Modern_history

qas: question: What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
answers: text: via a faith in some form of deity

question: What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
answers: text: spiritual intermediaries

question: Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
answers: text: Religious officials

question: What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
answers: text: Tradition

question: How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
answers: text: strictly

question: Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
answers: text: via a faith in some form of deity

question: Who were spiritual intermediates? 
answers: text: Religious officials

question: Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
answers: text: spiritual intermediaries

question: What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
answers: text: Tradition

question: What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
answers: text: ceremony and morals
context: In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.

qas: question: What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
answers: text: modern

question: The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?
answers: text: modo

question: What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
answers: text: The European Renaissance

question: In what country did The European Renaissance start?
answers: text: Italy

question: What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
answers: text: telescope and microscope

question: What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
answers: text: modern

question: The phrase modern originated form what?
answers: text: Latin adverb modo

question: What did The European renaissance mark?
answers: text: transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times

question: Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
answers: text: 1420–1630)

question: In what country did The European renaissance begin?
answers: text: Italy
context: The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.

qas: question: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
answers: text: Early Modern

question: The 1800"s are referred to as?
answers: text: time of the late Enlightenment

question: What do the terms "Early Modern" and  'Modern Ages" originate from?
answers: text: European history

question: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
answers: text: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

question: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
answers: text: 1930s

question: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
answers: text: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment

question: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
answers: text: 1800

question: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
answers: text: European history

question: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
answers: text: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
context: The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

qas: question: In what era were there many socio-technological trends?
answers: text: Contemporary era

question: The 21st century is refereed to as what?
answers: text: the Information age

question: What device was used most during the The Information age?
answers: text: computers

question: What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?
answers: text: terrorist acts

question: In what time were there many socio-technological trends?
answers: text: Contemporary era

question: What is the 21st century also known as?
answers: text: the Information age

question: What device was used most during 21st century?
answers: text: computers

question: What was considered a threat to Western civilization?
answers: text: terrorist acts
context: In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming more powerful. In the Eurasian theater, the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed. A concern for Western world, if not the whole world, was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts.

qas: question: Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?
answers: text: Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates

question: What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?
answers: text: the Edo period

question: What is the Edo period also known as?
answers: text: the early modern period

question: What is time is considered the "Modern Period" in Korea?
answers: text: from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong

question: Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas.
answers: text: Aztec Empire

question: What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere?
answers: text: Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates

question: What time is referred to as the Edo period?
answers: text: 1600 to 1868

question: What is the 'Early Modern period" known as in Japan?
answers: text: the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong

question: Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas?
answers: text: Aztec Empire
context: In Asia, various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere. In Japan, the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. And in Korea, from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period. In the Americas, Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization, including the Aztec Empire and alliance, the Inca civilization, the Mayan Empire and cities, and the Chibcha Confederation. In the west, the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion. Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century.

qas: question: Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China.
answers: text: population grew

question: What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?
answers: text: growth of private industry

question: What are Nanjing and Beijing?
answers: text: Large urban centers

question: Under what rule was China not isolated?
answers: text: the early Ming dynasty

question: During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?
answers: text: Indian Ocean

question: What caused urbanization to increase in China?
answers: text: the population grew

question: Where did Chinese merchants explore? 
answers: text: all of the Indian Ocean
context: In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He.

qas: question: What was founded after the fall of the Ming?
answers: text: The Qing dynasty

question: The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?
answers: text: 1644–1911

question: What were the Manchus originally known as?
answers: text: the Jurchens

question: Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?
answers: text: Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels

question: Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?
answers: text: former Ming general Wu Sangui

question: The Qing dynasty formed after what event?
answers: text: after the fall of the Ming

question: During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?
answers: text: 1644–1911

question: What were the Manchus originally named?
answers: text: Jurchens

question: Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?
answers: text: Li Zicheng's peasant rebels

question: Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?
answers: text: former Ming general Wu Sangui
context: The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Mancus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper. Schoppa, the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues, "A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

qas: question: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
answers: text: strict class hierarchy

question: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
answers: text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

question: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
answers: text: The daimyo, or lords

question: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
answers: text: set at fixed amounts

question: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
answers: text: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

question: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
answers: text: Edo society

question: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
answers: text: strict class hierarchy

question: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
answers: text: The daimyo, or lords,

question: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
answers: text: set at fixed amounts

question: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
answers: text: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
context: Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

qas: question: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
answers: text: Mughal Empire

question: How did the "Classic Period" end?
answers: text: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707

question: Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
answers: text: Hindu Maratha Empire

question: Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
answers: text: south west of present-day India

question: What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
answers: text: the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

question: Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
answers: text: Mughal Empire

question: What event ended the "classic period"?
answers: text: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb

question: What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? 
answers: text: the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,

question: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
answers: text: south west of present-day India

question: What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
answers: text: the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat
context: On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

qas: question: What did the development of new imperialism cause?
answers: text: the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.

