Dutch_Republic

qas: question: What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?
answers: text: the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)

question: The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?
answers: text: from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795

question: What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?
answers: text: Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands

question: What is also known as the Republic of the seventeen United Netherlands?

question: When did part of Spain separate from the Netherlands?

question: The Batavian Repulic preceded what other Republic?

question: What was the Kingdom of the Netherlands later known as?

question: What year marked the beginning of the existence of the Spanish Republic?

question: What republics did the Spanish kingdom come before?

question: What are some other names the Batvian Republic is known by?

question: During what period was the Kingdom of Holland a republic of Europe?

question: Name one name the Batvian Republic is also known as?
context: The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).

qas: question: The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
answers: text: Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

question: Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
answers: text: Flanders

question: What countries were considered part of the low countries after the sixteenth century?

question: What were ruled by the Roman Empire?

question: Which Empire ruled the county of Flanders?

question: What kingdom was a holy Roman empire under?

question: What three countries were under the Kingdom of France?

question: What did the Low Countries under the Kingdom of France consist of?

question: What county was under the Holy Roman Empire?

question: Until what century was the county of Flanders part of the Low Countries?

question: Name one type of government the county of Flanders had when under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire?
context: Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.

qas: question: The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?
answers: text: the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg

question: Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?
answers: text: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

question: In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
answers: text: 1568

question: Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
answers: text: high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces

question: The low countries ruled most of what two houses?

question: What did Charles V block in 1549?

question: What further fragment of the seventeen provinces?

question: When did Philip II conquer the Netherlands?

question: What war ended with a revolt led by William I

question: When did the House of Burgundy issue the Pragmatic Sanction?

question: What did modernizing the government structures do to the Low Countries status?

question: When did the House of Burgundy revolt against Philip II?

question: Name two reasons why the Low Countries turned against Philip II?

question: What event started after the revolt let by King Philip II of Spain?
context: Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.

qas: question: In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?
answers: text: 1579

question: Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
answers: text: a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries

question: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
answers: text: the Act of Abjuration

question: In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
answers: text: 1581

question: What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
answers: text: to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army

question: In what year did the provinces of the low countries sign the Union of Utrecht?

question: Who promised to help each other attack the Spanish army?

question: Who declared their independence from Philip II in 1579?

question: Who did the Union of Utrecht declare independence from?

question: Who did the provinces promise to support with the Act of Abjuration?

question: In 1581 who signed the Union of Utrecht?

question: What was the name of the declaration of independence from the Low Countries?

question: What did Low Country provinces sign promising to support each other against Philip II?

question: During what year was the declaration of independence from the Spanish signed?

question: Who promised to support each other while defending against Philip II?
context: In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

qas: question: In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?
answers: text: 1582

question: In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?
answers: text: 1583

question: When was William of Orange assassinated?
answers: text: 10 July 1584

question: Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
answers: text: Elizabeth I

question: In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
answers: text: 1588

question: In what year did the Duke of Anjou conquered the United provinces?

question: Who talk Antwerp in 1583?

question: What two rulers fought over the provinces after the assassination of William of Orange?

question: What treaty gave England sovereignty over the United provinces?

question: In what year did the Spanish Empire stopped recognizing the Republic of the Seven United Provinces?

question: When was the Duke of Anjou assassinated?

question: When did Henry III leave the Netherlands?

question: When did the Duke of Anjou decline an offer of soverignty?

question: Who was sent as governer-general to the Spanish Empire?

question: What did Henry III do with the United Provinces  after William of Orange was assassinated?
context: In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

qas: question: What events created the Batavian Republic?
answers: text: a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795

question: The republican forces fled to which country?
answers: text: France

question: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
answers: text: the Batavian Republic

question: What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?

question: What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?

question: During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?

question: What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?

question: Who fled from France to the Netherlands?

question: What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?

question: Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?

question: Where did the Prussian forces flee to?

question: What did the French Republic become under the British?

question: What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?
context: The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

qas: question: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?
answers: text: 1813

question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
answers: text: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?
answers: text: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège

question: When did Belgium regain independence from France?

question: What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

question: What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?

question: What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?

question: What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?
context: The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

qas: question: The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?
answers: text: the Dutch Golden Age

question: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
answers: text: The County of Holland

question: When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?

question: What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?

question: During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?

question: What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?

question: What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?
context: During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

qas: question: When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?
answers: text: 1602

question: Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?
answers: text: Rotterdam

question: The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?
answers: text: six

question: Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?
answers: text: Amsterdam

question: When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?

question: What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?

question: Where did the spirit of the time evolve?

question: Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?

question: How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?
context: The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

qas: question: The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?
answers: text: 1590–1712

question: The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?
answers: text: Africa and the Pacific

question: What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
answers: text: breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient

question: From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?

question: When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?

question: What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?

question: Where was the Dutch navy located?

question: During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?
context: Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

qas: question: The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?
answers: text: seven

question: Who were the Generality Lands governed by?
answers: text: the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government

question: The States General was made up of what?
answers: text: representatives of each of the seven provinces

question: In what order was The Hague arranged?

question: What was a confederation of the federal government?

question: How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?

question: What was the feudal order made up of?

question: Where was the federal government seated?
context: The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

qas: question: What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
answers: text: the County of Drenthe

question: Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
answers: text: this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes

question: The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
answers: text: raadspensionaris

question: Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
answers: text: the stadtholder

question: Who commanded the army?
answers: text: the stadtholder

question: What was the State General exempt from?

question: What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?

question: What was each raadspensionaris governed by?

question: In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?

question: Who commanded the representation in the States General?
context: In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

qas: question: Who appointed the stadtholders?
answers: text: the states of each province

question: Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
answers: text: the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent

question: Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
answers: text: Zeeland and usually Utrecht

question: What are two things that define the princes in theory?

question: Who appointed the princes of Orange?

question: Who had the same princes as Holland?

question: Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?

question: What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?
context: In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

qas: question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?
answers: text: Orangists

question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
answers: text: Republicans

question: What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?

question: What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?

question: What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?

question: What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?

question: What was the nature of the true republican structure?
context: There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

qas: question: Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
answers: text: the Peace of Westphalia

question: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
answers: text: federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)

question: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
answers: text: Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)

question: In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?

question: What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?

question: What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?

question: When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?

question: What was federally-governed Maastricht?
context: After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

qas: question: Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
answers: text: The States General of the United Provinces

question: Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
answers: text: Holland and/or Zeeland

question: What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?

question: What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?

question: What did the VOC and WIC initiate?

question: What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?

question: What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?
context: The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

qas: question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
answers: text: The framers of the US Constitution

question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."
answers: text: James Madison

question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
answers: text: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

question: Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?

question: What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?

question: What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?

question: What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?

question: What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?
context: The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

qas: question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
answers: text: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
answers: text: personal religion

question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
answers: text: William of Orange

question: What was forbidden in all provinces?
answers: text: Catholic services

question: When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?

question: How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?

question: What religious questions were forbidden under the union?

question: What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?

question: What group became the strong supporter in the republic?
context: In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.

qas: question: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
answers: text: the Reformed Church

question: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
answers: text: the time period and regional or city leaders

question: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
answers: text: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

question: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
answers: text: personal freedom of religion

question: What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?

question: What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?

question: What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?

question: What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?

question: Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?
context: During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

qas: question: What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
answers: text: predestination

question: The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
answers: text: the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants

question: What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
answers: text: the Synod of Dort

question: When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?

question: Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?

question: What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?

question: What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?

question: In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?
context: In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

qas: question: When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
answers: text: in the 18th century

question: Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
answers: text: as long as their services took place secretly in private churches

question: When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?

question: During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?

question: What changed from religious services to private churches?

question: What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?

question: Where was active persecution taking place?
context: Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.