Muammar_Gaddafi

qas: question: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?
answers: text: 1942 – 20 October 2011

question: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?
answers: text: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

question: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?
answers: text: his own Third International Theory

question: What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
answers: text: Pan-Africanism

question: What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?
answers: text: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011

question: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?
answers: text: from 1977 to 2011

question: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
answers: text: Pan-Africanism

question: List Gaddafi's lifespan.
answers: text: 1942 – 20 October 2011

question: When did he first gain power in Libya?
answers: text: 1969

question: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?
answers: text: Third International Theory

question: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?
answers: text: Colonel Gaddafi

question: What was Gaddafi's nationality?
answers: text: Libyan

question: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?
answers: text: Libyan Arab Republic

question: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?
answers: text: Brotherly Leader

question: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?
answers: text: 20 October 2011
context: Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/;  audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

qas: question: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
answers: text: The Green Book

question: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
answers: text: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council

question: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
answers: text: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
answers: text: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system

question: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
answers: text: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.

question: Describe the Popular Revolution.
answers: text: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions

question: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
answers: text: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

question: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
answers: text: Islamic socialism

question: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
answers: text: goat herder

question: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
answers: text: Bedouin

question: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
answers: text: Benghazi

question: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
answers: text: Idris

question: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
answers: text: Revolutionary Command Council
context: The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

qas: question: What does "Jamahiriya" mean?
answers: text: state of the masses

question: What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?
answers: text: he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents

question: List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah."
answers: text: Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing

question: Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.
answers: text: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions

question: What was Libya's socialist government called?
answers: text: Jamahiriya ("state of the masses")

question: Why did Libya become an "international pariah"?
answers: text: Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing

question: How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?
answers: text: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.

question: How did Gaddafi lose power?
answers: text: an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War

question: How did Gaddafi die?
answers: text: Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

question: What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?
answers: text: state of the masses

question: In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?
answers: text: 1977

question: Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?
answers: text: Chad

question: What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?
answers: text: Lockerbie

question: In what year did the United states bomb Libya?
answers: text: 1986
context: In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

qas: question: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.
answers: text: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

question: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?
answers: text: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

question: When was Gaddafi born?
answers: text: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943

question: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?
answers: text: Bedouin

question: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.
answers: text: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
answers: text: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder

question: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?
answers: text: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records

question: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?
answers: text: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

question: When did Gaddafi's parents die?
answers: text: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)

question: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?
answers: text: Sirte

question: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?
answers: text: Qadhadhfa

question: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?
answers: text: Abu Meniar

question: When did Gaddafi's mother die?
answers: text: 1978

question: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?
answers: text: three
context: Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

qas: question: When did Libya become an independent nation?
answers: text: In 1951

question: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?
answers: text: an absolute monarchy

question: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?
answers: text: British and French forces

question: Who was the first leader of Libya?
answers: text: a pro-western monarch, Idris

question: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?
answers: text: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

question: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?
answers: text: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

question: What happened to Libya right after World War II?
answers: text: Libya was occupied by British and French forces

question: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?
answers: text: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership

question: What was the first type of government that Libya had?
answers: text: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

question: What country occupied Libya during World War II?
answers: text: his nation was occupied by Italy

question: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?
answers: text: Italy

question: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?
answers: text: British

question: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?
answers: text: Abdessalam Bouminyar

question: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?
answers: text: 1911

question: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?
answers: text: French
context: From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

qas: question: Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.
answers: text: a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher

question: In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.
answers: text: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents

question: How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?
answers: text: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

question: When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.
answers: text: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

question: Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.
answers: text: where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

question: Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?
answers: text: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

question: How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?
answers: text: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.

question: Were Gaddafi's parents educated?
answers: text: while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

question: How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?
answers: text: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

question: Was Gaddafi's education free?
answers: text: Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.

question: In what religion was Gaddafi educated?
answers: text: Islamic

question: What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?
answers: text: Sabha

question: What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?
answers: text: south-central

question: Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?
answers: text: Abdul Salam Jalloud

question: In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?
answers: text: Sirte
context: Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

qas: question: Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?
answers: text: he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol.

