Marshall_Islands

qas: question: What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?
answers: text: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ

question: Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?
answers: text: the equator

question: As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 53,158

question: What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side?
answers: text: the Federated States of Micronesia

question: Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Majuro

question: What is the official name of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Republic of the Marshall Islands

question: In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located?
answers: text: Pacific Ocean

question: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?
answers: text: 53,158

question: How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 29

question: On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Majuro
context: The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ),[note 1] is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 53,158 people (at the 2011 Census) is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,[note 2] Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. About 27,797 of the islanders (at the 2011 Census) live on Majuro, which contains the capital.

qas: question: Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Micronesian colonists

question: How were original settlers of the area able to move between islands?
answers: text: traditional stick charts

question: In what year did a European explorer first see the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 1526

question: Which explorer first saw the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Alonso de Salazar

question: For whom are the Marshall Islands named?
answers: text: John Marshall

question: During what span were the Marshall Islands first settled?
answers: text: 2nd millennium BC

question: In what decade did Europeans first visit the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 1520s

question: In what month and year did a European first arrive at the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: August 1526

question: After whom are the Marshall Islands named?
answers: text: John Marshall
context: Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed. The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall, who visited in 1788. The islands were historically known by the inhabitants as "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God).

qas: question: In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations?
answers: text: 1874

question: In 1884, which country purchased the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the German Empire

question: What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I?
answers: text: the South Pacific Mandate

question: Who took over the Marshall Islands in the second world war?
answers: text: the United States

question: In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?
answers: text: 1986

question: What European nation owned the Marshall Islands in 1874?
answers: text: Spain

question: Who bought the Marshall Islands from the Spanish in 1884?
answers: text: the German Empire

question: Who occupied the Marshall Islands during the First World War?
answers: text: Japan

question: In what year was the South Pacific Mandate created?
answers: text: 1919

question: In what year did the Marshall Islands become a sovereign nation?
answers: text: 1986
context: The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991.

qas: question: What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: presidential republic

question: With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?
answers: text: the United States

question: What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?
answers: text: service

question: What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?
answers: text: aid

question: What is the currency of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the United States dollar

question: Along with the USPS, what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the FCC

question: What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy?
answers: text: service

question: What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: United States dollar

question: What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: presidential republic

question: Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy?
answers: text: the United States
context: Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product. The country uses the United States dollar as its currency.

qas: question: What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Marshallese

question: What family of languages does Marshallese belong to?
answers: text: Malayo-Polynesian

question: What does UCCCMI stand for?
answers: text: United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands

question: Aside from UCCCMI, what is the other major religious denomination of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the Assemblies of God

question: From what non-Asian nation do some people living in the Marshall Islands come?
answers: text: the United States

question: Of what ancestry are most Marshall Islands citizens?
answers: text: Marshallese

question: Along with Marshallese, what is the official language of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: English

question: Of what language group is the Marshallese language?
answers: text: Malayo-Polynesian

question: What fraction of Marshall Islands residents are religious?
answers: text: three-quarters

question: Along with the United Church of Christ and the UCCCMI, what is a main religion of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the Assemblies of God
context: The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent, though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States, China, Philippines and other Pacific islands. The two official languages are Marshallese, which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and English. Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion, with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands (UCCCMI) or the Assemblies of God.

qas: question: Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC?
answers: text: Micronesians

question: What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: historical or oral records

question: What vessel did early settlers of the Marshall Islands use to travel?
answers: text: canoe

question: What is the name of the item used as a primitive type of map for navigation by early settlers of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: traditional stick charts

question: Who first settled the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Micronesians

question: When were the Marshal Islands first settled?
answers: text: 2nd millennium BC

question: In what vehicles did the Marshall Islanders travel by water?
answers: text: canoe

question: What navigation aids did the Marshall Islanders use?
answers: text: stick charts
context: Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts.

