Czech_language

qas: question: What was Czech formerly known as?
answers: text: Bohemian

question: What languages strongly influenced Czech?
answers: text: Latin and German

question: Over how many million people speak Czech?
answers: text: 10

question: What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?
answers: text: loanwords

question: What is Polish formerly known as?

question: How many people speak Polish?

question: What language is closest to Latin?

question: What has Latin adopted in recent years?

question: What are two other languages that are closely related to Latin?
context: Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible. It is closely related to other West Slavic languages, such as Silesian and Polish. Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, many loanwords (most associated with high culture) have been adopted in recent years.

qas: question: What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?
answers: text: highlighting of minor linguistic differences

question: What language family is Czech?
answers: text: Slavic

question: Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?
answers: text: resentment against the former Soviet Union

question: When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?
answers: text: 1968

question: What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?
answers: text: Slovak

question: In what year did Croatia occupy Bosnia?

question: Why has the Bosnian language wanted to separate itself from Croatia?

question: What do most Russian dialects have in common?

question: What has happened to languages in Russia?

question: What kind of continuum is formed between Russian dialects?
context: The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union (which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968). Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum, with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects. (See "Dialects" below.)

qas: question: How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?
answers: text: by 80 percent

question: What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?
answers: text: differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation

question: When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?
answers: text: when changing from the nominative to the locative case

question: The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?
answers: text: some scientific terminology

question: What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?
answers: text: borrowed words

question: What  does Praha have more of than Prahe?

question: How many people speak Czech in Russia?

question: Why do 80% of people in Russia speak Czech?

question: Where can the most differences in Praha be found besides vocabulary?

question: When is Praha morphology more regular than scientific terminology?
context: One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.

qas: question: Who called themselves "Czechoslavs"?
answers: text: a group of 19th-century scholars

question: Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?
answers: text: The similarities

question: When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?
answers: text: 1918–1938

question: What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?
answers: text: literary Czech

question: When was the Prague Spring?
answers: text: 1968

question: What did 19th century German Bohemians call themselves?

question: What languages were only used by Hungarians from 1918-1938?

question: What did Hungarians consider Czech and Slovak to be?

question: When did Prague align itself with Nazi Germany?

question: In what year did Hungary gain independence?
context: The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (Čechoslováci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, "Czechoslovak" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.

qas: question: When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?
answers: text: sixth century AD

question: Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?
answers: text: Čech

question: What did the ninth century bring?
answers: text: state of Great Moravia

question: Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? 
answers: text: East Francia

question: What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?
answers: text: Glagolitic

question: When did Rastislav of Moravia arrive in Glagolitic?

question: Who did Constantine and Methodius lead to Central Europe?

question: Why did Cech send out missionaries? 

question: What area did Cech think East Francia had too much influence on?

question: What kind of system was established by Cech?
context: Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech, from whom the word "Czech" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.

qas: question: By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?
answers: text: other Slavic tongues

question: How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?
answers: text: through the sixteenth century

question: How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?
answers: text: did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction

question: How many cases did Old Czech have?
answers: text: six

question: What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?
answers: text: Lithuanian

question: What other languages did Lithuanian separate from?

question: What was Lithuanian called by the thirteenth century?

question: How many cases did Lithuanian have?

question: How many genders were used in Lithuanian in the past?

question: How long was Lithuanian considered Old Czech?
context: The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin).

qas: question: What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?
answers: text: standard

question: Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?
answers: text: no longer exist

question: How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?
answers: text: all at once

question: What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?
answers: text: phonological

question: Which "yer"s were vocalized as vowels?
answers: text: every odd-numbered

question: What law began in Old Czech?

question: What kind of alphabet was in Proto-Slavic?

question: What did Proto-Slavic have that no longer exists?

question: How did Proto-Slavic let complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?

question: What kind of orthography was missing from Proto-Slavic?
context: While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing ě (/jɛ/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/ɛ/), and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically. A phonological phenomenon, Havlik's law (which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages), appeared in Old Czech; counting backwards from the end of a clause, every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel, while the other yers disappeared.

