Nanjing

qas: question: What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: What region is Nanjing in?
answers: text: lower Yangtze River region

question: When was the city given the name Nanjing?
answers: text: Ming dynasty

question: When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?
answers: text: Jin dynasty

question: What does Nanjing mean?
answers: text: "Southern Capital"
context: Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty.

qas: question: What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?
answers: text: East

question: What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?
answers: text: inland ports

question: What river is Nanjing associated with?
answers: text: Yangtze River

question: What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?
answers: text: Nanjing
context: Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index.

qas: question: How long has Nanjing been important?
answers: text: over a thousand years

question: How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?
answers: text: Four

question: What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: What mausoleum is in Nanjing?
answers: text: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum

question: What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?
answers: text: Nanjing
context: Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.

qas: question: How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live?
answers: text: more than 500 thousand years ago

question: What vessel was found 5000 years ago?
answers: text: Zun, a kind of wine vessel

question: When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?
answers: text: 473 BC

question: How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?
answers: text: about 400 years

question: When was the Wu state created?
answers: text: the late period of Shang dynasty
context: Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

qas: question: When did Nanjing become a state capital?
answers: text: 229 AD

question: Who founded Eastern Wu?
answers: text: Sun Quan

question: When was Eastern Wu founded?
answers: text: during the Three Kingdoms period

question: Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?
answers: text: the Western Jin dynasty

question: When was Nanjing extended?
answers: text: 211 AD
context: Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries.

qas: question: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?
answers: text: the unification of the region

question: When did the Jin court head South?
answers: text: 317

question: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?
answers: text: nobles and wealthy families
context: Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

qas: question: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?
answers: text: more than two and a half centuries

question: During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?
answers: text: 280,000 registered households

question: What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?
answers: text: more than 1.4 million residents

question: Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?
answers: text: historical documents
context: During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

qas: question: What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?
answers: text: A number of sculptural ensembles

question: In what district are these sculptural pieces located?
answers: text: Qixia and Jiangning District

question: Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?
answers: text: the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu

question: Who was Xiao Xiu?
answers: text: a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang

question: When did Xiao Xiu live?
answers: text: 475–518
context: A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

qas: question: When was Nanjing made a capital again?
answers: text: during the Southern Tang (937–976)

question: During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?
answers: text: the Song dynasty

question: What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?
answers: text: The court of Da Chu

question: Who defeated the court of Song?
answers: text: the Mongol empire
context: The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated.

qas: question: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
answers: text: Zhu Yuanzhang

question: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
answers: text: the Yuan dynasty

question: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
answers: text: long city wall

question: How long did it take to finish the wall?
answers: text: 21 years

question: How many workers worked on the wall?
answers: text: 200,000
context: The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

qas: question: When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?
answers: text: from 1358 to 1425

question: What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?
answers: text: 487,000

question: When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?
answers: text: 1421

question: Where was the capital moved to?
answers: text: Beijing

question: Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?
answers: text: the Yongle Emperor
context: It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing.

qas: question: What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?
answers: text: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum

question: Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?
answers: text: the Taipings

question: When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?
answers: text: in the 19th century

question: One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?
answers: text: superstitious fear of its geomantic properties
context: Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.

qas: question: How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?
answers: text: 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city

question: What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?
answers: text: a gigantic stele

question: How long ago was the stele abandoned?
answers: text: 600 years ago

question: Why was the stele abandoned?
answers: text: it was impossible to move or complete it

question: Who ordered the creation of the stele?
answers: text: the Yongle Emperor
context: A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.

qas: question: What Admiral called Nanjing his home?
answers: text: admiral Zheng He

question: What visiting king died in China in 1408?
answers: text: (Boni 渤泥)

question: What country did this visiting king come from?
answers: text: Borneo

question: What stele is at Boni's tomb?
answers: text: a tortoise stele
context: As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.

qas: question: When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
answers: text: 1644

question: What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
answers: text: Zhu Yousong

question: When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
answers: text: in June 1644

question: What was Zhu Yousong's title?
answers: text: the Hongguang Emperor

question: The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
answers: text: the so-called Southern Ming dynasty
context: Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.

qas: question: When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?
answers: text: late May 1645

question: Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?
answers: text: Zhao the Earl of Xincheng

question: What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?
answers: text: shave their heads
context: Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou.

qas: question: When was the Qing dynasty in power?
answers: text: 1644–1911

question: What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?
answers: text: Jiangning

question: What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?
answers: text: the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors

question: What year did the First Opium War end?
answers: text: 1842
context: Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

qas: question: Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?
answers: text: the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king

question: When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?
answers: text: 1864

question: How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?
answers: text: over 100,000

question: Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?
answers: text: Taiping

question: Who was the leader of the Qing troops?
answers: text: Zeng Guofan
context: Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing.

qas: question: When was the Republic of China founded?
answers: text: January 1912

question: Who was the first president of the Republic of China?
answers: text: Sun Yat-sen

question: Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?
answers: text: Yuan Shikai
context: The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base).

qas: question: When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?
answers: text: 1927

question: What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?
answers: text: the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)

question: Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?
answers: text: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek

question: What are the 1930's known as, in China?
answers: text: the Nanking decade

question: When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?
answers: text: 1928
context: In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade.

qas: question: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
answers: text: 1931

question: When did Japan invade all of China?
answers: text: 1937

question: Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?
answers: text: the Imperial Japanese Army

question: How many died in the Nanking Massacre?
answers: text: between 300,000 and 350,000

question: When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?
answers: text: 1985
context: In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.

qas: question: When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?
answers: text: A few days before the fall of the city

question: When was the Nanjing Regime established?
answers: text: 1940

question: Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?
answers: text: Wang Jingwei

question: When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?
answers: text: 1946

question: What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?
answers: text: "Reorganized National Government of China"
context: A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing.

qas: question: When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?
answers: text: 21 April

question: When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?
answers: text: April 23, 1949

question: Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?
answers: text: Canton (Guangzhou)

question: When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?
answers: text: December 10

question: When was the People's Republic of China formed?
answers: text: October 1949
context: On 21 April, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, 1949, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality, but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day.

qas: question: How large is Nanjing, in miles?
answers: text: 2,548 sq mi

question: Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?
answers: text: past the west side and then north side

question: How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?
answers: text: 190 mi

question: How far is Nanjing from Beijing?
answers: text: 750 mi

question: What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?
answers: text: Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region
context: Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (江淮) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (江浙) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (東南, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (江南, River South, south of Yangtze).

qas: question: What city is northeast of Nanjing?
answers: text: Yangzhou

question: What is southeast of Nanjing?
answers: text: Changzhou

question: What province is to the west of Nanjing?
answers: text: Anhui province

question: How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?
answers: text: five

question: What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?
answers: text: Zhenjiang
context: Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest.

qas: question: What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?
answers: text: Yangtze River

question: What is the railway that runs South to North called?
answers: text: Nanjing–Beijing railway

question: What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?
answers: text: Zhong Mountain

question: What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?
answers: text: Stone Mountain

question: Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?
answers: text: tiger
context: Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing–Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery, hence the name “door of the east and west, throat of the south and north”. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city, hence the name “the Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching”. Mr. Sun Yet-sen spoke highly of Nanjing in the “Constructive Scheme for Our Country”, “The position of Nanjing is wonderful since mountains, lakes and plains all integrated in it. It is hard to find another city like this.”

qas: question: What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?
answers: text: a humid subtropical climate

question: What monsoon affects Nanjing?
answers: text: the East Asian monsoon

question: Nanjing is one of three "Furnacelike" cities. What are the other two cities?
answers: text: Chongqing and Wuhan

question: How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?
answers: text: 115 days

question: How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?
answers: text: 1,983 hours
context: Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the "Three Furnacelike Cities" along the Yangtze River (长江流域三大火炉) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu (rainy season of East Asia; literally "plum rain") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.46 °C (59.8 °F), with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −14.0 °C (7 °F) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres (42 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually.

qas: question: How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?
answers: text: 40

question: Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?
answers: text: iron and sulfur

question: For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?
answers: text: strontium

question: What are Nanjing's main water sources?
answers: text: the Yangtze River and groundwater

question: What hot spring is in Jiangning?
answers: text: Tangshan Hot Spring
context: Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

qas: question: What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?
answers: text: Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake

question: What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?
answers: text: evergreens and oaks

question: Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?
answers: text: Liu Bei

question: What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?
answers: text: Nanjing's impeccable geographic position

question: What is Nanjing surrounded by?
answers: text: the Yangtze River and mountains
context: Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites. Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then renamed the city from Moling (秣陵) to Jianye (建鄴) shortly thereafter.

qas: question: When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?
answers: text: 2 December 2013

question: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?
answers: text: five straight days

question: On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?
answers: text: From 5 to 6 December
context: A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.

qas: question: What is the full name for Nanjing's government?
answers: text: "People's Government of Nanjing City"

question: How many parties rule Nanjing?
answers: text: one-party

question: What party rules Nanjing?
answers: text: the CPC

question: Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing?
answers: text: the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary

question: who is the executive leader of Nanjing, working under the secretary?
answers: text: the mayor
context: At present, the full name of the government of Nanjing is "People's Government of Nanjing City" and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC, with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary.

qas: question: What was the population of Nanjing in 2010?
answers: text: 8.005 million

question: What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?
answers: text: 8.11 million

question: How was the population figure for 2010 obtained?
answers: text: the Sixth China Census

question: What was Nanjing's birth rate?
answers: text: 8.86 percent

question: How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing?
answers: text: 6.47 million
context: According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females.

qas: question: What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?
answers: text: Han nationality

question: What minority nationality is most common?
answers: text: Hui nationalities

question: What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?
answers: text: Manchu

question: How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?
answers: text: 2,311

question: How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?
answers: text: 50
context: As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population.

qas: question: In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?
answers: text: minting

question: Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?
answers: text: its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation

question: During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?
answers: text: Ming

question: In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?
answers: text: Qing

question: During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?
answers: text: around 200 thousand jobs
context: Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.

qas: question: In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?
answers: text: Into the first half of the twentieth century

question: What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?
answers: text: the rapid expansion of its wealthy population

question: What is Zhongyang Shangchang?
answers: text: huge department stores

question: In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?
answers: text: 1933

question: How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?
answers: text: One third of the city population
context: Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry, .

qas: question: What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950's?
answers: text: a series of state-owned heavy industries

question: The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth?
answers: text: negative economic growth

question: How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s?
answers: text: Five

question: The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers?
answers: text: large numbers of layoff

question: The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?
answers: text: “world-class”
context: In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned heavy industries, as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization, converting it into a heavy industry production centre of East China. Overenthusiastic in building a “world-class” industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s. From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries, namely, electronics, cars, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state-owned firms. After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy, the state-owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms, hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless.

qas: question: What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing?
answers: text: Service industries

question: How much of the city's GDP do the service industries contribute to?
answers: text: about 60 percent

question: Companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing?
answers: text: many R & D centers and institutions

question: Companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing?
answers: text: research center

question: The top 3 industries in Nanjing are?
answers: text: financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry
context: The current economy of the city is basically newly developed based on the past. Service industries are dominating, accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city, and financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them. Industries of information technology, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become pillar industries. Big private firms include Suning, Yurun, Sanpower, Fuzhong, Hiteker, 5stars, Jinpu, Tiandi, CTTQ Pharmaceutical and Simcere Pharmaceutical. Big state-owned firms include Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Nanjing Chemical, Nanjing Steel, Jincheng Motors, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Chenguang and NARI. The city has also attracted foreign investment, multinational firms such as Siemens, Ericsson, Volkswagen, Iveco, A.O. Smith, and Sharp have established their lines, and a number of multinationals such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP established research center there. Many China-based leading firms such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institutes in the city. Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub, hosting many R & D centers and institutions, especially in areas of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology.

qas: question: What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?
answers: text: RMB 801 billion

question: What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?
answers: text: RMB 98,174(US$16041)

question: Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?
answers: text: increase

question: How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?
answers: text: lower than the national average

question: What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?
answers: text: 12th
context: In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.

qas: question: What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?
answers: text: land, water and air

question: What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?
answers: text: public transportation

question: How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?
answers: text: five

question: How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?
answers: text: two

question: Where is the city centre located?
answers: text: on the south bank
context: Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank.

qas: question: Nanjing's railway is important, and is located in what region of China?
answers: text: eastern China

question: What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for?
answers: text: Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu)

question: What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?
answers: text: the old Jinpu and Huning Railways

question: What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai?
answers: text: Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line

question: What type of railway lines are now under construction?
answers: text: several more high-speed rail lines
context: Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China. It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) (which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways), Nanjing–Tongling Railway (Ningtong), Nanjing–Qidong (Ningqi), and the Nanjing-Xian (Ningxi) which encompasses the Hefei–Nanjing Railway. Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several more high-speed rail lines under construction.

qas: question: How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?
answers: text: 17

question: Which are the two most prominent railway stations?
answers: text: Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station

question: When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?
answers: text: 1968

question: In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?
answers: text: 2005

question: Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?
answers: text: Nanjing South Railway Station
context: Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. In 1999, On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire. Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area). Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011.

qas: question: What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?
answers: text: Express highways

question: How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?
answers: text: 140 mi

question: What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?
answers: text: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong

question: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?
answers: text: in the city centre, Xinjiekou

question: What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?
answers: text: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi
context: Express highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.

qas: question: What are the main types of public transportation?
answers: text: bus, taxi and metro systems

question: How many companies are involved with the network of buses?
answers: text: three companies

question: How many stations are there in total in the Nanjing metro system?
answers: text: 121 stations

question: When does Nanjing expect to finish it's light rail line?
answers: text: 2030

question: How many bus routes are there in Nanjing?
answers: text: more than 370 routes
context: The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation, which mainly consists of bus, taxi and metro systems. The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas. Nanjing Metro Line 1, started service on September 3, 2005, with 16 stations and a length of 21.72 km. Line 2 and the 24.5 km-long south extension of Line 1 officially opened to passenger service on May 28, 2010. At present, Nanjing has a metro system with a grand total of 223.6 kilometers (138.9 mi) of route and 121 stations. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 10, Line S1 and Line S8. The city is planning to complete a 17-line Metro and light-rail system by 2030. The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate the intracity transportation and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion.

qas: question: What is Nanjing's airport called?
answers: text: Lukou International Airport

question: How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?
answers: text: 85 routes

question: How many passengers did the airport service in 2013?
answers: text: 15,011,792 passengers

question: When did the airport open for business?
answers: text: 28 June 1997

question: What airport was the primary airport before Lukou?
answers: text: Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport
context: Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany. The airport is connected by a 29-kilometre (18 mi) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway Ninggao Intercity Line is being built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station. Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.

qas: question: What is the largest inland port for China?
answers: text: Port of Nanjing

question: How long is the Port of Nanjing?
answers: text: 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length

question: How many berths does the Port contain?
answers: text: 64

question: When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up?
answers: text: March 2004

question: How many containers can Longtan Containers Port Area handle?
answers: text: one million container-capacity
context: Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012. The port area is 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region. As of 2010, it operated six public ports and three industrial ports.

qas: question: When was the very first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge finished?
answers: text: the 1960s

question: What was the symbolism of the bridge?
answers: text: symbol of modern China

question: When did the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge first open for traffic?
answers: text: 1968

question: What type of design is the bridge?
answers: text: a two-tiered road and rail design

question: How many more bridges have been built since the first one was completed?
answers: text: four
context: In the 1960s, the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed, and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time. The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China, having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise. Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself. Since then four more bridges and two tunnels have been built. Going in the downstream direction, the Yangtze crossings in Nanjing are: Dashengguan Bridge, Line 10 Metro Tunnel, Third Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, First Bridge, Second Bridge and Fourth Bridge.

qas: question: How many ancient capitals does China have in its history?
answers: text: four

question: What type of people does Nanjing draw because of its culture?
answers: text: intellectuals

question: In what dynasties did poets congregate in Nanjing?
answers: text: the Tang and Song dynasties

question: When did the city serve as the official imperial examination centre?
answers: text: the Ming and Qing dynasties

question: What was the name of the examination centre?
answers: text: Jiangnan Examination Hall
context: Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural centre attracting intellectuals from all over the country. In the Tang and Song dynasties, Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past; during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city was the official imperial examination centre (Jiangnan Examination Hall) for the Jiangnan region, again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived.

qas: question: How is Nanjing seen, from a cultural perspective?
answers: text: as a “city of culture”

question: Who provides strong support to Nanjing?
answers: text: local educational institutions

question: What city is considered one of the more pleasant cities to live in, by the Chinese?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: Does Nanjing have a long or short tradition of culture?
answers: text: a long cultural tradition
context: Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a “city of culture” and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China.

qas: question: Where do some of the country's most prominent art groups call home?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: Which opera company is based in Nanjing?
answers: text: Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute

question: What art company is based in Nanjing?
answers: text: Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company

question: Name two dance groups that are based in Nanjing:
answers: text: the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company
context: Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others.

qas: question: What is the name of China's oldest stage art?
answers: text: Kunqu

question: What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?
answers: text: Jiangsu Province Kun Opera

question: What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?
answers: text: a conservative and traditional troupe

question: What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?
answers: text: Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing

question: What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?
answers: text: Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre
context: Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre.

qas: question: What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?
answers: text: Jiangsu Art Gallery

question: What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?
answers: text: traditional and contemporary art pieces of China

question: What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?
answers: text: Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery

question: What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?
answers: text: their own special exhibitions
context: Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.

qas: question: When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?
answers: text: January 16

question: On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?
answers: text: bathing in Qing Xi

question: What did citizens used to do on September 9?
answers: text: hill hiking

question: Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?
answers: text: Chinese lunar calendar

question: How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?
answers: text: Almost none of them
context: Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.

qas: question: What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?
answers: text: a series of government-organised events

question: What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?
answers: text: Plum Blossom Hill

question: Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?
answers: text: domestically and internationally

question: What festival involves kites and fruit trees?
answers: text: Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival
context: Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

qas: question: When was the Nanjing Library completed?
answers: text: 1907

question: What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?
answers: text: the third largest library in China

question: How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?
answers: text: more than 10 million volumes

question: What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?
answers: text: Nanjing University Library

question: Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?
answers: text: Peking University Library
context: Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.

qas: question: What city contains some of the finest and oldest museums in all of China?
answers: text: Nanjing

question: What is the previous name of the Nanjing Museum?
answers: text: National Central Museum

question: Which museum was the first modern one in China?
answers: text: Nanjing Museum

question: What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for?
answers: text: Ming and Qing imperial porcelain

question: How many items does the Nanjing Museum contain?
answers: text: 400,000 items
context: Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection,. The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world. Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace, the Oriental Metropolitan Museum, the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, the Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial, Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial.

qas: question: What can most of Nanjing's multi-purpose theatres be used for?
answers: text: convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres

question: What are the two most prominent theatres in Nanjing?
answers: text: the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center

question: What is the current purpose of The Capital Theatre?
answers: text: a museum in theatre/film

question: What was the popularity of The Capital Theater, in the past?
answers: text: well known
context: Most of Nanjing's major theatres are multi-purpose, used as convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres on different occasions. The major theatres include the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center. The Capital Theatre well known in the past is now a museum in theatre/film.

qas: question: Where have Nanjing's after-hours activities typically been located?
answers: text: around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River

question: What three things were popular in the Nanjing Fuzimiao area?
answers: text: night markets, restaurants and pubs

question: What was a major night attraction for Nanjing?
answers: text: Boating at night in the river

question: What statues are near the ones of teachers and educators?
answers: text: courtesans

question: What is another name for Nanjing Fuzimiao?
answers: text: Confucius Temple
context: Traditionally Nanjing's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived. Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city. Thus, one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts.

qas: question: When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing?
answers: text: In the past 20 years

question: What has happened as the result of more commercial streets in Nanjing?
answers: text: the nightlife has become more diverse

question: What area has lots of types of recreational outlets?
answers: text: "Nanjing 1912"

question: Other than at "Nanjing 1912", where else are there a lot of bars?
answers: text: along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood

question: The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom?
answers: text: international residents of the city
context: In the past 20 years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse: there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road. The well-established "Nanjing 1912" district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs. There are two major areas where bars are densely located; one is in 1912 block; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood. Both are popular with international residents of the city.

qas: question: What is considered to be a typical food for a Nanjing resident?
answers: text: radish

question: Which area has the longest history of growing radish?
answers: text: the southern suburb

question: What does the radish taste like in the spring?
answers: text: very juicy and sweet

question: What are Nanjing people called by others?
answers: text: 'Nanjing big radish'

question: What does calling someone 'Nanjing big radish' mean they are like?
answers: text: they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative
context: The radish is also a typical food representing people of Nanjing, which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China. According to Nanjing.GOV.cn, "There is a long history of growing radish in Nanjing especially the southern suburb. In the spring, the radish tastes very juicy and sweet. It is well-known that people in Nanjing like eating radish. And the people are even addressed as 'Nanjing big radish', which means they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative. From health perspective, eating radish can help to offset the stodgy food that people take during the Spring Festival".

qas: question: Generally, what types of teams call Nanjing home?
answers: text: many professional sports teams

question: What is the name of the football club in Nanjing?
answers: text: Jiangsu Sainty

question: What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty?
answers: text: Nanjing Olympic Sports Center

question: What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing?
answers: text: Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club

question: What is the name of China's highest level basketball league?
answers: text: CBA
context: As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league.

qas: question: Which sports center started in 1952?
answers: text: Wutaishan Sports Center

question: How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?
answers: text: two

question: What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?
answers: text: comprehensive sports centers

question: What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?
answers: text: it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.

question: Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?
answers: text: tennis court
context: There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.

qas: question: When was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?
answers: text: 2005

question: Why was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?
answers: text: in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China

question: How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's stadium hold?
answers: text: 60,000

question: How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's gymnasium hold?
answers: text: 13,000

question: How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's natatorium hold?
answers: text: 3,000
context: In 2005, in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, constructed in Nanjing. Compared to Wutaishan Sports Center, which the major stadium's capacity is 18,500, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium which is big enough to seat 60,000 spectators. Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000, and natatorium of capacity 3,000.

qas: question: When was Nanjing announced as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games?
answers: text: 10 February 2010

question: What was the theme for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
answers: text: “Share the Games, Share our Dreams”

question: How many types of sports were performed in the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
answers: text: 28

question: What type of spirit does the Youth Olympic Games hope to spread?
answers: text: the Olympic spirit

question: When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
answers: text: from 16 to 28 August
context: On 10 February 2010, the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games. The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was “Share the Games, Share our Dreams”. The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 16 to 28 August. The Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (NYOGOC) worked together with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to attract the best young athletes from around the world to compete at the highest level. Off the competition fields, an integrated culture and education programme focused on discussions about education, Olympic values, social challenges, and cultural diversity. The YOG aims to spread the Olympic spirit and encourage sports participation.

qas: question: Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region?
answers: text: mainland China

question: How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?
answers: text: thousands

question: What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?
answers: text: historical buildings

question: List three natural attractions of Nanjing.
answers: text: lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains
context: Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year.

qas: question: What was the designation of Nanjing?
answers: text: the national capital

question: What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital?
answers: text: many structures were built

question: Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around?
answers: text: some of them still remain

question: The structures that still remain are open to whom?
answers: text: tourists
context: Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists.

qas: question: How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?
answers: text: more than 1700 years

question: How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?
answers: text: 75

question: What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?
answers: text: third

question: What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?
answers: text: third

question: What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?
answers: text: some of the most prominent
context: Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation. It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, some of which are listed as follows: