Frédéric_Chopin

qas: question: What was Frédéric's nationalities?
answers: text: Polish and French

question: In what era was Frédéric active in?
answers: text: Romantic era

question: For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?
answers: text: solo piano

question: In what area was Frédéric born in?
answers: text: Duchy of Warsaw

question: At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?
answers: text: 20

question: What year was Chopin born?
answers: text: 1810

question: What era was Chopin active during?
answers: text: Romantic era

question: Where did Chopin grow up?
answers: text: Warsaw

question: What instrument did he mostly compose for?
answers: text: solo piano

question: At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?
answers: text: 20

question: When did Chopin die?
answers: text: 17 October 1849

question: What was Chopin's full name?
answers: text: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin

question: The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?
answers: text: solo piano

question: Chopin was active during what era?
answers: text: Romantic era

question: In what year was Chopin born?
answers: text: 1810

question: In what city was Chopin born and raised?
answers: text: Warsaw

question: How old was Chopin when he left Poland?
answers: text: 20

question: In what era of music did Chopin compose?
answers: text: Romantic

question: What year did Chopin die?
answers: text: 1849
context: Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: ​[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.

qas: question: At what age did Frédéric move to Paris?
answers: text: 21

question: How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?
answers: text: 30

question: In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France?
answers: text: 1835

question: In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place?
answers: text: Majorca

question: What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death?
answers: text: tuberculosis

question: Where did he end up living when he was 21?
answers: text: Paris

question: How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?
answers: text: 30

question: What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?
answers: text: Franz Liszt

question: What year did he gain citizenship in France?
answers: text: 1835

question: What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?
answers: text: Maria Wodzińska

question: At what age did Chopin move to Paris?
answers: text: 21

question: During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?
answers: text: 30

question: What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?
answers: text: 1835

question: In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?
answers: text: 1835

question: Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?
answers: text: tuberculosis
context: At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis.

qas: question: What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include?
answers: text: piano

question: What concept was Frédéric credited with creating?
answers: text: instrumental ballade

question: Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?
answers: text: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert

question: What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique?
answers: text: nuance and sensitivity

question: What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?
answers: text: Paris salons

question: Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?
answers: text: piano

question: What concept did Chopin create?
answers: text: instrumental ballade

question: What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?
answers: text: nuance and sensitivity

question: What three composers influenced Chopin's work?
answers: text: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert

question: Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?
answers: text: Polish

question: What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?
answers: text: piano

question: Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?
answers: text: Polish

question: Chopin's performances were known for what?
answers: text: nuance and sensitivity

question: What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?
answers: text: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert

question: What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?
answers: text: piano

question: What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?
answers: text: Polish

question: Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?
answers: text: Paris salons
context: All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.

qas: question: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?
answers: text: indirect

question: What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?
answers: text: his love life and his early death

question: In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?
answers: text: Romantic era

question: In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?
answers: text: films and biographies

question: Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?
answers: text: France

question: Chopin is a native of what country?
answers: text: Poland

question: He had a non-direct association with what?
answers: text: political insurrection

question: Chopin is closely associated with what era?
answers: text: Romantic era

question: Where did Chopin create most of his works?
answers: text: France

question: Chopin was indirectly related to what?
answers: text: political insurrection

question: Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?
answers: text: Romantic era
context: In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.

qas: question: In what village was Frédéric born in?
answers: text: Żelazowa Wola

question: On what date was Frédéric born on?
answers: text: 22 February 1810

question: Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?
answers: text: 1 March

question: What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?
answers: text: Fridericus Franciscus

question: How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?
answers: text: 29

question: Where was Chopin born?
answers: text: Żelazowa Wola

question: Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?
answers: text: Napoleon

question: When was his birthday recorded as being?
answers: text: 22 February 1810

question: What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?
answers: text: 1 March

question: Chopin's given names in Latin are what?
answers: text: Fridericus Franciscus

question: The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?
answers: text: Napoleon

question: Chopin's birth is recorded as when?
answers: text: 22 February 1810

question: What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?
answers: text: 1 March

question: What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?
answers: text: Fridericus Franciscus

question: Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?
answers: text: Żelazowa Wola

question: What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?
answers: text: Napoleon
context: Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.

qas: question: Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?
answers: text: Justyna Krzyżanowska

question: On what date was Frédéric baptised?
answers: text: 23 April 1810

question: What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?
answers: text: Polish

question: What was the given name of Chopin's father?
answers: text: Nicolas

question: Where was Chopin's father from?
answers: text: Lorraine

question: Chopin's father married who?
answers: text: Justyna Krzyżanowska

question: What is the name of Chopin's godfather?
answers: text: Fryderyk Skarbek

question: What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?
answers: text: Ludwika

question: What was Chopin's father's first name?
answers: text: Nicolas

question: From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?
answers: text: Lorraine

question: What is Chopin's older sister's name?
answers: text: Ludwika
context: Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.

qas: question: During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?
answers: text: October

question: What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?
answers: text: French

question: Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?
answers: text: the Palace grounds

question: What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time?
answers: text: flute and violin

question: What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?
answers: text: illnesses

question: When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?
answers: text: October 1810

question: Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?
answers: text: Warsaw Lyceum

question: What instruments did Chopin's father play?
answers: text: flute and violin

question: What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?
answers: text: piano

question: How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?
answers: text: six months

question: What language did Chopin's father teach?
answers: text: French

question: What two instruments did Chopin's father play?
answers: text: flute and violin

question: What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?
answers: text: piano

question: Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?
answers: text: Saxon Palace.
context: In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.

qas: question: Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?
answers: text: Wojciech Żywny

question: Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?
answers: text: Ludwika

question: At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?
answers: text: 7

question: What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?
answers: text: two polonaises

question: What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?
answers: text: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821

question: Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?
answers: text: Wojciech Żywny

question: Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?
answers: text: Ludwika

question: At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?
answers: text: 7

question: What year did Chopin compose his first work?
answers: text: 1817

question: During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?
answers: text: 1816 to 1821

question: What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?
answers: text: Wojciech Żywny

question: Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?
answers: text: Ludwika

question: How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?
answers: text: 7

question: Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?
answers: text: Wojciech Żywny
context: Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

qas: question: In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?
answers: text: 1817

question: What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?
answers: text: Warsaw University

question: What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?
answers: text: Kazimierz Palace

question: What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?
answers: text: Belweder Palace

question: What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?
answers: text: Nasze Przebiegi

question: The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?
answers: text: 1817

question: The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?
answers: text: Kazimierz Palace

question: As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?
answers: text: Grand Duke Constantine

question: What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?
answers: text: a march

question: In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?
answers: text: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz

question: What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?
answers: text: Belweder Palace

question: What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?
answers: text: Grand Duke Constantine

question: What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?
answers: text: a march

question: Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?
answers: text: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
context: In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.

qas: question: During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?
answers: text: 1823 to 1826

question: Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?
answers: text: Józef Elsner

question: What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?
answers: text: eolomelodicon

question: Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?
answers: text: Alexander I

question: On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?
answers: text: 10 June 1825

question: Who taught Chopin to play the organ?
answers: text: Wilhelm Würfel

question: Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?
answers: text: Józef Elsner

question: What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?
answers: text: eolomelodicon

question: What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?
answers: text: diamond ring

question: What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? 
answers: text: Rondo Op. 1

question: Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?
answers: text: Wilhelm Würfel

question: What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?
answers: text: Józef Elsner

question: What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?
answers: text: eolomelodicon

question: What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?
answers: text: a diamond ring.

question: What is the title of his first commercially successful work?
answers: text: Rondo Op. 1.
context: From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the "eolomelodicon", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas".

qas: question: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?
answers: text: Dominik Dziewanowski

question: In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?
answers: text: Szafarnia

question: To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?
answers: text: his family

question: What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?
answers: text: Warsaw newspapers

question: During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?
answers: text: Dominik Dziewanowski

question: What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?
answers: text: Polish rural folk music

question: What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?
answers: text: Dominik Dziewanowski

question: What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?
answers: text: The Szafarnia Courier

question: Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?
answers: text: Szafarnia
context: During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.

qas: question: During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?
answers: text: 1827

question: What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?
answers: text: Krakowskie Przedmieście

question: What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?
answers: text: 1830

question: What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?
answers: text: a museum

question: Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?
answers: text: Ambroży Mieroszewski

question: What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?
answers: text: 1827

question: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
answers: text: 1830

question: What was the Chopin family's business?
answers: text: boarding house for male students

question: What artist painted the Chopin family?
answers: text: Ambroży Mieroszewski

question: Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?
answers: text: sister Emilia

question: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
answers: text: 1830

question: What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?
answers: text: Chopin Family Parlour

question: What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?
answers: text: Ambroży Mieroszewski

question: Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?
answers: text: male
context: In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]

qas: question: Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris?
answers: text: Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana

question: Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to?
answers: text: Konstancja Gładkowska

question: What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?
answers: text: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana

question: Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?
answers: text: Konstancja Gładkowska

question: Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?
answers: text: Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)

question: When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?
answers: text: July 1829

question: Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?
answers: text: Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana

question: What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?
answers: text: Konstancja Gładkowska

question: To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?
answers: text: Tytus Woyciechowski

question: What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?
answers: text: Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)

question: How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?
answers: text: Four
context: Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her – "It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight." His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius."

