AbstractMacrothelecalpeiana) is currently protected by the Natura 2000 network and no endemic spider species (aside from Anapistulaataecina) has been assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria. The objective of this paper is to assess all non-assessed endemic species (41) as well as M.calpeiana.The Iberian Peninsula is a diverse region that contains several different bioclimatic areas within one confined space, leading to high biodiversity. Portugal distinguishes itself in this regard by having a high count of spider species (829) and a remarkable number of endemic spider species (42) for its size . However, only one non-endemic species  had enough data to allow their EOO (extent of occurrence) and AOO (area of occurrence) to be quantified. Of these, we modelled the distribution of 14 epigean species, eight of which were found to be widespread. The remaining six fulfilled at least one of the criteria for threatened species. Four species are troglobiont, all of which meet the EOO and AOO thresholds for threatened species. The remaining 25 Portuguese endemics had no reliable information on their range. Only nine species out of the 43 are estimated to be in decline and 11 are stable, with the majority of species having no information on trends (23 species).Only 18 species (including Forest areas, sand dunes, shrublands and caves host the majority of species. As such, the threats to Portuguese endemics reflect the diversity of habitats they occupy. Urbanisation and climate change seem to be the most important threats to these species, although other factors are also important and represented across the data.A considerable proportion of the currently known Portuguese endemic species can be found in national protected areas, with higher prominence to the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros, Douro Internacional, Vale do Guadiana, Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina and Arrábida Natural Parks. These correspond mostly to areas that have been particularly well sampled during the last two decades. Portugal is a small country with a large coastal area that occupies the majority of the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula and is separated into two biogeographic regions, Mediterranean and Atlantic . While tArachnida: Araneae). The latest data show that 1488 spider species are known to occur in the Iberian Peninsula, of which 825 of them are present in mainland Portugal, 42 of those considered endemic to the country  using the package "red - IUCN redlisting tools" , with thSpecies with less than five georeferrenced records were considered to be insufficiently known and classified as Data Deficient (DD). When it was possible to reliably due so, i.e. for species with sufficient distribution data, EOO and AOO were calculated in one of two ways:1. For troglobiont species, we assumed that we knew well enough the full range of the species, based on the fact that Portuguese cave systems are relatively well explored. We then classified these values as observed and used our occurrence records to:Calculate EOO by building a minimum convex polygon that encompassed all observations.Calculate AOO by summing the area of all 2 x 2 km cells known to be occupied.2. For non-troglobiont species with at least five records, species distribution modelling (SDM) was performed.This was done using the environmental data present in Worldclim 2.0  and the run = max)2weightAnapistulaataecina.These probabilistic models were then processed with the map.habitat function, which further restricted them to patches, including observation points, thus often reducing the range and consequently the EOO and AOO values. We present for each assessment the EOO and AOO for both the consensus maps and their lower confidence limits (in reverse order in the assessments themselves), calculated respectively as the areas found suitable in at least 50% and 97.5% of the 100 models created per species . All final maps and values were checked and validated by our own expert opinion. All data, presented in the Results section, use the lower confidence limits as per the precautionary principle and includes the previously assessed EratigenabarrientosiScientific name: Species authority: Bolzern, Crespo & Cardoso, 2009Common names: Funileira-de-BarrientosAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: AgelenidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 1Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There are only two records for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 320Range description: This spider is known from only two sites in central Portugal , one in EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (2 records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (2 records) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only two sites, one a botanical garden and the other a pinewood plantation.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens16. Introduced vegetationHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens16. Introduced vegetationSize: 2.32 - 3.32 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-dwelling species that builds a sheet web to catch a variety of small prey. They also build small tube web retreats at one end of the sheet. Given the habitat types where the species was found, it seems to be tolerant to humans.Justification for threats: Existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider was collected at two sites, one of which makes it fair to assume that its true range might be completely or at least partially covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0015) and the Serras de Aires e Candeeiros Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Less importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Less importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.EratigenaincognitaScientific name: Species authority: Bolzern, Crespo & Cardoso, 2009Common names: Funileira-incógnitaAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: AgelenidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 2Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there is only one record for the species . The speMin Elevation/Depth (m): 200Max Elevation/Depth (m): 200Range description: This spider is known from only one heavily urbanised mixed forest in Parque Florestal de Monsanto, close to Lisbon .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider's only record comes from Parque Florestal de Monsanto, a small forest area that is isolated by human infrastructure, the closest natural area being located in Sintra, ca. 20 km away.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasSize: 2.04 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-dwelling species that builds a sheet web to catch a variety of small prey. They also build small tube web retreats at one end of the sheet.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded inside or adjacent to protected areas. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species' true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.MalthonicaoceanicaScientific name: Species authority: Barrientos & Cardoso, 2007Common names: Tecedeira-de-funil-do-litoralAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: AgelenidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 3Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (20 records), mostly recent and in sand dunes . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 569Range description: This spider has been recorded in coastal areas all across Portugal, from its southernmost record in Monchique to its northernmost in Viana do Castelo .EOO (km2): 68995 - 98036Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 30080 - 48628Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoQuercus spp.) and plantations  from north and central Portugal, occupying coastal or sometimes mountainous regions throughout the country. Recorded once in a marshland.Habitat (narrative): Recorded in sand dunes, heathlands, rocky steppes, oak forests  - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 16. Introduced vegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 16. Introduced vegetationSize: 3.27 - 4.64 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider is a ground-dwelling species found in areas with relatively dense vegetation cover. It builds a sheet web often under the leaf litter and eats a variety of small crawling invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been found in a variety of protected areas, namely the Litoral Norte Natural Park, the Paul de Arzila Natural Reserve, the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park, the Paul do Boquilobo Natural Reserve and the Serra de São Mamede Natural Park. Given how widespread the species distribution modelling seems to predict this species to be, it is not unreasonable to assume that it may occupy further protected areas, as well as a variety of areas covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.DysderaalentejanaScientific name: Species authority: Ferrández, 1996alentejanaCommon names: Aranha-tenaz-AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 4Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (10 records), mostly recent and in a variety of habitats . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 856Range description: This spider has been recorded several times, all of them in the province of Beja, Alentejo. Nevertheless, species distribution modelling predicts that it might be widespread throughout the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula.EOO (km2): 71231 - 82399Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 39548 - 47804Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoQuercus spp.) to shrublands  and plantations .Habitat (narrative): This spider is found in a variety of habitats, from oak forests : 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): This spider is a ground-dwelling species that builds no web, actively hunting for the woodlice of which it is presumably a specialist.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The vast majority of this species' records are located inside the Vale do Guadiana Natural Park, which is covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.HarpacteaalgarvensisScientific name: Species authority: Ferrández, 1990Common names: Aranha-nómada-do-AlgarveAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 5Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown as there is only one record. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 500Max Elevation/Depth (m): 500Range description: Largely unknown as there is only one record  for the EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from one site of unspecified habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 4.6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A nocturnal ground-dwelling species which produces no web and eats a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: It is unknown exactly where this spider was collected, but it is fair to assume that its true range might be partially or completely covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0057).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.HarpacteamagnibulbiScientific name: Species authority: Machado & Ferrández, 1991Common names: Aranha-nómadaAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 6Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only four records for the species .Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 800Range description: This spider is known from only four sites in Algarve, Southernmost Portugal . Its truEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (four records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (four records) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This spider has been recorded at four different sites, one of them a cave. Remaining sites possess no habitat information.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 3.71 - 6.16 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A nocturnal ground-dwelling species that produces no web and eats a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded within or adjacent to national protected areas. However, the species' true range might be totally or at least partially covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.HarpacteaproximaScientific name: Species authority: Ferrández, 1990Common names: Aranha-nómadaAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 7Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (four records), mostly recent but mostly without habitat information . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 169Range description: This spider is known from only four sites in Beja and Setúbal in south Portugal. The species distribution model predicts it might be restricted to this region.EOO (km2): 5022 - 6864Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 1648 - 3088Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownQuercus spp. and Olea sp.Habitat (narrative): This spider is known from four sites, only two of these possessing habitat information. The species seems to be associated with Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationSize: 3.4 - 3.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A nocturnal ground-dwelling species that produces no web and eats a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatHarpacteaproxima's records and the SDM, the species' true range might be partially covered by the Natura 2000 network .Justification for conservation actions: One of the species records is attributed to the outskirts of Mértola, inside the Vale do Guadiana Natural Park. A second record in Ponte de Serpa is close to the same park. Additionally, considering the location of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.HarpacteastalitoidesScientific name: Species authority: Ribera, 1993Common names: Aranha-nómada-das-estalactitesAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 8Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Few collection sites are recorded for this species (four records), mostly recent and all of them in caves in the Algarve . Due to Min Elevation/Depth (m): 38Max Elevation/Depth (m): 308Range description: This spider is known from four isolated caves in the Maciço Calcário do Algarve (MCA) in southern Portugal.EOO (km2): 1469Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: This spider currently faces threats of habitat loss due to urbanisation, land use change on the surface altering the microclimate beneath and stone quarries.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: This spider currently faces threats of habitat loss due to urbanisation, land use change on the surface altering the microclimate beneath and stone quarries.