qas: question: What was Czech civilization called back in the day?
answers: text: Bohemia

question: What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?
answers: text: Charles IV

question: When was Charles University founded in Prague?
answers: text: 1348

question: Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?
answers: text: Jan Hus

question: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?
answers: text: widespread literacy

question: What university was founded by Jan Hus?

question: In what city did Jan Hus found Charles University?

question: In what year did Jan Hus found Charles University?

question: What works were written by Jan Hus?

question: What type of literature was written by Czech commoners in 1348?
context: Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.

qas: question: How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?
answers: text: hundreds

question: When was the Kralice Bible published?
answers: text: late sixteenth century

question: What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?
answers: text: widespread nationalism

question: In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?
answers: text: Thirty Years' War

question: What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?
answers: text: German

question: At what battle were the Germans defeated?

question: What war was Germany involved in the longest?

question: What change did the publishing of the King James Bible cause?

question: In what year did Germans become serfs?

question: What did the government of Bohemia only allow Germans do do?
context: Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.

qas: question: When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?
answers: text: the eighteenth century

question: What had Czech developed by the 18th century?
answers: text: literary tradition

question: Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?
answers: text: modern standard Czech

question: How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?
answers: text: little

question: What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?
answers: text: a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/

question: At what time did modern Slovak originate?

question: What had Slovak developed?

question: How much has Slovak changed from the past until now?

question: What kind of differences do writings from the past have from modern Slovak?

question: What group believes modern Slovak originated during the eighteenth century?
context: The consensus among linguists is that modern, standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í (although é survives for some uses) and the merging of í and the former ejí. Sometime before the eighteenth century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.

qas: question: What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?
answers: text: widespread national pride

question: What inspired the Czech's national pride?
answers: text: Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier

question: What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?
answers: text: accomplishments

question: What did Czech philologists advocate?
answers: text: the return of the language to high culture

question: What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?
answers: text: Czech National Revival

question: What emotion did the Counter-Reformation support during the mid-eighteenth century?

question: What time period inspired the Counter-Reformation?

question: When did the Counter-Reformation emphasize people's accomplishments?

question: What had been denigrated by the Age of Enlightenment?

question: What did the Counter-Reformation advocate for the language to return to?
context: The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).

qas: question: What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský?
answers: text: linguist and historian

question: What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?
answers: text: 1809

question: What didn't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as?
answers: text: a major language

question: What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?
answers: text: a Czech linguistic revival

question: Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?
answers: text: Modern scholars

question: What was the title of the book released by Josef Jungmann?

question: In what year did Josef Jungmann write his book?

question: What had Josef Jungmann intended his book to be?

question: Did Josef Jungmann think German would return as a major language?

question: What kind of revival was called for by Josef Dobrovsky?
context: During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.

qas: question: What is the official language of the Czech republic?
answers: text: Czech

question: How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?
answers: text: since 2004

question: What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?
answers: text: foreign language most often used

question: Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?
answers: text: Jonathan van Parys

question: Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?
answers: text: Germany

question: How long has Slovakia been a member of the EU?

question: What group is German an official language of?

question: What survey showed German as the foreign language used most often in Poland?

question: What did the EU collect for the European Day of Languages in 2004?

question: What percentage of people in Portugal speak German?
context: Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).

qas: question: Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?
answers: text: 1914

question: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?
answers: text: a Less Commonly Taught Language

question: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?
answers: text: Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin

question: What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?
answers: text: Spanish

question: How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?
answers: text: 70,500

question: What kind of language is Swedish in US schools?

question: What states have large communities of Swedish Americans?

question: What was reported about Swedish in the 2009 US Census?

question: How many Americans spoke Swedish in 2009?

question: What place is Spanish as the language being spoken as a first language nationwide?
context: Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).

qas: question: How many regional dialects does Czech have?
answers: text: several

question: Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?
answers: text: rural areas

question: What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?
answers: text: lower class

question: What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?
answers: text: considerable

question: What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?
answers: text: Common

question: What class was being a journalist associated with?

question: What were parodies of journalists used for?

question: What has increased among politicians and business people since 1990 so they are more well known locally?

question: When did interest in studying ancient texts start to weaken?

