarters open?
answers: text: 2011

question: What train station is close to the police force's building?
answers: text: Southampton Central
context: Southampton's police service is provided by Hampshire Constabulary. The main base of the Southampton operation is a new, eight storey purpose-built building which cost £30 million to construct. The building, located on Southern Road, opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station. Previously, the central Southampton operation was located within the west wing of the Civic Centre, however the ageing facilities and the plans of constructing a new museum in the old police station and magistrates court necessitated the move. There are additional police stations at Portswood, Banister Park, Bitterne, and Shirley as well as a British Transport Police station at Southampton Central railway station.

qas: question: Who handles fires in Southampton?
answers: text: Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service

question: How many fire stations are there in Southampton city limits?
answers: text: three

question: Along with Hightown and Redbridge, what's the third fire station in Southampton?
answers: text: St Mary's
context: Southampton's fire cover is provided by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary's, Hightown and Redbridge.

qas: question: How many crimes overall are reported for each 1,000 people in Southampton?
answers: text: 202

question: Did Hampshire Constabulary record fewer or more crime incidents in 2009/10 than the year before?
answers: text: fewer

question: For how many consecutive years has violent crime in Southampton decreased?
answers: text: three

question: Is Southampton's crime rate higher or lower than the national average?
answers: text: higher

question: Which statistics are debated because of the different ways various police forces record crime?
answers: text: comparative crime statisitics
context: According to Hampshire Constabulary figures, Southampton is currently safer than it has ever been before, with dramatic reductions in violent crime year on year for the last three years. Data from the Southampton Safer City Partnership shows there has been a reduction in all crimes in recent years and an increase in crime detection rates. According to government figures Southampton has a higher crime rate than the national average. There is some controversy regarding comparative crime statisitics due to inconsistencies between different police forces recording methodologies. For example, in Hampshire all reported incidents are recorded and all records then retained. However, in neighbouring Dorset crimes reports withdrawn or shown to be false are not recorded, reducing apparent crime figures. In the violence against the person category, the national average is 16.7 per 1000 population while Southampton is 42.4 per 1000 population. In the theft from a vehicle category, the national average is 7.6 per 1000 compared to Southampton's 28.4 per 1000. Overall, for every 1,000 people in the city, 202 crimes are recorded. Hampshire Constabulary's figures for 2009/10 show fewer incidents of recorded crime in Southampton than the previous year.

qas: question: Is Southampton's higher education sector weak or strong?
answers: text: strong

question: What's the combined student population of the two major universities in Southampton?
answers: text: over 40,000

question: What's the name of the institution of higher learning with "Solent" in its name?
answers: text: Southampton Solent University
context: The city has a strong higher education sector. The University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University together have a student population of over 40,000.

qas: question: What year was the University of Southampton founded?
answers: text: 1862

question: When did the University of Southampton receive university designation by official Royal Charter?
answers: text: 1952

question: The University of Southampton has more than what number of students attending?
answers: text: 22,000

question: What research centre at the University of Southampton is abbreviated NOCS?
answers: text: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton

question: What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010?
answers: text: THES - QS World University Rankings
context: The University of Southampton, which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952, has over 22,000 students. The university is ranked in the top 100 research universities in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2010. In 2010, the THES - QS World University Rankings positioned the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world. The university considers itself one of the top 5 research universities in the UK. The university has a global reputation for research into engineering sciences, oceanography, chemistry, cancer sciences, sound and vibration research, computer science and electronics, optoelectronics and textile conservation at the Textile Conservation Centre (which is due to close in October 2009.) It is also home to the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS), the focus of Natural Environment Research Council-funded marine research.

qas: question: How many students attend Southampton Solent University?
answers: text: 17,000

question: What specialized academy does Southampton Solent University host?
answers: text: Warsash Maritime Academy

question: In addition to international shipping, what other industry does the Warsash Maritime Academy prepare students for?
answers: text: off-shore oil
context: Southampton Solent University has 17,000 students and its strengths are in the training, design, consultancy, research and other services undertaken for business and industry. It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy, which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries.