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 16Number of locations: 4Justification for number of locations: This spider is known from four isolated caves in the Maciço Calcário do Algarve (MCA) in southern Portugal. Current threats do not imply a difference between the number of locations and number of subpopulations.Trend: Decline (inferred)Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: This spider currently faces threats of habitat loss due to urbanisation, land use change on the surface altering the microclimate beneath and stone quarries.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: This spider currently faces threats of habitat loss due to urbanisation, land use change on the surface altering the microclimate beneath and stone quarries.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownJustification for fragmentation: No estimates of population size exist.System: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This spider possesses a highly restricted habitat as it is known from only four sites, all located in caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 3.04 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): So far, this spider is the only known troglobiont species of its genus. Its eyes are totally absent as well as its pigmentation and it shows elongated appendages as are typical for many troglobionts .Justification for threats: This spider currently faces threats of habitat loss due to urbanisation, land use change on the surface altering the microclimate beneath and stone quarries.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarryingThreat type: OngoingThreats: 3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarryingJustification for conservation actions: The species range is partially covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.HarpacteasubiasiScientific name: Species authority: Ferrández, 1990Common names: Aranha-nómadaAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 9Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (seven records), mostly recent and in a variety of habitats. It was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 335Range description: This spider has been recorded in southern Portugal along the coast . The speEOO (km2): 9611 - 19871Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 2652 - 5736Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableCauses ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoQuercussuber) and one polje, a particular karstic habitat in Terras do Risco in the Arrábida Natural Park.Habitat (narrative): The records of this spider encompass multiple habitats. The species has been recorded so far on sand dunes, mediterranean woods, rocky steppes, forests : 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A nocturnal ground-dwelling species that produces no web and eats a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The vast majority of this spider's records are located within protected areas: the Arrábida Natural Park and the Lagoas de Santo André e Sancha Natural Reserve. The species distribution modelling predicts that it could also be present in the Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park, Estuário do Sado Natural Park and Ria Formosa Natural Park. The sites, from where it has been recorded, are inside the Natura 2000 network  and it could be present in further protected areas.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.AdoneaalgarvensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: EresidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 10Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (seven records) from both published sources  and our Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 121Range description: This spider is known exclusively from dune sites scattered across Portugal's southern coasts . The speEOO (km2): 1503 - 1798Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, from where this species is exclusively found, are delicate habitats threatened by habitat loss due to urbanisation and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, from where this species is exclusively found, are delicate habitats threatened by habitat loss due to urbanisation and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 204 - 480Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available is not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, from where this species is exclusively found, are delicate habitats threatened by habitat loss due to urbanisation and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The data available is not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This spider is known exclusively from dunes, often consolidated or on top of cliffs.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (observed)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 6.5 - 7 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider is a ground-dwelling, sheet-web builder that constructs a simple vertical or inclined burrow and feeds on various small arthropods.Justification for threats: The sand dunes, from where this species is exclusively found, are delicate habitats threatened by habitat loss due to urbanisation and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas11.4. Climate change & severe weather - Storms & floodingThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas11.4. Climate change & severe weather - Storms & floodingJustification for conservation actions: The species range is partially covered by the Natura 2000 network . It is also partially covered by the Ria Formosa Natural Park and the Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park. Additionally, all beaches in Portugal are governed by the European Water Framework Directive (directive 2000/60/EC), being protected by means of land-use plans that preserve coastal ecosystems (decree-law Nº 130/2012).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.FilistatapygmaeaScientific name: Species authority: Zonstein, Marusik & Grabolle 2018AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: FilistatidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 11Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species . Its truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 69Max Elevation/Depth (m): 69Range description: This spider is known from only one site, in the remnants of a paleodune field in a subcoastal region near Sagres, Algarve, southern Portugal .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in a dune field.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 4.07 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A nocturnal, tube-web builder that presumably feeds on a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: No known threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The single known site for this spider is currently protected by the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0012 and PTZPE0015). Additionally, it is also covered by the Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the species range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the species range.ScotophaeusdolanskyiScientific name: Species authority: Lissner, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 12Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species  in a maqMin Elevation/Depth (m): 350Max Elevation/Depth (m): 350Range description: This spider is known from only one site in a maquis in Sobral da Adica, Beja, southern Portugal .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in a maquis.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationSize: 5.