question: Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.
answers: text: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

question: What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?
answers: text: factionalism

question: While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?
answers: text: Arab nationalist activism

question: Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?
answers: text: October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic

question: What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?
answers: text: factionalism

question: List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.
answers: text: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

question: Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?
answers: text: Arab nationalist activism

question: Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?
answers: text: Misrata

question: Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?
answers: text: Arab Nationalist Movement

question: In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?
answers: text: October 1961

question: Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?
answers: text: Syrian

question: Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?
answers: text: Abraham Lincoln
context: Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city – including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood – claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

qas: question: What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?
answers: text: History at the University of Libya in Benghazi

question: Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?
answers: text: Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists

question: Where did Gaddafi begin his military training?
answers: text: at the Royal Military Academy

question: How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military?
answers: text: the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change

question: What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in?
answers: text: the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963

question: What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya?
answers: text: History

question: Why did Gaddafi drop out of college?
answers: text: to join the military

question: What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military?
answers: text: Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change

question: What country trained Libya's military?
answers: text: the British military

question: What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military?
answers: text: the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963

question: Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time?
answers: text: University of Libya

question: During his time in college, what did Gaddafi study?
answers: text: History

question: After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?
answers: text: Royal Military Academy, Benghazi

question: While the Libyan monarchy existed, who trained the Libyan army?
answers: text: British

question: What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as?
answers: text: imperialists
context: Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.

qas: question: How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?
answers: text: he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

question: How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?
answers: text: he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."

question: How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?
answers: text: claiming British Army officers racially insulted him

question: When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?
answers: text: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes

question: How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?
answers: text: an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."

question: How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?
answers: text: Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him

question: When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?
answers: text: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes

question: When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?
answers: text: while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

question: What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?
answers: text: reading and playing football

question: Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?
answers: text: playing football

question: In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?
answers: text: Piccadilly

question: What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?
answers: text: English

question: Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?
answers: text: Bovington

question: What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?
answers: text: racially insulted him
context: The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious." Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

qas: question: What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
answers: text: President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism

question: What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
answers: text: his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser

question: What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
answers: text: Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution

question: Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
answers: text: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961

question: What political ideology did Nasser implement?
answers: text: transition from capitalism to socialism

question: What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
answers: text: Egyptian

question: From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
answers: text: Cairo

question: What notable event occurred in 1952?
answers: text: Egyptian Revolution

question: When did the United Arab Republic end?
answers: text: 1961

question: What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
answers: text: Nasser
context: Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

qas: question: What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?
answers: text: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s

question: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?
answers: text: the oil industry

question: What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?
answers: text: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry

question: What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?
answers: text: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt

question: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:
answers: text: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

question: What country won the Six-Day War?
answers: text: Israel

question: In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?
answers: text: Tripoli and Benghazi

question: On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?
answers: text: Egypt

question: In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?
answers: text: 1969

question: What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?
answers: text: Black Boots
context: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

qas: question: When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?
answers: text: They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

question: When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?
answers: text: In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.

question: What was Gaddafi's coup called?
answers: text: Operation Jerusalem

question: What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?
answers: text: Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,

question: What did Hameidi do during the coup?
answers: text: Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.

question: What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?
answers: text: Turkey and Greece

question: What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?
answers: text: Operation Jerusalem

question: What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?
answers: text: Omar Meheisha

question: Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?
answers: text: Khweldi Hameidi

question: What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?
answers: text: Jalloud
context: In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

qas: question: How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:
answers: text: Addressing the populace by radio

question: List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.
answers: text: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"

question: What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?
answers: text: freedom, socialism, and unity

question: What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?
answers: text: a revolution

question: What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?
answers: text: Libyan Arab Republic

question: What was the Libyan coup called at first?
answers: text: White Revolution

question: What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?
answers: text: One September Revolution

question: What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?
answers: text: Free Officers

question: How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?
answers: text: reactionary and corrupt
context: Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.

qas: question: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
answers: text: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;

question: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
answers: text: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

question: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
answers: text: Gaddafi

question: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
answers: text: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses

question: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
answers: text: 10 January 1970

question: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
answers: text: none

question: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
answers: text: young

question: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
answers: text: men

question: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?
answers: text: middle
context: Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

qas: question: What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
answers: text: They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces

question: What happened to Idris?
answers: text: Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

question: How did Gaddafi view the elite?
answers: text: Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.

question: What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
answers: text: "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.

question: What clan was King Idris part of?
answers: text: Senussi

question: Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?
answers: text: monarchist politicians

question: How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
answers: text: none

question: What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
answers: text: execution

question: Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?
answers: text: monarchists
context: The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

qas: question: What was the RCC's view of political parties?
answers: text: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,

question: What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
answers: text: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.