qas: question: How many standalone sixth form colleges are there in Southampton?
answers: text: two

question: What college of further education offers vocational courses and ESOL programs?
answers: text: Southampton City College

question: What courses does Southampton City College offer to adult students?
answers: text: Access courses

question: What college with the initials BPC is outside of the city but still popular with students from Southampton?
answers: text: Barton Peveril College

question: What's the sixth form college named after a person?
answers: text: Richard Taunton Sixth Form College
context: In addition to school sixth forms at St Anne's and King Edward's there are two sixth form colleges: Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College. A number of Southampton pupils will travel outside the city, for example to Barton Peveril College. Southampton City College is a further education college serving the city. The college offers a range of vocational courses for school leavers, as well as ESOL programmes and Access courses for adult learners.

qas: question: More than what percentage of the students surveyed said they'd been bullied?
answers: text: 40

question: About how many pupils took the bullying survey?
answers: text: 2,000

question: What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common?
answers: text: verbal

question: What was the second most common form of bullying experienced by boys who took the survey?
answers: text: physical
context: Over 40 per cent of school pupils in the city that responded to a survey claimed to have been the victim of bullying. More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form, although physical bullying was a close second for boys.

qas: question: Which level of schools in Southampton are the worst behaved in the UK?
answers: text: secondary

question: How many times the national average are the suspension rates at Southampton's secondary schools?
answers: text: three

question: Out of about every 14 students, how many will be suspended from school?
answers: text: 1

question: In addition to physical attacks, what other kind of assault do Southampton's students commit against staff more than anywhere else in the country?
answers: text: verbal
context: It has been revealed that Southampton has the worst behaved secondary schools within the UK. With suspension rates three times the national average, the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children, the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff.

qas: question: Which motorway located north of Southampton links up England's south coast?
answers: text: M27

question: Which motorway connects Southampton to London?
answers: text: M3

question: What city is located on the A34 where the M3 connects to the North and Midlands?
answers: text: Winchester

question: What spur of the M27 connects it to Southampton's city centre and Western Docks?
answers: text: M271

question: Are Southampton's transport routes around the UK good or bad?
answers: text: good
context: Southampton is a major UK port which has good transport links with the rest of the country. The M27 motorway, linking places along the south coast of England, runs just to the north of the city. The M3 motorway links the city to London and also, via a link to the A34 (part of the European route E05) at Winchester, with the Midlands and North. The M271 motorway is a spur of the M27, linking it with the Western Docks and city centre.

qas: question: Southampton's railways provide freight services and what other important services?
answers: text: passenger services

question: What's the name of the main train station in Southampton?
answers: text: Southampton Central

question: Heading east from Southampton, what city is connected by rail?
answers: text: Portsmouth

question: In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester?
answers: text: north

question: In what year did the rail route from Southampton to London open?
answers: text: 1840
context: Southampton is also served by the rail network, which is used both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwards to Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester, Weymouth, Salisbury, Bristol and Cardiff. The route to London was opened in 1840 by what was to become the London and South Western Railway Company. Both this and its successor the Southern Railway (UK) played a significant role in the creation of the modern port following their purchase and development of the town's docks.

qas: question: In addition to the southern and eastern sections of Southampton, what other section has local train service?
answers: text: central

question: What company operates Southampton's local train service?
answers: text: South West Trains

question: What organization announced plans for rail expansion in Southampton in July of 2009?
answers: text: Hampshire County Council

question: In what year did a proposal to expand light rail service to Portsmouth and Gosport fail?
answers: text: 2005

question: What's the current destination of the freight-only line the Hampshire County Council wants to use to expand passenger service?
answers: text: Fawley
context: Local train services operate in the central, southern and eastern sections of the city and are operated by South West Trains, with stations at Swaythling, St Denys, Millbrook, Redbridge, Bitterne, Sholing and Woolston. Plans were announced by Hampshire County Council in July 2009 for the introduction of tram-train running from Hythe (on what is now a freight-only line to Fawley) via Totton to Southampton Central Station and on to Fareham via St. Denys, and Swanwick. The proposal follows a failed plan to bring light rail to the Portsmouth and Gosport areas in 2005.

