Napoleon

qas: question: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
answers: text: 15 August 1769

question: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?
answers: text: French

question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?
answers: text: 1815

question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
answers: text: 5 May 1821

question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
answers: text: the French Revolution
context: Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

qas: question: Where was Napoleon born?
answers: text: Corsica

question: When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?
answers: text: 1793

question: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?
answers: text: 26

question: Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?
answers: text: the Austrians and their Italian allies

question: When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?
answers: text: 1798
context: Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.

qas: question: Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?
answers: text: the Battle of Marengo

question: At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity? 
answers: text: the Catholic Church

question: When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?
answers: text: 1804

question: Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?
answers: text: the Battle of Austerlitz

question: The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?
answers: text: the Battle of Trafalgar
context: After returning from Egypt, Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power. With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution. The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances. He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804, launching the French Empire. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire. In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts. In retaliation, Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806 to cut off continental trade with Britain. The Fourth Coalition took up arms against him the same year because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon knocked out Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then turned his attention towards the Russians and annihilated them in June 1807 at Friedland, which forced the Russians to accept the Treaties of Tilsit.

qas: question: What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?
answers: text: Iberia

question: Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?
answers: text: his brother Joseph

question: How long did the Peninsular War last?
answers: text: six years

question: Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?
answers: text: the Battle of Wagram

question: By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?
answers: text: over 70 million people
context: Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution.

qas: question: What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?
answers: text: Russia

question: The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?
answers: text: the Grand Army

question: In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?
answers: text: 1813

question: In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?
answers: text: Prussia and Austria

question: In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?
answers: text: 1814
context: Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides.

qas: question: Who was Napoleon's father?
answers: text: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte

question: Who was Napoleon's mother?
answers: text: Maria Letizia Ramolino

question: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?
answers: text: Corsica

question: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?
answers: text: Casa Buonaparte

question: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
answers: text: an uncle
context: Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

qas: question: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?
answers: text: January 1779

question: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?
answers: text: Brienne-le-Château

question: What was Napoleon's first language?
answers: text: Corsican

question: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?
answers: text: his accent

question: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?
answers: text: mathematics
context: Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

qas: question: When did Napoleon graduate?
answers: text: September 1785

question: What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?
answers: text: second lieutenant

question: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?
answers: text: La Fère artillery regiment

question: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?
answers: text: Pasquale Paoli

question: When did the Revolution begin?
answers: text: 1789
context: Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

qas: question: Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?
answers: text: Nice

question: What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?
answers: text: the Thermidorian Reaction

question: When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?
answers: text: July 1794

question: At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?
answers: text: the Army of Italy

question: After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?
answers: text: Salicetti
context: Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing.

qas: question: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?
answers: text: Désirée Clary

question: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?
answers: text: the Army of the West

question: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?
answers: text: the War in the Vendée

question: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?
answers: text: Joseph

question: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?
answers: text: poor health
context: By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

qas: question: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?
answers: text: Constantinople

question: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?
answers: text: Clisson et Eugénie

question: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?
answers: text: 15 September

question: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?
answers: text: the Bureau of Topography

question: Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
answers: text: Désirée
context: He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

qas: question: After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?
answers: text: the Army of Italy

question: In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?
answers: text: the Montenotte Campaign

question: When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?
answers: text: January 1797

question: Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?
answers: text: 14,000

question: Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?
answers: text: 5,000
context: Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000.

qas: question: In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?
answers: text: 1796

question: After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?
answers: text: Vienna

question: What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?
answers: text: the Battle of Tarvis

question: When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?
answers: text: March 1797

question: Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?
answers: text: 100 km
context: The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.

qas: question: What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?
answers: text: envelopment

question: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
answers: text: 150,000

question: How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
answers: text: 540

question: In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?
answers: text: artillery

question: How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
answers: text: 170
context: Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.

qas: question: For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?
answers: text: looting

question: About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?
answers: text: $45 million

question: Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?
answers: text: three-hundred

question: What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?
answers: text: Pierre Augereau

question: Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?
answers: text: the Treaty of Campo Formio
context: During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September—Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.

qas: question: Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?
answers: text: the Royal Navy

question: On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?
answers: text: 1 July

question: What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?
answers: text: the Battle of Shubra Khit

question: What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?
answers: text: the Mamluks

question: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
answers: text: 2,000
context: General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.

qas: question: In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?
answers: text: the Battle of the Nile

question: Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?
answers: text: Horatio Nelson

question: In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?
answers: text: 1799

question: Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?
answers: text: 13,000

question: During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?
answers: text: Jaffa
context: On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

qas: question: How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?
answers: text: 13,000

question: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?
answers: text: 1,200

question: How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?
answers: text: 1,500

question: What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?
answers: text: bubonic plague

question: To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?
answers: text: opium
context: Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

qas: question: Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?
answers: text: the Council of Five Hundred

question: On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?
answers: text: 9 November 1799

question: Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?
answers: text: the council of five hundred

question: After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?
answers: text: "first consul"

question: What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the "Constitution of the Year VIII"?
answers: text: 3,000,000
context: Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouché, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 ("the 18th Brumaire" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became "first consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new "Constitution of the Year VIII", originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship.

qas: question: What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?
answers: text: "dictatorship by plebiscite."

question:  What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?
answers: text: the Constitution of the Year VIII

question:   After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?
answers: text: the Tuileries.

question:  What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?
answers: text: 99.94

question:  What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
answers: text: 1.5 million
context: Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

qas: question: In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
answers: text: 1800

question: Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?
answers: text: André Masséna

question:  What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?
answers: text: June 14

question: Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?
answers: text: General Melas

question: How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
answers: text: 24,000
context: In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

qas: question: From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?
answers: text: the north

question:  What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?
answers: text: the west

question: Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?
answers: text: a year

question: How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?
answers: text: a month

question: According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?
answers: text: the conquest of North Italy
context: Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy."

qas: question: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?
answers: text: Marengo

question: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?
answers: text: Lunéville

question: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?
answers: text: Moreau

question: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?
answers: text: the Treaty of Lunéville

question: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
answers: text: Hohenlinden
context: Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

qas: question: What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?
answers: text: the Treaty of Amiens

question: What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?
answers: text: 1802

question: In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?
answers: text: 1802

question: What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?
answers: text: over 99%

question: What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?
answers: text: First Consul for Life
context: After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the Consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72% of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime; the constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life. After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte.

qas: question: During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?
answers: text: the French colonies abroad

question: During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?
answers: text: Saint-Domingue

question:  Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?
answers: text: Toussaint Louverture

question: In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?
answers: text: 1794

question: What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?
answers: text: Leclerc
context: The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

qas: question: What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?
answers: text: the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise

question:  When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?
answers: text: October 1800

question: What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?
answers: text: the Bourbon family

question:  What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?
answers: text: Dagger plot

question: The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?
answers: text: Baden
context: During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

qas: question: The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?
answers: text: the Roman

question: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?
answers: text: assassination plots

question: Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?
answers: text: Bourbon

question: Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?
answers: text: 99%

question: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?
answers: text: 3.6 million
context: To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.

qas: question: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?
answers: text: December 2, 1804

question: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?
answers: text: Two

question: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?
answers: text: Italy

question: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
answers: text: May 26, 1805

question: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
answers: text: at the Cathedral of Milan
context: Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

qas: question: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?
answers: text: the Armée d'Angleterre

question: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?
answers: text: Boulogne

question: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?
answers: text: England

question: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?
answers: text: La Grande Armée.

question: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
answers: text: 350,000
context: Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

qas: question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
answers: text: the Royal Navy

question:  Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
answers: text: the West Indies.

question:  Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
answers: text: the Western Approaches

question:  Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
answers: text: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
answers: text: July 1805
context: Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

qas: question: By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?
answers: text: the Rhine

question:  On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?
answers: text: 25 September

question: How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?
answers: text: 200,000

question: Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?
answers: text: Karl Mack

question: How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?
answers: text: 2000
context: By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Armée performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

qas: question: In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?
answers: text: Vienna

question:  How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?
answers: text: 100,000

question: How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?
answers: text: 500

question: When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
answers: text: 2 December

question: In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
answers: text: Moravia
context: Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.

qas: question: The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?
answers: text: Austerlitz

question: What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?
answers: text: the Treaty of Pressburg

question: On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?
answers: text: 26 December

question: The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?
answers: text: Austria

question: How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?
answers: text: 40 million francs
context: The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought." Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

qas: question: Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?
answers: text: the Middle East

question: In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?
answers: text: Selim III

question: In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?
answers: text: 1806

question: Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?
answers: text: Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar

question: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?
answers: text: 1807
context: Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally." That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.

qas: question: What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?
answers: text: the Confederation of the Rhine

question: When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?
answers: text: 1806

question: The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?
answers: text: the Holy Roman Empire

question:  Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?
answers: text: Frederick William III

question: What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?
answers: text: Queen Louise
context: After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war.

