Strasbourg

qas: question: What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?
answers: text: 768,868

question: What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?
answers: text: 915,000

question: What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?
answers: text: Alemannic

question: What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?
answers: text: Straßburg

question: Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?
answers: text: European

question: Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?
answers: text: European

question: What is the predominant language in Asace?
answers: text: Alemannic

question: What kind of name is Strasbourg?
answers: text: Germanic

question: In what year was the European Parliament put in Strasbourg?

question: What language dominated all of France for many years?

question: What is the largest metropolitan area in France?

question: How many people live in Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau as of 2017?

question: How many people lived in Strasbourg as of 2014?
context: Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/, French pronunciation: ​[stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014.

qas: question: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?
answers: text: 1988

question: What is the culture in Strasbourg?
answers: text: Franco-German

question: What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?
answers: text: Strasbourg Grand Mosque

question: When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?
answers: text: 27 September 2012

question: What is the second largest university in France?
answers: text: University of Strasbourg

question: In what year was University of Strasbourg established?

question: What is the largest university in France?

question: In what year did Manuel Valls become the French Interior Minister?

question: Besides Catholics and Protestants who else attends the University of Strasbourg?

question: When did the first Islamic people start living in Strasbourg?
context: Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.

qas: question: What river is on the border of France and Germany?
answers: text: River Rhine

question: The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?
answers: text: Rhine

question: What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?
answers: text: artificial

question: Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?
answers: text: eastern

question: What country is on the southern border of France?

question: What forms the western border of Strasbourg?

question: How far is Strasbourg from the German town Kehl?

question: How far downstream from Strasbourg does the River Rhine and River ILL meet?

question: What is a name of one of the artificial waterways in Strasbourg?
context: Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.

qas: question: What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?
answers: text: Argentoratum

question: What was the Roman camp destroyed by?
answers: text: fire

question: Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?
answers: text: Nero Claudius Drusus

question: After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?
answers: text: year 90

question: How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?
answers: text: six times

question: In what year did the Romans establish a military outpost?

question: In what year were the Legio XIV Gemina Roman Legions first stationed in Argentoratum?

question: In what year was the Legio XXI Rapax Roman Legions first stationed in Argentoratum?

question: In what year was Nero made emperor?

question: For how many years was Argentorate made the toponym of the Gaulish settlement?
context: The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.) The name "Argentoratum" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. "Argentorate" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.

qas: question: What has been found along the current Route des Romains? 
answers: text: Roman artifacts

question: Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?
answers: text: Grande Île

question: Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?
answers: text: Christians

question: When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?
answers: text: 1988

question: How many people live in Koenighhoffen as if 2015?

question:  In what year was the Bishopric of Strasbourg established?

question: In what year was the Route des Romains established?

question: How many people have been excavated from the Roman burial places?

question: What was the grand Mithraeum?
context: The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.

qas: question: What Empire split to create France and Germany?
answers: text: Carolingian Empire

question: What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?
answers: text: Alsatian

question: What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?
answers: text: Straßburg

question: What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?
answers: text: Strazburg

question: In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?
answers: text: fifth century

question: What modern day area did the Carolingian Empire occupy?

question: When was the Alsatian language first used?

question: What were the Huns called in Latin?

question: In what year did Old French start to be used?

question: What were the Germans called in Old French?
context: In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.

qas: question: In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? 
answers: text: 1332

question: What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?
answers: text: 1348

question: How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?
answers: text: over a thousand

question: What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?
answers: text: 10 pm

question: What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?
answers: text: special tax

question: Why did a revolution occur in Strasbourg in 1332?

question: At what time  of day were Jewish people allowed back into the city?

question: How many Jewish people lived in Strasbourg in 1349 before the pogroms occurred?

question: In what year was Strasbourg founded?

question: How many Jewish people avoided being publicly burnt to death?
context: A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.

qas: question: Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? 
answers: text: Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck

question: Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?
answers: text: Martin Bucer

question: Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?
answers: text: John Calvin

question: How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?
answers: text: four

question: In what decade did Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck start offering political guidance to Strasbourg?

question: In what decade did Martin Luther start his religious teachings?

question: In what city was John Calvin born?

question: In what year was Charles V made Holy Roman Emperor?

question: In what city was Charle V declared Holy Roman Emperor?
context: In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

qas: question: How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?
answers: text: three

question: When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?
answers: text: September 1681

question: When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?
answers: text: 30 September 1681

question: In what year did King Louis annex Alsace?

question: On what date did the Franco-Dutch War start?

question: In what year was King Louis crowned?
context: Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces, and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace. In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.

qas: question: What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? 
answers: text: annexation

question: When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?
answers: text: 1697

question: What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?
answers: text: Strasbourg Cathedral

question: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?
answers: text: Goethe and Herder

question: In what year did the War of the Reunions start?

question: What nationality did the French fight in the War of the Reunions?

question: In what year did Goethe graduate from the German Lutheran University?

question: In what year did the Lutherans take possession of Strasbourg Cathedral?

question: What religion were most Germans during this time?
context: This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.

qas: question: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? 
answers: text: French Revolution

question: Who ruled the city with an iron hand?
answers: text: Eulogius Schneider

question: What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?
answers: text: statues

question: What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?
answers: text: tin

question: Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?
answers: text: Germans

question: In what year did the French Revolution end?

question: Who started the French Revolution?

question: In what year did the Franco-Prussian war start?

question: In what year did Eulogius Schneider take over rule of Strasbourg?
context: Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.

qas: question: Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? 
answers: text: Prussian army

question: What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?
answers: text: 24 and 26 August 1870

question: What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?
answers: text: gothic

question: How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?
answers: text: 10,000

question: How many civilians died during the siege?
answers: text: 261

question: How many people lived in the city before the Siege of Strasbourg?

question: In what year was the Hortus deliciarum written?

question: How many soldiers were injured during the Siege of Strasbourg?

question: In what style was the Museum of Fine Arts built?

question: To what era did the Museum of Fine Arts date?
context: During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.

qas: question: In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?
answers: text: 1871

question: What was the Treaty in 1871 called?
answers: text: Treaty of Frankfurt

question: What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?
answers: text: Rodolphe Reuss

question: What year was the university founded?
answers: text: 1567

question:  What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?
answers: text: Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität

question: In what year was Rodolphe Reuss born?

question: What was the name of Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universitat before it was renamed?

question: Which nationalatity founded the University?

question: What nationality was Rodolphe Reuss?

question: In what year did the war begin?
context: In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.

qas: question: What was established around the city?  
answers: text: fortifications

question: Where is Fort Podbielski located?
answers: text: Mundolsheim

question: Where is Fort Bismark located?
answers: text: Wolfisheim

question: Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?
answers: text: Holtzheim

question: Where is Fort Roon Located?
answers: text: Mundolsheim

question: What was established inside the city?

question: Was Fort Roon named after one of the French generals or classified as a Monuments historiques?

question: Is Fort Kronprinz a Monuments historiques or named after a French general?

question: Is Fort Bismark a Monuments historiques or named after one of the French generals?

question: Is Fort Rapp a Monuments historiques or named after a French general?
context: A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.

qas: question: In what war was the German Empire defeated? 
answers: text: World War I

question: What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?
answers: text: independent

question: What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?
answers: text: 11 November 1918

question: Who commanded the French troops on November 22?
answers: text: French general Henri Gouraud

question: What French President said "the plebiscite is done"?
answers: text: Raymond Poincaré

question: In what year was Raymond Poincare made French President?

question: What nationality was under Soviet rule in 1918?

question: Who was made ruler of Strasburg when it was proclaimed as a "soviet government"?

question: What political persuasion was French general Henri Gouraud?

question: who was the German Emperor who abdicated?
context: Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city. Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincaré stated that "the plebiscite is done".

qas: question: What year was it restituted to France?  
answers: text: 1919

question: What autonomists were pro French?
answers: text: Alsatian

question: In what year did Bismarck fall?
answers: text: 1890

question: Who won the last election at Reichstag?
answers: text: Social Democrats

question: Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?
answers: text: Alsatians

question: In what year was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson first elected?

question: In what year were the last Reichstag elections held in Strasbourg?

question: In what year did the Saverne Affair occur?

question: What was the capital of France in 1919?

question: In what year did the Social Democrats form?
context: In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called "les députés protestataires", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.

qas: question: Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? 
answers: text: German

question: How many people were evacuated during the invasion?
answers: text: 120,000

question: What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?
answers: text: Wehrmacht troops

question: How long was the city completely empty?
answers: text: ten months

question: Where was the University evacuated?
answers: text: Clermont-Ferrand

question: How many garrisoned soldiers were left in Strasbourg?

question: How many Jews of Strasbourg were evacuated?

question: On what date did they begin to evacuate the University?

question: On what date were the Jews of Strasbourg evacuated?
context: Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.

