Dutch_language

qas: question: In what place with the word "name" in it do most people speak Dutch?
answers: text: Suriname

question: Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?
answers: text: Aruba

question: It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?
answers: text: half a million

question: In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?
answers: text: Afrikaans

question: What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?
answers: text: 16 million
context: Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]

qas: question: Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?
answers: text: German and English

question: Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?
answers: text: umlaut

question: Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?
answers: text: three

question: Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?
answers: text: subjunctive

question: Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?
answers: text: more
context: Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[n 5] and is said to be roughly in between them.[n 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including the case system.[n 7] Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders—albeit with few grammatical consequences[n 8]—as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[n 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English.[n 10]

qas: question: What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?
answers: text: Flemish

question: What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?
answers: text: Nederlands

question: What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?
answers: text: Vlaams

question: What is the Dutch name for the "Hollandish" dialect of the language?
answers: text: Hollands

question: If "Vlaams" is "Flemish," what would English speakers call "West-Vlaams"?
answers: text: Western Flemish
context: While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants "Brabantian". The use of the word Vlaams ("Flemish") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.

qas: question: What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?
answers: text: theudisk

question: What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language "of the people"?
answers: text: Latin

question: The word "theudisk" was first found in a text from what year?
answers: text: 784

question: What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?
answers: text: 842

question: What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?
answers: text: teudisca
context: The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.

qas: question: In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?
answers: text: 16th

question: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?
answers: text: Pennsylvania Dutch

question: What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?
answers: text: Deitsch

question: In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?
answers: text: 1950s
context: Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

qas: question: Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the "Dutch" language until what century?
answers: text: 19th

question: What word meaning "Low Dutch" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?
answers: text: Nederduits

question: Instead of "German," what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?
answers: text: Hoogduits

question: What does "Hoogduits" translate to in English?
answers: text: High Dutch

question: Now that "Nederlands" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?
answers: text: Duits
context: In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, "Low Dutch", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, "High Dutch", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.

qas: question: What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?
answers: text: Nederduits

question: What does the word "Neder" translate to in English?
answers: text: low

question: The Netherlands are "low" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?
answers: text: Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

question: What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as "Germania Inferior"?
answers: text: Latin

question: "Nederduits" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? 
answers: text: north
context: The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or "low") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).

qas: question: How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?
answers: text: Three

question: Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?
answers: text: Saxon

question: Which dialects are referred to as "Old Dutch"?
answers: text: Franconian

question: Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?
answers: text: gradual

question: Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? 
answers: text: Frisian
context: Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:

qas: question: Which language tree groups Dutch with English?
answers: text: Indo-European

question: What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?
answers: text: Germanic

question: In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?
answers: text: Iron Age

question: Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?
answers: text: Verner's law

question: What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?
answers: text: common ancestor
context: Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.

qas: question: Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?
answers: text: three

question: In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?
answers: text: the Migration Period

question: What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?
answers: text: West Germanic

question: What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?
answers: text: Ingvaeonic

question: Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?
answers: text: Istvaeonic
context: The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch.

qas: question: What's another term for "Frankish"?
answers: text: Franconian

question: What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?
answers: text: Tiel

question: To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?
answers: text: 5th

question: What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?
answers: text: vadam

question: What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?
answers: text: mudflat
context: A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.

qas: question: What's another name for Old Frisian?
answers: text: Anglo-Frisian

question: What's another name for Old English?
answers: text: Anglo-Saxon

question: What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?
answers: text: Old Dutch

question: What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?
answers: text: Old Frankish

question: What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?
answers: text: Old Low Franconian
context: Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.

qas: question: Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?
answers: text: rare

question: What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?
answers: text: the Salic law

question: What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"?
answers: text: fish

question: Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?
answers: text: Rochester, England

question: What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase "Forsachistu diobolae"?
answers: text: the Utrecht baptismal vow
context: Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.

qas: question: What language did Middle Dutch come from?
answers: text: Old Dutch

question: What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?
answers: text: 1150

question: Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term "Middle Dutch" refer to?
answers: text: closely related dialects

question: Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?
answers: text: readable
context: Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.

qas: question: What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?
answers: text: Burgundian Ducal Court

question: Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?
answers: text: Flanders and Brabant

question: Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?
answers: text: 16th

question: What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?
answers: text: 1585

question: What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?
answers: text: Statenvertaling
context: A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

qas: question: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?
answers: text: Southern Netherlands

question: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?
answers: text: French

question: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?
answers: text: 1980

question: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
answers: text: Language Union Treaty

question: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?
answers: text: American English
context: In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

qas: question: What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian?
answers: text: Limburgish

question: What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?
answers: text: Afrikaans

question: Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?
answers: text: Frisian

question: Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?
answers: text: Low German

question: As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?
answers: text: German
context: Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.