question: What group became more prominent in the 1990's when people wanted to hear the news of the day?
context: In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech. Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language, this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.

qas: question: What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?
answers: text: Moravian

question: Where could citizens register "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?
answers: text: the Austro-Hungarian Empire

question: Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?
answers: text: Moravian

question: How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?
answers: text: 62,908

question: How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?
answers: text: 45,561

question: How many Czech citizens spoke German as their first language in 2011?

question: How many people spoke German and Hungarian as first languages in 2011?

question: What is it called when you speak both German and Hungarian as your first language?

question: What are the Czech dialects spoken in Germany known as?

question: In the German Empire, what language could you register as speaking?
context: The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (moravština). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).

qas: question: How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?
answers: text: ten

question: Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?
answers: text: loanwords

question: What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?
answers: text: schwa sounds

question: What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?
answers: text: first syllable

question: What is stress unrelated to in Czech?
answers: text: vowel length

question: How many basic vowel phonemes are in English?

question: In English, where are three more phonemes found?

question: What are exclusive to loanwords in English?

question: What are vowel sounds not reduced to when unstressed in English?

question: Where does each word usually have primary stress in English?
context: Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes, and three more found only in loanwords. They are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/, their long counterparts /aː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /oː/ and /uː/, and three diphthongs, /ou̯/, /au̯/ and /ɛu̯/. The latter two diphthongs and the long /oː/ are exclusive to loanwords. Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed. Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable, except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as English).

qas: question: In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?
answers: text: high culture

question: What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?
answers: text: Greek and Latin

question: How does one say the word "music" in Czech?
answers: text: hudba

question: What Czech word did the English "robot" derive from?
answers: text: robota

question: What is the meaning of the Czech word "robota"?
answers: text: labor

question: What were older Latin loanwords considered?

question: What kind of culture are words borrowed from Russia associated with?

question: What were words with Russian roots rejected for in the nineteenth century?

question: What Russian word has the English robot been borrowed from?

question: What language has used borrowed words from Russian?
context: Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is muzyka in Polish and музыка (muzyka) in Russian, but in Czech it is hudba. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages—for example, robot (from robota, "labor") and polka (from polka, "Polish woman" or from "půlka" "half").

qas: question: Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?
answers: text: grammatical case

question: In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?
answers: text: a verb

question: What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?
answers: text: information

question: What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?
answers: text: Enclitics

question: Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?
answers: text: second syntactic slot

question: What can an intransitive sentence consist only of in English?

question: Where is information about a sentence subject in English?

question: What is another word for word order?

question: Where must enclitics appear in an English sentence?

question: What appears before the enclitics in an English sentence?
context: Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, "and", i, "and even" or ale, "but").

qas: question: What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?
answers: text: subject–verb–object

question: Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?
answers: text: topicalization and focus

question: What kind of passive construction does Czech have?
answers: text: periphrastic

question: What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?
answers: text: inverted

question: What case is the grammatical object of a verb?
answers: text: accusative

question: What sentence structure is used in Pavla?

question: Is word order fixed or flexible in Pavla?

question: What is word order used for in Pavla?

question: What do colloquial word-order changes produce in Pavla sentences?

question: What case is the grammatical verb object in Pavla?
context: Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla is in the accusative case, the grammatical object (in this case, the victim) of the verb.

qas: question: How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?
answers: text: seven

question: When are nouns in Czech inflected?
answers: text: to indicate their use in a sentence

question: How does Czech mark subject nouns?
answers: text: with nominative case

question: What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?
answers: text: object

question: What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?
answers: text: the noun it describes

question: What age do children usually begin understanding grammatical cases?

question: What happens to case numbers to indicate them in a sentence?

question: What type of instrumental music do Czech children learn in school?

question: What are three types of instrumental cases?

question: What does a secondary object agree with?
context: In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases. Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence. A nominative–accusative language, Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case. The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement. The remaining cases (instrumental, locative, vocative and dative) indicate semantic relationships, such as secondary objects, movement or position (dative case) and accompaniment (instrumental case). An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it describes. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:

qas: question: How many genders does Czech distinguish?
answers: text: three

question: What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?
answers: text: animate and inanimate

question: What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?
answers: text: gender and animacy

question: What is the main effect of gender in Czech?
answers: text: difference in noun and adjective declension

question: What does gender also affect in Czech?
answers: text: past-tense verb endings

question: What are the three adjective types in Czech?

