Artificial insemination and genetic selection are major factors contributing to population stratification in dairy cattle. In this study, we analyzed the effect of sample stratification and the effect of stratification correction on results of a dairy genome-wide association study (GWAS). Three methods for stratification correction were used: the efficient mixed-model association expedited (EMMAX) method accounting for correlation among all individuals, a generalized least squares (GLS) method based on half-sib intraclass correlation, and a principal component analysis (PCA) approach.DGAT1-NIBP region of BTA14 for production traits, a SNP 45kb upstream from PIGY on BTA6 and two SNPs in NIBP on BTA14 for protein percentage. However, most of these consensus effects had similar frequencies in the elite and average cows.Historical pedigree data revealed that the 1,654 contemporary cows in the GWAS were all related when traced through approximately 10–15 generations of ancestors. Genome and phenotype stratifications had a striking overlap with the half-sib structure. A large elite half-sib family of cows contributed to the detection of favorable alleles that had low frequencies in the general population and high frequencies in the elite cows and contributed to the detection of X chromosome effects. All three methods for stratification correction reduced the number of significant effects. EMMAX method had the most severe reduction in the number of significant effects, and the PCA method using 20 principal components and GLS had similar significance levels. Removal of the elite cows from the analysis without using stratification correction removed many effects that were also removed by the three methods for stratification correction, indicating that stratification correction could have removed some true effects due to the elite cows. SNP effects with good consensus between different methods and effect size distributions from USDA’s Holstein genomic evaluation included the Genetic selection and extensive use of artificial insemination contributed to overlapped genome, pedigree and phenotype stratifications. The presence of an elite cluster of cows was related to the detection of rare favorable alleles that had high frequencies in the elite cluster and low frequencies in the remaining cows. Methods for stratification correction could have removed some true effects associated with genetic selection. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool for identifying genetic factors associated with phenotypes. Population stratification refers to systematic differences in allele frequencies between subpopulations and is a source for false positive results in GWAS-4. In huThe genome stratification based on 45,878 SNP markers was shown using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) method for two The association data of 1,654 cows showed some genome stratification, with a large cluster on the left and a small cluster on the right of Figure The selection signature data set of 2,366 contemporary and historical cattle showed more stratification with three clusters Figure C. The thDespite the fact that the cow DNA samples in our GWAS were from diverse academic and industry donors, analysis of USDA’s historical Holstein pedigree data revealed that the 1,654 cows were all related when traced through approximately 10 to 15 generations (back to the 1930’s) of ancestors  included two effects for fat yield, two effects for protein percentage, three effects for service-sire calving ease, one effect for daughter calving ease, three effects for service-sire stillbirth, one effect for front teat placement, one effect for teat length, one effect for rear legs (rear view), and two effects for foot angle. GLS and PCA had more effects reaching genome-wide significance, generally dozens more per trait than EMMAX. A global view of all SNP effects for each trait from the three methods is presented in Manhattan plots, and λ = r/(1 – r), where ni = the number of sibs in family i. Also let V–1 = L’L, where L is an upper triangular matrix. Then, each element in L can be calculated asSince the genome stratification overlapped with half-sib families, we used a GLS approach to accour needed,8. Let σV–1 can be constructed without actually inverting the V matrix. Variance components in the intraclass correlation, σf2 and σe2, were estimated using a maximum likelihood approach[With the above formulae, the approach,23. EstiX2* = L’X2 and y* = L’y = corrected phenotypic values after removing fixed non-genetic effects. Let k = the rank of X = X1,X2, s2 = residual mean sum of squares, and si = row vector of contrast coefficient for defining additive or dominance effects based on the extended Kempthorne model[where ne model. Then, tibi + g + e, where Σxibi = sum of principal component effects, with xi = eigenvector of principal component i, and bi = regression coefficient of principal component i, i = 1,…20. Statistical tests of SNP effects by the GLS and PCA methods were implemented using the epiSNP computer package[−6.4) for genome-wide significance. Gene and SNP locations were identified based on the University of Maryland bovine genome assembly[Stratification correction to the phenotypic value of each individual was also applied using the approach of principal component analysis (PCA) as a com package. A genomassembly,27. SNP assembly and NCBIassembly.Bos taurus; EMMAX: Efficient mixed-model association eXpedited; LS: Least squares; GLS: Generalized least squares; PCA: Principal component analysis; IBS: Identify by state; AFD: Allele frequency difference; MY: Milk yield; FY: Fat yield; PY: Protein yield; F%: Fat percentage; P%: Protein percentage; PL: Productive life; SCS: Somatic cell score; DPR: Daughter pregnancy rate; SCE: Service-sire calving ease; DCE: Daughter calving ease; SSB: Service-sire stillbirth; DSB: Daughter stillbirth; NM: Net merit; STA: Stature; STR: Strength; BD: Body depth; RW: Rump width; DF: Dairy form; RA: Rump angle; FUA: Fore udder attachment; RUH: Rear udder height; UD: Udder depth; UC: Udder cleft; FTP: Front teat placement; RTP: Rear teat placement; TL: Teat length; FA: Foot angle; RLS: Rear legs (side view); RLR: Rear legs (rear view); FL: Feet/legs score; FS: Final score.GWAS: Genome-wide association study; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; Mb: Mega bases pairs = 1000 kb = 1 million base pairs; PTA: Predicted transmitting ability; QTL: Quantitative trait locus; BTA: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.YD, TSS, GRW, JBC, CPVT, TJL and BAC organized and implemented this study. YD, LM, and SW led the data analysis. LM, GRW, SW and YD led the manuscript preparation. GRW provided the USDA historical Holstein pedigree data, JBC provided the effect size distribution data from USDA Holstein genomic evaluation, and TJL provided the Holstein body conformation data. TSS directed the genotyping work. All authors read and approved this manuscript.Figure S1. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots of SNP genotypes of 1,654 contemporary Holstein cows by chromosome. C1 = dimension 1, C2 = dimension 2. Left column: C1 and C2 values were calculated using 1,654 contemporary cows. Right column: C1 and C2 values were calculated using 2,366 Holstein cattle, including the University of Minnesota Holstein control line that remained unselected since 1964. Click here for fileFigure S2. Pedigree of the 1,654 contemporary cows tracing back to ancestors born in 1930’s (approximately 10–15 generations). Circles in gold color are the 1,654 cows used in the genome-wide association analysis. The pedigree shows that all 1,654 cows are related. Click here for fileFigure S3. Overlap between genome stratification and half-sib family structure. C1 = dimension 1, C2 = dimension 2. Left column: C1 and C2 values were calculated using 1,654 contemporary Holstein cows. Right column: C1 and C2 values were calculated using 2,366 Holstein cattle, including the University of Minnesota Holstein control line that remained unselected since 1964.Click here for fileFigure S4. Overlap between genome stratification and phenotypic stratification of 31 traits. C1 = dimension 1, C2 = dimension 2. Left column: C1 and C2 values were calculated using 1,654 contemporary Holstein cows. Right column: C1 and C2 values were calculated using 2,366 contemporary and historical Holstein cattle, including the University of Minnesota Holstein control line that remained unselected since 1964. ‘Top 200’ are the 200 cows with the highest PTA values for the trait, ‘Bottom 200’ are the 200 cows with the lowest PTA values for the trait, and ‘Other’ are cows with PTA values between top 200 and bottom 200. Click here for fileFigure S5. Overlap between genome stratification and phenotypic stratification for chromosome 1 and the X chromosome. Column 1: chromosome 1; Column 2: X chromosome; C1 and C2 values were calculated using 1,654 contemporary Holstein cows. Column 3: chromosome 1; Column 4: X chromosome; C1 and C2 values were calculated using 2,366 Holstein cattle, including the University of Minnesota Holstein control line that remained unselected since 1964. C1 = dimension 1, C2 = dimension 2; ‘Top 200’ are the 200 cows with the highest PTA values for the trait, ‘Bottom 200’ the 200 cows with the lowest PTA values for the trait, and ‘Other’ are cows with PTA values between top 200 and bottom 200. Click here for fileFigure S6. Global view of P-values of 45,878 SNP effects per trait for 31 production, health, reproduction and body conformation traits by three methods for stratification