Child_labour

qas: question: What does child labour deprive children of?
answers: text: deprives children of their childhood

question: Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?
answers: text: exceptions include work by child artists

question: Is work done by Amish children an exception?
answers: text: work such as those by Amish children

question: Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?
answers: text: Legislation across the world

question: Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?
answers: text: These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour
context: Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.

qas: question: What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?
answers: text: 2010

question: What is the largest employer of child labour?
answers: text: agriculture

question: Who are children predominantly employed by?
answers: text: their parents

question: Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour
answers: text: Poverty
context: In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.

qas: question: Was there a period when child labour was essential?
answers: text: pre-industrial societies

question: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?
answers: text: little need for children to attend school

question: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?
answers: text: competent adults

question: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?
answers: text: short life expectancy
context: The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

qas: question: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?
answers: text: 80

question: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?
answers: text: over 120,000

question: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?
answers: text: four

question: How many hours did builders work in the winter?
answers: text: 52

question: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?
answers: text: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades
context: The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

qas: question: How many families were without a bread winner?
answers: text: one-third

question: How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?
answers: text: 143

question: Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? 
answers: text: high number

question: Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?
answers: text: blacking factory

question: During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?
answers: text: economic hardship
context: Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.

qas: question: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?
answers: text: Lord Shaftesbury

question: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?
answers: text: children under the age of nine

question: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?
answers: text: 1847

question: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?
answers: text: child labour began to decline

question: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?
answers: text: 1803
context: Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

qas: question: When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?
answers: text: early 20th century

question: Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?
answers: text: they are exposed to this heat

question: Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?
answers: text: paid by the piece

question: Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?
answers: text: factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age
context: In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 °F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

qas: question: Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?
answers: text: National Child Labor Committee

question: What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?
answers: text: 1910

question: What did children roll in a factory?
answers: text: cigarettes

question: What did child do in textile mills in the US?
answers: text: bobbin doffers
context: In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.

qas: question: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?
answers: text: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

question: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?
answers: text: poor

question: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?
answers: text: mines
context: Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

qas: question: What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?
answers: text: year round

question: Who did the children work beside?
answers: text: parents

question: Where were rural children employed?
answers: text: agriculture

question: What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?
answers: text: unhealthy and insanitary

question: In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?
answers: text: Frieda Miller
context: Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions."

qas: question: Does child labour exist in the 21st century?
answers: text: Child labour is still common

question: Where does child labour currently occur the most?
answers: text: rural areas

question: How many children in today's world work beside their parents?
answers: text: Two out of three child

question: Some child work as guides for whom?
answers: text: tourists
context: Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

qas: question: What country has the highest percentage of child labour?
answers: text: Africa

question: In Asia how many millions of children are employed?
answers: text: 114

question: Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?
answers: text: 1%

question: Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?
answers: text: Latin America
context: Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.

qas: question: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
answers: text: China

question: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
answers: text: 2014

question: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
answers: text: data sources

question: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?
answers: text: garments
context: Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

qas: question: According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?
answers: text: 76

question: What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?
answers: text: North Korea

question: What was the Phillipines ranked as?
answers: text: 25th

question: Was Brazil on the list?
answers: text: Brazil 54th
context: Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

qas: question: What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?
answers: text: nothing better to do

question: Do the poor families put a value on education?
answers: text: parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

question: What community has the most prevalency for child labour?
answers: text: rural areas
context: Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

qas: question: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
answers: text: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children

question: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
answers: text: girls

question: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
answers: text: learn and practice that trade from a very early age

question: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
answers: text: education of girls is less valued
context: In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

qas: question: Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?
answers: text: Thailand

question: Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?
answers: text: not a new problem

question: Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?
answers: text: demand

question: What encourages child labour across the globe?
answers: text: Macroeconomic
context: Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

qas: question: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
answers: text: Millions

question: Were young apprentices hired for pay?
answers: text: without pay

question: Was child labour common in European colonies?
answers: text: child labour was common place in the colonies of European

question: What was the age range of colonial child workers?
answers: text: 5–14

question: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
answers: text: 19th
context: Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

qas: question: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?
answers: text: Hong Kong

question: What schools required child labour?
answers: text: Christian mission schools

question: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?
answers: text: provided religious education

question: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?
answers: text: stipulated jail terms
context: In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

qas: question: Where do African children find their first jobs?
answers: text: home

question: What do African children do primarily while working at home?
answers: text: help their parents run the family farm

question: How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?
answers: text: estimated five million

question: How many children in Africa pick coffee?
answers: text: 30 percent

question: How many children work year round in Africa?
answers: text: estimated 25,000
context: Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.

qas: question: Where did children from urban areas primarily work?
answers: text: street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers

question: Where did children from rural areas work?
answers: text: farms

question: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?
answers: text: 1959

question: What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?
answers: text: physical and emotional abuse
context: What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.