qas: question: What competing railway company tried to open a rail route in the 1880s?
answers: text: Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway

question: In which direction did the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand?
answers: text: North

question: What feature survives in the Hill Lane area as evidence of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway's work?
answers: text: embankment
context: The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken in the Hill Lane area.

qas: question: In what town is Southampton Airport located?
answers: text: Eastleigh

question: What direction would one travel from Southampton to get to the airport in Eastleigh?
answers: text: north

question: If passengers don't want to take a train to the airport, what other transport is available?
answers: text: bus

question: To take a train to Southampton Airport, what railway station would you need to go through?
answers: text: Southampton Airport (Parkway)
context: Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and by bus services.

qas: question: What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?
answers: text: Carnival Corporation & plc

question: Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? 
answers: text: Royal Caribbean

question: In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?
answers: text: Princess Cruises
context: Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

qas: question: What brand of cruise ships has a special importance to Southampton?
answers: text: Cunard Line

question: What was the name of the liner that left Southampton on its final journey on November 11, 2008?
answers: text: RMS Queen Elizabeth 2

question: Who christened the Cunard ship Queen Victoria in December 2007?
answers: text: HRH The Duchess of Cornwall

question: In what year did the Queen Elizabeth receive its name from the Queen?
answers: text: 2011

question: What ship did the Duchess of Cambridge christen on June 13, 2013?
answers: text: Royal Princess
context: The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations. Cunard ships are regularly launched in the city, for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007, and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth in the city during October 2011. The Duchess of Cambridge performed the naming ceremony of Royal Princess on 13 June 2013.

qas: question: What does Southampton call the event when three ships named after queens all visit the city?
answers: text: Arrival of the Three Queens

question: Which of the "Three Queens" has a number in its name?
answers: text: Queen Mary 2

question: Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria, which third ship must be present for the 'Arrival of the Three Queens'?
answers: text: Queen Elizabeth
context: At certain times of the year, The Queen Mary 2, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time, in an event commonly called 'Arrival of the Three Queens'.

qas: question: What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?
answers: text: P&O Cruises

question: Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?
answers: text: 175th

question: How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?
answers: text: seven

question: Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with "V"?
answers: text: Ventura

question: Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?
answers: text: Oceana
context: The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises's 175th anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.

qas: question: How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve?
answers: text: three

question: What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals?
answers: text: Town Quay

question: How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight?
answers: text: Two

question: What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes?
answers: text: Red Funnel

question: What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton?
answers: text: Southampton Water
context: While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water.

qas: question: In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent?
answers: text: 1960s

question: By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton, other than the one to the Isle of Wight?
answers: text: 1996

question: What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be?
answers: text: a retail and housing development

question: What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become?
answers: text: a marina

question: What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?
answers: text: Eastern Docks
context: Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian, Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s. However, a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be.

qas: question: What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now?
answers: text: Buses

question: Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?
answers: text: Bluestar

question: What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?
answers: text: Uni-link

question: What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?
answers: text: midnight

question: What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar?
answers: text: Enterprise
context: Buses now provide the majority of local public transport. The main bus operators are First Southampton and Bluestar. Other operators include Brijan Tours, Stagecoach and Xelabus. The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service (running from early in the morning to midnight), which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town. Previously run by Enterprise, it is now run by Bluestar. Free buses are provided by City-link'. The City-link runs from the Red Funnel ferry terminal at Town Quay to Central station via WestQuay and is operated by Bluestar. There is also a door-to-door minibus service called Southampton Dial a Ride, for residents who cannot access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA Support Services.

qas: question: What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?
answers: text: Pound Tree Road

question: Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?
answers: text: Uni-link

question: What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?
answers: text: Wilts & Dorset

question: When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?
answers: text: 1949

question: Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?
answers: text: Hanover Buildings
context: There are two main termini for bus services. As the biggest operator, First uses stops around Pound Tree Road. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions, and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.