question: When did the commercial colonization of India begin?
answers: text: 1757

question: What happened n the battle of Plassey?
answers: text: Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company

question: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?
answers: text: 1765

question: What is the term used to describe the "Right to collect revenue"?
answers: text: diwani
context: The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

qas: question: In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?
answers: text: 1818

question: What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?
answers: text: the Third Anglo-Maratha War

question: How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?
answers: text: 1858

question: What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?
answers: text: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858

question: What did Britain establish in 1824?
answers: text: Singapore as a key trading post
context: The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

qas: question: What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?
answers: text: their respective governments

question: What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?
answers: text: Thailand

question: Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?
answers: text: colonial powers
context: The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.

qas: question: In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? 
answers: text: 1453

question: When is the modern period dated in England?
answers: text: Battle of Bosworth in 1485

question: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?
answers: text: Richard III
context: Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

qas: question: When did Russia experience territorial growth?
answers: text: the 17th century

question: The 17th century is also known as?
answers: text: age of Cossacks.

question: Who are Cossacks?
answers: text: warriors organized into military communities

question: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
answers: text: peasants of Ukraine

question: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
answers: text: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania
context: Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.

qas: question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
answers: text: European intellectual transformation

question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
answers: text: The Age of Reason

question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
answers: text: the Age of Rationalism

question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
answers: text: Renaissance philosophy

question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
answers: text: secularization
context: Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

qas: question: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
answers: text: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.

question: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
answers: text: Europe and America

question: What is the basic training of a humanist?
answers: text: speak well and write

question: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
answers: text: the 15th century

question: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
answers: text: quadrivium and scholastic logic.
context: The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.

qas: question: What did renaissance humanism reference?
answers: text: Latin and Greek classical texts

question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?
answers: text: scholasticism

question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?
answers: text: accumulated commentaries
context: Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

qas: question: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
answers: text: literary and artistic

question: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
answers: text: early 1690s

question: Moderns support the merits of whom?
answers: text: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle

question: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
answers: text: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.
context: The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

qas: question: What s the Scientific Revolution?
answers: text: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected

question: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?
answers: text: a transition to modern science

question: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
answers: text: question all manners of things

question: What did Scientific Revolution form?
answers: text: several modern scientific fields.
context: The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.

qas: question: What happened to the king after the trial?
answers: text: execution of the king

question: Who else was involved in the warfare?
answers: text: every other major European power.

question: name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.
answers: text: the Napoleonic Wars
context: The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

qas: question: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
answers: text: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte

question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
answers: text: Corsica

question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
answers: text: St. Helena

question: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
answers: text: Paris

question: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
answers: text: surge of Republicanism
context: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and "Glorious" surge of Republicanism.

qas: question: What is Italian Unification?
answers: text: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy

question: When did the Italian Unification occur?
answers: text: in the 19th century

question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
answers: text: 1815

question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
answers: text: 1871

question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
answers: text: World War I.
context: Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

qas: question: What event did the American revolution cause?
answers: text: British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.

question: How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?
answers: text: overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy

question: Why did the United States form independent states?
answers: text: the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation

question: Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?
answers: text: the British

question: What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?
answers: text: American Revolutionary War
context: Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation, and formed self-governing independent states. The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War (also called American War of Independence).

qas: question: Where did the American Revolution start?
answers: text: Lexington and Concord

question: What was issued on July 4, 1776?
answers: text: Declaration of Independence

question: What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?
answers: text: independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.

question: What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?
answers: text: member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

question: What was Ben Franklin disabled by? 
answers: text: gout
context: The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.

qas: question: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
answers: text: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.

question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
answers: text: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.

question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
answers: text: 1808 until 1829

question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
answers: text: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.

question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
answers: text: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
context: The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

qas: question: Who did the central Junta fall to?
answers: text: the French

question: What king died in 1833?
answers: text: king Ferdinand VII

question: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?
answers: text: Cuba and Puerto Rico

question: When did the Spanish-American war occur?
answers: text: in 1898

question: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? 
answers: text: Salvador
context: When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.

qas: question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
answers: text: around 1850

question: What caused technological and economical progress?
answers: text: development of steam-powered ships and railways

question: The 19th century was also known as? 
answers: text: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.

question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
answers: text: separate Technical Revolution
context: The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

qas: question: What is industrialization? 
answers: text: social and economic change

question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
answers: text: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.

question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
answers: text: technological innovation
context: Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

qas: question: When did the modern petroleum industry start? 
answers: text: 1846

question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?
answers: text: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
answers: text: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

question: Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?
answers: text: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
answers: text: Bóbrka
context: The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

qas: question: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?
answers: text: electrification to developments in materials science.

question: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?
answers: text: quality of life

question: What did Lewis Paul invent?
answers: text: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.

question: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?
answers: text: the first revolution

question: Who improved the steam engine?
answers: text: Matthew Boulton and James Watt
context: Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.

qas: question: Thomas Edison is credited with?
answers: text: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
answers: text: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
answers: text: 110 volts

question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
answers: text: fifty-nine

question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
answers: text: lower Manhattan
context: In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

qas: question: When did the European revolutions occur?
answers: text: 1848

question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
answers: text: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

question: In what country did the revolutions begin?
answers: text: France

question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
answers: text: tens of thousands
context: The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

qas: question: What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?
answers: text: Scientific Revolution and industrial progress

question: What is Newton Natural philosophy?
answers: text: a coherent system of verifiable predictions

question: What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?
answers: text: reliance on revelation and inspired truth.

question: What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, 
answers: text: yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.
context: Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.

qas: question: Under whom was Russia declared an empire?
answers: text: Peter I

question: In what year was Russia declared an empire?
answers: text: 1721

question: Through what period did Peter I rule?
answers: text: 1682 to 1725

question: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?
answers: text: Sweden

question: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?
answers: text: a new capital called Saint Petersburg
context: Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762–96, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.

qas: question: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? 
answers: text: the period of Queen Victoria's reign

question: Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? 
answers: text: 1837 to January 1901

question: What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?
answers: text: a long period of prosperity for the British people

question: How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?
answers: text: five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.
context: The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

qas: question: What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?
answers: text: any serious international rival

question: Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?
answers: text: Unchallenged at sea

question: Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
answers: text: Pax Britannica

question: What was Britain's foreign policy called?
answers: text: splendid isolation

question: Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?
answers: text: effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam
context: In Britain's "imperial century", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been generally characterized as "informal empire". Of note during this time was the Anglo-Zulu War, which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire.

qas: question: What was British imperial strength replace by?
answers: text: steamship and the telegraph

question: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
answers: text: the second half of the 19th century

question: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
answers: text: a network of telegraph cables

question: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
answers: text: 458 million

question: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
answers: text: 1788
context: British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

qas: question: The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?
answers: text: Napoleon I of France

question: What is the Bourbon Restoration? 
answers: text: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

question: What is the July Monarchy? 
answers: text: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

question: What is the second empires?
answers: text: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

question: Through what period did the second empire last?
answers: text: 1852 to 1870
context: The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

qas: question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?
answers: text: France and Prussia

question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?
answers: text: North German Confederation

question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?
answers: text: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?
answers: text: Alsace-Lorraine

question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?
answers: text: World War I.
context: The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

qas: question: Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?
answers: text: exhibit a sphere of influence over the area

question: What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?
answers: text: These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.

question: What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?
answers: text: mandate to rule that region as a national colony.

question: How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?
answers: text: colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.

question: What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?
answers: text: hell on earth.
context: The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony. The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition. With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples, however, this principle remained more theory than practice. There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule, to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as "hell on earth."

qas: question: What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?
answers: text: one-fifth

question: What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?
answers: text: they were dividing an unknown continent.

question: When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?
answers: text: the mid-nineteenth century,

question: Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?
answers: text: 1880s

question: How did maps show Africa Before 1880?
answers: text: generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.
context: At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.

qas: question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
answers: text: 1880s to 1914

question: What was Europe competing for? 
answers: text: Africa’s land and resources.