question: What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
answers: text: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

question: What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
answers: text: united secular and religious law codes

question: In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
answers: text: 1970

question: What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
answers: text: trade unions

question: What publications were shut down 1972?
answers: text: newspapers

question: In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
answers: text: September 1971

question: In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
answers: text: 1973
context: In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

qas: question: What was Libya's main export?
answers: text: crude oil

question: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?
answers: text: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

question: What was the main export of Libya?
answers: text: crude oil

question: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?
answers: text: $1 billion

question: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?
answers: text: OPEC

question: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?
answers: text: Jalloud
context: With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

qas: question: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
answers: text: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951

question: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
answers: text: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.

question: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
answers: text: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.

question: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
answers: text: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.

question: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
answers: text: British Petroleum

question: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
answers: text: September 1973

question: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
answers: text: $3.8 billion

question: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
answers: text: 1979

question: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
answers: text: $40
context: Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

qas: question: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
answers: text: pan-Libyan

question: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
answers: text: regional and tribal

question: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
answers: text: counter-revolutionary activity

question: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
answers: text: Sabha

question: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
answers: text: Arab Socialist Union
context: The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

qas: question: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
answers: text: sharia

question: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
answers: text: Arabic

question: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
answers: text: 1969 to 1973

question: What religion was suppressed in Libya?
answers: text: Christian

question: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
answers: text: alcohol
context: The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

qas: question: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
answers: text: Arab nationalism

question: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
answers: text: Syria

question: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
answers: text: Nasser

question: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
answers: text: Egypt and Sudan

question: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
answers: text: 1969
context: The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

qas: question: Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?
answers: text: Nasser

question: What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?
answers: text: unified state

question: Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?
answers: text: Egypt, Syria and Sudan

question: In what year was the merger charter signed?
answers: text: 1972

question: When did the federation have to be implemented by?
answers: text: September 1973
context: After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.

qas: question: What nations comprised the Four Powers?
answers: text: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union

question: Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?
answers: text: U.S.

question: Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?
answers: text: U.K.

question: In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?
answers: text: June 1970

question: Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?
answers: text: British
context: After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.

qas: question: How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?
answers: text: 12,000

question: In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?
answers: text: Jews

question: Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?
answers: text: France and the Soviet Union

question: Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?
answers: text: U.S.

question: Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?
answers: text: Malta
context: Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets.

qas: question: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
answers: text: Yasser Arafat

question: What organization did Arafat belong to?
answers: text: Fatah

question: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
answers: text: Black September Organization

question: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
answers: text: Munich

question: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
answers: text: three
context: His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

qas: question: During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
answers: text: Eritrean War of Independence

question: During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
answers: text: 1970s

question: What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
answers: text: colonialism and neocolonialism

question: On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
answers: text: Europe

question: What was the ANC combating?
answers: text: Apartheid
context: Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

qas: question: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?
answers: text: 16 April 1973

question: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
answers: text: dissolved

question: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
answers: text: 5

question: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
answers: text: administrative

question: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?
answers: text: Egypt
context: On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

qas: question: What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?
answers: text: General People's Committees

question: Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?
answers: text: traditional leaders

question: What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?
answers: text: traditional party-based representative
context: As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.

qas: question: What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
answers: text: tribal divisions

question: Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?
answers: text: Marxists

question: Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?
answers: text: General People's Committee

question: What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
answers: text: pyramid
context: The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.

qas: question: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
answers: text: June 1973

question: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
answers: text: Mao Zedong

question: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
answers: text: pan-Arab

question: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
answers: text: Soviet Union

question: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
answers: text: capitalism
context: In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

qas: question: Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?
answers: text: three

question: When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?
answers: text: 1979

question: What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?
answers: text: The Green Book

question: What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?
answers: text: one

question: What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?
answers: text: socialism
context: Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a socially conservative stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.

qas: question: In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?
answers: text: 1975

question: In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?
answers: text: 1976

question: How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?
answers: text: 200

question: How many students were executed in January of 1977?
answers: text: two

question: Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?
answers: text: Amnesty International
context: In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrests, and introduced compulsory national service for young people. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who were persecuted as anti-revolutionary. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.

qas: question: Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
answers: text: Sadat

question: What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
answers: text: Israeli

question: Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
answers: text: sandstorm

question: What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
answers: text: Haifa

question: Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
answers: text: American
context: Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

qas: question: Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?
answers: text: Syria

question: Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?
answers: text: Gaafar Nimeiry

question: What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?
answers: text: Sudan People's Liberation Army

question: Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?
answers: text: Chad

question: What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?
answers: text: uranium
context: Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat's side, Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry. Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa, in late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip. Offering financial incentives, he successfully convinced 8 African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.

qas: question: What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?
answers: text: Tunisia

question: What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?
answers: text: Arab Islamic Republic

question: Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?
answers: text: Habib Bourguiba

question: With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?
answers: text: Algeria

question: Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?
answers: text: Moroccan
context: Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to Algeria, in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like Fiat as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the 1980s oil slump.

qas: question: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?
answers: text: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

question: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
answers: text: 187

question: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
answers: text: General People's Congress

question: How often did the General People's Congress occur?
answers: text: annual

question: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
answers: text: Libyan Arab Republic
context: On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

qas: question: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
answers: text: a rubber stamp

question: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
answers: text: primary schools to be abolished

question: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
answers: text: home schooling

question: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
answers: text: allow women into the armed forces
context: Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

qas: question: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
answers: text: Qur'an

question: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
answers: text: protection of private property

question: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
answers: text: commercial

question: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
answers: text: shirk

question: Who won a border war with Libya?
answers: text: Egypt
context: With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

qas: question: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?
answers: text: 1978

question: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?
answers: text: Secretary-General

question: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?
answers: text: Leader of the Revolution

question: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?
answers: text: commander-in-chief
context: In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

qas: question: In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?
answers: text: public sector

question: What "dictatorship" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?
answers: text: private sector

question: After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?
answers: text: worker cooperatives

question: How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?
answers: text: several hundred
context: Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.

qas: question: On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?
answers: text: 2 March 1979,

question: Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?
answers: text: Mohammad Maghgoub

question: What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?
answers: text: The Green March

question: How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?
answers: text: weekly

question: What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?
answers: text: Revolutionary Committees
context: On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the "Green Terror."

qas: question: Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?
answers: text: Jefara plain

question: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?
answers: text: 1981

question: What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?
answers: text: 1000 dinar

question: As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?
answers: text: black market

question: What took the place of private businesses in 1981?
answers: text: state supermarkets
context: In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.

qas: question: What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?
answers: text: Qaddadfa

question: What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?
answers: text: head of military intelligence

question: In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?
answers: text: National Front for the Salvation of Libya

question: Who founded the NFSL?
answers: text: Mohammed Magariaf

question: What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?
answers: text: al-Borkan,
context: The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."

qas: question: What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979?
answers: text: State Sponsors of Terrorism

question: In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979?
answers: text: Tripoli

question: What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya?
answers: text: Iran hostage crisis

question: How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?
answers: text: £1 billion

question: What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979?
answers: text: Tanzanian
context: In 1979, the U.S. placed Libya on its list of "State Sponsors of Terrorism", while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis. The following year, Libyan fighters began intercepting U.S. fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the two countries. Libyan relations with Lebanon and Shi'ite communities across the world also deteriorated due to the August 1978 disappearance of imam Musa al-Sadr when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya paying off Syria's £1 billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed and they were forced to retreat. Gaddafi later came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticising him.

qas: question: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?
answers: text: $5.4 billion

question: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?
answers: text: Gaddafi's Pet Project

question: In what country did FROLINAT operate?
answers: text: Chad

question: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?
answers: text: 1981

question: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?
answers: text: Hassan II
context: The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

qas: question: In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union?
answers: text: 1981 and 1985

question: What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be?
answers: text: a puppet regime of the Soviet Union

question: As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join?
answers: text: Warsaw Pact

question: What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981?
answers: text: Su-22

question: What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher?
answers: text: policewoman
context: In 1981, the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya, erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union. In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. Beginning military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area of sea that Libya claimed as a part of its territorial waters – in August 1981 the U.S. shot down two Libyan Su-22 planes monitoring them. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, D.C., Reagan advised U.S. companies operating in the country to reduce the number of American personnel stationed there. In March 1982, the U.S. implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all U.S. companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the U.K., after Libyan diplomats were accused in the shooting death of Yvonne Fletcher, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984. In Spring 1986, the U.S. Navy again began performing exercises in the Gulf of Sirte; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the U.S. sank several Libyan ships.