question: How is the feminine gender divided?

question: What do Czech consonants usually describe?

question: What is the main effect of consonants in Czech?

question: What do consonants also affect in Czech?
context: Czech distinguishes three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or -ost; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -í, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, dělal (he did, or made); dělala (she did, or made) and dělalo (it did, or made).

qas: question: What are inflected for number in Czech?
answers: text: Nouns

question: What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take?
answers: text: any case

question: What case are numbers over five in?
answers: text: genitive

question: When is the genitive case used?
answers: text: when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case

question: What is Czech's handling of cardinal numbers typical of?
answers: text: a Slavic language

question: What is the way hypothetical sentences handle adjectives typical of?

question: In what case do hypothetical sentences place numbers?

question: What are adjectives inflected for in Czech?

question: What two terms distinguish between hypothetical sentences in Czech?

question: When is the hypothetical sentence used?
context: Nouns are also inflected for number, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case. The Czech koruna is an example of this feature; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence, and declined as genitive for numbers five and up.

qas: question: What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs?
answers: text: marks

question: What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have?
answers: text: perfective and imperfective

question: In perfective verbs, what state is the action the verb describes in?
answers: text: completed

question: In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?
answers: text: imperfective

question: What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense?
answers: text: Aspect

question: What two types of time measurement are there?

question: What are time measurements part of?

question: When tense is specified what happens to the action?

question: How many main Slavic Languages are there?

question: What is similar about three tenses in Czech?
context: Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing. This is distinct from past and present tense, and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses. Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.

qas: question: How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?
answers: text: two ways

question: What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?
answers: text: an added prefix

question: What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?
answers: text: different infinitive ending

question: What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?
answers: text: further morphology

question: What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?
answers: text: repeated or regular action

question: What are the most common suffixes?

question: What is added to the perfective stem in a prefix pair?

question: What might prefixes have happen to make other imperfective verbs?

question: What kind of action can morphed prefixes be a sign of?

question: In what two ways are perfective stems different?
context: The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective psát (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb jít (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chodívat (to go regularly).

qas: question: What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?
answers: text: infinitive

question: How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?
answers: text: three

question: What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?
answers: text: indicative, imperative and conditional

question: What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?
answers: text: imperative

question: Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?
answers: text: conditional

question: What three grammatical moods are there in English?

question: What verb form is found in English dictionaries?

question: How many grammatical moods do English verbs have?

question: What kind of endings does the conditional mood add for each category in English?

question: The imperative mood is formed with a particle after what in English?
context: The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -Ø/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as "I would" or "I wish".

qas: question: What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?
answers: text: Czech

question: How many graphemes does Czech have?
answers: text: thirty-one

question: What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?
answers: text: corresponding sounds in other languages

question: What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?
answers: text: ó

question: In Czech, what type of words do the characters "q", "w" and "x" exclusively appear in?
answers: text: foreign

question: What character is only used in other European languages?

question: What do loanwords have more than other European languages?

question: What letters are common in loanwords?

question: How many graphemes are there in loanwords?

question: How many sounds are there in foreign words?
context: Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds (in most dialects, i and y have the same sound), and it contains only one digraph: ch, which follows h in the alphabet. As a result, some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages. The characters q, w and x appear only in foreign words. The háček (ˇ) is used with certain letters to form new characters: š, ž, and č, as well as ň, ě, ř, ť, and ď (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (ʼ, an abbreviated háček) because of their height. The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia.

qas: question: What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?
answers: text: those of most Latin European languages

question: In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?
answers: text: capitalized

question: What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?
answers: text: punctuation

question: What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?
answers: text: German

question: What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?
answers: text: only the first

question: What does English use instead of a decimal point?

question: What can be used in Latin when writing noun phrases? 

question: What word is capitalized in phonetics in Latin?

question: What can always be used in decimal places in Latin?

question: Latin uses a decimal comma instead of what?
context: Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pražský hrad, Prague Castle).