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to congeners, a nocturnal active hunter that is found at the understorey level, eating a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The single record for this spider is in the Natura 2000 network and its true range could be totally or at least partially covered by this instrument (PTZPE0045 and PTCON0053).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range of the species.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range of the species.ScotophaeusnanoidesScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 13Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only two records for the species  from theMin Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 50Range description: This spider is known from only two sites in southern Portugal, one is the small village of Olhos de Água and the other is an unspecified site somewhere near the city of São Brás de Alportel, both in the province of Faro, Algarve .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (two records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (two records) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only two sites. The habitat of both places is unspecified.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to congeners, this spider is a nocturnal active hunter that lives at the understorey level.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: It is unknown exactly where this spider was found in São Brás de Alportel. Future records might reveal its true range to be partially covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0049 and PTCON0057) as it is within 5 km of known occurence points.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.TrachyzelotesminutusScientific name: Species authority: Crespo, 2010AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 14Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There are only two records for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 200Max Elevation/Depth (m): 230Range description: This spider is known from only two sites in south Portugal, one in Corval and the other one in Montoito, Évora . They arEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (two records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (two records) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only two sites, both cork oak woodlands with scattered bushes.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 2.36 - 2.97 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to congeners, these spiders are active predators that consume a variety of invertebrates at ground level.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded in areas inside or adjacent to protected areas. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.ZelotesfuzetaScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 15Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there is only one record for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 10Max Elevation/Depth (m): 10Range description: This spider is known from only one site in a sandy area near the beach east of Fuseta, Algarve, southern Portugal .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Trend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (a single record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in a sandy beach.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to conspecifics, this spider is an active ground hunter that does not build a web and consumes a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: It is unknown exactly where this spider was collected but it is fair to assume that its true range might be completely or at least partially covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTZPE0017 and PTCON0013). It might also be totally or partially covered by the Ria Formosa Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.MacrothelecalpeianaScientific name: Species authority: Walckenaer, 1805Common names: Mígala-dos-montadosAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: MacrothelidaeFamily: Macrothelecalpeiana's records form four distinct groups. Recent work (Arnedo unpublished) suggests that the individuals recorded in Portugal may belong to a species separate from those found in Spain.Taxonomic notes: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalSpainMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 16Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (174 records) from references both recent and otherwise, but with remarkably little habitat information . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2000Range description: This spider is a widespread species present throughout the majority of southern Iberian Peninsula . It has EOO (km2): 75926-97837Trend: StableCauses ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableCauses ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 34532-52868Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Trend: UnknownJustification for trend: No known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoQuercussuber and was originally considered a bioindicator for this habitat. However, subsequent collections revealed that it could be found in a variety of habitats, including anthropic habitats such as pine and olive plantations and even road-sides, old walls and rubbish dumps (Habitat (narrative): This spider is known primarily from mediterranean forests dominated by sh dumps .Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasSize: 30-60 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This tube- and sheet-web builder creates small burrows on vertical walls, tree trunks or even at ground level, often adopting existing burrows. It is predominantly nocturnal and is reported as performing both sit-and-wait hunting, as well as active hunting.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider is found in a variety of protected areas, namely the Fonte Benémola Local Protected Landscape and the Rocha da Pena Local Protected Landscape in Portugal and the Doñana National Park, La Breña y Marismas del Barbate Natural Park, the Sierra de Huétor Natural Park, Los Alcornocales Natural Park (and others) in Spain. Additionally, it is also present in a large variety of areas covered by the Natura 2000 network.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.LeptonetaberlandiScientific name: Species authority: Machado & Ribera, 1986AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LeptonetidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 17Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There are only two old records for the species. Its true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 50Range description: This spider is known from only two sites of unspecified habitat in the province of Porto, one from Monte Pedral and another from Entre-os-Rios .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available (two records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The data available (two records) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only two sites of unspecified habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 1.92 - 2.08 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to congeners, a nocturnal ground-dwelling species that hides under rocks and forest litter and captures prey through the use of a space web.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded in areas inside or adjacent to protected areas. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species' true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.LeptonetaconimbricensisScientific name: Species authority: Machado & Ribera, 1986AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LeptonetidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 18Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only four old records for the species. Its true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 400Range description: This spider is known from only four sites in central Portugal, two of them in caves in Coimbra, two more in sites of unspecified habitat in Aveiro .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (4 records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (4 records) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): There are only four records for the species, two of them in caves in Coimbra, two more in sites of unspecified habitat in Aveiro.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 1.79 - 2.01 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Troglophile. A nocturnal ground-dwelling species that hides under rocks and forest litter and captures prey through the use of a space web.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded in areas inside or adjacent to protected areas. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species' true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.TeloleptonetasyntheticaScientific name: Species authority: Machado, 1951AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LeptonetidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 19Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (8 records), mostly recent and exclusively in caves . Due to Min Elevation/Depth (m): 10Max Elevation/Depth (m): 500Range description: This spider has been recorded in three areas, the Algarve and two mountain ranges, Serra da Adiça in Alentejo and Serra da Arrábida in Setúbal .EOO (km2): 22681Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 32Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This spider is a troglobiont species of highly restricted habitat found strictly within caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 1.98 - 2.36 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Troglobiont species with eyes very reduced in size, sometimes absent. Pigmentation is completely absent. It builds flat webs often under rocks on the cave floor where it can be found sitting waiting for prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: One of the areas that this spider inhabits is both a protected area, the Arrábida Natural Park, as well as an area covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0010).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.BordeaberlandiScientific name: Species authority: Fage, 1931AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 20Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (30 records), mostly recent and in caves, albeit rarely it can also be found in pinewood forests . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 894Range description: This spider is a well-established presence in cave systems throughout north and central Portugal, with a single record existing for Monchique in the Algarve . The speEOO (km2): 53080 - 70571Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 19184 - 36776Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The number of threats needed to completely cover the species range is unknown but, in any case, larger than 10.Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This spider is a troglophile species recorded mostly in caves (18). A fair amount of records possess no habitat information (9) and, less commonly, they possess information for pinewood forests (2) and a mine (1).Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 1.7 - 2.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Troglophile species. A nocturnal ground-dwelling species that eats a variety of small invertebrates, capturing its prey through the use of a sheet web.Justification for threats: Many of the underground habitats that this spider inhabits have been damaged or destroyed by pollution from human and agricultural activity (such as septic tanks and other forms of waste), infrastructure building (such as wind farms), quarries and overall disturbance from human presence, including the destruction and removal of geological structures that form this species' habitat.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying3.3. Energy production & mining - Renewable energyThreat type: OngoingThreats: 2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying3.3. Energy production & mining - Renewable energyJustification for conservation actions: This spider is a widespread species. Some of the caves it inhabits are currently covered by protected areas namely the Serra de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park, the Peneda-Gerês National Park and the Montejunto Regional Protected Landscape. It is therefore reasonable to be expected that it is covered at large by a variety of sites designated by the Natura 2000 network.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.LabullamachadoiScientific name: Species authority: Hormiga & Scharff, 2005AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 21Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (5 records). It was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 11Max Elevation/Depth (m): 754Range description: This spider has been recorded only in northern Portugal, mostly recent but without much habitat information although at least one record was from a mixed oak forest . The speEOO (km2): 2742 - 3415Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 908 - 1512Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownQuercusrobur and Quercuspyrenaica (Habitat (narrative): Despite being recorded several times, only one of this spider's records includes habitat information for a mixed oak woodland containing yrenaica .Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 4.2 - 5.6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A nocturnal species that eats a variety of small invertebrates through the use of a sheet web in tree trunks, large branches and more secluded places.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been recorded once inside the Peneda-Gerês National Park and another time in Paredes de Coura, close (~1.5 km) to the Corno do Bico Regional Protected Landscape. Both of these areas are covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.MasodouroScientific name: Species authority: Bosmans & Cardoso, 2010AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 22Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown as there is only one record for the species  in DouroMin Elevation/Depth (m): 690Max Elevation/Depth (m): 690Quercuspyrenaica (Willd.) forest (Range description: This spider is known from only one site in a ) forest . The speEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownQuercuspyrenaica forest on a slope over a small river.Habitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in a Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 1.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-dwelling species that is active during both night and day, actively hunting for a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The species true range might be completely or at least partially covered by the Douro Internacional Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range (if any).Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range (if any).ParapelecopsisconimbricensisScientific name: Species authority: Bosmans & Crespo, 2010AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 23Basis of EOO and AOO: NoneBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only three records for the species  in sitesMin Elevation/Depth (m): 10Max Elevation/Depth (m): 50Range description: This spider is known from only three sites : one in EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (3 records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only three sites, one in a marsh and the other in a botanical garden next to a river and a spring.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, PeatlandsHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, PeatlandsHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasSize: 1.7 - 1.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-dwelling species that produces no web and hunts actively, consuming a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider was collected in three sites, one of which was in the centre of the Paul de Arzila Natural Park, which in turn is located inside the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range (if any).Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range (if any).TrichoncussimilipesScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1965AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 24Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only two records for the species  in northMin Elevation/Depth (m): 100Max Elevation/Depth (m): 660Range description: This spider is known from only two sites in Braga and Porto, north-western Portugal . Its truEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (2 records) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (2 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownQuercusrobur, Quercuspyrenaica, amongst other native vegetation).Habitat (narrative): One of the records  is from Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 1.7 - 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): An active hunter that builds no web and eats a variety of small invertebrates.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider was collected in two sites, one of which, Mata da Albergaria, is located in the Peneda-Gerêz National Park and covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range (if any).Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range (if any).ApostenuscrespoiScientific name: Species authority: Lissner, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LiocranidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 25Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there is only one record for the species , in a maMin Elevation/Depth (m): 195Max Elevation/Depth (m): 195Range description: This spider is known from only one site in a maquis in a limestone region . Its truEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in a maquis in a limestone region.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationSize: 3.32 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-level active hunter that constructs no web and hides under stones and litter during the day.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Although the species' true range is unknown, its single record is currently inside the Arrábida Natural Park. Additionally, this spider's record is located in an area covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0010).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.NemesiabacelaraeScientific name: Species authority: Decae, Cardoso & Selden, 2007Common names: Buraqueira-de-bacelarAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: NemesiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 26Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (17 records) mostly recent and in a variety of different habitats . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1656Range description: This spider has been frequently recorded in northern and central Portugal . The speEOO (km2): 56871 - 69882Trend: StableJustification for trend: Despite the present threats to some of its subpopulations, the wide geographical and habitat range of this spider makes it plausible that the trend is mostly stable.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: Despite the present threats to some of its subpopulations, the wide geographical and habitat range of this spider makes it plausible that the trend is mostly stable.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 26468 - 48928Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The number of threats needed to completely cover the species range is unknown but, in any case, larger than 10.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: Despite the present threats to some of its subpopulations, the wide geographical and habitat range of this spider makes it plausible that the trend is mostly stable.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: Despite the present threats to some of its subpopulations, the wide geographical and habitat range of this spider makes it plausible that the trend is mostly stable.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoCytisus and Genista), forests (Quercus spp.) and plantations , most often in clay or compacted soil.Habitat (narrative): Highly diverse. This spider has been found in marshes, grasslands, shrublands : 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Males appear to be nocturnal. A ground-dwelling species that builds vertical burrows with a trapdoor entry and eats a variety of small invertebrates (mainly beetles).Justification for threats: Several subpopulations in central Portugal (mostly in the Coimbra region) are threatened by urban development and have either been eradicated or severely depleted. Unsurpassable obstacles and lack of safe corridors present a challenge to male dispersal in urban and peri-urban populations, which have often been found dead or dying trying to overcome human infrastructures .Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areasThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areasJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been recorded in several protected areas across its distribution, from its south-westernmost tip at the Arrábida Natural Park to its north-easternmost tip at the Douro International Natural Park. Due to its widespread nature, it is no doubt present in numerous areas protected by the Natura 2000 network.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.NemesiaberlandiScientific name: Species authority: Frade & Bacelar, 1931AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: NemesiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 27Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one old published record for the species  attributMin Elevation/Depth (m): 400Max Elevation/Depth (m): 400Range description: This spider is known from only one site  and the EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Few records and a lack of population data are not enough to estimate the species range or extinction risk trend. However, habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species is likely declining.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Few records and a lack of population data are not enough to estimate the species range or extinction risk trend. However, habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species is likely declining.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Until further information on this spider's distribution is recorded, the number of locations is unknown.Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species is likely declining.