qas: question: About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?
answers: text: 100

question: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?
answers: text: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing

question: How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?
answers: text: two

question: What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?
answers: text: Syria

question: What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?
answers: text: Hanna
context: After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a "soft target." Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.  In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

qas: question: In what year did the "Revolution within a Revolution" begin?
answers: text: 1987

question: In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?
answers: text: 1988

question: How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?
answers: text: 27

question: Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?
answers: text: Nelson Mandela

question: What was Mandela's nationality?
answers: text: South African
context: The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.

qas: question: What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?
answers: text: army and police

question: What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?
answers: text: mustard gas

question: Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?
answers: text: Rabta

question: Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?
answers: text: Misrata

question: Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?
answers: text: Benghazi
context: In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.

qas: question: Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?
answers: text: Mauritania

question: How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?
answers: text: 11

question: Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?
answers: text: Abdelbaset al-Megrahi

question: What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?
answers: text: 748

question: What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?
answers: text: $900 million
context: In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA, and in 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated $900 million financial loss as a result. Further problems arose with the west when in January 1989, two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the U.S. off the Libyan coast. Many African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticising them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the Order of Good Hope. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the Scottish Court in the Netherlands, in a process overseen by Mandela.

qas: question: What organization did Libya join in 1999?
answers: text: Community of Sahel-Saharan States

question: Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?
answers: text: Algiers

question: What organization was founded in July of 2002?
answers: text: African Union

question: What is COMESA?
answers: text: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

question: Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?
answers: text: Thabo Mbeki
context: As the 20th century came to a close, Gaddafi increasingly rejected Arab nationalism, frustrated by the failure of his Pan-Arab ideals; instead he turned to Pan-Africanism, emphasising Libya's African identity. From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa. He became one of the founders of the African Union (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU; at the opening ceremonies, he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki. At the third AU summit, held in Libya in July 2005, he called for a greater level of integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system and a single currency, utilising the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." In June 2005, Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed "King of Kings" by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders. On 1 February 2009, his "coronation ceremony" was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, coinciding with Gaddafi's election as AU chairman for a year.

qas: question: What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?
answers: text: Jiang Zemin

question: What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?
answers: text: Iraq War

question: What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?
answers: text: Tony Blair

question: In what city is the EU headquarters located?
answers: text: Brussels

question: How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?
answers: text: €50 million
context: The era saw Libya's return to the international arena. In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalise relations. In 2001, Gaddafi condemned the September 11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the War on Terror against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of sharia law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002. Influenced by the events of the Iraq War, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of weapons of mass destruction, decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs. Relations with the U.S. improved as a result, while UK Prime Minister Tony Blair met with Gaddafi in the Libyan desert in March 2004. The following month, Gaddafi travelled to the headquarters of the European Union (EU) in Brussels, signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU, the latter ending its remaining sanctions in October. In October 2010, the EU paid Libya €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". Removed from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-western rhetoric, and at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Venezuela in September 2009, joined Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO. That month he also addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York for the first time, using it to condemn "western aggression". In Spring 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed jihad against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.

qas: question: In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?
answers: text: March 2003

question: How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?
answers: text: $40 billion

question: By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?
answers: text: sixfold

question: According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?
answers: text: half

question: As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?
answers: text: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
context: Libya's economy witnessed increasing privatization; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech. In 2003, the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations, and by 2004, there was $40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a sixfold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade. While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of the new constitution, although it was never adopted, and in October 2009 was appointed to head the PSLC. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticising the government they were nationalised in 2009. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the African slave trade.

qas: question: In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?
answers: text: 2011

question: Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?
answers: text: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

question: About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?
answers: text: 30

question: On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?
answers: text: 17 February

question: Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?
answers: text: patronage
context: Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventative measures, reducing food prices, purging the army leadership of potential defectors and releasing several Islamist prisoners. They proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30%.

qas: question: Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?
answers: text: al-Qaeda

question: How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?
answers: text: hundreds

question: What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?
answers: text: National Transitional Council

question: Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?
answers: text: eastern

question: Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?
answers: text: al-Bayda and Tobruk
context: Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them.

qas: question: As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?
answers: text: UN Human Rights Council

question: In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?
answers: text: March

question: How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?
answers: text: hundreds

question: Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?
answers: text: United Arab Emirates
context: In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government – with its greater firepower – would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the laws of war, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and revenge attacks. On 26 February the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1970, suspending Libya from the UN Human Rights Council, implementing sanctions and calling for an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a no fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents, and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training.