correction. MY, milk yield; FY, fat yield; PY, protein yield; FPC, fat percentage; PPC, protein percentage; PL, productive life; SCS, somatic cell score; DPR, daughter pregnancy rate; SCE, service-sire calving ease; DCE, daughter calving ease; SSB, service-sire stillbirth; DSB, daughter stillbirth; NM, net merit; STA, stature; STR, strength; BD, body depth; DF, dairy form; RA, rump angle; RW, rump width; FUA, fore udder attachment; RUH, rear udder height; UD, udder depth; UC, udder cleft; FTP, front teat placement; RTP, rear teat placement; TL, teat length; FA, foot angle; RLS, rear legs (side view); RLR, rear legs (rear view); FL, feet and legs; FS, final score. Yellow triangle indicates confirmation among all for methods for stratification correction. Click here for fileTable S1. (Excel file) Output file of top 100 effects on 31 dairy traits by EMMAX tests. Sheet 1: Results of EMMAX using identify by descent (IBS) among all individuals. Sheet 2: Results of EMMAX using the Balding-Nichols kinship matrix among all individuals. Chr30 is the X chromosome, and Chr32 indicates markers with unknown chromosome locations. MY, milk yield; FY, fat yield; PY, protein yield; FPC, fat percentage; PPC, protein percentage; SCS, somatic cell score; DPR, daughter pregnancy rate; PL, productive life; SCE, service-sire calving ease; DCE, daughter calving ease; SSB, service-sire stillbirth; DSB, daughter stillbirth; NM, net merit; STA, stature; STR, strength; BD, body depth; RW, rump width; DF, dairy form; RA, rump angle; FUA, fore udder attachment; RUH, rear udder height; UD, udder depth; UC, udder cleft; FTP, front teat placement; RTP, rear teat placement; TL, teat length; FA, foot angle; RLS, rear legs (side view); RLR, rear legs (rear view); FL, feet and legs; FS, final score. Click here for fileTable S2. (Excel file) Output file of top 100 effects on 31 dairy traits by generalized least squares (GLS) tests. Chr30 is the X chromosome, and Chr32 indicates markers with unknown chromosome locations. MY, milk yield; FY, fat yield; PY, protein yield; FPC, fat percentage; PPC, protein percentage; SCS, somatic cell score; DPR, daughter pregnancy rate; PL, productive life; SCE, service-sire calving ease; DCE, daughter calving ease; SSB, service-sire stillbirth; DSB, daughter stillbirth; NM, net merit; STA, stature; STR, strength; BD, body depth; RW, rump width; DF, dairy form; RA, rump angle; FUA, fore udder attachment; RUH, rear udder height; UD, udder depth; UC, udder cleft; FTP, front teat placement; RTP, rear teat placement; TL, teat length; FA, foot angle; RLS, rear legs (side view); RLR, rear legs (rear view); FL, feet and legs; FS, final score. Click here for fileTable S3. (Excel file) Output file of top 100 effects on 31 dairy traits with stratification correction based on principal component analysis (PCA) using to top 20 principal components as covariables. Chr30 is the X chromosome, and Chr32 indicates markers with unknown chromosome locations. MY, milk yield; FY, fat yield; PY, protein yield; FPC, fat percentage; PPC, protein percentage; SCS, somatic cell score; DPR, daughter pregnancy rate; PL, productive life; SCE, service-sire calving ease; DCE, daughter calving ease; SSB, service-sire stillbirth; DSB, daughter stillbirth; NM, net merit; STA, stature; STR, strength; BD, body depth; RW, rump width; DF, dairy form; RA, rump angle; FUA, fore udder attachment; RUH, rear udder height; UD, udder depth; UC, udder cleft; FTP, front teat placement; RTP, rear teat placement; TL, teat length; FA, foot angle; RLS, rear legs (side view); RLR, rear legs (rear view); FL, feet and legs; FS, final score. Click here for fileTable S4. (Excel file) Overlap between top 100 effects per trait for 31 dairy traits from methods for stratification correction and the top 100 effects from the analysis without stratification correction. A1_elite160: frequency of allele 1 in the elite cluster of 160 cows; A1_1494: frequency of allele 1 in the remaining 1,494 cows excluding the elite cluster; Allele 1 = A for AC, AG and AT, = C for CG and CT, = G for GT (GT not observed in our SNP data set). MY, milk yield; FY, fat yield; PY, protein yield; FPC, fat percentage; PPC, protein percentage; SCS, somatic cell score; DPR, daughter pregnancy rate; PL, productive life; SCE, service-sire calving ease; DCE, daughter calving ease; SSB, service-sire stillbirth; DSB, daughter stillbirth; NM, net merit; STA, stature; STR, strength; BD, body depth; RW, rump width; DF, dairy form; RA, rump angle; FUA, fore udder attachment; RUH, rear udder height; UD, udder depth; UC, udder cleft; FTP, front teat placement; RTP, rear teat placement; TL, teat length; FA, foot angle; RLS, rear legs (side view); RLR, rear legs (rear view); FL, feet and legs; FS, final score. E: the effect from the method without stratification correction[Click here for fileFigure S7. Manhattan plots of the AIPL effect distribution, and results from three sets of analysis: 1) LS, GLS, EMMAX-IBS using the full data set of 1,654 cows; 2) adding PCA to GLS and EMMAX-IBS using 1,654 cows; and 3) LS, GLS and EMMAX using 1,494 cows by removing the 160 elite cows. Red triangle indicates confirmation between effect size and significance test(s). Black triangle indicates confirmation of the AIPL effect by a nearby SNP marker. Black triangle indicates confirmation of the AIPL effect by a nearby SNP marker. Yellow triangle indicates confirmation between EMMAX and GLS. Green triangle indicates eliminated or reduced significance due to add PCA to GLS or EMMAX, or due to removing the 160 elite cows from the analysis. Blue triangle indicates increased significance due to add PCA to GLS or EMMAX, or due to removing the 160 elite cows from the analysis. Click here for file


Zea mays). The correct citation is: Szpak P, Longstaffe FJ, Millaire J-F, White CD (2012) Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea mays). PLoS ONE 7(3): e33741. There was a typographical error in the title. The correct title is: Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (


The two cyclopentadienyl rings exhibit a staggered conformation, which results from the bulky bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl substituents situated on opposite sides of the molecule.The molecule of the title compound, [Fe(C DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536812041360/mw2088Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


Compromised bone health is recognized as an important source of morbidity among children with glucocorticoid (GC)-treated rheumatic diseases (RD). The aims of this study were to determine the frequency and characteristics of incident vertebral fractures (VF) 12 months after GC initiation in a prospectively-followed cohort of children with RD, and to examine clinical factors associated with their development.Children (< 17 years) initiating GC for treatment of RD between January 2005 and December 2007 in ten participating Canadian tertiary pediatric centers were enrolled in the Steroid-Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) study. Enrolled patients had baseline (within 30 days of initiating GC) and 6- monthly spine areal (a) BMD studies. Additionally, radiographs of the thoracolumbar spine at baseline and 12 months (m) were evaluated using the Genant semi-quantitative method. Fractures present at baseline  were documented. An incident VF was defined as a new VF or worsening of an existing fracture. Patients also had baseline and 3 monthly assessment of GC exposure, clinical status including disease activity , and questionnaires to determine physical activity and vitamin D/calcium intake.2) was almost double in those with incident VFs  versus those without ; with the greatest difference in GC dose seen within the first 6m. None of the 9 children with baseline prevalent VFs had incident fractures. In 8 of these 9 patients, spine status had improved overall at 12 m.Of 135 patients enrolled, data were available on 118  at 12 m. Diagnoses included juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) (23%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (36 %), systemic lupus (SLE) and related conditions (18%), systemic vasculitis (14%), and other ( 9%). At 12 m, 7 patients (6%) had 12 incident VFs . All incident VFs were new fractures; 5 patients had a single VF, one had 2 VFs and one had 5 VFs. Three patients had mild and 4 had moderate VFs. Nine (75%) of the incident VFs were thoracic and 11 (92%) had wedge morphology. Patients with and without incident VFs were similar for age, gender, pubertal status, disease activity, physical activity, vitamin D/calcium intake and presence of back pain. The decrease in spine aBMD and increase in BMI in the first 6 months was larger in those with incident VFs  versus those without . Cumulative GC dose ; however one patient was more severely affected. Children with incident VFs received almost twice as much GC therapy as those without, had a greater decline in spine BMD, and manifested greater increases in BMI. Back pain and baseline prevalent VFs did not appear to be associated with incident VFs. Funded by CIHR.Bianca A. Lang: None; Celia Rodd: None; Timothy Ramsay: None; David A. Cabral: None; Peter B. Dent: Roche , 6; Janet E. Ellsworth: None; Kristin M. Houghton: None; Adam Huber: None; Roman Jurencak: None; Maggie Larché: None; Claire M.A. LeBlanc: None; Brian Lentle: None; MaryAnn Matzinger: None; Paivi M. Miettunen: None; Kiem Oen: None; Johannes Roth: None; Claire Saint-Cyr: None; Rosie Scuccimarri: None; Nazih Shenouda: None; Leanne M. Ward: None; and the Canadian STOPP Consortium: None.


AbstractSinotrisus Yin & Li, comprising four species, is redefined and revised. Members of Sinotrisus are often found with ants of the subfamily Formicinae, or in humid forest habitats. The type speciesand three new species are (re-)described and illustrated: Sinotrisus kishimotoi Yin & Nomura, sp. n. (China: Sichuan), Sinotrisus nomurai Yin, Li & Zhao (type species) (China: Zhejing), Sinotrisus sinensis Yin & Nomura, sp. n. (China: Sichuan) and Sinotrisus vietnamensis Yin & Nomura, sp. n. (Vietnam: Lai Chau). A key is included as an aid to distinguishing these species.The genus  Sinotrisus Yin & Li currently contains a single species, Sinotrisus nomuraiPageBreakYin, Li & Zhao, from East China  comprises more than 220 genera distributed in all zoogeographical regions except for New Zealand, and about one-third of them are known from Asia  is used to separate lines on the same label, and a double slash (//) is used to separate different labels on the same pin.= HL+PL+EL+AL); EL–length of the elytra along the suture; EW–maximum width of the elytra; HL–length of the head from the anterior clypeal margin to the occipital constriction; HW–width of the head across eyes; PL–length of the pronotum along the midline; PW–maximum width of the pronotum.Measurements are in millimeters; the following acronyms are used in the text: AL–length of the abdomen along the midline; AW–maximum width of the abdomen; BL–length of the body ;NSMT National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan (Shûhei Nomura).Yin & Li, 2010http://species-id.net/wiki/SinotrisusSinotrisus Yin & Li, 2010: 249.Sinotrisus nomurai Yin, Li & Zhao, 2010 .Head trapezoidal; frontal rostrum low, antennal tubercles moderately raised. Pronotum with median and lateral longitudinal sulci; small antebasal spines present, lacking lateral spines; median longitudinal sulcus broadened posteriorly to form longitudinal impression, usually lacking median antebasal fovea in impression. Elytra with three basal fovea, discal striae shallow, extending to half elytral length. Tergite IV longest, with thick triangular ridge formed by inner and outer marginal carinae.PageBreak antennomeres, ocular-mandibular carinae present; eyes roundly prominent; maxillary palpomeres III triangular, IV narrowed to base in basal half; gular carina present; foveae close in large pit.Length 3.0–3.3. Reddish brown. Head trapezoidal; with frontal rostrum low, antennal tubercles moderately prominent; with nude, deep vertexal foveae; occipital margins usually carinate; postocular margins narrowing toward head base; with eleven antennomeres, clubs weakly to distinctly indicated by apical threePronotum with distinct lateral longitudinal sulci, median longitudinal sulcus ending posteriorly as broader longitudinal antebasal impression, then followed by short median carina; lateral antebasal foveae distinct; antebasal spines minute or absent, small spines variably present along discal ridges; lateral margins lacking spines; with both inner and outer pair of basolateral foveae present; paranotal carinae at least extending anteriorly to half prosternal length; lateral procoxal foveae present.Each elytron with three distinct basal foveae, shallow discal stria extending to half elytral length; with complete sutural and marginal striae. Thorax with lateral mesoventral foveae forked, median mesoventral foveae with openings touching, into shared transverse cavity; with large mesocoxal foveae; lateral metaventral foveae present; metaventrite with narrow posteromedian notch. Legs with second and third tarsomeres subsequent in length.Tergite IV longer than subsequent one, with inner marginal carinae extending entire tergal length, together with outer marginal carinae forming thick triangular ridge; mediobasal sulcus deep between mediobasal foveae, sulcus bracketed by short, tuberculate discal carinae; lateral foveae at mesal and lateral margins of short, deep basolateral sulci; tergite V with thin marginal carinae, punctiform mediobasal and basolateral foveae present; VI with marginal carinae indistinct, mediobasal and inner pair of basolateral foveae as shallow trace; VII with one pair of basolateral foveae and minute lateral tubercles. Sternite IV about twice length of V at midline, with large mediobasal and two pairs of small basolateral foveae; sternites V–VII each with one pair of basolateral foveae. Foveae of abdominal segments V–VII often overlapped by previous segment.Males with vertex, apices of mesotibiae and metatrochanters modified. Aedeagus with basal bulb greatly constricted basally; paramere fused to median lobe to form ventral lobe; articulated dorsal lobe offset to right side.Batrisodes Reitter of the Batrisus genus-group, but does not fit any subgeneric concept sensu Park (1951). Sinotrisus is here placed as a member of Tribasodes group by the males having protuberant metatrochanters and the aedeagus with an articulated dorsal lobe . Tianxi Xiang / Meigu Xian //  / [same locality data in Chinese] / 5.x.1997, T. kishimoto // HOLOTYPE [red] / Vertex strongly modified in male. Antennomeres VII slightly elongate. Pronotum with minute spines along discal ridges; basolateral foveae small. Mesotibiae with apical spur longer than first tarsomeres.Male . Length PageBreakFemale . SimilarSouthwestChina: Sichuan.Formica sp.Named after the collector of the holotype, T. kishimoto.Yin, Li & Zhaohttp://species-id.net/wiki/Sinotrisus_nomuraiSinotrisus nomurai Yin, Li & Zhao, 2010: 251.PageBreak[red] / Sinotrisus nomurai sp. n. / Yin and Li / det. 2010, SNUC’. Paratype, male, same label data as holotype, with the following label: ‘PARATYPE [yellow] / Sinotrisus nomurai sp. n. / Yin and Li / det. 2012, SNUC’.PageBreakHolotype, male, labeled ‘China: Zhejiang Prov. / W. Tianmushan Mt. / firebreak / 01.v.2009, 1,400 m / Xiao-Bing SONG leg. // HOLOTYPE Vertex modified in the male. Antennomeres VII transverse. Pronotum lacking spines along discal ridges; basolateral foveae broad. Mesotibiae with one tiny and one long apical spur.PageBreak with long ventral spine slightly curved toward base in apical half; mesotibiae with apical spur  / Kangding Xian /  / [same locality data in Chinese] / 9.ix.1998 / Toshio Kishimoto leg. // HOLOTYPE [red] / Vertex modified in male. Antennomeres VII elongate. Pronotum with indistinct spines along discal ridges; basolateral foveae punctiform. Mesotibiae with one tiny and another larger apical spur, larger spur shorter than first tarsomeres.Male . Length Female. Unknown.Southwest China: Sichuan.Formica sp.PageBreakNamed after the country where the type locality lies.Yin & Nomurasp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0E6979F9-99FC-408B-BBF3-038C82E92618http://species-id.net/wiki/Sinotrisus_vietnamensisSinotrisus vietnamensis sp. n. / Yin and Nomura / det. 2012, NSMT’.Holotype, male, labeled ‘Mt. Phang Si Pang . Lai Chau Prov. / [N. VIETNAM] / 17.v.2003, S. Nomura leg. // HOLOTYPE [red] / Vertex modified in male. Antennomeres VII greatly transverse. Pronotum lacking spines along discal ridges; basolateral foveae small. Mesotibiae with apical spur about as long as first tarsomeres.PageBreakgin of vertexal cavity; shallow transverse cavity with large foveae, area posterior to cavity strongly raised medially to form rostrum, densely covered with setae; with distinct occipital carinae; postocular margins evenly narrowed toward head base; antennomeres IV (PageBreak small blunt tubercle at ventral margin. Abdomen slightly wider than long, AL 0.88, AW 1.10; segments lacking basal ridges. Aedeagus (Male . Length meres IV  about sameres IV  with lonmeres IV  about sameres IV  broadly Aedeagus  well-sclFemale. Unknown.Vietnam: Lai Chau.The individual was collected from a pile of moist moss.Named after the country where the type locality lies.


Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are common conditions encountered in the ICU. Whether mortality has decreased over time or not, they are still many unanswered questions about the impact of pharmacological treatment on ALI/ARDS mortality.The objectives were to perform a review of the literature in search of the randomized control trials that asses the pharmacological impact in ALI/ARDS on all-cause mortality. We included all RCTs of pharmacological treatments in ALI/ARDS that had an impact in mortality in adults. We excluded RCTs that included patients <18 years old and animals. We also excluded trials that tested fluid therapy, mechanical ventilation, nonpharmacological treatments, antibiotics and reviews. No date or language restriction was applied.n = 271), enteral nutrition (n = 411), surfactant , nitric oxide , APC (n = 75), muscle relaxants (n = 340), prostaglandins (n = 550), NAC (n = 127), silvelastat (n = 492), rPAF-HD (n = 127) lisofylline (n = 235), rFVIIa antagonist (n = 214), OTZ (n = 215) and verapamile-procaine compound (n = 150).We included 37 RCTs involving 6,303 patients in different ALI/ARDS treatment modalities: steroids (Only steroid treatment (methylprednisolone) and nutritional therapy (EPA + GLA + antioxidants) showed a trend towards reduced mortality. Other treatments were associated with reduced morbidity. However, many empirical treatments are still used in day-to-day practice.


AbstractHymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria is made on a base of critical reconsideration of literature (covering the period from 1892 till 2009 and part of 2010) as well as on examination of the authors‘ and several museum‘s collections. A lot of data were omitted in the previous Bulgarian monograph on ants, lots of new data were recently added and many important additions and alterations were made due to taxonomic revisions of Eurasian Formicidae during the last three decades. Two new species are reported for the country [Temnothorax graecus  and Temnothorax cf. korbi ].The present catalogue of the ants (This catalogue contains a list of 163 ant species belonging to 40 genera of 6 subfamilies now known from Bulgaria. Synonyms and information on the previously reported names in relevant publications are given. Known localities of the species are grouped by geographic regions. Maps with concrete localities or regions for each species were prepared. The conservation status of 13 ant species is given as they are included in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and Bulgarian Biodiversity Act. In comparison with adjacent Balkan regions the ant fauna of Bulgaria is quite rich and its core is composed of South European elements. The Bulgarian myrmecofauna is among the richest of the local faunas of Southern Europe. This is a result of the high diversity of natural habitats, variability of climate and orography, and by the complicated history of the origin of the ant fauna of this relatively small territory. Despite a comparatively large number of publications concerning myrmecological investigation in this country, including monographic synthesizing, a lot of data has been omitted by previous authors and much new data has been added recently. To make a complete synopsis of all the existing information we have summarized it and compiled modern Catalogue of Bulgarian ants.Temnothorax bulgaricus (as Leptothorax), Cardiocondyla bulgarica (as Cardiocondyla elegans Emery var. bulgarica), and Cardiocondyla stambuloffii.Early studies of the myrmecofauna of Bulgaria started more than 100 years ago, when The most significant contribution to the fauna and biology of the ants in Bulgaria over the past century was made by Dr. Neno Atanassov, whose first papers were published in the 1930s , 1936, wIn the 1960s and 1980s myrmecological investigations in Bulgaria were concerned mostly with the distribution and biology of red wood ants .Formicidae, that also include data on Bulgarian ants, have been published ; Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Russia (ZMMU); Museum and Institute of Zoology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (MIZ); shmalhausen Institute of Zoology of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine (SIZK); National Museum of Natural History, Prague, Czech Republic (NMNHP). All the available literature was also surveyed and the data therein used and in some cases critically reviewed.Dr. Neno Atanassov’s collection of ants is kept in the National History Museum in Sofia and includes a few thousands of mounted specimens. Unfortunately, the collection is almost useless as the specimens have no locality labels but only numbers.Temnothorax graecus  and Temnothorax cf. korbi ] for the country are reported.This catalogue contains a list of ant species, currently known in Bulgaria. Synonyms, information on the previously reported names and localities are included. Two new species ; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kulata, Melnik Bulgaria   ; Northerdistrict ; Souther: Rezovo .PageBreakPonera testacea.See Emery, 1895Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Melnik, Melnik river valley, Rozhen Eastern Danubian Plain: Dobrudzha , : Easternobrudzha ; Thraciailengrad ; Krupnikandanski ; SoutherSantschi, 1912Bulgaria Eastern Rhodopi Mts: near Shiroko pole vill. (Momchilgrad) (: Easternhilgrad) .Dacetini and proposed synonymisation of many generic names  and, perhaps, needs additional revisions and we use here the system, proposed by Bulgaria  ; Central Stara Planina Mts: Botev peak (Ray hut) [Myrmica rubida)]; Vitosha Mt. ; Osogovska Planina Mt.: Ruen peak [Myrmica rubida)], Kamen peak [Myrmica rubida)]; Rila Mt.: Elenin peak, Rilska river valley (Myrmica rubida)], Musala peak ; Vitosha Mt. , Betova (Sofia Basin: Sofia [Myrmica rugulososcabrinodis)]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Melnik, Sandanski ; Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven [Myrmica laevinodis)]; Sofia Basin: Sofia (Vitosha Mt. [Myrmica laevinodis)]: Knyazhevo [Myrmica laevinodis)], Zheleznitsa vill. [Myrmica rubra laevinodis)]; Plana Mt.: Plana vill., Kokalyane monastery , Ivanova mogila peak (Alino vill.)  ; Western Smolyan .Nylander, 1846Bulgaria , Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.), east of Zheleznitsa vill., under Muhchel peak (Dolni Okol vill.), Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.)  ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupniksa river ; Rila Mtonastery , Borovetonastery ; Slavian reserve ; Westernhepelare .Nylander, 1849Bulgaria , Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Pasarel vill., Alino vill., Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.), Zvezdel vill. (Momchilgrad), Malki Voden vill. (Madzharovo), Kokiche vill.  ; Lozenskonastery ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Rila Mtdopi Mts ; WesternRakitovo ; Easternrdzhali) ; South BBulgaria .Nylander, 1846Bulgaria   ; Eastern: Sliven ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008; Vosha Mt. , 1952; Pel vill. ; Lozensknina Mt. , near Genina Mt. ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Westerna, Batak .Viereck, 1903Bulgaria (Stara Planina Mts (Sofia Basin: Sofia (PageBreak Vitosha Mt. (Plana Mt.: Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Pasarel vill., Alino vill., Turmachka neighbourhood (Plana vill.)  ; Lozenskonastery ; Krupnikno vill. ; Rila MtRila Mt. ; Pirin Mirin Mt. : Rozhen irin Mt. ; Rhodopidopi Mts ; WesternRakitovo .Sadil, 1952Myrmica salinanec Ruzsky, 1905 : Sofia Basin: Sofia [Myrmica salina)]; Strandzha Mt.: Tirnovo [Myrmica salina)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Bachkovo [Myrmica salina)].: Sofia BMyrmica slovaca has been considered as a junior synonym of Myrmica salina Ruzsky, 1905, but very recently Myrmica salina showed that these two species are not conspecific and revived the name Myrmica slovaca from synonymy.During the last decade Myrmica slovaca is in Bulgaria, this species was omitted by Despite the fact that one of the type localities of Bondroit, 1918Myrmica sancta  Karawajew, 1926Myrmica bessarabicanec Nasonov, 1889 : Bulgaria (Sofia Basin: Sofia (Lyulin Mt. [Myrmica bessarabica)]; Strandzha Mt.: Malko Tarnovo (Rila Mt.: Kostenets [Myrmica sancta)]; Southern Black Sea coast: Sozopol   ; Sofia Bya vill. , 2008; Lulin Mt. ; Vitoshaosha Mt. ; Plana Mol vill.); Belasitelasitsa ; Krupnikr valley ; Rila Mtnin peak , Kostenenin peak ; WesternRakitovo .Bondroit, 1920Vitosha Mt.:above Selimitsa hut Stenamma westwoodinec Westwood, 1839 : Bulgaria , Plana Mt.: Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.) (Sushtinska Sredna Gora Mts: under Bratiya peak (Belasitsa Mt. ; Thracian Lowland: Harmanli [Messor semirufus meridionalis)]; Ograzhden Mt. [Messor semirufus meridionalis)]; Belasitsa Mt. ]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Petrich [Messor semirufus meridionalis)]; Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Kardzhali [Messor semirufus meridionalis)]; Northern Black Sea coast: Obzor [Messor semirufus meridionalis)]; Southern Black Sea coast: Ropotamo river – Sozopol [Messor semirufus var. meridionalis)].: BulgariBulgaria ; Podbalkitsa Mt. : east slBulgaria Northern Black Sea coast: Kavarna, Kaliakra ]; Ograzhden Mt., Belasitsa Mt. [Messor oertzeni var. amphigea)]; Slavianka Mt. (Western Rhodopi Mts (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Senoklas vill. (Madzharovo), Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad)  ; Northerd palace .Messor muticus  Nylander, 1849Messor barbarus varrialei  Emery, 1921Messor clivorum  Ruzsky, 1905Messor rufitarsis  Fabricius, 1804Bulgaria ; Western Stara Planina Mts: PageBreakMilanovo vill., Lakatnik station , Vrattsata loc., Zgorigrad vill. [Messor clivorum)], Vratsa [Messor clivorum)], Chepan Mt. (Dragoman) ], Zemen (Sofia Basin: surroundings of Sofia (Lyulin Mt. (Vitosha Mt. [Messor clivorum)]: Boyana ; Plana Mt.: Pasarel vill., Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.), Grobat peak ]; Ihtimanska Sredna Gora: Benkovski peak [Messor barbarus varrialei and Messor structor rufitarsis)]; Lozenska Planina Mt. (Thracian Lowland: Pazardzhik (Messor rufitarsis)]; Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos (Messor clivorum)]; Osogovska Planina Mt.: Hisarlaka [Messor barbarus varrialei and Messor structor rufitarsis)]; Ograzhden Mt. [Messor barbarus varrialei and Messor structor rufitarsis)]; Belasitsa Mt.: at the foot of Belasitsa Mt. [Messor barbarus varrialei and Messor structor rufitarsis)]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kresna gorge [Messor structor rufitarsis)], surroundings of Parvomay vill., along Strumeshnitsa river [Messor barbarus varrialei)], Petrich [Messor rufitarsis romanus)]; Slavianka Mt.: Petrovo vill. [Messor rufitarsis romanus)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Dedets vill. (Zlatograd), Byal Izvor vill. (Arda), Momchilgrad, Madzharovo, between Dabovets and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Odrintsi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Padalo vill. (Krumovgrad) ], Balchik (Southern Black Sea coast: Nesebar (Messor rufitarsis romanus)].: Bulgariragoman) ; Zemen G], Zemen ; Sofia Bof Sofia ; Lyulin ulin Mt. ; Vitoshabat peak ; Podbalknina Mt. ; north onina Mt. ; Thraciazardzhik , Plovdivzardzhik , Harmanlt: Aytos , Mandra enovgrad , Smilyanenovgrad ; Easternmovgrad) , Daskalomovgrad) ; Norther Balchik ; Souther Nesebar , Mandra GenusWestwood, 1839Bulgaria  [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; Western Stara Planina Mts: Lakatnik station [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; PageBreak Planina Mts:Central Stara Zhaltets peak [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven ]; Podbalkan Basins: Rose valley [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; Strandzha Mt.: Ropotamo river ]; west of Petrich [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; Ograzhden Mt. [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; Belasitsa Mt.: at the foot of Belasitsa Mt. [Pheidole pallidula arenarum var. orientalis)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Dedets vill. (Zlatograd), Malko Popovo vill. (Madzharovo), Madzharovo, between Dabovets and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Padalo vill. (Krumovgrad) ], Kavarna  ; Norther Kavarna ; Souther Sozopol , Burgas  Sozopol , near Ro Sozopol .GenusCurtis, 1829Myrmecina latreillei  Curtis, 1829Bulgaria ], Tsarevo ).: KrupnikCremastogaster scutellaris var. christowitchii  Forel, 1892Bulgaria (Western Stara Planina Mts: Lakatnik station (Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven [Crematogaster scutellaris)]; Podbalkan Basins: Rose valley (Thracian Lowland: Pazardzhik [Crematogaster scutellaris var. christotwitchii)]; Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos [Crematogaster scutellaris var. christotwitchii)]; Strandzha Mt. (Crematogaster scutellaris var. christotwitchii)]; Belasitsa Mt. ], Dospat (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Zhelezino vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Madzharovo municipality, Malko Popovo vill. (Madzharovo), Malki Voden vill. (Madzharovo), between Dabovets and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Odrintsi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Kokiche vill. , Meden buk vill. (Ivaylovgrad) (Southern Black Sea coast: Veselie vill. [Crematogaster scutellaris var. christotwitchii)], Burgas [Crematogaster scutellaris)], Rezovo [Crematogaster scutellaris and Crematogaster scutellaris var. christotwitchii)].: BulgariBulgaria ; Western station ; Easterne valley ; Thraciadzha Mt. : Papia pitsa Mt. ; Krupniksa river ; Slavianvo vill. ; Western, Dospat ; Easternlovgrad) ; SoutherCrematogaster scutellaris should be refer to Crematogaster schmidti.According to Bulgaria Bulgaria , Madzharovo municipality, Malko Popovo vill. (Madzharovo), between Dabovets and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad)  ; Norther Kavarna .GenusMayr, 1855Eastern Danubian Plain: Ruse, Shumen Bulgaria [Diplorhoptrum fugax)]; Western Predbalkan: Rachene river valley [Diplorhoptrum fugax)]; Central Predbalkan: Dermantsi vill. (Lukovit) (Western Stara Planina Mts: Milanovo vill. (Vratsa) (Sofia Basin: Sofia .: Sofia Bn: Sofia ; Plana Mno vill. ; WesternPeshtera ; SoutherTemnothorax crassispinus was considered as a junior synonym of Temnothorax nylanderi, but Temnothorax nylanderi is mainly West European species. Nevertheless, we recently found Temnothorax nylanderi in parks in Sofia. Therefore although most of the records of Temnothorax nylanderi for Bulgaria from before 2000 should be Temnothorax crassispinus, some of them might include also “true” Temnothorax nylanderi, this question may be definitely resolved only after investigation of the correspondent material.For many years Central Stara Planina Mts: Gabrovo monastery (Gabrovo) .: CentralWestern Predbalkan: Belogradchik   ; Krupnik Petrich ; Norther Balchik . cf.Southern Black Sea coast: Ahtopol .PageBreak: SoutherBulgaria Western Rhodopi Mts: Chervenata stena reserve (Dobrostan) (: Westernbrostan) .Bulgaria Temnothorax nylanderi: Sofia Basin: Sofia , Balchik Bulgaria (Western Stara Planina Mts: Chepan Mt. (Dragoman) (PageBreakEastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven (Vitosha Mt.: Knyazhevo (Plana Mt.: Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.)  ; Eastern: Sliven ; Vitoshanyazhevo ; Plana Ml vill.) .Bulgaria .Bulgaria Leptothorax rottenbergi var. balcanica  Santschi, 1909Bulgaria ]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kresna gorge [Leptothorax rottenbergi var. balcanica)], Sandanski [Leptothorax rottenbergi var. balcanica)]; Belasitsa Mt.: slopes of Belasitsa Mt. [Leptothorax rottenbergi var. balcanica)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Dedets vill. (Zlatograd), Byal Izvor vill. (Arda), Momchilgrad, Madzharovo Western Predbalkan: Cherven bryag  .: BulgariBulgaria , 1995a; Bulgaria Leptothorax tuberum r. unifasciatus var. unifasciatotuberumnomen nudum and unavailable name)  Forel, 1892 (Leptothorax tuberum r. unifasciatus var. interruptotuberumnomen nudum and unavailable name)  Forel, 1892   ; Stara Pnina Mts ; Eastern: Sliven ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, sn: Sofia ; Vitoshaosha Mt. ; Plana Mno vill. ; Lozenskel vill. ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Rila MtRila Mt. ; Rhodopidopi Mts ; WesternPeshtera ; Souther: Burgas .GenusMenozzi, 1923Bulgaria .GenusRuzsky, 1902Ruzsky, 1902Western Predbalkan: Reselets vill. (Cherven Bryag) (: Westernn Bryag) .Vulnerable D2 (IUCN).Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kresna [Epimyrma ravouxi)].: KrupnikVulnerable D2 (IUCN).GenusEmery, 1869Forel, 1892Bulgaria [Cardiocondyla elegans)]; Pirin Mt.: Rozhen   , Melnik Simitli) ; Northerva river ; Southerrimorsko .Forel, 1905Bulgaria [Cardiocondyla batesii Forel)].Cardiocondyla nigra for Bulgaria and Turkey (Thrace), and Cardiocondyla batesii that he considered as a senior synonym of Cardiocondyla nigra). However, Cardiocondyla batesii and Cardiocondyla nigra as separate species. According to him, the first species is distributed in Iberian Peninsula and NW Africa ; Strandzha Mt. , Madzharovo municipality, Byal Izvor vill. (Arda), Beli Plast vill. , Malko Popovo vill. (Madzharovo), between Dabovets and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Svirachi vill. (Southern Black Sea coast: Primorsko [Tetramorium taurocaucasicum)], Maslen nos [Tetramorium taurocaucasicum)], Burgas  ; Sofia Bosha Mt. ; Lozenskonastery ; Thraciadzha Mt. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Boboshegoevgrad ; Pirin Mirin Mt. ; Rhodopidopi Mts ; Easternhi vill. ; Souther, Burgas .Tetramorium forte and Tetramorium moravicum from Bulgaria, but Tetramorium moravicum, as well as Tetramorium taurocaucasicum, as junior synonyms of Tetramorium forte. The complicate taxonomic history of this species was resolved recently by Emery, 1908Southern Black Sea coast: Ahtopol   .Bulgaria  [PageBreak(as Tetramorium caespitum semilaeve)]; Sofia Basin: Sofia ; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kresna [Tetramorium caespitum semilaeve)], around Mitino vill. [Tetramorium caespitum semilaeve)]; Sandanski , Zhelezino vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad) [Tetramorium semilaeve)]; Northern Black Sea coast: Varna [Tetramorium semilaeve)].: BulgariBulgaria ; Centralne vill. ; Belasitandanski , Rupite andanski ; EasternTetramorium caespitum, was raised to species rank by Tetramorium hungaricum as a Ponto-Caspian or Balkan element.This species, primarily described as a subspecies of Kratochvil, 1941Bulgaria .Central Predbalkan: Veliko Tarnovo . Later Strongylognathus rehbinderi bulgaricus) and considered Strongylognathus kratochvili as its junior synonym. Nevertheless, based on the Strongylognathus bulgaricus is Strongylognathus kratochvili has priority. Strongylognathus bulgaricus.PageBreakVulnerable D2 (IUCN).Bulgaria   ; Souther Ahtopol .SubfamilyGenusLund, 1831Bulgaria  (Sofia Basin: Sofia ; Southwestern Bulgaria [Hypoclinea quadripunctata)]; Belasitsa Mt.  ; Sofia Bel vill. ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Strandzdzha Mt. : Malko Titsa Mt. ; Krupnikch plain ; Rila MtRila Mt. ; Westernenovgrad ; Easterndzharovo ; Southerie vill. .GenusMayr, 1861Bulgaria (Western Danubian Plain: Sadovets vill. (Lukovit)     , LukovitLukovit) ; Easterndistrict ; CentralLukovit) , 1957; Snina Mts ; Centralsa vill. ; Eastern: Sliven ; Podbalkazanlak) ; Sredna gora Mts ; Thraciazardzhik , Krichimzardzhik ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupniksa river ; Rila MtRila Mt. : Rila  ; Southerie vill. .GenusFörster, 1850Bulgaria ; Rila Mt.: Rilska river valley , Beli Plast vill. , Momchilgrad, Madzharovo municipality, between Odrintsi and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Senoklas vill. (Madzharovo)  ; Centralzhen hut ; Eastern: Sliven ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, sn: Sofia , 2008; Vosha Mt. ; Plana Mno vill. ; Lozensknina Mt. ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; DupnitsDupnitsa ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupnikr valley ; Pirin Mdopi Mts ; WesternPeshtera , RadilovPeshtera ; Easternzharovo) ; Black Sea coast ; Northerd palace ; Souther Sozopol .Forel, 1895Tapinoma ambiguum  Emery, 1925Bulgaria Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: west of Petrich Sofia Basin: Sofia; Northern Black Sea coast: Varna; Southern Black Sea coast: Burgas [Iridomyrmex humilis)].: Sofia BSubfamilyGenusMayr, 1861Bulgaria (Western Stara Planina Mts: Chepan Mt. (Dragoman) (Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven (Sofia Basin: Sofia (Vitosha Mt. (Lozenska Planina Mt. (Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos (Strandzha Mt. (Osogovska Planina Mt.: Hisarlaka (Dupnitsa Basin: Dupnitsa (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Dedets vill. (Zlatograd), Byal Izvor vill. (Ardino), Momchilgrad, Beli Plast vill. , Malko Popovo vill. (Madzharovo), Madzharovo, Zvezdel vill. (Momchilgrad), Zhelezino vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Dabovets vill. and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad)  ; Eastern: Sliven ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, tn: Sofia ; Vitoshaosha Mt. ; Lozensknina Mt. ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Osogovsisarlaka ; DupnitsDupnitsa ; Easternlovgrad) ; Southerie vill. .Santschi, 1920Plagiolepis vindobonensis  Lomnicki, 1925Plagiolepis vindobonensis  - all authors before 2000 recorded it under this name.Bulgaria  (Sofia Basin: the surroundings of Sofia (Plana Mt.: Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.)  ; Sofia Bof Sofia ; Plana Ml vill.) ; Lozenskel vill. ; Ograzhditsa Mt. ; Krupnikno vill. ; Westerna, Batak .GenusSantschi, 1926Acantholepis frauenfeldi  - all authors recorded it under this name.PageBreakBulgaria   .Bulgaria [Acantholepis splendens)].This species was omitted by GenusMayr, 1861Bulgaria    , Smolyaneshtera) ; Easternrdzhali) .GenusFabricius, 1804Bulgaria  , Dedets vill. (Zlatograd), Dyadovtsi vill. (Ardino), Madzharovo, Zvezdel vill. (Momchilgrad), between Dabovets vill. and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Zhelezino vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Meden buk vill. (Ivaylovgrad)  ; Konyavssi vill. ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , the surn: Sofia , 2008; Vosha Mt. : Knyazheosha Mt. ; Plana Mel vill. ; Tsigankel vill. ; Lozensknina Mt. : near Genina Mt. ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Krupniksa river ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Rila Mtka river ; Westernsa vill. , Dospat,sa vill. ; Easternlovgrad) ; Northerd palace ; Southerie vill. .Lasius alienus” into several species, three of which are found in Bulgaria: Lasius alienus, Lasius paralienus and Lasius psammophilus. Consequently, records of Lasius alienus in all papers before 1992 may refer to any of these species.Seifert, 1988Sofia Basin: Sofia (Plana Mt.: Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.)  ; Pirin M: Rozhen ; Western: Dospat ; Northeror vill. .This species was omitted by Bulgaria Bulgaria  , Richov well loc. (Dolni Okol vill.), Turmachka neighbourhood (Plana vill.), Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.) ; Lozenska Planina Mt.   ; Eastern: Sliven ; Zemen Gen Gorge ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, tn: Sofia , 2008; Vosha Mt. ; Plana Mnina Mt. : near Genina Mt. ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Krupniksa river ; DupnitsDupnitsa ; WesternPeshtera ; Easternzharovo) ; Southerie vill. .Mayr, 1861Thracian Lowland: Svilengrad Eastern Danubian Plain: Tutrakan [Lasius affinis)]; Central Predbalkan: Elena [Lasius affinis)]; Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Prilep [Lasius affinis)], 30 km north of Karnobat (Lasius affinis)]; Sofia Basin: Sofia ; Northern Black Sea coast: Balchik [Lasius affinis)].: EasternKarnobat , Karandionastery ; WesternLasius hybridus  Bulgaria ].: BulgariBulgaria ; WesternThis species was omitted by Bulgaria   ; Norther Balchik .Bulgaria (Western Stara Planina Mts: Milanovo vill. (Vratsa) , Vezhen hut, under Bratanitsa peak  ; Centraltsa peak ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, tn: Sofia ; Lyulin ulin Mt. ; Vitoshaosha Mt. , 1952; Pe valley ; Lozensknina Mt. ; Strandzri vill. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupniksa river ; Rila MtBorovets ; Westernan vill. , Smolyanan vill. .Bulgaria (Western Danubian Plain: Sadovets vill. (Lukovit)  (Western Stara Planina Mts: Chepan (Dragoman)  , Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.)   ; CentralLukovit) ; Westernragoman) ; Eastern(Sliven) ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, tn: Sofia , 2008; Lulin Mt. ; Vitoshaosha Mt. ; Plana Ml vill.) ; Podbalke valley ; Lozensknina Mt. ; Thracia Krichim ; Bakadzht: Aytos ; Osogovsisarlaka ; Krupnik Petrich ; WesternPeshtera , Dospat,Peshtera ; Easternlovgrad) ; Northerd palace .Seifert, 1982Western Rhodopi Mts: Dobrostan Bulgaria Bulgaria  (Western Stara Planina Mts:Chepan Mt. (Dragoman)  , Lovech Lukovit) ; Westernragoman) ; Central Teteven ; Easterns: Kotel ; Zemen G station ; Osogovsustendil ; Bobosheherinovo ; Mesta Vdistrict .Forel, 1894Bulgaria , : Eastern Dobrich ; NortherLasius niger var. alienoniger  Forel, 1874: PageBreakBulgaria ]; Central Predbalkan: Dermantsi vill. (Lukovit) [Lasius alieno niger)]; Western Stara Planina Mts: Chepan (Dragoman) , Sofia Basin: Sofia ; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad [Lasius niger Rasse alienus var. alieno-niger)], Devin, Peshtera, Batak ], Veselie vill.  ; Eastern: Sliven ; Zemen Gaterfall ; Vitoshael vill. ; Podbalke valley ; Lozensknina Mt. : near Genina Mt. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupnikch plain ; Rila Mta, Batak ; Southerie vill. .Lasius platythorax. Lasius niger alienoniger Forel, 1874 has been considered by different authors to be a separate species or a junior synonym of Lasius niger, but incertae sedis in Lasius , Turmachka neighbourhood (Plana vill.), Kiselichki kamak peak (Alino vill.)  ; Lozenskel vill. ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Norther Kavarna .Notes to Lasius alienus, above.See also Seifert, 1991Sofia Basin: Sofia, the surroundings of Sofia near Vladaya vill.   ; Lozenskonastery ; Westerna, Batak .Notes to Lasius niger, above.See also Seifert, 1992Sofia Basin: Sofia Bulgaria (Sofia Basin: Sofia (Ograzhden Mt. (Western Rhodopi Mts: Dospat (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Dedets vill. (Zlatograd)  .GenusMayr, 1861Emery, 1915Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kamenitsa vill., Mikrevo vill.; Pirin Mt.: Kalimantsi vill. Camponotus marginatus  Latreille, 1798 Camponotus aethiops concavus  Dalla Torre, 1893Camponotus aethiops sylvaticoides  Dalla Torre, 1893PageBreakBulgaria  [Camponotus maculatus aethiops var. concava)], Chepan (Dragoman) (Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven [Camponotus maculatus Rasse aethiops Latr.)]; Sofia Basin: Sofia ; Lozenska Planina Mt. (Camponotus maculatus aethiops var. concava)], north of Pasarel vill. (Thracian Lowland: Pazardzhik [Camponotus marginatus)]; Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos ; Strandzha Mt. (Dupnitsa Basin: Dupnitsa [Camponotus maculatus Rasse aethiops Latr.)]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: along Strumeshnitsa river, around Marino pole vill. (Ograzhden Mt. (Belasitsa Mt. (Slavianka Mt. (Western Rhodopi Mts [Camponotus maculatus aethiops)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad [Camponotus maculatus Rasse aethiops Latr. var. sylvaticoides)], Dospat , Byal Izvor vill. (Ardino), Momchilgrad, Madzharovo, Malko Popovo vill. (Madzharovo), Senoklas vill. (Madzharovo), Zhelezino vill. (Ivaylovgrad),Malki Voden vill. (Madzharovo), between Dabovets vill. and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad) (Southern Black Sea coast: Veselie vill. [Camponotus marginatus and Camponotus maculatus Rasse aethiops Latr .)], Sozopol [Camponotus maculatus Rasse aethiops Latr.)].: BulgariBulgaria ; Westernr valley ; Westernragoman) ; Easternosha Mt. , 1952; Pl vill.) ; Podbalke valley ; Ihtimannina Mt. : German el vill. ; Thraciadzha Mt. ; Dupnitsle vill. ; Ograzhdhden Mt. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Slaviananka Mt. ; Western, Dospat ; Easternlovgrad) ; SoutherCamponotus lateralis var. dalmaticus  Nyl.: Forel 1892Bulgaria Camponotus caryaenec Fitch, 1855 : Bulgaria (Sofia Basin: Sofia (Plana Mt.: Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.) (Lozenska Planina Mt. [Camponotus caryae)]: German monastery  ; Lozenskonastery ; Krupnikay vill. .Emery, 1878Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kamenitsa vill. Bulgaria , Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.) , Perelik peak  ; Ihtimanski peak ; Strandzpia peak ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupnikra river ; Rila MtRila Mt. : Elenin Rila Mt. , BorovetRila Mt. , 1936, KRila Mt. ; Pirin Mirin Mt. : Bansko-irin Mt. ; Rhodopidopi Mts ; Westernlik peak , Rakitovlik peak ; Southerslen nos .Camponotus herculeanus is aboreo-montane species and its record from “Maslen nos” seems doubtful.Emery, 1920Bulgaria Bulgaria  , Zvezdel vill. (Momchilgrad), between Odrintsi vill. and Svirachi vill. (Ivaylovgrad), between Dabovets vill. and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad)  ; Eastern: Sliven ; Sofia Bn: Sofia ; Vitoshaaterfall ; Lozensknina Mt. ; Strandzdzha Mt. ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Slaviananka Mt. ; Westernenovgrad ; Easternlovgrad) ; Souther Sozopol .Camponotus herculeanus herculeanoligniperda  Forel, 1874Bulgaria  [Camponotus herculeanus var. herculeano-ligniperda)]; Stara Planina Mts , Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Pasarel vill., Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.) , Belasitsa Mt. (Rila Mt. (Camponotus herculeanus var. herculeanoligniperda)], Kostenets (Pirin Mt. (Rhodopi Mts (Western Rhodopi Mts: BatakPageBreak (Eastern Rhodopi Mt.: Dyadovtsi vill. (Ardino)  ; Podbalkvo gorge ; Ihtimanski peak ; Lozensknina Mt. : German itsa Mt. ; Rila MtRila Mt. : Rila moRila Mt. , Borovetostenets ; Pirin Mirin Mt. : Bansko-irin Mt. ; Rhodopidopi Mts ; Westerns: Batak , Dospat,s: Batak ; Eastern(Ardino) ; Northersinograd .Camponotus atricolor  Camponotus merula  Camponotus foveolatus  Camponotus lateralisrectus Forel, 1892  var. Bulgaria ; Western Predbalkan: Rachene river valley [Camponotus merula)], Belogradchik ]; Sofia Basin: Sofia : Knyazhevo [Camponotus lateralis var. foveolatus)]; Plana Mt.: Alino vill., Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.) ]; Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos [Camponotus lateralis var. foveolatus)]; Strandzha Mt. ]; Belasitsa Mt. ]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Petrich plain (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Zvezdel vill. (Momchilgrad), Malki Voden vill. (Madzharovo), Padalo vill. (Krumovgrad) ], Sozopol .: Bulgarigradchik ; Easternl vill.) ; Lozenskel vill. ; Thraciadzha Mt. : Malko Tdzha Mt. ; Dupnitsitsa Mt. ; Rila Mtch plain ; Easternmovgrad) ; SoutherCamponotus atricolor has been considered as a junior synonym of Camponotus piceus. Camponotus atricolor as separate species, while Camponotus piceus. For most of the last two decades Forel, 1889Camponotus spagnolinii  Emery, 1920Bulgaria  [Camponotus spagnolinii)]; Strandzha Mt. ], Asenovgrad ; Southern Bulgaria  ; NortherBulgaria .Lozenska Planina Mt. Bulgaria ]; Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Madzharovo Bulgaria   (Zemen Gorge: Zemen (Sofia Basin: Sofia (Lyulin Mt. (Vitosha Mt. (Plana Mt.: Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Pasarel vill.PageBreak   ; Westernya vill. , Ledenikya vill. ; CentralTeteven) ; Zemen Ge: Zemen ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, tn: Sofia ; Lyulin ulin Mt. ; Vitoshaosha Mt. , 1952; Pel vill. ; Podbalke valley ; Ihtimanski peak ; Lozensknina Mt. ; Thracia Krichim ; Strandzpia peak , Malko Tpia peak ; Osogovsstendil) ; Belasititsa Mt. ; Krupnikay vill. ; Slaviananka Mt. ; Westernt, Batak ; Easterndzharovo ; Northerd palace ; Southerie vill. .GenusLinnaeus, 1758Yarrow, 1955Western Predbalkan: Belogradchik .Mayr, 1853Formica balcanina  Petrov and Collingwood, 1993Formica fuscocinereanec Forel, 1874 : Bulgaria  (Sofia Basin: Sofia ; Plana Mt.: Plana vill., Pasarel vill., Turmachka neighbourhood (Plana vill.), Dolni Okol vill., Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.), Rechyov kamak peak (Plana vill.) ]; Rila Mt.: Rila monastery , Senoklas vill. (Madzharovo), Dyadovtsi vill. (Ardino) [Formica balcanina)]; Northern Black Sea coast: Zlatni pyasatsi  ; Sofia Ba vill.) ; Podbalke valley ; Lozensknina Mt. , north onina Mt. ; Thraciazardzhik ; Krupnikonastery ; Pirin Mvo vill. ; Westernvo vill. , Chervenvo vill. , Dospat,., Batak ; Easternpyasatsi .Forel, 1886Formica lusatica  Seifert, 1997Bulgaria [Formica lusatica)]; Plana Mt.: Plana vill., near Peyova buka hut (Pasarel vill.) (Northern Black Sea coast: Obzor vill. (Southern Black Sea coast: Nesebar (: Bulgaril vill.) ; Northeror vill. ; Souther Nesebar .This species was not recorded for Bulgaria by Latreille, 1798Formica fusca var. fuscorufibarbis  Forel, 1874Bulgaria  , Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.), Alino vill. (Lozenska Planina Mt.: north of Pasarel vill. (Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos [Formica fusca gagates var. fusco-rufibarbis)]; Strandzha Mt. (Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Dedets vill. (Zlatograd), Madzharovo, Zhelezino vill. (Ivaylovgrad), Meden buk vill. (Ivaylovgrad) (Southern Black Sea coast: Burgas [Formica fusca gagates var. fusco-rufibarbis)].: BulgariBulgaria ; Westernr valley ; Westernragoman) ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , 2008, sn: Sofia , near Vln: Sofia ; Plana Mno vill. ; Lozenskel vill. ; Bakadzhdzha Mt. ; Easternlovgrad) ; SoutherNylander, 1846Bulgaria ]; Central Predbalkan: Dermantsi vill. (Lukovit) (Stara Planina Mts , Tsarichina reserve (under Vezhen peak), Dermenka hut ]; Vitosha Mt. ; Sredna Gora Mts , 1979, Coptoformica exsecta)], Ibar reserve (Pirin Mt. , Sofia and surroundings  , Madzharovo, Kokiche vill. , Meden buk vill. (Ivaylovgrad)  ; Westernragoman) ; Zemen G station ; Sofia Boundings ; Plana Ml vill.) ; Lozensknina Mt. : German nina Mt. ]; Belasiitsa Mt. ; Rila MtRila Mt. ; Westernenovgrad , Syutka enovgrad ; Easternlovgrad) ; Souther Pomorie .Ruzsky, 1895Bulgaria ]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad , Tsarichina reserve (under Vezhen peak), Dermenka hut    , Vezhen  Balkan) ; Easternna vill. ; Viskyarrila Mt. ; Vitoshaosha Mt. : Cherni osha Mt. , Marchevosha Mt. ; Plana Mlana Mt. : Astronolana Mt. ; Sredna Gora Mts :KoprivshGora Mts ; Sakar Makar Mt. ; Osogovosa group ; Belasitanka Mt. : Alibotuanka Mt. ; Krupnikandanski ; Rila MtRila Mt. : under IRila Mt. , ParangaRila Mt. , 1973, SRila Mt. , Rila moRila Mt. , Ibar reRila Mt. ; Pirin Mirin Mt. : Bansko irin Mt. , Kremensirin Mt. , Bayuvi irin Mt. ; Rhodopidopi Mts ; Westernlingrad) , Hvoyna lingrad) , Yundolalingrad) , Mantarilingrad) , Snezhanlingrad) , loc. Telingrad) , Eshekullingrad) ; Easternopi Mts: ; Norther Balchik .Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN).Nylander, 1846Central Stara Planina Mts: along Kostinya river; Eastern Stara Planina Mts: above Obzor vill.; Rila Mt.: above Dolna Bania vill., along Bistritsa river; Western Rhodopi Mts: Hvoyna vill. [Formica (Raptiformica) transcaucasica)].: CentralFormica picea Nylander lies outside of the remit of the current work; for details see A discussion of the quite complicate taxonomic history of the name Förster, 1850Bulgaria .Retzius, 1783Formica nigricans  Bondroit, 1912Formica cordieri  Bondroit, 1917Bulgaria , Shumen ]; Central Predbalkan: Lovech (Stara Planina Mts ; Central Stara Planina Mts: Boatin reserve (under Tetevenska baba peak) (Eastern Stara Planina Mts ; Viskyar Mt. [Formica nigricans)]; Zemen Gorge: Zemen marsh (Sofia Basin: Sofia (Lyulin Mt. (Formica nigricans)]; Vitosha Mt. [(Formica nigricans)]: Bistritsa vill. (Plana Mt. [Formica nigricans)], Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Plana vill., Pasarel vill., Manastirishte peak (Plana vill.), Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.), Mechitski kamak peak (Plana vill.) , Surnena Sredna Gora Mts: Stara Zagora (Lozenska Planina Mt. ; Strandzha Mt. : Ibar reserve (Pirin Mt. : Batak, Peshtera, Shiroka laka vill. [Formica nigricans)], Chepelare, Golyam Beglik dam (Eastern Rhodopi Mts ; Sofia Basin: Sofia (Vitosha Mt. [Serviformica rufibarbis)]; Plana Mt. (Lozenska Planina Mt. ; Strandzha Mt.: Balgari vill. ], Dobrostan ], Burgas , Western Danubian Plain: Vidin ]; Western Stara Planina Mts (Eastern Stara Planina Mts (Verila Mt. [Raptiformica sanguinea)]; Viskyar Mt., Lyulin Mt. [Raptiformica sanguinea)]; Sofia Basin: Sofia and surroundings of Sofia, near Vladaya village (Vitosha Mt. : Plana vill., Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.), Pasarel vill. (Strandzha Mt. (Osogovska Planina Mt.: Hisarlaka (Kyustendil) (Rila-Pirin group (Rila Mt. [Raptiformica sanguinea)]: Elenin peak (Rhodopi Mts [Raptiformica sanguinea)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Buynovo vill.   ; Rila-Piin group ; Rila Mtnin peak , Rila monin peak , Paranganin peak ; Rhodopivo vill. , Smolyanvo vill. , Dospat,vo vill. ; Easternzharovo) .Fabricius, 1804Bulgaria   ; Krupnikandanski ; Sturgacgach Mt. ; Westerneshnitsa ; Norther Kranevo .GenusRuzsky, 1902K. Arnoldi, 1968Boboshevo-Simitli Valley: Bistritsa vill. (Blagoevgrad) (: Bobosheoevgrad) .Emery, 1909Boboshevo-Simitli Valle: Kocherinovo Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven [Formica nasuta)]; Thracian Lowland: Krichim [Formica nasuta)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Radilovo vill. (Peshtera) [Formica nasuta)].: EasternProformica nasuta in fact are Proformica striaticeps (see below). At the same time, they stressed that material, based on which Western Stara Planina Mts: Chepan (Dragoman) (Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven [Formica (Proformica) nasuta)]; Thracian Lowland: Pazardzhik [Formica (Proformica) nasuta)];PageBreak Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos [Formica (Proformica) nasuta)]; Belasitsa Mt. [Formica (Proformica) nasuta)]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: Kresna gorge, Kozhuh Mt. (Dupnitsa Basin: Dupnitsa [Formica (Proformica) nasuta)]; Rila Mt. ; Eastern Danubian Plain: Dunav river valley (lower reaches)  (Eastern Stara Planina Mts: Sliven [Myrmecocystus cursor)]; Ihtimanska Sredna Gora Mts: Benkovski peak [Myrmecocystus cursor)]; Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos [Myrmecocystus cursor)]; Strandzha Mt.: [Myrmecocystus cursor)]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: west of Petrich, along Strumeshnitsa river, Kozhuh Mt. [Myrmecocystus cursor var. aenescens)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Peshtera [Myrmecocystus cursor)]; Black Sea coast ].: Bulgarireaches) ; Centralreaches) ; Easternea coast ; SoutherCataglyphis cursor (as Myrmecocystus cursor) from Bulgaria; the species distribution in Mediterranean region runs from Iberian peninsula to Greece (Cataglyphis cursor (which can hardly be distinguished from Cataglyphis aenescens) is rather improbable, and old records of this species should be considered as belonging to Cataglyphis aenescens.o Greece . We suggEmery, 1925Thracian Lowland: Pazardzhik Cataglyphis livida bulgarica  Atanassov, 1982 .Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Odrintsi vill. (Ivaylovgrad) (: Easternlovgrad) , Mandritlovgrad) .Myrmecocystus viaticusmegalocola Foerst.: Forel 1892  Fab. var. Bulgaria , Balgarski izvor vill. (Teteven), Lukovit [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Central Stara Planina Mts: Shipka pass ], along Belenska river [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Zemen Gorge: Skakavitsa station (Kyustendil) [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Sofia Basin: surroundings of Sofia ], Svilengrad,Ognyanovo (Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Bakadzhik-Burgas district: Aytos [Myrmecocystus viaticus Fab. var. megalocola)]; Strandzha Mt. (Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Osogovska Planina Mt.: Osogovo hut (Kyustendil) [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Ograzhden Mt. [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Boboshevo-Simitli Valley: Kocherinovo [Myrmecocystus viaticus Fab. var. megalocola)]; Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich Valley: west of Petrich, along Strumeshnitsa river, around Marikostino vill., Marino pole vill. [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Pirin Mt.: Vihren (Slavianka Mt. [Myrmecocystus viaticus)]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Asenovgrad [Myrmecocystus viaticus Fab. var. megalocola)], Peshtera [Myrmecocystus viaticus Fab. and Myrmecocystus viaticus Fab. var. megalocola)]; Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Momchilgrad, Madzharovo, between Dabovets vill. and Kamilski dol vill. (Ivaylovgrad) ].: BulgariBulgaria ; Centralpka pass ; Easternof Sofia ; Podbalke valley ; Ihtimanski peak ; Lozensknina Mts : north onina Mts ; Thraciagnyanovo , Plovdivdzha Mt. : Papia p: Vihren ; Slavianlovgrad) ; Northerd palace ; SoutherMyrmecocystus viaticus var. megalocola (Cataglyphis viaticusPageBreak (Cataglyphis nodus. The first name is now considered as a junior synonym of Cataglyphis bicolor (Förster) – the species is distributed mostly in North Africa and probably in the Middle East. Cataglyphis viaticus is definitely known from Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. At the same time, in Balkans, lives single species from the bicolor species-group: Cataglyphis nodus. As the taxonomy of this genus was studied insufficiently previously to the last two decades, all old records of Cataglyphis bicolor and Cataglyphis viaticus for Bulgaria most probably belong to Cataglyphis nodus.galocola , and Catviaticus  to CatagGenusLatreille, 1804Bulgaria    ; Sofia Bn: Sofia , the surn: Sofia ; Podbalke valley ; Ihtimanski peak ; StrandzTarnovo) ; Ograzhdhden Mt. ; Krupnikle vill. ; Rila Mtonastery .The current Catalogue was compiled based on the investigation of the available material, including that collected by the authors personally, and on the critical reconsideration of the existing publications concerning Bulgarian ants (more than 100 sources). As a result, we include here 163 ant species, belonging to 40 genera of 6 subfamilies:Amblyoponinae – 1 genus, 2 speciesSubfamily Ponerinae – 3 genera, 5 speciesSubfamily Proceratiinae – 1 genus, 2 speciesSubfamily Myrmicinae – 21 genera, 77 speciesSubfamily Dolichoderinae – 5 genera, 9 speciesSubfamily Formicinae – 9 genera, 68 speciesSubfamily Messor, Tetramorium, Temnothorax, Camponotus, etc.) the number of species might increase.Nevertheless, several records seem doubtful and need confirmation. On the other hand, we assume that after revision of a couple of genera .In the monograph of Temnothorax madeirense (as Tapinoma ambiguum), Crematogaster scutellaris, Lasius distinguendus and Lepisiota splendens (as Acantholepis splendens). The last two are included into the determination keys as well.Chalepoxenus, Myrmoxenus and Harpagoxenus in Bulgaria was suggested by The presence of genera On the other hand, 25 species were additionally recorded to Bulgaria from 1992 till 2009 (2010 part); these are:Ponera testacea (testacea Pyramica baudueri (baudueri Myrmica constricta (nstricta Myrmica lonae (ca lonae Myrmica vandeli ( vandeli Messor capitatus (apitatus Crematogaster auberti (Lapeva-Gjonova in press (b))Harpagoxenus sublaevis Temnothorax cf. korbi Temnothorax saxonicus  and Rhodopi Mountains (95 species) are also well studied areas with high species richness.At the same time, Golo Bardo (1 species), Verila (5), Viskyar (5), Sushtinska (5) and Surnena (2) Sredna Gora mountains, Sturgach (1), Konyavska mountain (1), Sakar (3), Tundzha valley (2), Mesta valley (5) and Boboshevo-Simitli valley (7) are poorly studied and only a few ant species are recorded. There are almost no data for Central Danubian Plain, Ruy, Maleshevska, Zemenska and Vlahina mountains.PageBreak arises from investigations in the following areas  and accordingly the greatest number of species have been reported there – 84. The worst studied area is the Kraishte-Konyavo subregion from the Transitional region, where only 19 ant species from just 8 localities are known, and 7 of these localities are in Zemen gorge.Despite the fact that the Transitional region is a larger and more diverse topographically, as well as climatically than the Rilo-Rhodopi region, only 115 species are reported from there. Most probably, this is the result of lower level of the myrmecological investigation carried out there. Only Sofia Basin (62 species), Vitosha (48), Plana (50), Lozenska (40) and Strandzha (40) mountains are sufficiently studied. Almost all information on myrmecofauna of Vitosha subregionThe number of ant species recorded from the Stara Planina Range system is similar to that of Transitional region. The total number found in both subregions  is 88 species, 76 of which are given for Stara Planina Mountains only.The territory of the Black Sea coast region is the smallest among all natural regions of Bulgaria and it is sufficiently studied: 75 ant species from ca. 27 localities are recorded.Contrary to this, only 21 species are recorded from the Danubian Plain, which has an area of 31 523 square kilometers.In general, we may consider that the ant fauna of Bulgaria is quite rich, which is confirmed by its comparison with adjacent regions.Thus, 103 ant species from 34 genera are recorded for Romania , althougFinally, we may conclude: the Bulgarian ant fauna is rich and adequately studied as a whole, while several regions of the country require additional investigations. Such poorly myrmecologically elaborated areas are the Danubian Plain, Thracian Lowland, Kraishte-Konyavo and Tundzha-Strandzha subregions; moreover, ants of the Central Danubian Plain, Ruy, Maleshevska, Zemenska and Vlahina mountains have not been studied at all.In general, Bulgarian ant fauna is richer than that of Romania, similar by the species number to those of many former Yugoslavian countries, but essentially poorer than faunas of Greece and Turkey. This fact is not surprising, regarding the geographical location and landscapes of Bulgaria. Furthermore, the core of Bulgarian myrmecofauna is composed by South European elements, but not Mediterranean species, and it is more closely related to the faunas of northern territories than to Greek fauna.Anergates atratulus, Chalepoxenus muellerianus, Myrmoxenus ravouxi, Myrmoxenus gordiagini and Strongylognathus kratochvili) are placed to the category Vulnerable D2: “Population is characterized by an acute restriction in its area of occupancy  or in the number of locations”. Formicoxenus nitidulus and Harpagoxenus sublaevis are also Vulnerable, but in A2c category: “A reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat”. The status of another five species  is Lower Risk/near threatened: “Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable”. Formica rufa is included in the Annex 2 and 3 of the Temnothorax recedens is cited in the category Lower Risk/least concern: “Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened”.Totally, 13 ant species found in Bulgaria, are included in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Five of them (The IUCN’s classifications, based on the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy, is complicated by problems of spatial scale. All of the above mentioned species need their conservation status at national level up-dated. We do not have enough data yet about the distributions and populations of these species in Bulgaria or on how their status in Bulgaria relates to their global population. Further investigations and accurate mapping would supply data that would clarify the situation.


Experimental and theoretical studies of nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement: a review. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:229.Correction to Kleinstreuer C, Feng Y:


The correct version of the title is: Risky Food Safety Behaviors Are Associated with Higher BMI and Lower Healthy Eating Self-Efficacy and Intentions among African American Churchgoers in BaltimoreThe correct citation is: Anderson Steeves E, Silbergeld E, Summers A, Chen L, Gittelsohn J (2012) Risky Food Safety Behaviors Are Associated with Higher BMI and Lower Healthy Eating Self-Efficacy and Intentions among African American Churchgoers in Baltimore. PLoS ONE 7(12): e52122. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052122