qas: question: Which European first saw the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Alonso de Salazar

question: What was Alonso de Salazar's nationality?
answers: text: Spanish

question: In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 1526

question: What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?
answers: text: Santa Maria de la Victoria

question: What did Alonso de Salazar call the island that he saw?
answers: text: San Bartolome

question: Who was the first person from Europe to observe the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Alonso de Salazar

question: What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Spanish

question: In what year did the first European view the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 1526

question: What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?
answers: text: Santa Maria de la Victoria

question: Which of the Marshall Islands did Salazar most likely see?
answers: text: Taongi
context: Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526, commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria, the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition. On August 21, he sighted an island (probably Taongi) at 14°N that he named "San Bartolome".

qas: question: Whose ship was named Florida?
answers: text: Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón

question: From where did Cerón attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean?
answers: text: the Maluku Islands

question: What did Cerón name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel?
answers: text: Los Pintados

question: What was the name given to the islands reached by Cerón in October of 1529?
answers: text: Los Jardines

question: What are two possible modern names for the islands called Los Jardines by Cerón?
answers: text: Enewetak or Bikini Atoll

question: Who was in charge of the ship named Florida?
answers: text: Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón

question: Where did Cerón's expedition begin?
answers: text: the Maluku Islands

question: What name did Cerón give to the island that might have been Ujelang?
answers: text: Los Pintados

question: What group of islands might have been Bikini Atoll or Enewetak?
answers: text: Los Jardines

question: How long did Cerón spend on Los Jardines?
answers: text: eight days
context: On September 21, 1529, Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida, on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands. He stood off a group of islands from which local inhabitants hurled stones at his ship. These islands, which he named "Los Pintados", may have been Ujelang. On October 1, he found another group of islands where he went ashore for eight days, exchanged gifts with the local inhabitants and took on water. These islands, which he named "Los Jardines", may have been Enewetak or Bikini Atoll.

qas: question: What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530?
answers: text: Los Barbudos

question: What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos?
answers: text: Mejit

question: On what date did Legazpi's expedition see the island it named Placeres?
answers: text: January 10

question: What name did the expedition give to the island it saw on January 12th?
answers: text: Corrales

question: What was the location of Corrales?
answers: text: 10°N

question: Who led the expedition involving the ship San Pedro?
answers: text: Miguel López de Legazpi

question: What did Miguel López de Legazpi call the island discovered on January 9, 1530?
answers: text: Los Barbudos

question: What did the Spanish call the island that might have been Ailuk?
answers: text: Placeres

question: On what day did the Spanish see the island they named Corrales?
answers: text: January 12

question: What island may have been spotted by the Spanish on January 15?
answers: text: Ujelang
context: The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9, 1530, possibly Mejit, at 10°N, which they named "Los Barbudos". The Spaniards went ashore and traded with the local inhabitants. On January 10, the Spaniards sighted another island that they named "Placeres", perhaps Ailuk; ten leagues away, they sighted another island that they called "Pajares" (perhaps Jemo). On January 12, they sighted another island at 10°N that they called "Corrales" (possibly Wotho). On January 15, the Spaniards sighted another low island, perhaps Ujelang, at 10°N, where they described the people on "Barbudos". After that, ships including the San Jeronimo, Los Reyes and Todos los Santos also visited the islands in different years.

qas: question: Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?
answers: text: Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert

question: What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?
answers: text: jolet jen Anij

question: Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Adam Johann von Krusenstern

question: Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Louis Isidore Duperrey

question: At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824?
answers: text: Mulgrave

question: Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Thomas Gilbert

question: In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands?
answers: text: 1788

question: What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: jolet jen Anij

question: What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Gifts from God

question: On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?
answers: text: Mulgrave Island
context: Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall, and drew maps of the islands. The designation was repeated later on British maps.[citation needed] In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island. One year later, the American schooner Dolphin arrived and picked up two boys, the last survivors of a massacre by the natives due to their brutal treatment of the women.:2

qas: question: Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?
answers: text: Captain DonSette

question: What vessel was attacked in 1845?
answers: text: Naiad

question: What ships were attacked in 1852?
answers: text: Glencoe and Sea Nymph

question: In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 1857

question: On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Ebon

question: Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?
answers: text: Captain DonSette

question: In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?
answers: text: 1845

question: What type of ship was the Naiad?
answers: text: schooner

question: Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?
answers: text: San Francisco

question: Where did missionaries live as of 1857?
answers: text: Ebon
context: A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed. The violence was usually attributed as a response to the ill treatment of the natives in response to petty theft, which was a common practice. In 1857, two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon, living among the natives through at least 1870.:3

qas: question: What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?
answers: text: the Spanish Empire

question: What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the German Empire

question: What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?
answers: text: Britain

question: On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: SMS Nautilus

question: What title did the Germans give to Kabua?
answers: text: King of the Ralik Islands
context: Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. On October 13, 1885, SMS Nautilus under Captain Rötger brought German emissaries to Jaluit. They signed a treaty with Kabua, whom the Germans had earlier recognized as "King of the Ralik Islands," on October 15.

qas: question: On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?
answers: text: November 1

question: What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?
answers: text: Imperial German Protectorate

question: What nation had control of the Carolines?
answers: text: Spain

question: What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: copra

question: In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?
answers: text: 1884
context: Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact "a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.

qas: question: What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?
answers: text: the Jaluit Gesellschaft

question: When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?
answers: text: 1905

question: What document was signed in 1899?
answers: text: the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899

question: Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?
answers: text: the Carolines

question: What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?
answers: text: the governor of German New Guinea
context: A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands, including the Marshalls, under the governor of German New Guinea.

qas: question: What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?
answers: text: the Sacred Heart Jesu Society

question: In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 1914

question: In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?
answers: text: 1911

question: When was Father Linckens' book published?
answers: text: 1912

question: In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?
answers: text: 1904
context: Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland, from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup, Germany, lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914. He was very interested in the islands and conducted considerable research on the Marshallese culture and language. He published a 376-page monograph on the islands in 1914. Father H. Linckens, another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks. He published a small work in 1912 about the Catholic mission activities and the people of the Marshall Islands.

qas: question: What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?
answers: text: the Meiji Restoration

question: In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?
answers: text: East Asia

question: Along with fishermen, what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls?
answers: text: traders
context: Under German control, and even before then, Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military power in East Asia.

qas: question: On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?
answers: text: September 29, 1914

question: What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War?
answers: text: the Entente

question: What did the Japanese occupy on September 30, 1914?
answers: text: the Jaluit Atoll

question: On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
answers: text: June 28, 1919

question: When was the South Pacific Mandate for Japan approved?
answers: text: December 17, 1920
context: In 1914, Japan joined the Entente during World War I and captured various German Empire colonies, including several in Micronesia. On September 29, 1914, Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll, and on September 30, 1914, the Jaluit Atoll, the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands. After the war, on June 28, 1919, Germany signed (under protest) the Treaty of Versailles. It renounced all of its Pacific possessions, including the Marshall Islands. On December 17, 1920, the Council of the League of Nations approved the South Pacific Mandate for Japan to take over all former German colonies in the Pacific Ocean located north of the Equator. The Administrative Centre of the Marshall Islands archipelago remained Jaluit.

qas: question: About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?
answers: text: 1,000

question: What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: economic

question: What was the primary nature of Japan's interest in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: land

question: Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants?
answers: text: Palau
context: The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to house it. During its years of colonial rule, Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau.

qas: question: What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?
answers: text: Matrilineality

question: What system of social organization was used in Japan?
answers: text: the Japanese Patriarchal system

question: On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?
answers: text: March 27, 1933

question: What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?
answers: text: Japanese

question: Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?
answers: text: Catholic
context: The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up to the high water level was declared the property of the Japanese government. On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed. Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools, and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture. This policy was the government strategy not only in the Marshall Islands, but on all the other mandated territories in Micronesia. On March 27, 1933, Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations, but continued to manage the islands, and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls. The Marshall Islands were in an important geographical position, being the easternmost point in Japan's defensive ring at the beginning of World War II.

