Multiracial_American

qas: question: When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
answers: text: 1790

question: What were the two categories for race in the census?
answers: text: white or "other."

question: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
answers: text: Only the heads of households

question: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
answers: text: "Free people of color"

question: When was the first US federal population census taken?
answers: text: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States

question: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
answers: text: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."

question: Was every resident listed by name?
answers: text: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.

question: Were all residents counted together or separately?
answers: text: Slaves were counted separately from free persons

question: when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
answers: text: until the Civil War and end of slavery.

question: When did the US begin to take census?
answers: text: 1790

question: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
answers: text: 1850

question: Who were considered "free people of color"?
answers: text: Native Americans

question: What does mulatto mean?
answers: text: visible European ancestry in addition to African

question: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
answers: text: Indian reservations

question: What year was the last federal population census taken in the United States?

question: What was first taken in England in 1790?

question: What were native Americans classified as if they were living on an Indian reservation?

question: Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?

question: How were people of Asian descent classified by in later censuses?
context: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

qas: question: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
answers: text: more than a dozen

question: Why were there more immigrants in the US?
answers: text: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s

question: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
answers: text: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

question: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
answers: text: federal assistance

question: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
answers: text: over 75%

question: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
answers: text: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,

question: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
answers: text: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

question: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
answers: text: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

question: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
answers: text: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as

question: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
answers: text: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data

question: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
answers: text: 1990

question: When did laws allow for more immigrants?
answers: text: in the 1960s

question: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
answers: text: over 75%

question: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
answers: text: assistance to historically underserved groups

question: How many ethnic/racial categories were on the census in 1980?

question: Who had come to reside in the United States due to new immigration laws in the 1940s?

question: When did the United States end the new immigration laws?

question: What percentage of white americans had multiracial ancestries?

question: What kind of federal assistance does not depend on census data?
context: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

qas: question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
answers: text: black (historically) or African American

question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
answers: text: hypodescent

question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
answers: text: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
answers: text: for its social and economic advantages

question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
answers: text: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry

question: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
answers: text: slavery became a racial caste

question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
answers: text: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society

question: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
answers: text: Melungeons,

question: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
answers: text: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation

question: What is Melungeon?
answers: text: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

question: What does it mean to have "marred white"?
answers: text: assimilated into white society

question: What were slaves and Africans classified by?
answers: text: hypodescent

question: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
answers: text: black (historically) or African American

question: Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?

question: What were people of European ancestry classified by?

question: What kind of people assimilated into black society?

question: Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?

question: What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?
context: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

qas: question: When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
answers: text: in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era

question: What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
answers: text: more people are openly forming interracial unions

question: What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
answers: text: Diverse immigration

question: Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
answers: text: Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins

question: Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
answers: text: Barack Obama

question: Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
answers: text: In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States

question: When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
answers: text: Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement

question: When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
answers: text: the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial

question: What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
answers: text: . Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States

question: Who are "mestizos"?
answers: text: large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos

question: What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
answers: text: try to "pass" as white

question: What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
answers: text: Loving Day

question: What does the first multiracial president identify as?
answers: text: African American

question: When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
answers: text: 2000

question: When was an African American president elected?
answers: text: 2008

question: What are less people openly doing than in the past?

question: What has brought more single-race people into the United States?

question: What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?

question: What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?

question: Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?
context: After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

qas: question: What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
answers: text: Anti-miscegenation laws

question: Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
answers: text: white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them

question: Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
answers: text: In California and the western US

question: What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
answers: text: Latino and Asian residents

question: When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
answers: text: 1950s

question: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
answers: text: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries

question: Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
answers: text: this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines

question: Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
answers: text: In California and the western US,

question: Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
answers: text: White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

question: Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? 
answers: text: were prohibited from official relationships with whites.

question: In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
answers: text: Latino and Asian residents

question: When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
answers: text: the 1950s

question: Who were taking slaves as concubines?
answers: text: white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men

question: What laws were passed in the 21st century?

question: Who refused to take slave women as concubines?

question: Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?

question: Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?

question: What was prohibited after the 1950s? 
context: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

qas: question: When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
answers: text: After the American Revolutionary War

question: How were the laws in New York abolished?
answers: text: in programs of gradual emancipation

question: How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
answers: text: more than two decades to be completed

question: Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
answers: text: Quaker and Methodist preachers

question: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
answers: text: The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.

question: Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
answers: text: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves

question: What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
answers: text: Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves

question: How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
answers: text: the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

question: When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
answers: text: After the American Revolutionary War

question: What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
answers: text: gradual emancipation

question: The last slave in New York was freed when?
answers: text: 1827

question: What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
answers: text: Second Great Awakening

question: In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
answers: text: nearly 10 percent

question: What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
answers: text: Revolutionary ideals

question: What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?

question: What did only a few northern states do?

question: When were the first slaves in New York freed?

question: Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?

question: What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?
context: After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

qas: question: What is the one-drop rule?
answers: text: defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry

question: What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
answers: text: "the traceable amount rule."

question: What is a hypodesecnt rule?
answers: text: meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group

question: When was the one-drop rule in effect?
answers: text: in the early 20th century

question: What is the one-drop rule?
answers: text: black, persons with any known African ancestry.

question: What is the hypodescent rule?
answers: text: racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

question: Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
answers: text: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation

question: What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
answers: text: it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.

question: In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
answers: text: persons with any known African ancestry

question: Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
answers: text: judging a person by appearance and association.

question: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
answers: text: a hypodescent rule

question: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
answers: text: the one-drop rule

question: What was the rule in the 1800s called?
answers: text: the traceable amount rule

question: What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?

question: What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?

question: What did the one-drop rule define as white?

question: What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?

question: What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?
context: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

qas: question: Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?
answers: text: Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.

question: Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?
answers: text: While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it

question: Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
answers: text: In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.

question: What is the accepted definition of "multicultural" ancestry?
answers: text: Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races".

question: Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?
answers: text: Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities

question: Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?
answers: text: While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it

question: Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?
answers: text: , generally that of the culture in which they were raised.

question: What are people most likely to identify themselves as?
answers: text: the culture in which they were raised

question: Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?
answers: text: higher number

question: What does it mean to be a mutliracial?
answers: text: two or more races

question: How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?
answers: text: approximately 9 million individuals

question: When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?
answers: text: the mid-20th century

question: How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?

question: What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?

question: What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?

question: What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?

question: What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?
context: Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.

qas: question: What occured from 1955 to 1968?
answers: text: The African-American Civil Rights Movement

question: How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
answers: text: less than 5%

question: What is race sometimes seen as?
answers: text: a social construct

question: Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
answers: text: The American people

question: What does affect recent identification in many cases?
answers: text: mixed racial ancestry

question: What are the English people mostly descendants of?

question: When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?

question: How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?

question: What is race not acknowledged as?

question: What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?
context: The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

qas: question: Who were considered "white Indians"?
answers: text: Europeans living among Indigenous Americans

question: Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
answers: text: Some traders

question: Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
answers: text: "white Indians"

question: Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
answers: text: for their education

question: Where were legal wives usually kept?
answers: text: in the city

question: What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?

question: Who was less numerous than "white indians"?

question: Who married Indigenous American men?

question: Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?

question: Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?
context: Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.

qas: question: When could white women and black men be in a union?
answers: text: In the colonial years

question: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
answers: text: Virginia in colonial years

question: What is Paul Heinegg?
answers: text: scholar

question: What censuses did he study?
answers: text: from 1790–1810

question: Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?

question: What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?

question: What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?

question: What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?

question: Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?
context: In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

qas: question: Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
answers: text: slaves

question: Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
answers: text: Sally Hemings

question: Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
answers: text: paternity

question: Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
answers: text: elder family members

question: What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?

question: What is usually a very easy process?

question: What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?

question: Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?

question: Who was John Adams in a relationship with?
context: Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.

qas: question: Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
answers: text: traders

question: What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
answers: text: the Anglo-Saxon presence

question: What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
answers: text: dark skin and ample bodies

question: What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
answers: text: Hawaiian squaws

question: When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
answers: text: By the last half of the 19th century

question: Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?

question: Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?

question: What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?

question: What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?

question: When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?
context: During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.

qas: question: Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
answers: text: white Democrats

question: When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
answers: text: 1924

question: What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
answers: text: that many whites had multiracial ancestry.

question: Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
answers: text: to restore white supremacy

question: What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
answers: text: eugenics and ideas of racial purity

question: What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?

question: What state enacted the two-drop rule?

question: What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?

question: Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?

question: In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?
context: Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.

qas: question: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
answers: text: exceed one-fourth

question: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
answers: text: African blacks and whites

question: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
answers: text: less threatening to whites

question: What is easy to explain to people in other countries?

question: What is considered more threatening to African blacks?

question: When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?

question: Who is it easy to explain "passing as white" to?
context: The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

qas: question: Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
answers: text: Geneticists

question: What are geneticists looking for?
answers: text: the pattern of markers

question: What is there genetic evidence of?
answers: text: three major migrations into North America

question: What can DNA testing distinguish between?

question: What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?

question: How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?

question: Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?

question: How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?
context: Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.

