Asphalt

qas: question: What is another term for asphalt?
answers: text: bitumen

question: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?
answers: text: Utah

question: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
answers: text: most

question: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
answers: text: 142,000 square kilometres

question: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
answers: text: oil refineries

question: Along with the state of Iowa, where else does asphalt occur in unconsolidated sandstones?

question: Comprised of four large deposits, in which province are most of the world's natural bitumen reserves located?

question: Where does most of the Canadian oil supply end up?

question: What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits?
context: Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370×10^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.

qas: question: What group initially made use of asphalt?
answers: text: indigenous peoples

question: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
answers: text: adhesive

question: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
answers: text: petroleum

question: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
answers: text: watertight

question: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
answers: text: canoes

question: The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World?

question: What group was the first to use shell beads?

question: What was used on shell beads to adhere gourds?

question: What was used on turtle shells to provide decorations?

question: What was used on turtle shells as a sealant?
context: The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.

qas: question: What is used asphalt turned back into?
answers: text: new pavement mixtures

question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
answers: text: 99%

question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
answers: text: 95%

question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
answers: text: maintenance

question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
answers: text: worn or damaged

question: Where can the removed surveys be returned for processing into new mixtures?

question: Where is the deactivated asphalt put back to use?

question: 99% percent of what are constructed by using asphalt?

question: How often does the Federal Asphalt Administration conduct surveys?

question: 99% of asphalt that is removed from road surfaces during what type of projects is reused for conducting industry surveys?
context: When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

qas: question: How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?
answers: text: five

question: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?
answers: text: crude oil

question: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?
answers: text: diesel fuel

question: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?
answers: text: Redwater, Alberta

question: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
answers: text: half

question: How many bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil in Edmonton?

question: When is the seventh upgrader scheduled to be under construction?

question: The sixth upgrader will upgrade two thirds of what?

question: The remainder of the output will be sold to Suncor Energy as what?

question: Where is the Shell Oil upgrader located?
context: In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.

qas: question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
answers: text: 150 °C

question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
answers: text: liquidity

question: What is the liquefied mixture called? 
answers: text: bitumen feedstock

question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
answers: text: engine exhaust

question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
answers: text: environmental

question: To retain liquidity, what is sometimes mixed in with engine exhaust?

question: Diesel oil or kerosene is often mixed into what to retain warmth? 

question: Due to what kind of concerns is diesel oil now used as a release agent?

question: Environmental concerns are the reason engine exhaust is no longer used as what?
context: Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

qas: question: What ancient group used bitumen extraction?
answers: text: Romans

question: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?
answers: text: 1868

question: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?
answers: text: Ottoman

question: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?
answers: text: 1912

question: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?
answers: text: 2001

question: The last known mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared in what year?

question: The Albanian Coquand published the first description of what?

question: When were the exploitation rights given to the Roman Empire? 

question: When did Simsa receive the industrial scale?

question: What was transferred to Simsa in 1917?
context: The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.

qas: question: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?
answers: text: late Middle English

question: From what language does asphalt initially come?
answers: text: Greek

question: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?
answers: text: asphalt/bitumen/pitch

question: What is the French term for natural asphalt?
answers: text: asphalte

question: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?
answers: text: wall

question: From where is the word limestone derived?

question: In Greek, what is the term asphalte used for?

question: According to who was bitumen brought to Greece to build a giant wall?

question: In what language is asphalte used for synthetically occurring bitumen soaked limestones?
context: The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt").

qas: question: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
answers: text: interchangeably

question: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
answers: text: United States

question: What is asphalt called outside of the US?
answers: text: bitumen

question: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
answers: text: Geologists

question: What is a naming term for asphalt?
answers: text: tar

question: The term asphalt is often preferred by who?

question: Tar is an archaic term for what?

question: Pitch and what other term are often used interchangeably?

question: Another way to say asphalt tar is to simply say what ?

question: What is the substance usually called outside of the La Brea Tar Pits?
context: The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

qas: question: From where does most asphalt come?
answers: text: petroleum

question: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
answers: text: once-living things

question: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
answers: text: above 50 °C

question: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?
answers: text: pressure

question: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?
answers: text: kerogen

question: Most of the petroleum used for commercial purposes is obtained from what?

question: Current living things are the source of what?

question: What product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and microscopic algae produce?

question: Besides pressure, what is required to form mud?

question: Besides heat, what is required to form Besides pressure, what is required to form mud??
context: The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.

qas: question: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
answers: text: Athabasca oil sands

question: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
answers: text: Northern Alberta

question: What formative period  produced bitumen?
answers: text: early Cretaceous

question: How old are the Athabasca deposits?
answers: text: 110 million years

question: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
answers: text: 80%

question: Located in the McMurray Formation, what is the smallest deposit of natural bitumen known as? 

question: Located in the Peace River, what is the largest deposit of natural bitumen known as? 

question: The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which river? 

question: The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which lake? 

question: What is the other 70% produced by? 
context: The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

qas: question: In what early technology was bitumen used?
answers: text: photographic

question: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
answers: text: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

question: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
answers: text: hours of exposure

question: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
answers: text: 1850s to the 1920s

question: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
answers: text: light

question: What was used in early photomechanical technology?

question: What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph?

question: Exposure to darkness did what to the bitumen and also made it insoluble? 

question: What did exposure to light harden and make soluble?

question: When did the Spanish scientist use bitumen to make a photograph from nature?
context: Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

qas: question: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
answers: text: 1834

question: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
answers: text: 25 November 1837

question: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
answers: text: France and Belgium

question: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
answers: text: mastic

question: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
answers: text: Samuel Ryland Phipson

question: In what year was Cassell's patent France or Belgium issued?

question: The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year?

question: On what day did Claridge's patent #5309 patent the use of Seyssel asphalt? 

question: In 1845 Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of what?

question: When was the second British patent for using bitumen issued?
context: The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.

qas: question: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
answers: text: 1870

question: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
answers: text: City Hall

question: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
answers: text: bituminous rock

question: From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
answers: text: Ritchie Mines

question: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
answers: text: waterproofing

question: Ever since 1773, roads in the United States have been paved with what?

question: What have been paved with asphalt since at least 1920?

question: What was Ritchie Mines used to waterproof during the 20th century?

question: When was New York's, Pennsylvania Avenue paved?

question: What was NJ City Hall used for during the early 20th century?
context: Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

qas: question: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
answers: text: 1838

question: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
answers: text: pools and baths

question: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
answers: text: damp proofing

question: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
answers: text: 1840s and 50s

question: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
answers: text: patents

question: In what year was asphalt used for things other than bathing?

question: In what places were asphalt used as soundproofing?

question: Why was asphalt used in the flooring of patents?

question: What were often granted in Britain, but denied in France?

question: What were often denied throughout France, Germany and England?
context: In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

qas: question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
answers: text: Sidney Ells

question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
answers: text: 1915

question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
answers: text: Dr. Karl A. Clark

question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
answers: text: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
answers: text: roofs

question: From when was the value of Dr. Clark's method obvious?

question: The means of implanting what were not obvious?

question: The largest fur trading post was in what town?

question: In what year did Karl Clark use bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton?

question: In what year did Sidney Ells use bitumen to pave 900 feet of road in Edmonton?
context: The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

qas: question: What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?
answers: text: extremely viscous

question: What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?
answers: text: modern oil refineries

question: Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?
answers: text: cost is lower

question: How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?
answers: text: 65%

question: What type of oils does Canadian bitumen differ substantially from?

question: Other than Mexican extra-heavy oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?

question: Other than Venezuelan-light oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?

question: What type of oils does American bitumen not differ substantially from?

question: In what areas is this uncommon?
context: Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210×10^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.

qas: question: What does mixing bitumen with water create?
answers: text: emulsion

question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?
answers: text: 70%

question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?
answers: text: cationic and anionic

question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?
answers: text: recycled

question: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?
answers: text: hot-mixed

question: What allows asphalt to be mixed at higher temperatures?

question: Up to 80% of asphalt emulsions is what?

question: Less than 5% of asphalt emulsions is comprised of what?

question: How many types of chipseals with different affinities are there?
context: A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

qas: question: Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?
answers: text: Alberta, Canada

question: How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?
answers: text: 140,000 square kilometres

question: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?
answers: text: second-largest

question: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?
answers: text: Athabasca oil sands

question: What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?
answers: text: 310 billion barrels

question: How much area does the smallest supply of natural bitumen, in Canada, cover?

question: Which country has the third-largest known oil preserves in the world?

question: Oil prices decreased after which year? 

question: By what year did Canadian oil sands production average 2.3 million barrels per day?

question: By what year did Athabascan crude asphalt/bitumen production average 2.3 million barrels per day?
context: Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.

qas: question: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?
answers: text: Roofing shingles

question: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?
answers: text: Japan black

question: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?
answers: text: weather resistance

question: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?
answers: text: permanence

question: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?
answers: text: alkaline batteries

question: What accounts for nearly all the remaining graffiti consumption?

question: Other uses of paint or ink include cattle sprays, fence- post treatments and what else?

question: Cattle sprays can be used to seal what type of batteries?

question: What lacquer is known for its use on paint and ink?

question: What lacquer is used to make the color lighter?
context: Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

qas: question: What language originated the word bitumen?
answers: text: Sanskrit

question: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
answers: text: pitch creating

question: To what English word does the Latin translate?
answers: text: pitch

question:  Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
answers: text: French

question: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
answers: text: mastix

question: Where did the expression "French" originate?

question: Where did the French expression "bitumen" originate?

question: What does the Anglo Saxon word Kitt mean?

question: What does the German word cwidu mean?

question: What does the Norse word kitt mean?
context: The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

qas: question: To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?
answers: text: coal tar

question: For what was coal tar used in road paving?
answers: text: binder

question: What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?
answers: text: tarmac

question: What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?
answers: text: natural gas

question: Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?
answers: text: bitumen

question: What is a blood orange color and sometimes confused with "coal tar"?

question: Which similar endothermic material is sometimes confused with asphalt? 

question: Which similar oil can asphalt be confused with?

question: Coal tar has totally overtaken the use of asphalt since which decade?

question: What was used as pitch for road aggregates?
context: Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.

qas: question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
answers: text: Pierre Belon

question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
answers: text: 1553

question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
answers: text: 1838

question: After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
answers: text: revolution of 1830

question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? 
answers: text: Place de la Concorde

question: In what year was the rise of Constantinople? 

question: In what year was the fall of Observations? 

question: In Observations, Monsieur d'Eyrinys described what?

question: In which year did an edition of Parisian Magazine cite an early use of asphalt in France? 

question: In which year did an edition of Mechanics Magazine cite an early use of asphalt in Spain? 
context: One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

qas: question: In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?
answers: text: 1838

question: From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?
answers: text: Pyrimont Seysell

question: What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? 
answers: text: British asphalt industry

question: In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?
answers: text: Whitehall

question: By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?
answers: text: two

question: For how many patents did Claridge seek extensions in 1822?

question: The Canterbury Patent Asphalte Company was established in what year?

question: Who's Patent Asphalte Company was established in 1988?

question: What were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway of Canterbury?
context: In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

qas: question: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?
answers: text: Canada

question: For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?
answers: text: canoes

question: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?
answers: text: Henry Kelsey

question:  For what trading company did Kelsey work?
answers: text: Hudson’s Bay Company

question: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?
answers: text: Alexander MacKenzie

question: Which country has North America's largest deposit of naturally occurring bitumen?

question: Canada is home to the world's smallest deposit of what?

question: Where is the world's smallest natural bitumen deposit located?

question: In what year did Athabasca see the oil sands? 

question: Alexander MacKenzie was a oil trader and saw the oil sands in what year?
context: Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

qas: question: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?
answers: text: 7–10%

question: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?
answers: text: 5%

question: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?
answers: text: waterproofing

question: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?
answers: text: 210 °C

question: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?
answers: text: 20 millimeters

question: What percentage of concrete is in mastic asphalt?

question: What is a type of impervious barrier that differs from dense graded asphalt?

question: Mastic asphalt is the same as dense graded asphalt because why?

question: Rolled asphalt concrete has contains around 7% what?

question: What is widely used in buildings for making asphalt waterproof?
context: Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

qas: question: What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?
answers: text: diluted

question: What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?
answers: text: dilbit

question: What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?
answers: text: synbit

question: What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?
answers: text: Western Canadian Select

question: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?
answers: text: refining

question: Because it's easy to move what through pipelines is non upgraded bitumen is usually diluted?

question: What is upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet international competition?

question: What is non-upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet national competition?

question: The bitter and light crude oil mix is designed to competed with what types of oils?

question: The sour and heavy crude oil mix is designed to competed with what types of benchmarks?
context: Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.

qas: question: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?
answers: text: meteorites

question: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?
answers: text: living material

question: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?
answers: text: plants and animals

question: What feature originally covered Alberta?
answers: text: ocean

question: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?
answers: text: 50 to 150 °C

question: Bitumen is similar to inorganic matter in what type of meteorites?

question: Bitumen varies greatly from organic matter found in what type of meteorites? 

question: Thousands of years ago an ancient ocean covered which area?

question: How many years ago were the Rocky Mountains covered in an ancient ocean?

question: How many years ago did the Rocky Mountains arise in northeastern Alberta?
context: Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

qas: question: What component is added to bitumen to improve it?
answers: text: Selenizza

question: To what other paving material is Selenizza added?
answers: text: mastic asphalts

question: What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?
answers: text: fluid additives

question: In what form is Selenizza offered?
answers: text: granular

question: How is Selenizza shipped?
answers: text: bags

question: What is mostly used as an additive in constructing recycling rings?

question: What is available in powder or fluid form and offered in various particle sizes?

question: What is Selenizza mixed with to improve resistance to bridges?

question: What is Selenizza mixed with to worsen viscoelastic properties?

question: What may be mixed with cold bitumen in tanks?
context: Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.

qas: question: To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?
answers: text: mixture

question: What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?
answers: text: tarmac

question: When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?
answers: text: asphaltum

question: With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?
answers: text: 'asphalt

question: What is the geological term for asphalt?
answers: text: Bitumen

question: What is the shortened form of asphalt tarmac?

question: Bitumen is often used as a generic word for roof shingles in which language?

question: in which industry is concentrated bitumen known as dilbit?

question: Which is the preferred geographical term for natural deposits?

question: What type of rock forms from limestone mixed with bitumen?
context: In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

qas: question: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
answers: text: Bitumen

question: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
answers: text: solidifies

question: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
answers: text: deterioration

question: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
answers: text: Théodore Géricault's

question: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  
answers: text: unstable

question: What was the nemesis of many singers during the 19th century?

question: What was the nemesis of many artists during the 21th century?

question: Bitumen proved stable for use in what type of painting?

question: Bitumen will always fully solidify when what?

question: What is an example of the destructiveness of linseed oil?
context: Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

qas: question: Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?
answers: text: Clarmac

question: When did Claridge's company liquidate?
answers: text: 1915

question: What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?
answers: text: First World War

question: What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?
answers: text: Clarmac Roads Ltd

question: What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?
answers: text: substantial amount

question: In what year was the liquidation of the Patent Clarmac Company?

question: Which company's failure had a flow-over effect on the First World War?

question: What did the Second World War do?

question: What happened to the Clarmac Company in 1917?

question: What happened to Claridge's Company in 1915?
context: In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.

qas: question: What is the biggest use of asphalt?
answers: text: road surfaces

question: How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?
answers: text: 85%

question: How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?
answers: text: 5%

question: What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?
answers: text: 95%

question: How many concrete plants are in the US?
answers: text: 4,000

question: Accounting for nearly 75% of asphalt consumption, what is the largest use of asphalt for?

question: What percentage of bitumen consumption in Europe makes up that used for concrete road surfaces?

question: What must happen to plants so they can be mixed with aggregates?

question: What must be cooled so it can mix with aggregates?

question: Europe has 0 asphalt concrete mixing plants and the United States has how many?
context: The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe.

qas: question: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?
answers: text: syncrude

question: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?
answers: text: upgrading facility

question: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?
answers: text: Dr. Karl Clark

question: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?
answers: text: 1920s

question: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?
answers: text: 1 million barrels

question: What is also known as synClark oil?

question: What type of oil is also known as suncryde?

question: A cold water process is used to extract what from sand?

question: A cold water process is used when extracting bitumen from what?

question: What process did Dr. Karl Clark develop at the University of Canada in 1935?
context: Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

qas: question: How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?
answers: text: 40,000,000

question: What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?
answers: text: 500 °C

question: What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?
answers: text: Vacuum distillation

question: What is the process used to harden the asphalt?
answers: text: blowing

question: In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?
answers: text: de-asphalting

question: How many tons were produced in 1927?

question: About 30,000,000 tons were produced in what year?

question: What is material with a boiling point over 200 degrees Celsius considered?

question: Asphalt is considered material with a freezing point below how many degrees?

question: Which step makes the product less viscous and softer?
context: About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.

qas: question: To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?
answers: text: Selenice, in Albania

question: What is it about the mine that is unusual?
answers: text: still in use

question: In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? 
answers: text: rock asphalt

question: What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?
answers: text: 83% to 92%

question: How is the rock asphalt mainly found?
answers: text: veins

question: The soluble matter consists mainly of silica ore and ranges from what percentage?

question: What type of matter ranges from 7% to 20%?

question: The veins are found in the form of what?

question: What content varies from 80% to 93%?
context: Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 °C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.

qas: question: By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?
answers: text: fumes or skin

question: What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?
answers: text: 5 mg/m3

question: How must asphalt be treated to be workable?
answers: text: heated or diluted

question: At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?
answers: text: greater than 199 °C

question: What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?
answers: text: temperature

question: How can people be exposed to low temperatures while at work?

question: Temperatures higher than 300 degrees Celsius where shown to do what?

question: What is the REL set by the National Institute for Research on Cancer?

question: What is the acronym for the International Agency for Research on Carcinogenic hazards?
context: People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 °C (390 °F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.