Portugal

qas: question: What ocean does Portugal border?
answers: text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What other country does Portugal border?
answers: text: Spain

question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
answers: text: Portugal–Spain

question: Where is Portugal located?
answers: text: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?
answers: text: 1,214 km (754 mi)

question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
answers: text: Azores and Madeira
context: Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

qas: question: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?
answers: text: The Celts and the Romans

question: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?
answers: text: Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples

question: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?
answers: text: 1139

question: What age did Portugal pioneer?
answers: text: Age of Discovery

question: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
answers: text: 15th and 16th centuries
context: The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

qas: question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?
answers: text: Lisbon

question: In which year did Brazel become independent?
answers: text: 1822

question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?
answers: text: 1910

question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?
answers: text: Macau

question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?
answers: text: 250 million
context: Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

qas: question: What form of government does Portugal maintain?
answers: text: unitary semi-presidential republican

question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?
answers: text: 18th highest

question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?
answers: text: France, Spain and Italy

question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?
answers: text: United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries

question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
answers: text: decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
context: Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

qas: question: From what name is Portugal derived?
answers: text: Portus Cale

question: By what group was the Portugal region settled?
answers: text: Pre-Celts and Celts

question: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
answers: text: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes

question: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
answers: text: 45 BC until 298 AD

question: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
answers: text: Alankerk
context: The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

qas: question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?
answers: text: 27 BC

question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?
answers: text: Gallaecia

question: What are castros?
answers: text: hill forts

question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?
answers: text: Conímbriga and Mirobriga

question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
answers: text: 16 km
context: In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

qas: question: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?
answers: text: a few months

question: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?
answers: text: 711

question: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?
answers: text: 750

question: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?
answers: text: Abd-ar-Rahman

question: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
answers: text: almost two centuries
context: After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

qas: question: What were the governors of the taifas called?
answers: text: Emir

question: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?
answers: text: the Christian kingdoms of the north

question: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?
answers: text: Taifa of Badajoz

question: In which year did the taifa period end?
answers: text: 1086

question: Which battle took place in 1147?
answers: text: Battle of Sagrajas
context: The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

qas: question: What are converts to Islam called?
answers: text: Muwallad or Muladi

question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?
answers: text: noblemen from Oman

question: Where were the Berbers originally from?
answers: text: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa

question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?
answers: text: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus

question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
answers: text: 800
context: The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

qas: question: What was Pelayos' plan?
answers: text: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors

question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?
answers: text: Moors

question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?
answers: text: Battle of Covadonga

question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?
answers: text: 722 AD

question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
answers: text: Reconquista Cristã
context: Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

qas: question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?
answers: text: King Alfonso III

question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?
answers: text: 868 AD

question: What was Vimara knighted as?
answers: text: First Count of Portus Cale

question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
answers: text: Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália

question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
answers: text: dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
context: After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

qas: question: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
answers: text: García, became king of León

question: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
answers: text: Ordoño, reigned in Galicia

question: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?
answers: text: Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital

question: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?
answers: text: 910

question: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
answers: text: 1230
context: A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.

qas: question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?
answers: text: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture

question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?
answers: text: the Kingdom of Portugal

question: Portugese diverged from which language? 
answers: text: Galician

question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?
answers: text: Spanish

question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
answers: text: Castilian (Spanish Language)
context: During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

qas: question: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
answers: text: 1348 and 1349

question: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
answers: text: England

question: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
answers: text: Portugal made an alliance with England

question: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
answers: text: NATO

question: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
answers: text: Oporto region
context: In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

qas: question: What European age did Portugal spearhead?
answers: text: the Age of Discovery

question: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?
answers: text: King João I

question: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?
answers: text: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde

question: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?
answers: text: Cape of Good Hope

question: What South American country did Portugal discover?
answers: text: Brazil
context: Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

qas: question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
answers: text: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo

question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
answers: text: Queen consort of Portugal

