AbstractCarolina bays are elliptic, directionally aligned basins of disputed origin that occur on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from the Delmarva Peninsula to southern Georgia. In southeastern North Carolina, several large, natural, lacustrine systems  exist within the geomorphological features known as Carolina bays. Within the current distribution of Carolina bays, Bladen and Columbus counties (North Carolina) contain the only known examples of Carolina bay lakes. The Carolina bay lakes can be split into two major divisions, the “Bladen Lakes Group” which is characterized as being relatively unproductive (dystrophic – oligotrophic), and Lake Waccamaw, which stands alone in Columbus County and is known for its high productivity and species richness. Although there have been several studies conducted on these unique lentic systems, none have documented the flora comprehensively.Cyperaceae (25 spp.), Poaceae (21 spp.), Asteraceae (13 spp.), Ericaceae (8 spp.), Juncaceae (8 spp.), and Lentibulariaceae (6 spp.) were the six most species-rich vascular plant families encountered. A guide to the littoral zone flora of Carolina bay lakes is presented herein, including dichotomous keys, species accounts , as well as images of living species and vouchered specimens.Over the 2013−2014 growing seasons, the littoral zone flora of Carolina bay lakes was surveyed and vouchered. Literature reviews and herbarium crawls complemented this fieldwork to produce an inventory of the vascular plant species. This survey detected 205 taxa (species/subspecies and varieties) in 136 genera and 80 vascular plant families. Thirty-one species (15.2%) are of conservation concern. Lake Waccamaw exhibited the highest species richness with 145 catalogued taxa and 26 species of conservation concern. Across all sites, the  Carolina bays are shallow elliptical depressions of disputed origin aligned in a northwest-southeast direction on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the eastern United States from the Delmarva Peninsula to southern Georgia . In soutAlthough there have been several studies conducted on these unique lentic (freshwater) systems , none haA narrow time frame exists to study the few remaining natural freshwater systems not affected by severe degradation. Lake Ecosystems and Abiotic FactorsCatchment Areacatchment areas. A catchment area can also be referred to as a watershed or drainage basin, which is simply the zone of land surrounding a lake that drains precipitation into the lake basin  exhibit physical and chemical characteristics unique to the soils, vegetation, and land use activities present on immediately surrounding lands; thus, no two lakes are exactly the same . All lakke basin . The areke basin . Large cke basin .Water ColorThe observed color of natural lake waters is caused by the selective absorption of wavelengths as light penetrates through the water column . OrganicTrophic statusdystrophic. Dystrophic lakes have low productivity and are often acidic due to large quantities of allochthonous humic input.Trophic status refers to the rate at which organic matter is supplied by or transported into a lake. Humic substances are the most common component in allochthonous organic matter; consequently, wetlands that receive the bulk of their organic matter from allochthonous sources  are heavily “tea-stained” and are commonly referred to in the southeastern United States as “black water” lakes, streams, rivers, ponds. Lakes receiving the majority of their organic matter from allochthonous sources have been given the term Oligotrophic lakes experience low productivity associated with autochthonous carbon production and low levels of phosphorous and nitrogen. Eutrophic lakes experience high productivity associated with autochthonous production and high levels of phosphorous and nitrogen.Phosphorous is limiting in freshwater systems and is therefore a useful determinant for production. Phosphorous concentrations are easier to quantify than carbon content and production, and, as a result, trophic status is often classified based on phosphorous content . OligotrpH+; 2) into the atmosphere. As weather systems make their way across North America from west to east, they pick up this sulfur dioxide (SO2) and deposit it across the landscape in the form of precipitation . The cumulative effects of acid rain deposition on both terrestrial and aquatic systems is known to be most severe in the eastern United States; this is due to the region's geographic location in relation to broad-scale weather paterns and industries emitting sulfur dioxides  in the water column. When CO2 is taken up and stored by aquatic macrophytes, phytoplankton, and algae during photosynthesis, free hydrogen ions (H+) are neutralized or taken up by carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides, causing a reduction in H+ and thus a higher pH. Respiration adds CO2 into the system, thus releasing free H+ into the water column and lowering the pH , whereas lakes with high alkalinities can withstand the addition of acid (H+) into their systems without proportional drops in pH . It is now used synonymously with acid neutralizing capacity ANC; . Today, Wetzel 2001ps in pH .+) from lakes, thus neutralizing their acidity . Lake Waccamaw, the largest Carolina bay lake, has a high alkalinity  Sarg. , and Gordonialasianthus (L.) J. Ellis . Traditionally, the term “bay” tree has been used when speaking of the laurel trees within the Lauraceae family. While Perseapalustris may be properly referred to as a “bay” tree, Gordonialasianthus and Magnoliavirginiana may not (sensu stricto), hence their common names being one word . Gordonialasianthus and Magnoliavirginiana bear a noticeable morphological resemblence to the laurels of the Lauraceae; thus, they are generally referred to as “bay” trees (sensu lato). North of Virginia, these mysterious landscape features are referred to as Delmarva potholes, bays, or basins . The inability to agree upon a clear-cut definition and universal name for these unique geological features has caused some discrepancy among estimates of bay numbers (Lide 1997).The term 2  of unaltered pocosins were drained for other land uses between 1962 and 1979; and ca. 3,700 km2  of unaltered pocosins remained in North Carolina in 1980. Based on the presence of wetland soils , North Pinustaeda L. (loblolly pine) plantations, cropland, and open lakes (Carolina bay lakes).Geographic location, soil depth, soil type, surrounding land use, varying hydrology, and fire regimes interact to create vastly different vegetative and wetland assemblages within Carolina bays. Taxodium and an herbaceous understory composed mostly of herbaceous taxa). However, clay-based bays do share some of the classical Carolina bay morphology features  with peat-based Carolina bays.Carolina bays can be divided into two classes based on soil substrate: clay-based bays and peat-based bays. The vast majority of Carolina bay literature has referenced peat-based bays, frequently using terms such as “pocosin” or “evergreen shrub bog” to describe the vegetation growing over deep organic soils. However, there are about 27 bays (as of 1982) located in the Carolinas that contain clay subsoil not overlain with sand or peat . These cClay-based bays are species-rich communities, often supporting rare taxa within their boundaries . Clay-baunaltered bays in the state (the county is fourth densest for bays in any condition). The majority of the bays in Bladen County are found in the Cape Fear River Valley, between the Cape Fear River and the South and Black Rivers. All of these bays are considered peat-based bays. Among extent Carolina bay lakes, all but one occur in Bladen County.Bladen County, North Carolina, is well-known for its many Carolina bays. pocosin originated as an eastern Algonquian term meaning “swamp-on-a-hill” , ericaceous shrubs  Moench, Eubotrysracemosa (L.) Nutt., Kalmia L., Lyonia Nutt., Rhododendron L., Vaccinium L., Zenobiapulverulenta (W. Bartram ex Willd.) Pollard), and several other species well-associated with nutrient-poor soils  Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Nyssabiflora Walter, Pinusserotina, and Smilaxlaurifolia L.).Several Carolina bays in southeastern North Carolina contain large  natural lakes within their elliptic boundaries , therebybay Fig. . The norNine Carolina bay lakes  are known to exist within the known distribution of Carolina bays. All nine lakes occur in Bladen and Columbus counties, North Carolina ; Fig. 3.lakes. There is no universally accepted technical definition that distinguishes a lake from a pond  Supralittoral zone: The zone that lies entirely above the lake surface and is influenced by the spray of the surf.(2) Eulittoral zone: The zone encompassing the entire region of the shoreline from the highest and lowest seasonal water levels. This zone experiences natural disturbances such as water level fluctuations and wave dynamics.(3) Infralittoral zone: This zone is subdivided into three zones in relation to the occurrence and distribution of the major classes of aquatic macrophytes: upper infralittoral zone where emergent rooted macrophytes persist; middle infralittoral zone where floating-leaved rooted macrophytes occur; and lower infralittoral zone where submersed-rooted, adnate, or free-floating macrophytes occur. The eulittoral and infralittoral zones collectively constitute the littoral zone.(4) Littoriprofundal zone: The zone occupied by photosynthetic algae and bacteria, often associated with the metalimnion  of stratified lakes.(5) Profundal zone: The zone that consists of the remainder of the vegetation free sediments.(6) The Littoral ZoneThe littoral zone of lakes  is an important transition zone between adjacent uplands and the deeper pelagic area of the lake. This zone contains vascular macrophytes  that have evolved from their terrestrial ancestors to cope with the physical and physiological demands of persisting in an aquatic environment . The vasAquatic Macrophytes  species may also be emergent. Examples of genera that may be grouped in this category include Carex L.c, Cephalanthus L.c, Cladium P. Brownec, Juncus L.c, Panicum L.c, Pontederia L.c, Rhynchospora Vahlc, Scirpus L.c, and Typha L.(1) Floating-leaved macrophytes: Species rooted in the substratum with floating leaves attached to long flexible petioles or on short petioles attached to an ascending stem.(2) Brasenia Schreb.c, Nelumbo Adans.c, Nuphar Sm.c, Nymphaea L.c, Nymphoides Ség.c, and Potamogeton Lc.Submersed leaves precede the floating leaves in heterophyllous species. Reproductive organs remain atop or above the water surface. Examples of genera grouped into this category include Submersed macrophytes: Species that remain completely submersed in the water column, but are rooted to the substratum. Leaf morphology is highly variable in this group, from finely dissected to very broad, and reproductive organs may be emersed, floating, or submersed. Examples of genera included in this group are Ceratophyllum L., Isoetes L., and Myriophyllum Lc.(3) Freely floating macrophytes: Species that remain unattached to the substratum and are completely dependent upon the nutrients in the water column for survival. Reproductive organs may be floating or aerial. Examples of genera include Azolla Lam., Eichhornia Kunth, Hydrocharis L., Limnobium Rich., Trapa L., and Utricularia Lc.(4) Factors affecting Aquatic Macrophyte Richness in LakesLatitudeIt is well known that generally the number of species occuring at the equator greatly exceeds that of the temperate and northern latitudes . AlthougpH and AlkalinityPeat-based Carolina bays are known to have acidic (< 7 pH), nutrient poor, organic soils . In manyWater ColorWaters with increased levels of humic substances are typically, dystrophic, acidic, and tea-stained. Tea-stained waters are not as transparent as lakes with low humic substances, thus humic lakes have a shallow euphotic zone and a narrow littoral zone, reducing the abundance and depth at which aquatic macrophytes may grow . VestergHydrographyLake SizeAs a general rule, species richness usually increases with increasing area . FindlayWater Level Variation, Disturbance, and Soil FertilityShorelines exposed to frequent disturbances typically have silt and clay stripped from them; and consequently, contain few nutrients. Sheltered shorelines receive clay and silt deposits and therefore contain a higher nutrient content. Foreshores will have a distinct vegetative community characterized as having low biomass and rare species, while backshores (bays or backwater areas sheltered from disturbance) will support a higher biomass community composed of a few clonal dominants . MacrophBakers LakeBakers Lake  is a small, privately owned, Carolina bay lake, located in northwestern Bladen County between Little Singletary Lake and the Cape Fear River north of Thoroughfare Bay, ca. 1.5−2 miles east of the intersection of SR 1318 (Old River Road) and SR 1320  since 1980. Prior to the Johnson’s ownership, Agnes Holden Williams owned the lake and surrounding lands. Ms. Williams’ father acquired the land from an unknown seller during the early 20Anhinga .Bakers Lake forms the headwaters of Phillips Creek, which drains southward into the Cape Fear River. Bakers Lake Natural Area  is known to support five natural community types , Peatland Atlantic White Cedar Forest , Low Pocosin – Gallberry/Fetterbush Subtype , Sand Barren – Typic Subtype , and Natural Lake Shoreline – Cypress Subtype S2,G3; . Bakers Anthropogenic disturbances , fire supression, and rural residential development) have either been documented on site or on adjacent properties  and the chemistry is likely similar to that of the other Bladen lakes. The lake is here considered dystrophic and relatively unproductive.Bay Tree LakeBay Tree Lake  is a large, state-owned Carolina bay lake, located in east-central Bladen County along NC Hwy 41 east of White Lake and west of NC Hwy 210. Bay Tree Lake is part of Bay Tree Lake State Park, a 1,006.85 hectare  park that includes Bay Tree Lake bay and large parcels of land lying to the north and west of Bay Tree Lake Fig. .Gomphusaustralis [Clearlake Clubtail], Gomphuscavillarisbrimleyi [Brimley’s “Sandhill” Clubtail], and Progomphusbellei [Belle’s Sanddragon]) that utilize the lake throughout their life cycle.The North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation in 1911 confirming the status of Bay Tree Lake as a state-owned public trust resource . HistoriIn January 1965, a private land development group had the option to purchase 5,665.59 hectares  of land surrounding Bay Tree Lake with the intent of creating an inland resort community . Later tThe purpose of the drainage project was to release tannic, tea-colored, waters from the lake and divert all incoming tannic waters from a northerly adjacent swamp to below the outflow channel. Drainage of the lake was completed in the winter of 1966. The lake remained dry for 5 years while developers removed debris and peat deposits and imported large quantities of white sand, which would later be distributed around the entirety of the lakeshore. In 1970, the lakes outflow channel was plugged and the lake began to refill . After tBay Tree Lake State Park contains five natural community types . Much of the land surounding Bay Tree Lake State Park has been cleared for agriculture (particularly blueberry farms) and has limited the landscape connectivity between it and other intact natural areas. Several bay complexes occur in the immediate vicinity of Bay Tree Lake including Beagle Bay, Black Creek Bay, Causeway Bay, Cooley Bay, Horsepen Bay , Floodgate Bay, Kelso Bay, and Spring Bay. A residential resort community is located along the north and east shorelines of the lake. The boundaries of this community have continued to extend around the east and southeast shorelines. Residential development, agricultural expansion, severe offroad vehicle use, and fire supression are the primary threats to biological diversity within and around Bay Tree Lake State Park (N. Howell pers. obs.). Available water quality parameters for Bay Tree Lake are provided in Table Horseshoe LakeHorseshoe Lake  is an irregularly shaped Carolina bay lake located in northern Bladen County south of Bushy Lake State Natural Area, east of Little Singletary Lake, north of SR 1325 (Gum Springs Rd), and west of SR 1002 (Old Fayetteville Rd). Horseshoe Lake is one of two Carolina bay lakes within Suggs Mill Pond Game Land  parcel was donated to the NCWRC from Canal Woods Industries. Thereafter, much of the remaining property was purchased from Canal Woods. The fact that Horseshoe Lake and Little Singletary lake were not owned by the state of North Carolina until the mid-1990s suggests that these lakes were involved in a similar ownership situation as Bakers Lake  in size be released to the state of North Carolina). Suggs Mill Pond Game Land is one of four North Carolina game lands enrolled in the Cooperative Upland habitat Restoration and Enhancement program (CURE), where management for early successional habitat is the top priority . Traditith or early 20th centuries. Horseshoe Lake was formed subsequent to the dam installation, as water levels began to rise into the peat-filled Carolina bay. Today, it is best described as a semi-permanent impoundment; however, the presence of floating bogs within the lake makes it unique from other semi-permanent impoundments in North Carolina. Parts of the lake support patches of the rare floating bog community (the largest extent known from the state), which is dominated by sedges, orchids, carnivorous plants, and ericaceous shrubs. Other portions comprise the Coastal Plain Semipermanent Impoundment community, which is characterized by open water, dominated by floating-leaved macrophytes, and a sparse overstory of Taxodiumascendens Brongn.The largest bay on site contains a horsehoe-shaped artificial impoundment (Horseshoe Lake). Horseshoe Lake forms the headwaters of Ellis Creek, which drains southwest to the Cape Fear River. Although an old milldam currently maintains Horseshoe Lake, it is thought that a smaller body of open water may have been present prior to the dam’s installation in the late 19Chamaecyparisthyoides, Nyssabiflora, and Taxodiumascendens, while others contain a strictly herbaceous component. Exposed portions of peat can be seen around the peripheries of some bogs; here, Droseraintermedia Hayne, Eleocharisbaldwinii (Torr.) Chapm. E.vivipara/ Link, Pogoniaophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawl, Utriculariastriata Leconte ex Torr., Utriculariapurpurea Walter, and other small-statured herbaceous plants can be seen colonizing the apparently young peat formations. Isolated floating bogs  of varying size show a consistent zonation pattern. Small statured herbaceous taxa colonize the outer periphery and are slowly replaced by larger herbaceous taxa  Britton, Hypericumvirginicum L., Rhexianashii Small, Rhynchosporaalba (L.) Vahl, Rhynchosporainundata (Oakes) Fernald, Xyrisfimbriata Elliott, and Xyrissmalliana Nash) and woody species  Elliott, Nyssabiflora, and Taxodiumascendens) when moving toward the center. Thus, a dome-shaped appearance is typically seen.The floating bog community type is quite unique. Manifestations of this community type occur just above the water surface and range in size from ca. 10 × 10 m to a few hectares in size . Some bogs may contain well-developed herbaceous vegetation in addition to small  trees of Droseraintermedia, Dulichiumarundinaceum, Eleocharis R. Br. spp., Hypericumvirginicum, Nymphaeaodorata W.T. Aiton, Rhynchosporaalba, and Utricularia spp.  Griseb., Bidenslaevis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Boehmeriacylindrica (L.) Sw., Habenariarepens, Hydrocotyleranunculoides L.f., Persicariaglabra (Willd.) M. Gómez, and Sacciolepisstriata (L.) Nash, (2) the cat-tail/shrub zone: Kosteletzkyapentacarpos (L.) Ledeb., Typhalatifolia L., and Salixnigra Marshall, and (3) the main body: Acerrubrum, Apiosamericana Medik., Decodonverticillatus, Mikaniascandens (L.) Willd., PanicumvirgatumL.var.virgatum, Perseapalustris, Rubus L. spp., and Taxodiumdistichum (L.) Rich.A separate but similar case of floating vegetation mats, forming as a result of dam installation, has been observed at Goose Creek Reservoir in South Carolina . In 1933Ceratophyllumdemersum L., Cyperuspapyrus L., Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.) Solms, Phragmiteskarka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Typhadomingensis Pers., Vossiacuspidata (Roxb.) Griff. A complete checklist of the vascular plants collected from this vegetative study can be found in the attached appendix of The floating “sudd” vegetation of the upper Nile River is also somewhat similar, forming large floating mats of marsh vegetation both along the margins and within the river. Eleven natural community types exist within Suggs Mill Pond Game Land, but the low and high pocosin communities are dominant, comprising 48%  of the site . Lakes aJones LakeJones Lake  is one of two dystrophic Carolina bay lakes located within Jones Lake State Park  in North Carolina . Lake Wath century, an unknown young man traveled through Columbus County on his way from north Georgia and, upon seeing Lake Waccamaw, described it as “the most pleasantest place that ever I saw in my life. It is at least eighteen miles round, surrounded with exceeding good land, as oak of all sorts, hickory and fine cypress swamps”  G.C. Tucker, Oldenlandiaboscii (DC.) Chapm., Rhynchosporadecurrens Chapm., and Sabatiakennedyana Fernald) and animal taxa . Tea-stained waters from Friar Swamp are delivered into northeast Lake Waccamaw via Big Creek, the largest of several creeks draining into the lake from Friar Swamp. Lake Waccamaw forms the headwaters of the Waccamaw River, a species-rich river system known to support several rare plant  and loblolly pine plantations (south of the lake). A small portion of Lake Waccamaw’s bay is still present on the northern end.Adiantumcapillus-veneris L.) in the state.The Coastal Plain Marl Outcrop occurs along a roughly 394 m  stretch of northern shoreline and is characterized by having vertical and overhanging low cliffs in the supralittoral zone of the lake. Portions of these cliffs are submerged in the upper eulittoral zone, but local residents privately own terrestrial portions. This marl community is known for supporting the only naturally occuring population of Venus hair fern  to just south of Big Creek. These shorelines support the globally rare Natural Lake Shoreline Marsh (Lake Waccamaw Pondlily Subtype) community. Undeveloped shorelines  occur from just south of Big Creek to the lake’s outlet. Historically, Lake Waccamaw experienced wide-ranging water level fluctuations determined by precipitation. In 1925, a poorly constructed dam was built at the lakes outlet in an effort to stabilize lake levels for increased recreational use. Before construction began, lake levels were so low that vehicles could be driven to the construction site on the dried lake bed .The physical and hydrographic nature of Lake Waccamaw’s shoreline also differs from the other bay lakes. Lake Waccamaw’s shoreline is sandy around its entire periphery , whereasA broad, sandy, terrace (lacking in Bladen lakes) is also present along the southeast shoreline of Lake Waccamaw Fig. . This shFunduluswaccamawensis (Waccamaw Killfish), is found only in waters within and adjacent to Lake Waccamaw and Lake Phelps . Six other faunal taxa known to be rare but not endemic also occur within or adjacent to the lake. Available water quality parameters for Lake Waccamaw are provided in Table The buffering effect of subsurface and surficial limestone on the naturally acidic waters of Lake Waccamaw result in an unusually diverse fauna. Lake Waccamaw contains the largest number of endemic animal species  of any site in North Carolina . An addiLittle Singletary LakeLittle Singletary Lake  is located in the western half of Suggs Mill Pond Game Land Fig. . Unlike th, had burned over 2,023 hectares  of Carolina bay and pocosin habitat, much of which surrounded Little Singletary Lake. During growing seasons of extreme drought, water levels have been known to recede low enough to reveal a clean sandy lake bottom 90−275 m (100−300 yds) out into the lake . Native American projectile points have been found on this lake bottom during drought years .Lands abutting the southern shoreline are privately owned and were once subject to residential development. Remnants of bulkheads and recreational piers can still be seen today along the southeast shoreline. The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission gained property rights to all remaining lands surrounding Little Singletary Lake before residential development could ensue. On June 20, 2011, a lightning caused wildfire (Simmons Road Fire) started just west of Little Singletary Lake and by August 18The water quality of Little Singletary Lake has not been documented by state agencies. The water appears high in humic substances and is likely similar to the other Bladen lakes .Salters LakeSalters Lake  is the larger of the two Carolina bay lakes located in Jones Lake State Park Fig. . Saltersimmediate surrounding agricultural  land use, water level control structures, or historical manipulation of any kind. Natural communities and landscape features for Salters Lake are the same as those for Jones Lake (above). Available water quality parameters for Salters Lake are provided in Table Salters Lake is similar to Jones Lake in many respects, but quite possibly could be the most “pristine” of all Carolina bay lakes. Salters Lake has no shoreline development, appreciable recreational activities , Singletary LakeSingletary Lake  is located within Singletary Lake State Park  and Natural Lake Shoreline Marsh (Typic Subtype) communities. White LakeAlthough not included in the sampling aspect of this study, White Lake is unique and deserves a brief summary. White Lake  is a large Carolina bay lake located in east-central Bladen County about 6 miles east of Elizabethtown, just east of the intersection of NC Hwy 53 and U.S. Hwy 701 Fig. . White LMyriophyllumhumile (Raf.) Morong; N. Howell pers. obs.) present at the lakes deepest depths. White Lake receives its hydrologic inputs principally in two forms, precipitation and groundwater (through springs). Although this lake is primarily fed by springs, its overall water levels are determined by the regional water table . Another unique feature of White Lake is the location of its outlet channel. White Lake’s outlet channel is located in the northwestern section of the lake as opposed to the southeastern section where it occurs in all other bay lakes. th century, operated a sawmill on White Lake during the 20 years following 1770. A map in White Lake’s remarkable water clarity is attributed to the presence of artesian springs on the lake bottom . The claBladen Lake Group Climate data from the nearest weather station to the Bladen County bay lakes, ca. 1.6 kilometers away in Elizabethtown, North Carolina , show that during the thirty-year period between 1971-2000, the average annual temperature was 16.44 °C (61.6 °F) and mean annual precipitation 1,254.76 mm (49.4 in). Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures were 22.83 °C (73.1 °F) and 10.11 °C 50.2 °F; ; Fig. 15The lowest temperature recorded for Bladen County was -14.4 °C (6 °F) on January 17, 1977 . The higLake Waccamaw Climate data from the nearest weather station to Lake Waccamaw, ca. 16 km away in Whiteville, North Carolina , show that for the 30-year period between 1971 and 2000, the average annual temperature was 17.16 °C (62.9 °F) and mean annual precipitation 1,275.08 mm (50.2 in). The average daily maximum and minimum temperatures over the same thirty-year period were 24.3 °C (75.8 °F) and 10 °C 50 °F; ; Fig. 15The lowest temperature recorded for Columbus County was -15 °C (5 °F) on February 12, 1973 . The higFour plant community types and two subtypes can be distinguished within the littoral zone of Carolina bay lakes ; Table 7Taxodiumdistichum – T.ascendens / Panicumhemitomon Schult. Woodland (CES203.044)].Natural Lake Shoreline Swamp  .Natural Lake Shoreline Swamp  .Natural Lake Shoreline Marsh  .Natural Lake Shoreline Marsh  floating Bog Coastal Plain Semipermanent Impoundment  , Hydrillaverticillata (L.F.) Royle [Hydrocharitaceae], Triadicasebifera (L.) Small [Euphorbiaceae]) from Lake Waccamaw and one (Hypochaerisradicata L. [Asteraceae]) from Bay Tree Lake.Among the natural community types included in this work, the Natural Lake Shoreline Swamp (Lake Waccamaw Subtype) is the most species-rich (145 taxa) and the Natural Lake Shoreline Marsh (Lake Waccamaw Pondlily Subtype) is the least species-rich  occurred in Lake Waccamaw (145 taxa), followed by Bay Tree Lake (56 taxa) and Horseshoe Lake  from Bakers Lake were collected by the first author . The richest eudicotyledonous family was Ericaceae  is the most species-rich family. No exotic taxa or taxa of conservation concern occured at this site. One species  was unique to this Carolina bay lake , followed by herbs (3 taxa), and vines  was collected from this site  Medik., Carexlongii Mack., CyperusodoratusL.var.odoratus, Diodiavirginiana L., Fuirenapumila (Torr.) Spreng., Hypochaerisradicata, Juncusacuminatus Michx., Krigiavirginica (L.) Willd., Nuttallanthuscanadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton, Panicumvirgatum, Rumexhastatulus Baldwin, Smilaxglauca Walter, and StipulicidasetaceaMichx.var.setacea]).The littoral zone vascular flora of Bay Tree Lake is comprised of 56 taxa , in 47 genera and 34 vascular plant families (Table Asteraceae (3 taxa), followed by Ericaceae (2 taxa) and Aquifoliaceae  . The richest monocotyledonous families are Poaceae , Cyperaceae , and Juncaceae (5 taxa). The richest monocotyledon genera are Juncus  and Panicum (3 taxa).The richest eudicotyledon families are Poaceae , Cyperaceae , Juncaceae (5 taxa), and Asteraceae (3 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the trees and shrubs, Cupressaceae (3 taxa), Aquifoliaceae (2 taxa), and Ericaceae (2 taxa) are the most species-rich families.The most species-rich habit class was herbs , followed by trees and shrubs , and vines , in 41 genera and 29 vascular plant families Table . All butEricaceae (4 taxa), Lentibulariaceae (3 taxa) and Melastomataceae (3 taxa). The richest eudicotyledonous genera are Rhexia (3 taxa), Utricularia (3 taxa), followed by Hypericum (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous families are Cyperaceae (5 taxa), Juncaceae (4 taxa), Poaceae (3 taxa), followed by Orchidaceae (2 taxa), Smilacaceae (2 taxa) and Xyridaceae (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous genera are Juncus (4 taxa), followed by Rhynchospora (2 taxa), Smilax (2 taxa), and Xyris (2 taxa).The richest eudicotyledon families are Cyperaceae (6 taxa), Juncaceae (4 taxa), followed by Lentibulariaceae (3 taxa), Melastomataceae (3 taxa), Poaceae (3 taxa), Orchidaceae (2 taxa), and Xyridaceae (2 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the trees and shrubs, the most species-rich family is Ericaceae (4 taxa).The most species-rich habit class was herbs , followed by trees and shrubs , and vines  Vahl]). Xyrissmalliana was the only species of conservation concern collected from this site , in 31 genera and 23 vascular plant families Table . All taxEricaceae (5 taxa). The richest eudicotyledonous genus is Lyonia . The richest monocotyledonous families are Cyperaceae (3 taxa) and Poaceae (3 taxa). Monocotyledons are comprised of ten different genera.The richest eudicotyledonous family is Cyperaceae (3 taxa) and Poaceae (3 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the trees and shrubs, Ericaceae (5 taxa) and Cupressaceae (3 taxa) are the most species-rich families.The most species-rich habit class was trees and shrubs , followed by herbs (11 taxa), and vines  are known from this site. Ninety-five taxa are unique to Lake Waccamaw , in 111 genera and 72 vascular plant families Table . Of the Asteraceae , followed by Lentibulariaceae (4 taxa), Ericaceae (3 taxa), Rosaceae (3 taxa), and Salicaceae (3 taxa). The richest eudicotyledonous genera are Utricularia (4 taxa), Eupatorium L. (2 taxa), Hypericum (2 taxa), Ludwigia L. (2 taxa), Nyssa (2 taxa), and Salix L. (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous families are Poaceae , Cyperaceae , Alismataceae (4 taxa), Juncaceae (3 taxa), Orchidaceae (3 taxa), and Smilacaceae (3 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous genera are Dichanthelium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould , Rhynchospora , Sagittaria L. (4 taxa), Juncus  and Smilax L. (3 taxa).The richest eudicotyledonous families are Poaceae , Cyperaceae , Asteraceae , Alismataceae (4 taxa), Lentibulariaceae (4 taxa), Juncaceae (3 taxa), and Orchidaceae (3 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the trees and shrubs, the Ericaceae (3 taxa), Rosaceae (3 taxa), Salicaceae (3 taxa), Betulaceae (2 taxa), Cupressaceae (2 taxa), Nyssaceae (2 taxa), and Sapindaceae (2 taxa) are the most species-rich families.The most species-rich habit class was herbs , followed by trees and shrubs , and vines  were collected from Little Singletary Lake’s littoral zone  Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Rhexiavirginica L., and Xyrisjupicai Rich.])The littoral zone flora of Littoral Singletary Lake is comprised of 39 taxa , in 32 genera and 21 vascular plant families Table . All of Rhexia (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous families are Cyperaceae , Juncaceae , and Poaceae (3 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous genera are Juncus (4 taxa), Eleocharis (3 taxa), and Panicum (2 taxa).The richest eudicotyledonous genus is Cyperaceae (6 taxa), Juncaceae (4 taxa), and Poaceae (3 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the trees and shrubs, the Ericaceae (5 taxa) is the most species-rich family.The most species-rich habit class was herbs , followed by trees and shrubs , and vines  were collected/reported from Salters Lake’s littoral zone The littoral zone flora of Salters Lake is comprised of 22 taxa , in 18 genera and 16 vascular plant families (Table Ericaceae (5 taxa). The richest eudicotyledonous genera are Lyonia (2 taxa) and Vaccinium (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous family is Xyridaceae (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledon genus is Xyris (2 taxa).The richest eudicotyledon family is Ericaceae (5 taxa) and Cupressaceae (2 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the herbs, the Xyridaceae (2 taxa) is the most species-rich family.The most species-rich habit class was trees and shrubs , herbs , and vines Torr.var.serrulatum  H.E. Ahles]).The littoral zone vascular flora of Singletary Lake is comprised of 36 taxa , in 30 genera and 22 vascular plant families (Table Ericaceae (7 taxa) and Rosaceae (2 taxa). The richest eudicotyledonous genus is Vaccinium (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous families are Juncaceae (3 taxa), Poaceae (2 taxa), and Xyridaceae (2 taxa). The richest monocotyledonous genera are Juncus (3 taxa) and Xyris (2 taxa).The richest eudicotyledonous families are Ericaceae (7 taxa), Cupressaceae (3 taxa), Pinaceae (2 taxa), and Rosaceae (2 taxa) are the most species-rich families. Among the herbs, the Juncaceae (3 taxa), Poaceae (2 taxa), and Xyridaceae (2 taxa) are the most species-rich families.The most species-rich habit class was trees and shrubs , herbs , and vines  is provided in Suppl. material This work is restricted to the littoral zone vascular flora of unaltered Carolina bay lake shorelines. The littoral zone was defined as the zone of vegetation occurring between the maximum annual high water mark and the point at which submerged aquatic plants cease to persist Fig. . UnalterNCSC) and its DNA bank. The entirety of Carolina bay lake shorelines was surveyed, but it was quickly observed that all shorelines, save for the southernmost, were relatively depauperate. All taxa occurring along western, northern, and eastern shorelines could be found within the littoral zone of the southern shoreline, but the inverse did not hold true. The significantly gentler hydrography , resulting in 121 field hours and the identification of 204 taxa . A 10-foot aluminum boat with a transom-mounted trolling motor was used to transport equipment along Carolina bay lake shorelines. Where water was too shallow for the use of the trolling motor, we walked and pulled the boat by rope. GPS locations (NAD 83) were taken at numerous intervals and associated with all specimens collected within 30 m of each point. Digital photographs of plant habit and overall morphology were taken prior to collection using a Panasonic Lumix FZ−150. Plant specimens were pressed while in the field. Tissue samples were taken in the field and dessicated with blue indicating silica gel (purchased from Delta Enterprises Inc.) in ziploc bags. Voucher specimens and tissue samples were deposited respectively at the North Carolina State University Vascular Plant Herbarium (The flora is organized by the following major vascular plant groups: (1) pteridophytes, (2) gymnosperms, (3) monocots, and (4) basal angiosperms, magnoliids, and eudicotyledons. Dichotomomous keys are provided to each major group, as well as to families, genera, and species within each group. Notes are provided above some keys to aid in the identification process. Within each group, taxa are arranged alphabetically, by family, then genus, then species.Flora of North America  Small). The use of a “less than” symbol , indicates that the taxon concept used here is narrower than that used by RAB and FNA . An equals symbol followed by a different species name than the one bolded, indicates that the taxon concept used here is the same as in the work cited, except that the taxon was treated under a different name in the work cited .The following information is provided for each taxon account: taxon concept mapping, basionym, conservation status, habit, habitat, flowering and fruiting phenology, abundance, and presence/absence data for each site . Three Abundance estimates following the recommendations of When available, digital photographs and line drawings were obtained from: www.sernecportal.org), which feeds into iDigBio and the Global Biodiversity Data Facility (GBIF).In addition, relevant historical vouchers are cited based on systematic searches of the three major herbaria−DUKE, NCSC, and NCU. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon to find historical specimens containing vague habitat or locality descriptions. For a taxon to be included in the present study, a clear label statement referencing Carolina bay lake shoreline habitat was required . Herbarium vouchers meeting this criterion were annotated (following taxon concepts accepted here) and their label information was subsequently entered into spreadsheets for organization. Label information for new collections resulting from this study was captured in a DarwinCore compliant spreadsheet for upload to the online portal of the Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections ((L.) C. PreslAnchisteavirginicaBlechnumvirginicum L. Basionym: AnchisteavirginicaWoodwardiavirginica (L.) Sm. − RAB, FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Bennedict 1247 & 2298 (NCU!); Blomquist & Correll 7625 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw: Perennial herbs. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (NLSS–LW). Jun–Sep. This species was not encountered by the first author, but voucher specimens (see above) place it within close proximity of Lake Waccamaw’s shoreline . Fig. 20(Chapm.) CranfillLycopodiellaappressaLycopodiuminundatumL.var.appressum Chapm. Basionym: LycopodiellaappressaLycopodiumappressum (Chapm.) F.E. Lloyd & Underw. − RAB; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−2 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): Howell HOLA−2, 13 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Browns.n. (NCSC!); Howell JOLA−1, 23 (NCSC!); Lances.n. (NCU!); Russell 1304 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LISI−8, 26 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake : Howell SILA−14 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Trees. At or just below the juncture of the supralittoral and eulittoral zones; often in saturated peaty or sandy soil . Mar–Apr; Oct– Nov. Fig. 25Brongn.TaxodiumascendensT.distichumL.var.imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom − FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell JOLA−14 (NCSC!)Jones Lake (Rare): Howell SILA−37 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Rare): Trees. Juncture of supralittoral and eulittoral zones (NLSS–C). Apr–Aug (or any time of the year in response to fire). Fig. 28L.Pinustaeda Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−71 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Howell LISI−27 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Howell SILA−12 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Rare): Trees. Juncture of supralittoral and eulittoral zones . Mar–Apr; Oct– Nov. Fig. 29J.G. Sm.SagittariafiliformisS.stagnorum Small – GW; S.subulataL. Buchenauvar.gracillima (S. Watson) J.G. Sm.; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−93 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone . “Generally infertile in our area” . This sp33Horkel ex Schleid.Wolffia spp.” from the southwest side Lake Waccamaw. Although a species-level identification has not been made, a key to the two species most likely to inhabit this location is provided in the Identification Keys section below.The first author has not encountered taxa within this genus in the field; however, the Carolina Vegetation Survey reported “(L.) L.TillandsiausneoidesRenealmiausneoides L. Basionym: Tillandsiausneoides Taxon concept: Bakers Lake : •Howell BATR−49 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Frequent): Horseshoe Lake : •Howell JOLA–33 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LAWA−46, 84 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Abundant): Howell LISI−18 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake : Howell SALA−9 (NCSC!)Salters Lake : Howell SILA−6, 20 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Frequent): Taxodium or Nyssa . Apr−Jun. Fig. 34Perennial, epiphytic herbs. Eulittoral zone; common in low-hanging limbs of  Mart.BurmanniacapitataVogeliacapitata Walter ex J.F. Gmel. Basionym: Burmanniacapitata Taxon concept: LeBlond & Franklin 6578 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw: Annual herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Jul−Nov. Fig. 35Torr.Carexalata Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−98 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; usually at or just below the juncture of the supralittoral and eulittoral zones (NLSS−LW). May−Jun. Fig. 36Mack.CarexlongiiC.albolutescens Schwein. – RAB, GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: SR–O; S3, G5.Howell LAWA−16, 146 (NCSC!); LeBlond 3862 (NCU!); Wilbur 49778, 49789 (DUKE!)Lake Waccamaw (Abundant): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Jul−Sep. This taxon is the principal sedge component of the natural shoreline community of Lake Waccamaw. Fig. 40Muhl.Cyperuserythrorhizos Taxon concept: Buell 2263 (DUKE!); Rothfels, Burge, Duke Natural History Society 2403 (DUKE!)Horseshoe Lake: Annual herbs. floating bogs; saturated, acidic, peaty soil (FB). Jul−Sep. Fig. 41Cyperusodoratusvar.odoratusC.odoratus L. – RAB, GW; < C.odoratus L. – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−36, 40 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): Eleocharisbaldwinii/vivipara around the peripheries of floating bogs and along saturated peaty shores, but voucher specimens were not collected. These two species are unidentifiable from a distance and the use of a hand lens is needed to distinguish one from the other.)Horseshoe Lake: • (The first author has observed Howell LISI−43 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Rare): Annual (?) herbs. Eulittoral zone and infralittoral zones; typically submersed in shallow water or on sarurated organic to sandy soils above current lake levels . Jul−Sep. Fig. 45(Elliott) Torr.EleocharisequisetoidesScirpusequisetoides Elliott Basionym: Eleocharisequisetoides Taxon concept: W1; S3, G4.Howell LAWA−67, 155 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Howell LISI−38 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Rare): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral and infralittoral zones; calm, quiet waters along shorelines . Jun−Sep. Fig. 46Eleocharisolivaceavar.olivaceaE.flavescens (Poir.) Urb. – RAB; < E.olivacea Torr. – GW; < E.flavescens(Poir.)Urb.var.olivacea (Torr.) Gleason – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept: State E; S1, G5.Eleocharisbaldwinii/vivipara around the peripheries of floating bogs and along saturated peaty shores, but voucher specimens were not collected. These two species are unidentifiable from a distance and the use of a hand lens is needed to distinguish one from the other.)Horseshoe Lake: • (The first author has observed Howell LISI−53 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Rare): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone  or boggy, saturated, organic soils at or just below the maximum annual high water mark . Jul−Sep. Fig. 48(L.) Roem. & Schult.FimbristylisautumnalisScirpusautumnalis L. Basionym: Fimbristylisautumnalis Taxon concept: Radford 677 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw: Annual herbs. Eulittoral zone; wet, sandy, disturbed areas (NLSS−LW). Jun−Oct. Fig. 49(Torr.) Spreng.FuirenapumilaFuirenasquarrosaMichx.var.pumila Torr. Basionym: Fuirenapumila Taxon concept: Howell BATR−62 (NCSC!); Wilbur 57396 (DUKE!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Annual herbs. Eulittoral zone; typically in moist sandy soil at high water mark. Jul−Oct. Fig. 50(L.) VahlRhynchosporaalbaSchoenusalbus L. Basionym: Rhynchosporaalba Taxon concept: SR−P; S2, G5.Howell HOLA−45 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Perennial herbs. floating bogs of Horseshoe Lake (FB). Jul−Oct. Fig. 51(Lam.) A. GrayRhynchosporacorniculataSchoenuscorniculatus Lam. Basionym: RhynchosporacorniculataR.corniculata(L.)A. Grayvar.corniculata − Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Beal 799 (NCSC!)Jones Lake: Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–C). Jul–Sep. Fig. 54(Oakes) FernaldRhynchosporainundataCeratoschoenusmacrostachyus(Torr. ex A. Gray)A. Grayvar.inundatus Oakes Basionym: Rhynchosporainundata Taxon concept: W1; S3, G4?Howell HOLA−53 (NCSC!); Grants.n. (NCU!); Rothfels, Burge, Duke Nat. Hist. Soc. 2401 (DUKE!)Horseshoe Lake (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone of shorelines and on floating bogs . Jul−Sep. Fig. 55 W.W. ThomasRhynchosporalatifoliaDichromenalatifolia Baldwin Basionym: RhynchosporalatifoliaDichromenalatifolia Baldwin ex Elliott – RAB, GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−130 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Jul−Sep. Fig. 57(Vahl) A. GrayRhynchosporanitensScirpusnitens Vahl Basionym: RhynchosporanitensPsilocaryanitens (Vahl) Alph. Wood – RAB, GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell BATR−58 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake : Howell JOLA−4, 45 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LAWA−166 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Little Singletary Lake : •Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone . Jul−Sep. Fig. 59(Hill) DruceEriocaulonaquaticumCespaaquatica Hill Basionym: EriocaulonaquaticumE.pellucidum Michx. – RAB; = E.septangulare – GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept: ]Howell BATR−50, 51 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): Howell HOLA−51 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Infrequent): Howell LAWA−107 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell LISI−25, 51 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; typically in saturated soils at or below the maximum annual high water mark . Jun–early Sep; Sep–Nov. Fig. 61(L. f.) RoyleHydrillaverticillataSerpiculaverticillata L.f. Basionym: Hydrillaverticillata Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ¤Hydrillaverticillata was introduced to Florida in 1950 as an ornamental and has since become a terrible aquatic invasive throughout the Southeast. Where introduced, H.verticillata chokes out native submersed aquatic vegetation , negatively impacts recreational activities and alters natural hydrology and water chemistry . Jun−Aug. This exotic, invasive taxon is native to warm climates of the Old World. hemistry . Fig. 62Najasguadalupensisvar.guadalupensisCauliniaguadalupensis Spreng. Basionym: Najasguadalupensisvar.guadalupensisN.guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus – RAB, GW; = N.guadalupensisssp.guadalupensis – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−15 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone. May−Aug. Fig. 65ElliottJuncusbiflorusJ. marginatus Rostk. – GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−32, 170 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Jul−Oct. Fig. 67Mack.Juncuscoriaceus Taxon concept: Beal 828 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake: Perennial herbs. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (CPSI−CG). Jun−Sep. Fig. 68 Hämet-AhtiJuncuseffusussolutusvar.effususJ.effusus – RAB, GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−8 (NCSC!); Wilbur 57395 (DUKE!)Bay Tree Lake : Beal 4348 (NCSC!); Howell HOLA−14 (NCSC!); Wilbur & Menchi Ho 83792 (DUKE!)Horseshoe Lake : Howell LAWA−30, 31 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell LISI−19, 44 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake : Howell SILA−1, 32 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone . Jun−Oct. Fig. 71Juncusscirpoidesvar.scirpoidesJ.scirpoides Lam. – RAB, GW, FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: W1; S2, G5.Lake Waccamaw: ►Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Apr–Nov.(L.) Ker Gawl.PogoniaophioglossoidesArethusaophioglossoides L. Basionym: Pogoniaophioglossoides Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−30 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Perennial herbs. floating bogs . Mar–Jun. Fig. 75 AmesSpirantheslaciniataGyrostachyslaciniata Small Basionym: SpirantheslaciniataS.×laciniata – GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−67 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Lake Waccamaw: ►Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Sep−Oct. Fig. 86(Muhl. ex Elliott) Scribn.EragrostisrefractaPoarefracta Muhl. ex Elliott Basionym: Eragrostisrefracta Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ►Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Jul−Oct.Luziolafluitansvar.fluitansZizaniafluitans Michx. Basionym: Luziolafluitansvar.fluitansHydrochloacarolinensis P. Beauv. – RAB, GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell BATR−18 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Abundant): Howell HOLA−23 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Infrequent): Blomquist 1399 (DUKE!); Blomquist & Correll 9379 ; Howell LAWA−79 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Abundant): Howell LISI−35 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Howell SALA−14 (NCSC!)Salters Lake : Blomquist 1400 (DUKE!); Howell SILA−17 (NCSC!); Wilbur 60947 (DUKE!)Singletary Lake : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral and infralitoral zones . Jun−Jul. Fig. 88Muhl.Panicumverrucosum Taxon concept: Howell BATR−53 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): Howell JOLA−40, 41 (NCSC!)Jones Lake (Rare): Howell LISI−50 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Rare): Annual herbs. Eulittoral zone . Aug−Oct. Fig. 89Panicumvirgatumvar.virgatumP.virgatum – RAB, GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−43, 54, 55 (NCSC!); Wilbur 48657, 57394 (DUKE!)Bay Tree Lake : Rothfels, Burge, Duke Natural History Society 2398 (DUKE!)Horseshoe Lake: Howell LAWA−131 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Beal 3225 (NCSC!); Freys.n. (NCU!); Howell SILA−38 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone . Jul−Oct. Fig. 92(Michx.) Scribn.SphenopholisobtusataAriaobtusata Michx. Basionym: Sphenopholisobtusata Taxon concept: Blomquist 1492 (DUKE!)Lake Waccamaw: Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Apr−May. Fig. 93Pontederiacordatavar.cordataP.cordata − RAB; = GW; < P.cordata – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ►Perennial herbs. Eulittoral and infralittoral zones . Jun−Sep. Fig. 95L.PotamogetonpusillusP.berchtoldii Fieber – RAB; = GW; > P.pusillusL.ssp.pusillus – FNA; > P.pusillusL.var.pusillus − Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell BATR−29 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Perennial vines. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones. Late Apr−Early Jun; Sep−Nov and persisting. Fig. 96L.Smilaxlaurifolia Taxon concept: Howell BALA−13 (NCSC!)Bakers Lake (Frequent): Howell BATR−44 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake : Howell HOLA−3 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Howell JOLA−7 (NCSC!)Jones Lake (Frequent): Howell LAWA−34 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Howell SALA−4, 15 (NCSC!)Salters Lake (Frequent): Howell SILA−9 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Frequent): Perennial vines. Eulittoral zone; typically at the maximum annual high water mark in saturated organic to sandy soils . Jul−Aug; Sep−Oct and persisting. Fig. 97L.Smilaxrotundifolia Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ♦Perennial vines. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral (NLSS−LW). Apr−May; Sep−Oct and persisting. Fig. 98PurshSmilaxwalteri Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−13, 21, 25 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Howell LAWA−29, 55, 162 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Perennial vines. Eulittoral zone . Late Apr−May; Sep−Nov and persisting. Fig. 99ElliottXyrisfimbriata Taxon concept: Rothfels, Burge, Duke Natural History Society 2400, 2404 (DUKE!)Horseshoe Lake: Lake Waccamaw: ►Freys.n. (NCU!)Singletary Lake: Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone . Sep−Oct. Fig. 100Chapm.XyrisiridifoliaX.laxifoliaMart.var.iridifolia (Chapm.) Kral – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LISI−46 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Annual, rarely biennial, herbs. Eulittoral zone . Jul−Sep. Fig. 101NashXyrissmalliana Taxon concept: W1; S3, G5.R.L Wilbur 81092 (DUKE!)Horseshoe Lake: Howell JOLA−42 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LAWA−114, 125, 142, 144 (NCSC!); LeBlond 3996 (NCU)Lake Waccamaw (Abundant): Beckman & Linnenburger 24 (DUKE!); Grants.n. (NCU)Salters Lake: Howell SILA−29 (NCSC!); Rothfels & O’ Reilly, Shaw Lab s.n. (DUKE!)Singletary Lake : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone . Jul−Aug. Fig. 102L.Liquidambarstyraciflua Taxon concept: Howell BATR−47 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): Howell LAWA−45, 133 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Trees. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (NLSS–LW). Apr–May; Aug–Sep. Fig. 103(Mart.) Griseb.AlternantheraphiloxeroidesBucholziaphiloxeroides Mart. Basionym: Alternantheraphiloxeroides Taxon concept: Beal 543, 1776 (DUKE!); Howell LAWA−65 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; calm, quiet waters (NLSS–LW). Apr–Oct. Fig. 104Rhuscopallinumvar.copallinumR.copallina L. – RAB; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−25, 115 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Frequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Jun–Aug; Jul–Sep. Fig. 107Cicutamaculatavar.maculataC.maculata L. – RAB, GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell BATR−16 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Howell JOLA−10, 32 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Shrubs. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (NLSS−C). Apr−May; Sep−Oct. Fig. 109(L.) A. GrayIlexglabraPrinosglaber L. Basionym: Ilexglabra Taxon concept: Howell BALA−9 (NCSC!)Bakers Lake (Rare): Howell BATR−3, 59 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Howell LAWA−9, 153 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Shrubs. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones . May−Jun; Sep−Nov. Fig. 110L.Hydrocotyleumbellata Taxon concept: Howell BATR−45 Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Howell LAWA−24, 53 Lake Waccamaw (Frequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Apr–Sep. Fig. 111L.Baccharishalimifolia Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−88 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Taxodium in the littoral zone (NLSS−LW). Aug−Oct. Fig. Shrubs. Eulittoral zone; can be found on saturated soil at or just below the mean annual high water mark or growing from the bases of (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.BidenslaevisHelianthuslaevis L. Basionym: Bidenslaevis Taxon concept: Radford 683 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw: Annual herbs. Eulittoral zone; wet sandy beaches and sand bars (NLSS−LW). (Aug−Nov). The first author did not encounter this taxon in the field, but a single voucher confirms its historical presence. Fig. 113(Hill) FernaldBoltoniaasteroidesvar.glastifoliaMatricariaglastifolia Hill Basionym: Boltoniaasteroidesvar.glastifoliaB.asteroides (L.) L’Hér – RAB; < Boltonia spp. – GW ; < B.asteroides(L.)L’Hérvar.asteroides – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ♦Biennial or short-lived perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Late Mar−Jun. Fig. 115(Lam.) Small ex Porter & BrittonEupatoriumcapillifoliumArtemisiacapillifolia Lam. Basionym: EupatoriumcapillifoliumE.capillifolium(Lam.)Small ex Porter & Brittonvar.capillifolium – RAB; = GW, FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−20 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Annual herbs. Eulittoral zone; moist sandy shores. Late Mar−Jul. Fig. 120(L.) Willd.MikaniascandensEupatoriumscandens L. Basionym: Mikaniascandens Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−161 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Perennial, sometimes lianescent, vines. Eulittoral zone; usually sprawling and climbing on small shrubs and trees (NLSS−LW). Jun−Oct. Fig. 121(Mill.) PruskiPlucheabaccharisConyzabaccharis Mill. Basionym: PlucheabaccharisP.rosea R.K. Godfrey – RAB; = P.roseaR.K. Godfreyvar.rosea – GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−18, 23, 103, 108 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Frequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). May−Aug; Jul−Oct. Fig. 123Mill.Solidagofistulosa Taxon concept: Howell BATR−64, 65 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Buell 2266 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake: Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; saturated peaty to sandy soils at or just below the mean annual high water mark (CPSI−CG). Aug−Nov. Fig. 124(Aiton) Willd.AlnusserrulataBetulaserrulata Aiton Basionym: Alnusserrulata Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−39, 170 (NCSC!); Matthews 683 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw : Shrubs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Feb–Mar; Aug–Oct. Fig. 125L.Betulanigra Taxon concept: Howell BATR−13, 19 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake : Blomquist 15004 (DUKE!); Howell LAWA−37, 63 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell LISI−29 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Trees. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Mar–Apr; May–Jun. Fig. 126(L.) BureauCampsisradicansBignoniaradicans L. Basionym: Campsisradicans Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−81 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Lianas. Eulittoral zone; climbing on young trees and shrubs at or just below the mean annual high water mark (NLSS−LW). Jun−Jul; Sep−Oct. Fig. 127J.F. Gmel.Braseniaschreberi Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−43 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Infralittoral zone (CPSI–CG). Jun–Oct. Fig. 128A. GrayCabombacaroliniana Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−26 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Infrequent): Infralittoral Zone (CPSI–CG). May–Sep. Fig. 129Perennial herbs. WalterLobeliaglandulosa Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ¤Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Sep−Oct.Roem. & Schult.Lobelianuttallii Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−47 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Rare): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; moist sandy soil at or just below the high water mark (CPSI−CG). May−Nov. Fig. 130Stipulicidasetaceavar.setaceaS.setacea Michx. – RAB; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−38, 41, 60 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Frequent): Howell HOLA−37 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Jones Lake : •Howell LAWA−100 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Frequent): Howell LISI−32 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Frequent): Howell SILA−11, 23 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Frequent): Shrubs or small trees. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones . May−Jul; Sep−Oct. Fig. 133HayneDroseraintermedia Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−28, 40, 49 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Frequent): Howell LISI−52, 56 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone and floating bogs . Jul–Sep. Fig. 134L.Diospyrosvirginiana Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−80 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Trees. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (NLSS−LW). May−Jun; Sep−Dec. Fig. 135(L.) MoenchChamaedaphnecalyculataAndromedacalyculata L. Basionym: ChamaedaphnecalyculataCassandracalyculata (L.) D. Don − RAB; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BALA−8 (NCSC!)Bakers Lake : Howell BATR−17 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake : Howell HOLA−7 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Howell JOLA−11, 19 (NCSC!)Jones Lake (Frequent): Howell LAWA−35 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell LISI−5, 36 (NCSC!)Little Singletary : Howell SALA−5, 11 (NCSC!)Salters Lake (Frequent): Howell SILA−3 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Frequent): Taxodium . Apr–early Jun; Sep–Oct. Fig. 139Shrubs. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones; sometimes growing from the bases of mature  H.E. AhlesRhododendronviscosumvar.serrulatumAzaleaserrulata Small Basionym: Rhododendronviscosumvar.serrulatumR.viscosum – GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BALA−5 (NCSC!)Bakers Lake (Infrequent): Howell HOLA−17, 22, 35 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Howell JOLA−25 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LISI−10, 23 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake : Fox & Boyce 3781 (NCSC!); Fox, Wells, Sharp, Whitford, Fairchild 1708 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake: Taxodium . Apr–Jun; Sep–Oct. Fig. 143Shrubs. Juncture of supralittoral and eulittoral zones; sometimes growing on the bases of mature (L.) SmallTriadicasebiferaCrotonsebifer L. Basionym: TriadicasebiferaSapiumsebiferum (L.) Roxb. – RAB, GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell BATR−37 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake : Howell LAWA−99, 117 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell SILA−35 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Lianas. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Apr–May; Jun–Sep. Fig. 145L.Quercusnigra Taxon concept: Godfrey 6320 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw: Trees. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (NLSS–LW). Apr; Sep–Nov. Fig. 146(L.) J. St.−Hil.GelsemiumsempervirensBignoniasempervirens L. Basionym: Gelsemiumsempervirens Taxon concept: Howell BATR−10, 25 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake : Howell HOLA−4 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Rare): Howell JOLA−34 (NCSC!)Jones Lake (Infrequent): Howell LAWA−41 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell LISI−34 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Howell SILA−36 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Lianas. Eulittoral zone . Mar–early May; Sept–Nov. Fig. 147L.Decumariabarbara Taxon concept: Dumond 1621 (NCU!); Godfrey 52278 (NCSC!); Howell LAWA−86 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Lianas. Eulittoral zone; climbing on trees and shrubs at or just below the maximum annual high water mark . May−Jun; Jul−Oct. Fig. 148L.Hypericumcanadense Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−48 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Rare): Annual or perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; moist sandy soils at or just below the maximum annual high water mark (CPSI−CG). Jul−Sep. Fig. 149Hypericummutilumvar.mutilumH.mutilum L. – RAB, GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BALA−6 (NCSC!)Bakers Lake (Infrequent): Howell HOLA−9 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Howell JOLA−27 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LAWA−85 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Howell SILA−2 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake : Shrubs. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones; sometimes establishing itself on stumps, logs, and bases of trees in the eulittoral zone . May−Jun. Fig. 153(Mill.) SweetCaryaglabraJuglansglabra Mill. Basionym: CaryaglabraC.glabra (Mill.) Sweet – FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−109 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Annual or perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; commonly in saturated sandy to peaty soils just above current water levels or in 1−4 inches of water (NLSS−LW). May−Sep. Fig. 157L.UtriculariagibbaU.biflora Lam. – GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−36 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Annual or perennial herbs. Eulittoral and infralittoral zones; floating bogs (CPSI−CG). May−Sep. Fig. 159B.D. Greene ex BigelowUtriculariaresupinata Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−123 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Annual or perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; commonly in saturated sandy to peaty soils above current lake levels or in 1−4 inches of water (NLSS−LW). Jun−Aug. Fig. 160Leconte ex Torr.UtriculariastriataU.fibrosa Walter – RAB, GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Lake Waccamaw: ♦Howell LISI−28, 49 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Annual or perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; typically found in saturated sands and peats . Mar−Aug. Fig. 162Linderniadubiavar.dubiaGratioladubia L. Basionym: Linderniadubiavar.dubiaL.dubia (L.) Pennell – RAB, GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): •Howell HOLA−31 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake : Jones Lake (Infrequent): •Salters Lake (Infrequent): •Shrubs. Eulittoral zone . Jul−Sep. Fig. 165Magnoliavirginianavar.virginianaM.virginiana – RAB, GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept: SC–V, FSC; S3, G3G4.Horseshoe Lake: ►Perennial herbs. floating bogs . Jun–Sep. Fig. 167Griseb.Rhexiacubensis Taxon concept: W1; S3, G4G5.Howell LAWA–113, 126, 129 (NCSC!); LeBlond 3990 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLS–LW). Jun–Sep. Fig. 168Michx.Rhexiamarianavar.exalbidaR.marianavar.mariana – GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Harper 954 (NCU!); Howell LAWA−28, 54 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Late Apr−Sep. Fig. 172(L.) SmallMorellaceriferaMyricacerifera L. Basionym: MorellaceriferaMyricaceriferaL.var.cerifera – RAB; < Myricacerifera L. – GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept W7; S2, G4.Bell 12836 (NCU!); Leonard, Burnham & Ripperton 1748 (NCU!); Radford 6078 (NCU!); Schallert 10662 (DUKE!)Lake Waccamaw: Perennial herbs. Eulittoral and infralittoral zones . Jun−Sep. Fig. 174 PurshNupharsagittifoliaNymphaeasagittifolia Walter Basionym: NupharsagittifoliaN.luteum(L.)Sibth. & J.E. Smithssp.sagittifolium  E.O. Beal – RAB, GW; = FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−56, 89 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Trees. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Apr−May; Sep−Oct. Fig. 177WalterNyssabifloraN.sylvaticaMarshallvar.biflora  Sarg. – RAB, GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−70, 75 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Trees. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). May; Jul–Oct. Fig. 179(Long) EamesLudwigiabrevipesLudwigianthabrevipes Long Basionym: Ludwigiabrevipes Taxon concept: SR–T, FSC; S1S2, G2G3.Howell LAWA−102, 118 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLS–LW). Jul–Oct. Fig. 180ElliottLudwigiasphaerocarpa Taxon concept: E; S1, G5.Howell LAWA−33, 143 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone (NLS–LW). Jun–Sep. Fig. 181 B.L. Rob.BacopacarolinianaObolariacaroliniana Walter Basionym: Bacopacaroliniana Taxon concept: T; S1, G4G5.Howell LAWA−66, 120 (NCSC!); LeBlond 3984 (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; calm, quiet waters (NLSS–LW). May–Sep. Fig. 182(L.) D.A. SuttonNuttallanthuscanadensisAntirrhhinumcanadense L. Basionym: NuttallanthuscanadensisLinariacanadensis (L.) Dum. Cours.; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−68 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Trees. Eulittoral zone; on saturated soils of sandbars and shorelines (NLSS−LW). Apr−May; Sep−Nov. Fig. 184L.Polygalalutea Taxon concept: Howell HOLA−50 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Rare): Howell LAWA−127 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Biennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; moist sandy soils at or below the maximum annual high water mark . Apr−Oct. Fig. 185BaldwinRumexhastatulus Taxon concept: Howell BATR−14, 23, 30 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Infrequent): Annual or short-lived perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; moist sandy to peaty shores. Mar−May; May−Jul. Fig. 186L.Clematiscrispa Taxon concept: Matthewss.n. (NCU!)Lake Waccamaw: Perennial, sometimes lianescent, vines. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Apr–Aug. Fig. 187(Hill) K. KochBerchemiascandensRhamnusscandens Hill Basionym: Berchemiascandens Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−38 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw : Lianas. Eulittoral zone (NLSS–LW). Apr–May; Aug–Oct. Fig. 188(L.) Medik.AmelanchiercanadensisMespiluscanadensis L. Basionym: Amelanchiercanadensis Taxon concept: Radford 1354 (NCU!)Bay Tree Lake: Shrubs or small trees. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones. Mar−Apr; May−Jun. Fig. 189(Michx.) AsheAmelanchierobovalisMespiluscanadensisL.var.obovalis Michx. Basionym: Amelanchierobovalis Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−48 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Rare): Taxodiumascendens arising from the same stump. The shrub established itself in the small amount of soil that had accumulated in the depression through the years. Fig. 190Shrubs. Eulittoral zone (NLSS−LW). Mar−Apr; May−Jun. The only specimen encountered by the current author was found in a shallow concave depression in the middle of two boles of (L.) Pers.AroniaarbutifoliaMespilusarbutifolia L. Basionym: AroniaarbutifoliaSorbusarbutifolia(L.)Hyenh.var.arbutifolia; = RAB; = GW, FNA, Weakley] Taxon concept: LAWA−74, 112 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Fox, Wells, Sharp, Whitford, Fairchild s. n. (NCSC!)Singletary Lake: Rosapalustris can be distinguished from R.multiflora, a common exotic in the North Carolina Coastal Plain, by its large (adnate portion 13–30 mm long), entire, stipules. Those of R.multiflora are up to 21 mm long (adnate portion 3–15 mm long) and pectinate- fringed. Fig. 192Shrubs. Eulittoral zone; sandy to peaty soils at or just below the maximum annual high water mark . May−Jul; Sep−Oct. Poir.RubuspensilvanicusR.argutus Link – RAB, GW; > R.betulifolius Small – RAB; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell BATR−22 (NCSC!)Bay Tree Lake (Rare): Annual or perennial herbs. Eulittoral zone; sandy soils at or just below the maximum annual high water mark. Jun–Dec. Fig. 195Galiumobtusumvar.obtusumG.obtusum – GW; = Weakley] Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−91 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Trees. Eulittoral zone; saturated soils at or just below the maximum annual high water mark (NLSS−LW). Mar−Apr. Fig. 197Michx.Salixcaroliniana Taxon concept: Harper 970 (NCU!); Matthewss.n. Lake Waccamaw: Trees. Eulittoral zone; sandbars and sandy shorelines (NLSS−LW). Mar−Apr. This taxon was not encountered by the first author, but voucher specimens confirm its historical presence. Fig. 198MarshallSalixnigra Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−72 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Trees. Eulittoral zone; sandbars and sandy shorelines (NLSS−LW). Mar−Apr. Fig. 199Phoradendronleucarpumvar.leucarpumViscumleucarpum Raf. Basionym: Phoradendronleucarpumvar.leucarpumP.serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst. – RAB; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Buell & Whitford s.n. (NCSC!); Howell HOLA−16, 41 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake (Abundant): Perennial herbs. floating bogs . Mar–Apr; May–Jun. Fig. 204(L.) J. EllisGordonialasianthusHypericumlasianthus L. Basionym: Gordonialasianthus Taxon concept: Howell BALA−16 (NCSC!)Bakers Lake (Infrequent): Buell 2262 (NCSC!)Horseshoe Lake: Howell JOLA−2 (NCSC!)Jones Lake : Howell LISI−30, 48 (NCSC!)Little Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Howell SILA−30 (NCSC!)Singletary Lake (Infrequent): Trees. Juncture of eulittoral and supralittoral zones (NLSS−C). Jul−Sep; Sep−Oct. Fig. 205Ulmusamericanavar.americanaU.americana L. – RAB, GW, FNA; = Weakley] Taxon concept:  Taxon concept: Howell LAWA−94 (NCSC!)Lake Waccamaw (Infrequent): Lianas. Eulittoral zone; growing on fallen trees, shrubs, and erect trees at or just below the maximum annual high water mark (NLSS−LW). May−Jul; Jul−Aug. Fig. 208Supplementary material 1Carolina bay lakes literatureData type: referencesBrief description: List of citations regarding Carolina bay lakesFile: oo_72560.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 2Floras, manuals, guides, and broader floristic works on site-specific and broad-scale aquatic/wetland habitats of the eastern United States.Data type: referencesBrief description: List of some floras, manuals, guides, and broader floristic works aquatic/wetland habitats of the eastern United States that may be of interest to readers.File: oo_72561.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 3Sample taxon entry with brief descriptions of working parts.Data type: taxon entry components and definitionsFile: oo_72562.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 4Literature highlighting the ecological, biological, and cultural importance of Carolina bays.Data type: referencesFile: oo_72563.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 5Suggested collection methods for problematic aquatic taxa and sampling methods of floating bog communities.Data type: collection suggestionsFile: oo_72564.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 6Checklist of the littoral zone vascular flora of unaltered Carolina bay lake shorelines .Data type: occurrencesby the present author, abundance estimates sensu Palmer et al. (1995) are provided. Abundance estimates in this checklist reflect the abundance in which the taxa occur within each lake. Status and rank designations are also provided for rare taxa monitored by the NC Natural Heritage Program (Robinson and Finnegan 2014). The term “restricted” is used here only to indicate the presence of a taxon within a particular lake among all those surveyed and not in a global sense . A = Abundant; F= Frequent; I=Infrequent; O = Occasional; R = Rare; = þ restricted to lake indicated;  = not vouchered ; H = taxon has been collected and vouchered in the past but not by the present author. BALA = Bakers Lake; BATR = Bay Tree Lake; HOLA = Horseshoe Lake; JOLA = Jones Lake; LAWA = Lake Waccamaw; LISI = Little Singletary; SALA = Salters Lake; SILA = Singletary Lake.Brief description: Taxa are organized by major plant groups , then alphabetically by family, genus, and species. Parentheses around a taxon indicate that it is not vouchered . For taxa collected from Carolina bay lake littoral zones File: oo_72565.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 7Provisional checklist of the littoral zone vascular flora from White Lake based on historical vouchers, personal observations, and literature reviews.Data type: occurrencesBrief description: This checklist does not represent a complete inventory of this locality, but rather serves as a baseline for future research. Taxa are arranged by major groups , then alphabetically by family, genus, and species. Basal angiosperms and pteridophytes were not represented by vouchers, observations, or reports and are therefore not included in the following checklist. Brackets around a taxon indicate that it is unvouchered . Status and rank designations are also provided for rare taxa monitored by the NC Natural Heritage Program (Robinson and Finnegan 2014).File: oo_82955.docNathan HowellSupplementary material 8Climate data supporting Fig 15 Data type: climateBrief description: Monthly mean temperature and precipitation data for Bladen and Columbus County.File: oo_75216.xlsxNathan HowellSupplementary material 9Data supporting Fig 16 Data type: morphologicalBrief description: Counts of the number of taxa in the categories of herb, tree/shrub, and vine for each Carolina bay lake flora.File: oo_75217.xlsxNathan HowellSupplementary material 10Data supporting Fig 17 Data type: taxonomicBrief description: Counts of the number of taxa in each of the thirteen most species-rich vascular plant families in each Carolina bay lake flora.File: oo_75218.xlsxNathan HowellSupplementary material 11Howell specimen collectionsData type: occurrenceshttp://sernecportal.org.Brief description: Comma delimited file of occurrence data (DwC) for the specimens collected by the first author from Carolina Bay Lakes. Precise locality data has been redacted for species of conservation concern. Specimens are deposited at NCSC. Images are available through File: oo_83035.csvNathan Howell


FST(SUMMER) = 0.093, FST(SWARMING) = 0.052; northern long-eared bat: FST(SUMMER) = 0.117, FST(SWARMING) = 0.043) and little microsatellite DNA differentiation among summering and among swarming sites.There are multiple errors in the fifth sentence of the Abstract. The publisher apologizes for the errors. The correct sentence is: Both species exhibited moderate degrees of mitochondrial DNA differentiation (little brown bat:


The correct name is: Chi Wai Lau. The correct citation is: Murugan D, Lau YS, Lau CW, Mustafa MR, Huang Y (2015) Angiotensin 1–7 Protects against Angiotensin II-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction via Mas Receptor. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0145413. doi:There are errors in the affiliations for the third and fifth authors. Chi Wai Lau and Yu Huang are affiliated not only with 2, but also with Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2300210.1038/srep23002; published online: 03142016; updated: 05042016This Article contains errors in the Author Contributions Statement,“J.S.T. headed and interpreted the data analysis, revised the manuscript.”should read:“J.S.T helped design data analysis strategies and analysis result interpretation, and contributed to manuscript revision.”In addition, the present address for Francesco M. Marincola was omitted. The correct address is listed below:Sidra Medical and Research Center, Research Branch, Doha, Qatar.


Nature Communications 7:12542 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12542 (2016); Published 08192016Energetics arguments are often invoked to explain the early 2000s slowdown of the global mean surface temperature (GMST) increase, a phenomenon often dubbed as the ‘hiatus'. Our recent paper56Chen and Tung8In other technical comments, Chen and TungThe net incoming radiation at the TOA is obtained from the Diagnosing Earth's Energy Pathways in the Climate system (DEEP-C) reconstructed TOA radiative energy fluxes10http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/~sgs02rpa/research/DEEP-C/GRL/.The DEEP-C reconstructed TOA radiative energy fluxes can be found at How to cite this article: Liu, W. et al. Reply to: ‘Correspondence: Variations in ocean heat uptake during the surface warming hiatus'. Nat. Commun. 7:12542 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12542 (2016).


In high-income countries, ≥30% of HIV-infected patients are ≥50 years (yrs) old (UNAIDS 2013). In two phases, three clinical trials (Studies 102 and 103) elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF  had non-inferior efficacy and favourable safety vs efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF  or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV+RTV)+FTC/TDF (TVD) in HIV-infected, treatment-naïve subjects at Week 144. The efficacy and safety of STB in subjects < or ≥50 yrs is described.Post hoc analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety in subjects < or ≥50 yrs at Week 144.Subjects ≥50 yrs in Study 102: STB: 14% (49/348), ATR: 16% (56/352); in Study 103: STB: 14% (48/353), ATV+RTV+TVD: 14% (48/355). Efficacy, safety and tolerability by age and study endpoint are shown in STB compared to ATR or ATV+RTV+TVD, is an efficacious, well-tolerated and safe regimen for HIV-1-infected, treatment-naïve subjects<or≥50 yrs of age.


Thunnus thynnus is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: Trophic Ecology of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Larvae from the Gulf of Mexico and NW Mediterranean Spawning Grounds: A Comparative Stable Isotope Study. The correct citation is: Laiz-Carrión R, Gerard T, Uriarte A, Malca E, Quintanilla JM, Muhling BA, et al. (2015) Trophic Ecology of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Larvae from the Gulf of Mexico and NW Mediterranean Spawning Grounds: A Comparative Stable Isotope Study. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133406. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133406The species


Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) data collected in HIV+ patients could be used as indicator of risky sexual behaviour possibly linked to HIV transmission. We described the STDs incidence over time and identified higher incidence factors.All patients in the ICONA Foundation Study enrolled after 1998 were included. STDs considered: any-stage syphilis, human papilloma virus (HPV) diseases, gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis, herpes simplex virus (HSV) genital ulcers, vaginitis and acute hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (only for non-IVDU (intravenous drug user) patients). STDs incidence rate (IR): number of STDs divided by person years of follow-up (PYFU). Calendar periods: 1998–2002, 2003–2007 and 2008–2012. Predictors of STDs occurrence were identified using Poisson regression and sandwich estimates for the standard errors were used for multiple STD events.Data of 9,168 patients were analyzed (median age 37.3 (SD=9.3), 74% male, 30% MSM). Over 46,736 PYFU, 996 episodes of STDs were observed . Median (IQR) CD4/mmc and HIV-RNA/mL at STD: 433 (251–600) and 10,900 . Highest crude IRs were observed for any-stage syphilis , HPV diseases  and acute hepatitis . At multivariable analysis  seems to reduce the risk of acquiring STDs independently of its viro-immunological effect.


Anti-TNFα treatment has become an important part of our systemic treatment in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Local application to the joint produces transient clinical improvement since the drug quickly leaves the joint.We aimed to develop a sustained release system for an anti-TNFα drug in treatment of chronic inflammatory arthritis. A novel form of intra-articularly injectable etanercept (ETN) loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) or methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG-PCL-MPEG) microspheres (patent pending) were prepared to provide long term controlled release of ETN with a sustained anti-inflammatory effect as a local treatment approach.Size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release profiles of γ-sterilized microspheres loaded with ETN were determined. Treatment efficacies of free and microsphere loaded ETN were evaluated by determining changes in cell number and viability of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), in protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines  and MMPs (MMP-3 and MMP-13) and in mRNA expressions of TNFα, IL-6, MMP-3 and MMP-13.Microspheres possessed a rough surface and had a mean particle size around 5 μm. MPEG-PCL-MPEG microspheres had higher drug encapsulation efficiency than PCL microspheres. Total amounts of biologically active ETN released from MPEG-PCL-MPEG microspheres were significantly higher than that from PCL microspheres at each time point during the four weeks study period. FLS viability significantly decreased in the free drug group at first week whereas no significant decrease was observed in microsphere groups. ETN loaded microspheres significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-17 and MMPs in FLSs. However, there were no significant variations in the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs among groups.ETN loaded microspheres provide a sustained release, which resulted with a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs levels. This study showed that MPEG-PCL-MPEG and PCL microspheres are promising and safe systems for an effective local treatment approach in chronic inflammatory arthritis.This study is a part of patent pending invention (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148).O. Erdemli Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148), Grant/Research Support from: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Grant no: 109S104), S. Ozen Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148), C. Kocaefe Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148), A. Usanmaz Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148), E. Batu: None declared, B. Atilla Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148), D. Keskin Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148), A. Tezcaner Shareholder of: Patent Pending (PCT No: PCT/TR2012/000148).


It is considered that the severity of septic CIPs is higher than the overall CIPs requiring ICU admission. Nevertheless, the impact of the OP over the severity of the SS perhaps has not been sufficiently analyzed and evaluated.To evaluate the impact of the OP in the evolution of the SS of the CIPs.· Period: January 1-2011 / June 30-2014 (42 months)SETTING. Medical/Surgical ICU· · Population: 2559 CIPs admitted consecutively to the ICU; sample: 484 CIPs with SS.· Study: prospective, analytical, longitudinal, and observational· Exclusión criteria: CIPs < 16 y., major burn CIPs, incomplete clinical documentation, and voluntary discharge.· Variables analyzed:a) Ageb) Hospital mortalityc) Case - mix: metabolic acidosis, total parenteral nutrition, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), blood products, cultures, cardiac output, renal replacement therapy (RRT), advanced life support (ALS), FGC, FBC,e) Organ dysfunction: SOFA and LODSf) Limitation of life support (LLS).· Statistical analysis: Ji squared and contrast of means (Student's t)· Limitations of the study: absence of critically burned patients and pediatric CIPsGlobal CIPs: 2559; sepsis CIPs: 484; non sepsis CIPs: 2075SOFA: Global (2.70), septic CIPs , non-septic CIPs LODS: Global (1.37), septic CIPs , non-septic CIPs See Tables 1) The OP conditions not age or mortality of CIPs with SS.2) Metabolic acidosis and the need of TPN, IAP and blood products are higher in the SS with OP.3) Cultures, RRT, ALS, FGC, and FBC are applied equally in both groups.4) The LLS is applied more in the SS with OP.


Coccinellids are important natural enemies of aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, jassids and mites. They are being augmented or conserved for population reduction of different agricultural crop pests in the concept of Integrated Pest Management throughout the world. The genera and species in the tribe Scymnini known from Pakistan are revised and redescribed. Two genera including two subgenera and six species among which three species are newly reported, is therefore, a new addition to Coccinellid fauna of Pakistan. Keys to all taxa, descriptions of the higher taxa, species diagnoses, synonymies, and distribution records are included. Members of the Scymnini are predaceous, feeding on homopterous insects ; therefore, they are of interest to biological control. The tribe Scymnini composed of several genera and subgenera and is found throughout the world. The classification has always lagged behind that of other groups of Coccinellidae because the species are small, and accurate species identification usually depends on examination of male .Nephus reguralis Sicard, Pseudoscymnus murreensis Ahmad, Pseudoscymnussimmondsi Ahmad, Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora Ayyar, S. (Neopullus) fuscatus Boh and S. (Scymnus) nubilus, were recorded from Pakistan and Indian subregions , Scymnus coccivora (Ayyar), Scymnus sp., Nephus sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculatus (F.), Coccinella septempunctata (L), Hyperaspis sp., Adonia sp., and Exochomus sp.  str. or complete (subgenus Pullus).Male genitalia: Median lobe symmetrical or asymmetrical, mostly shorter than paramere; siphon with siphonal capsule not complete hammer shaped, with adjacent arm shorter than opposite arm; trabes curved, mostly broader apically.Female genitalia: Spermatheca hook shaped, elongated, basally rounded with very small accessory gland with short narrow duct.Type species:S.nigrinus (nigrinus .1.Scymnus (Scymnus).Antennae 10 segmented; postcoxal line incomplete, curved forward apically; male 5th and 6th abdominal sterna truncate or emarginate apically –Scymnus (Pullus).Antennae 11-segmented; postcoxal line complete, recurved apically, reaching base of first abdominal sternum; 5th and 6th abdominal sterna moderately to strongly emarginate and impressed posteriorly Scymnus (Scymnus) KugelannSubgenus Head: Antenna 10 or 11 segmented.Thorax: Prosternum with two strong carinae.Abdomen: Postcoxal line incomplete, curved forward apically; male 5th and 6th abdominal sterna truncate or emarginate apically.Scymnus (Pullus) MulsantSubgenus Head: Antennae 11 segmented.Thorax: Prosternum with distinct carinae.Abdomen: Postcoxal line complete, recurved apically, reaching base of first abdominal sternum; 5th and 6th abdominal sterna moderately to strongly emarginate and impressed posteriorly.Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus MulsantScymnus nubilus (. nubilus : 359.Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus: Korschefsky , whereas the later one belongs to the subgenus Scymnus (Neopullus).Distribution: India; Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Japan; Micronesia; Portugal; La Reunion; Africa Region; Pakistan: Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkar, Tandojam, Larkana, Mirpur Khas; Punjab: Lahore, Jhang, Faisalabad; Baluchistan: Quetta; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar.1.2.Body large; with spots or patches; siphon with siphonal capsule slightly to deeply screw driver shaped –Body small; without patches or spots; siphon hammer shapedScymnus (Pullus) castaneus Sicard.2.3.Sipho posteriorly pointed; basal lobe thick, compressed, posteriorly pointed; genital plate long triangular; lateral plate large –Sipho posteriorly bifurcated; basal lobe expanded posteriorly with a deep cutting laterally on each side; genital plate short, triangular; lateral plate small Scymnus (Pullus) quadrillum Motschulsky.3.Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus.Body brownish-black; each elytron with one black spot attached with one patch on each lateral side; sipho terminally with a pointed hook; trabes terminally fin-shaped –Body brownish-yellow; each elytron with a glass shaped patch in basal half, two small spots on posterior half; siphon terminally straight; trabes terminally spoon shaped Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora Ayyar.Scymnus (Pullus) qaudrillum MotschulskyScymnus quadrillum  coccivora AyyarScymnus coccivora (occivora : 491.Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora (occivora : 142.Pullus coccidivora (cidivora : 165.Scymnus (Pullus) elegans ( elegans : 142 (caScymnus (Pullus) elegans var. clathratus , Murre; Baluchistan: Quetta; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar, Swat; Kashmir.Scymnus (Pullus) castaneus SicardScymnus (Pullus) castaneus (astaneus : 180.Scymnus (Pullus) castaneus ; Baluchistan: Quetta; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar.Remarks: This species is also newly recorded from Pakistan.Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus (Marsuel 1868)Coloration: Body reddish brown, pubescent, head, mouth parts, ventral side all black, each elytron with a large longitudinal black spot attached with one small brownish patch on each side.Size and general shape: Adult length 2–2.3 mm; width 1–1.2 mm; rounded-oval, convex.Head: Labrum with anterior margin slightly notched; ligula with straight margin; terminal segment of labial palp small pointed and converged.Thorax: Anterolateral margin of pronotum without hairs; prosternal process with well-developed carinae, narrow anteriorly, reaching the anterior margin; scuto-scutellar suture curved posteriorly; tibia with dorsal margin distally bearing long hairs.Abdomen: Second to fourth segments equal in size except the terminal segment; postcoxal line complete, strongly v-shaped; postcoxal process with anterior margin broader, straight; terminal sternite bearing long setae medially while short setae laterally in male.Male genitalia: Sipho narrow, distally flat, pointed, siphonal capsule with opposite arm long, curved while adjacent arm short, pointed; basal piece triangular, broader than long; median lobe thick, slightly longer than paramere; paramere narrow proximally, expanded distally; trabes curved, expanded medially, terminal end bearing fin shaped process.Female genitalia: Genital plate long, broader; lateral plate triangular, deeply curved inside; 10th tergite broader medially, narrow laterally; spermatheca with base rounded-oval, cornu long, narrow deeply curved.Distribution: Iran; Afghanistan; Egypt; Pakistan.Remarks: It is newly recorded from Sindh Province of Pakistan.Nephus MulsantGenus Scymnus (Nephus) ((Nephus) : 237.Nephus  binaevatus Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Type species: Nephus (Bipunctatus) (nctatus) : 66.Scymnus bipunctatusType species: Nephus (Geminosipho) (nosipho) : 68.Nephus bielawskii Fürsch 1965.Type species: Nephus (Parascymnus); Parascymnus Chapin, 1965b downgraded).Parascymnus palauensis Chapin, by original designation.Type species: Aponephus Booth‡Aponephus lentiformis by original designation. Syn. nov.Type species: Coloration: Dorsal surface pubescent, brownish black, sometime with spots.Size and general shape: Adult length 1.6–1.8 mm; width 1.2–1.4 mm oval, moderately convex.Head: Clypeus with anterior margin slightly truncate, emarginations with minute setae; antenna pseudo-11 segmented or 10 or 11 segmented, first and second segments completely tightly jointed together, basal segment moderately stout, curved, second segment separated from first by a false suture, not always visible, half as long as broad but equal in width to basal, third segment a little longer than broad, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of same width, the fifth slightly shorter than fourth or sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments progressively slightly longer and wider, 10th segment slightly longer than broad but nearly quadrate, 11th segment half as long as 10th, almost hemispherical; maxillary palpus with apical segment cylindrical, apex obliquely truncate.Thorax: Pronotum with posterior margin medially deeply emarginated; prosternum slightly produced anteriorly; prosternal process with carinae; elytral epipleura weakly narrow distally; tarsi three segmented; tibial spurs absent; claw with acute basal tooth.Abdomen: Abdomen with six visible segments; postcoxal line incomplete.Male genitalia: Median lobe symmetrical distinctly narrow, shorter than paramere; sipho with siphonal capsule hammer shaped but opposite arm distinctly broader; trabes slightly expanded apically.Female genitalia: Spermatheca weakly hook shaped, deeply elongated with cornu and basal part distinctly separated with very small accessory gland with very short duct.N. regularis (Sicard)Scymnus (Nephus) regularis (N. regularis: (gularis: : 133.Scymnus (Nephus) regularis ; trabes narrow proximally, medially expanded and terminally upwarded and saw like.Female genitalia: Genital plates elongated and trigonal shape; lateral plates small and also trigonal; basal portion of spermatheca elongated and oval, cornu sclerotized.Material examined: Fifteen males and 33 females, Pakistan; Sindh: Tandojam, Sukkar, Mirpur Khas, Hyderabad, Karachi, Punjab: Jhang, Lyalpur, 13April 2009; 22 March 2008 on brinjal, okra, cotton, leg., Khan, M. I. and Ali, M., lodged at Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi.Comparative note: This species resembles with tagiapatus in external appearance including the triangular brownish spot at elytral basal margins. The main difference is that in reguralis this spot is small only limited to the anterior basal part of elytra, but in tagiapatus, it is extended to the second and third parts along the medial junction as well as along lateral margins reaching to the middle of elytra.Distribution: China; India; Pakistan: Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad, Tandojam, Sukkar, Mirpur Khas; Punjab: Lahore, Faisalabad ; Baluchistan: Quetta; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar.Scymnus was more difficult and for the first time proved to be final valid criteria for the identification at species level for any type of insect  coccivora Ayyar, S. (Neopullus) fuscatus Boheman, and S. (Scymnus) nubilus from Pakistan  nubilus Mulsant, Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora Ayyar, N. regularis (Sicard) also in the Sindh Province of Pakistan, but this investigation is unique than the other findings, because it presents few new records such as Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus Marsuel, Scymnus (Pullus) castaneus Sicard, and Scymnus (Pullus) quadrillum Motschulsky.The works related to systematic, morphology, and distribution (Ahmad 1966,


Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) display impaired social interactions, implicated in the development and prognosis of the disorder. Importantly, social behavior is modulated by reward-based processes, and dysfunctional at-brain-level reward responses have been involved in AN neurobiological models. However, no prior evidence exists of whether these neural alterations would be equally present in social contexts. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional social-judgment functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of 20 restrictive-subtype AN patients and 20 matched healthy controls. Brain activity during acceptance and rejection was investigated and correlated with severity measures (Eating Disorder Inventory -EDI-2) and with personality traits of interest known to modulate social behavior (The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire). Patients showed hypoactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) during social acceptance and hyperactivation of visual areas during social rejection. Ventral striatum activation during rejection was positively correlated in patients with clinical severity scores. During acceptance, activation of the frontal opercula-anterior insula and dorsomedial/dorsolateral prefrontal cortices was differentially associated with reward sensitivity between groups. These results suggest an abnormal motivational drive for social stimuli, and involve overlapping social cognition and reward systems leading to a disruption of adaptive responses in the processing of social reward. The specific association of reward-related regions with clinical and psychometric measures suggests the putative involvement of reward structures in the maintenance of pathological behaviors in AN. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder. With limited evidence-based treatments available, at least 25% of patients show poor clinical outcome and high levels of functional and social impairment –5. TheseReward-based processes have been highlighted as powerful and natural modulators of social interactions ,13. Indecontamination reward theory  Main task comparisons: Acceptance: vmPFC: 68voxels, Z = 3.01, PFWE-equivalent = .04; Rejection: visual cortex (paraestriate BA18): 31voxels, Z = 2.90, PFWE-equivalent = .05. [B] Correlations: Acceptance-sensitivity to reward interaction: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: 61voxels, Z = 3.17, PFWE-equivalent = .04; DMPFc: 5 voxels, Z = 2.92, PFWE-equivalent>.05; right frontal opercula-insula: 9 voxels, Z = 2.69, PFWE-equivalent>.05; left frontal opercula-insula: 1 voxel, Z = 2.59, PFWE-equivalent>.05. Rejection-severity correlation: DMPFc: 82 voxels, Z = 3.30, PFWE-equivalent = .01; anterior caudate : 7voxels, Z = 2.69, PFWE-equivalent = .05; visual cortex (BA17): 10voxels, Z = 2.87, PFWE-equivalent = .05)  were not present even when lowering the voxel threshold to .01). PFWE-equivalent indicates the Alphasim cluster-based corrected significance, with a minimum threshold of p>.005 uncorrected at the voxel-level.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S1 TableFootnote: *Recall of rejection>recall of acceptance>recall of no feedback, all p <.001. ‡ Scores to faces giving rejection> scores to faces giving acceptance; Scores to faces giving rejection> scores to faces giving no feedback, both for pre and post scores and all p <.001. † Accepted>no feedback given>rejected, all p <.001.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S2 Table(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S3 Table(DOC)Click here for additional data file.


The correct name is: Qiuyu Martin Zhu. The correct citation is: Zhu QM, Yamakuchi M, Lowenstein CJ (2015) SNAP23 Regulates Endothelial Exocytosis of von Willebrand Factor. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0118737. doi:


The correct name is: Kuang Fei Lin. The correct citation is: Lu Q, Luo QS, Li H, Liu YD, Gu JD, Lin KF (2015) Characterization of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Environmental Variables in a Shallow Groundwater in Shanghai Using Kriging Interpolation and Multifactorial Analysis. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142241. doi: