AbstractDryinus rasnitsynisp. n. is described from amber collected in the Dominican Republic. A revision and a key to the fossil Neotropical species of Dryinus Latreille, 1804 belonging to the lamellatus species group is presented. Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) are parasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha .AMNH Private collection of George Poinar, Jr., c/o Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (USA).GPJC Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Abt. Paläontologie–Sektion Bernstein, Stuttgart (Germany).SNMSGenusLatreille, 1804http://species-id.net/wiki/DryinusPageBreak than protibia; tibial spurs 1/1/2, rarely 1/1/1. Male: macropterous; mandible with 1–3 teeth; palpal formula 6/3; occipital carina complete or incomplete; lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura; epicnemium visible; mesosternum fused with mesopleura and not distinct; forewing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins ; paramere without dorsal process; tibial spurs 1/1/2.Female: macropterous; mandible with 1–4 teeth; occipital carina complete, or incomplete, or absent; antenna without tufts of long hairs on segments 5–10, usually with rhinaria, occasionally without; antennal segment 3 less than five times as long as segment 2; occasionally antennal segment 3 more than five times as long as segment 2 ; palpal formula 6/3; pronotal tubercle reaching or not tegula; forewing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins ; protarsus chelate; chela with rudimentary claw; segment 5 of protarsus less than twice as broad as enlarged claw; enlarged claw as long as, or shorterWorldwide.Acanaloniidae, Cixiidae, Dictyopharidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Issidae, Lophopidae, Ricaniidae, Tropiduchidae Olmihttp://species-id.net/wiki/Dryinus_grimaldiiDryinus grimaldiiDryinus grimaldii Olmi: Dryinus grimaldii Olmi: Holotype, female, Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (16–19 Ma) ; same locality label, 1 female paratype .same locality, three female specimens (GPJC).Female with enlarged claw not reduced and not spatulate , 2, longFemale: macropterous; length 4.3–6.3 mm. Colour difficult to discern, apparently testaceous, except two dark lateral spots on sides of pronotal disc, scutum, scutellum, propodeum and tegula dark; metasoma with dark transverse band. In paratype, legs with dark spots on coxae and clubs of femora; scutum apparently without dark lateral spots. In one specimen of GPJC labelled H-10-100, apparently scutum without lateral dark spots, scutellum not darkened, posterior surface of propodeum darkened. In two specimens of GPJC labelled H-10-23C, body totally testaceous, except petiole black and two brown spots on sides of scutum. Antenna 10-segmented, long and very slender, filiform, not thickened distally, covered with dense and short hairs; antennal segments of holotype in following proportions: 10:5:44:57:38:21:9:9:9:17; antenna more than nine times as long as head : 219:22. Head weakly convex, apparently shiny, finely punctate, without apparent sculpture among punctures; clypeus and mandible not distinct; occipital carina apparently complete; occiput deeply excavated; eye normally bulging; POL = 2; OL = 1.5; OOL = 10; OPL = 1.5; TL = 5; greatest breadth of posterior ocellus longer than POLPageBreak (4:2); frontal line absent. Maxillary palpi not evident, apparently 6-segmented. Labial palpi not distinct. Pronotum apparently shiny, finely punctate, about as long as head, crossed by anterior strong transverse impression between anterior collar and disc; disc humped; posterior collar very short; pronotal tubercle reaching tegula. Scutum apparently shiny, finely punctate, slightly shorter than pronotum (19:22). Notauli complete, posteriorly separated; minimum distance between notauli about as long as greatest breadth of posterior ocelli. In one specimen of GPJC labelled H-10-100, notauli apparently almost complete, not reaching posterior margin of scutum. Scutellum apparently shorter than scutum (10:19), with sculpture not evident. Metanotum shorter than scutellum (6:10), with sculpture not evident. Propodeum longer than scutum (39:19), reticulate rugose, areolae very broad; posterior surface with two complete longitudinal keels; sculpture of median area of posterior surface not evident. In one specimen of GPJC labelled H-10-100, dorsal surface of propodeum with two median longitudinal and almost parallel keels. Shape of pronotum, scutum, scutellum, metanotum and propodeum usual for Dryininae. Forewing hyaline, without dark transverse bands, with usual venation of Dryininae; pterostigma narrow, much longer than broad (32:4); marginal cell apparently open; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part (16:11); stigmal vein not S-shaped, forming angle between proximal and distal parts; forewing with usual three basal cells clearly enclosed by pigmented veins . Hindwing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Foreleg segments in following proportions: 55 (coxa): 53 (trochanter): 61 (femur): 60 (tibia): 18 : 5 : 8 : 55 : 78 ; foreleg chelate; enlarged claw much shorter than segment 5 of protarsus (42:78); protrochanter more than four times as long as broad (53:5), with long and slender proximal stalk, broadened after half-way; segments 2 and 3 of protarsus produced into hooks; rudimentary claw present; arolium much shorter than enlarged claw (8:42); enlarged claw with two strong subapical teeth and 1 row of 8 lamellae; subapical teeth of enlarged claw very strong, such as in Plesiodryinus; distal apex of enlarged claw not spatulate. Segment 5 of protarsus with 2 rows of approximately 50 lamellae; distal apex with group of at least 20 lamellae (number of lamellae not evident). Midleg segments in following proportions: 22 (coxa): 7 (trochanter): 41 (femur): 60 (tibia): 17 : 15 : 15 : 14 ; segment 5 of mesotarsus not distinct. Hindleg segments in following proportions: 27 (coxa): 11 (trochanter): 48 (femur): 80 (tibia); segments of metatarsus not distinct in holotype; segments of metatarsus of paratype in following proportions: 37 : 19 : 13 : 10 : 11 . Metasoma without distinct and slender petiole. Shape and length of petiole usual for Dryininae. Shape, length and breadth of wings usual for Dryininae. Shape of body usual for Dryininae. Tibial spurs of holotype hardly visible, apparently 1/1/1; in one specimen of GPJC labelled H-10-100, tibial spurs distinctly 1/1/2.Male: unknown.PageBreakUnknown.Olmi & Guglielminosp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5D66A0EE-F5D5-4025-878B-DD6F457E274Bhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Dryinus_rasnitsyniFemale, Oligo-Miocene amber from Dominican Republic (15–40 mybp)(SMSN).Female with enlarged claw spatulate, not reduced, with large distal apex , longer Female: macropterous; length 7.4 mm. Colour not distinct, apparently brown, except head, palpi and chela partly testaceous. Antenna 10-segmented, long and very slender, weakly thickened distally, covered with dense and short hairs; antennal segments in following proportions: 20:8:28:27:35:39:28:19:15:13; antenna about five times as long as head : 90:18. Head weakly convex, apparently dull, granulated; occipital carina and occiput not distinct; eye normally bulging; frontal line not evident. Palpal formula apparently 6/3. Pronotum apparently shorter than head (8:18), crossed by anterior strong transverse impression between anterior collar and disc; disc humped; sculpture, posterior collar and pronotal tubercle not distinct. ScuPageBreaktum apparently slightly longer than pronotum (9:8), with sculpture and notauli not distinct. Scutellum apparently shorter than scutum (4:9), with sculpture not distinct. Metanotum about as long as scutellum, with sculpture not distinct. Propodeum longer than scutum (15:9), with lateral regions reticulate rugose, with dorsal surface longer than posterior surface (10:5); sculpture of rest of propodeum and posterior surface not distinct. Shape of pronotum, scutum, scutellum, metanotum and propodeum apparently usual for Dryininae. Forewing ; marginal cell open; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part (34:18); stigmal vein very weakly S-shaped, forming angle between proximal and distal parts; forewing with usual three basal cells clearly enclosed by pigmented veins . Hindwing completely weakly darkened. Foreleg segments in following proportions: 29 (coxa): trochanter not visible: 57 (femur): 46 (tibia): 27 : 5 : 8 : 26 : 46 ; foreleg chelate; enlarged claw slightly shorter than segment 5 of protarsus (42:46); protrochanter not distinct; segments 2 and 3 of protarsus produced into hooks; rudimentary claw present; arolium much shorter than enlarged claw (6:42). Enlarged claw (PageBreak with a group of few lamellae (number of lamellae not distinct). Midleg segments in following proportions: 18 (coxa): 10 (trochanter): 62 (femur): 70 (tibia): 31 : 13 : 9 : 4 : 8 . Hindleg segments in following proportions: 20 (coxa): 12 (trochanter): 87 (femur): 88 (tibia): 36 : 16 : 12 : 7 : 13 . Metasoma with a short petiole. Shape and length of petiole usual for Dryininae. Shape, length and breadth of wings usual for Dryininae. Shape of body usual for Dryininae. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.Forewing , 5 complged claw  spatulatMale: unknown.The species is named after Dr. Alex Rasnitsyn.Unknown.In the holotype the head is partly crushed; the clypeus and mandible are only partly visible in lateral view so that it is not possible to count the number of teeth of the mandible and to see if the anterior margin of the clypeus is rounded or bidentate; the ocelli are only partly visible in lateral view and it is not possible to measure POL, OL, OOL and OPL; the temple is not distinct; the pronotum is only partly visible because of crushing; the scutum, scutellum, metanotum and propodeum are only visible in lateral view; both chelae are closed, so that it is not possible to see if the enlarged claw has lamellae and teeth.


No treatments are currently available that slow, stop, or reverse disease progression in established multiple sclerosis (MS). The Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple Sclerosis (MSCIMS) trial tests the safety and feasibility of treatment with a candidate cell-based therapy, and will inform the wider challenge of designing early phase clinical trials to evaluate putative neuroprotective therapies in progressive MS. Illustrated by the MSCIMS trial protocol, we describe a novel methodology based on detailed assessment of the anterior visual pathway as a model of wider disease processes - the "sentinel lesion approach".MSCIMS is a phase IIA study of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in secondary progressive MS. A pre-test : post-test design is used with healthy controls providing normative data for inter-session variability. Complementary eligibility criteria and outcomes are used to select participants with disease affecting the anterior visual pathway.in vitro for all participants in the treatment arm.Ten participants with MS and eight healthy controls were recruited between October 2008 and March 2009. Mesenchymal stem cells were successfully isolated, expanded and characterised sentinel lesion approach - serving as proof of principle for its future wider applicability.In addition to determining the safety and feasibility of the intervention and informing design of future studies to address efficacy, MSCIMS adopts a novel strategy for testing neuroprotective agents in MS - the NCT00395200).ClinicalTrials.gov ( ROIs were then applied to the calculated parameter maps in order to determine quantitative diffusion indices. Mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated by averaging parameters across at least three slices per optic nerve.Optic nerve diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed by acquiring 3D fat and fluid attenuated spin echo single shot echo planar sequences: TR = 6 s, TE = 84 ms, TI = 1.2 s, matrix size = 128 × 64, FOV = 15 × 7.5 cm2, in-plane resolution = 0.9 × 0.9 mm2, 48 × 3 mm contiguous slices per echo , acquisition time = 4 minutes. Hyperintense lesions were contoured from the PD image using a semi-automated threshold-based method, and cross-checked with contouring of T2 weighted images.Axial T2-Proton density (PD) weighted dual echo turbo spin echo sequences were acquired: axial, TR = 3 seconds, TE1 = 11 ms, TE2 = 101 ms, matrix size = 192 × 256, FOV = 24 × 18 cm2, in-plane resolution = 0.9 × 0.9 mm2, 48 × 3 mm contiguous slices, number of averages = 2, acquisition time = 5 minutes. T1 hypointense lesions were contoured using a semi-automated threshold based method.Axial T1 weighted spin echo sequences were also acquired: TR = 710 ms, TE = 8.5 ms, matrix size = 233 × 256, FOV = 22 × 22 cm2, in-plane resolution = 1.0 × 1.0 mm2, 176 × 1 mm contiguous slices acquired in 12 minutes. Fully automated segmentation was performed for longitudinal assessment of atrophy using Structural Image Evaluation using Normalisation of Atrophy (SIENA); single time-point brain volumes were attained using SIENAX  vs. 1671 cm3 [SD 53 cm3]; p < 0.00005). There were no significant differences in brain imaging MTR measures between controls and patients although there was a trend to higher MTR values in controls. Whole brain (mean) MTR was reduced by 5.3% in patients . Grey matter (mean) MTR was reduced by 7.2% in patients . White matter (mean) MTR was reduced by 4.6% in patients .Normalised brain volume was reduced by 11.1% in patients compared to controls  are reported in approximately 10% of subjects following intravenous administration of autologous or allogeneic MSCs. Intensive monitoring for evidence of allergic reactions is therefore scheduled around the time of infusion. Medium and long-term adverse event risks are less well characterised from the published literature, but include a theoretical risk of increased susceptibility to infection and neoplasia. Weekly assessment (×4) following infusion is designed to specifically screen for the former, and long term monitoring the latter. Given that the majority of the published cohort of patients who have undergone treatment with intravenous MSCs have been treated in the context of haematological malignancy, follow up of the MSCIMS trial cohort offers a unique opportunity to define long-term safety in a group with longer life-expectancy and a lower background rate of disease complications.The treatment cohort in this trial is typical of patients with established progressive MS in terms of disability levels at recruitment and low relapse frequency . While this group is appropriate for safety-assessment of novel therapies, it may be sub-optimal for assessment of therapeutic efficacy in later phase trials. Given that the assessment of neuroprotection requires efficacy endpoints based on demonstrating a reduction in the rate of neurodegeneration, a group showing dynamic (active) progression may be preferable in order to avoid type II error. Alternatively, in cohorts with more modest rates of neurodegeneration/progression, longer follow up may be required to achieve sufficient power. Two recent reports have described the use of intrathecally delivered autologous MSCs in MS without adverse events or significant change on global clinical outcomes ,29. HoweThe MSCIMS trial represents a novel approach for evaluating neuroprotective therapies in MS. It will establish the initial safety profile and feasibility of the intervention, allow informed design of subsequent studies to address efficacy, and test the utility of a novel methodology for neuroprotective trials in MS with potential for wider future application.ACE-R: Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (Revised); AD: Axial diffusivity; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; BAC: Bacterial artificial chromosome; BDI-II: Beck's depression inventory (II); BOLD: Blood oxygen level dependent; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; EBMT: European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation; EDSS: Expanded (Kurtzke) disability status score; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; FA: Fractional anisotropy; fMRI: Functional MRI; FOV: Field of view; GM: Grey matter; ISCT: International Society of Cellular Therapy; JACIE: Joint accreditation committee for ISCT-EBMT; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HTLV: Human T-lymphotrophic virus; MD: Mean diffusivity; MDEFT: Modified driven equilibrium fourier transform; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MS: Multiple sclerosis; MSC: Mesenchymal Stem Cell / Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell; MSCIMS: The mesenchymal stem cells in multiple sclerosis trial; MSFC: Multiple sclerosis functional composite score; MSIS-29: Multiple sclerosis impact scale (29-item); MTR: Magnetisation transfer ratio; MV: Macular volume; NAGM: Normal appearing grey matter; NAWM: Normal appearing white matter; OCT: Optical coherence tomography; PD: Proton density; PT: Prothrombin time; RD: Radial diffusivity; RR-MS: Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; RNFL: Retinal nerve fibre layer; SIENA: Structural image evaluation using normalisation of atrophy; SPM: Statistical parametric mapping; SP-MS: Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; sTE fFLAIR: Fat saturated short echo fast fluid attenuated inversion recovery; VER: Visual evoked response; WB: Whole brain; WM: White matterThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.SC, DHM, DASC, & AJT were involved in the overall design of the study. DRA was involved in statistical aspects of trial design. CAWK, DJT, RSS and DLT were involved in design of the imaging sequences. MAS, CC, KR, and XLH were involved in design and execution of MSC isolation, expansion, storage and administration. AWM performed blinded assessments of visual evoked potentials. PC & MK were involved in all aspects of trial execution and manuscript preparation. RP was involved in participant assessments. MQD developed and performed CGH analysis techniques. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.


AbstractActenomeros Winterton & Irwin, 1999b is reviewed. Three species are transferred from Nanexila Winterton & Irwin, 1999a: Actenomeros aureilineata  comb. n., Actenomeros intermedia  comb. n. and Actenomeros paradoxa  comb. n. A new species (Actenomeros budawang sp. n.) is described and figured from New South Wales. A key to species is presented.                The endemic Australian genus  Diptera: Therevidae) fauna is composed of 370 described species in 26 genera, exclusively placed in two subfamilies, Agapophytinae and Therevinae  was considered very different from the other members of the genus, but the lack of males for most species precluded the erection of a separate genus. It was noted though in Nanexila paradoxa Winterton & Irwin, 1999a) were similar to Actenomeros. Males are now known for Nanexila paradoxa and have the key taxonomic features of Actenomeros. The generic concept of Actenomeros is revised slightly in light of this; synapomorphies for the genus include multiple rows of postocular macrosetae in both sexes, and greatly reduced or absent articulated gonocoxal processes in the male (Actenomeros but are absent in the new species described herein (Actenomeros budwang sp. n.) and three species transferred to Actenomeros from Nanexila ; this character is no longer considered synapomorphic for the genus. The discovery of this new species described herein from New South Wales increases the number of species in Actenomeros to six.            The completely endemic Australasian stiletto fly ANIC            New South Wales Dept of Agriculture, Orange Agricultural Institute, Agricultural Scientific Collections UnitASCU            Winterton & Irwin, 1999bhttp://species-id.net/wiki/ActenomerosActenomeros corniculaticaudus Winterton & Irwin, 1999b: 280.                     Actenomeros intermedia).                    Head sub-spherical; frons grey to gold pubescent; minute, dark setae sometimes present; frons flat to rounded, width sexually dimorphic, male frons narrower, but eyes not contiguous; occiput concave; two-three poorly defined rows of postocular macrosetae, rarely a single row in female; antenna length shorter than head; scape and pedicel short cylindrical, with strong dark setae; flagellum conical, compressed laterally, style terminal; sternopleuron glabrous medially; legs pale yellow, tarsi darkened distally; mid coxa without setae on posterior surface; hind femur with dark, anteroventral setae sub-apically; fore and hind femora without velutum patches; scutal chaetotaxy: np, 3–4; sa, 2; pa, 1; dc, 2–4; sc, 1; wing cell m3 open; abdomen black, male often with extensive abdominal velutum, female often with triangular patches of velutum laterally on segments; male genitalia without velutum patches on ventral surface of gonocoxites; gonocoxite with outer process present, often long, upward directed and horn-like; articulated gonocoxal process greatly reduced or absent; ventral lobe of gonocoxite sometimes greatly enlarged; hypandrium triangular, glabrous, fused to gonocoxites laterally; gonocoxal apodeme relatively short; distiphallus narrow, straight; dorsal apodeme of parameral sheath ‘T’-shaped; ejaculatory apodemes relatively small, narrow; ventral apodeme forked; female genitalia with A1 and A2 acanthophorite spines well developed; tergite 8 with narrow process on anterior margin; furca sclerotized in a narrow ring; three spherical spermathecae; spermathecal sac shape trilobate, spermathecal duct arrangement paired, one spermathecal duct joining to each spermathecal sac duct or rarely alternating along common spermathecal sac duct  retained in Nanexila have a well-formed articulated gonocoxal process and can be distinguished from Actenomeros species using the key to Australasian genera in Actenomeros corniculaticaudus and Actenomeros onyx. Males are unknown for Actenomeros aureilineata comb. n.and Actenomeros intermedia comb. n.; females of these two species are described by Actenomeros aureilineata (Winterton & Irwin) comb. n., Actenomeros budawang sp. n., Actenomeros corniculaticaudus Winterton & Irwin, Actenomeros intermedia (Winterton & Irwin) comb. n., Actenomeros onyx Winterton & Irwinand Actenomeros paradoxa (Winterton & Irwin) comb. n.                    urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E80EF2AB-394D-44C6-B70C-32DAAF665FE5http://species-id.net/wiki/Actenomeros_budawangHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Budawang National Park, ca. 5km on Western Distributor Road, 250m asl, MV lamp & UV fit, , 22.ix.2004, A. Zwick (ANIC).                     Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: female, same data as holotype (CAS); male, 2 km W Thirlmere Lakes National Park, 25.ix.1988, G.R. Brown, M.A.TerrasPageBreak  (ASCU); 4 males, Warrumbungle National Park, Wambelong Creek, , 21.i–9.ii.2009, Malaise trap across creek, S.L. Winterton (CAS).                    Setae along costal margin elongate, length approximately twice width of costal vein; scutum uniform grey pubescent; articulated gonocoxal process completely absent; process on gonocoxite straight, elongate, not horn-like; ventral lobe of gonocoxite relatively short, anvil shaped, female with two rows of dark postocular macrosetae.Head: Frons gold pubescent, short dark setae present in female, male frons narrower than anterior ocellus and narrowest point; occiput grey pubescent, postocular ridge with 2–3 poorly defined rows of black setae in both sexes; gena grey pubescent, admixed with fine dark setae; parafacial grey pubescent, without setae; mouthparts pale orange; scape and pedicel yellow, combined length approximately equal to flagellum length, numerous strong, dark setae present except on medial surface ; pa, 1; dc, 3–5; sc, 1 (rarely 2). Abdomen: Abdomen glossy brown-black, male with extensive silver velutum on segments 1–7, reduced to posterior margins of tergites 2–6 in female; numerous fine, white setae on all segments, shorter in female; terminalia brown with black setae. Male Genitalia (5IPageBreakPageBreak, spermathecal duct arrangement paired, one spermathecal duct joining to each spermathecal sac duct.                    Body length: 8.0–9.5 mm [male]; 10.0 mm [female].  surface ; flagellenitalia : EpandriThis species is named after the type locality, Budawang National Park, in central-southern New South Wales.Actenomeros budawang sp. n. is similar in appearance to Actenomeros paradoxa comb. n., suggesting a likely close relationship. The former can be distinguished by the greatly enlarged ventral lobe, lack of ‘horn’-like gonocoxal process and complete absence of the articulated gonocoxal process. The scutal chaetotaxy is variable in this species Actenomeros budawang sp. n.


The structure displays a distorted trigonal-pyramidally coordinated cobalt(I) atom, with two phosphane ligands and one DMSO ligand in the equatorial plane. The coordination is completed by one further DMSO ligand and the anionic hydride in the axial positions.The title compound, [CoH(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810029466/bt5307Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The legends for figures 4 and 5 are switched. The correct legend for figure 4 is: "Phylogram of P. infestans PLD-likes and type B sPLD-likes and homologs in various organisms. The consensus minimal evolution tree constructed from the amino acid sequences is shown. For accession numbers of the P. infestans sequences see Table 1. Other sequences that were all selected by Blast searches are from: Arabidopsis , Frankia alni (P_711983), Janibacter (ZP_00995229), Kineococcus radiotolerans (YP_001361943), Kribbella flavida (YP_003383471), Mycobacterium smegmatis (YP_884788), Oceanibulbus indolifex (ZP_02154842), Saccharopolyspora erythraea (YP_001106428), Streptomyces ambofaciens (CAJ89461), Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (YP_002197876) and Streptosporangium roseum (YP_003339462)." The correct legend for figure 5 is: "Alignment of amino acid sequences of type A sPLD-likes. Sequences are from Phytophthora (P. infestans sPLD-like-1), Grape (XP_002285518), Human (NP_001026866), Drosophila (XP_001974062) and Taterapox (YP_717345). The symbols used are [*] for identical,  for conservative and [.] for semi-conservative amino acid residues. Signal peptides/signal anchors are in italics, HKD motifs in bold and the "IGSANIN" motif is underlined."


AbstractDiomma Motschulsky (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) from Southwest China, Diomma pincersa sp. n. At the same time, a key can distinguish all Chinese species of the genus is provided.In the present paper, a new species is added to the genus  Diomma was established by Motschulsky in 1863 (Diomma belongs to the tribe Erythroneurini (Typhlocybinae) with Diomma ochracea Motschulsky, 1863 as its type species. The genus consists of three subgenera: Diomma Motschulsky; Bunyipia Dworakowska and Dilobonota Dworakowska. So far, all species occurring in China belong to the subgePageBreaknus Diomma, which distributed only in Oriental region. A new species from Guizhou Province, China is described and illustrated. A key to Chinese species of Diomma is given. All specimens examined are deposited to the collection of the Insititute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).The leafhopper genus  in 1863 . Diomma MotschulskyDiomma Diomma ochracea Motschulsky, 1863.Body yellow or brownish yellow, more or less flattened. Head almost equally broad as pronotum. Crown anterior margin produced medially. Pronotum with width greater than length. Vertex and pronotum usually ornamented with dark spots or stripes. Scutellum small, triangular; transverse impression distinct. Forewing apical veins free or 3rd apical cell stalked; 4th apical cell smallest. Hind venation reduced, submarginal vein poorly developed.Abdominal apodemes long and narrow.Pygofer large and broad, with numeous long setae at caudal margin and baso-ventral angle respectively. Subgenital plate extending beyond pygofer, with several microsetae on dorsal margin and with few of long macrosetae on outer surface. Pygofer dorsal appendage with distinct basal suture, but not movably articulated or immovably fused to margin, without basal suture. Central part of style very thick; preapical lobe prominant, sensory pits situated at preapical portion. Aedeagal shaft curved ventrally, usually with a obvious big process between preatrium and base of shaft. Gonopore terminal or subapical. Connective V- or Y-shaped; two lateral arms very long; central lobe absent or vestigial.Afrotropical region, Australian region, Oriental region.Song, Li & Xiong sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:32756A97-957D-4B3E-8D11-398522C61F34PageBreakbrwon. Eyes , which refers to the pygofer dorsal appendage with terminal part branched or bifurcate . rec. n.Typhlocyba ilsae Jacobi 1941Zyginoides ilsae Diomma ilsae six males, six females, China: Yunnan Province, Mengla County, 18 July 2008, coll. Yuehua Song; one female, China: Yunnan Province, Menghai County, 24 July 2008, coll. Yuehua Song.Sunda; China (Yunnan).Diomma (Diomma) ilsae (a) ilsae , rec. n.Typhlocyba ilsae Jacobi, 1941PageBreakZyginoides ilsae Dworakowska 1972Diomma ilsae Dworakowska, 1981Distribution: China ; SundaDiomma (Diomma) katoi Dworakowska 1981Distribution: China Diomma (Diomma) knighti Dworakowska 1981Distribution: China Diomma (Diomma) pincersa Song, Li & Xiong, sp. n.Distribution: China (Guizhou: Qianxi)Diomma (Diomma) pulchra ( pulchra Motschulskia pulchra Matsumura 1916PageBreakPlatytettix pulchrus Matsumura 1932Zyginoides (Platytetticis) pulchra Dworakowska 1972Diomma pulchra Dworakowska 1981Distribution: China ; JapanDiomma (Diomma) taiwana ; Japan; India


Reference 24 was incomplete. The complete reference is: Nielsen CH (2009) Biomimetic membranes for sensor and separation applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 395: 697-718.


Multiple lines of evidence support the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric illness. While systemic autoimmune diseases are well-documented causes of neuropsychiatric disorders, synaptic autoimmune encephalitides with psychotic symptoms often go under-recognized. Parallel to the link between psychiatric symptoms and autoimmunity in autoimmune diseases, neuroimmunological abnormalities occur in classical psychiatric disorders . Investigations into the pathophysiology of these conditions traditionally stressed dysregulation of the glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems, but the mechanisms causing these neurotransmitter abnormalities remained elusive. We review the link between autoimmunity and neuropsychiatric disorders, and the human and experimental evidence supporting the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in selected classical psychiatric disorders. Understanding how psychosocial, genetic, immunological and neurotransmitter systems interact can reveal pathogenic clues and help target new preventive and symptomatic therapies. As biological abnormalities are increasingly identified among patients with psychiatric disorders, the distinction between neurological and psychiatric illness fades. In addition to systemic autoimmune diseases associated with psychiatric manifestations  , more reSeparation of neurological and psychiatric disorders, supported by Descartes’s conception of the ‘mind’ as an ontologically distinct entity and by the reproducibility of neuropathological abnormalities, dominated medicine in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Since tPeripheral immune modulators can induce psychiatric symptoms in animal models and humans -19. HealToxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus, and influenza during pregnancy increase the risk of developing schizophrenia . B. B248]. P = 0.0002) . I. I248]. synthase . Minocycsynthase .P <0.001) [P = 0.025) [P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively) [Omega-3 fatty acid effectiveness in psychiatric disorders is unclear . In a 20 <0.001) . A subse <0.001) . A 2012 = 0.025) . In a ractively) ; the autctively) .A 2012 meta-analysis of seven randomized-controlled trials assessing omega-3 augmentation in 168 schizophrenic patients found no benefit of treatment . The autA receptors [Neurosteroids, including pregnenolone and its downstream metabolite allopregnanolone, may have a beneficial role in some psychiatric disorders ,260. In eceptors . Furthereceptors . More RCWe are awaiting the results of several ongoing clinical trials investigating the therapeutic effects of other anti-inflammatory agents, including salicylate, an inhibitor of NF-κB (NCT01182727); acetylsalicylic acid (NCT01320982); pravastatin (NCT1082588); and dextromethorphan, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist that can limit inflammation-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury (NCT01189006).Although current immune therapies  are often effective for treating autoimmune encephalitides wherein inflammation is acute, intense and predominately of adaptive origin, their efficacy in classical psychiatric disorders wherein inflammation is chronic, much milder, and predominately of innate origin, is limited . DevelopAutoimmunity can cause a host of neuropsychiatric disorders that may initially present with isolated psychiatric symptoms. Innate inflammation/autoimmunity may be relevant to the pathogenesis of psychiatric symptoms in a subset of patients with classical psychiatric disorders. Innate inflammation may be mechanistically linked to the traditional monoaminergic and glutamatergic abnormalities and increased oxidative injury reported in psychiatric illnesses.1H MRS detectable glutamate, glutamine, gamma aminobutyric acid composite; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; Ig: Immunoglobulin; IL: Interleukin; IL-1RA: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; KAT: Kynurenine aminotransferase; KMO: Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; KYN: Kynurenine; KYNA: Kynurenic acid; LE: Limbic encephalitis; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MAP: Microglial activation and proliferation; MDD: Major depressive disorder; mGluR: Metabotropic glutamate receptor; MHC: II Major histocompatibility complex class two; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; NR1: Glycine site; OCD: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; OR: Odds ratio; PANDAS: Pediatric neuropsychiatric autoimmune disorders associated with streptococcal infections; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PET: Positron emission tomography; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; PGE-2: Prostaglandin E2; PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor gamma; QA: Quinolinic acid; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; sIL: Soluble interleukin; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus; SRI: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; T-regs: CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells; TDO: Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase; Th: T-helper; VGKC: Voltage-gated potassium channel; XAG-: Glutamate aspartate transporter; Xc-: Sodium-independent astroglial glutamate/cystine antiporter system3-OH-KYN: 3-hydroxy-kynurenine; α7nAchR: Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; AMPAR: Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-l-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; APC: Antigen presenting cell; BBB: Blood–brain barrier; BH4: Tetrahydrobiopterin; BPD: Bipolar disorder; CI: Confidence interval; CNS: Central nervous system; COX-2: Cyclooxegenase-2; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition; EAATs: Excitatory amino acid transporters; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; GABAB: Gamma aminobutyric acid-beta; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; GLX: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.SN and DMP performed an extensive literature review, interpreted data, prepared the manuscript, figures, and tables. KA prepared the section pertaining to oxidative mechanisms and contributed to the manuscript revisions. AN and OD critically-revised and improved the design and quality of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Previous work  using a NaPI) [hI) [KAI) [We consider three uniformly distributed conductances found in pyramidal cells of the forebrain: persistent sodium current (INaP) ,4, hyperaP) [Ih) , and A-th) [IKA) . Added t


Controlling gene expression via small interfering RNA (siRNA) has opened the doors to a plethora of therapeutic possibilities, with many currently in the pipelines of drug development for various ocular diseases. Despite the potential of siRNA technologies, barriers to intracellular delivery significantly limit their clinical efficacy. However, recent progress in the field of drug delivery strongly suggests that targeted manipulation of gene expression via siRNA delivered through nanocarriers can have an enormous impact on improving therapeutic outcomes for ophthalmic applications. Particularly, synthetic nanocarriers have demonstrated their suitability as a customizable multifunctional platform for the targeted intracellular delivery of siRNA and other hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in ocular applications. We predict that synthetic nanocarriers will simultaneously increase drug bioavailability, while reducing side effects and the need for repeated intraocular injections. This review will discuss the recent advances in ocular siRNA delivery via non-viral nanocarriers and the potential and limitations of various strategies for the development of a ‘universal’ siRNA delivery system for clinical applications. Pharmaceutical treatment of retinal degenerative diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye is made challenging by restrictive blood ocular barriers such as the blood aqueous barrier (BAB) and the blood retinal barrier (BRB), which separate the eye from systemic circulation . AdditioIt is estimated that following instillation, only 5% of topically applied drugs enter the anterior chamber of the eye, either through trans-corneal permeation Figure , arrow 1.-cholesterol) have also been used to deliver siRNA successfully and may present opportunities to combine desired features to create novel lipid-based nanocarriers -N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) and N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC)) and forms nanoscale complexes. Liposomes are probably the most commonly used artificial gene delivery vector since their ability to transport the preproinsulin gene to the liver was demonstrated nearly 30 years ago . Liu et  in vitro. After i in vitro. Lipid carriers .3) Protein nanocarrierset al. have developed a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) for ocular delivery of small and large molecules, including siRNA, fluorescent probes, plasmid DNA and quantum dots to RPE, photoreceptor and ganglion cells in vitro and in vivo-cholesterol; DODAC: N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride; DOPE: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine; DOTAP: 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane; DOTMA: N-[1-propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride; dsRNAs: Double stranded RNAs; EVA: Ethylene vinyl acetate; FAc: Fluocinolone acetonide; FDA: US Food and Drug Administration; 2’-F-RNA: 2’-Fluoro-RNA; HD-Ad: Helper-dependent adenovirus; miRNA: microRNA; MMP-2: Matrix metalloproteinase-2; ODNs: Oligodeoxynucleotides; PACT: dsRNA-binding protein; PAMAM: Poly(amidoamine); PB: Boranophosphonate; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PEI: Polyethylenimine; PKR: Protein kinase R; PO4: Phosphodiester; PPI: Poly(propylene imine); PS: Phosphorothioate linkage; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; RNAi: RNA interference; RPE: Retinal pigment epithelium; scAAV: Self-complementary AAV; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; TaT: HIV transactivator of transcription; TLR: Toll-like Receptors; TRBP: HIV-1 TAR RNA-binding protein; VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A; VEGFR1: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1.No competing interests to declare.AT, SF, AZ, KK and BM contributed towards writing and editing the manuscript. GH and HS critically evaluated the manuscript for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.No information to share.


The L ligand, which also lies across an inversion centre, bridges two CdII ions, forming layers parallel to (010).In the title coordination polymer, [CdBr DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811027759/hy2448Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Laribacter hongkongensis is associated with community-acquired gastroenteritis and traveler's diarrhea and it can reside in human, fish, frogs and water. In this study, we performed an in-depth annotation of the genes in its genome related to adaptation to the various environmental niches.L. hongkongensis possessed genes for DNA repair and recombination, basal transcription, alternative σ-factors and 109 putative transcription factors, allowing DNA repair and global changes in gene expression in response to different environmental stresses. For acid stress, it possessed a urease gene cassette and two arc gene clusters. For alkaline stress, it possessed six CDSs for transporters of the monovalent cation/proton antiporter-2 and NhaC Na+:H+ antiporter families. For heavy metals acquisition and tolerance, it possessed CDSs for iron and nickel transport and efflux pumps for other metals. For temperature stress, it possessed genes related to chaperones and chaperonins, heat shock proteins and cold shock proteins. For osmotic stress, 25 CDSs were observed, mostly related to regulators for potassium ion, proline and glutamate transport. For oxidative and UV light stress, genes for oxidant-resistant dehydratase, superoxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, exclusion and export of redox-cycling antibiotics, redox balancing, DNA repair, reduction of disulfide bonds, limitation of iron availability and reduction of iron-sulfur clusters are present. For starvation, it possessed phosphorus and, despite being asaccharolytic, carbon starvation-related CDSs.L. hongkongensis genome possessed a high variety of genes for adaptation to acid, alkaline, temperature, osmotic, oxidative, UV light and starvation stresses and acquisition of and tolerance to heavy metals.The  Laribacter hongkongensis, a novel genus and species that belongs to the Neisseriaceae family of β-subclass of the Proteobacteria, was discovered from the blood and empyema pus of a patient with underlying alcoholic cirrhosis . In. InL. ho factors . NotablyL. hongkongensis, C. violaceum, N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis all contain one copy of phrB which encodes a photolyase for direct repair of DNA; and one copy each of uvrA, uvrB, uvrC and uvrD in the nucleotide excision repair system.In addition to oxidative stress, ultraviolet light is another environmental stress that damages the DNA of a bacterium. The genomes of L. hongkongensis is arguably fastidious: it is asaccharolytic, metabolizing none of the common sugars, requiring malate, adipate or caprate as its carbon source [L. hongkongensis from six of the 10 surveyed drinking water reservoirs in Hong Kong, prompts inquiries into the mechanisms of survival and persistence of this bacterium in nutrient-poor environments [L. hongkongensis were isolated demonstrates such: the permanganate value, a surrogate for organic carbon content, had a yearly mean of 1.25 mg O2/L; ammoniacal nitrogen, 0.05 mg N/L; and total phosphorus, 0.015 mg P/L [L. hongkongensis has exquisite adaptive abilities which enable its survival in environments such as the drinking water reservoirs.n source ,4,43; in5 mg P/L . This is5 mg P/L . Clearly38, encoded by rpoS, is used to upregulate the expression of a number of genes. Some of these genes may be clustered with rpoS: in L. hongkongensis a surE-pcm-nlpD-rpoS cluster was observed (LHK_00356-00353). This is similar to C. violaceum ATCC12472 (CV_3679-3682), and was also observed in other pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium [Yersinia pestis [L. hongkongensis surE-pcm-nlpD-rpoS cluster, there is an overlap between the surE and pcm genes; which was also observed in C. violaceum. Despite this overlapping, as shown in E. coli, the pcm gene can either be co-transcribed with the surE gene or transcribed on its own [With limited nutrients, bacteria do not continue their exponential growth indefinitely. Instead, they move into the stationary phase; cells lose viability and enter the death phase; in prolonged periods of nutrient depletion, a resistant subpopulation survives and the extended stationary phase ensues . To adaphimurium  and Yersa pestis . In the  its own .surA precursor is present in the L. hongkongensis genome (LHK_03194). This survival protein precursor was also found in C. violaceum, N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and E. coli. SurA, the periplasmic chaperone protein encoded by this gene, is responsible for the proper folding and insertion of a subset of outer membrane proteins in E. coli [L. hongkongensis is cultured in the rich medium of BHI [L. hongkongensis.A CDS coding for the putative gene  E. coli . It is om of BHI . It is uL. hongkongensis genome, only one CDS coding for the putative carbon starvation gene cstA2 was found (LHK_00676). This is similar to N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, but different from the C. violaceum genome, which contains two CDSs coding for the putative genes cstA1 and cstA2. The E. coli homologue of the L. hongkongensis cstA2 gene is cstA. CstA is a starvation-induced peptide transporter in E. coli, and has been implicated in peptide utilization [In the lization .sspA and sspB are present in the L. hongkongensis genome (LHK02886-02887). Putative homologues of sspA and sspB are also present in C. violaceum, N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and E. coli. In E. coli, sspA and sspB code for the stringent starvation proteins SspA and SspB. Whilst SspA is essential to expression of SspB, it has also been found to be upregulated in the starvation response to glucose, nitrogen, phosphate and amino acids [L. hongkongensis, if any, since the bacterium is asaccharolytic. It is uncertain, nevertheless, whether carbon starvation, i.e. of malate, caprate and adipate, may lead to upregulation of the putative sspA and sspB genes in L. hongkongensis.CDSs coding for putative genes no acids . SspA anL. hongkongensis. From the freshwater reservoir data stated above, phosphate is probably the scarcest nutrient amongst carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron with its concentration of 0.015 mg P/L (or 0.5 μM). On the other hand, however, it is worthwhile to note the more recent finding that phosphate depletion may enhance bacterial resistance to multiple antimicrobials [It has long been observed that phosphate is often the limiting nutrient of algal and bacterial growth in freshwater environments -94. Bactcrobials ,97.L. hongkongensis, the putative genes coding for the PhoR/PhoB are adjacent to each other (LHK_00166-00165), as in C. violaceum (CV_0563-0562). The N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis homologue of the phoR and phoB genes, however, could not be identified.Phosphate homeostasis in bacteria is mainly achieved by the PhoR/PhoB two-component regulatory system (TCRS). In E. coli, there is a pstSCAB-phoU operon in which the genes pstS, pstC, pstA, pstB and phoU are clustered. This is not the case in L. hongkongensis, C. vioalceum, N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. In L. hongkongensis, the putative pstSCAB locus (LHK00524-00521) is well separated from the CDS coding for the putative phoU gene (LHK_00885). In C. violaceum, this separation is also seen ; the pstSCAB locus is also clustered with the putative pitA gene, which codes for a low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter (CV_0934). In contrast to such, the CDS that encodes the putative pitA gene in L. hongkongensis is separated from the putative pstSCAB locus (LHK_02538). It is believed that the PstS, PstC, PstA and PstB proteins, together with PhoU, are responsible for the formation of an ABC transporter in the capture of periplasmic inorganic phosphate. In an abundance of phosphate, the Pst system, together with the histidine kinase PhoR, repress the transcription regulatory protein PhoB. When the extracellular phosphate concentration is below a threshold value, for example 4 mM in E. coli, autophosphorylation on a PhoR histidine residue occurs; the phosphorylation is subsequently transferred form phospho-PhoB, which modulates Pho regulon activities [The PhoR/PhoB TCRS is closely related to the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system. In tivities ,99.L. hongkongensis genome possessed a high variety of genes for DNA repair and recombination and regulation of gene expression, as well as adaptation to acid, alkaline, temperature, osmotic, oxidative, UV light and starvation stresses as well as acquisition of and tolerance to heavy metals : Coding sequences(s); Cnr: Nickel and cobalt resistance protein Cnr; CopA: Copper-exporting P-type ATPase A; CorA: Magnesium transport protein CorA; CPA: Monovalent cation/proton antiporter; CPA1/2/3: Monovalent cation/proton antiporter-1/2/3; Cpx: Cytochrome peroxidase C; CspA/D: Cold shock protein CspA/D; CstA/B: Carbon starvation-induced protein CstA/B; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid;DnaK: Chaperone protein DnaK; DppB/C: Dipeptide transport system permease protein DppB/C; DppD/F: Dipeptide transport ATP-binding protein DppD/F; Dps: Deoxyribonucleic acid protection during starvation protein; DSB(s): Double-strand break(s); DSBR: Double-strand break repair; dsDNA: Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid; DUE: DNA-unwinding element; dUMP: Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate; dUTP: Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate; FbpA: Major ferric iron-binding protein FbpA; FbpB: Ferric transport system permease protein FbpB; FbpC: Ferric ions import ATP-binding protein FbpC; FeoA/B/C: Ferrous iron transport protein A/B/C; Fis: Factor for inversion stimulation; FNR: Fumarate and nitrate reduction regulatory proteins; Fpr: Ferredoxin-NADP reductase; FumC: Fumarase C; Fur: Furric uptake regulation protein Fur; G: Guanine; GlpF: Glycerol uptake facilitator protein; GlpK: Glycerol kinase GlpK; GlpR: Glycerol-3-phosphate regulon repressor protein GlpR; Gor: Glutathione reductase; GO system: 8oxodG system; GpxA: Glutathione peroxidase; GrxA/C: Glutaredoxin-1/3; GshA: Glutamate-cysteine ligase; GshB: Glutathione synthase; HoxN: High-affinity; nickel transport protein HoxN; HtpG: High temperature protein HtpG; IHF(s): Integration host factor(s); Kef: Glutathione-regulated potassium efflux protein Kef; KefB: Glutathione-regulated potassium efflux protein KefB; LB: Lysogeny broth; Lrp: Leucine-responsive regulatory protein; LysR: Transcriptional activator protein LysR; mg N/L: Milligrams of nitrogen per liter; mg O2/L: Milligrams of oxygen per liter; mg P/L: Milligrams of phosphorus per liter; MIT: Metal inorganic transport system; MMR: Mismatch repair; MopA: 60 kDa chaperonin; alternative name for GroEL or Cpn60; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; MutM: Formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase; MutT: Mutator MutT protein; MutY: Adenine/thymine-specific adenine glycosylase; NAGK: N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase; Ncc: Nickel-cobalt-cadmium resistance protein Ncc; NER: Nucleotide excision repair; NfnB: Oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase; NhaA/B/C/D: Sodium/proton antiporter NhaA/B/C/D; NicO/A: High-affinity nickel transport protein NicO/A; NiCoT: Nickel(II)-cobalt(II) uptake transporter; NlpD: Lipoprotein NlpD; NolG: Nodulation protein NolG; Nth: Endonuclease III; O: Oxygen; oriC: Origin of replication; OsmB/C: Osmotically-inducible lipoprotein OsmB/C; OxyR: Hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes regulator OxyR; Pcm: Protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase; PhoB: Phosphate regulon transcriptional regulatory protein PhoB; PhoR: Phosphate regulon sensor protein PhoR; PhoU: Phosphate transport system protein PhoU; PhrB: Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase; PitA: Low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter PitA; Pst: Phosphate-specific transport system; PstS/C/A/B: Phosphate-specific transport system protein S/C/A/B; RIDA: Regulatory inactivation of DnaA; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; RNAP: Deoxyribonucleic acid-directed ribonucleic acid polymerase; RpoS: RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoS; SodB: Superoxide dismutase SodB; SoxR: Redox-sensitive transcriptional activator SoxR; SSAP(s): Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid annealing protein(s); ssDNA: Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid; SspA/B: Stringent starvation protein SspA/B; SurA/E: Stationary-phase survival protein SurA/E; T: Thymine; TCRS: Two-component regulatory system; TLS: Translesion deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis; TolC: Outer membrane protein TolC; TRCF: Transcription-repair coupling factor; TrxA: Thioredoxin; TrxB: Thioredoxin reductase; UNG: Uracil deoxyribonucleic acid glycosylase; UreA/C/B: Urease subunit gamma/alpha/beta; UreE/F/G/D/I: Urease accessory protein UreE/F/G/D/I; UV: Ultraviolet; UvrA/B/C/D: UvrABC nucleotide excision repair system protein A/B/C/D; XthA Exodeoxyribonuclease III; YggX: Ferrous-trafficking protein; ZntA: Lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury-transporting ATPase ZntA8oxodG: 7, 8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; σ24 (RpoE): RNA polymerase sigma-E factor; σ28 (FliA): RNA polymerase sigma factor for flagellar operon; σ32 (RpoH): RNA polymerase sigma-32 factor; σ38 (RpoS): RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoS; σ54 (RpoN): RNA polymerase sigma-54 factor; σ70 (RpoD): RNA polymerase sigma factor; σ-factor(s): Sigma-factor(s); σ-RNA: Sigma-RNA; A: Adenine; ABC: ATP-binding cassette; AcnA: Aconitate hydratase 1; AcrA/B: Acriflavine resistance protein A/B; AhpC: Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C; AP: Abasic; The authors declare that they have no competing interests.PCYW, KYY and SKPL designed and supervised the study. RYYF, TCCH, GKMW, AKLT, JLLT, WC, RMW and SOTC annotated the genome. HT performed bioinformatics analysis. SKPL, RYYF, TCCH, RMW and PCYW drafted the manuscript. All authors corrected the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


The legends for Supporting Information Figures S1, S2, and S3 were incorrectlyswitched. The correct legends for Supporting Information Figures S1, S2, and S3are:'''Figure S1.http://cmr.jcvi.orghttp://cmr.jcvi.org/>). [^] Analysis of engAlocus in different mycobacterial species indicates a conserved occurrence of genespreceding engA, which encode cytidylate kinase (cmk), ribosomal large subunitpseudouridine synthase B (rluB), segregation and condensation protein B (scpB), andsegregation and condensation protein A (scpA), respectively.Comparative analysis of engA locus organizations in different mycobacterialspecies.''' Organizations of genes in engA locus of different mycobacterial specieswere analyzed by genome region comparison” tool of CMR database , M. avium subsp.paratuberculosis K-10 (Map K-10), M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis S397 (Map S-397),M. gilvum (Mgi), M. intracellulare (Min), M. kansasii (Mka), M. leprae (Mle), M.marinum (Mma), M. parascrofulaceum (Mpa), M. tuberculosis EAS054 (Mtu EAS054), M.tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtu H37Rv), M. ulcerans (Mul), M. vanbaalenii (Mva),Mycobacterium Sp. JDM601and Mycobacterium Sp. MCS, and aligned using AlignX programof Vector NTI software as described in materials and methods section. The number inparentheses before each sequence represents the position of amino acid residue ofEngA protein sequence in the alignment. The numbers at the top of the alignment arethe positions of the multiple sequence alignment. Color codes for amino acidresidues at a given position are as follows: 1) red on yellow: identical residues;2) black on green: block of similar residues; 3) blue on cyan: conserved residues;4) green on white: residues weakly similar to consensus residue; 5) black on white:non-similar residues. Positions of the conserved motifs in corresponding G-domains,D1 and D2 are mentioned below the aligned sequences, as represented by black bars.Sequences in the box represent switch regions in each of the two G-domains.


Evodia rutaecarpa and its major bioactive components and the involvement of the nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase, NADPH oxidase, nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, tumor necrosis factor, LIGHT, amyloid protein and orexigenic neuropeptides. Their potential applications for the treatment of endotoxaemia, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and their uses as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protective agents, analgesics, anti-oxidant, anti-atherosclerosis agents, dermatological agents and anti-infectious agents are highlighted. Stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide release may partially explain the analgesic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protective, anti-obese activities of Evodia rutaecarpa and its major bioactive components.This article reviews the anti-inflammatory relative and anti-infectious effects of  Inflammation is a protective physiological response of an organism to chemical, physical, infectious agents, environmental toxins, ischemia or an antigen-antibody interaction. However, prolonged or overactive inflammation may cause tissue damage. Inflammation is very common manifested as body temperature change, edema, itch and pain, occasionally as serious as septic shock, tissue cirrhosis, necrosis or cancer. In the United States, over 500,000 patients suffer from sepsis triggered by severe systemic inflammation per year .2O2, O2-), nitric oxide (NO) and substance P. Cells taking part in inflammation are erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, platelet, natural killer cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, antigen presenting cells and dendritic cells -4(1H)-quinolone, 1-methyl-2-[-6.9-pentadecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone, 1-methyl-2-undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone, dihydroevocarpine and 1-methyl-2-pentadecyl-4(1H)-quinolone) isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa showed potent anti-Helicobacter pylori activity [Evodia rutaecarpa were anti-bacterial agents highly selective in vitro against H. pylori and almost non-active against other intestinal pathogens [In vivo studies on H. pylori infected Mongolian gerbils demonstrated that alkyl methyl quinolone compounds from Evodia rutaecarpa decreased the number of H. pylori and inhibited the H. pylori respiration [Among 300 herbal extracts screened for the anti-hepatitis B surface antigen capability, ve herbs . Ataninetaecarpa . Six quiactivity . Two alkathogens . In vivopiration ,102.Evodia rutaecarpa demonstrated vasodilating and antibacterial effects [Evodia rutaecarpa extract was reported to possess bactericidal activity against gram-positive cocci, P aeruginose and C albicans [Evodia elleryana leaves, stem wood, stem bark, root wood, root bark and petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate partition fractions showed a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity [Evodia elleryana bark also inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis [Evodia fatraina stem bark showed moderate in vitro anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum while the ethanol extract exhibited 65% suppression of Plasmodium berghei in mice [Three synthesized 2-alkenyl-4(1H)-quinolone compounds, one of which is found in  effects . Evodia albicans . Similaractivity . Extractrculosis . Ethyl a in mice .Evodia rutaecarpa and its major bioactive components. Other direct actions by the active components of Evodia rutaecarpa on different targets may account for various pharmacological effects of Evodia rutaecarpa.Stimulation of CGRP release may partially explain the analgesic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protective, anti-obese activities of 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin; 5-LO: 5-lipoxygenase; CCK: cholecystokinin; CCR: chemokine receptor; CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; COX: cycloxygenase; DeHE: dehydroevodiamine; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinases; Evo: evodiamine; HSV: herpes simplex virus; IgE: immunoglobulin E; IL: interleukin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; LIGHT: Homologous to Lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, competes with Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D for binding to Herpes Virus entry Mediator (HVEM), a receptor on T lymphocytes; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LT: leukotriene; MCH: melanin-concentrating hormone; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; NF-kappa B: nuclear factor kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; NPY: neuropeptide Y; PG: prostaglandins; PP: protein phosphatase; ROS: reactive oxgen species; Rut: rutaecarpine; SHR: spontaneously hypertensive rats; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TPH2: tryptophan hydroxylase 2; TRPV1: transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1; TX: thromboxanes; UCP1: uncoupling protein-1; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; UVB: ultraviolet B radiation; WT: Wuzhuyu Tang; WT/GFX: Wortmannin and GF-109 203XThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.CFC proposed the review and wrote the manuscript. JFL searched the literature, compiled and reviewed the information and revised the manuscript. WFC reviewed the information on NO, NOS and endotoxaemic rats. YCS reviewed the information on neutrophils and microglial cells. GJW reviewed the information on vascular smooth muscle cell, endothelial cell and electropharmacology. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.Evodia rutaecarpa and its bioactive components with potential clinic applicationsMechanisms of anti-inflammatory relative effects of . The known mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effects of Evodia rutaecarpa extracts and its bioactive components such as dehydroevodiamine (DeHE), evodiamine (Evo) and rutaecarpine (Rut) are summarized and their potential clinic applications are suggested in this file. Some reported pharmacological effects of Wuzhuyu Tang  are also listed. Please refer to the text for the detail and references.Click here for file


AbstractPlatyscelio Kieffer  is a widespread group in the Old World, found from West Africa to northern Queensland, Australia. The species concepts are revised and a key to world species is presented. The genus is comprised of 6 species, including 2 known species which are redescribed: Platyscelio africanus Risbec ; and Platyscelio pulchricornis Kieffer . Five species-group names are considered to be junior synonyms of Platyscelio pulchricornis: Platyscelio abnormis Crawford syn. n., Platyscelio dunensis Mukerjee syn. n., Platyscelio mirabilis Dodd syn. n., Platyscelio punctatus Kieffer syn. n., and Platyscelio wilcoxi Fullaway. The following species are hypothesized and described as new taxa: Platyscelio arcuatus Taekul PageBreak& Johnson, sp. n. ; Platyscelio mysterium Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. ; Platyscelio mzantsi Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. (South Africa); and Platyscelio striga Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. .The genus  Platyscelio  are morphologically unique among the known Scelioninae by a number of characters, most distinctively the extremely flat body, the broad hypostomal bridge, and the absence of a netrion. The genus was originally described by Platyscelio pulchricornis from Dilo in British New Guinea. To date, six species-group taxa have been described. Five species are recorded in Asia, Australia and Oceania: Platyscelio pulchricornis Kieffer, Platyscelio abnormis Crawford, Platyscelio dunensis Mukerjee, Platyscelio mirabilis Dodd, and Platyscelio punctatus Kieffer. Only one species is known from Africa, Platyscelio africanus Risbec, described from Cameroon.Species of Platyscelio wasclassified within the subfamily Scelioninae of the family Scelionidae by Platyscelionini. Scelionidae and Platygastridae under the single name Platygastridae, but he did not address the status of their respective subfamilies or tribes. Platyscelionini is close to the tribe Scelionini, but did not substantiate this hypothesis. Scelioninae due to its lack of a netrion, the greatly reduced palpi, and the expansion of the female antennal scape into a flat, almost triangular piece armed laterally with a sharp spine. Platyscelio possesses a Scelio-type system. They also commented on two unusual features of the genus: the second gonocoxae are developed as broad membranous plates, and the lateral apodemes of the sixth metasomal sternum in the female protrude proximally past the telescopic tube at rest. Platyscelio was not included as a taxon in the most comprehensive attempt to infer relationships within the Platygastroidea published to date  include unidentified host eggs #790205) and rice in Papua New Guinea (BMNH(E)#790194)  (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). PageBreakAgyen-Sampong conducted all his observations in West Africa, mostly Sierra Leone. These data, albeit fragmentary, suggest that Conocephalus eggs are at least among the hosts of Platyscelio spp, across the range of the genus from West Africa to Australasia.The known hosts of species in the subfamilies  spiders . In the ost eggs . Two rea#790194) . Agyen-S#790194)  reportedPhaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), and also suggested that the strongly flattened body of Platyscelio may indicate that the species are phoretic in habit.Platyscelio has never been comprehensively reviewed or revised. Our goal of this paper is to present a taxonomic revision of the world species of the genus Platyscelio, as well as to expand the biogeographic data associated with these species. The taxonomic history of the genus is summarized and existing concepts are reviewed. Four new species are proposed, two from Western Australia, two from southern Africa.In more than a century since its original description, 1; ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia 2; BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London, UK 3; CASC, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 4; CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada 5; EMEC, Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley, CA 6; ISNB, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium 7; MCSN, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, Genova, Italy 8; MZLU, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 9; NZSI, Zoological Survey of India, North Regional Station, Uttaranchal, India 10; OSUC, C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Columbus, OH 11; RMNH, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands 12; ROME, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada 13; SAMA, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia 14; SAMC, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa 15; SANC, South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa 16; SCAU, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China 17; TARI, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute - Entomology, Taichung, Taiwan 18; UASK, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine 19; UCDC, University of California, Davis, CA 20; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 21; WINC, Waite Insect and Nematode Collection, Adelaide, Australia 22; ZMAS, Zoological Museum, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 23.This work is based upon specimens in the following collections, with abbreviations used in the text: AEIC, American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, FL antennomere 1, 2, … 12A1, A2, ... A12;             	distribution of the large, multiporous basiconic sensilla on the underside of apical antennomeres of the female, with the segment interval specified followed by the number of sensilla per segment claval formula;             	posterior ocellar line, the shortest distance between inner margins of posterior ocelliPOL;             	ocular ocellar line, the shortest distance from inner orbit and outer margin of lateral ocellus OOL;             	metasomal tergite 1, 2, ... 7T1, T2, ... T7.             	Morphological terminology otherwise follows Abbreviations and morphological terms used in text:             	PageBreakHymenoptera On-Line database, and details on the data associated with these specimens can be accessed at the following link, purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/hol, and entering the identifier in the form. Note the space between the acronym and the number.In the Material Examined the numbers prefixed with “OSUC” are unique identifiers for the individual specimens. The label data for all specimens have been georeferenced and recorded in the Platyscelio can be accessed at http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=543. Species descriptions were generated using a database application, vSysLab 24, designed to facilitate the production of a taxon by character data matrix, and to integrate those data with the existing taxonomic and specimen-level database. Data may be exported in both text format and as input files for other applications. The text output for descriptions is in the format of “Character: Character state (s). Images and measurements were made using AutoMontage and Cartograph extended-focus software, using JVC KY-F75U digital camera, Leica Z16 APOA microscope, and 1X objectve lens. Images are achived at Morphbank and in Specimage25, the image database at The Ohio State University.Data associated with the genus 26 (Taxonomic Database Working Group). All new species have been prospectively registered with Zoobank ;  Platyscelio is distinguished from most other genera of Scelioninae sensu Platyscelio may be distinguished from them by the absence of a netrion; the mandibles are tridentate, with the middle tooth small; the postmarginal vein is very short or absent, clearly shorter than the stigmal vein; and vein R in the hind wing is complete, extending to the hamuli on the costal margin of the wing.Moderate-sized, length 3.0–5.6 mm; head prognathous, flattened anteroposteriorly, mesosoma and metasoma strongly dorsoventrally depressed; body black; macropterous.Head in dorsal view strongly transverse; vertex laterad of posterior ocellus smooth or with few faint striae, between posterior ocelli finely longitudinally striate; hyperoccipital carina present as fine ridge on vertex between compound eyes; occipital carina absent; posterior ocellus distinctly separated from inner orbit of compound eyes, OOL > diameter of ocellus; compound eye large, appearing glabrous; frons without depression, shallowly convex, with median longitudinal sulcus bifurcating dorsally near median ocellus and ventrally near toruli; interantennal process well-developed, narrow; torular triangle present; submedian carina sometimes present; orbital carina sometimes present; lower frons, including cheek, with weak fanlike striae arising from mandibular condyle; shortest distance on frons between eyes less than eye height; inner orbits weakly diverging ventrally; postclypeus strongly projecting above anteclypeus, subtriangular, anteclypeus short, longest medially, lateral corners not produced; malar sulcus present; gena variably expanded, smooth to longitudinally striate or with few faint striae; labrum hidden by clypeus; mandible short, apex tridentate, middle tooth distinctly shortest, teeth arranged transversely; maxillary palpus 2-segmented, all segments cylindrical; labial palpus 1-segmented, very short; antenna 12-merous in both sexes; radicle very broad, inserted into ventral apex of A1, nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of A1, with small lateral spine; A1 almost triangular and expanded outwardly into spine, particularly in female; A2 distinctly shorter than A3; gustatory sensilla on female antenna arranged in longitudinal pairs on apical antennomeres; clava laterally compressed, claval formula A12–A8: 1-2-2-2-1; male antenna with tyloid on A5.PageBreakPlatyscelio arcuatus) transscutal articulation well developed; mesoscutellum rectangular in outline, truncate posteriorly, sculpture smooth to longitudinally striate; axilla small; posterior scutellar sulcus interrupted medially or complete; metanotum narrow, metascutellum clearly differentiated, size of metascutellum variable; dorsal surface of propodeum variable, weakly setose posteriorly; median propodeal sulcus present; plicae well developed; propodeal projections reduced; sternaulus absent; metapleural pit reduced; metapleural sulcus present dividing metapleuron into dorsal and ventral areas; setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area variable; legs elongate; posterior surface of hind coxa smooth, glabrous to densely setose; trochantellus present; tibial spur formula 1-1-1; tarsal formula 5-5-5; tarsomeres cylindrical, broadening apically; pretarsal claw simple; apex of fore wing extending to or slightly beyond apex of S5 in female and S6 in male, hyaline or infuscate; R straight, extending slightly beyond basal half of length of wing, without strong, elongate bristles, gradually approaching costal margin apically, contiguous with costal margin for distance clearly exceeding length of r-rs ; r-rs straight; R1 usually absent, reduced, stumplike in some species (Platyscelio arcuatus and Platyscelio mzantsi) ; bulla absent; Rs+M  weakly to clearly indicated, nebulous; hind wing with R extending from base of wing to hamuli; three hamuli present.Mesosoma in dorsal view longer than wide, in lateral view much longer than high; pronotum in dorsal view strongly narrowed laterally, anterolateral corner weakly angulate; transverse pronotal carina absent; vertical epomial carina absent; dorsal epomial carina absent; lateral face of pronotum concave; netrion absent; anterior margin of mesoscutum strongly flexed ventrally to meet pronotum; mesoscutum semicircular in outline, posterolateral corner rounded; parapsidal line variably developed; notaulus variably developed: absent, nearly percurrent or percurrent, mesoscutum sometimes with strong sublateral carina paralleling notaulus; skaphion absent; prespecular sulcus and posterior mesepimeral sulcus present; speculum smooth, rarely longitudinally striate (Platyscelio striga); no spiracles visible; sculpture on T1–T4 variable; S1 not laterally compressed; felt field absent.Metasoma elongate, parallel-sided, strongly flattened dorsoventrally; female with six visible terga and sterna, male with seven visible terga and sterna; second to fifth segments equal in length, third and fourth widest, subequal to each other in size; submarginal ridge developed, defined by narrow laterotergites to form deep submarginal rim; sublateral carina well developed on tergites, rarely absent , Platyscelio mysterium , and Platyscelio mzantsi (South Africa). Two species are widespread: Platyscelio africanus occurs in the Afrotropical realm from Senegal east to Yemen and south to South Africa; and Platyscelio pulchricornis is found in India and Southeast Asia east to Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia.The genus PageBreakPageBreakRisbecurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0814CE3A-F4CF-434C-98AA-8E882FA2F202urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:5089Platyscelio africanus Body length of male: 2.95–4.35 mm (n=20). Body length of female: 3.46–4.28 mm (n=20).Length between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellar line in frontal view: less than 0.5 times POL. Striae within ocellar triangle: dense (greater than 20). Vertex sculpture between inner orbit and posterior ocellus: densely striate. Frontal sculpture between inner orbit and central keel: smooth. Submedial ventral area of head anterior to fossa: smooth, finely longitudinally striate posteriorly. Orbital carina: absent. Sculpture of malar region: smooth, faintly longitudinal striae with limited microsculpture near eye.Color of female antenna: A1–A7 yellow to light brown, A8–A12 dark brown to black. Female outer lateral apex of scape: sharply pointed. Claval shape: apical margin of A9–A11 concave, closely fitting basal margin of following antennomere. Color of male antenna: yellow to light brown throughout.Sculpture on medial lobe of mesoscutum: longitudinally striate with elongate punctures. Setation of medial lobe of mesoscutum: moderately dense, even. Notaulus: present. Notaulus form: mesal and lateral margin arched. Length of notaulus: abbreviated, clearly not reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum. Width of notaulus anteriorly: parallel-sided. Pilosity of notaulus: absent. Number of lateral carinae on mesoscutum: 0. Medial carina of mesoscutum: absent. Parapsidal line: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: complete. Setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area: sparse (less than 25 setae). Metascutellum size: wide, metanotum lateral to metascutellum reduced, with 0–3 foveae. Sculpture on ventral metapleural area: longitudinally striate or with few reticulations. Median propodeal sulcus: widened posteriorly. Sculpture of submedian propodeal field: longitudinally striate. Posterolateral margin of propodeum: longitudinally striate laterally, rugulose posteriorly. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, otherwise yellow throughout, rarely hind femur dark brown.Female Postmarginal vein: absent. Fore wing: hyaline.Sculpture on T1: longitudinally striate with setigerous punctures medially. Sublateral carina on T2–T4: present anteriorly, absent posteriorly. Sculpture on T2–T4: setigerous punctures throughout, longitudinally striate anteriorly.Platyscelio africanus is similar to Platyscelio pulchricornis in the lack of sculpture on the frons between the inner orbit and the central keel. Itmay be distinguished by the complete posterior scutellar sulcus, and the sculpture on the margin of the propodeum is longitudinally striate laterally and rugulose posteriorly.PageBreakHolotype female: CAMEROON: Garoua (deposited in MNHN). Other material:  BENIN: 14 females, 5 males, CASENT 2137991 (CASC); OSUC 207951-207968 (CNCI). CAMEROON: 17 females, 7 males, BMNH(E)#790211, 848520-848536 (BMNH); CASENT 2137986 (CASC); OSUC 250657-250661 (CNCI). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 176086, 247778 (SAMC). GHANA: 2 males, BMNH(E)#790201, 848510 (BMNH). GUINEA: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 207895, 250625 (CNCI). GUINEA-BISSAU: 1 female, OSUC 253728 (MZLU). IVORY COAST: 22 females, 13 males, OSUC 207977-207983, 207986-208007 (CNCI); OSUC 58731-58736 (OSUC). KENYA: 2 females, 7 males, OSUC 173854, 207969-207976 (CNCI). MOZAMBIQUE: 3 males, OSUC 207948-207950 (CNCI). NIGERIA: 9 females, 5 males, BMNH(E)#790200 (BMNH); OSUC 250639-250650 (CNCI); OSUC 173856 (OSUC). SIERRA LEONE: 2 females, 5 males, BMNH(E)#790195, 848506 (BMNH); OSUC 253722-253726 (MZLU). SOUTH AFRICA: 2 females, 5 males, OSUC 207938, 207943-207946, 250663 (CNCI); OSUC 253727 (MZLU). TANZANIA: 3 females, 1 male, OSUC 253741-253744 (SAMC). TOGO: 1 female, OSUC 253754 (CNCI). UGANDA: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 207984-207985 (CNCI). YEMEN: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 250651-250652 (CNCI). ZIMBABWE: 1 female, BMNH(E)#790209 (BMNH).This species is widespread in the Afrotropical realm, extending from east Africa to Yemen and south to the north of South Africa. The color of the female antenna is variable: the scape is yellow to light brown, but in some specimens is dark brown to black . Body length of female: 3.48–3.97 mm (n=3).Length between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellar line in frontal view: greater than or equal to 0.5 times POL. Striae within ocellar triangle: sparse . Vertex sculpture between inner orbit and posterior ocellus: smooth or with few faint striae. Frontal sculpture between inner orbit and central keel: smooth. Submedial ventral area of head anterior to fossa: longitudinally striate throughout. Orbital carina: absent. Sculpture of malar region: longitudinally striate or with few faint striae.Color of female antenna: dark brown to black throughout. Female outer lateral apex of scape: sharply pointed. Claval shape: apical margin of A9–A11 concave, closely fitting basal margin of following antennomere. Color of male antenna: dark brown to black throughout.Sculpture on medial lobe of mesoscutum: longitudinally striate. Setation of medial lobe of mesoscutum: sparse to glabrous. Notaulus: present. Notaulus form: mesal margin arched, lateral margin straight. Length of notaulus: percurrent or nearly so. Width of notaulus anteriorly: narrowed anteriorly. Pilosity of notaulus: present. Number of lateral carinae on mesoscutum: 0. Medial carina of mesoscutum: present. Parapsidal line: present. Posterior scutellar sulcus: interrupted medially or complete. Setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area: sparse (less than 25 setae). Metascutellum size: narrow, metanotum lateral to metascutellum with 4–6 foveae. Sculpture on ventral metapleural area: longitudinally striate, coriaceous microsculpture within interstices or strongly reticulate rugose with foveolae. Median propodeal sulcus: narrow throughout length. Sculpture of submedian propodeal field: longitudinally striate, in male interstices with coriaceous microsculpture. Posterolateral margin of propodeum: reticulate rugose with foveolae throughout. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, otherwise yellow throughout.Postmarginal vein: reduced, stumplike. Fore wing: hyaline.Sculpture on T1: longitudinally striate, coriaceous microsculpture within interstices. Sublateral carina on T2–T4: present, percurrent. Sculpture on T2–T4: longitudinally striate with coriaceous microsculpture within interstices.Platyscelio arcuatus may be separated from Platyscelio striga  by the less densely striate sculpture within the ocellar triangle (20 striae or fewer).The epithet arcuatus, Latin for bent like a bow, refers to the shape of the notaulus.PageBreak250635 (deposited in ANIC). Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: 3 females, 1 male, OSUC 250633–250636 (CNCI).Holotype female: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Keystone Rd., 3 km W Walpole, 34°59.01'S 116°40.76'E, George, Hawks, Munro, YPT, OSUC Taekul & Johnson sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9323A442-6603-4C4E-A1E4-5A48F7A291A4urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:242616Body length of male: 3.46–4.20 mm (n=7). Body length of female: 3.14–4.24 mm (n=8).PageBreaksculpture between inner orbit and posterior ocellus: densely striate. Frontal sculpture between inner orbit and central keel: longitudinally striate, striae extending through most of length of frons. Submedial ventral area of head anterior to fossa: smooth, finely longitudinally striate posteriorly. Orbital carina: present. Sculpture of malar region: longitudinally striate or with few faint striae.Length between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellar line in frontal view: less than 0.5 times POL. Striae within ocellar triangle: dense (greater than 20). Vertex Color of female antenna: A1–A7 yellow to light brown, A8–A12 dark brown to black. Female outer lateral apex of scape: sharply pointed. Claval shape: apical margin of A9–A11 concave, closely fitting basal margin of following antennomere. Color of male antenna: brown or dark brown to black throughout.PageBreakscutellar sulcus: complete. Setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area: sparse (less than 25 setae). Metascutellum size: wide, metanotum lateral to metascutellum reduced, with 0–3 foveae. Sculpture on ventral metapleural area: smooth anteriorly, coarsely foveolate punctate posteriorly. Median propodeal sulcus: narrow throughout length. Sculpture of submedian propodeal field: smooth throughout or with few faint striae. Posterolateral margin of propodeum: smooth laterally, longitudinally striate to rugulose posteriorly. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, otherwise variable.Sculpture on medial lobe of mesoscutum: longitudinally striate with elongate punctures. Setation of medial lobe of mesoscutum: moderately dense, even. Notaulus: absent. Pilosity of notaulus: absent. Number of lateral carinae on mesoscutum: 1. Medial carina of mesoscutum: absent. Parapsidal line: present. Posterior Postmarginal vein: absent. Fore wing: hyaline.Sculpture on T1: longitudinally striate laterally, uniformly setigerous punctate medially. Sublateral carina on T2–T4: present anteriorly, absent posteriorly. Sculpture on T2–T4: setigerous punctures throughout, longitudinally striate anteriorly.Platyscelio mysterium is distinguished from other species by the presence of only a single lateral carina on the mesoscutum, the lack of a notaulus, and the presence of orbital carinae on the frons . Paratypes:  BOTSWANA: 6 females, CASENT 2137987-2137990 (CASC); OSUC 250665 (CNCI). SOUTH AFRICA: 3 females, 13 males, BMNH(E)#790187-790189, 790196-790197, 790199, 848507-848509 (BMNH); OSUC 207935-207937, 207939, 207942, 207947 (CNCI); OSUC 230254 (OSUC). ZIMBABWE: 3 females, 1 male, OSUC 250653-250656 (CNCI).Some specimens show variability in the prominence of the sculpture between inner orbit and central keel on the frons.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7290F370-068F-458B-86BB-22CFEB2C2926urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:5091Platyscelio pulchricornis Platyscelio abnormis						 PageBreakPlatyscelio dunensis							 Platyscelio mirabilis							 Platyscelio punctatus							 PageBreakPlatyscelio wilcoxi Platyscelio abnormis Crawford);   Fullaway 1913: 283 ; Body length of male: 3.24–4.71 mm (n=20). Body length of female: 3.31–5.59 mm (n=20).PageBreakOrbital carina: absent. Sculpture of malar region: smooth, longitudinally striate or with few faint striae. Color of female antenna: dark brown to black throughout, A1–A7 yellow to light brown, A8–A12 dark brown to black, or A1–A7 brown, A8–A12 dark brown to black, in some antennae sequentially darker from scape to apex. Female outer lateral apex of scape: sharply pointed. Claval shape: apical margin of A9–A11 concave, closely fitting basal margin of following antennomere. Color of male antenna: brown.Length between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellar line in frontal view: less than 0.5 times POL. Striae within ocellar triangle: dense (greater than 20). Vertex sculpture between inner orbit and posterior ocellus: smooth or with few faint striae. Frontal sculpture between inner orbit and central keel: smooth. Submedial ventral area of head anterior to fossa: smooth, finely longitudinally striate posteriorly. PageBreakcarina of mesoscutum: absent. Parapsidal line: present or absent or faint. Posterior scutellar sulcus: interrupted medially. Setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area: dense (more than 25 setae). Metascutellum size: wide, metanotum lateral to metascutellum reduced, with 0–3 foveae. Sculpture on ventral metapleural area: smooth to faintly longitudinally striate, or longitudinally striate or with few reticulations. Median propodeal sulcus: narrow throughout length, widened posteriorly. Sculpture of submedian propodeal field: smooth throughout or with few faint striae or longitudinally striate. Posterolateral margin of propodeum: smooth laterally, longitudinally striate to rugulose posteriorly. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, otherwise brown, or coxae dark brown to black, otherwise yellow throughout.Sculpture on medial lobe of mesoscutum: longitudinally striate with elongate punctures. Setation of medial lobe of mesoscutum: moderately dense, even. Notaulus: present. Notaulus form: mesal and lateral margin arched. Length of notaulus: percurrent or nearly so, or abbreviated, clearly not reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum. Width of notaulus anteriorly: parallel-sided. Pilosity of notaulus: absent. Number of lateral carinae on mesoscutum: 0. Medial Postmarginal vein: absent. Fore wing: hyaline, infuscate.PageBreakSculpture on T1: longitudinally striate laterally, uniformly setigerous punctate medially. Sublateral carina on T2–T4: present, percurrent. Sculpture on T2–T4: uniformly setigerous punctate.Platyscelio pulchricornis can be separated from Platyscelio africanus by the medial absence of the posterior scutellar sulcus and the smoothness of submarginal propodeal field . Holotype male, Platyscelio abnormis:PHILIPPINES: R.E. Brown, (deposited in USNM Cat. No. 12895). Holotype male, Platyscelio dunensis: INDIA: Uttarakhand, Rishiskesh, 24.VI.1991, Mukerjee & party (deposited in PageBreakNZSI). Holotypefemale, Platyscelio mirabilis: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Nelson, 16.II.1912, sweeping open forest (deposited in SAMA). Syntype male, Platyscelio punctatus: PHILIPPINES: Los Baños (deposited in USNM). Holotype male, Platyscelio wilcoxi: GUAM: USNM No. 26186 (deposited in USNM).Holotype female, PageBreak207896 (CNCI); OSUC 204851 (UCDC). JAPAN: 1 female, OSUC 173082 (UASK). MALAYSIA: 9 females, 5 males, BMNH(E)#790193, 790204 (BMNH); OSUC 207877-207883, 207885-207887, 207892 (CNCI); OSUC 207884 (SCAU). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 24 females, 21 males, BMNH(E)#790205, 848511-848517 (BMNH); CASENT 2137992-2138022 (CASC); OSUC 207897, 250626-250628 (CNCI); OSUC 160037-160038 (EMEC). PHILIPPINES: 3 females, 7 males, BMNH(E)#790184 (BMNH); OSUC 207875 (CNCI); OSUC 207842-207849 (USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1 female, BMNH(E)#848543 (BMNH). TAIWAN: 18 females, 11 males, OSUC 173803-173831 (TARI). THAILAND: 36 females, 2 males, 2 unknowns, BMNH(E)#790190, 790192, 790194, 848502-848505, 848541-848542 (BMNH); OSUC 207888-207890 (CNCI); OSUC 207837, 215797, 253701-253721, 253760-253762, 253764 (OSUC); OSUC 207891 (SCAU). VANUATU: 2 males, 1 unknown, BMNH(E)#790183, 790186, 790198 (BMNH). VIETNAM: 2 females, 3 males, OSUC 277708-277709 (RMNH); OSUC 184378-184380 (ZMAS).Other material:  AUSTRALIA: 1 female, 4 males, BMNH(E)#790202-790203, 790208 (BMNH); OSUC 250637 (CNCI); OSUC 141949 (OSUC). BANGLADESH: 1 female, OSUC 173855 (CNCI). CHINA: 2 females, 4 males, BMNH(E)#848537-848540 (BMNH); OSUC 321841-321842 (CNCI). GUAM: 3 females, 1 male, 3 unknowns, OSUC 250638 (CNCI); OSUC 207850-207852, 207856-207858 (USNM). INDIA: 7 females, 2 males, BMNH(E)#790185, 790206-790207, 848518-848519 (BMNH); OSUC 230648 (OSUC); OSUC 207838-207840 (USNM). INDONESIA: 13 females, 9 males, BMNH(E)#790210 (BMNH); OSUC 207859-207874, 207876, 207893-207894, Platyscelio pulchricornis.Some specimens show variability in antenna and leg color. Because of the uniformity of the principal characters – notaulus form and length, interrupted posterior scutellar sulcus, and the propodeal sculpture – we consider these specimens to be conspecific with Taekul & Johnson sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A1051E41-5E69-4792-8C30-7B2F928E56A8urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:242614Body length of male: 3.05–3.22 mm (n=2). Body length of female: 2.89–3.40 mm (n=2).Length between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellar line in frontal view: less than 0.5 times POL. Striae within ocellar triangle: dense (greater than 20). Vertex sculpture between inner orbit and posterior ocellus: smooth or with few faint striae. Frontal sculpture between inner orbit and central keel: with few (4–5) striae, striae limited to upper half of frons. Submedial ventral area of head anterior to fossa: longitudinally striate throughout. Orbital carina: absent. Sculpture of malar region: longitudinally striate or with few faint striae.Color of female antenna: A1–A7 brown, A8–A12 dark brown to black, in some antennae sequentially darker from scape to apex. Female outer lateral apex of scape: sharply pointed. Claval shape: apical margin of A9–A11 straight, antennomeres distinctly separated. Color of male antenna: dark brown to black throughout.PageBreakanteriorly. Pilosity of notaulus: absent. Number of lateral carinae on mesoscutum: 2. Medial carina of mesoscutum: absent. Parapsidal line: absent or faint. Posterior scutellar sulcus: complete. Setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area: sparse (less than 25 setae). Metascutellum size: wide, metanotum lateral to metascutellum reduced, with 0–3 foveae. Sculpture on ventral metapleural area: strongly reticulate rugose with foveolae. Median propodeal sulcus: narrow throughout length. Sculpture of submedian propodeal field: smooth throughout or with few faint striae. Posterolateral margin of propodeum: longitudinally striate laterally, rugulose posteriorly. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, otherwise yellow in female and brown in male.Sculpture on medial lobe of mesoscutum: longitudinally striate. Setation of medial lobe of mesoscutum: sparse to glabrous. Notaulus: present. Notaulus form: mesal margin arched, lateral margin straight. Length of notaulus: abbreviated, clearly not reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum. Width of notaulus anteriorly: narrowed Postmarginal vein: absent. Fore wing: hyaline.Sculpture on T1: longitudinally striate throughout. Sublateral carina on T2–T4: absent. Sculpture on T2–T4: longitudinally striate throughout, uniformly setigerous punctate within interstices on T3–T4.PageBreakPlatyscelio striga is unique in the genus in having two lateral carinae on the mesoscutum , 30.XII–3.I.1987, Malaise trap, J.S. Noyes, OSUC 250630 (deposited in ANIC). Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: 1 female, 2 males, OSUC 250629, 250631, 250632 (CNCI).Taekul & Johnson sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D084EF48-4736-444F-916F-2C8CDE23E29Burn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:242617Body length of male: 3.21–4.53 mm (n=20). Body length of female: 3.14–4.23 mm (n=20).Length between anterior ocellus and posterior ocellar line in frontal view: greater than or equal to 0.5 times POL. Striae within ocellar triangle: sparse . Vertex sculpture between inner orbit and posterior ocellus: smooth or with few faint striae. Frontal sculpture between inner orbit and central keel: smooth. Submedial ventral area of head anterior to fossa: longitudinally striate throughout. Orbital carina: absent. Sculpture of malar region: longitudinally striate or with few faint striae.Color of female antenna: dark brown to black throughout. Female outer lateral apex of scape: bluntly rounded. Claval shape: apical margin of A9–A11 concave, closely fitting basal margin of following antennomere. Color of male antenna: dark brown to black throughout.Sculpture on medial lobe of mesoscutum: longitudinally striate. Setation of medial lobe of mesoscutum: moderately dense, even. Notaulus: present. Notaulus form: mesal and lateral margin arched. Length of notaulus: percurrent or nearly so. Width of notaulus anteriorly: parallel-sided. Pilosity of notaulus: absent. Number of lateral carinae on mesoscutum: 0. Medial carina of mesoscutum: absent. Parapsidal line: present or absent or faint. Posterior scutellar sulcus: interrupted medially. Setation of posterior half of ventral metapleural area: sparse (less than 25 setae). Metascutellum size: narrow, metanotum lateral to metascutellum with 4–6 foveae. Sculpture on ventral metapleural area: longitudinally striate or with few reticulations. Median propodeal sulcus: narrow throughout length. Sculpture of submedian propodeal field: longitudinally striate. Posterolateral margin of propodeum: margined by coarsely punctate furrow. Color of legs: coxae dark brown to black, otherwise brown.Postmarginal vein: reduced, stumplike. Fore wing: hyaline or infuscate.PageBreakSculpture on T1: longitudinally striate throughout. Sublateral carina on T2–T4: present, percurrent. Sculpture on T2–T4: T2 longitudinally striate throughout, T3–T4 longitudinally reticulate laterally, smooth medially.Platyscelio mzantsi may be separated from other African species by the sparse striae within ocellar triangle (20 or fewer), the narrow metascutellum, and the presence of 4–6 foveae on the metanotum laterad of the metascutellum . Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: 63 females, 31 males, OSUC 202440–202441 (AEIC); OSUC 207908–207934, 207941, 250662, 250664 (CNCI); OSUC 266101–266102 (MZLU); OSUC 188488–188489, 207830–207836, 207898–207907, 207940, 213995, 226020–226023, 237213–237217, 243454–243458, 243506–243507, 243790–243791, 253729–253740, 253745–253753 (SAMC).Holotype female: SOUTH AFRICA: 34°27.414'S 19°21.393'E Western Cape, Walker Bay Nat. Res., 57 m, Site1, Malaise trap, S. Coast Strandveld,