question: What did Great Britain control?
answers: text: various colonial holdings in East Africa

question: Where in Africa did the French have control? 
answers: text: West Africa

question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
answers: text: southern Africa
context: From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

qas: question: What was the Meija era marked by?
answers: text: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
answers: text: modernization

question: What does "Meija era"
answers: text: Enlightened Rule

question: When did the Meija restoration begin?
answers: text: 1860s

question: What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?
answers: text: bureaucratic superstate
context: Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.

qas: question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
answers: text: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
answers: text: peasant and warrior alike.

question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
answers: text: ketsu-eki

question: Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?
answers: text: French military

question: Where was the military academy located?
answers: text: Kyoto
context: Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

qas: question: What is the antebellum age?
answers: text: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery

question: When did the civil was begin?
answers: text: 1861

question: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?
answers: text: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854

question: What did The Antebellum age mark?
answers: text: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.
context: The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

qas: question: What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?
answers: text: all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.

question: What did Lincoln do well in the war?
answers: text: mobilizing support for the war goals

question: Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?
answers: text: The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend

question: The south could barely do what for their souldiers?
answers: text: feed and clothe

question: General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? 
answers: text: the East
context: Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.

qas: question: What happened in the Glided Age/
answers: text: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class

question: In what time period did the Glided Age occur?
answers: text: late 19th century

question: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?
answers: text: industrial and population expansion.

question: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?
answers: text: robber barons

question: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?
answers: text: effective tactics and aggressive practices
context: During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

qas: question: What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?
answers: text: transportation and communication infrastructure

question: What became the dominant form of business organization? 
answers: text: the corporation

question: What transformed business organization in 1890?
answers: text: managerial revolution

question: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?
answers: text: all American anti-monopoly laws.

question: What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?
answers: text: an "unreasonable" monopoly
context: The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.

qas: question: When did modern physics arise?
answers: text: early 20th century

question: What is the old Quantum  theory?
answers: text: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.

question: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?
answers: text: Michelson-Morley experiment

question: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?
answers: text: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether

question: What does Darwinism promote?
answers: text: the theory of natural selection.
context: Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

qas: question: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?
answers: text: as steps toward modernization

question: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?
answers: text: 1911

question: What is the May Forth Movement?
answers: text: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China

question: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? 
answers: text: Marxist-Leninist thought

question: During what event was Legalism abolished?
answers: text: the Cultural Revolution
context: The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

qas: question: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?
answers: text: in various quarters around the 1900s.

question: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?
answers: text: earlier secular traditions

question: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? 
answers: text: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose

question: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?
answers: text: a secular version of theism

question: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?
answers: text: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.
context: Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

qas: question: What is Albert Einstein known for? 
answers: text: his theories of special relativity and general relativity

question: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?
answers: text: mathematical treatment

question: What did Einstein discover a resolution to?
answers: text: the paradox of specific heats

question: What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?
answers: text: quantum field theory
context: Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

qas: question: What is the federation of Australia?
answers: text: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.

question: What was the federal Government responsible for? 
answers: text: matters concerning the whole nation.

question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?
answers: text: When the Constitution of Australia came into force
context: In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

qas: question: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? 
answers: text: civil unrest and foreign invasions.

question: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? 
answers: text: attempt to reform the government in various

question: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? 
answers: text: either imprisoned or executed outright.

question: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?
answers: text: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization
context: The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

qas: question: When was the Republic of China established?
answers: text: 1912

question: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
answers: text: Sun Yat-sen

question: Who had control of the Beiyang army?
answers: text: Yuan Shikai

question: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
answers: text: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.

question: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
answers: text: Beijing, Shikai
context: In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

qas: question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?
answers: text: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?
answers: text: various warlords

question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? 
answers: text: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

question: What were the military dominated governments known as?
answers: text: the Beiyang government

question: When did the warlord era end?
answers: text: around 1927
context: After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

qas: question: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?
answers: text: Four years into the 20th century

question: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?
answers: text: the Empire of Japan as a world power.

question: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?
answers: text: warm water port

question: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians. 
answers: text: over Manchuria and Korea.

question: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?
answers: text: unexpected
context: Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

qas: question: What is the Edwardian era?
answers: text: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,

question: What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?
answers: text: Second Boer War

question: In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?
answers: text: 1906

question: What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?
answers: text: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget

question: Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?
answers: text: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.
context: The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

qas: question: What is The Triple Entente?
answers: text: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

question: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?
answers: text: 1907.

question: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? 
answers: text: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,

question: What was the origin of the war?
answers: text: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

question: Who was murdered in Austria?
answers: text: Archduke Franz Ferdinand
context: The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

qas: question: Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?
answers: text: Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq

question: What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?
answers: text: tensions over territory in the Balkans.

question: Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?
answers: text: Serbia and Russia

question: Where did the Balkan wars take place?
answers: text: South-eastern Europe

question: Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?
answers: text: over the division of the spoils
context: However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.

qas: question: When did the first World War begin? 
answers: text: 1914

question: Who led the Allied powers?
answers: text: British Empire, France, Russia

question: Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??
answers: text: Japan and the United States

question: What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?
answers: text: Triple Entente

question: How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?
answers: text: four empires
context: The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones—as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance.

qas: question: Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?
answers: text: along the Western Front

question: What is the Western Front?
answers: text: a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.

question: What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?
answers: text: On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network

question: How many soldiers died? in World War I?
answers: text: More than 9 million

question: Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?
answers: text: from the air.
context: Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and—for the first time—from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic.

qas: question: In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?
answers: text: mid-19th century's

question: How many years after world war I did world war II start?
answers: text: 20 years later.

question: What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?
answers: text: partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

question: What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about? 
answers: text: the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.

question: Who did The League of Nations grant  France mandates over?
answers: text: Syria and Lebanon
context: Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

qas: question: What is the Russian Revolution?
answers: text: the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.

question: What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?
answers: text: the Russian Provisional Government was established.

question: What event happened in October of 1917?
answers: text: a red faction revolution

question: What happened during the red faction revolution?
answers: text: armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg
context: The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.

qas: question: When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?
answers: text: 1917

question: What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?
answers: text: huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire

question: Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?
answers: text: the German Empire

question: What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by? 
answers: text: his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II

question: Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?
answers: text: Western Allies
context: Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. As a condition for peace, the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution. Vladimir Lenin's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, upset at:

qas: question: Where did Soviets under the rule of the  Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?
answers: text: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

question: In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?
answers: text: demobilized

question: What was Bolshevik's main military force?
answers: text: volunteer-based Red Guard

question: How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?
answers: text: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.

question: How were former Tsarist Officers utilized? 
answers: text: as "military specialists"
context: The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.

qas: question: Who was the principal fighting between?
answers: text: Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.

question: In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?
answers: text: 1918 to 1920

question: When did the major military operation end?
answers: text: 25 October 1922

question: What general was defeated in 1920?
answers: text: General Pyotr Wrangel

question: Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?
answers: text: Far East
context: The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).

qas: question: What did the May Fourth movement help do?
answers: text: rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.

question: Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.
answers: text: a rival military government in Guangzhou

question: What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?
answers: text: aid

question: Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?
answers: text: the Soviet Union

question: How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?
answers: text: by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.
context: The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

qas: question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?
answers: text: social and societal upheaval

question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?
answers: text: North America

question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties"  spread to after the war?
answers: text: Europe

question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?
answers: text: The Jazz Age

question: what did the "Jazz Age" usher in? 
answers: text: an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.
context: In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

qas: question: When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?
answers: text: 1923

question: Who invested in European debts?
answers: text: Wall Street

question: Europe has a large market for what?
answers: text: American mass-produced goods
context: Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

qas: question: What changed worldwide property drasrically?
answers: text: the onset of the Great Depression

question: In what year did The wall Street crash occur?
answers: text: 1929

question: What is the Great Depression?
answers: text: a worldwide economic downturn

question: When did the great Depression end?
answers: text: 1930s or early 1940s

question: The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?
answers: text: 20th century
context: Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

qas: question: Where did the depression cause negative effects?
answers: text: virtually every country

question: How much did international trade fall?
answers: text: by half to two-thirds,

question: What happened to construction during the Depression?
answers: text: virtually halted in many countries

question: How far did crop prices fall?
answers: text: 60 percent
context: The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.

qas: question: When did Americas Great Depression end?
answers: text: 1941

question: In some world states who did the people turn to? 
answers: text: nationalist demagogues

question: Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to? 
answers: text: Adolf Hitler

question: What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?
answers: text: the rise of Nazism
context: The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues—the most infamous being Adolf Hitler—setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.

qas: question: What was the Interwar period marked by?
answers: text: radical change in the international order

question: What institution was meant to bring stability?
answers: text: the League of Nations

question: When was The League of Nations created?
answers: text: after the First World War

question: Who undermined  The League Of Nations?
answers: text: bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States

question: What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?
answers: text: leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.
context: The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

qas: question: Who was first to invade Manchuria?
answers: text: Japan

question: What is the Abyssinian crisis?
answers: text: Italy invaded Abyssinia

question: What is Abyssinia?
answers: text: one of the only free African nations at that time

question: When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?
answers: text: 1935/36

question: Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?
answers: text: Italy
context: A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

qas: question: When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?
answers: text: September 1931

question: Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?
answers: text: ex-Qing emperor Puyi

question: What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?
answers: text: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,

question: In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify? 
answers: text: 1940

question: What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist? 
answers: text: neutralize the spread of Communist influence.
context: Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

qas: question: What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?
answers: text: The Second Sino-Japanese War

question: What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?
answers: text: embargoes

question: What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?
answers: text: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil

question: Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? 
answers: text: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
context: The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

qas: question: Where did Japan attack the United States?
answers: text: Pearl Harbor

question: When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?
answers: text: December 7, 1941

question: What countries were referred to as "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"?
answers: text: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China

question: What did The United Nations name "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"
answers: text: "Four Policemen"

question: Who were the victors of World War II? 
answers: text: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China
context: On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.

qas: question: What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?
answers: text: 62 million

question: What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?
answers: text: About 60%

question: What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?
answers: text: The former Soviet Union and China

question: What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?
answers: text: 16%,

question: How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?
answers: text: 23 million
context: It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.

qas: question: What is the Holocaust?
answers: text: was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted"

question: During what word event did the Holocaust happen? 
answers: text: during World War II

question: Who is responsible for the Holocaust? 
answers: text: Nazi regime in Germany.

question: How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?
answers: text: propaganda

question: When did the suffering of the Jews begin?
answers: text: before the war even started
context: The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.

qas: question: What was Europe split into after World War II?
answers: text: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

question: What does the term NATO represent?
answers: text: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

question: Who battled in the cold war?
answers: text: United States and the Soviet Union.

question: What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?
answers: text: led to its democratization.

question: What did China name themselves after the war?
answers: text: the People's Republic of China.
context: After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

qas: question: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?
answers: text: a factor of five

question: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?
answers: text: two decades

question: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?
answers: text: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider
context: Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

qas: question: What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?
answers: text: brutal dictatorships

question: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?
answers: text: wars

question: What did increased communications lead contribute to?
answers: text: democratization

question: What time period did technological advances lead to?
answers: text: the Information Age
context: Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

qas: question: what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?
answers: text: Soviet Socialist Republics

question: What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?
answers: text: the Warsaw Pact

question: The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?
answers: text: "containment"

question: What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?
answers: text: rebuilding of western Europe

question: What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?
answers: text: the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,
context: The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.

qas: question: What types of periods did the cold war see?
answers: text: heightened tension and relative calm.

question: Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?
answers: text: 1948–1949

question: Through what time period did the Korean War last?
answers: text: 1950–1953)

question: Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?
answers: text: 1959–1975

question: When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?
answers: text: 1962
context: The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.

qas: question: During what time was the cold war close to happening?
answers: text: 1980s and the early 1990s

question: What did  the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?
answers: text: diplomatic, military, and economic pressure

question: What was  the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?
answers: text: severe economic stagnation

question: What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?
answers: text: introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.

question: In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?
answers: text: 1991
context: The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.

qas: question: What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?
answers: text: in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence

question: Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?
answers: text: to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat.

question: The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?
answers: text: leftist dissidents

question: What did all countries restore in the 1990's 
answers: text: their democracies.

question: Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970"s?
answers: text: South American countries
context: In Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization. Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America. In the 1970s, the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents, including some urban guerrillas. However, by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies.

qas: question: What is the space age?
answers: text: a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.

question: Who launched  Sputnik 1?
answers: text: the Soviet Union.

question: How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?
answers: text: 98.1 minutes

question: What did Sputnik 1 usher in?
answers: text: The Space Age

question: How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?
answers: text: 500 million
context: The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.