Yale_University

qas: question: When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?
answers: text: 1701

question: When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?
answers: text: 1718

question: Why was the school named Yale College?
answers: text: recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale

question: When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?
answers: text: by 1777

question: When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?
answers: text: 1861

question: When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony closed?

question: When wasn't the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?

question: Why wasn't the school named Yale College?

question: When did Yale last incorporate humanities and sciences?

question: When did Yale issue the last Ph.D in the United States?
context: Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.

qas: question: How many schools is Yale composed of?
answers: text: fourteen

question: How much is Yale's endowment worth?
answers: text: $25.6 billion

question: How many books are in the Yale University Library?
answers: text: 15 million

question: Who runs Yale College?
answers: text: Yale Corporation

question: Where is the main Yale campus?
answers: text: downtown New Haven

question: How many schools isn't Yale composed of?

question: How much isn't Yale's endowment worth?

question: How many books are in the Yale University Labratory?

question: Who doesn't run Yale College?

question: Where is the side Yale campus?
context: Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.

qas: question: When was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" approved?
answers: text: October 9, 1701

question: Who voted on "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"?
answers: text: General Court of the Colony of Connecticut

question: What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?
answers: text: The Founders

question: Why was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" proposed?
answers: text: to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut

question: Where did "The Founders" go to school?
answers: text: Harvard

question: When was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" disapproved?

question: Who never voted on "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"?

question: What was the name of the group that ended Yale's library?

question: Why was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" rejected?

question: Where didn't "The Founders" go to school?
context: Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".[citation needed]

qas: question: Where did Elihu Yale grow up?
answers: text: Wales

question: Where was Elihu Yale born?
answers: text: Boston

question: What was Elihu Yale's father's name?
answers: text: David

question: Who suggested the new name of Yale?
answers: text: Cotton Mather

question: How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?
answers: text: 500

question: Where did Elihu Yale die?

question: Where wasn't Elihu Yale born?

question: What was Elihu Yale's father's nickname?

question: Who suggested the old name of Yale?

question: How many books were in the 1741 shipment to Yale?
context: In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.

qas: question: When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?
answers: text: 1778 to 1795

question: What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?
answers: text: Hebrew

question: When did the British threaten to take over the college?
answers: text: July 1779

question: Who saved Yale from the British raid?
answers: text: Edmund Fanning

question: What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?
answers: text: an honorary degree LL.D

question: When was Ezra Stiles vice president of Yale?

question: What course did Ezra Stiles require seniors to take?

question: When did the British threaten to destroy the college?

question: Who saved Yale from the French raid?

question: What degree was Edmund Fanning stripped of for his services?
context: Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים (Urim and Thummim) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree LL.D., at 1803, for his efforts.

qas: question: When did William Graham Sumner teach?
answers: text: 1872 to 1909

question: What did William Graham Sumner teach?
answers: text: economics and sociology

question: Why was The Yale Report established?
answers: text: the classics would not be abandoned

question: What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?
answers: text: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations

question: What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?
answers: text: Victorian culture

question: When did William Graham Winter teach?

question: What didn't William Graham Sumner teach?

question: Why was The Yale Report closed?

question: What weren't the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?

question: What changes weren't the professors and ministers responding to?
context: The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.

qas: question: What was Nathan Hale famous for?
answers: text: Revolutionary War soldier

question: What profession did Frederic Remington hold?
answers: text: artist

question: What was the name of the protagonist of "Stover at Yale"?
answers: text: Frank Stover

question: What turned into the goal of the student body?
answers: text: winning the big game

question: What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?
answers: text: heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West

question: What was Nathan Hale not famous for?

question: What profession did Frederic Remington reject?

question: What was the name of the antagonist of "Stover at Yale"?

question: What turned into the goal of the faculty?

question: What were the obbjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?
context: The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had but one life to lose" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.

qas: question: In what year was the first debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?
answers: text: 1909

question: When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale?
answers: text: 1892

question: How were debates shown to the college students?
answers: text: front pages of college newspapers

question: What did members of the debate team get for their service?
answers: text: the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets

question: Why do debates not have a distinct winner?
answers: text: scoring is subjective

question: In what year was the last debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?

question: When was the last debate between Harvard and Yale?

question: How were debates shown to the college faculty?

question: What did fans of the debate team get for their service?

question: Why do debates have a distinct winner?
context: Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating teams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the case in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.

qas: question: Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?
answers: text: the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

question: What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?
answers: text: Intercollegiate Athletic Association

question: Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?
answers: text: Arthur Hadley

question: Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?
answers: text: A. Lawrence Lowell

question: Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?
answers: text: Woodrow Wilson

question: Who attempted to enact measures of soccer reform?

question: What did the rebellion to the old football measures start?

question: Who was vice president of Yale during the rebellion?

question: Who represented Harvard after the rule changing debates?

question: Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions?
context: In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.

qas: question: When was the Yale School of Medicine established?
answers: text: 1810

question: When was Yale Divinity School established?
answers: text: 1822

question: When was Yale Law School created?
answers: text: 1843

question: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?
answers: text: (1847

question: When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?
answers: text: 1847

question: When was the Yale School of Medicine closed?

question: When was Yale Divinity School closed?

question: When was Yale Law School closed?

question: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences closed?

question: When was the Sheffield Scientific School closed?
context: Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

qas: question: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?
answers: text: 1871 to 1886

question: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?
answers: text: new research university

question: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?
answers: text: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition

question: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?
answers: text: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education

question: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?
answers: text: Expansion

question: When was Noah Porter vice president of Yale?

question: What idea did Noah Porter approve?

question: What did no historians think of Noah Porter?

question: What was Porter's reason for approving the research university?

question: What caused agreement about Yale's new position?
context: Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

qas: question: How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?
answers: text: about $7 million

question: What was the $7 million used for?
answers: text: behavioral science research

question: What was the goal of the behavioral research?
answers: text: improve mankind

question: Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?
answers: text: President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes

question: What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?
answers: text: chimpanzee

question: How much did philanthropic foundations donate between 1935 and 1940?

question: What was the $6 million used for?

question: What wasn't the goal of the behavioral research?

question: Who were the behavioral students in charge of the research?

question: What animals eating behavior did Yerkes study?
context: Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.

qas: question: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?
answers: text: Harrison's group

question: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?
answers: text: Pickford's and Hutchinson's

question: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?
answers: text: departmental or institutional position or power

question: What did Hutchinson's group research?
answers: text: diverse areas of ecology

question: What information did Hutchinson's model provide?
answers: text: new models for research groups are needed

question: Which group of researchers provided a nonstandard research school environment?

question: Which groups of researchers provided orthodox structure for a research group?

question: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it less like other research schools?

question: What didn't Hutchinson's group research?

question: What information didn't Hutchinson's model provide?
context: Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.

qas: question: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?
answers: text: Milton Winternitz

question: What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
answers: text: social medicine

question: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?
answers: text: Yale System

question: What is the Yale System?
answers: text: few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system

question: What programs did Milton Winternitz create?
answers: text: graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department

question: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1925 to 1935?

question: What wasn't the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?

question: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz reject?

question: What isn't the Yale System?

question: What programs did Milton Winternitz end?
context: Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.

qas: question: Who was the first professor for the American studies program?
answers: text: Norman Holmes Pearson

question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?
answers: text: Office of Strategic Studies in London

question: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?
answers: text: fundamentals of American civilization

question: Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?
answers: text: William Robertson Coe

question: Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?
answers: text: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States

question: Who was the last professor for the American studies program?

question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work after Yale?

question: What did the American studies program hope to destruct?

question: Who contributed to the Canadian studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?

question: Why did Coe not donate to American studies programs?
context: The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."

qas: question: What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?
answers: text: Vassar College

question: Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?
answers: text: Amy Solomon

question: What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?
answers: text: St. Anthony Hall

question: What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?
answers: text: 1973

question: Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?
answers: text: Vanderbilt Hall

question: What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1996?

question: Who was the last undergraduate woman at Yale?

question: What society did Amy Solomon drop out at Yale?

question: What year did the last undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?

question: Where did undergraduate women live during the last few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?
context: In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.[citation needed]

qas: question: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?
answers: text: Alexander v. Yale

question: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?
answers: text: March 2011

question: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?
answers: text: Broad Recognition

question: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?
answers: text: the university had a hostile sexual climate

question: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?
answers: text: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct

question: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Men's Center?

question: When was a Title X complaint filed against Yale?

question: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title X complaint?

question: What was the complaint of the writers of Broad Recognition?

question: What did Yale do about the Title X complaint?
context: A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.

qas: question: Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?
answers: text: exemption from local property taxes

question: Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?
answers: text: President Levin

question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?
answers: text: economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success

question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
answers: text: decline in the local economy

question: Why do New Haven city officials like Yale?

question: Which Yale president rejected the New Haven's revitalization efforts?

question: What hasn't been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?

question: Why don't New Haven city officials dislike Yale?

question: What hasn't been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
context: Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.

qas: question: What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?
answers: text: "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."

question: Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?
answers: text: Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush

question: What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?
answers: text: Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

question: What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?
answers: text: John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)

question: How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004
answers: text: every

question: What didn't the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?

question: What unknown presidential candidates also studied at Yale?

question: Which US presidents since before the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?

question: What non winning minor party nominees studied at Yale?

question: How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1927 and 2004
context: The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale." Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

qas: question: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
answers: text: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
answers: text: very strong tradition of volunteerism

question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?
answers: text: an ethos of organized activity

question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?
answers: text: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?
answers: text: the culture of community and cooperation

question: Why did President Levin believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?

question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?

question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry never led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was rejected from Yale?

question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the lack of political Yale alumni is?
context: Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

qas: question: In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?
answers: text: Harvard Yard's boutique

question: How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?
answers: text: so diffuse, there isn't a symbol

question: How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?
answers: text: liberalism and elitism

question: Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?
answers: text: first class to have women in it

question: In the 1968 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?

question: How did George W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?

question: How did George W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?

question: Why was Howard Dean not proud of his graduating class?

question: Why was Howard Dean proud of his non-graduating class?
context: During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".

qas: question: Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?
answers: text: Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara

question: As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?
answers: text: former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo

question: What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?
answers: text: Howard Dean

question: What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?
answers: text: Understanding Politics and Politicians

question: What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?
answers: text: University College London

question: Besides Yale, what other three locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?

question: As of 2008, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?

question: What current presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?

question: What isn't the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?

question: What college didn't Yale's medical facility team up with?
context: In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location – the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara – for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians." Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools’ affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".

qas: question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?
answers: text: Hanna Holborn Gray

question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?
answers: text: University of Chicago

question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?
answers: text: 1994

question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?
answers: text: 2004

question: Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?
answers: text: Alison Richard

question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1979?

question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go before Yale?

question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first male president of an Ivy League school?

question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of IMT?

question: Who became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?
context: The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.

qas: question: What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?
answers: text: Yale Police Benevolent Association

question: What union do Yale security guards belong to?
answers: text: International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America

question: What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?
answers: text: Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)

question: What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?
answers: text: Local 34 of UNITE HERE

question: What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?
answers: text: Local 35 of the same international

question: What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department not a part of?

question: What union don't Yale security guards belong to?

question: What is the name of the recognized union of graduate employees?

question: What union aren't Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?

question: What union aren't Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?
context: Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are members of 1199 SEIU. In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administration contested the election.

qas: question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?
answers: text: at least eight

question: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
answers: text: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.

question: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?
answers: text: Professor David Graeber

question: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?
answers: text: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

question: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?
answers: text: Yale's unusually large endowment

question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1986?

question: What are The New Jersey Times' views on Yale's labor tension?

question: What professor was retired in a 2013 labor strike?

question: Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike?

question: What eases the tensions during wage considerations?
context: Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

qas: question: Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?
answers: text: western New Haven

question: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
answers: text: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus

question: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
answers: text: laboratory and research space

question: How many forests does Yale own?
answers: text: seven

question: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
answers: text: 7,840-acre

question: Where does Yale own 5000 acres of athletic facilities?

question: What campus did Yale buy in 2009?

question: What is the current Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?

question: How many forests doesn't Yale own?

question: How big is the smallest forest in Yale's possession?
context: Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

qas: question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
answers: text: Charles Dickens

question: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
answers: text: Travel+Leisure

question: What is Yale largely known for?
answers: text: Collegiate Gothic campus

question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
answers: text: 2011

question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1940's?

question: Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States?

question: What is Yale largely unknown for?

question: What is Yale lesser known for?

question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses?
context: Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

qas: question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
answers: text: Edward S. Harkness

question: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
answers: text: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading

question: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
answers: text: contemporary scenes

question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
answers: text: splashing the walls with acid

question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
answers: text: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages

question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1817 to 1931

question: What don't the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?

question: What don't the decorative friezes on the buildings show?

question: How didn't James Gamble Rogers really age the buildings?

question: How didn't James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
context: Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

qas: question: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?
answers: text: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis

question: What is the largest residential college?
answers: text: Silliman College

question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?
answers: text: Sheffield Scientific School

question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?
answers: text: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic

question: What architects have buildings in the Yale New Campus?

question: What is the smallest residential college?

question: What is the largest industrial college?

question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1965?

question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the New Campus at Yale?
context: Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

qas: question: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
answers: text: Alumnus Eero Saarinen

question: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
answers: text: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal

question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
answers: text: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano

question: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
answers: text: fortress-like stone towers

question: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
answers: text: Finnish-American

question: Who destroyed the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?

question: What airport wasn't designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen not use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?

question: What counterpoints Yale's hectic towers?

question: Of what nationality isn't Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
context: Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

qas: question: Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?
answers: text: Yale's Office of Sustainability

question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
answers: text: 10%

question: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
answers: text: Eleven

question: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
answers: text: Yale Sustainable Food Project

question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
answers: text: B+

question: Who rejects sustainability practices at Yale?

question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2030?

question: How many campus buildings are candidates for ELED design and certification?

question: What project is bringing inorganic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?

question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2018?
context: Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

qas: question: What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?
answers: text: tombs

question: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
answers: text: Benedict Arnold

question: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
answers: text: Dan Kniley

question: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
answers: text: Kenneth M. Murchison

question: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
answers: text: King Lui-Wu

question: What is another term for some of Yale's public society buildings?

question: Who is the exterior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?

question: Who was unresponsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?

question: Who wasn't the architect for St. Elmo?

question: Who wasn't the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
context: Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

qas: question: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
answers: text: 1894

question: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
answers: text: city police officers

question: Why was the campus police established?
answers: text: quell unrest between students and city residents

question: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
answers: text: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

question: When were the last campus police formed at Yale?

question: When were the first campus police fired at Yale?

question: Who were the the last campus police composed of?

question: Why was the campus police disbanded?

question: What other safety measures are unavailable at Yale besides campus police?
context: Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

qas: question: What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?
answers: text: need-based

question: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
answers: text: grants and scholarships

question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
answers: text: $46,395

question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
answers: text: 15%

question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
answers: text: $13,000

question: What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid?

question: How is least financial aid obtained at Yale?

question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2007?

question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have all parental help?

question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2003?
context: Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

qas: question: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
answers: text: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

question: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
answers: text: The Lewis Walpole Library

question: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? 
answers: text: The Elizabethan Club

question: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
answers: text: The Beinecke Rare Book Library

question: Where would no one find a collection of historical medical equipment?

question: What library contains the smallest assortment of 18th century British literary works?

question: Where can unqualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?

question: Where can qualified researchers lose Elizabethan folios?

question: What library has a tiny assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
context: Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

qas: question: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
answers: text: The Yale University Art Gallery

question: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
answers: text: more than 180,000

question: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
answers: text: The Yale Center for British Art

question: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
answers: text: Paul Mellon

question: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
answers: text: Louis Kahn

question: What is the name of the country's last university partnered art museum?

question: How many items aren't in The Yale University Art Gallery?

question: Where is the smallest center for British art, UK not included?

question: Who re-designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?

question: Whose contributions ended The Yale Center for British Art?
context: Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

qas: question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
answers: text: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
answers: text: Jacques Derrida

question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
answers: text: Department of Comparative Literature

question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
answers: text: David Montgomery

question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
answers: text: 1957

question: Which of the Old Critics were staffed at Yale?

question: Who is known as the mother of deconstruction?

question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1990's?

question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other older labor historians?

question: When wasn't The Journal of Music Theory founded?
context: Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

qas: question: When was Yale's residential college system established?
answers: text: 1933

question: Who established Yale's residential college system?
answers: text: Edward S. Harkness

question: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
answers: text: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean

question: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
answers: text: do not contain programs of study or academic departments

question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
answers: text: Faculty of Arts and Sciences

question: When was Yale's residential college system unestablished?

question: Who established Yale's commercial college system?

question: Who runs Yale's industrial colleges?

question: Are there unacademic programs in Yale's residential colleges?

question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's graduate classes?
context: Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

qas: question: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
answers: text: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic

question: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
answers: text: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges

question: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
answers: text: a courtyard

question: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
answers: text: important alumni or significant places in university history

question: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
answers: text: 2017

question: In what architectural styles weren't Harkness' original colleges?

question: Which three residential colleges are of modernist style?

question: What are Yale's colleges encircled by?

question: Who aren't the Yale colleges named after?

question: In what year does the university expect to close two more colleges?
context: While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

qas: question: Who was Calhoun college named for?
answers: text: John C. Calhoun

question: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
answers: text: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century

question: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?
answers: text: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”

question: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?
answers: text: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."

question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?
answers: text: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika

question: Who was Calhoun college not named for?

question: Why did people like the college being named after John C. Calhoun?

question: What title change will be happening to increase racial tensions?

question: What did President Salovey believe wouldn't happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?

question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2016?
context: In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

qas: question: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?
answers: text: The Yale Record

question: What year was The Yale Record first published?
answers: text: 1872

question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
answers: text: 1878

question: When was the Yale Herald established?
answers: text: 1986

question: What is the name of the campus radio station?
answers: text: WYBC Yale Radio

question: What is the name of the world's newest humor magazine?

question: What year was The Yale Record last published?

question: In what year was the Yale Daily News closed?

question: When was the Yale Herald closed?

question: What is the name of the campus tv station?
context: The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

qas: question: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
answers: text: clay pipes

question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
answers: text: bubble pipes

question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
answers: text: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus

question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
answers: text: the toe

question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
answers: text: Bladderball

question: What do juniors crush to celebrate graduation?

question: What do they destroy now with clay pipes?

question: What statue is it rumored to be bad luck to rub?

question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be bad luck to rub?

question: What game was created, to later be joined by administration?
context: Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

qas: question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
answers: text: Yale Bowl

question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
answers: text: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
answers: text: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
answers: text: October 21, 2000

question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
answers: text: $7.5 million

question: What is the name of the United States' last bowl stadium?

question: What landmarks didn't the Yale Bowl influence?

question: What is the name of the world's second smallest indoor athletic building?

question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse closed?

question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to destroy?
context: Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

qas: question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
answers: text: $250 million

question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
answers: text: $70 million

question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
answers: text: Richard Gilder

question: How much didn't Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?

question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003?

question: How much did the 1945 class donate for their 50th reunion?

question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 40th reunion?

question: Who led the 1945 class in their large donation?
context: Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

qas: question: What royalty has attended Yale?
answers: text: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo

question: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?
answers: text: Mario Monti

question: What Mexican president attended Yale?
answers: text: Ernesto Zedillo

question: Who was the father of American football?
answers: text: Walter Camp

question: What Time magazine founder attended Yale?
answers: text: Henry Luce

question: What royalty hasn't attended Yale?

question: What Italian Prime Minister never attended Yale?

question: What Mexican president never attended Yale?

question: Who was the mother of American football?

question: What Time magazine founder never attended Yale?
context: Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

qas: question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?
answers: text: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?
answers: text: The Great Gatsby

question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?
answers: text: Nick Carraway

question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
answers: text: Tom Buchanan

question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?
answers: text: Owen Johnson

question: Who were the side characters in Stover at Yale?

question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale not a part of?

question: What character in The Great Gatsby read editorials for the Yale News?

question: What baseball playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?

question: Who read the novel Stover at Yale?
context: Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.