Egypt

qas: question: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?
answers: text: Africa and southwest corner of Asia

question: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?
answers: text: Sinai Peninsula

question: How larger is Egypt?
answers: text: 1,010,408 square kilometres

question: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?
answers: text: Red Sea

question: What country borders Egypt to the south?
answers: text: Sudan
context: Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

qas: question: How far back does Egypt's history date back?
answers: text: tenth millennium BC

question: Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?
answers: text: earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government

question: What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?
answers: text: Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European

question: What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?
answers: text: Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx

question: In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?
answers: text: seventh century
context: Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

qas: question: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?
answers: text: over 90 million

question: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?
answers: text: third-most populous in Africa

question: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?
answers: text: Nile River

question: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?
answers: text: Sahara desert
context: With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

qas: question: What leader stepped down in 2011?
answers: text: President Hosni Mubarak

question: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
answers: text: Muslim Brotherhood

question: What economic sectors does Egypt have?
answers: text: tourism, agriculture, industry and services

question: What influence does Egypt have?
answers: text: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world
context: Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

qas: question: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
answers: text: Miṣr

question: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
answers: text: מִצְרַיִם

question: What is the oldest term for Egypt?
answers: text: Akkadian

question: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
answers: text: "border" or "frontier".
context: Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر‎) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

qas: question: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?
answers: text: Nile Valley

question: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?
answers: text: Badarian culture

question: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?
answers: text: 3200 BC

question: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?
answers: text: more than two thousand years
context: By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

qas: question: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?
answers: text: 150 years

question: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?
answers: text: Hyksos

question: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?
answers: text: Avaris

question: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?
answers: text: Semitic Hyksos
context: The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

qas: question: What year were the New Kingdom in control?
answers: text: 1550–1070 BC

question: What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?
answers: text: Eighteenth Dynasty

question: Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?
answers: text: Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II

question: Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?
answers: text: Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians
context: The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

qas: question: Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?
answers: text: Achaemenid Persians

question: What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?
answers: text: Psamtik III

question: From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?
answers: text: Susa in Persia

question: What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?
answers: text: 525 BC to 402 BC,
context: In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

qas: question: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia

question: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: Alexandria

question: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: Pharaohs

question: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: Egyptian
context: The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

qas: question: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?
answers: text: Cleopatra VII

question: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?
answers: text: Octavian

question: How did Mark Anthony's love die?
answers: text: suicide

question: What culture annexed Egypt?
answers: text: Rome
context: The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

qas: question: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?
answers: text: Byzantines

question: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?
answers: text: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

question: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?
answers: text: ten years

question: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
answers: text: Sunni Islam
context: The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

qas: question: Who modernized Egyptian army?
answers: text: Muhammad Ali Pasha

question: In what 2 ways was Army improved?
answers: text: strengthening it with numbers and in skill

question: Why did military use barracks?
answers: text: to avoid distraction of their growth

question: What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?
answers: text: nationalism and pride
context: Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

qas: question: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?
answers: text: French

question: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?
answers: text: 1875

question: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?
answers: text: British Government

question: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?
answers: text: Ismail
context: The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

qas: question: When was new constitution drafted?
answers: text: 1923

question: What system of government was constitution based on?
answers: text: parliamentary system

question: Who was elected in 1924?
answers: text: Saad Zaghlul

question: Who succeeded King Farouk?
answers: text: his son Fuad

question: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?
answers: text: 1954
context: The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

qas: question: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?
answers: text: 1958

question: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?
answers: text: United Arab Republic

question: How long did the union with Syria last?
answers: text: 1961
context: In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

qas: question: Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?
answers: text: Soviet Union i

question: Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?
answers: text: Mohamed Fawzi

question: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?
answers: text: three successive steps

question: On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"
answers: text: 23 May
context: In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

qas: question: How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?
answers: text: less than half a million

question: How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s
answers: text: four million

question: How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s
answers: text: 17 million

question: What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?
answers: text: Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists

question: What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?
answers: text: went from sluggish to the verge of collapse
context: At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

qas: question: When did Nasser die?
answers: text: 1970

question: Who succeeded Nasser?
answers: text: Anwar Sadat

question: Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?
answers: text: United States,

question: What was the October War?
answers: text: surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier

question: What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?
answers: text: peace with Israel
context: In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.

qas: question: What was encouraged through Infitah?
answers: text: foreign investment

question: What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?
answers: text: reduced taxes and import tariffs

question: What occured in 1977?
answers: text: Egyptian Bread Riots.

question: What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?
answers: text: elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs
context: In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

qas: question: What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?
answers: text: National Democratic Party,

question: What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?
answers: text: 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law

question: When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?
answers: text: late 1990s
context: During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.

qas: question: What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?
answers: text: parties from using religion as a basis for political activity

question: What was the long term goal for Egypt?
answers: text: democracy

question: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?
answers: text: power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring

question: What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?
answers: text: Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party
context: Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

qas: question: When was interim government instituted?
answers: text: 18 January 2014

question: What was the support by voters for referendum?
answers: text: 98.1%

question: Who was elected President in 2014?
answers: text: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

question: What group boycotted the elections?
answers: text: Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups
context: On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a landslide victory for el-Sisi. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote. Even though the military-backed authorities extended voting to a third day, the 46% turnout was lower than the 52% turnout in the 2012 election.

qas: question: When does most of Egypts rain fall?
answers: text: winter months

question: Where does snow fall in Egypt?
answers: text: Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities

question: When was the last snow fall in Cairo?
answers: text: 13 December 2013,

question: What is the sunniest county in the world?
answers: text: Egypt
context: Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.

qas: question: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?
answers: text: 2426

question: How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?
answers: text: 627

question: How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?
answers: text: 1483

question: How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?
answers: text: 15,000

question: How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?
answers: text: 371
context: The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

qas: question: What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?
answers: text: legislation

question: What tems do House of Representatives serve?
answers: text: five-year terms

question: What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? 
answers: text: 96.91%

question: Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?
answers: text: Hamdeen Sabahi
context: The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26–28 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.

qas: question: Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?
answers: text: Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials

question: What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?
answers: text: Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

question: What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?
answers: text: tourism
context: In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.

qas: question: When was new constitution institutionalised?
answers: text: 18 January 2014

question: How long are presidential terms?
answers: text: four-year term

question: How many terms may a president serve?
answers: text: 2 terms

question: Who may impeach the president?
answers: text: parliament

question: what may not be basis for political party?
answers: text: religion, race, gender or geography
context: On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".

qas: question: Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?
answers: text: fifth worst

question: What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?
answers: text: 84%

question: What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?
answers: text: adultery
context: The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.

qas: question: What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?
answers: text: great strides forward

question: How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?
answers: text: 98%

question: What was life expectancy in 1960s?
answers: text: 44.8 years

question: What was the life expectancy in 2009?
answers: text: 72.12 years

question: What direction has infant mortality rate taken?
answers: text: noticeable decline
context: As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).

qas: question: According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?
answers: text: 551-600

question: According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?
answers: text: 360

question: According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?
answers: text: 701+ range

question: What is the aim of new research institutes?
answers: text: modernising research
context: Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.

qas: question: What do Coptic Christians face?
answers: text: discrimination at multiple levels of the government,

question: When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?
answers: text: religious minorities

question: When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?
answers: text: 2008
context: Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bahá'ís and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bahá'ís, could not obtain identification documents. An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.

qas: question: what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?
answers: text: capital punishment

question: In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?
answers: text: 529

question: What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?
answers: text: terrorist organisation

question: What former president's supporters are set to be executed?
answers: text: Mohamed Morsi
context: Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup  after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.

qas: question: What US president was critical of Egypt's repression of Muslim Brotherhood?
answers: text: US president Barack Obama

question: How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013?
answers: text: 1,212

question: What was the criticism of judge Mohammad NAgi Shatata sentence of 188 member of Muslim Brotherhood for assaulting police station?
answers: text: lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes
context: After Morsi was ousted by the military, the judiciary system aligned itself with the new government, actively suopporting the repression of Muslim Brotherhood members. This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from the US president Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN, Ban Ki Moon. In April 2013, one judge of the Minya governatorate of Upper Egypt, sentenced 1,212 people to death. In December 2014 the judge Mohammed Nagi Shahata, notorious for his fierceness in passing on death sentences, condemened to the capital penalty 188 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, for assaulting a police station. Various Egyptian and international human rights organisations have already pointed out the lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes and do not take into consideration the procedural standards of fair trials.

qas: question: How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015?
answers: text: US$1.3 billion

question: What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013?
answers: text: Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters
context: The United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance, which in 2015 amounted to US$1.3 billion. In 1989, Egypt was designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Nevertheless, ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 military coup that deposed Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, with the Obama administration condemning Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries. There have been recent attempts, however, to normalise relations between the two, with both governments frequently calling for mutual support in the fight against regional and international terrorism.

qas: question: Equipment from what country is being replaced?
answers: text: Soviet Union

question: How many factories does Egyptian military have?
answers: text: dozens

question: After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?
answers: text: Russia

question: In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with?
answers: text: China
context: The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US, French, and British equipment, a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the M1 Abrams tank.[citation needed] Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation. Relations with China have also improved considerably. In 2014, Egypt and China have established a bilateral "comprehensive strategic partnership".

qas: question: Where is the Arab League headquarters?
answers: text: Cairo

question: Who is the leader of Arab League?
answers: text: Nabil el-Araby

question: What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?
answers: text: United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia
context: The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup.

qas: question: What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty?
answers: text: Israel

question: Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians?
answers: text: still widely considered as a hostile

question: What rope has Egypt played in Middle East peace efforts?
answers: text: mediator
context: Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role.

qas: question: What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on?
answers: text: agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism

question: Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly?
answers: text: Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe

question: What lake reulted from completion of Aswan High Dam?
answers: text: Lake Nasser

question: What year was Aswan High Dam completed?
answers: text: 1970
context: Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy.

qas: question: What is Egypts energy market based upon?
answers: text: coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power

question: How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?
answers: text: 600,000 tonnes

question: Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?
answers: text: has been a net oil importer since 2008

question: What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?
answers: text: cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis
context: Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi), and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.

qas: question: What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy?
answers: text: improve considerably

question: What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?
answers: text: stock market

question: What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005?
answers: text: decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%

question: What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate?
answers: text: 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006
context: Economic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In its annual report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms. Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006.

qas: question: How much had FDI increased to in 2006?
answers: text: $6 billion

question: Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?
answers: text: drastic fall

question: What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?
answers: text: 60% drop

question: What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011?
answers: text: 3% drop
context: Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak, exceeding $6 billion in 2006, due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin.[citation needed] Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues, followed by a 60% drop in foreign exchange reserves, a 3% drop in growth, and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound.

qas: question: To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?
answers: text: limited trickle down

question: Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?
answers: text: government

question: Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?
answers: text: newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat

question: Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013?
answers: text: 114 out of 177
context: Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth. The government promised major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat in 2006. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177.

qas: question: What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?
answers: text: Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center

question: What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?
answers: text: information technology (IT)

question: What has stimulated IT sector?
answers: text: new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement
context: Egypt's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as many small and medium size enterprises. Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center, Raya, E Group Connections and C3. The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement.[citation needed]

qas: question: Where are Egyptian beaches situated?
answers: text: Mediterranean and the Red Sea

question: How far do Egyptian beaches extend?
answers: text: 3,000 km

question: What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?
answers: text: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga

question: What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?
answers: text: Red Sea
context: Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm el-Sheikh (or City of Peace), Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the ⅓ of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.

qas: question: How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?
answers: text: 691,000 bbl/d

question: How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?
answers: text: 2,141.05 Tcf

question: Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?
answers: text: largest consumer

question: Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?
answers: text: El Dabaa city
context: Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt.

qas: question: What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?
answers: text: The Suez Canal

question: Is the Suez Canal natural?
answers: text: artificial sea-level waterway

question: What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect?
answers: text: Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

question: When was Suez canal completed?
answers: text: November 1869
context: The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point.

qas: question: How long is Suez canal?
answers: text: 193.30 km (120.11 mi)

question: How deep is Suez canal?
answers: text: 24 m (79 ft)

question: How wide is Suez canal?
answers: text: 205 metres (673 ft)

question: How many locks are contained in Suez Canal?
answers: text: no locks

question: What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow?
answers: text: north in winter and south in summer
context: The canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5.6 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the "Ballah By-Pass" and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.

qas: question: What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges?
answers: text: Drinking water supply and sanitation

question: From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas?
answers: text: 89% to 100%

question: From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas?
answers: text: 39% to 93%

question: Currently how much of Egypt's population is connected to sanitary sewers?
answers: text: 99%
context: Drinking water supply and sanitation in Egypt is characterised by both achievements and challenges. Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas despite rapid population growth, the elimination of open defecation in rural areas during the same period, and in general a relatively high level of investment in infrastructure. Access to an improved water source in Egypt is now practically universal with a rate of 99%. About one half of the population is connected to sanitary sewers.

qas: question: Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition?
answers: text: diarrhoea

question: Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts's water tariffs compare?
answers: text: among the lowest in the world

question: Due to low waer tariffs, what is required to maintain water treatment operation?
answers: text: government subsidies
context: Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea. Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world. This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs, a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring. Poor operation of facilities, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, as well as limited government accountability and transparency, are also issues.

qas: question: What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt?
answers: text: Ethnic Egyptians

question: What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?
answers: text: Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes

question: Where are Dom clans mostly gathered?
answers: text: Nile Delta and Faiyum
context: Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases.

qas: question: Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?
answers: text: between 500,000 and 3 million

question: How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?
answers: text: 70,000

question: How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?
answers: text: 150,000

question: What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?
answers: text: Cairo, Alexandria and other cities
context: Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees, and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees, but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese, is contested.[nb 1] The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared, with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.

qas: question: What is official language of Egypt?
answers: text: Modern Standard Arabic

question: What are main laguages of immigrants?
answers: text: Greek, Armenian and Italian

question: In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?
answers: text: Alexandria

question: What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?
answers: text: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)
context: The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the "lingua franca" of the city.

qas: question: Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt?
answers: text: Christian

question: What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?
answers: text: Sharia

question: Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt?
answers: text: Anwar Sadat
context: Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.

qas: question: What church do 90% of Christian minority in Egypt belong?
answers: text: Coptic Orthodox Church

question: Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?
answers: text: urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria

question: What do Syro-Lebanese belong to?
answers: text: Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations
context: Of the Christian minority in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese, who belong to Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations.

qas: question: What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?
answers: text: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism

question: What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?
answers: text: are not recognised by the state

question: Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID?
answers: text: 2008
context: Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bahá'í and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security. Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see Egyptian identification card controversy), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.

qas: question: What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs?
answers: text: Egyptian blue

question: What art required adherence to rigid code?
answers: text: wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs

question: What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital?
answers: text: The Cairo Opera House

question: Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser?
answers: text: Imhotep
context: The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Abu Simbel. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef, to Mahmoud Mokhtar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous. The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital.

qas: question: Who was the first to develop literature?
answers: text: Egyptians

question: What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?
answers: text: modern styles

question: What was the first modern Egyptian novel?
answers: text: Zaynab

question: When was Munammad Huayn Haykal's first modern novel published?
answers: text: 1913
context: Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book. It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.

qas: question: In what year was Studio Misr founded?
answers: text: 1936

question: Who financed Studio Misr?
answers: text: Talaat Harb

question: In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?
answers: text: 4000 films

question: What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?
answers: text: three quarters
context: Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.[citation needed] Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East. Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.

qas: question: What elements mix for Egyptian music?
answers: text: indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western

question: Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?
answers: text: Hathor

question: What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?
answers: text: Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez

question: What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?
answers: text: Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir
context: Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.

qas: question: What is the oldest era in Egypt?
answers: text: prehistoric

question: What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
answers: text: Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic

question: How many museums are found in Egypt?
answers: text: at least 60
context: Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.

qas: question: What is koshari?
answers: text: mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni

question: What can be added to koshari?
answers: text: Fried onions

question: What beans are used to make falafel?
answers: text: Fava bean

question: What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
answers: text: mulukhiyya
context: Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.

qas: question: What is the most popular sport in Egypt?
answers: text: Football

question: What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?
answers: text: The Cairo Derby

question: In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?
answers: text: Al Ahly
context: Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC. Al Ahly was named in 2000 by the Confederation of African Football as the "African Club of the Century". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's A.C. Milan and Argentina's Boca Juniors, both having eighteen.

qas: question: What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?
answers: text: 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup

question: Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?
answers: text: Ahmed Gabr

question: How deep did Gabr dive?
answers: text: 1,066 feet down

question: In what body of water did Gabr dive?
answers: text: Red Sea
context: Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive, at 332.35 metres. Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than 1,000 feet. The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea, where he works as a diving instructor.