question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
answers: text: Queen consort of Portugal

question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
answers: text: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun

question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
answers: text: King John V of Portugal
context: In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

qas: question: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?
answers: text: increased

question: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
answers: text: Prime Minister

question: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
answers: text: British

question: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
answers: text: Sebastião de Melo

question: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
answers: text: Sebastião de Melo
context: As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

qas: question: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
answers: text: economic and financial

question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
answers: text: to ensure the wine's quality

question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
answers: text: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class

question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
answers: text: especially among the high nobility

question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
answers: text: Sebastião de Melo
context: But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

qas: question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?
answers: text: earthquakes

question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?
answers: text: marching troops around the models

question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?
answers: text: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre

question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
answers: text: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country

question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?
answers: text: Lisbon suffered no epidemics
context: Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

qas: question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?
answers: text: wounded in an attempted assassination

question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?
answers: text: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro

question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?
answers: text: The Jesuits

question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
answers: text: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children

question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
answers: text: 1759
context: Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

qas: question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
answers: text: knew no opposition

question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
answers: text: 1770

question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
answers: text: until Joseph I's death in 1779

question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
answers: text: autocracy

question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
answers: text: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation
context: Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

qas: question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
answers: text: Napoleon

question: How long did Portugal's decline last?
answers: text: until the 20th century

question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
answers: text: 1822

question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
answers: text: Brazil

question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
answers: text: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
context: With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

qas: question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?
answers: text: the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family

question: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?
answers: text: French

question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?
answers: text: 1815

question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?
answers: text: until the Liberal Revolution of 1820

question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
answers: text: Porto
context: As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

qas: question: When was the Conference of Berlin held?
answers: text: 1884

question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
answers: text: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa

question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
answers: text: Scramble for Africa

question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
answers: text: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia

question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
answers: text: before the turn of the 20th century
context: With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

qas: question: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?
answers: text: 1 February 1908

question: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?
answers: text: on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902

question: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?
answers: text: Manuel II of Portugal

question: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?
answers: text: 5 October 1910

question: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?
answers: text: Political instability and economic weaknesses
context: On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

qas: question: Who led the Estado Novo?
answers: text: António de Oliveira Salazar

question: In what year was the Estado Novo established?
answers: text: 1933

question: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?
answers: text: five

question: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
answers: text: relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa
context: This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

qas: question: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?
answers: text: April 1974

question: What was the Carnation Revolution?
answers: text: left-wing military coup in Lisbon

question: By what was the PREC characterized by?
answers: text: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
context: The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

qas: question: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?
answers: text: Junta de Salvação Nacional

question: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?
answers: text: Socialist Party

question: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?
answers: text: Mário Soares

question: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
answers: text: 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
context: The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

qas: question: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?
answers: text: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model

question: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?
answers: text: 1976

question: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?
answers: text: to accommodate socialist and communist principles
context: The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

qas: question: What type of climate does Portugal have?
answers: text: Mediterranean

question: In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?
answers: text: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)

question: In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?
answers: text: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)

question: How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?
answers: text: 900 metres (3,000 ft)
context: Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

qas: question: What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?
answers: text: subtropical

question: What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?
answers: text: rough topography

question: What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?
answers: text: Mediterranean
context: Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.

qas: question: What two types of forests can be found in Geres?
answers: text: deciduous and coniferous

question: To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?
answers: text: the Tertiary period

question: What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?
answers: text: Pyrenean

question: What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?
answers: text: Boars

question: How many national parks does Portugal have?
answers: text: 12
context: Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.

qas: question: What is Laurisilva?
answers: text: a unique type of subtropical rainforest

question: What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
answers: text: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear

question: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
answers: text: migratory birds
context: Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

qas: question: How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?
answers: text: more than 100

question: In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?
answers: text: in the Tagus International Natural Park

question: Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?
answers: text: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought

question: What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?
answers: text: plankton
context: There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.

qas: question: For how many years is the Portugal president elected?
answers: text: five

question: Who is the current president of Portugal?
answers: text: Aníbal Cavaco Silva

question: How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?
answers: text: 230

question: For how long of a term are deputies elected?
answers: text: four-year

question: How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?
answers: text: thirteen
context: The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

qas: question: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?
answers: text: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

question: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?
answers: text: national-, regional- and local-levels

question: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?
answers: text: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

question: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?
answers: text: 5 and 15%
context: Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

qas: question: Who is the Head of State of Portugal?
answers: text: President of the Republic

question: For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?
answers: text: five

question: By what means is the President of the Republic elected?
answers: text: by direct, universal suffrage

question: Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?
answers: text: President of the Republic
context: The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

qas: question: What group acts as the presidential cabinet?
answers: text: The Council of Ministers

question: What process is required of each government's policies?
answers: text: define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate

question: What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?
answers: text: an absolute majority of deputies
context: The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.

qas: question: Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?
answers: text: former colonies and territories

question: What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?
answers: text: a civilian police force who work in urban areas

question: What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?
answers: text: a highly specialized criminal investigation police

question: Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?
answers: text: the Public Ministry.
context: Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.

qas: question: In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?
answers: text: 2001

question: How much of a drug is legal to possess?
answers: text: 10 days worth of personal use

question: What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?
answers: text: go to a rehab facility

question: By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?
answers: text: 50 percent
context: Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.

qas: question: How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?
answers: text: 308

question: How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?
answers: text: 3,092

question: How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?
answers: text: 18
context: Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).

qas: question: How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?
answers: text: three

question: What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?
answers: text: Navy, Army and Air Force

question: What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?
answers: text: primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security

question: How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?
answers: text: 7,500

question: How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?
answers: text: $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP
context: The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.

qas: question: What is the number of personnel in the army?
answers: text: 21,000

question: With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?
answers: text: Pandur II APC

question: What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?
answers: text: Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC

question: What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?
answers: text: paratroopers, commandos and rangers

question: How many personnel does the Navy have?
answers: text: 10,700
context: The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft.

qas: question: In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?
answers: text: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War

question: During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?
answers: text: 1961–1974

question: In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?
answers: text: East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon

question: What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?
answers: text: Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998
context: In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.

qas: question: Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?
answers: text: Pedro Passos Coelho

question: What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?
answers: text: improve the State's financial situation

question: How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?
answers: text: tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts

question: Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?
answers: text: 20%
context: After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.

qas: question: Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
answers: text: unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms

question: By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
answers: text: Diário de Notícias
context: A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.

qas: question: In what two years was there a financial crisis?
answers: text: 2007–08

question: Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?
answers: text: Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)

question: What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?
answers: text: bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud

question: Why was the case of BPN more serious?
answers: text: its size, market share, and the political implications

question: On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?
answers: text: fraud
context: After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.

qas: question: What currency does Portugal use?
answers: text: the euro (€)

question: What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?
answers: text: Portuguese Escudo

question: What is the name of Portugal's central bank?
answers: text: Banco de Portugal

question: In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?
answers: text: Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas

question: According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?
answers: text: Golf
context: The Portuguese currency is the euro (€), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas—the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.[citation needed] According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.

qas: question: In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?
answers: text: 1974

question: What period followed the Carnation Revolution?
answers: text: PREC period

question: Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?
answers: text: changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector

question: What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?
answers: text: textiles, clothing, footwear and cork

question: What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?
answers: text: cork
context: Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.

qas: question: By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?
answers: text: European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund

question: In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?
answers: text: 2011

question: How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?
answers: text: €78 billion

question: When did Portugal exit the bailout?
answers: text: May 2014

question: By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?
answers: text: 15.3 percent
context: In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.

qas: question: Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?
answers: text: small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units

question: What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?
answers: text: Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro

question: What types of crops does Portugal produce?
answers: text: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms

question: What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?
answers: text: dairy products, poultry and beef
context: Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.

