Chihuahua_(state)

qas: question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?
answers: text: Jornado

question: Along which river did they hunt bison?
answers: text: Rio Grande

question: How did the Chichimeca survive?
answers: text: hunting, gathering, and farming

question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?
answers: text: Tepehuan

question: The Jornado painted onto what surface?
answers: text: rock
context: During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

qas: question: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
answers: text: Dolores

question: What was the name of the Proclamation?
answers: text: Grito de Dolores

question: What was Hidalgo's occupation?
answers: text: priest

question: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
answers: text: Ignacio Elizondo

question: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
answers: text: United States
context: During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

qas: question: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?
answers: text: Mendarozqueta

question: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?
answers: text: José Urrea

question: Who had actually won the original vote?
answers: text: Gutierrez

question: Who was his deputy?
answers: text: P. J. Escalante

question: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?
answers: text: Escalante
context: At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

qas: question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
answers: text: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

question: In which year was the treaty signed?
answers: text: 1848

question: Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?
answers: text: Texas

question: How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?
answers: text: three months

question: Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?
answers: text: General Price
context: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.

qas: question: Which countries owned Mexican debt?
answers: text: Spain, England, and France

question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?
answers: text: President Juárez

question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?
answers: text: Manuel Doblado

question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?
answers: text: General Juan Prim of Spain

question: Which country refused to accept?
answers: text: France
context: In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

qas: question: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
answers: text: Maximilian

question: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
answers: text: 500

question: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?
answers: text: four

question: Which four states opposed the French?
answers: text: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California

question: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
answers: text: 1865
context: Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

qas: question: In which year did Benito Juarez die?
answers: text: 1872

question: The two candidates were heroes of what battle?
answers: text: Battle of Puebla

question: Which plan defended the "No Re-election" principle?
answers: text: The Plan of Tuxtepec

question: Which party rebelled against the administration?
answers: text: Lerdista party

question: Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?
answers: text: El Paso del Norte
context: After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Tíras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.

qas: question: Which year did Orozco revolt?
answers: text: 1912

question: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?
answers: text: Villa

question: Who saved Villa's life?
answers: text: Raúl Madero

question: With whom did Orozco side?
answers: text: Huerta
context: In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

qas: question: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?
answers: text: Durango

question: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?
answers: text: Desert

question: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?
answers: text: Grand Canyon

question: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?
answers: text: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley

question: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?
answers: text: Rocky Mountains
context: Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

qas: question: Which city did Villa raid?
answers: text: Columbus, New Mexico

question: Which American president pursued Villa?
answers: text: President Wilson

question: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?
answers: text: nearly a year

question: In which year was Villa assassinated?
answers: text: 1923

question: In which city was Villa killed?
answers: text: Parral
context: Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

qas: question: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?
answers: text: Sierra Madre

question: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?
answers: text: Paquime

question: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?
answers: text: Sierra Madre Occidental

question: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?
answers: text: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara
context: La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

qas: question: Which precious metal did Biezma discover?
answers: text: silver

question: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?
answers: text: 300 years

question: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?
answers: text: 1692

question: Which new state capital was founded in 1709?
answers: text: Chihuahua City

question: In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?
answers: text: El Paso Del Norte
context: and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar..

qas: question: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
answers: text: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado

question: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
answers: text: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC

question: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
answers: text: corn

question: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
answers: text: 2000 BC
context: The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

qas: question: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?
answers: text: 49,722

question: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?
answers: text: Ciudad Juárez

question: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?
answers: text: lowest

question: Which are the largest two cities in the state?
answers: text: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua
context: During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

qas: question: Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?
answers: text: Chirrines and Cuchas

question: Which was the third party?
answers: text: The military

question: In which year was the body installed?
answers: text: 1826

question: Which party had gained control?
answers: text: liberals

question: Who was the Durango governor?
answers: text: Santiago Baca Ortiz
context: In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.

qas: question: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
answers: text: Cibola and Quivira

question: Through which present-day state did he travel?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
answers: text: Paquime

question: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
answers: text: Santa Barbara

question: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
answers: text: epidemic
context: In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

qas: question: What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?
answers: text: 95.6%

question: What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?
answers: text: 97.3%

question: What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?
answers: text: 93.5%

question: What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?
answers: text: 12.8%
context: According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.

qas: question: The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico
answers: text: 12th-largest

question: What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?
answers: text: 396 billion pesos

question: Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?
answers: text: service sector

question: Which sector was the second largest?
answers: text: the manufacturing and industrial sector

question: The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?
answers: text: 884 million dollars
context: The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country’s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico.

qas: question: Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?
answers: text: Simón Elías Gonzalez

question: Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?
answers: text: Sonora

question: In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?
answers: text: 1829

question: For whom was the revolution named?
answers: text: Bustamante

question: Stringed laws were issued against what group?
answers: text: secret societies
context: The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arcé was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals.

qas: question: In which region of the state did culture develop?
answers: text: northern

question: To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?
answers: text: Big Houses

question: Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?
answers: text: Mogollon

question: What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?
answers: text: Paquime

question: To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?
answers: text: Forty Houses
context: Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses).

qas: question: Until what year did the state remain calm?
answers: text: 1841

question: In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?
answers: text: 1843

question: What was the price of the small force along the border?
answers: text: 160,603 pesos per year

question: The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?
answers: text: 6,000

question: Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?
answers: text: Ángel Trías
context: The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.

qas: question: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?
answers: text: Santa Bárbara

question: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?
answers: text: 1598

question: The path was important for the expansion of which road?
answers: text: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

question: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?
answers: text: New Mexico
context: Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

qas: question: Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?
answers: text: Hidalgo

question: Who actually achieved independence for the nation?
answers: text: Agustin de Iturbide

question: Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?
answers: text: September 16, 1810

question: Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?
answers: text: Diego Rivera

question: In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?
answers: text: Mexico City.
context: Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.

qas: question: In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?
answers: text: 1847

question: How many men did he have?
answers: text: 924

question: What was the pass into the capital known as?
answers: text: Sacramento Pass

question: Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?
answers: text: The Battle of Sacramento

question: How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?
answers: text: Almost 300
context: On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City. The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican–American War.

qas: question: Who supported the reaction against the government?
answers: text: Durango

question: Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?
answers: text: José Urrea

question: Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: Who threatened to retaliate?
answers: text: J.J.Calvo
context: The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.

qas: question: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?
answers: text: Governor Terrazas

question: Who was established as the new governor?
answers: text: Jesús José Casavantes

question: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?
answers: text: José María Patoni

question: Which president was forced to flee?
answers: text: President Benito Juárez

question: Until which year did his extended term last?
answers: text: 1867
context: Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

qas: question: In which year was the new constitution ratified?
answers: text: 1855

question: The state was able to survive through which war?
answers: text: Reform War

question: The conservative movement occurred during which year?
answers: text: 1858

question: 1000 men occupied which cities?
answers: text: Chihuahua and Parral

question: Who established himself as governor?
answers: text: Cajen
context: The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.

qas: question: Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?
answers: text: Coahuila and Durango

question: Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?
answers: text: President Juárez

question: Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?
answers: text: General Villagran

question: The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?
answers: text: General Villagran
context: After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed the Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of Río Florido into Ciudad Jiménez; one day later he arrived at Valle de Allende where he sent Colonel Pyot with a garrison to take control of Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt continued through Santa Rosalia de Camargo and Santa Cruz de Rosales. President Juárez remained in the state capital until August 5, 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez) due to evidence that the French were to attack the city. On the same day, the President named General Manuel Ojinaga the new governor and placed him in charge of all the republican forces. Meanwhile, General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral; after a short two-hour battle, Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat. At the Battle of Parral, the French lost 55 men to the Republican forces. On August 13, 1865, the French forces with an estimated 2,500 men arrived at the outskirts of Chihuahua City, and on August 15, 1865, General Brincourt defeated the republican forces, taking control of the state capital. Brincourt designated Tomás Zuloaga as Prefect of Chihuahua. Fearing the French would continue their campaign to El Paso del Norte, President Juárez relocated to El Carrizal, a secluded place in the mountains near El Paso del Norte, in August 1865, . It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Juárez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces. General François Achille Bazaine ordered the French troops to retreat back to the state of Durango after only reaching a point one days travel north of Chihuahua City. General Brincourt asked for 1,000 men to be left behind to help maintain control over the state, but his request was denied. After the death of General Ojinaga, the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces. The French left the state on October 29, 1865. President Juárez returned to Chihuahua City on November 20, 1865 and remained in the city until December 9, 1865 when he returned to El Paso del Norte. Shortly after the president left Chihuahua City, Terrazas was restored as governor of the state on December 11, 1865.

qas: question: Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?
answers: text: Parral

question: Who had been leading the French forces?
answers: text: Colonel Cottret

question: During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?
answers: text: 1866

question: Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?
answers: text: President Juárez

question: Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?
answers: text: Maximilian
context: General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Juárez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.

qas: question: Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?
answers: text: The United States

question: How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?
answers: text: 12,000

question: Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?
answers: text: battle of El Bracito

question: Who won the battle?
answers: text: The United States

question: Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?
answers: text: General Doniphan
context: The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate. Although President José Mariano Paredes's issuance of a manifesto on May 23 is sometimes considered the declaration of war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7. After the American invasion of New Mexico, Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to the border to stop the American military advance into the state. The Mexican forces being impatient to confront the American forces passed beyond El Paso del Norte about 20 miles (32 km) north along the Rio Grande. The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100–1,200 Americans on December 25, 1846. The battle ended badly by the Mexican forces that were then forced to retreat back into the state of Chihuahua. By December 27, 1846, the American forces occupied El Paso Del Norte. General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847.

qas: question: The elections of which year caused new hostilities?
answers: text: 1875

question: Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?
answers: text: Ángel Trías

question: Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?
answers: text: Donato Guerra

question: Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?
answers: text: Chihuahua City

question: With whom was he said to have conspired?
answers: text: Ángel Trías
context: But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with Ángel Trías. During October 1875 several locations were controlled by rebel forces, but the government finally regained control on November 25, 1875.

qas: question: Under which governor was the education system unified?
answers: text: Miguel Ahumada

question: Which system of measurement was standardized?
answers: text: metric system

question: What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?
answers: text: Civilian Hospital

question: The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?
answers: text: Chuviscar River
context: Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los Héroes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Juárez.

qas: question: The internal stability was known as what?
answers: text: paz porfiriana

question: During what years did the economic growth occur?
answers: text: 1876 to 1910

question: Who committed to a strict "No Re-election" policy when running for office?
answers: text: Díaz

question: Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?
answers: text: working class
context: Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When Díaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict “No Re-election” policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions Díaz became a de facto dictator. Díaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the Díaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%.

qas: question: Orozco responded to whose letter to action?
answers: text: Madero

question: Which governor teamed up with Orozco?
answers: text: Governor Abraham González

question: Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?
answers: text: Ciudad Juárez

question: Madero received support from which country?
answers: text: United States

question: Orozco's army was called by what name?
answers: text: Orozquistas
context: In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Juárez. After militias loyal to Madero defeated the Mexican federal army, on May 21, 1911, Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Díaz. It required that Díaz abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911, and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa. Orozco eventually became disappointed with the Madero's government and led a rebellion against him. He organized his own army, called "Orozquistas"—also called the Colorados ("Red Flaggers")—after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay and conditions. The rural working class, which had supported Madero, now took up arms against him in support of Orozco.

qas: question: War with what country seemed imminent?
answers: text: United States

question: Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?
answers: text: President Wilson

question: Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?
answers: text: Carranza’s

question: To which Secretary did Carothers write?
answers: text: Secretary William Jennings Bryan
context: The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza’s stated foreign policy.

qas: question: Which state is the largest in the country by land?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: What percentage of the country does it make up?
answers: text: 12.6%

question: Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?
answers: text: Sonora

question: Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?
answers: text: Texas
context: The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems.

qas: question: Climate in the state depends mainly on what?
answers: text: elevation of the terrain

question: Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?
answers: text: The Sierra Madre Occidental

question: Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?
answers: text: west

question: Which side of the state has more precipitation?
answers: text: west

question: Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?
answers: text: southern
context: The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to Köppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.

qas: question: The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?
answers: text: mammals

question: Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?
answers: text: rattlesnake

question: Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?
answers: text: skunk
context: The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus.

qas: question: Villa became an enemy of whom?
answers: text: Carranza

question: Who took control in 1914?
answers: text: Carranza

question: Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?
answers: text: Convention of Aguascalientes

question: The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?
answers: text: Eulalio Gutiérrez

question: At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?
answers: text: Battle of Celaya
context: Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obregón—who had defeated him at Celaya—finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.

qas: question: Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?
answers: text: July, August, and September

question: The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?
answers: text: 100 °F

question: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?
answers: text: canals

question: The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?
answers: text: western
context: The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.

qas: question: The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?
answers: text: microclimates

question: What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?
answers: text: flora

question: The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?
answers: text: Pinus

question: Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?
answers: text: Juniperus
context: The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most common species of flora found in the mountains are: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world. The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone.

qas: question: Which city in the state exceeds one million?
answers: text: Ciudad Juárez

question: Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?
answers: text: eighth

question: El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?
answers: text: 2.4 million

question: What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?
answers: text: 98%

question: What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?
answers: text: 76.5%
context: The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Juárez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is "the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Juárez "the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990–2000 was 5.3 percent. Juárez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico.

qas: question: French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?
answers: text: Saltillo

question: Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?
answers: text: José María Patoni and Jesús González

question: The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?
answers: text: President Juárez

question: Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?
answers: text: Chihuahua, Chihuahua

question: Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?
answers: text: Ángel Trías
context: The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Juárez stopped in Ciudad Jiménez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2–5, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor Ángel Trías. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico.

qas: question: Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?
answers: text: 1867

question: Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?
answers: text: Luis Terrazas

question: Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?
answers: text: General Canto

question: Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?
answers: text: 1871
context: President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Juárez had another crisis on his hands; the Juárez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief José María Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Juárez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio Díaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Juárez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872.

qas: question: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?
answers: text: monopolies

question: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?
answers: text: 17

question: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?
answers: text: telephone lines

question: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?
answers: text: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.
context: The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

qas: question: The Porfiriato ended in which year?
answers: text: 1910

question: The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?
answers: text: Mexican Revolution

question: Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?
answers: text: Díaz

question: Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?
answers: text: Madero

question: Who took up arms in support of Madero?
answers: text: Toribio Ortega
context: The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign Díaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.

qas: question: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?
answers: text: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata

question: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?
answers: text: August 15, 1914

question: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?
answers: text: Teoloyucan

question: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?
answers: text: Carranza
context: The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

qas: question: Which is the main mountain range in the state?
answers: text: Sierra Madre Occidental

question: What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?
answers: text: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)

question: Which state has more forests than any other?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?
answers: text: elevation

question: What type of plants can be found in some canyons?
answers: text: tropical
context: The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the Río Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 °F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 °F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.

qas: question: What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?
answers: text: Desert

question: Which city is known for its sand dunes?
answers: text: Samalayuca

question: Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?
answers: text: Desert

question: The transition zone between east and west is called what?
answers: text: the Steppe
context: In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.

qas: question: The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?
answers: text: migratory species

question: Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?
answers: text: hummingbird

question: Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?
answers: text: golden eagle

question: Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?
answers: text: Trogon mexicanus
context: The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.

qas: question: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
answers: text: Álvaro Obregón

question: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
answers: text: 42%

question: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? 
answers: text: German

question: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
answers: text: cheese

question: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
answers: text: half
context: During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

qas: question: Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?
answers: text: climate

question: Which fruit does the state rank first in production?
answers: text: apples

question: The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?
answers: text: milk

question: The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?
answers: text: oak

question: The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?
answers: text: zinc
context: Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg.

qas: question: What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?
answers: text: Nueva Vizcaya

question: Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?
answers: text: one century

question: Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?
answers: text: Conchos tribe

question: The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?
answers: text: mining center
context: Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.

qas: question: Hidalgo was turned over by whom?
answers: text: Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares

question: In which year was Hidalgo turned over?
answers: text: 1811

question: How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?
answers: text: firing squad

question: Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?
answers: text: blindfold

question: In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?
answers: text: Chihuahua
context: Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City.

qas: question: During which year was the federal government unstable?
answers: text: 1828

question: Who dissolved the government eventually?
answers: text: Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz

question: With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?
answers: text: Yorkino

question: Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?
answers: text: F. Elorriaga

question: Who now headed the civil and military authorities?
answers: text: J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa
context: Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa.

qas: question: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?
answers: text: Colonel J.J. Calvo

question: The state was in a war with what group?
answers: text: Apaches

question: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?
answers: text: Simón Elías González

question: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?
answers: text: 1837
context: Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

qas: question: What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?
answers: text: indigenous tribes

question: How many military colonies were established by the state?
answers: text: 18

question: The military colonies replaced what as population centers?
answers: text: presidios

question: How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?
answers: text: six men
context: During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.

qas: question: Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?
answers: text: liberal

question: The intervention had serious consequences for which state?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?
answers: text: President Juárez

question: Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?
answers: text: Governor Luis Terrazas

question: To where was the battalion first deployed?
answers: text: Puebla
context: The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.

qas: question: Juarez again based his government in which state?
answers: text: Chihuahua

question: The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?
answers: text: the French invasion

question: On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?
answers: text: Plaza de Armas

question: Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?
answers: text: General Terrazas

question: Which structure in the church became a historical monument?
answers: text: The bell
context: President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Fancis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established a vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces.

qas: question: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?
answers: text: corn

question: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?
answers: text: G. Casavantes

question: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?
answers: text: Governor Trías

question: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?
answers: text: water

question: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?
answers: text: Díaz
context: The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

qas: question: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.
answers: text: ranching and mining

question: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?
answers: text: working class

question: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?
answers: text: haciendas

question: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.
answers: text: proletariat
context: A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.

qas: question: Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?
answers: text: Venustiano Carranza

question: The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?
answers: text: Huerta

question: Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?
answers: text: Carranza

question: Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?
answers: text: Ciudad Juárez

question: Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?
answers: text: United States
context: On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the División del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and Álvaro Obregón, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Juárez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked "that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.”

qas: question: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?
answers: text: about a third

question: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?
answers: text: Coahuila

question: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?
answers: text: flat

question: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?
answers: text: north

question: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?
answers: text: Rio Grande
context: The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

qas: question: Canis latrans is what animal?
answers: text: coyote

question: Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?
answers: text: American black bear

question: The main cause of degradation has been what?
answers: text: grazing

question: What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?
answers: text: rattlesnake
context: The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.

qas: question: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?
answers: text: 1921

question: According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?
answers: text: 50.09%

question: The second largest group of people were whom?
answers: text: whites
context: The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered "other", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:

qas: question: What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?
answers: text: NAFTA

question: Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?
answers: text: maquiladoras

question: How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?
answers: text: 294,026

question: What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?
answers: text: Small business

question: Most maquiladoras today produce what?
answers: text: electronics, automobile, and aerospace components
context: During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state’s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]