qas: question: What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 6th Fleet

question: On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?
answers: text: Kwajalein

question: What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service?
answers: text: defense of the Marshall Islands
context: In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service, whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands.

qas: question: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: World War II

question: What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?
answers: text: the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign

question: In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?
answers: text: 1944

question: How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?
answers: text: one

question: Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?
answers: text: Wotje
context: In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit.

qas: question: In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?
answers: text: 1943

question: How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?
answers: text: 5,100

question: What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?
answers: text: half

question: Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?
answers: text: lack of food
context: The battle in the Marshall Islands caused irreparable damage, especially on Japanese bases. During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries. U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945.

qas: question: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?
answers: text: World War II

question: What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?
answers: text: Security Council Resolution 21

question: In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created?
answers: text: 1947

question: What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of?
answers: text: Micronesia
context: Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.

qas: question: In what year did the Cold War begin?
answers: text: 1946

question: How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958?
answers: text: 67

question: What was the name of the United States' largest atmospheric nuclear test?
answers: text: Castle Bravo

question: What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons?
answers: text: 108,496

question: Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test?
answers: text: Elugelab
context: During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958, the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands, including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S., code named Castle Bravo. "The bombs had a total yield of 108,496 kilotons, over 7,200 times more powerful than the atomic weapons used during World War II." With the 1952 test of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb, code named "Ivy Mike," the island of Elugelab in the Enewetak atoll was destroyed. In 1956, the United States Atomic Energy Commission regarded the Marshall Islands as "by far the most contaminated place in the world."

qas: question: What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?
answers: text: Project 4.1

question: When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?
answers: text: 1956

question: In millions of dollars, how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998?
answers: text: 759
context: Nuclear claims between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects from these nuclear tests linger. Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout. From 1956 to August 1998, at least $759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing.

qas: question: What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the Compact of Free Association

question: In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?
answers: text: 1986

question: Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range?
answers: text: Kwajalein Atoll

question: When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end?
answers: text: 1990

question: What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls?
answers: text: Security Council Resolution 683
context: In 1986, the Compact of Free Association with the United States entered into force, granting the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) its sovereignty. The Compact provided for aid and U.S. defense of the islands in exchange for continued U.S. military use of the missile testing range at Kwajalein Atoll. The independence procedure was formally completed under international law in 1990, when the UN officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683.

qas: question: What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Majuro

question: On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?
answers: text: Christmas

question: In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?
answers: text: 0.91

question: What caused the 2008 floods?
answers: text: extreme waves and high tides

question: In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city?
answers: text: 2013
context: In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency. In 2013, heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro.

qas: question: What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?
answers: text: the northern atolls

question: How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?
answers: text: 6,000

question: In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of water did residents consume each day?
answers: text: 1

question: Along with pink eye and influenza, what other health issue was caused by the drought?
answers: text: diarrhea

question: What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought?
answers: text: the United States President
context: In 2013, the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands experienced drought. The drought left 6,000 people surviving on less than 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of water per day. This resulted in the failure of food crops and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, pink eye, and influenza. These emergencies resulted in the United States President declaring an emergency in the islands. This declaration activated support from US government agencies under the Republic's "free association" status with the United States, which provides humanitarian and other vital support.

qas: question: As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?
answers: text: Tony de Brum

question: In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?
answers: text: September 2013

question: What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?
answers: text: Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership

question: What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?
answers: text: climate change

question: Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?
answers: text: the Obama administration
context: Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disasters from battering his country and other similarly vulnerable countries. In September 2013, the Marshall Islands hosted the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit. De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change.

qas: question: What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: parliamentary-presidential system

question: How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?
answers: text: 18

question: How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: every four years

question: What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?
answers: text: Nitijela

question: When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?
answers: text: 1979
context: The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution. Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators) to the lower house of RMI's unicameral legislature, the Nitijela. (Majuro, the capital atoll, elects five senators.) The President, who is head of state as well as head of government, is elected by the 33 senators of the Nitijela. Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional paramount chiefs.