qas: question: What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?
answers: text: Dutch Low Saxon

question: What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?
answers: text: IJssel

question: Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?
answers: text: Dutch

question: Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?
answers: text: Gelderland

question: When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?
answers: text: 14th to 15th century
context: In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

qas: question: What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?
answers: text: Geert Driessen

question: What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?
answers: text: 27

question: How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?
answers: text: 4 percent

question: What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?
answers: text: Limburgish

question: In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?
answers: text: 44%
context: Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

qas: question: What's the Dutch word for "money"?
answers: text: geld

question: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?
answers: text: "h"

question: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?
answers: text: French

question: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?
answers: text: held

question: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?
answers: text: g-sound
context: The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

qas: question: What's the West Flemish word for "no"?
answers: text: nee

question: How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"?
answers: text: ja

question: What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to?
answers: text: subject

question: Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?
answers: text: easy

question: Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?
answers: text: sound shifts
context: Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.

qas: question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?
answers: text: West Flemish

question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?
answers: text: political boundaries

question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?
answers: text: Zeeland

question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?
answers: text: French Flanders

question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?
answers: text: Brabantian
context: Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

qas: question: What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?
answers: text: West Frisian

question: Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?
answers: text: Afrikaans

question: Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?
answers: text: 17th

question: The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?
answers: text: South Africa

question: What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?
answers: text: mutually intelligible
context: Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.

qas: question: What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?
answers: text: 59%

question: What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?
answers: text: the Netherlands

question: What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?
answers: text: French Flanders

question: What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?
answers: text: Dutch Language Union

question: How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?
answers: text: 28
context: In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.

qas: question: What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?
answers: text: Kleve

question: About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?
answers: text: 20,000

question: It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?
answers: text: 19th

question: Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?
answers: text: the Catholic Church

question: In what area of France is Calais located?
answers: text: Northeastern France
context: Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.

qas: question: In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?
answers: text: Prussia

question: In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?
answers: text: German or French

question: In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?
answers: text: younger generations

question: Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?
answers: text: Germany

question: What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?
answers: text: Dutch
context: During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

qas: question: About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?
answers: text: 300,000

question: How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?
answers: text: 4,550

question: What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?
answers: text: Germany

question: How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?
answers: text: 20

question: Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?
answers: text: Lower Saxony
context: As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).

qas: question: For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?
answers: text: almost 350 years

question: In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?
answers: text: the legal profession

question: What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?
answers: text: Erasmus Language Centre

question: About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?
answers: text: 35,000

question: In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?
answers: text: history
context: Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.

qas: question: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?
answers: text: 19th

question: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?
answers: text: local elite

question: What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?
answers: text: destabilising the colony

question: Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?
answers: text: power
context: Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

qas: question: What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?
answers: text: Malay

question: What's the Indonesian word for "office"? 
answers: text: kantor

question: What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?
answers: text: calques

question: What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian "rumah sakit"?
answers: text: ziekenhuis

question: What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as "animal garden"?
answers: text: kebun binatang
context: After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for "office") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus ("bus") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for "hospital") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally "house of the sick"), kebun binatang ("zoo") on dierentuin (literally "animal garden"), undang-undang dasar ("constitution") from grondwet (literally "ground law"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay.

qas: question: About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?
answers: text: 60

question: What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?
answers: text: Dutch

question: When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?
answers: text: 1975

question: What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?
answers: text: 2004

question: What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?
answers: text: Sranan Tongo
context: In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.

qas: question: What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?
answers: text: 1921

question: What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?
answers: text: Mohawk Dutch

question: What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?
answers: text: Pennsylvania German

question: Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?
answers: text: Negerhollands

question: In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?
answers: text: Guyana
context: In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

qas: question: In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?
answers: text: 1920s

question: At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?
answers: text: 95%

question: What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?
answers: text: constitution

question: What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?
answers: text: 137

question: What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?
answers: text: Afrikaner nationalism
context: European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

qas: question: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?
answers: text: Afrikaans speakers

question: Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?
answers: text: less complex

question: What's the Dutch word for "bird"?
answers: text: vogel

question: What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"?
answers: text: reën

question: Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?
answers: text: difficult
context: Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

qas: question: Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?
answers: text: 13.5%

question: Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?
answers: text: Namibia

question: How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?
answers: text: 40 percent

question: About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?
answers: text: 6.8 million

question: Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?
answers: text: 5 million
context: It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.

qas: question: What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?
answers: text: velar fricatives

question: Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?
answers: text: the second consonant shift

question: How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?
answers: text: voiceless

question: How would you say "good" in Dutch?
answers: text: goede

question: What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?
answers: text: German
context: Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).

qas: question: Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?
answers: text: German

question: Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?
answers: text: Dutch

question: What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?
answers: text: seven

question: What's the German word for "seven"?
answers: text: sieben

question: Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?
answers: text: zeven
context: Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

qas: question: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?
answers: text: length

question: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?
answers: text: true

question: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?
answers: text: zonen

question: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?
answers: text: length

question: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?
answers: text: mug
context: Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

qas: question: What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?
answers: text: y

question: How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?
answers: text: three

question: What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?
answers: text: diphthong

question: What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?
answers: text: ol + dental
context: Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

qas: question: What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?
answers: text: English Great Vowel Shift

question: In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?
answers: text: 1970s

question: The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?
answers: text: women

question: What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is "natural"?
answers: text: Stroop

question: Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs "should" have lowered?
answers: text: English
context: This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.

qas: question: What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?
answers: text: "intermediate"

question: What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?
answers: text: educated classes

question: What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?
answers: text: Estuary English

question: What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?
answers: text: standardisation

question: What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?
answers: text: lowered diphthongs
context: Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English.

qas: question: How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?
answers: text: three

question: What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?
answers: text: the common gender

question: Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?
answers: text: neuter

question: The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?
answers: text: Continental Scandinavian languages

question: In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?
answers: text: English
context: Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time.

qas: question: What's the Dutch word for "my"?
answers: text: mijn

question: Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?
answers: text: 100 years

question: What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?
answers: text: pronouns

question: Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?
answers: text: Nouns and adjectives

question: In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?
answers: text: 15th
context: The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.

qas: question: What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like "Der Herr des Hauses"?
answers: text: genitive

question: How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch?
answers: text: de heer des huizes

question: What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?
answers: text: lexicalized

question: Which word in the phrase "het jaar des Heren" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?
answers: text: Heren
context: More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where "-en" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech.

qas: question: In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?
answers: text: interrogative main clause

question: What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?
answers: text: a wh-question

question: What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?
answers: text: declarative clause

question: What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?
answers: text: word order

question: What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"
answers: text: "Can you your pen not find?"
context: In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?"
In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: "Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?""
In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: "Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?""
A subordinate clause does not change its word order: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?""

qas: question: What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a "shotgun marriage"?
answers: text: moetje

question: In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?
answers: text: noun

question: When the diminutive ending "-tjes" is added to the adverb "even," as what part of speech does it function?
answers: text: adverb

question: What's the Dutch word for "green"?
answers: text: groen

question: With the diminutive ending "-tje" added to the Dutch word for "green," what does the new formation translate to in English?
answers: text: rookie
context: In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), pronouns (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), verbal particles (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even prepositions (toetje, "dessert"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("just") → adverb: eventjes ("just a minute").

qas: question: Which diminutive of "bloem" means a "bouquet"?
answers: text: bloemetje

question: What's the Dutch word for "seahorse" that has no non-diminutive form?
answers: text: zeepaardje

question: What Dutch word did their word for "girl" come from that has a totally different meaning?
answers: text: meid

question: What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?
answers: text: kleertjes

question: Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?
answers: text: a single portion
context: Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) → bloempje (lit. "small flower"), but bloemetje (lit. also "small flower", meaning bouquet). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) → ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) → biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing).

qas: question: What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?
answers: text: English

question: In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?
answers: text: hen

question: When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?
answers: text: 17th century

question: Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?
answers: text: hun

question: When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?
answers: text: ze
context: Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.

qas: question: How would a Dutch speaker say "doghouse"?
answers: text: hondenhok

question: Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?
answers: text: Unlike

question: "Tree house," which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?
answers: text: boomhuis

question: What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?
answers: text: German

question: In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?
answers: text: spaces
context: Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be.

qas: question: What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?
answers: text: 20%

question: What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?
answers: text: French

question: What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?
answers: text: Latin

question: Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?
answers: text: 2.7%

question: In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?
answers: text: Dutch
context: Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been "Dutchified", e.g. German "Fremdling" become Dutch "vreemdeling". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%.

qas: question: How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?
answers: text: one

question: What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?
answers: text: digraph

question: Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?
answers: text: doubled letters

question: What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?
answers: text: voorraaddoos

question: What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for "a" or "an" and the word for "one"?
answers: text: acute accent
context: Dutch is written using the Latin script. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (food storage container). The diaeresis (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately when involving a pre- or suffix. Whereas a hyphen is used when this problem occurs in compound words. For example; "beïnvloed" (influenced), but zee-eend (sea duck). Generally, other diacritical marks only occur in loanwords, though the acute accent can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms. Its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite article 'een' (a, an) and the numeral 'één' (one).