qas: question: What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?
answers: text: Africa

question: What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?
answers: text: unclear definition of adolescence

question: In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?
answers: text: children helping run the family business.
context: Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.

qas: question: In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?
answers: text: Australia

question: What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?
answers: text: compulsorry schooling

question: Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?
answers: text: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia

question: When did industrailization take off in Australia?
answers: text: 20th century
context: From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.

qas: question: When was Brazil colonized?
answers: text: April 22, 1550

question: Who colonized Brazil?
answers: text: Pedro Álvares Cabral

question: Who were the victims of industrial accidents?
answers: text: Boys and girls

question: When was child labour first documented in Brazil?
answers: text: during the time of indigenous societies

question: How did Armando Dias die?
answers: text: electric shock
context: Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

qas: question: What is the min working age in Brazil?
answers: text: fourteen

question: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?
answers: text: 1998

question: Is there underage children working in Brazil?
answers: text: there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil

question: In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
answers: text: almost nine million
context: In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80’s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80’s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

qas: question: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
answers: text: 2.55 million

question: What do drug cartels do with child workers?
answers: text: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances

question: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?
answers: text: physical and psychological implications

question: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?
answers: text: an increase
context: Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

qas: question: If not forced why did children work?
answers: text: to help feed and support the family

question: What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?
answers: text: between the ages of ten and fourteen

question: Why was this age range important?
answers: text: they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families

question: How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?
answers: text: poor
context: Many factors played a role in Britain’s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.

qas: question: What type of support did child give to their families by working?
answers: text: financially

question: What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?
answers: text: cotton textiles

question: Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?
answers: text: large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture
context: Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.

qas: question: What became an issue for the working child?
answers: text: illiteracy

question: Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?
answers: text: many parents developed a change of opinion

question: What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?
answers: text: financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation
context: With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

qas: question: When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?
answers: text: 1966

question: What did this act due?
answers: text: legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14

question: When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?
answers: text: 1989

question: What did it help do to?
answers: text: helped to reduce the exploitation of children
context: The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.

qas: question: When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?
answers: text: 23 June 1757

question: Who was the master of the east of India?
answers: text: British

question: Why were many children employed?
answers: text: increasing need of cheap labour

question: What was the primary reason for India children being employed?
answers: text: lack knowledge of their basic rights

question: How did India child workers act?
answers: text: they did not cause trouble or complain
context: On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income.

qas: question: How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?
answers: text: one-fourth

question: How many Asian child workers are from India?
answers: text: one-third

question: Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?
answers: text: extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.
context: A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia’s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.

qas: question: When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?
answers: text: 1924

question: What did the international acts do?
answers: text: encouraged major changes to the workforce

question: What is the age limit now in India for child workers?
answers: text: 14

question: What child working conditions are they protected from?
answers: text: hazardous conditions
context: International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.

qas: question: When were students used as workers?
answers: text: 1950s

question: For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?
answers: text: 21 days

question: Did they need parental consent?
answers: text: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission

question: What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?
answers: text: 2012
context: From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.

qas: question: What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?
answers: text: Uzbekistan

question: What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?
answers: text: cotton harvesting

question: Did they have daily quotas for cotton?
answers: text: daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton

question: What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?
answers: text: 2.7 million
context: Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting. In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect. This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded. In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way.

qas: question: What is Kaminfegerkinder?
answers: text: chimney sweep children

question: What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?
answers: text: spinning mills, factories and in agriculture

question: Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?
answers: text: poor farmers who needed cheap labour
context: As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons – usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy–Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc. – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour.

qas: question: What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?
answers: text: children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money

question: In 1930s how many indentured children were there?
answers: text: 35,000

question: How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?
answers: text: 100,000
context: There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.

qas: question: How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?
answers: text: 151

question: What types of child labour does this prohibit?
answers: text: all forms of slavery

question: What other international laws deal with child labour?
answers: text: Minimum Age Convention (C138)
context: In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.

qas: question: What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?
answers: text: International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

question: What is the aim of this?
answers: text: progressively eliminate child labour

question: What are some of the target countries?
answers: text: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt

question: What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?
answers: text: universal primary school
context: In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour. Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.

qas: question: What did the United States pass in 2004?
answers: text: amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938

question: What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?
answers: text: aged 14–18

question: What culture in the US benefits from this Act?
answers: text: Amish

question: What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?
answers: text: eighth grade
context: In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school.

qas: question: What happened in the European Union in 1996?
answers: text: agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws

question: What age were children allowed to do light labour?
answers: text: 13

question: What age were children able to take part in European training programs?
answers: text: aged 14 years or over

question: What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?
answers: text: babysitting
context: Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.

qas: question: What does child labour do for adults?
answers: text: leads to poor labour standards

question: What happens to the wages of adults?
answers: text: depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries

question: What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?
answers: text: low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports

question: Does ending child labour have a global value?
answers: text: there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour
context: Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.

qas: question: What do some scholars agress is the "disease" of child labour?
answers: text: poverty

question: Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?
answers: text: These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour

question: What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?
answers: text: only option for survival
context: Other scholars[who?] suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good. According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty. If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive. These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable. The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices.

qas: question: What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?
answers: text: economic development

question: What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?
answers: text: economic reforms

question: What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?
answers: text: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world

question: What do international actions do according to these scholars?
answers: text: increase child labour
context: These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

qas: question: Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?
answers: text: UNICEF

question: What do child labourers work on in West Africa?
answers: text: production of cocoa

question: How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?
answers: text: 15,000
context: In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries. In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa—the main ingredient in chocolate— in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest.[not in citation given][better source needed]

qas: question: What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?
answers: text: Malian

question: After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?
answers: text: stopped paying their employees

question: Where did the children mainly come from?
answers: text: slums

question: Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?
answers: text: bus stations
context: Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.

qas: question: What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?
answers: text: cocoa industry

question: Who dismissed the allegations?
answers: text: European Cocoa Association

question: What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?
answers: text: 700,000

question: Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?
answers: text: ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom
context: The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.

qas: question: What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?
answers: text: voluntary

question: What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?
answers: text: International Cocoa Initiative

question: How many active programs does the foundation have? 
answers: text: 290

question: What happened to the 2005 deadlines?
answers: text: have not yet been met
context: In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.

qas: question: Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?
answers: text: Congo

question: What are child creuseurs?
answers: text: they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs

question: What percent of materials go to China?
answers: text: 90 percent

question: What is the cobalt used for?
answers: text: lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide
context: In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo. The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies. Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China. An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region. Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labor, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide.

qas: question: What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?
answers: text: mining and smelting operations of Africa

question: What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?
answers: text: denied

question: What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?
answers: text: being aware of child miners
context: BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

qas: question: What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?
answers: text: gold

question: What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?
answers: text: Mali

question: Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?
answers: text: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue

question: What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?
answers: text: primary and sometimes the only source of income
context: Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.

qas: question: How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?
answers: text: 57

question: What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?
answers: text: claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations

question: When did the CEO go on trial?
answers: text: 4 May 2010

question: What was the verdict?
answers: text: not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.
context: In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant. Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered "egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws." Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations. Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010. After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.

qas: question: Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?
answers: text: Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)

question: Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?
answers: text: Zara

question: What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?
answers: text: Bangladesh

question: What are activists trying to get implemented?
answers: text: "track and trace" systems
context: In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material.

qas: question: Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?
answers: text: Primark

question: What does Primark produce?
answers: text: clothing

question: What did the BBC program make their viewers question?
answers: text: "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top?

question: What else did the BBC expose?
answers: text: the violent side of the child labour industry
context: In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a £4 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme. The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade. Who made it for such little cost?", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.

qas: question: How many years was Primark investigated for?
answers: text: three years

question: What did they claim about the BBC report?
answers: text: fake

question: What did the BBC do?
answers: text: apologised for faking footage

question: What happened to the reward the BBC received?
answers: text: returned the television award
context: Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic." BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.

qas: question: What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?
answers: text: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution

question: What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?
answers: text: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"

question: What does the study say in regards to boycotts?
answers: text: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."
context: Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

qas: question: Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution?
answers: text: agriculture

question: How many children worked?
answers: text: virtually all

question: Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long?
answers: text: factory work

question: What did parents do when the wages were finally raised?
answers: text: send their children to school instead of work
context: According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation. Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went "voluntarily and gladly" to work in factories.

qas: question: Where is Thomas DeGregori from?
answers: text: University of Houston

question: What country does he argue needs child labor to survive?
answers: text: Bangladesh

question: What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor?
answers: text: political obstacles
context: According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.

qas: question: What is benefical work for children?
answers: text: Domestic work

question: What can children do in countries were trading is involved?
answers: text: children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers

question: All but what type of children must learn to clean?
answers: text: rich
context: The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.

qas: question: What is a natural process of child development?
answers: text: Work

question: What is an escape for the young that live in poverty?
answers: text: Work

question: What are children able to do during intense work situations?
answers: text: children often find ways to combine their work with play
context: Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up. Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term. At the material level, children’s work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor. Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment. Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers. Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play.

qas: question: What hinders schooling for child labourers?
answers: text: full-time work

question: What can relieve tension for children at work?
answers: text: Good relations with a supervisor

question: What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?
answers: text: school may impede the learning of skills
context: While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.