qas: question: What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
answers: text: the Council of Iroij

question: Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
answers: text: twelve tribal chiefs

question: How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?
answers: text: ten

question: Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the AKA

question: How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: twenty-four
context: Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament, called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls. There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands: Aelon̄ Kein Ad (AKA), United People's Party (UPP), Kien Eo Am (KEA) and United Democratic Party (UDP). Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP. The following senators are in the legislative body:

qas: question: What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Compact of Free Association

question: What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the U.S.

question: Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?
answers: text: technical aid
context: The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands. It allows islanders to live and work in the United States and establishes economic and technical aid programs.

qas: question: When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
answers: text: August 9, 1991

question: When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?
answers: text: September 17, 1991

question: What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?
answers: text: the United States

question: What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
answers: text: Resolution 704
context: The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/3. In international politics within the United Nations, the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions.

qas: question: On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?
answers: text: 28 April 2015

question: What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?
answers: text: MV Maersk Tigris

question: Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship?
answers: text: Rickmers Ship Management

question: How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris?
answers: text: 34

question: Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?
answers: text: the Strait of Hormuz
context: On 28 April 2015, the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz. The ship had been chartered by Germany's Rickmers Ship Management, which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons. The ship was reported to be under the control of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard according to the Pentagon. Tensions escallated in the region due to the intensifying of Saudi-led coalition attacks in Yemen. The Pentagon reported that the destroyer USS Farragut and a maritime reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched upon receiving a distress call from the ship Tigris and it was also reported that all 34 crew members were detained. US defense officials have said that they would review U.S. defense obligations to the Government of the Marshall Islands in the wake of recent events and also condemned the shots fired at the bridge as "inappropriate". It was reported in May 2015 that Tehran would release the ship after it paid a penalty.

qas: question: What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the Federated States of Micronesia

question: What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?
answers: text: Wake Island

question: How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?
answers: text: 1,900,000

question: How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?
answers: text: 180

question: How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 29
context: The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km2) of land mass. Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls. The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands.

qas: question: How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?
answers: text: 772,000

question: In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?
answers: text: October 2011

question: In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected?
answers: text: 1,776,000

question: What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?
answers: text: shark fishing
context: In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres (1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi). In protected waters, all shark fishing is banned and all by-catch must be released. However, some have questioned the ability of the Marshall Islands to enforce this zone.

qas: question: What island do the Marshall Islands claim?
answers: text: Wake Island

question: Who controls Wake Island?
answers: text: the United States

question: In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?
answers: text: 1899

question: What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?
answers: text: Enen-kio
context: The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio.

qas: question: When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin?
answers: text: May

question: In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end?
answers: text: November

question: Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Marshalls?
answers: text: tropical storms

question: Along with the Marianas, where do typhoons that begin in the Marshalls sometimes terminate?
answers: text: the Philippines
context: The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November. Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region, and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines.

qas: question: What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?
answers: text: its very low elevation

question: Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?
answers: text: the president of Nauru

question: Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth?
answers: text: flooding from climate change
context: Due to its very low elevation, the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise. According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.

qas: question: How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive?
answers: text: 1,300

question: What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: rainfall

question: What is the Marshall Islands often threatened with?
answers: text: drought

question: How much more rain do the southern atolls get compared to the northern?
answers: text: twice
context: Population has outstripped the supply of freshwater, usually from rainfall. The northern atolls get 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rainfall annually; the southern atolls about twice that. The threat of drought is commonplace throughout the island chains.

qas: question: What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?
answers: text: the International Labour Organization

question: What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization?
answers: text: its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks

question: What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization?
answers: text: business conditions
context: In 2007, the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization, which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks. This may impact business conditions in the islands.

qas: question: How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?
answers: text: US$57.7 million

question: How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?
answers: text: US$62.7 million

question: What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: the Amended Compact of Free Association

question: What will be established in 2023?
answers: text: a trust fund
context: United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.S. and RMI contributions, will begin perpetual annual payouts.

qas: question: On what atoll is a missile test facility based?
answers: text: Kwajalein Atoll

question: Who is the missile test facility named after?
answers: text: Ronald Reagan

question: What is the official name of the missile test facility?
answers: text: Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site

question: What organization operates the missile test site?
answers: text: United States Army
context: The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll. Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base.

qas: question: Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?
answers: text: breadfruit

question: Where does most agricultural production take place?
answers: text: small farms
context: Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms.[citation needed] The most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit.[citation needed]

qas: question: In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed?
answers: text: 1999

question: How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?
answers: text: 400

question: In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?
answers: text: 2005

question: Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce?
answers: text: tuna steaks

question: What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for?
answers: text: $2 million
context: In 1999, a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees, mostly women. But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks, a process that requires half as many employees. Operating costs exceeded revenue, and the plant's owners tried to partner with the government to prevent closure. But government officials personally interested in an economic stake in the plant refused to help. After the plant closed, it was taken over by the government, which had been the guarantor of a $2 million loan to the business.[citation needed]

qas: question: Who did Witon Barry work for?
answers: text: the Tobolar Copra processing plant

question: Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?
answers: text: Majuro

question: What is copra?
answers: text: the meat of the coconut

question: How many coconuts are required to produce 1 liter of coconut oil?
answers: text: 6 to 10

question: How many kilowatts of power are produced by the solar plant built in 2009?
answers: text: 57
context: On September 15, 2007, Witon Barry (of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro) said power authorities, private companies, and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles, power generators, and ships. Coconut trees abound in the Pacific's tropical islands. Copra, the meat of the coconut, yields coconut oil (1 liter for every 6 to 10 coconuts). In 2009, a 57 kW solar power plant was installed, the largest in the Pacific at the time, including New Zealand. It is estimated that 330 kW of solar and 450 kW of wind power would be required to make the College of the Marshall Islands energy self-sufficient. Marshalls Energy Company (MEC), a government entity, provides the islands with electricity. In 2008, 420 solar home systems of 200 Wp each were installed on Ailinglaplap Atoll, sufficient for limited electricity use.

qas: question: About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?
answers: text: 10,000

question: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?
answers: text: 15,000

question: As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: 72,191

question: On what atoll is Ebeye located?
answers: text: Kwajalein Atoll

question: What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Springdale, Arkansas
context: Historical population figures are unknown. In 1862, the population was estimated at about 10,000. In 1960, the entire population was about 15,000. In July 2011, the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191. Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital, Majuro and Ebeye, the secondary urban center, located in Kwajalein Atoll. This excludes many who have relocated elsewhere, primarily to the United States. The Compact of Free Association allows them to freely relocate to the United States and obtain work there. A large concentration of about 4,300 Marshall Islanders have relocated to Springdale, Arkansas, the largest population concentration of natives outside their island home.

qas: question: What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?
answers: text: Marshallese

question: From what continent did the Marshallese originate?
answers: text: Asia

question: What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?
answers: text: one-half

question: What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?
answers: text: Japanese

question: From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?
answers: text: several thousand years ago
context: Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development. Life on the outer atolls is generally traditional.

qas: question: What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ?
answers: text: Congregational

question: What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?
answers: text: 24.2%

question: What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons?
answers: text: 8.3%

question: What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two?
answers: text: 2.2%

question: When did the first mosque in Majuro open?
answers: text: September 2012
context: Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ (formerly Congregational), with 51.5% of the population; the Assemblies of God, 24.2%; the Roman Catholic Church, 8.4%; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 8.3%; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus (also known as Assembly of God Part Two), 2.2%; Baptist, 1.0%; Seventh-day Adventists, 0.9%; Full Gospel, 0.7%; and the Baha'i Faith, 0.6%; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population. There is also a small community of Ahmadiyya Muslims based in Majuro, with the first mosque opening in the capital in September 2012.

qas: question: What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)

question: Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?
answers: text: College of the Marshall Islands
context: The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific.

qas: question: Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?
answers: text: Majuro

question: What airfield operates in Kwajalein?
answers: text: Bucholz Army Airfield
context: The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips.