Paper

qas: question: What is a source for the particles in paper?
answers: text: wood

question: What is a common use for paper?
answers: text: writing

question: What is the last step in paper production?
answers: text: drying

question: What is a thick material produced by pressing cellulose fibers?

question: From what type of fibers are rags made?

question: What fails to be a versatile material and has few uses?

question: How is writing produced?

question: What is a source for the non-particles in paper?

question:  What is an uncommon use for paper?

question:  What is the last step in wood production?
context: Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

qas: question: When was the pulp papermaking process developed?
answers: text: 2nd century AD

question: What country was the process developed in?
answers: text: China

question: What country is leading in production of paper?
answers: text: China

question: What country is the second largest produced of paper?
answers: text: United States

question: Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?
answers: text: Cai Lun

question: When is the pulp papermaking process said to have been developed by Han court?

question: The United States is the leader of which industry, which China following right behind it?

question: Where is the Han court process said to have been developed?

question: From where do the earliest Han court fragments derive?

question:  When was the pulp wood making process developed?

question:  What country was the process not developed in?

question:  What country is not leading in production of paper?

question:  What country is the fifth largest produced of paper?

question: Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?
context: The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

qas: question: Who is credited with the papermaking process?
answers: text: Cai Lun

question: What material did paper replace upon its invention?
answers: text: silk

question: Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?
answers: text: Golden Age

question: What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?
answers: text: 2nd

question: To where can the oldest known fragments of silk be traced?

question: To whom is the silk paper making process ascribed?

question: What is silk an effective substitute for in all applications?

question: What age did China's decreased exportation of silk lead to?

question: What did China decrease the export of during The Golden Age?

question: Who is uncredited with the papermaking process?

question:  What material did paper not replace upon its invention?

question:  Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process not contribute towards?

question:  What century is the last papermaking process attributed to?
context: The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

qas: question: In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?
answers: text: 13th

question: Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?
answers: text: Baghdad

question: What name did the process take on in Baghdad?
answers: text: bagdatikos

question: In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?
answers: text: 19th

question: Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?
answers: text: Charles Fenerty

question: In which century were the first oil powered paper mills built?

question: The knowledge and use of what traveled from the Middle East to China?

question: What greatly increased the cost of paper in the 19th century?

question: What did Charles Fenerty and FG Keller work together to develop in 1844?

question: What was developed by China in 1844?

question: In what century did the papermaking process spread from France to Europe?

question: Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to China from?

question:  What name did the process take on in China?

question:  In which century did the process become less cheaper than before?

question: Which French inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?
context: Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

qas: question: What Latin word is paper derived from?
answers: text: Papyrus

question: What language is papyrus derived from?
answers: text: Greek

question: What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?
answers: text: maceration

question: What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus?
answers: text: Cyperus

question: What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus?
answers: text: the pith

question: Where does the word papuros come from?

question: What is the word for the Mediterranean papyrus plant?

question: Paper is developed identically to what?

question: Paper is a lamination of natural plant fibers and what is papyrus?

question: Papyrus are fibers who have been changed through maceration and what is paper?

question:  What Latin word is paper not derived from?

question:  What language is papyrus not derived from?

question: What process doesn't change the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?

question:  What part of the Cyperus wood was used in making papyrus?
context: The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.

qas: question: What is separated from the cellulose fibres?
answers: text: lignin

question: What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?
answers: text: wood-free

question: What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?
answers: text: 5%

question: What percentage of cotton is cellulose?
answers: text: 90%

question: What is separated from pulp to make wood?

question: What is wood dissolved in to get clean from cellulose?

question: What is combined with cellulose fibers when making pulp?

question: What is combined with lignin when making pulp?

question: When separating lignin from cellulose fibers, what is cooking oil dissolved in?

question: What is combined with the cellulose fibres?

question:  What type of paper is wood made from chemical pulps known as?

question:  What percentage of fibres are used in the bleaching process?

question:  What percentage of cotton is not cellulose?
context: To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.

qas: question: How many chemical pulping processes are there?
answers: text: three

question: What decade does the sulfite process date to?
answers: text: 1840s

question: What process is most commonly used?
answers: text: The kraft process

question: What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?
answers: text: Soda pulping

question: How many mechanical pulping processes exist?

question: What is a specialty process used to pulp paper mills?

question: What is a specialty process used to hardwoods with high silicate content?

question: What is a specialty process used to bagasse ?

question: Invented in the 1870s, when was soda pulping first used?

question: How many non-chemical pulping processes are there?

question:  What decade did the sulfite process stop?

question:  What process is least commonly used?

question: What is another process used to pulp straws with low silicate content?
context: There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.

qas: question: Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?
answers: text: groundwood pulp

question: What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?
answers: text: debarked logs

question: What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?
answers: text: weak

question: In which process is wood chipped and fed into small steam heated refiners?

question: In which process are the chips converted to fibers between three steel discs?

question: What is fed into mechanical pulps during the groundwood process?

question: Where are debarked logs fed into during the TMP process?

question: What are debarked logs pressed against to make pulp?

question: Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process not used in pulping?

question:  What is not the main ingredient in the groundwood process?

question:  What strength of wood is produced by mechanical pulps?
context: There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.

qas: question: Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?
answers: text: virgin

question: What is the only thing recycled papers can be made from?

question: What type of paper is generally brighter?

question: What type of paper is generally stronger?

question: What type of paper can be made from 10% recycled materials?

question: What are recycled materials blended with to make latter?

question:  Recylced papers can be made with what old type of pulp?
context: Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.

qas: question: What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?
answers: text: china clay

question: What is added for sizing purposes?
answers: text: Additives

question: What besides china clay is used as a filler?
answers: text: chalk

question: Pulps only contain fibers and never what?

question: What are chalk, china clay and pulp an example of?

question: When are additives for pulp purposes mixed?

question: What purposes does sizing the filler serve?

question: What type of clay damages the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?

question:  What besides china clay is not used as a filler?
context: Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.

qas: question: How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?
answers: text: Pressing

question: What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?
answers: text: felt

question: What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?
answers: text: blotter sheet

question: Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?
answers: text: felt

question: How is the force removed from the sheet?

question: Once the felt is forced from the sheet, what is used to collect the water?

question: What is never used when making paper by hand?

question: What removes the blotter from the sheet?

question: How is a special kind of felt removed from the sheet?

question: How is the water removed by force from a sheet of wood?

question: What is used to collect the rain expelled from pressing?

question:  What is used to collect rain when hand-making paper?

question:  Besides a blotter sheet, what can not be used to collect water?
context: Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.

qas: question: What is the main component of drying the paper?
answers: text: air

question: At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?
answers: text: 6

question: What involves using air and heat to add water to the paper sheets?

question: When was drying done by laying the sheets on the floor?

question: Which is the least common on the paper machine?

question: What is used in short sequences of less than 40 cans?

question: What is able to dry the paper to less than 200% moisture?

question: What is not the main component of drying the paper?

question: At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process not trying to achieve in the end?
context: Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.

qas: question: Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?
answers: text: china clay

question: What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?
answers: text: calendering

question: What is the shiniest type of coated paper?
answers: text: Gloss

question: What papers give the best optical density?
answers: text: Gloss

question: What type of paper has a thick layer of material applied to create a more more suitable surface for halftone screens?

question: Which resolution are coated papers rarely suited for?

question: How should papers never have their surfaces polished?

question: Which type of papers have the lowest optical density in the printed image?

question: Which type of papers are not divided into matte, smei-matte or silk and gloss?

question: Besides calcium, coated paper has a thick layer of what?

question:  What process is done to not polish the surface of the paper?

question:  What is not the shiniest type of coated paper?

question: What papers give the worst optical density?
context: Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.

qas: question: What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?
answers: text: reels

question: In what manner are sheets normally cut?
answers: text: long-grain

question: If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?
answers: text: cut into sheets

question: What is the paper fed onto unless it is going to be used in web printing presses?

question: What is the paper fed onto unless it is going to be cut into sheets?

question: In which direction to the fibers in the paper run opposite of?

question: What is usually cut in a short-grain fashion?

question: What is usually cut with the grain perpendicular to the longer dimension of the sheet?

question: What contraption is not used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?

question:  In what manner are sheets not usually cut?

question: If the paper is to be used in the web printing process, what is done?
context: The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

qas: question: What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?
answers: text: wove paper

question: What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?
answers: text: rollers

question: What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?
answers: text: density

question: What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?
answers: text: wire mesh

question: What type of paper is never produced by the Fourdrinier Machine?

question: How are watermarks applied to the Fourdrinier Machine?

question: How are wire patterns applied to the Fourdrinier Machine?

question: How are Textured finishes applied to the Fourdrinier Machine?

question:  What type of paper is not produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?

question: What is used to not apply watermarks and other patterns?

question:  What is in uncommon with the length along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?

question: What leaves a pattern on the paper that doesn't have a consistent density width and lengthwise?
context: All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.

qas: question: What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?
answers: text: Laidlines

question: What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?
answers: text: Laidlines

question: What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?
answers: text: chainlines

question: Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?
answers: text: Laidlines

question: What type of lines run parallel to chainlines?

