Pesticide

qas: question: What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?
answers: text: pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes

question: What is the purpose of a pesticide?
answers: text: Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest

question: What are pesticides most commonly used for?
answers: text: The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products

question: What can pesticides protect plants from?
answers: text: protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects

question: What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?
answers: text: sanitizer

question: What are examples of the way a plant protects itself against pests?

question: How are plants that protect themselves from pests classified?

question: What are three things that crop pests eat?

question: What is one thing that some fungi are also used in?

question: How are weeds also used when harvested commercially?
context: Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.

qas: question: What are three pests pesticides target?
answers: text: plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks

question: Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?
answers: text: a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent

question: What are possible cons of pesticides?
answers: text: potential toxicity to humans and other species

question: What are pesticides meant to prevent?
answers: text: destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors

question: How many microbes exist that are dangerous to humans?

question: What do nematodes do when they infect a host?

question: What is the danger of people eating some mollusks?

question: How many types of poisonous mollusks are there in the wild?

question: What does being immunized against a virus help prevent?
context: In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.

qas: question: What is one way to group pesticides?
answers: text: chemical structure

question: Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.
answers: text: herbicides, insecticides, fungicides

question: What are the two types of biopesticides?
answers: text: microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides

question: Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?
answers: text: Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals

question: What are some examples of hybrid plants that have been developed?

question: What type of pesticides can't be used on organic food?

question: What is the one type of pesticide that can be used on organic food?

question: What is another word used for organic chemical structure?

question: How have insecticides been developing recently?
context: Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15

qas: question: Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?
answers: text: sodium/potassium

question: Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?
answers: text: because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate

question: What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?
answers: text: Phenoxy compounds

question: What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?
answers: text: photosynthesis

question: Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?
answers: text: weakness or paralysis

question: What did glyphosate take the place of?

question: What do glyphosate and triazine do when they are both used?

question: What are the symptoms if you are exposed to both glyphosate and triazine?

question: What does glyphosate tend to selectively kill besides grasses?

question: What does glyphosate do to a plant when it causes cell growth without cell division?
context: Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families. Prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds. They operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously. Their toxicities vary greatly, but they have been phased out because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate.:239–240 Organophosphate and carbamates largely replaced organochlorines. Both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates, and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.:136–137 Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamates are subclasses of carbamates. Prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e.g., diuron), and Chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor). Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses. The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plant's nutrient transport system.:300 Triazines interfere with photosynthesis.:335 Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate.

qas: question: What is one way you could group pesticides?
answers: text: application method

question: What is the main way that peticides perform their function?
answers: text: by poisoning pests

question: In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?
answers: text: movement is usually upward

question: Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?
answers: text: pollen and nectar in the flowers

question: What traits are used to classify types of flower nectar?

question: How does nectar move up through a plant?

question: Why does a plant move nectar through the xylem?

question: How do some flowers protect themselves from harm?

question: What does a plant use to attract pollinators?
context: Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].

qas: question: Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?
answers: text: West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria

question: What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?
answers: text: Herbicides

question: Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?
answers: text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

question: Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?
answers: text: Pest Management Regulatory Agency

question: What activities do mosquitoes make it hard to take part in when they swarm?

question: What can mosquitoes do to water quality?

question: What diseases in the environment are monitored by the EPA?

question: In what areas do fleas like to live?

question: What pest is attracted by moldy food or diseased produce left outside?
context: Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.

qas: question: What kind of pesticide is DDT?
answers: text: an organochlorine

question: Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?
answers: text: persistence in the environment and human toxicity

question: Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?
answers: text: DDT use is not always effective

question: How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?
answers: text: nineteen

question: When were 19 new species of mosquito discovered in Africa?

question: How long has DDT been banned worldwide?

question: How supportive is Africa about DDT being banned?

question: In what year was DDT first invented?

question: When were mosquitoes first discovered to carry Malaria?
context: DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have given stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.

qas: question: On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?
answers: text: approximately 2.4

question: What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?
answers: text: 80%

question:  Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?
answers: text: more than 1,055

question: How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?
answers: text: over 20,000

question: How many pesticide products are sold worldwide?

question: How many active ingredients were in herbicides used in agriculture in 2006?

question: What percentage of pesticides in the US are sold at home and garden centers?

question: How many pounds of pesticide are used by the US government?

question: How much of conventional pesticide use is by the US government?
context: In 2006 and 2007, the world used approximately 2.4 megatonnes (5.3×109 lb) of pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 megatonnes (1.1×109 lb) of pesticides, accounting for 22% of the world total, including 857 million pounds (389 kt) of conventional pesticides, which are used in the agricultural sector (80% of conventional pesticide use) as well as the industrial, commercial, governmental and home & garden sectors.Pesticides are also found in majority of U.S. households with 78 million out of the 105.5 million households indicating that they use some form of pesticide. As of 2007, there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides, which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States.