qas: question: In what year was the Fall of France?
answers: text: 1940

question: What country was Alsace annexed to? 
answers: text: Germany

question: Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?
answers: text: Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner

question: When were the first evacuees allowed to return?
answers: text: July 1940

question:  How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?
answers: text: 54-metre

question: In what year was Robert Heinrich Wagner made Gauleiter?

question: In what month and year was the main synagogue set ablaze and razed?

question: In what month and year did the war start that resulted in the Fall of France?

question: Where were the last Jews deported to?
context: After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.

qas: question: Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  
answers: text: Marcel Weinum

question: Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?
answers: text: Gauleiter Robert Wagner

question: How was Marcel Weinum executed?
answers: text: beheaded

question: What was the city attacked by in 1943?
answers: text: Allied aircraft

question: On what date was the city liberated?
answers: text: 23 November 1944

question: In what month and year was Gauleiter Robert Wagner assigned to Strasbourg?

question: In what month and year was Marcel Weinum captured?

question: Which nationality accidentally bombed Strasbourg?

question: Who led the 1st French Armoured Division?

question: On what date did the decisive Capture of Kufra occur?
context: In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: "If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake. In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral. On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.

qas: question: What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? 
answers: text: Malgré-nous

question: Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?
answers: text: Germans

question: Where were the freed soviet captives sent?
answers: text: Algiers

question: When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?
answers: text: 23 November 1944

question: On what date was Strasbourg taken by the Germans?

question: In what year were the Free French Forces established?

question: How many Malgre-nous were forced to join the German forces?

question: In what year were the first memorials for Malgre-nous built?

question: How many Malgre-nous were able to desert the Wehrmacht?
context: Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgré-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to "volunteer" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.

qas: question: What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? 
answers: text: Council of Europe

question: When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?
answers: text: 1952

question: When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?
answers: text: 1999

question: In what year was the Council of Europe formed?

question: In what year did nations start negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam?

question: How many days each month is Council of Europe business conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg?

question: In what year did the construction begin of the Immeuble Louise Weiss?

question: In what year was the Palace of Europe built?
context: In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.

qas: question: What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944? 
answers: text: Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne

question: What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?
answers: text: Silbermann organ

question: Where is the Silbermann organ located?
answers: text: Église Saint-Thomas

question: What is the Neo-Gothic church called?
answers: text: Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique

question: In what century was the Eglise Saint-Etienne constructed?

question: What style of building is the Saint-Pierre-le-View Protestant?

question: What style of building is the Ancienne Douane?

question: What city was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart from?

question: What type of glass is in the Eglise Saint-Ettienne?
context: In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played, the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic Église Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.

qas: question: How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold? 
answers: text: three

question: What did the city hall used to be known as?
answers: text: Hôtel de Hanau

question: What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?
answers: text: Hôpital civil

question: Where is the Opera House located?
answers: text: Place Broglie

question: What did the military governors residence used to be called?
answers: text: Hôtel des Deux-Ponts

question: In what year was the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie built?

question: What style of building is the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie?

question: How tall is the Palais Rohan?

question: How tall is the  Chambre de commerce et d'industrie?

question: How long is the Opera House on Place Broglie?
context: The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.

qas: question: What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? 
answers: text: eclecticist

question: What war caused severe damage to Germany?
answers: text: World War II

question: What was the former imperial palace called?
answers: text: Palais du Rhin

question: What was the former girls college called?
answers: text: Höhere Mädchenschule

question: How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?
answers: text: seven stories

question: What style is the Palais du Rhin?

question: What building style is the Ecole Internationale des Pontonniers?

question: What type of facade does the Palais du Rhin have?

question: For what purpose was the Ecole des Arts decoratifs built?

question: How high is the Palais du Rhin?
context: Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.

qas: question: What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called? 
answers: text: Villa Schutzenberger

question: Who lost the architectural contest?
answers: text: Le Corbusier

question: Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?
answers: text: Richard Rogers

question: What did Zaha Hadid design?
answers: text: Hoenheim-Nord

question: What is considered to be the finest building?
answers: text: European Court of Human Rights

question: Who built the Palais des Fetes?

question: What building style is the Cite Rotterdam?

question: Who was the architect for the Hotel Brion?

question: Who created the Cite de la Musique et de la Danse?

question: Who designed the Hotel du Departement?
context: As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.

qas: question: Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? 
answers: text: André le Nôtre

question: What park has a small zoo in it?
answers: text: Parc de l'Orangerie

question: What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?
answers: text: Parc de la Citadelle

question: What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?
answers: text: 1881

question: What is the oldest park in the city?
answers: text: Parc des Contades

question: In what year was the Parc de Pourtales laid out?

question: How big is the Parc de Pourtales?

question: What is the oldest park in Strasbourg?

question: What style of park is the Parc du Heyritz?

question: Who designed the Parc du Heyritz?
context: Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.

qas: question: Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? 
answers: text: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

question: Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?
answers: text: Cabinet des estampes et dessins

question: Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?
answers: text: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

question: Where is the city's photographic library?
answers: text: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

question: Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?
answers: text: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

question: When was the Musee de I'OEuvre Notre-Dame completed?

question: When was the Musee d'art moderne et contemporain finished?

question: What style of building is the Musee des Beaux-Arts?

question: In what year was the Musee des art decoratifs completed?

question: What style of building is the Musee des art decoratifs?
context: Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 ("German period") are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 ("French period") are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.

qas: question: What is Strasbourg known as?
answers: text: centre of humanism

question: When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?
answers: text: 1683

question: What did Montgelas study?
answers: text: law

question:  From what empire did students come from to attend university?
answers: text: Holy Roman Empire

question: Who controlled Strasbourg prior to 1683?

question: What city was Goethe from?

question: Where did Montgelas go after studying law in Strasbourg?

question: Which city was Metternich from?

question: What language did most people speak in Strasbourg in 1683?
context: Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.

qas: question: What is the second largest library in France? 
answers: text: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire

question: How many titles does the library have?
answers: text: 3,000,000

question: Who founded the library?
answers: text: German administration

question: When was the previous library destroyed?
answers: text: 1871

question: What was the library marked as on the map?
answers: text: City Hall

question: How many books does the Bibliotheque nationale de France hold?

question: In what year was the previous municipal library completely destroyed?

question: In what year did a French map maker accidentally mark the library as "City Hall"?

question: In what year did the German artillery bomb the library?

question: Who founded the Bibliotheque nationale de France?
context: The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out "...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman."

qas: question: What are incunabula's? 
answers: text: documents printed before 1500

question: When was the library destroyed?
answers: text: 1870

question: What kind of building holds incunabula's today?
answers: text: public and institutional libraries

question: In what year did book-printing begin in Strasbourg?

question: In what year had the previous library been built?

question: In what year was Bibliotheque nationale et universitaire built?

question: In what year was Mediatheque protestante built?

question: In what year was Bibliotheque alsatique du Credit Mutuel built?
context: As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula—documents printed before 1500—in her library as one of her most precious heritages. After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch. Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, ca. 2 098 Médiathèque de la ville et de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg, 394 Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, 238 Médiathèque protestante, 94 and Bibliothèque alsatique du Crédit Mutuel, 5.

qas: question: What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? 
answers: text: 1994

question: Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?
answers: text: regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois

question: How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?
answers: text: 6

question: What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?
answers: text: 55.8 km

question: How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?
answers: text: 500 km

question: What do the buses look like in Strasbourg?

question: In what year was the Compagnie des Transport Strasbourgeois established?

question: How long is the bus network?

question: How long were the trolleybus routes?

question: In what year was Velhop established?
context: City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop'. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962.

qas: question: What year was the Canal de la Bruche added? 
answers: text: 1682

question: What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?
answers: text: Water tourism

question: What river is Strasbourg by?
answers: text: Rhine

question: In what year was the Canal de la Bruche closed?

question: In what year was the Canal du Rhone au Rhine opened?

question: Which is newer, the Canal de la Marne au Rhin or the Grand Canal d'Alsace?

question: Which canal attracts the most tourists?

question: Which canal attracts the fewest tourists?
context: Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.

qas: question: What system also complements walking and biking? 
answers: text: tram

question: What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?
answers: text: pedestrian

question: What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?
answers: text: public squares

question: What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?
answers: text: Fused Grid

question: How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere?

question: Who takes priority between pedestrians and bicyclists?

question: What is filtered out in the outer sections of Strausberg?

question: What adds enjoyment to doing a trip in the outer sections of Strausberg?

question: What system is used as a comprehensive layout beyond central Strasbourg?
context: The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid.

qas: question: What route parallels the Rhine? 
answers: text: A35 autoroute

question: What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?
answers: text: 1999

question: How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?
answers: text: 24 km

question: The traffic coming west of the city is from where?
answers: text: unité urbaine

question: What does the A35 link Strasbourg with?

question: Where does the A35 link Strasbourg with?

question: When was the A35 autoroute built?

question: How long is the A35?

question: How long is the Rhine?
context: At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city. The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, plans to construct a 24 km (15 mi) long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south. This routes well to the west of the city and is meant to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unité urbaine.