qas: question: Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?
answers: text: Feliks Jarocki

question: Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?
answers: text: Gaspare Spontini

question: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?
answers: text: Prince Antoni Radziwiłł

question: What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?
answers: text: Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3

question: When did Chopin visit Berlin?
answers: text: September 1828

question: With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?
answers: text: Feliks Jarocki

question: While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?
answers: text: Gaspare Spontini

question: In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?
answers: text: Prince Antoni Radziwiłł

question: What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?
answers: text: Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3

question: What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?
answers: text: 1828

question: Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?
answers: text: Feliks Jarocki

question: What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?
answers: text: zoologist

question: Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?
answers: text: Gaspare Spontini

question: What year did Chopin return to Berlin?
answers: text: 1829
context: In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.

qas: question: What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin?
answers: text: Souvenir de Paganini

question: During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna?
answers: text: August

question: How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time?
answers: text: two

question: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?
answers: text: 17 March 1830

question: What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?
answers: text: Souvenir de Paganini

question: Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?
answers: text: Vienna

question: What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?
answers: text: Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21

question: When did Chopin return to Warsaw?
answers: text: September 1829

question: Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?
answers: text: accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists

question: Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?
answers: text: Niccolò Paganini

question: Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?
answers: text: Vienna

question: How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?
answers: text: two

question: How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?
answers: text: three
context: Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews—in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on Là ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.

qas: question: On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?
answers: text: 2 November 1830

question: Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?
answers: text: Austria

question: In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?
answers: text: 1830

question: What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?
answers: text: Zdzisław Jachimecki

question: Who said that Chopin set out "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?"
answers: text: Zdzisław Jachimecki

question: Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?
answers: text: Woyciechowski

question: Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?
answers: text: Italy

question: Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?
answers: text: the November 1830 Uprising

question: What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?
answers: text: western Europe

question: When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?
answers: text: Woyciechowski

question: What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?
answers: text: 1830

question: What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?
answers: text: "I curse the moment of my departure."

question: What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?
answers: text: 1831
context: Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, "I curse the moment of my departure." When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: "Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland."

qas: question: What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?
answers: text: the Polish Great Emigration

question: What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?
answers: text: French

question: In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?
answers: text: 1835

question: What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?
answers: text: friends and confidants

question: What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?
answers: text: Polish

question: When did Chopin reach Paris?
answers: text: September 1831

question: By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?
answers: text: Polish Great Emigration

question: In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?
answers: text: 1835

question: What is the name of Chopin's biographer?
answers: text: Adam Zamoyski

question: After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?
answers: text: Poland

question: What country's passport did he have from 1835?
answers: text: France

question: What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?
answers: text: French

question: What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?
answers: text: Adam Zamoyski

question: Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?
answers: text: Polish Great Emigration
context: Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.

qas: question: In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?
answers: text: Paris

question: Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?
answers: text: Adam Mickiewicz

question: What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?
answers: text: songs

question: What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?
answers: text: Adam Mickiewicz

question: What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?
answers: text: Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny

question: What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?
answers: text: Adam Mickiewicz

question: What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?
answers: text: principal of the Polish Literary Society
context: In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.

qas: question: Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?
answers: text: Julian Fontana

question: Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?
answers: text: Albert Grzymała

question: What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?
answers: text: elder brother

question: Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?
answers: text: Julian Fontana

question: What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?
answers: text: Polish

question: Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?
answers: text: England

question: Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?
answers: text: England

question: Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?
answers: text: Albert Grzymała

question: Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?
answers: text: Albert Grzymała

question: Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?
answers: text: Julian Fontana

question: Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?
answers: text: Warsaw Conservatory
context: Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life." Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".

qas: question: Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?
answers: text: Robert Schumann

question: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?
answers: text: 26 February 1832

question: What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?
answers: text: intimate keyboard technique

question: Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?
answers: text: his father

question: From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?
answers: text: Robert Schumann

question: When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?
answers: text: 26 February 1832

question: What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?
answers: text: Rothschild

question: When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?
answers: text: 1831

question: What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?
answers: text: keyboard technique

question: Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?
answers: text: publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
context: At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.