qas: question: What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?
answers: text: $40 billion

question: What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?
answers: text: $10 billion

question: How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?
answers: text: vast quantities of produce available year-round

question: In which area do pesticides creat jobs?
answers: text: agrichemical sector

question: How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?
answers: text: control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses

question: How much profit is generated by the agrichemical sector in the US each year?

question: How much money is spent each year to fight malaria?

question: In what ways do farmers benefit from the $10 billion spent on preventing malaria each year?

question: Farmers make $10 billion per year growing what type of produce?

question: What is the job market like if you want to be a farmer?
context: Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops throughout the year. Consumers of agricultural products also benefit from being able to afford the vast quantities of produce available year-round. The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses, such as malaria. The use of pesticides creates a large job market within the agrichemical sector.

qas: question: Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?
answers: text: cause acute and delayed health effects

question: What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?
answers: text: cancer

question: What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?
answers: text: organophosphate insecticide exposures

question: What system is mostly affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

question: What two things can happen if you are pregnant and being treated for cancer?

question: What problems do hormones produced by cancer cells cause?

question: When was Non-Hodgkin lymphoma first diagnosed in a patient?

question: What is one thing that can be caused by the use of cosmetics?
context: Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations.  Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,

qas: question: How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?
answers: text: 18,000

question: What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?
answers: text: groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators

question: In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?
answers: text: as 25 million

question: Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?
answers: text: inadequate regulation

question: How many workers are there who are pet groomers, groudskeepers and fumigators world wide?

question: How many people call a fumigator each year due to pests?

question: What percentage of pet groomers always follow safety precautions when using clippers?

question: What three careers are most commonly held in the developing world?

question: What is one reason that pet groomers can perform their job without injury?
context: The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25% of pesticide usage. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators.

qas: question: What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?
answers: text: Over 98%

question: What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?
answers: text: non-target species, air, water and soil

question: What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?
answers: text: Pesticide drift

question: Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?
answers: text: water pollution

question: What is the effect of pesticide drift?
answers: text: potentially contaminating

question: What are contaminated bugs living in water one of the causes of?

question: What percentage of species are able to live in polluted water?

question: What do animals digging in the soil for food contribute to?

question: What concerns are raised when thinking about animals digging in the soil for food?

question: What percentage of people want to eat organic food?
context: Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.

qas: question: Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?
answers: text: dissolve in fats

question: How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?
answers: text: Biological magnification

question: The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?
answers: text: Global distillation

question: How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?
answers: text: the wind

question: How long does an animal store fat when it has a healthy diet?

question: What regions have larger concentrations of marine animals?

question: What group is able to store fat more quickly?

question: In what area do fish-eating birds usually live?

question: How far do fish-eating birds need to fly for a meal?
context: Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid. Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow.

qas: question: What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?
answers: text: that pesticides be degradable

question: How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?
answers: text: quickly deactivated in the environment

question: What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?
answers: text: presence of halogens

question: What may slow pesticide movement?
answers: text: Adsorption to soil

question: What characteristic is desirable in soil for planting?

question: What makes microbes degrade?

question: What slows down degradation of microbes?

question: What kind of environment is needed to degrade microbes?

question: What slows the movement of microbes?
context: In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.

qas: question: What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?
answers: text: methods of cultivation

question: What natural product can be used to control pests?
answers: text: composted yard waste

question: Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity?
answers: text: safer than traditional chemical pesticides

question: What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?
answers: text: EPA

question: What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests?
answers: text: interfering with insect breeding

question: What is recommended by the EPA for cultivating a garden to enrich the soil?

question: How well do insects breed in your yard when you use a yard waste bin?

question: How is genetic engineering compared to conventional crop growing methods?

question: What is one thing that the use of pesticides does when used on insects?

question: What chemical is secreted by insects when they are breeding?
context: Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding. Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests. These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers.

qas: question: What does IPM stand for?
answers: text: integrated pest management

question: How can the location and amount of insects be changed?
answers: text: behavior-modifying stimuli

question: What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?
answers: text: food additives

question: What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. 
answers: text: Push-Pull

question: When was the term semiochemcial stimuli established?

question: What is one thing that makes people want to buy products they don't need?

question: What is easier to grow than normal plants?

question: What was created in 1987 to add to food so they will last longer on the shelf?

question: What do marketers use in commercials to get people to buy their products?
context: The term "push-pull" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. "Push" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. "Pull" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.

qas: question: How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?
answers: text: halved its use

question: What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?
answers: text: Indonesia

question: What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields
answers: text: carbon to nitrogen

question: What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?
answers: text: 10% to 212%

question: What happened after Indonesia cut its pesticide use in half?

question: What happened when they reduced pesticide use by 65% in Sweden?

question: How long did it take to see a higher crop yield in Sweden when studied?

question: What was the range of yield increases in Sweden during the study?