qas: question: How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?
answers: text: 180,000

question:  What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?
answers: text: the Saale

question: To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?
answers: text: Marshal Soult

question:  On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?
answers: text: 14 October

question: How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?
answers: text: 140,000
context: The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare," according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered." Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

qas: question: In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?
answers: text: the Berlin Decree

question:  What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?
answers: text: The Continental System

question: When was the Berlin Decree issued?
answers: text: November 1806

question: In what year was the Battle of Eylau?
answers: text: 1807

question: In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?
answers: text: the Battle of Friedland
context: Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June, however, Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-calibrated: "I hate the English as much as you do."

qas: question: What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?
answers: text: Constantine

question:  Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?
answers: text: the Ionian Islands

question: What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?
answers: text: Westphalia

question: What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?
answers: text: Jérôme

question:  What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?
answers: text: the Treaties of Tilsit
context: Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms–demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of 1,100 square miles called Westphalia. He then appointed his young brother Jérôme as the new monarch of this kingdom. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism which festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.

qas: question: Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?
answers: text: Tilsit

question: One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?
answers: text: the British

question: Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?
answers: text: the Kingdom of Portugal

question: In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?
answers: text: 1801

question: After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?
answers: text: Britain
context: The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. At first, John VI agreed to close his ports to British trade. The situation changed dramatically after the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar; John grew bolder and officially resumed diplomatic and trade relations with Britain.

qas: question: When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?
answers: text: 17 October 1807

question: How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?
answers: text: 24,000

question: Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?
answers: text: General Junot

question: The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?
answers: text: the Peninsular War

question: How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?
answers: text: 120,000
context: Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French machinations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain and the French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout the country. The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bailén in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person.

qas: question: At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?
answers: text: the Congress of Erfurt

question: In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?
answers: text: 1808

question: The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?
answers: text: France

question: The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?
answers: text: Finland

question: When was the Battle of Corunna fought?
answers: text: January 1809
context: Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria "to the best of its ability." Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Armée, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.

qas: question: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?
answers: text: the Austrians

question: Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?
answers: text: 300,000

question: During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?
answers: text: Spain

question: By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?
answers: text: 1814

question:  In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?
answers: text: 1812
context: Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.

qas: question: Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?
answers: text: Frederick William

question: The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?
answers: text: 1809

question:  Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?
answers: text: Charles

question: On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?
answers: text: 8 February 1809
context: After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called "peace party," he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French.

qas: question: On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?
answers: text: 10 April

question:  Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?
answers: text: Paris

question:  When Napoleon reached Donauwörth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Armée separated by?
answers: text: 75 miles (121 km)

question: What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?
answers: text: Landshut Maneuver

question: What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?
answers: text: Battle of Eckmühl
context: In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the Grande Armée in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver. He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckmühl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckmühl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany.

qas: question: On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?
answers: text: 17 May

question:  Who led the main Austrian army?
answers: text: Charles

question: On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?
answers: text: 21 May

question: How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
answers: text: 110,000

question: Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
answers: text: 23,000
context: By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.

qas: question: Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?
answers: text: six weeks

question: On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?
answers: text: 30 June

question:  Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?
answers: text: 180,000

question: How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?
answers: text: 150,000

question: How long did the Battle of Wagram last?
answers: text: two days
context: After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.

qas: question: What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?
answers: text: the Walcheren Campaign

question: The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?
answers: text: the Austrians

question:  On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?
answers: text: 30 July

question: What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?
answers: text: "Walcheren Fever."

question: When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?
answers: text: December 1809
context: In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.

qas: question: When was the Treaty of Schönbrunn signed?
answers: text: October 1809

question: The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?
answers: text: the Habsburg Empire

question: In the Treaty of Schönbrunn, what territory was given to the Poles?
answers: text: Galicia

question: In the Treaty of Schönbrunn, who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol?
answers: text: the Bavarians

question: Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Schönbrunn?
answers: text: three million
context: The resulting Treaty of Schönbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years.

qas: question: After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?
answers: text: domestic affairs

question:  When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
answers: text: January 1810

question: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?
answers: text: Archduchess Marie Louise

question: How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?
answers: text: 18

question:  When did Marie Louise give birth?
answers: text: 20 March 1811
context: Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.

qas: question: What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?
answers: text: the Congress of Erfurt

question: In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?
answers: text: 1808

question:  Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
answers: text: Tilsit

question: In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
answers: text: 1807

question: Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?
answers: text: the Continental System
context: In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

qas: question: What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?
answers: text: the Second Polish War

question: What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?
answers: text: the First Polish War

question: Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?
answers: text: the Duchy of Warsaw

question: Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?
answers: text: Austria

question: During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?
answers: text: serfs
context: In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War—the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat.

qas: question: To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?
answers: text: Russia

question: Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?
answers: text: Smolensk

question: In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?
answers: text: August

question: What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?
answers: text: scorched earth tactics
context: The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses.

qas: question: Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?
answers: text: Moscow

question: On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?
answers: text: 7 September

question: Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?
answers: text: 44,000

question:  Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?
answers: text: 35,000

question: Who won the Battle of Borodino?
answers: text: the French
context: The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible."

qas: question: When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?
answers: text: Alexander

question: What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?
answers: text: Feodor Rostopchin

question: How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?
answers: text: five weeks

question: What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?
answers: text: the Malet coup

question: Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?
answers: text: 10,000
context: The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After Battle of Berezina Napoleon succeeded to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge.

qas: question: The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?
answers: text: the Frankfurt proposals

question: When were the Frankfurt proposals made?
answers: text: November 1813

question: The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?
answers: text: Emperor

question: The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?
answers: text: its "natural frontiers."

question:  Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?
answers: text: Metternich
context: The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.

qas: question: The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?
answers: text: December

question: In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?
answers: text: 1814

question: Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?
answers: text: the Frankfurt proposals

question: The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?
answers: text: 1791

question: In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?
answers: text: Belgium
context: Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused.

qas: question: On what date did Alexander speak to the Sénat conservateur?
answers: text: 1 April

question:  The Sénat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?
answers: text: Talleyrand's

question: What was the act passed by the Sénat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?
answers: text: the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur

question: Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?
answers: text: Fontainebleau

question: What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?
answers: text: mutinied
context: On 1 April, Alexander addressed the Sénat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the Sénat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honorable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the Sénat passed the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur ("Emperor's Demise Act"), which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, without any senior officers or marshals any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later.

qas: question: In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?
answers: text: the Treaty of Fontainebleau

question: What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?
answers: text: Elba

question: In what sea is Elba located?
answers: text: the Mediterranean

question: The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?
answers: text: Emperor

question: When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?
answers: text: Austria
context: In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

qas: question: What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?
answers: text: The 5th Regiment

question: On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?
answers: text: March 7, 1815

question:  When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?
answers: text: "Vive L'Empereur!"

question:  Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?
answers: text: an iron cage

question:  After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?
answers: text: Belgium
context: The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish." The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.

qas: question: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
answers: text: Paris

question:  On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
answers: text: 22 June

question:  How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
answers: text: three days

question:  On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
answers: text: 29 June

question:  When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?
answers: text: Josephine
context: Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

qas: question: In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
answers: text: 1840

question:  On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
answers: text: 15 December 1840

question: At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
answers: text: the Arc de Triomphe

question:  In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
answers: text: St Jérôme's Chapel

question: In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
answers: text: 1861
context: In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

qas: question: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
answers: text: 1955

question: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
answers: text: Louis Marchand

question:  What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
answers: text: arsenic poisoning

question: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?
answers: text: Sten Forshufvud

question: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
answers: text: well preserved
context: In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

qas: question: What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?
answers: text: potassium tartrate

question: What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?
answers: text: his thirst

question: According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?
answers: text: that he was murdered

question: In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?
answers: text: 2007
context: They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered.

qas: question: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?
answers: text: arsenic poisoning

question: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?
answers: text: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

question:  A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?
answers: text: hair

question: The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?
answers: text: 100 times
context: There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

qas: question: What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?
answers: text: civil

question: What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?
answers: text: religion

question: General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?
answers: text: Pope Pius VI

question: Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?
answers: text: Juan Cole

question: Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?
answers: text: religious
context: Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

qas: question: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
answers: text: 2 December 1804

question:  Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
answers: text: Notre Dame de Paris

question: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
answers: text: Pope Pius VII

question: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
answers: text: 1 April 1810

question: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?
answers: text: the Spanish Inquisition
context: Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

qas: question: What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?
answers: text: the Concordat of 1801

question: Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?
answers: text: Pope Pius VII

question: The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?
answers: text: the Roman Catholic Church

question:  What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?
answers: text: 15 July 1801

question: What were the Organic Articles a part of?
answers: text: the Concordat
context: Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

qas: question: The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
answers: text: the papacy

question: Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?
answers: text: Napoleon's

question: Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?
answers: text: the pope

question:  The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
answers: text: Napoleon

question: In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
answers: text: 1801
context: While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.

qas: question: How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?
answers: text: 5 ft 6 in

question: How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?
answers: text: 168 cm

question: How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?
answers: text: an innovator

question: What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's "rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?"
answers: text: George F. E. Rudé

question: How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?
answers: text: hypnotic
context: Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rudé stresses his "rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour." At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, "seeing" the best plays moves ahead.

qas: question: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?
answers: text: luck

question:  When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
answers: text: 1805-06

question:  In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
answers: text: 1812

question: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
answers: text: Dwyer

question: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?
answers: text: cheated
context: Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

qas: question: What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?
answers: text: France

question: How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?
answers: text: 40,000

question: Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?
answers: text: Wellington

question: In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?
answers: text: 1806

question: Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?
answers: text: King Frederick William III
context: In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men—Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

qas: question: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
answers: text: the British press

question: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
answers: text: Boney

question: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
answers: text: Tory

question: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
answers: text: 5 feet 2 inches

question: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?
answers: text: 5 ft 6 in
context: During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

qas: question: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?
answers: text: colonel

question:  What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
answers: text: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard

question: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
answers: text: blue

question: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
answers: text: white

question:  What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
answers: text: white
context: When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

qas: question: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?
answers: text: the Banque de France

question: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
answers: text: the Concordat of 1801

question: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
answers: text: the Organic Articles

question: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
answers: text: public worship

question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
answers: text: the Holy Roman Empire
context: Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

qas: question: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
answers: text: the Code Civil

question: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
answers: text: the Napoleonic Code

question: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
answers: text: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès

question: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
answers: text: Code of Criminal Instruction
context: Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

qas: question: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
answers: text: His opponents

question:  Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
answers: text: 1807

question: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?
answers: text: artillery

question: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
answers: text: McConachy
context: His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

qas: question: When was the metric system officially introduced?
answers: text: September 1799

question: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?
answers: text: the metric system

question: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
answers: text: 1812

question:  How many grams were in the livre metrique?
answers: text: 500

question: How many grams were in the livre du roi?
answers: text: 489.5
context: The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

qas: question: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
answers: text: Napoleon's educational reforms

question: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
answers: text: French

question: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
answers: text: public support

question: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
answers: text: lycées

question: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?
answers: text: the sciences
context: Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

qas: question: How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?
answers: text: grandiose

question: As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?
answers: text: 1808

question: Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?
answers: text: historians

question: Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?
answers: text: his empire
context: In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

qas: question: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
answers: text: Napoleon

question: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
answers: text: slavery

question: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
answers: text: his opponents

question: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
answers: text: the Haitian Revolution

question: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
answers: text: His critics
context: Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

qas: question: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
answers: text: plunder

question: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
answers: text: the Musée du Louvre

question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
answers: text: Pieter Geyl

question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
answers: text: Claude Ribbe

question: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?
answers: text: David G. Chandler
context: Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

qas: question: Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?
answers: text: Victor Davis Hanson

question: Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
answers: text: McLynn

question: Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?
answers: text: Vincent Cronin

question: How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
answers: text: 17

question: Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
answers: text: six million
context: Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

qas: question: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?
answers: text: propaganda

question: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?
answers: text: censorship

question: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
answers: text: France

question: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
answers: text: civilian
context: Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

qas: question: Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
answers: text: St. Helena

question: Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
answers: text: royal celebrations

question: Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
answers: text: the Bourbon regime

question: Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?
answers: text: rosettes
context: Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

qas: question: When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?
answers: text: the late 1880s

question: What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?
answers: text: 1893

question: What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?
answers: text: 1897

question: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?
answers: text: 1900

question: In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?
answers: text: 1913
context: Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

qas: question: After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?
answers: text: Napoleonic Code

question: Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?
answers: text: law

question: How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?
answers: text: favorable

question: Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?
answers: text: Russia

question: One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?
answers: text: serfdom
context: After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.

qas: question: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
answers: text: Germany

question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
answers: text: the Holy Roman Empire

question: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
answers: text: 300

question: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
answers: text: less than 50

question: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
answers: text: 15 million dollars
context: Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

qas: question: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
answers: text: Joséphine de Beauharnais

question: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
answers: text: 1796

question: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
answers: text: 26

question: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
answers: text: 32

question: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
answers: text: Rose
context: Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

qas: question: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
answers: text: Charles Léon

question: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
answers: text: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne

question: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
answers: text: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

question:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
answers: text: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype

question: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
answers: text: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld
context: Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.