qas: question: On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?
answers: text: 30 April

question: What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?
answers: text: NATO

question: At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?
answers: text: Secretary of Defense

question: What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?
answers: text: Tripoli
context: A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was "not targeting Gaddafi specifically" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets—including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April.

qas: question: What position was held by Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
answers: text: head of state security

question: About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15, 2011?
answers: text: 30

question: Where did the July 15, 2011 meeting take place?
answers: text: Istanbul

question: Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27?
answers: text: Saif al-Islam

question: Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
answers: text: Abdullah Senussi
context: On 27 June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity. Libyan officials rejected the ICC, claiming that it had "no legitimacy whatsoever" and highlighting that "all of its activities are directed at African leaders". That month, Amnesty International published their findings, in which they asserted that many of the accusations of mass human rights abuses made against Gaddafist forces lacked credible evidence, and were instead fabrications of the rebel forces which had been readily adopted by the western media. Amnesty International did however still accuse Gaddafi forces of numerous war crimes. On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, over 30 governments recognised the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya. Gaddafi responded to the announcement with a speech on Libyan national television, in which he called on supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless".

qas: question: What is another term for the Amazigh?
answers: text: Berber

question: What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?
answers: text: Arabic

question: On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?
answers: text: 25 August

question: What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?
answers: text: Zliten and Tripoli

question: What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?
answers: text: NATO
context: Now with NATO support in the form of air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of Amazigh (Berber) communities of the Nafusa Mountains, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. On 25 August, the Arab League recognised the NTC to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state", on which basis Libya would resume its membership in the League.

qas: question: In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?
answers: text: western

question: After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?
answers: text: Sirte

question: Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?
answers: text: Jarref

question: About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?
answers: text: 53

question: After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?
answers: text: grenade blast
context: Only a few towns in western Libya—such as Bani Walid, Sebha and Sirte—remained Gaddafist strongholds. Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli's fall, Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government, a suggestion rejected by the NTC. Surrounding himself with bodyguards, he continually moved residences to escape NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley. At around 8.30am, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed.

qas: question: Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?
answers: text: Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi

question: What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?
answers: text: Mutassim

question: Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?
answers: text: Misrata

question: How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?
answers: text: 66

question: Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?
answers: text: Dr. Othman al-Zintani
context: A Misratan militia took Gaddafi prisoner, beating him, causing serious injuries; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the rear end "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked, lifeless body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to Misrata; upon arrival, he was found to be dead. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a cross-fire and died from his bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach; a rebel identifying himself as Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi later claimed responsibility. Gaddafi's son Mutassim, who had also been among the convoy, was also captured, and found dead several hours later, most probably from an extrajudicial execution. Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy; tied up and abused, the corpses of 66 were found at the nearby Mahari Hotel, victims of extrajudicial execution. Libya's chief forensic pathologist, Dr. Othman al-Zintani, carried out the autopsies of Gaddafi, his son and Jabr in the days following their deaths; although the pathologist initially told the press that Gaddafi had died from a gunshot wound to the head, the autopsy report was not made public.

qas: question: Who was the prime minister of the NTC?
answers: text: Mahmoud Jibril

question: For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?
answers: text: four

question: Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?
answers: text: Omran Shaaban

question: Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?
answers: text: Bani Walid

question: On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?
answers: text: 25 October
context: On the afternoon of Gaddafi's death, NTC Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril publicly revealed the news. Gaddafi's corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert; Al Aan TV showed amateur video footage of the funeral. Seeking vengeance for the killing, Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi, Omran Shaaban, near Bani Walid in September 2012.

qas: question: What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser?
answers: text: Nasserism

question: What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s?
answers: text: Third International Theory

question: What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory?
answers: text: Third World revolutionary theory

question: The Green Book consisted of how many volumes?
answers: text: three

question: What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar?
answers: text: political scientist
context: As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, influenced in particular by Nasserism, the thought of Egyptian revolutionary and president Gamal Abdel Nasser, whom Gaddafi adopted as his hero. During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as Third International Theory, which has been described as a combination of "utopian socialism, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time". He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of The Green Book, in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society." His Arab nationalist views led him to believe that there needed to be unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state. He described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism", although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone", with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' theories. Gaddafi saw his socialist Jamahiriyah as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow.

