Literature

qas: question: What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?
answers: text: deemed to have artistic or intellectual value

question: What are two major divisions of literature?
answers: text: fiction or non-fiction

question: Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?
answers: text: poetry or prose

question: Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?
answers: text: the novel, short story or drama

question: What words are the Latin roots of the word "literature?"
answers: text: literatura/litteratura

question: What are the two Greek roots for "literature?"

question: What are two major divisions of English?

question: What does art consist of?

question: What is it called when literature often uses different languages?

question: What is the Italian concept of cultura?

question: What is it called when works are not categorized by historical periods?

question: Other than novella, what is the other subdivisions of prose literature?

question: What is literature as written productions always restricted to?

question: What is the Roman root for "literature?"

question: What is the Latin concept of cultura?

question: Besides historical genres, how are works often categorized? 
context: Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

qas: question: The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?
answers: text: a "culturally relative definition"

question: In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?
answers: text: all books and writing

question: During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?
answers: text: the Romantic period

question: During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?
answers: text: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature

question: What term has a "socially relative definition?"

question: Prior to the seventeenth century, literature as a term included what too things?

question: During what period did a more broad sense of the "literature" emerge? 

question: In Eastern Europe, literature included all books and what else?

question: What do social studies take as its subject and analysis?

question: Due to the unvarying definition of literature, what can the term "literature' be described as?

question: What did literature refer to in Eastern Europe prior to the eighteenth century?

question: What period brought a term that was more unrestricted to describe literature?

question: What do social studies take as its subjects of analysis?

question: What has been the result of modern debates over what constitutes literature?

question: What is literature referred to because definitions have varied very little over time?

question: What did "literature" include in Western Europe prior to the seventeenth century?

question: When did a more unrestricted sense of the term "literature" emerge?

question: What does cultural studies take as its only subjects of analysis?
context: Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

qas: question: What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?
answers: text: writing that possesses high quality or distinction

question: What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?"
answers: text: belles-lettres

question: Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?
answers: text: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."

question: What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?
answers: text: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded

question: What is the meaning of the Spanish term, "belles-lettres?"

question: How does the Encyclopedia Britannia Tenth Edition classify literature?

question: Value-decisions can do what over time?

question: What years does the Encyclopedia Brittanica Tenth Edition cover?

question: What forms part of the so-called belles-lettres law?

question: What Italian term means "fine writing?"

question: How does the 1901 Encyclopedia Britannica define "literature?"

question: In what way can value-judgments not change?

question: Which edition of the World Book Encyclopedia uses the value judgment definition of "literature?"

question: When was the definition of value judgement first used?

question: What tradition does the value judgement definition form all of?

question: What year was the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica written?

question: How often do value-judgments change?
context: The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

qas: question: A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?
answers: text: formalist

question: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?
answers: text: journalism

question: What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?
answers: text: "ordinary language"

question: What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?
answers: text: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history

question: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?
answers: text: must use language according to particular standards

question: What does the normalist definition of "literature" say distinguishes it from ordinary speech?

question: The term referring to unpublished material in a particular field includes what type of literature as one example?

question: Tim Meyer says scientific literature, for example, must use what?

question: Ordinary language is an unstable category that is the same according to what?

question: What is the problem Jim Meyer states with the formalist definition?

question: What does the formalistic definition of literature state?

question: What is one type of writing not included in the formalistic definition of literature?

question: What is the difficulty with "ordinary language" according to cultural categories?

question: What is an example of unpublished material in a certain field? 

question: What is the formalist definition of history?

question: Jim Meyer considers what term to be useful in explaining scientific literature?

question: What is "ordinary language" considered according to social history and differing categories?
context: The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

qas: question: What elements of language make for poetic literature?
answers: text: aesthetic and rhythmic qualities

question: Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
answers: text: verse

question: If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
answers: text: lines

question: Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
answers: text: the nineteenth century

question: The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
answers: text: literacy

question: What two qualities are used in rhyming literary art?

question: How has poetry been non-traditionally distinguished from prose? 

question: Prior to the eighteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be what?

question: In 1657, what was the definition used for "poetry?"

question: Poetry constitutes the second earliest example of literature and was sustained how?

question: What is a type of lyric art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities?

question: What has non-traditionally been the distinguishing factor between poetry and prose? 

question: How was poetry set prior to the eighteenth century?

question: What is the 1558 definition of poetry?

question: What is poetry the latest example of?

question: What qualities does prosaic use to evoke meanings?

question: What is prose cast in if poetry is cast in sentences?

question: What is the 1568 definition of poetry?

question: Until when was prose considered to need metrical lines?

question: What has poetry been confirmed to pre-date?
context: Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

qas: question: Literature intended for performance is what?
answers: text: Drama

question: Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?
answers: text: music and dance

question: What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?
answers: text: opera and musical theatre

question: Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?
answers: text: A play

question: What do we call the author of a play?
answers: text: a playwright

question: Drama is literature that is not intended for what?

question: Poetry is often combined with music and dance, as in what two things?

question: Nearly all drama took prose form until what general time frame?

question: What is comprised chiefly of dialogue between two characters?

question: A closet drama refers to a a play written to be sang instead of what?

question: What is literature not intended for performance? 

question: What is the oral dramatic work of a playwright called? 

question: What does a closest drama refer to?

question: Until when did very little drama take verse form?

question: What forms of drama combine with music and motion?

question: Until when did all musical theater take verse form?

question: What is the composer of an opera called?

question: What is a closet drama a subset of?
context: Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.

qas: question: The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?
answers: text: Greek

question: Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?
answers: text: performance associated with religious and civic festivals

question: A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?
answers: text: historical or mythological themes

question: What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?
answers: text: radio

question: In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?
answers: text: 1938

question: The earliest form of drama we know about is from the Roman and what other culture?

question: Tragedy was a style that developed and evolved from performances associated with nonreligious festivals and what other type of festival?

question: War of the Worlds, written in 1838, was written for what medium?

question: Many works of tragedy have been adapted for what?

question: Television, film, and podcast literature have been adapted to what?

question: The latest form of drama we are aware of is from what culture?

question: What genre emerged from performances associated with nonreligious and civic festivals? 

question: Comedies generally present what type of themes?

question: What was written for radio broadcast in 1838?

question: What have many works of horror been adapted for?

question: What was broadcast on radio in 1983?

question: What is the genre associated with religious themes and mythological festivals?

question: When was War of the Worlds originally written?
context: Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.

qas: question: Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?
answers: text: written records

question: We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?
answers: text: our history

question: Who wrote "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"?
answers: text: Lord Byron

question: Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?
answers: text: once we began to write it down

question: Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?
answers: text: Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments

question: Literature in most forms can be seen as what?

question: The plot is only for what purpose?

question: What do authors also reference besides Roman mythology?

question: What did Lord Bryon write?

question: In "Childe Harold's Pilgimage: Cano I," Lord Byron talks about the Portuguese and what other groups?

question: What can be seen as written logs?

question: Besides entertainment and philosophy, what information is in a plot?

question: In what type of literature do authors make reference to Roman mythology and other old texts?

question: Who talks about the Spanish and Portuguese in "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I?"

question: Who is the main character in "Childe Harold's: Canto I?"

question: What do we learn about from studying and analyzing history?

question: Who wrote Childe Harold?

question: Who does Lord Bryon talk about besides the Greek and Spanish in "Childe Harold's Pilgrimige: Canto I?"

question: What are we able to continuously able to uncover new information about through history?
context: “The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.”  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.

qas: question: What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?
answers: text: Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome

question: Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?
answers: text: a covert moral or didactic purpose

question: What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?
answers: text: urban culture

question: From what settings did lyric poetry derive?
answers: text: courts and aristocratic circles

question: What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?
answers: text: the Shijing or Book of Songs

question: Literature from Ancient China, Cambodia, Ancient India, Persia and what other two societies are still studied today?

question: Two works that had either overt moral or didactic purpose are what?

question: What genres developed as rural culture grew and provided a larger audience?

question: Epic poetry was a specialty of what?

question: In West Asia, songs were collected by what people as poems?

question: What did academies provide when a more suburban culture developed?

question: Besides Ancient Japan, what classical societies have literature that is still studied today?

question: What genres developed as suburban culture provided a bigger audience?

question: Who collected songs as poems from West Asia?

question: What was epic poetry the specialty of?

question: What did urban culture provide that helped poetry and satire?

question: What were poems in East Asia collected as?

question: Who collected songs in Ancient Asia?
context: As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.

qas: question: Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?
answers: text: philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry

question: What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?
answers: text: modern paper making and woodblock printing

question: What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?
answers: text: the Hundred Schools of Thought period

question: What classic work of war science originated during this period?
answers: text: The Art of War

question: Who wrote The Art Of War?
answers: text: Sun Tzu

question: The early literature of ancient China was primarily focused on psychology, historiography, philosophy, and what other three things?

question: Japan is the origin of modern paper making and what type of printing?

question: The Western Zhou Dynasty was present during what years?

question: Ancient Chinese literature placed little emphasis on historiography, which had detailed what?

question: What was complied in 388 BCE?

question: What was early literature focused on in ancient Asia?

question: What country is the origin of primitive paper making and woodblock printing?

question: What do the years 759-259 BCE mark the existence of? 

question: What did Ancient Asian literature put heavy emphasis on?

question: What was compiled no later than 289 BCE?

question: What period occurred from 796-896 BCE?

question: What genre is Sima Qian's The Art of War?

question: What genre is Sun Tzu's Record of the Grand Historian?

question: What literature had a heavy emphasis on philosophy with very detailed court records?

question: What year was the Zuo Zhuan written and released?
context: In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

qas: question: What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?
answers: text: drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry

question: An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?
answers: text: Sanskrit

question: What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?
answers: text: The Vedas

question: The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?
answers: text: the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE

question: The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?
answers: text: the Iron Age

question: Sanskrit literature begins with what that dates back to 1300-1100 BCE?

question: The early genres of Ancient India included drama, tragedy, fables, and what other two genres?

question: What literature follows the Vedas in Iron Range India?

question: The Vedic period spans the mid 3rd to mid 1st millennium BCE, also known as what?

question: The time between the 6th and 5th centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of what?

question: How did literature originate in ancient China?

question: What does Sanskrit literature end with?

question: What dates to 1530-1030 BCE?

question: When does the redirection of the Samhitas date to? 

question: What dates back to the years 1005-100 BCE?

question: What dates to c. 1000-1500 BCE?

question: What period spans the late 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE?

question: What did the period between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC see?
context: In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.

qas: question: What two epic narratives were written by Homer?
answers: text: the Iliad and the Odyssey

question: Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?
answers: text: Hesiod

question: Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?
answers: text: philosophical texts

question: Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?
answers: text: Sappho and Pindar

question: The two great ancient Greek historians were?
answers: text: Herodotus and Thucydides

question: In ancient Rome, Homer wrote what two epics?

question: Modern Greek genres include philosophy, poetry, and what other three genres?

question: Plato and Socrates authored what?

question: The three Roman authors whose plays still exist are who?

question: Which playwright  provided the only real examples of the genre of New Comedy?

question: What two epics did Homer write in ancient Rome?

question: Who wrote Works end Days and Theology?

question: What types of texts did Plato and Socrates author?

question: Who were two early Roman historians?

question: Whose plays give examples of New Comedy?

question: Who wrote both the Iliad and Theogony?

question: What type of texts did Plato and Sappho author that were so important to the West?

question: What Westerners were influential lyric poets?

question: What still exists written by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Plato?
context: In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.

qas: question: Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?
answers: text: Roman

question: What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?
answers: text: the romance

question: What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?
answers: text: an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative

question: What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?
answers: text: the invention of printing

question: What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?
answers: text: the German Faust books

question: Greek classic literature influenced what genre of literature?

question: What genre was the most characteristic form of the Bronze Ages?

question: What literature proliferated during the Revival?

question: Modern romance developed into what type of narrative?

question: What are two late important examples of the novel? 

question: What type of literature did Greek culture influenced?

question: What form of literature had limited popularity during the Middle Ages?

question: What types of literature emerged during the Revival?

question: What is an early example of the novel from Russia?

question: What proliferated during the Middle Ages as a result of the printing invention?

question: What is German Monkey an important example of?

question: What is the Chinese Faust books an example of?
context: Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

qas: question: What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?
answers: text: Romanticism

question: What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?
answers: text: realism and naturalism

question: What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?
answers: text: individual experience and emotion

question: How did naturalism effect the greater world?
answers: text: influenced social and political change

question: 20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?
answers: text: the subjective

question: What literary genre exploded in thee early 18th century?

question: As the 18th century went on, European fiction evolved toward what?

question: What did realism influence prior to the 20th century?

question: What did 21st century fiction and drama move back toward?

question: Proust, Eliot, Joy, Kafka and Pirand examplified what trend?

question: What happened during the Age of Reasoning?

question: During the 18th century, what did European fiction evolve toward?

question: What effect did 20th century fiction and tragedy have on the world?

question: What was the reaction to the Age of Reason in the later 19th century?

question: In the 18th century, what did European fiction evolve toward?

question: What did 20th century realism and drama move back toward?

question: Which writers documented the external rather than the internal?
context: In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

qas: question: What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?
answers: text: Genre fiction

question: Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?
answers: text: science fiction

question: Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?
answers: text: William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson

question: By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?
answers: text: strong subjective statements

question: Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?
answers: text: post-modern

question: What sub-group of literature emerged in the 21st century?

question: Hunter S. Thompson expanded what after the first World War?

question: Pre-modern critics have done what regarding the idea of objective realism?

question: William Burroughs continued to define the lines between literature and what?

question: Alternative fantasies are also know as what?

question: What two writers defined the lines between journalism and literature?

question: What genre of fiction developed in the 21st century?

question: What genre does skeptical realities and alternative detective refer to?

question: What idea have modern critics disparaged?

question: What are William Thompson and Hunter S. Burroughs known for?

question: Who has disparaged the idea of objective journalism?

question: What major form of literature appeared in the 20th century?

question: What is skeptical detective fiction also known as?
context: Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.

qas: question: What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?
answers: text: advances and specialization

question: The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?
answers: text: journals

question: The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?
answers: text: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton

question: In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?
answers: text: "history of science" programmes

question: The literary nature of science writing has become more pronounced during what time period?

question: The science of Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton no longer serve for scientific instruction why?

question: Students often read classical scientists outside what programmes?

question: What has made new scientific research accessible to most audiences?

question: What do students rarely study outside programmes of literary study?

question: What are too technical to sit well in "history of science" programs?

question: The scientific works of which scientists are still studied regularly?
context: As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programmes, students rarely read such works.

qas: question: What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?
answers: text: Philosophy

question: Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?
answers: text: academic journals

question: Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?
answers: text: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche

question: What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?
answers: text: logic

question: Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?
answers: text: mathematics

question: Psychology has become what?

question: Most new pychologic work appears where?

question: Besides Plato, Achilles, Socrates, and Augustine, who are other noted major philosophers in history?

question: What is considered more literary and less technical?

question: Who are the major practitioners through history? 

question: What have recent literature works argued to the merit the title of?

question: Logic is technical and similar to what field of study?
context: Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.

qas: question: Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?
answers: text: intimate emotional aspects

question: How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?
answers: text: It benefits the psychological development and understanding

question: What writer's entry in "The English Journal" was concerned with young adult fiction?
answers: text: D. Mitchell

question: Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?
answers: text: to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child

question: How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?
answers: text: “wonder”

question: What gives readers access to physical aspects of a character?

question: D. Michael wrote an entry about young adult fiction in what publication?

question: Accessing emotional aspects of a character benefits the philosophical development and what else?

question: What did D. Michael explain in "The English Journal?"

question: Who wrote an entry in "The Journal English?"

question: Who utilized adult literature to access an emotional experience?

question: How does literature benefit emotional states?
context: Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in ‘‘The English Journal’’ explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of “wonder”.

qas: question: How does literature unite members of a society?
answers: text: by provoking universal emotions

question: How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?
answers: text: allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to

question: What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?
answers: text: what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe

question: What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?
answers: text: literary devices

question: Logan says what two things explain what a person devotes to understanding a character's situation?

question: How does literature unite small communities?

question: What do readers access that provokes new physical experiences?

question: Authors choose literary devices based on what philosophical emotion they are trying to what?

question: Who explains that literature is a valid study of emotion because it unites a large community?

question: What do characters choose literary device according to?

question: In what way are certain cultural devices more effective than others?
context: Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character’s situation in literature allows literature to be considered “ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion”. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.

qas: question: Who conceived of "The Third Force Psychology Theory?"
answers: text: Maslow

question: The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?
answers: text: a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”

question: The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?
answers: text: the reason for living

question: What causes a person to become separated from their "true self"?
answers: text: neurological development

question: What author espoused the theory of the "pristine unconscious?"
answers: text: D.H Lawrence

question: Who came up with the "Fourth Force Psychology Theory?'

question: What does the Law suggest about human beings?

question: Who says that D.H. Lawrence's "pristine unconscious" is a metaphor for the fake self?"

question: It is said that literature is not a reputable tool to allow readers to do what?

question: Who is responsible for "Fourth Force Psychology and the Study of Literature?"

question: Who wrote "Third Force Theory?"

question: Who wrote "Third Force Psychology Theory and the Study of Literature?"

question: What does literature as a critical tool allow readers to do?

question: What does the theory suggest characters possess?
context: Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self. In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

qas: question: What is literary historical writing sometimes called?
answers: text: creative nonfiction

question: Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?
answers: text: literary journalism

question: What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?
answers: text: to record data or convey immediate information

question: Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?
answers: text: Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius

question: A small portion of historical writings are considered what?

question: What genres of modern writing rank as literature?

question: Three main literary historians include Hercules, Thucydides, and who else?

question: The secondary functions of historical documentations are what?

question: What does a significant amount of literature rank as?

question: Who are the major utilitarian historians? 

question: What is the primary purpose of creative fiction?
context: A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

qas: question: What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?
answers: text: Hammurabi

question: What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?
answers: text: the Bible

question: Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?
answers: text: the Corpus Juris Civilis

question: Under what Emperor did this group sit?
answers: text: Justinian I

question: What empire did Justinian preside over?
answers: text: the Byzantine Empire

question: Harambe of Babylon created what?

question: Late parts of the Bible could be seen as what?

question: What was Roman National Law referred to?

question: Many founding documents are called literature like Supreme Count Briefings and what else?

question: What location were Plato and Aristotle from?

question: Who reigned during the Roman Empire?

question: What was Babylonian civil law codified in?

question: What does Samuel Dean say law offers?
context: Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.

qas: question: Literary devices are employed for what reason?
answers: text: produce specific effects

question: What is one form of narration in literature?
answers: text: first-person

question: What are two types of narrative structure in literature?
answers: text: linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative

question: Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?
answers: text: to surprise the reader

question: In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?
answers: text: a conventional murder-mystery novel

question: Literary techniques are used to disenhance the what of a piece of literature?

question: Literary techniques cover a slim range of what?

question: What are examples of poetic technique?

question: What might the author do to bore the reader?

question: What do literary techniques specifically accomplish?

question: Why do all authors experiment with their technique? 

question: What is a familiar structure is an example of?
context: A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.