question: What type of paper exhibits laidlines?

question: In which way does handpaper run to chianlines?

question: Which type of paper exhibits smooth borders?

question: What type of lines are exhibited on woven paper?

question: What type of lines does wove paper exhibit?

question: What are large regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?

question:  What runs parallel to the laidlines?

question: Which is lines are uncommonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?
context: Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.

qas: question: What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?
answers: text: caliper

question: In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?
answers: text: thousandths of an inch

question: Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?
answers: text: mm

question: Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?
answers: text: 0.0028 and 0.0071 in

question: What is the wetness of paper most often measured by?

question: What is often given in hundredths of an inch?

question: What is often given in hundredths of an mm?

question: In which part of the world maybe paper be between .07 and .18 mm thick?

question: What is the weight of paper measured by?

question: What tool is often used in measuring the width of paper?

question: In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper width?

question: Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the US is likely to use what unit?

question:  Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper width?
context: The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

qas: question: What characteristic is paper usually classified by?
answers: text: weight

question: In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?
answers: text: a ream

question: Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?
answers: text: card

question: What is weight most often characterized by?

question: How many sheets of reams are in a basic size?

question: In what sizes do pounds of paper come?

question: What happens to the paper after it is sold to end customers?

question: How much does a ream of 5 lb, 8.5 in x 11 in paper weigh?

question:  What characteristic is paper not usually classified by?

question:  In the UK, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?

question:  Paper rated at over 210lb is considered what type of stock?
context: Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

qas: question: What ISO sizing system does Europe use?
answers: text: ISO 216

question: If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?
answers: text: card

question: Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?
answers: text: dimensions

question: Where is the dampness of paper expressed in grammes per square meter?

question: Where is the thickness of paper expressed in grams per square meter?

question: Where is the dryness of paper expressed in grams per square meter?

question: What is anything heavier than 60g considered?

question: What does the weight of a gram depend on?

question: What ISO sizing system does Asia use?

question:  If paper is over 110g what is it considered as?

question: Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Asia?
context: In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.

qas: question: Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?
answers: text: length and width

question: Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?
answers: text: standard paper sizes

question: Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?
answers: text: length and width

question: How is most paper sold in South America?

question: How is paper cut for sale in South America?

question: Based on what type of units is North America cut for sale?

question: What is defined by the length and moistness of paper?

question:  Commercial paper is not commonly defined by what?

question:  Most commercial paper in South America is cut in what manner?

question:  Standard paper sizes are never described with what terms?
context: Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.

qas: question: Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?
answers: text: ISO 216

question: What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?
answers: text: Germany

question: What is the largest standard size paper?
answers: text: A0

question: How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?
answers: text: 2

question: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?
answers: text: A3

question: Instead of the surface area of paper, what is the ISO 216 system based on?

question: When was the ISO 1189 system first adopted in Germany?

question: What is the smallest standard paper size?

question: How many sheets of A1 fit into a sheet of A2?

question: What are some common sizes never used in the home or office?

question:  Most countries besides the UK use what ISO System?

question:  What country first rejected the ISO 216 standard?

question:  What is the smallest standard size paper?

question:  How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of AD paper?

question: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is uncommonly used at home?
context: The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

qas: question: What is the lightest density of paper produced?
answers: text: tissue paper

question: What is the common density of printing paper?
answers: text: 800 kg/m3

question: What is the range of paper weight?

question: What is the range of paper thickness?

question: What is the range of paper dampness?

question: What is the range of paper dryness?

question: How thick is printing paper?

question: What is the lightest density of wood produced?

question:  What is the uncommon density of printing paper?
context: The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

qas: question: What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?
answers: text: Alum

question: Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?
answers: text: sizing

question: How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?
answers: text: more stable

question: What did a lot of the wood pulp made from paper contain?

question: What was took out of paper to assist in sizing?

question: What is more of an issue with papers made with non acidic additives?

question: What is becoming less prevalent when making paper?

question: By what are the acid fibers that make up paper hydrolyzed?

question: What acidic salts were uncommonly found in the early types of paper produced?

question:  Late papermakers added alum to help in what process?

question:  How was rag paper inferior to the early types of paper made using alum?
context: Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.

qas: question: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?
answers: text: lignin

question: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?
answers: text: lignin

question: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?
answers: text: light and oxygen

question: What does lignin made from mechanical pulp contain significant amounts of?

question: What is a major component of lignin?

question: When lacking light and oxygen, what type of materials does lignin react to give?

question: What does paper made from bleached kraft contain a significant amount of?

question: What does paper made from sulfite pulps contain a significant amount of?

question: What particle is associated with the greening of newspapers?

question: A book is likely made with paper that has high amounts of what component of wood?

question: What does lignin react to to produce the greening you see in newspapers?
context: Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

qas: question: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?
answers: text: Library of Congress

question: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?
answers: text: oxalic

question: What is definitely more durable than rag paper?

question: What is determined by the ageing behavior of paper?

question: Who sponsored tests that proved all paper is risk free from acid decay?

question: What does oxalic acid produce?

question: What does lactic acid produce?

question: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are not subject to acid decay?

question: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose not produce?
context: Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

qas: question: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
answers: text: twice

question: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
answers: text: Mechanical

question: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
answers: text: acid-free

question: What type of pulping yields nearly a tonne of dry wood per pulp tonne used?

question: What type of pumps are sometimes called low yield pumps?

question: Because it has a lower yield, what type of pulping is often cheaper?

question: Mechanical pulps are often more expensive than what?

question: What type of paper do mechanical pulps tend to use?

question: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when not compared to to the chemical pulping process?

question: What type of process is used to produce least paper used in paperback books?

question: What level of acid is not usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
context: Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

qas: question: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?
answers: text: 400%

question: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?
answers: text: 35%

question: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?
answers: text: plant trees

question: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
answers: text: 10%

question: What has risen by 35% over the last 400 years?

question: By how much has worldwide consumption of paper decreased over the last 40 years?

question: What to most forest plant to help regrow companies?

question: What accounts for more than 10% of wood pulp?

question: What percentage of trees harvested are not used for making paper?

question: In the last 10 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?

question: What percentage of harvested bushes are used in the manufacturing of paper?

question:  What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of oceans?

question:  What percentage of wood pulp comes from new-growth trees?
context: Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

qas: question: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?
answers: text: 40%

question: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?
answers: text: 71.6 million

question: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?
answers: text: 16 billion

question: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
answers: text: 31

question: How much percent of total waste does paper waste account for in Europe?

question: How many tons of paper are wasted per year in Europe?

question: How many pages of paper does the average worker in Europe print per day?

question: How many paper cups per year do Europeans use?

question: In what country does an average office worker print 71.6 million pages of paper every day?

question:  What percentage of total waste can not be attributed to paper?

question: How many hundreds of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?

question:  How many paper bags are used by Americans each year?

question: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the UK each day?
context: Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

qas: question: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
answers: text: bleaching

question: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
answers: text: through food

question: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
answers: text: fatty tissue

question: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
answers: text: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

question: What does bleaching of meat release into the environment?

question: What does bleaching of dairy release into the environment?

question: What does bleaching of fish release into the environment?

question: Which agency nationally regulates dioxins?

question: What process of papermaking is least heavily linked to the pollution?

question: How are humans uncommonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?

question:  Where are dioxins expelled in our animal sources of food?

question:  What agency nationally regulates dioxins?
context: Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

qas: question: What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?
answers: text: paperfoam

question: What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?
answers: text: biodegradable

question: What is paperfoam primarily made of?
answers: text: paper

question: How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
answers: text: recycled

question: What is made out of plastic and is being used instead of expanded plastic packaging?

question: To what does the new packaging have very different mechanical properties?

question: With what can paperfoam not be recycled?

question: How can some manufacturers be disposed of?

question: What is ordinary paper made out of?

question: What product used in the sale of paper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be less environmentally friendly?

question: What is the least benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?

question:  What is paperfoam uncommonly made of?

question:  How is paperfoam uncommonly disposed of?
context: Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

qas: question: What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?
answers: text: corn protein

question: Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?
answers: text: corn protein

question: PFOA is what type of coating?
answers: text: synthetic

question: In what way can zein not be used?

question: What type of coating would a hydrocarbon bag likely have?

question: What is another term for synthetic protein?

question: To what are there decreasing environmental concerns?

question: What is an example of a natural coating?

question: What is no longer used as a coating in high grease applications?

question: Garbage bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?

question:  PFOA is what type of paper?
context: With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

qas: question: What type of processes can only use chemically produced pulp?

question: What type of processes can only use mechanically produced pulp?

question: What does most water contain for quality sake?

question: What quality does inked pulp generally have?

question: From what paper does de-inked pulp generally have a higher quality?

question: What's the third way paper recycling process can use?

question: What does mixing it with milk do?

question: How much non-recycled paper contains virgin fibre?
context: Paper recycling processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp; by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-inked pulp is of the same quality or lower than the collected paper it was made from.