qas: question: What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in?
answers: text: Sunni

question: In what country is Kampala Mosque located?
answers: text: Uganda

question: In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised?
answers: text: Bedouin

question: In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy?
answers: text: 2010
context: Gaddafi's ideological worldview was moulded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of European colonialists in Libya. He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of Allah's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost". Raised within the Sunni branch of Islam, Gaddafi called for the implementation of sharia within Libya. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere. On a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. He also funded the construction and renovation of two mosques in Africa, including Uganda's Kampala Mosque. He nevertheless clashed with conservative Libyan clerics as to his interpretation of Islam. Many criticised his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, though saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.

qas: question: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?
answers: text: United States

question: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?
answers: text: Isratin single-state solution

question: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?
answers: text: Blundy and Lycett

question: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?
answers: text: support of Israel
context: A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect."

qas: question: Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?
answers: text: Nasser

question: What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?
answers: text: Muslim

question: Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?
answers: text: Mirella Bianco

question: What is Mirella Biano's occupation?
answers: text: Reporter

question: Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?
answers: text: His father
context: Gaddafi was a very private individual, who described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by Allah to continue Nasser's work. Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children. She was told by Gaddafi's father that even as a child he had been "always serious, even taciturn", a trait he also exhibited in adulthood. His father said that he was courageous, intelligent, pious, and family oriented.

qas: question: What publication did Annick Cojean work for?
answers: text: Le Monde

question: What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa?
answers: text: Libyan

question: What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women?
answers: text: Luis Moreno Ocampo

question: What book was written by Annick Cojean?
answers: text: Gaddafi's Harem
context: In the 1970s and 1980s there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. After the civil war, more serious charges came to light. Annick Cojean, a journalist for Le Monde, wrote in her book, Gaddafi's Harem that Gaddafi had raped, tortured, performed urolagnia, and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women, usually very young. Another source—Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa—reported that several of his female bodyguards claim to have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After the civil war, Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, said there was evidence that Gaddafi told soldiers to rape women who had spoken out against his regime. In 2011 Amnesty International questioned this and other claims used to justify NATO's war in Libya.

qas: question: How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli?
answers: text: two miles

question: Who designed Gaddafi's Azizia home?
answers: text: West German engineers

question: How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi's compound?
answers: text: two

question: What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?
answers: text: £1 billion

question: How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340?
answers: text: $120 million
context: Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a soccer field, several gardens, camels, and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. Gaddafi allegedly worked for years with Swiss banks to launder international banking transactions. In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth £1 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned. Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet, which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $120 million in 2003. Operated by Tripoli-based Afriqiyah Airways and decorated externally in their colours, it had various luxuries including a jacuzzi.

qas: question: Who was Gaddafi's first father-in-law?
answers: text: General Khalid

question: When was Gaddafi's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born?
answers: text: 1970

question: What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi's second wife?
answers: text: el-Brasai

question: What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to?
answers: text: Obeidat

question: When did Khamis Gaddafi die?
answers: text: 2011
context: Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. She was the daughter of General Khalid, a senior figure in King Idris' administration, and was from a middle-class background. Although they had one son, Muhammad Gaddafi (b. 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970. Gaddafi's second wife was Safia Farkash, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from Obeidat tribe born in Bayda. They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight. The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (b. 1972), Al-Saadi Gaddafi (b. 1973), Mutassim Gaddafi (1974–2011), Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (b. 1975), Ayesha Gaddafi (b. 1976), Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982–2011), and Khamis Gaddafi (1983–2011). He also adopted two children, Hanna Gaddafi and Milad Gaddafi.

qas: question: Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist?
answers: text: Blundy and Lycett

question: Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker?
answers: text: Bianco

question: Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches?
answers: text: Daniel Kawczynski
context: Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that he was "a populist at heart." Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would turn up to public events at which he appeared; described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend. He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes not show up at all. Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory", he was considered a poor orator by biographers Blundy and Lycett. Biographer Daniel Kawczynski noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches, which typically involved criticising Israel and the U.S.

qas: question: What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?
answers: text: peaceful

question: Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?
answers: text: a foreign military

question: According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?
answers: text: tsetse fly and mosquito

question: What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?
answers: text: malaria and sleeping sickness
context: Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers, and generally shunned western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. He once said that HIV was "a peaceful virus, not an aggressive virus" and assured attendees at the African Union that "if you are straight you have nothing to fear from AIDS". He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military, and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were "God's armies which will protect us against colonialists". Should these 'enemies' come to Africa, "they will get malaria and sleeping sickness".

qas: question: What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?
answers: text: Amazonian Guard

question: In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?
answers: text: 1980s

question: What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?
answers: text: Ukrainian

question: What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?
answers: text: nurse

question: What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?
answers: text: professional
context: Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. However, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war several of the guards told her they had been pressured into joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family's health, and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska. Kolotnytska's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.

qas: question: What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi's health care policies?
answers: text: cholera and typhoid

question: What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi?
answers: text: free

question: Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?
answers: text: economic stagnation

question: Due to his opposition to West governments, who notably respected Gaddafi?
answers: text: Euro-American far right

question: What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris?
answers: text: Libyan studies specialist
context: Gaddafi remained a controversial and divisive figure on the world stage throughout his life and after death. Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of an almost classless society through domestic reform. They stress the regime's achievements in combating homelessness and ensuring access to food and safe drinking water. Highlighting that under Gaddafi, all Libyans enjoyed free education to a university level, they point to the dramatic rise in literacy rates after the 1969 revolution. Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised. Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi's leadership, life for most Libyans "undoubtedly changed for the better" as material conditions and wealth drastically improved, while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration, Libya's "national wealth and international influence soared, and its national standard of living has risen dramatically." Such high standards declined during the 1980s, as a result of economic stagnation. Gaddafi claimed that his Jamahiriya was a "concrete utopia", and that he had been appointed by "popular assent", with some Islamic supporters believing that he exhibited barakah. His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right.

qas: question: What did Reagan call Gaddafi?
answers: text: mad dog of the Middle East

question: According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?
answers: text: 1,270

question: Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?
answers: text: Not Free

question: What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?
answers: text: stray dogs

question: At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?
answers: text: Abu Salim
context: Critics labelled Gaddafi "despotic, cruel, arrogant, vain and stupid", with western governments and press presenting him as the "vicious dictator of an oppressed people". During the Reagan administration, the United States regarded him as "Public Enemy No. 1" and Reagan famously dubbed him the "mad dog of the Middle East". According to critics, the Libyan people lived in a climate of fear under Gaddafi's administration, due to his government's pervasive surveillance of civilians. Gaddafi's Libya was typically described by western commentators as "a police state". Opponents were critical of Libya's human rights abuses; according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others, hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial, and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution, most notably in the Abu Salim prison, including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred. Dissidents abroad or "stray dogs" were also publicly threatened with death and sometimes killed by government hit squads. His government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans has also came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italians, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. According to journalist Annick Cojean and psychologist Seham Sergewa, Gaddafi and senior officials raped and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of young women and reportedly raped several of his female bodyguards. Gaddafi's government was frequently criticized for not being democratic, with Freedom House consistently giving Libya under Gaddafi the "Not Free" ranking for civil liberties and political rights.

qas: question: Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?
answers: text: Hugo Chávez

question: Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?
answers: text: Nelson Mandela

question: Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?
answers: text: David Cameron

question: In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?
answers: text: Sierra Leone

question: Who said something about tyranny?
answers: text: Barack Obama
context: International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that "the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted," while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was "proud" of his country's role in overthrowing "this brutal dictator". Contrastingly, former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels, Gaddafi would "enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations", while Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez described him as "a great fighter, a revolutionary and a martyr." Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news, praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance, remarking that he backed the African National Congress during "the darkest moments of our struggle". Gaddafi was mourned by many as a hero across Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, a vigil was held by Muslims in Sierra Leone. The Daily Times of Nigeria stated that while undeniably a dictator, Gaddafi was the most benevolent in a region that only knew dictatorship, and that he was "a great man that looked out for his people and made them the envy of all of Africa." The Nigerian newspaper Leadership reported that while many Libyans and Africans would mourn Gaddafi, this would be ignored by western media and that as such it would take 50 years before historians decided whether he was "martyr or villain."

qas: question: Who was elected president of the GNC?
answers: text: Mohammed Magariaf

question: Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC?
answers: text: Mustafa A.G. Abushagur

question: Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister?
answers: text: failed to gain congressional approval

question: Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister?
answers: text: Ali Zeidan

question: What official name did the GNC give to Libya?
answers: text: State of Libya
context: Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced under the interim government of the NTC, who legalised trade unions and freedom of the press. In July 2012, elections were held to form a new General National Congress (GNC), who officially took over governance from the NTC in August. The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber, and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval, the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position. In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the "State of Libya".