qas: question: Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?
answers: text: Ramirez

question: What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?
answers: text: Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama

question: What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?
answers: text: fish
context: Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portimão and Madeira. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama.[citation needed]

qas: question: What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?
answers: text: copper

question: What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?
answers: text: tin, tungsten and uranium

question: What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?
answers: text: hydrocarbon

question: In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?
answers: text: north

question: What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?
answers: text: 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization
context: Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves—mainly in the north—after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[citation needed]

qas: question: What automotive brands exist in Portugal?
answers: text: Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen

question: What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?
answers: text: Embraer and OGMA

question: Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?
answers: text: Palmela

question: What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?
answers: text: Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor

question: Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?
answers: text: Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro
context: Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]

qas: question: Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?
answers: text: increase

question: With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?
answers: text: Eastern European destinations

question: How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?
answers: text: focus upon its niche attractions

question: What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?
answers: text: health, nature and rural tourism
context: Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.

qas: question: What magazine described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe?"
answers: text: The Economist

question: Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?
answers: text: 65%

question: What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?
answers: text: 10.2%

question: In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?
answers: text: negative

question: In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?
answers: text: 2011
context: The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% – a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to "negative" from "stable," voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.

qas: question: What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?
answers: text: that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility

question: How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?
answers: text: third

question: What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?
answers: text: Carnation's Revolution

question: For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?
answers: text: financial weakness
context: On 6 April 2011, after his proposed "Plan for Stability and Growth IV" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously. It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF—the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation's Revolution. In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.

qas: question: In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?
answers: text: 70.8

question: What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?
answers: text: 62.4

question: In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?
answers: text: slow and inefficient

question: Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?
answers: text: Italy

question: How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?
answers: text: over 30
context: In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors—over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.

qas: question: Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?
answers: text: Passos Coelho

question: What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?
answers: text: significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours

question: For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?
answers: text: austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant

question: From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?
answers: text: European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
context: In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund—the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4.8 billion over a three-year period.

qas: question: To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?
answers: text: 66

question: To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?
answers: text: pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses

question: Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?
answers: text: English

question: What did the instituting of these policies lead to?
answers: text: social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions
context: Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.

qas: question: Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?
answers: text: third quarter of 2014

question: To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?
answers: text: 17.7%

question: In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?
answers: text: 7.3%

question: By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?
answers: text: December 2009
context: After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past. In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3%, but the rate immediately rose the following period. By December 2009, unemployment had surpassed the 10% mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events, by 2010, the rate was around 11% and in 2011 it was above 12%.[citation needed] The first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.7%— up from 17% in the previous quarter — and the Government has predicted an 18.5% unemployment rate in 2014. However, in the third quarter of the same year, it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15.6%. From then on, the unemployment downtrend continued, declining to 13.9% in the second semester of 2014 and to 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015.

qas: question: What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?
answers: text: Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra

question: Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?
answers: text: Fátima

question: What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?
answers: text: Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children

question: What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?
answers: text: Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo

question: What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?
answers: text: Lisbon
context: Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra, also, between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Fátima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. Lisbon is the 16th European city which attracts the most tourists (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006, a number that grew 11.8% compared to previous year). Lisbon in recent years surpassed the Algarve as the leading tourist region in Portugal. Porto and Northern Portugal, especially the urban areas north of Douro River valley, was the tourist destination which grew most (11.9%) in 2006, surpassing Madeira (in 2010), as the third most visited destination.[citation needed]

qas: question: What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?
answers: text: fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles

question: After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?
answers: text: new motorways

question: How long is Portugal's total road network?
answers: text: 68,732 km (42,708 mi)

question: In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?
answers: text: 1944
context: By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.

qas: question: How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?
answers: text: 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)

question: How many national airports does Portugal have?
answers: text: four

question: Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?
answers: text: Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja

question: Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?
answers: text: geographical position

question: What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?
answers: text: TAP Portugal
context: Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.

qas: question: Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?
answers: text: Spain

question: What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?
answers: text: Comboios de Portugal

question: How long is the total railway system in Portugal?
answers: text: 2,791 km (1,734 mi)

question: How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?
answers: text: 1,430 km (889 mi)

question: How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?
answers: text: 900 km (559 mi)
context: A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.

qas: question: What are the two subway systems in Portugal?
answers: text: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area

question: How long are each of the subway systems?
answers: text: more than 35 km (22 mi)

question: By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?
answers: text: Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)

question: For how long has the Libon tram service existed?
answers: text: over a century
context: The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.

qas: question: In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?
answers: text: R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions

question: What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?
answers: text: INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação

question: By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?
answers: text: Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)
context: Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.

qas: question: What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?
answers: text: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation

question: What is the Champalimaud Foundation?
answers: text: neuroscience and oncology research centre

question: What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?
answers: text: one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world

question: In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?
answers: text: 1779
context: Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.

qas: question: What is the name of the largest European aquarium?
answers: text: Lisbon Oceanarium

question: What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?
answers: text: scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population

question: What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?
answers: text: Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium
context: Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.

qas: question: What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?
answers: text: the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world

question: What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?
answers: text: Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)

question: For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?
answers: text: take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
context: With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.

qas: question: What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?
answers: text: wind and river power

question: Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?
answers: text: Moura, in the south

question: Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?
answers: text: Norte region

question: By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?
answers: text: 29%
context: Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.

qas: question: What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?
answers: text: Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)

question: What does REN do?
answers: text: uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants

question: Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?
answers: text: hydropower plants on its rivers

question: What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?
answers: text: wind-driven turbines

question: How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?
answers: text: setting a premium price
context: Portugal’s national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal’s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.

qas: question: What was the Portuguese population in 2011?
answers: text: 10,562,178

question: What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?
answers: text: 52%

question: What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?
answers: text: 48%

question: What is the dominant religion in Portugal?
answers: text: Catholicism

question: What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?
answers: text: Mouriscos
context: The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Cristãos Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta.

qas: question: In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?
answers: text: Paleolithic peoples

question: When did people first start arriving in the European continent?
answers: text: 45,000 years ago

question: What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?
answers: text: Paleolithic
context: The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.

qas: question: What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?
answers: text: colonial history

question: Which ocean does Portugal border?
answers: text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?
answers: text: Angola and Mozambique

question: The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?
answers: text: Portuguese

question: How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?
answers: text: 10,617,575
context: Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants.

qas: question: What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?
answers: text: 81.0%

question: What other religious communities exist in Portugal?
answers: text: Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist

question: What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?
answers: text: 6.8%

question: What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?
answers: text: 8.3%
context: According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.

qas: question: In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?
answers: text: Christian

question: In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?
answers: text: 13th and 14th

question: What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?
answers: text: formation of the First Portuguese Republic

question: During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?
answers: text: 1910–26
context: Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.

qas: question: On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?
answers: text: 25 July 1139

question: Afonso heard Jesus promising what?
answers: text: victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso

question: Why did God want to act through Afonso?
answers: text: in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
context: Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.

qas: question: What is the official name of Portugal?
answers: text: Portuguese

question: What type of language is Portuguese?
answers: text: Romance

question: Where did Portuguese originate?
answers: text: Galicia and Northern Portugal

question: What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?
answers: text: Galician-Portuguese
context: Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.

qas: question: From what language is Portuguese derived?
answers: text: Latin

question: By what group of people is Portuguese derived?
answers: text: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

question: Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?
answers: text: 1415 and 1999

question: In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?
answers: text: five

question: What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?
answers: text: Brazil
context: The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago—particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).

qas: question: What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?
answers: text: 99 percent

question: Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?
answers: text: 100 percent

question: What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?
answers: text: Over 35%

question: What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?
answers: text: 50%
context: The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.

qas: question: Since when have Portuguese universities existed?
answers: text: 1290

question: Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?
answers: text: Lisbon

question: Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?
answers: text: Coimbra

question: What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?
answers: text: the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro

question: What is the oldest medical college in Asia?
answers: text: the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa
context: Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

qas: question: When was the Bologna process adopted?
answers: text: 2006

question: What are most higher education student costs supported with?
answers: text: public money

question: Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?
answers: text: over 23 years old
context: The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).

qas: question: What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?
answers: text: developing health policy as well as managing the SNS

question: How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?
answers: text: Five

question: What are the regional health administrations in charge of?
answers: text: implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
context: The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.

qas: question: What do most Portuguese people die from?
answers: text: noncommunicable diseases

question: What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?
answers: text: ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease

question: What is the biggest killer in Portugal?
answers: text: cerebrovascular disease

question: What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?
answers: text: 12%

question: Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?
answers: text: children as well as among women younger than 44 years
context: Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.

qas: question: What survey results complement on data on health status?
answers: text: self-reporting at the household level

question: What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?
answers: text: one third
context: People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.

qas: question: Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?
answers: text: 1990s and 2000s

question: In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?
answers: text: 1956

question: Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?
answers: text: Lisbon

question: What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?
answers: text: Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música

question: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?
answers: text: fifteen
context: Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.

qas: question: What is the Manueline style also known as?
answers: text: Portuguese late Gothic

question: What is the Manueline style?
answers: text: a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century

question: What is Soft Portuguese style?
answers: text: A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture

question: Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?
answers: text: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne

question: For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?
answers: text: stadium design
context: Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.

qas: question: In which period was cinema born?
answers: text: late 19th century

question: Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?
answers: text: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

question: Who are some noted Portuguese actors?
answers: text: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
context: Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.

qas: question: Who was Luís de Camões?
answers: text: Adventurer and poet

question: What epic poem did Luís de Camões write?
answers: text: "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads)

question: What was Luís de Camões main influence?
answers: text: Virgil's Aeneid

question: What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?
answers: text: neoclassic and contemporary styles

question: Who are some modern Portuguese authors?
answers: text: Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga
context: Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.

qas: question: What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?
answers: text: bacalhau

question: Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?
answers: text: grilled sardines and caldeirada

question: What is caldeirada?
answers: text: a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish

question: What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?
answers: text: beef, pork, lamb, or chicken

question: What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?
answers: text: arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)
context: Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig) and carne de porco à alentejana. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).

qas: question: What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?
answers: text: Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches

question: Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?
answers: text: in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country

question: What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?
answers: text: almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor

question: What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?
answers: text: pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro
context: Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas.

qas: question: Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?
answers: text: since the times of the Romans

question: With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?
answers: text: Bacchus

question: What are some of the best Portuguese wines?
answers: text: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine

question: Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?
answers: text: Port and Madeira
context: Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine, the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.

qas: question: What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?
answers: text: Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,

question: What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?
answers: text: Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto

question: What is the Boom Festival?
answers: text: one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years

question: What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?
answers: text: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010

question: In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?
answers: text: 2005
context: Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon.

qas: question: What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?
answers: text: Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa

question: What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?
answers: text: Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro

question: Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?
answers: text: José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos

question: Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?
answers: text: Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
context: In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television.

qas: question: In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?
answers: text: 20th century

question: By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?
answers: text: French painters, particularly by the Delaunays

question: What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?
answers: text: Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro

question: Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?
answers: text: Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego
context: The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego.

qas: question: What is the most popular sport in Portugal?
answers: text: Football

question: What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?
answers: text: Eusébio

question: Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?
answers: text: Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo

question: What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?
answers: text: FIFA World Player of the Year

question: Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?
answers: text: José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José
context: Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014, are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José among the most renowned.

qas: question: What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?
answers: text: SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP

question: What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?
answers: text: "os três grandes" ("the big three")

question: How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have "the big three" won?
answers: text: eight

question: Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?
answers: text: roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball

question: By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?
answers: text: Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol
context: SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women`s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.