qas: question: What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?
answers: text: his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends

question: What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?
answers: text: pianos

question: Chopin gave a yearly performance where?
answers: text: Salle Pleyel

question: Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?
answers: text: Hexameron

question: In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?
answers: text: Maurice Schlesinger

question: What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?
answers: text: Adolphe Gutmann

question: Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?
answers: text: apartment

question: On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?
answers: text: Liszt and Hiller

question: Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?
answers: text: Maurice Schlesinger
context: Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.

qas: question: Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?
answers: text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?
answers: text: playing and discussing music

question: Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?
answers: text: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow

question: Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?
answers: text: Carlsbad

question: Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?
answers: text: the Lower Rhenish Music Festival

question: Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?
answers: text: Hiller

question: In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?
answers: text: Carlsbad

question: When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?
answers: text: July 1836

question: Who was Maria's mother?
answers: text: Countess Wodzińska

question: Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?
answers: text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?
answers: text: Düsseldorf

question: What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?
answers: text: director of the Academy of Art

question: What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?
answers: text: Maria
context: In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.

qas: question: Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?
answers: text: Woyciechowski

question: What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?
answers: text: Herz, Liszt, Hiller

question: Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?
answers: text: Liszt

question: What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?
answers: text: 26 February 1832

question: Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?
answers: text: Woyciechowski

question: Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?
answers: text: the Salle Pleyel
context: Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art."

qas: question: What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?
answers: text: 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin

question: How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?
answers: text: a few blocks

question: How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?
answers: text: seven

question: For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?
answers: text: Harriet Smithson

question: At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?
answers: text: Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory

question: When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?
answers: text: 2 April 1833

question: What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?
answers: text: the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn

question: Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?
answers: text: Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory

question: When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?
answers: text: the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte

question: How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?
answers: text: seven

question: Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?
answers: text: Harriet Smithson
context: The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.

qas: question: What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?
answers: text: love-hate relationship

question: What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?
answers: text: theatricality, showmanship and success

question: What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?
answers: text: an apology

question: What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?
answers: text: my friend Liszt

question: What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?
answers: text: Op. 10 Études

question: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
answers: text: Marie d'Agoult

question: Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?
answers: text: Liszt

question: Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?
answers: text: Liszt

question: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
answers: text: Marie d'Agoult

question: Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?
answers: text: Hiller

question: What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?
answers: text: George Sand
context: Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.

qas: question: Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?
answers: text: Marie d'Agoult

question: What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?
answers: text: My tragedy

question: Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?
answers: text: Grzymała

question: What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?
answers: text: George Sand

question: What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?
answers: text: his poor health

question: What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?
answers: text: My tragedy

question: Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?
answers: text: Marie d'Agoult

question: What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?
answers: text: 1837

question: What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?
answers: text: My tragedy

question: Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?
answers: text: Grzymała
context: In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

qas: question: What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837?
answers: text: London

question: What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris?
answers: text: his association with Sand began in earnest

question: How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?
answers: text: six

question: What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?
answers: text: miserable

question: Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?
answers: text: Valldemossa

question: With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?
answers: text: Camille Pleyel

question: What was James Broadwood's occupation?
answers: text: piano maker

question: How much older was George Sands than Chopin?
answers: text: six years

question: During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?
answers: text: Félicien Mallefille

question: After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?
answers: text: a former Carthusian monastery

question: When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?
answers: text: June 1838

question: Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?
answers: text: Majorca

question: Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?
answers: text: Sand's two children

question: One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?
answers: text: Félicien Mallefille.

question: Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?
answers: text: a former Carthusian monastery
context: In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.

qas: question: How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?
answers: text: Three

question: What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?
answers: text: piano

question: What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?
answers: text: best possible condition

question: How many doctors visited Chopin?
answers: text: 3

question: What month did Chopin's piano arrive?
answers: text: December

question: What did Chopin compalin about?
answers: text: his bad health

question: What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?
answers: text: his Pleyel piano

question: What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?
answers: text: December

question: Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?
answers: text: Pleyel
context: On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die." He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.

qas: question: What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?
answers: text: bad weather

question: What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?
answers: text: Canuts

question: What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?
answers: text: Marseilles

question: Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?
answers: text: Nohant

question: Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?
answers: text: Square d'Orléans

question: Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?
answers: text: the Canuts

question: Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?
answers: text: Marseilles

question: Where was Sand's home?
answers: text: Nohant

question: After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?
answers: text: 5 rue Tronchet

question: In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?
answers: text: Square d'Orléans

question: What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?
answers: text: the bad weather

question: Who did Sand sell the piano to?
answers: text: the Canuts.

question: Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?
answers: text: Marseilles

question: Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?
answers: text: Square d'Orléans

question: Where did they spend most summers until 1846?
answers: text: Nohant
context: Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.