question: What kind of crops were studied in Sweden?
context: Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study.

qas: question: What is one type of pesticide?
answers: text: biodegradable

question: How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?
answers: text: months or years

question: What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?
answers: text: persistence

question: What is one way to classify pesticides?
answers: text: type of pest they control

question: What is one characteristic that defines the nature of microbes?

question: How long do microbes live in the soil?

question: What is one way to classify birds?

question: What happens when there are too many microbes in the soil?

question: Where do microbes usually come from when in the environment?
context: Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: it was the persistence of DDT, for example, which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain. Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or are derived from a common source or production method.

qas: question: What are sulfonyureas commonly used for?
answers: text: weed control

question: Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides?
answers: text: broad-spectrum herbicides

question: The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants?
answers: text: acetolactate synthase

question: The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1%?
answers: text: 1960s

question: What has acetolactate synthase been used for commercially?

question: What is acetolactate synthase classified as when used on plants?

question: In what year was acetolactate synthase created?

question: How much acetolactate synthase was applied in the 1960's?

question: What was acetolactate synthase used for in the 1960's?
context: The following sulfonylureas have been commercialized for weed control: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron, terbacil, bispyribac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium. Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron are broad-spectrum herbicides that kill plants by inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase. In the 1960s, more than 1 kg/ha (0.89 lb/acre) crop protection chemical was typically applied, while sulfonylureates allow as little as 1% as much material to achieve the same effect.

qas: question: Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?
answers: text: traded across international borders

question: What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?
answers: text: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

question: When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?
answers: text: 1985

question: How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?
answers: text: 2002

question: When was the UN Food and Agriculture Organization founded?

question: Why was the UN food and Agriculture Organization created in 1985?

question: When were pesticides first able to be traded across international borders?

question: In what areas do agriculture methods differ?

question: Where are agriculture methods traded?
context: Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries. The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002. The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.

qas: question: What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?
answers: text: London

question: What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?
answers: text: United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission

question: What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?
answers: text: prior informed consent

question: Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?
answers: text: initiatives operate on a voluntary basis

question: What does London want to do about volunteering?

question: What may be implemented to make sure volunteers are aware of informed consent laws?

question: What does London want to create for people who want to be volunteers to follow?

question: How are these agencies involved with the regulation of volunteers?

question: Where does the UN Code Alimentarius want to do business regulating volunteers?
context: Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries. Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.

qas: question: What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?
answers: text: pesticide applicator regulation

question: What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?
answers: text: choosing less toxic pesticides

question: What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?
answers: text: Australia

question: Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?
answers: text: reduce health and environmental risks

question: Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?
answers: text: applicators

question: What is one country that still uses chemical pesticides heavily?

question: What countries risk the environment by using pesticides often?

question: What has pesticide safety education reduced in Australia?

question: What are two classifications of pests in an ecosystem?

question: In what country are ecosystems most at risk from pesticide misuse?
context: Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

qas: question: What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?
answers: text: material is safe to use and the effectiveness

question: Who is protected by EPA regulations?
answers: text: humans or the environment

question: Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.
answers: text: before November 1984

question: How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?
answers: text: every 15 years

question: How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?
answers: text: label

question: In what year was the EPA established?

question: How many years did it take to pass the FIFRA act?

question: What are foods assigned to based on the FQPA act passed in 1984?

question: What happens to foods in a Toxicity Class after 1984?

question: Why are foods evaluated after 1984 reassessed?
context: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.

qas: question: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
answers: text: restricted use pesticides

question: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
answers: text: an exam

question:  The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
answers: text: Records of sales and use

question: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
answers: text: state or territorial

question: How are some records of sales designated?

question: What keeps some applicators from being for sale to the public?

question: What do government agency employees have to pass to be hired?

question: What is something the public doesn't want the government to do to their finances?

question: What needs to be kept about the sale of applicators?
context: Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

qas: question: What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?
answers: text: before 2000 BC

question: What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?
answers: text: nicotine sulfate

question: What decade did herbicides become common?
answers: text: 1960s

question: Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?
answers: text: Paul Müller

question: What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?
answers: text: tobacco leaves

question: Where was The Rig Veda written?

question: Since before 2000 BC what three toxic chemicals were used to kill pests?

question: What was extracted from tobacco in the 15th century as an insecticide?

question: What was one natural pesticide used in the 17th century?

question: Where was pyrethrum extracted from in the 17th century?
context: Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".

qas: question: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
answers: text: 1910

question: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
answers: text: pesticide era

question: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
answers: text: 1970

question: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
answers: text: Seventy-five percent

question: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
answers: text: USA

question: What were laws first created to regulate in 1940?

question: What did manufacturers produce in large quantities in 1910?

question: What is 1910 considered the start of according to some sources?

question: How much has pesticide use increased by since 1910?

question: How many pesticides were used in 1910?
context: The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.