Heresy

qas: question: What is heresy mainly at odds with?
answers: text: established beliefs or customs

question: What is a person called is practicing heresy?
answers: text: A heretic

question: What is belief in a strongly held custom?

question: Who is a person who believes in a strongly held custom?

question: What is the term for embracing ones religion?

question: What is an utterance or action concerning God?
context: Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.

qas: question: What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
answers: text: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism

question: Blasphemy is the acceptance of what teachings?

question: What religions no longer recognize blasphamy?
context: The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

qas: question: What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?
answers: text: Christian, Islamic and Jewish

question: What religions believe new ideas is punishable?

question: What is the punishment for disagreeing with the church?

question: What punishment is nolonger used for heretics?
context: In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

qas: question: What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
answers: text: Greek

question: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
answers: text: slightly different

question: What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
answers: text: heresiarch

question: What is the study of heresy?
answers: text: Heresiology

question: What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
answers: text: "choice" or "thing chosen"

question: What does heresey mean in Latin?

question: What is the term for the process by wich a person learns to live a religious life?

question: What three religions have the same meaning for heresy?

question: Whhat is the sudy of how to live?
context: The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

qas: question: How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?
answers: text: two times

question: What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?
answers: text: divisive person

question: What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?
answers: text: sound

question: How many times should you punish a divisive person before seperating from them?

question: What was another name for a diversive person in the Greek church?

question: What do all diversive people promote?

question: What word describes orthodox teaching?
context: According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.

qas: question: What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
answers: text: Jews and Judaism

question: What religion were these Fathers of the Church?
answers: text: Orthodox Christianity

question: Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?
answers: text: Tertullian

question: Who identified Christians with heresey?

question: Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews?

question: Who did Tertullian say were the most heretical people?

question: Who offered guidence to early Christians?
context: The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".

qas: question: Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?
answers: text: Irenaeus

question: What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?
answers: text: orthodox

question: What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?
answers: text: apostolic succession

question: Who was the first person to use the word heresy?

question: What did Irenaeus write in the 200's?

question: Who wrote about their opponents in the 200's

question: Who used the word Orthodox to describe Gnostic teachings?

question: What succession was first pointed out by Irenaeus?
context: The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

qas: question: Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
answers: text: Constantine the Great

question: What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
answers: text: Edict of Milan

question: What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
answers: text: Pontifex Maximus

question: What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
answers: text: the ecumenical councils

question: Who was the first Roman babtized?

question: What was Licinius intolerant of?

question: What Edict established freedom of religion in Rome?

question: Who was high priest according to Christian tradition?

question: What council was first held by Arius?
context: Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.

qas: question: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
answers: text: AD 380

question: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
answers: text: Thessalonica of Theodosius I

question: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
answers: text: state-sponsored support

question: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
answers: text: state powers of legal enforcement

question: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
answers: text: death sentence

question: In what context was the word hersey first ussed in the 3rd century?

question: What edict was passed in the 3rd century?

question: What was made the official State religion in the 3rd century?

question: What did the edict give the state authority over?

question: What did the edict give the state the authority to do?
context: The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

qas: question: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?
answers: text: Priscillian

question: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?
answers: text: excommunicated

question: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?
answers: text: Catholics

question: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?
answers: text: Cayetano Ripoll

question: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?
answers: text: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter

question: For how many years was heresy an official crime?

question: Who was put to death for socery in the 3rd century?

question: Who excommunicated Priscillian?

question: Who was executed for heresey in the 18th century?

question: Who said Peter was the first to use the word heretical?
context: Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

qas: question: What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
answers: text: obstinate and willful manifest heresy

question: What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
answers: text: The Codex Justinianus

question: What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
answers: text: Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism

question: What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
answers: text: Paulicians

question: What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
answers: text: Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars

question: What is considered a reason to cut someone off from the church?

question: When did the Church stop dealing harshly with heritics?

question: What sect was spreading west from the 1100's-1200's?

question: What happened in northern Italy during the 1100's?
context: In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

qas: question: In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?
answers: text: France

question: What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?
answers: text: The Cathar Crusade

question: What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?
answers: text: Heresy

question: What happened in Spain that led to more heresey?

question: What heresey spread to France?

question: What fight did the Cathar lead against the Catholic Church?

question: What wars helped spread hereseies?
context: In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.

qas: question: Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?
answers: text: Galileo Galilei

question: What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?
answers: text: the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe

question: Who refused to change their views before the Inquisistion?

question: Who found Galileo guilty of heresy?

question: Who was required to renounce that the earth was the center of the universe?

question: What did the church say could be probale if declare contrary to Holy Scripture??
context: Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.

qas: question: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
answers: text: Pope St. Gregory

question: What were the Jews described as enemies of?
answers: text: Christ

question: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
answers: text: Jewish

question: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
answers: text: Roman-Christian law

question: What pope defended Judaism and the Jewish people?

question: Who described Christ as the enemy of the Jews?

question: What did Pope St. Gregory call all Jewish teachings?

question: Who did Roman law indentify as heretics?
context: Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

qas: question: What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?
answers: text: Eastern Christianity

question: After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?
answers: text: Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation

question: What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?
answers: text: Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm

question: Who decides if a belief is heretical in the Eastern Church?

question: What reformation was caused by various heretical groups?

question: What early Christian beliefs does the Orthodox church not see as heresies?

question: What caused the Great Schism?
context: In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.

qas: question: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
answers: text: "On the Jews and Their Lies"

question: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
answers: text: blasphemous

question: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
answers: text: Jewish circumcision

question: What did Martin Luther write in the 15th century?

question: What did Luther call Orthodox prayer?

question: Who called the popes heratics?

question: Who felt Jewish circumcision was spiritual?
context: In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

qas: question: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
answers: text: European Reformation

question: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
answers: text: Henry VIII

question: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
answers: text: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher

question: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
answers: text: Edward VI

question: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
answers: text: 1612

question: What rformation took place in the 1600's

question: During who's reign were Catholics executed as heretics?

question: Who executed Protestants on political grounds?

question: What protestants were executed for not recognizing the kings supremecy?

question: Who repealed the heresey laws in the 15th century?
context: In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

qas: question: During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?
answers: text: 1659, 1660, and 1661

question: Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?
answers: text: Anglican Puritans

question: What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?
answers: text: purer absolute theocracy

question: What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?
answers: text: Quaker sect

question: Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?
answers: text: Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox

question: Who was executed in the 16th entury?

question: Who held political and religious control of the American colonies?

question: What where the Quakers trying to achieve in the colonies?

question: What communions also considered the Quakers heretical?
context: Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

qas: question: What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
answers: text: 1826

question: Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
answers: text: Cayetano Ripoll

question: What ended in the 18th century?

question: Who was the last Catholic executed?
context: The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.

qas: question: Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?
answers: text: Christian

question: Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?
answers: text: Protestant

question: What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?
answers: text: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

question: What charge is just as common in modern times?

question: What churches have issues with modern bibles>

question: Who criticizes writing for being heretical?
context: Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

qas: question: What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
answers: text: Spanish inquisition

question: Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?
answers: text: Jorge Luis Borges

question: What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
answers: text: Christian heresy

question: What event has made the word heresy common?

question: What do Christian heretics question?

question: Who wrote about heresey in the Christian church?

question: What word has many modern meanings?
context: Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.

qas: question: What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?
answers: text: Shia Qizilbash

question: What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?
answers: text: 70

question: Who considered Christians more heretical than Shiite?

question: Who killed 70 Christians?

question: How many Christians needed to be killed to get an otherworldly reward?
context: Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."

qas: question: What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?
answers: text: Sharia law

question: What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?
answers: text: Salman Rushdie

question: What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical?

question: What is only punisable by death where Sharia law is practiced?

question: What country declare Sharia law in 1989?
context: In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.

qas: question: What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?
answers: text: heretical

question: What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?
answers: text: right-wing groups

question: Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?
answers: text: The liberal wing

question: Who denounces the teachings of Maimonides?

question: Who considers traditional jewish principles heretical?

question: Who doeas Conservative Judaism concider heretical?

question: What overlaps in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism?
context: Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

qas: question: What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
answers: text: squirreling

question: What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
answers: text: The Religious Technology Center

question: Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical?

question: Who accuses the Curch of Scientology of squirrelling?

question: What organization has started several breakaway groups?
context: The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

qas: question: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
answers: text: innovation

question: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
answers: text: an abstraction

question: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
answers: text: endoheretics

question: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
answers: text: orthodoxy

question: What term always has negatie overtones?

question: Who did not believe in heresy?

question: Who is not well equipped to deal with endoherectics?

question: Who is powerless against endoheretics?
context: In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

qas: question: What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?
answers: text: The Dinosaur Heresies

question: What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?
answers: text: the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough

question: What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?
answers: text: Jurassic Park

question: What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?
answers: text: active poses

question: What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?
answers: text: endoheretic

question: Who is a modern example of an exoheretic?

question: What film did Bakker base his book off of?

question: What did Bakker criticize the paleontology community for spenting fifty years testing?

question: What did Bakker see as destabalizing?
context: The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.

qas: question: What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
answers: text: exoheretic

question: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
answers: text: scientific journals

question: What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
answers: text: extinction event and punctuated equilibrium

question: Who is a recent scientific endoheretic?

question: What did Velikovsky publish in?

question: What ideas of Velvovsky are in disrepute?

question: Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today?
context: Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

qas: question: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?
answers: text: an established orthodoxy

question: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
answers: text: metaphors

question: What does orthodoxy depend on?

question: What term expands the definition of religion?

question: What points out the similarities between an individuals beliefs and mainstream beliefs?
context: The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.