qas: question: What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?
answers: text: Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale

question: What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?
answers: text: tenth

question: At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?
answers: text: Adolphe Nourrit

question: What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?
answers: text: organ

question: What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?
answers: text: Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne

question: Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?
answers: text: Adolphe Nourrit

question: What did Chopin play at the funeral?
answers: text: Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.

question: What was the dress rehearsal for?
answers: text: Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale

question: It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?
answers: text: the July Revolution.
context: At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.

qas: question: What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant?
answers: text: Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53

question: Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?
answers: text: Pauline Viardot

question: On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?
answers: text: 7 June 1842

question: What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?
answers: text: piano technique and composition

question: Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?
answers: text: Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot

question: What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?
answers: text: piano technique and composition.

question: Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?
answers: text: Delacroix
context: During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:

qas: question: In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?
answers: text: 1842

question: To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?
answers: text: Grzymała

question: What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?
answers: text: Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's

question: What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him?
answers: text: piano

question: What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?
answers: text: temporal lobe epilepsy

question: Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?
answers: text: 1842

question: What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?
answers: text: Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement

question: What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?
answers: text: temporal lobe epilepsy

question: When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?
answers: text: From 1842 onwards

question: Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?
answers: text: mouth and tonsils

question: Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?
answers: text: Alkan

question: Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?
answers: text: Charles Hallé

question: Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?
answers: text: temporal lobe epilepsy.
context: From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.

qas: question: What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?
answers: text: Auguste Clésinger

question: What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?
answers: text: radical political pursuits

question: What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?
answers: text: third child

question: What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?
answers: text: Lucrezia Floriani

question: In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?
answers: text: 1847

question: When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?
answers: text: 1846

question: Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?
answers: text: Auguste Clésinger

question: What novel did Sand write in 1847?
answers: text: Lucrezia Floriani

question: Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?
answers: text: Auguste Clésinger.

question: What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?
answers: text: nurse

question: What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?
answers: text: Lucrezia Floriani

question: When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?
answers: text: 1847
context: Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a "child," a "little angel", a "sufferer" and a "beloved little corpse." In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship." The two would never meet again.

qas: question: What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?
answers: text: Op. 58 sonata

question: What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?
answers: text: more refined than many of his earlier compositions

question: How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?
answers: text: a dozen

question: How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?
answers: text: six

question: What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?
answers: text: Op. 58 sonata

question: How many works did Chopin write in 1842?
answers: text: six

question: How many works did Chopin write in 1843?
answers: text: six shorter pieces

question: How many works did Chopin write in 1845?
answers: text: three mazurkas
context: Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual."

qas: question: In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?
answers: text: February 1848

question: With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?
answers: text: Auguste Franchomme

question: When did Chopin last perform?
answers: text: February 1848

question: Who did Chopin last perform with?
answers: text: Auguste Franchomme

question: Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?
answers: text: struggle financially.

question: Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?
answers: text: Auguste Franchomme

question: What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?
answers: text: Cello
context: Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.

qas: question: What television station made a documentary on Chopin?
answers: text: BBC

question: What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?
answers: text: Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda

question: What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?
answers: text: The Women Behind The Music

question: What television station released a documentary on Chopin?
answers: text: BBC

question: What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?
answers: text: Chopin – The Women Behind The Music

question: What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?
answers: text: Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda

question: Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?
answers: text: Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
context: Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television.

qas: question: What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?
answers: text: A Song to Remember

question: What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?
answers: text: Cornel Wilde

question: What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?
answers: text: 1928

question: Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?
answers: text: Hugh Grant

question: Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?
answers: text: George Sand

question: What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?
answers: text: A Song to Remember

question: Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?
answers: text: Cornel Wilde

question: Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?
answers: text: Pierre Blanchar

question: Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?
answers: text: Hugh Grant
context: Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002).

qas: question: When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?
answers: text: 1901

question: Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?
answers: text: Milan

question: Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?
answers: text: Giacomo Orefice

question: What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?
answers: text: Chopin

question: What style is the fictionalized "Chopin" in?
answers: text: opera

question: Who wrote the fictionalized "Chopin?"
answers: text: Giacomo Orefice

question: When was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced?
answers: text: 1901.

question: Where was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced?
answers: text: Milan
context: Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.

qas: question: An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?
answers: text: Leon Ulrich

question: Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?
answers: text: Marcel Proust and André Gide

question: Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?
answers: text: sonnet

question: What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?
answers: text: sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich

question: When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?
answers: text: 1830

question: In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?
answers: text: English
context: Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these).

qas: question: The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?
answers: text: every five years.