qas: question: How do some mixed raced people feel?
answers: text: marginalized by U.S. society

question: How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
answers: text: Typically, about five race choices

question: How many race choices may someone check?
answers: text: only one

question: What does the "other" box do?
answers: text: groups together individuals of many different multiracial types

question: When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
answers: text: when applying to schools or for a job

question: Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?

question: What usually has about 10 race choices?

question: What does the "other" box avoid?

question: When do single race people feel marginalized?

question: When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?
context: Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

qas: question: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
answers: text: social acceptance

question: Where did people not ask about racial background?
answers: text: frontier areas

question: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
answers: text: they served in the militia and voted

question: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
answers: text: neighbors

question: What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule? 

question: What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?

question: In what areas were there the most questions about origins?

question: What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?

question: What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?
context: Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

qas: question: The President's father is from what country?
answers: text: Kenya

question: What community still has some effects of slavery?
answers: text: American slave descendant community

question: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
answers: text: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds

question: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
answers: text: some black writers

question: What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?

question: Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?

question: Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?

question: What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?

question: Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?
context: Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

qas: question: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
answers: text: In the 1980s

question: What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
answers: text: mostly negative

question: What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
answers: text: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification

question: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
answers: text: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins

question: What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?

question: What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"?

question: What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?

question: Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?

question: What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?
context: In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.

qas: question: What determined a child's social identity?
answers: text: the tribe's kinship system

question: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
answers: text: matrilineal

question: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
answers: text: Indian

question: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
answers: text: white

question: What did not determine the social identity of the children?

question: What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?

question: What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?

question: Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?

question: Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?
context: The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

qas: question: Who was a doctor?
answers: text: Charles Eastman

question: Who was the doctor related to?
answers: text: Seth Eastman

question: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
answers: text: Sioux woman

question: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
answers: text: three European-American middle-class female teachers

question: What tribe was Eastman related to?
answers: text: Sioux

question: How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?

question: What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?

question: Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?

question: Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?

question: Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?
context: In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

qas: question: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
answers: text: Sherrel W. Stewart

question: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
answers: text: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies

question: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
answers: text: Henry Louis Gates

question: What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?

question: Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?

question: Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?

question: What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?

question: What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?
context: The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

qas: question: What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
answers: text: explorers and soldiers

question: Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
answers: text: traders and fur trappers

question: Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
answers: text: a continuing, critical labor shortage

question: Who first imported slaves to New York?
answers: text: the Dutch

question: Who freed some of the early slaves?
answers: text: their masters

question: What has a long history in Europe?

question: Who did native men take as companions?

question: What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?

question: What did colonists import in the 16th century?

question: Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?
context: Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.

qas: question: President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
answers: text: Sally Hemings

question: What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
answers: text: Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty

question: How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
answers: text: nearly 40 years

question: Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
answers: text: Madison Hemings

question: How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
answers: text: Seven-eighths

question: What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?

question: How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?

question: How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?

question: What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?

question: Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?
context: Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.

qas: question: As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?
answers: text: traditionally free people of color in Louisiana

question: Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
answers: text: people of any portion of African descent

question: What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?

question: What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?

question: Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?

question: What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?

question: What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?
context: After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.

qas: question: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
answers: text: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories

question: Who imported Chinese laborers?
answers: text: white planters

question: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
answers: text: the Chinese Exclusion Act

question: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
answers: text: they did not take white spouses

question: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
answers: text: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South

question: Who entered the United States as intellectuals?

question: Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?

question: What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?

question: Where did Chinese men take white spouses?

question: What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?
context: Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

qas: question: What office is responsible for the census form changes?
answers: text: the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

question: When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
answers: text: 1997

question: When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
answers: text: 2003

question: What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
answers: text: participants to select more than one of the six available categories

question: When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?

question: In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?

question: What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?

question: When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?

question: What office is barred from making changes to the census form?
context: Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

qas: question: What was the result of a child having an African mother?
answers: text: born into slavery

question: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
answers: text: partus sequitur ventrem

question: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
answers: text: Anita Florence Hemmings

question: What makes a person mulatto?
answers: text: parents were black and white

question: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
answers: text: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white

question: What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?

question: Who was not born into slavery?

question: Who were free people of color in New York descended from?

question: Who took advantage of slave men?

question: What did African Americans not use passing to do?
context: Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

qas: question: Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
answers: text: Because he has no slave blood in him

question: What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
answers: text: "black" or "white"

question: What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
answers: text: recent American immigrant

question: Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
answers: text: CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

question: Why did Steele say what he did?
answers: text: to be "provocative"

question: Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?

question: What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?

question: Who was mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by the German Prime Minister?

question: What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over "black" and "white"?

question: Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?
context: Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .

qas: question: When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
answers: text: April 5, 1614

question: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
answers: text: considered English or white

question: Who married Indigenous women early on?
answers: text: male settlers

question: Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
answers: text: present-day Virginia

question: Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
answers: text: Thomas Rolfe

question: Who did some early female settlers marry?

question: What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?

question: Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?

question: When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?

question: Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?
context: Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.

qas: question: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
answers: text: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies

question: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
answers: text: learn to read and write

question: What replaced written records for black families?
answers: text: oral histories

question: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
answers: text: Southern Congressional bloc

question: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
answers: text: 1930

question: What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?

question: What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?

question: What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?

question: When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?
context: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

qas: question: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
answers: text: Indigenous American tribes

question: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
answers: text: 1726

question: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
answers: text: Numerous advertisements

question: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
answers: text: through the institution of slavery

question: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
answers: text: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases

question: Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?

question: When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves? 

question: What were Indigenous Americans immune to?

question: Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?

question: What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?
context: European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

qas: question: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
answers: text: gave children the social status of their mother

question: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
answers: text: partus sequitur ventrem

question: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
answers: text: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

question: English common law generally said what?
answers: text: a man gave his status to his children

question: What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?

question: What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?

question: What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?

question: Who did many white mothers abandon?

question: Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?
context: Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

qas: question: What are many Latin American migrants?
answers: text: mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race

question: What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
answers: text: white

question: Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
answers: text: the U.S. Hispanic media

question: What does the typical latino in media look like?
answers: text: blond and blue/green-eyed white

question: What are many European American migrants?

question: Who has a large amount of media representation?

question: What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?

question: Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?

question: Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?
context: Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.

qas: question: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
answers: text: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry

question: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
answers: text: 1920

question: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
answers: text: Southern-dominated Congress

question: When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?

question: When was the one-drop rule ended?

question: What was an attempt to increase black political power?

question: What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?

question: What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?
context: In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

qas: question: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
answers: text: Stanley Crouch

question: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
answers: text: "Magic Negro",

question: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
answers: text: assuage white 'guilt'

question: What was the title of Crouch's article?
answers: text: "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."

question: Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?

question: What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?

question: What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?

question: What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?

question: Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?
context: Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

qas: question: What does the "mixture" heading mean?
answers: text: cannot be racially categorized

question: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
answers: text: 2000

question: Bi-racial would be coded as what?
answers: text: Mixture

question: How many race options were there?
answers: text: five enumerated races

question: What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?

question: What did the code listing destandardize?

question: What heading can be racially categorized?

question: In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?

question: How many race options did the Canadian census have?
context: The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

qas: question: What is considered to be neglected in American history?
answers: text: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans

question: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
answers: text: April 1502

question: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
answers: text: Santo Domingo

question: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
answers: text: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River

question: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
answers: text: 100 enslaved Africans

question: What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?

question: What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?

question: Where were the last Black Indians born?

question: When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?

question: How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?
context: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

qas: question: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
answers: text: Colored White Boy

question: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
answers: text: Anatole Broyard

question: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
answers: text: autobiography

question: What book was written by Anatole Broyard?

question: What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?

question: What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?

question: What book was written about Bliss Broyard?

question: Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?
context: Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

qas: question: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
answers: text: the 1980s

question: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
answers: text: mostly negative

question: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
answers: text: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins

question: What did they fear would happen?
answers: text: a loss in political and economic power

question: Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?

question: What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?

question: What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?

question: What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?

question: Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?
context: By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

qas: question: Who married Sacagewea?
answers: text: French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau

question: Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
answers: text: European men and Indigenous American women

question: What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
answers: text: the kinship system of the woman's tribe

question: What nations are considered matrilineal?
answers: text: Creek and Cherokee

question: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
answers: text: adopted into the tribe by an adult male

question: Who married Clark?

question: What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?

question: What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?

question: Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?

question: Who was not considered white to the Omaha?
context: In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.

qas: question: What brought African Americans together?
answers: text: the one-drop rule

question: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
answers: text: family elders

question: Slaves were not allowed to do what?
answers: text: to learn to read and write

question: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
answers: text: spoke English, nor read or wrote it

question: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
answers: text: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification

question: What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?

question: Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for? 

question: Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?

question: Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?

question: Who was encouraged to read and write?
context: For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

qas: question: What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
answers: text: "tragic octoroon"

question: Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
answers: text: Lydia Maria Child

question: What story was written by Child in 1842?
answers: text: "The Quadroons"

question: What does the tragic octoroon point out?
answers: text: sexual exploitation in slavery

question: Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
answers: text: abolitionists

question: Who wrote about the last "tragic octoroon" character?

question: What story was the last "tragic octoroon" character in?

question: What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?

question: Who would sell his own children into slavery?

question: What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?
context: The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.