question: What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?
answers: text: Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin

question: On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?
answers: text: The New York Times

question: Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?
answers: text: The Warsaw Chopin Society

question: How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?
answers: text: every five years.

question: Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?
answers: text: The New York Times
context: Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.

qas: question: What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?
answers: text: 1895

question: What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?
answers: text: Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2

question: Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?
answers: text: Paul Pabst

question: What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?
answers: text: The British Library

question: When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?
answers: text: 1895

question: Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?
answers: text: Methuen-Campbell
context: The British Library notes that "Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era." The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions.

qas: question: What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?
answers: text: International Chopin Piano Competition

question: What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?
answers: text: 1927

question: Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?
answers: text: Warsaw

question: How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?
answers: text: every five years

question: The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?
answers: text: 1,500

question: What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?
answers: text: the International Chopin Piano Competition

question: When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?
answers: text: 1927

question: There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?
answers: text: The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland

question: How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?
answers: text: nearly 1,500
context: Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.

qas: question: What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?
answers: text: Chopiniana

question: Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?
answers: text: Michel Fokine

question: Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?
answers: text: Les Sylphides

question: Who orchestrated Chopiniana?
answers: text: Alexander Glazunov

question: What year was the Chopiniana released?
answers: text: 1909

question: Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?
answers: text: Chopiniana

question: Who choreographed Chopiniana?
answers: text: Michel Fokine

question: Who orchestrated Chopiniana?
answers: text: Alexander Glazunov.

question: Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?
answers: text: Les Sylphides.
context: Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.

qas: question: Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?
answers: text: London

question: Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?
answers: text: London

question: What two people suggested the 1848 tour?
answers: text: Jane Stirling and her elder sister

question: Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?
answers: text: Revolution

question: What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?
answers: text: Scottish
context: In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.

qas: question: Where did Chopin stay while in London?
answers: text: Dover Street

question: What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?
answers: text: Broadwood

question: Where was Chopin's initial performance?
answers: text: Stafford House

question: What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?
answers: text: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

question: What date did he perform with Viardot?
answers: text: 7 July

question: What steet did Chopin stay on in London?
answers: text: Dover Street

question: What did Broadway provide for Chopin?
answers: text: a grand piano.

question: What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?
answers: text: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.

question: In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?
answers: text: piano lessons

question: Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?
answers: text: Viardot
context: In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.

qas: question: Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?
answers: text: Scotland

question: What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?
answers: text: Adam Łyszczyński

question: Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?
answers: text: Scotland

question: What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?
answers: text: Glasgow

question: What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński?
answers: text: will
context: In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała "My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was "closer to the grave than the nuptial bed." He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała.

qas: question: When did Chopin last appear in public?
answers: text: 16 November 1848

question: Where was Chopin's last public performance?
answers: text: Guildhall

question: Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?
answers: text: Polish refugees.

question: What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?
answers: text: terminal

question: Where was Chopin's last public performance?
answers: text: London's Guildhall
context: Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.

qas: question: Who did Chopin play for while she sang?
answers: text: Delfina Potocka

question: In 1849 where did Chopin live?
answers: text: Chaillot

question: Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?
answers: text: Princess Obreskoff

question: When did Chopin return to Paris?
answers: text: November

question: Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?
answers: text: Delfina Potocka

question: Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?
answers: text: Chaillot

question: Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?
answers: text: Princess Obreskoff.

question: When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?
answers: text: June 1849
context: At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind.

qas: question: When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?
answers: text: June 1849

question: In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?
answers: text: Place Vendôme 12

question: Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?
answers: text: his sister

question: Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?
answers: text: her husband and daughter

question: Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?
answers: text: to faint
context: With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that "all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room."

qas: question: Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?
answers: text: fear of being buried alive

question: What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?
answers: text: "No longer"

question: Who made Chopin's death mask?
answers: text: Clésinger

question: Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?
answers: text: fear of being buried alive

question: What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?
answers: text: a cast of his left hand.
context: Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand.

qas: question: What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?
answers: text: tuberculosis

question: What was the name of Chopin's doctor?
answers: text: Jean Cruveilhier

question: What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?
answers: text: DNA testing

question: What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?
answers: text: tuberculosis

question: Who was Chopin's physician?
answers: text: Jean Cruveilhier

question: Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?
answers: text: cystic fibrosis

question: Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?
answers: text: the Polish government.
context: Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.

qas: question: Where was Chopin's funeral held?
answers: text: Church of the Madeleine

question: How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?
answers: text: two weeks

question: How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Over 3,000

question: Where was Chopin's funeral held?
answers: text: the Church of the Madeleine in Paris

question: How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?
answers: text: two weeks

question: How many people arrived without an invitation?
answers: text: Over 3,000
context: The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.

qas: question: What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Mozart's Requiem

question: Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Louis Lefébure-Wély

question: Who led Chopin's funeral procession?
answers: text: Prince Adam Czartoryski

question: What was played at his graveside?
answers: text: Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2

question: What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Mozart's Requiem

question: Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Louis Lefébure-Wély

question: Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?
answers: text: Père Lachaise Cemetery

question: Who led the funeral procession?
answers: text: Prince Adam Czartoryski

question: What was played at Chopin's graveside?
answers: text: the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
context: Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation.

qas: question: Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?
answers: text: Clésinger

question: What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?
answers: text: Euterpe

question: How much did Chopin's funeral cost?
answers: text: 5,000 francs

question: Who paid for Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?
answers: text: alcohol

question: Who designed Chopin's tombstone?
answers: text: Clésinger.

question: How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?
answers: text: 5,000 francs

question: Who paid for Chopin's funeral?
answers: text: Jane Stirling

question: Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?
answers: text: sister

question: Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?
answers: text: Sand
context: Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.

qas: question: How many of Chopin's works still exist?
answers: text: Over 230

question: All of his pieces include what instrument?
answers: text: piano

question: How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?
answers: text: Over 230

question: Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?
answers: text: chamber music.
context: Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.

qas: question: Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?
answers: text: Clementi

question: Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?
answers: text: Clementi

question: Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?
answers: text: Bach and Mozart

question: Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?
answers: text: Haydn
context: Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the "brilliant" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.

qas: question: Who is credited with creating the nocturne?
answers: text: John Field

question: Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?
answers: text: ballades and scherzi

question: What new genre di John Field invent?
answers: text: nocturne

question: Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?
answers: text: ballades and scherzi

question: What musical concept did Chopin exploit?
answers: text: concert étude

question: What three other musicians were developing the new genre?
answers: text: Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles
context: Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).

qas: question: How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?
answers: text: seven

question: How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?
answers: text: nine

question: Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?
answers: text: mazurkas

question: What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?
answers: text: faster tempos

question: What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?
answers: text: greater range of melody and expression.

question: Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?
answers: text: concert hall

question: What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?
answers: text: the mazurka

question: How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?
answers: text: nine

question: What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?
answers: text: waltzes
context: Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map." The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.

qas: question: What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? 
answers: text: the Revolutionary Étude

question: What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?
answers: text: Funeral March

question: The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?
answers: text: Sonata No. 2

question: How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?
answers: text: one

question: What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?
answers: text: Revolutionary Étude

question: What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?
answers: text: Minute Waltz
context: Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.

qas: question: What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?
answers: text: 65

question: Who was Chopin's musical executor?
answers: text: Julian Fontana

question: How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?
answers: text: 23

question: Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?
answers: text: 17

question: What is the last opus number that Chopin used?
answers: text: 65

question: Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?
answers: text: Julian Fontana

question: When was Op. 74 published?
answers: text: 1857
context: The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.

qas: question: The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who?
answers: text: Krystyna Kobylańska

question: Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?
answers: text: 1857

question: What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?
answers: text: alternative catalogue designations

question: What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?
answers: text: the Kobylańska Catalogue

question: What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue?
answers: text: KK

question: Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue?
answers: text: Krystyna Kobylańska.
context: Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska.

qas: question: Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?
answers: text: Breitkopf & Härtel

question: Who edited the Polish "National Edition" of Chopin's works?
answers: text: Jan Ekier

question: Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?
answers: text: original publishers

question: Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?
answers: text: popular 19th-century piano anthologies.

question: What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?
answers: text: Paderewski

question: Who edited the Polish National Edition?
answers: text: Jan Ekier
context: Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish "National Edition", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.

qas: question: What is central to Chopin's process?
answers: text: Improvisation

question: Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?
answers: text: the four-bar phrase

question: What is central to Chopin's creativeness?
answers: text: Improvisation

question: Who wrote that "improvisation is designed for an audience"?
answers: text: Nicholas Temperley

question: What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?
answers: text: his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.
context: Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be "merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; "instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure." Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.

qas: question: What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?
answers: text: the Barcarolle Op. 60

question: What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?
answers: text: the four ballades and four scherzos

question: What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?
answers: text: departure and return
context: J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, which contain "immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail", are based on an extended "departure and return" form; "the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes."

qas: question: Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? 
answers: text: folk features

question: What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?
answers: text: straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.

question: Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?
answers: text: mazurkas

question: What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?
answers: text: drone bass

question: What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?
answers: text: a canon at one beat's distance
context: Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.

qas: question: What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?
answers: text: triple time

question: Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?
answers: text: Elsner

question: Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?
answers: text: martial

question: Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?
answers: text: formidable
context: Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.

qas: question: How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?
answers: text: 21

question: What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?
answers: text: agitated expression

question: Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?
answers: text: Field

question: What year did Chopin meet Field?
answers: text: 1833

question: Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?
answers: text: nocturnes
context: The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.

qas: question: What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?
answers: text: études

question: What form are most of Chopin's études in?
answers: text: straightforward ternary

question: Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?
answers: text: études
context: Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).

qas: question: What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?
answers: text: The Well-Tempered Clavier

question: Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?
answers: text: Kenneth Hamilton

question: What was described as "the beginning of studies" by Schumann?
answers: text: The preludes

question: What inspired Chopin for his preludes?
answers: text: J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier

question: Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?
answers: text: generic preludes to others of his pieces

question: Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?
answers: text: Ferruccio Busoni
context: The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.

qas: question: How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?
answers: text: four

question: What two people claimed that Op 58 was "worthy of Brahms"?
answers: text: Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson

question: How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?
answers: text: four

question: Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?
answers: text: The last movement

question: According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?
answers: text: Op. 58
context: The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, "worthy of Brahms" according to the music historians Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson.

qas: question: Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?
answers: text: Claude Debussy

question: What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?
answers: text: harmonic innovations

question: Who wrote about Chopin's "novel harmonic effects"?
answers: text: Temperley
context: Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony.

qas: question: What was Chopin's style based upon?
answers: text: independent finger technique

question: Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?
answers: text: Léon Escudier

question: What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?
answers: text: his Projet de méthode
context: In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace." Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm." He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity." The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.

qas: question: According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?
answers: text: Karol Szymanowski

question: Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?
answers: text: national modes and idioms

question: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
answers: text: Nikolai Zverev

question: Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?
answers: text: Karol Szymanowski

question: Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?
answers: text: Alexander Scriabin

question: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
answers: text: Nikolai Zverev
context: Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

qas: question: Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?
answers: text: Jonathan Bellman

question: What did Chopin tend to avoid?
answers: text: rigid procedures

question: What has been falsely credited to Chopin?
answers: text: "always crescendo to a high note"

question: What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?
answers: text: hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art

question: Who wrote about Chopin's "chromatic embroidery"?
answers: text: Berlioz

question: Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a "colorful wreath of flowers"?
answers: text: Hiller
context: Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art." Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as "always crescendo to a high note", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin "has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn". Hiller wrote that "What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers."

qas: question: Chopin's compositions are often played with what?
answers: text: rubato

question: What does rubato mean?
answers: text: the practice in performance of disregarding strict time

question: In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?
answers: text: rubato

question: What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?
answers: text: mazurkas
context: Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice."

qas: question: According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?
answers: text: Friederike Müller

question: Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?
answers: text: Friederike Müller

question: According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?
answers: text: rhythm.
context: Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works."

qas: question: Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?
answers: text: sense of nationalism

question: What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?
answers: text: 1836

question: In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?
answers: text: Poland

question: Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?
answers: text: the failure of the November 1830

question: A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?
answers: text: Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein

question: Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?
answers: text: polonaises

question: Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?
answers: text: Schumann

question: Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?
answers: text: flowers

question: Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?
answers: text: Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
context: With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin "must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation."

qas: question: Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more "urbanised"  than true folk music?
answers: text: Barbara Milewski

question: George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? 
answers: text: Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel

question: Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?
answers: text: Richard Taruskin
context: Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from "urbanised" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin "felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.

qas: question: William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?
answers: text: intuitive

question: A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?
answers: text: freedom

question: Where were Poles scattered to?
answers: text: Europe and the New World
context: A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ..."

qas: question: Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?
answers: text: Byronic flamboyance

question: Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?
answers: text: Liszt and Henri Herz

question: What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?
answers: text: Paris

question: Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?
answers: text: Arthur Hutchings
context: Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that "his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.

qas: question: In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?
answers: text: Carnaval

question: What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? 
answers: text: Ballade No. 2 in F major

question: How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?
answers: text: six

question: With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?
answers: text: Alkan

question: What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?
answers: text: qualities as a pianist and composer

question: What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?
answers: text: Carnaval

question: What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?
answers: text: Ballade No. 2 in F major

question: What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?
answers: text: Liszt
context: Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.

qas: question: Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?
answers: text: Debussy

question: For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?
answers: text: Jacques Durand

question: Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?
answers: text: Raoul Koczalski

question: What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?
answers: text: Chopin's
context: Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.