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Few records and a lack of populational data are not enough to estimate the species extinction risk. However, habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species is likely declining.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations. However, habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species is likely declining.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This spider was originally found in an unspecified habitat, but horizontal burrows (a distinct burrow not present in other Iberian species) were found in leaf litter on the verge of local forests.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species habitat is likely declining in area and quality.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 22 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-dwelling species that builds vertical burrows with a trapdoor entry and eats a variety of small invertebrates (mainly beetles).Justification for threats: Habitat loss in the area due to agriculture, urban infrastructure development and wildfires indicates the species is likely declining.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops7.1.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensityThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops7.1.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensityJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded in areas inside or adjacent to protected areas. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species' true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.NemesiafageiScientific name: Species authority: Frade & Bacelar, 1931Common names: Buraqueira-de-fageAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: NemesiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 28Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (12 records), mostly recent . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 532Range description: This spider has been recorded almost exclusively in the Algarve, being recorded only once in the nearby region of southern Alentejo . The speEOO (km2): 17013 - 20967Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Several subpopulations have been eradicated by urban development and many more are often disturbed or depleted by trampling, mostly in touristic areas, to access the coast line. Severe wildfires have recently devastated known occurrence regions, affecting a considerable number of subpopulations. A few subpopulations have been eradicated in the past due to habitat destruction caused by eucalyptus plantations, but this threat appears to have been halted in recent years.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Several subpopulations have been eradicated by urban development and many more are often disturbed or depleted by trampling, mostly in touristic areas, to access the coast line. Severe wildfires have recently devastated known occurrence regions, affecting a considerable number of subpopulations. A few subpopulations have been eradicated in the past due to habitat destruction caused by eucalyptus plantations, but this threat appears to have been halted in recent years.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 5028 - 7520Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The number of threats needed to completely cover the species range is unknown but, in any case, larger than 10.Trend: Decline (inferred)Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Several subpopulations have been erradicated by urban development and many more are often disturbed or depleted by trampling, mostly in touristic areas, to access the coast line. Severe wildfires have recently devastated known occurrence regions, affecting a considerable number of subpopulations. A few subpopulations have been eradicated in the past due to habitat destruction caused by eucalyptus plantations, but this threat appears to have been halted in recent years.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Several subpopulations have been eradicated by urban development and many more are often disturbed or depleted by trampling, mostly in touristic areas, to access the coast line. Severe wildfires have recently devastated known occurrence regions, affecting a considerable number of subpopulations. A few subpopulations have been eradicated in the past due to habitat destruction caused by eucalyptus plantations, but this threat appears to have been halted in recent years.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoCystus sp.). Expert knowledge suggests that it is found in coastal areas , as well as mountainous regions of oak forest (Quercussuber) in the Algarve.Habitat (narrative): Habitat information was recorded only twice in bushlands Justification for trend: Several subpopulations have been eradicated by urban development and many more are often disturbed or depleted by trampling, mostly in touristic areas, to access the coast line. Severe wildfires have recently devastated known occurrence regions, affecting a considerable number of subpopulations. A few subpopulations have been eradicated in the past due to habitat destruction caused by eucalyptus plantations, but this threat appears to have been halted in recent years.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsSize: 7 - 17.2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): A ground-dwelling, nocturnal spider that builds a tube web and eats a variety of small invertebrates (mainly beetles).Justification for threats: Several subpopulations have been eradicated by urban development and many more are often disturbed or depleted by trampling, mostly in touristic areas, to access the coast line. Severe wildfires have recently devastated known occurrence regions, affecting a considerable number of subpopulations. A few subpopulations have been eradicated in the past due to habitat destruction caused by eucalyptus plantations, but this threat appears to have been halted in recent years.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas7.1.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensityThreat type: PastThreats: 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations2.2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantationsThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas7.1.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensityThreat type: PastThreats: 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations2.2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantationsJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been recorded inside the Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park, as well as close to the Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António Natural Reserve, where it is predicted to occur.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.DomitiuslusitanicusScientific name: Species authority: Fage, 1931AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: NesticiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 29Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (22 records), mostly recent and all of them in caves . Due to Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100Max Elevation/Depth (m): 440Range description: This spider has been recorded in central Portugal, exclusively inhabiting caves belonging to the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (MCE), one of the largest limestone areas of the country.EOO (km2): 199936Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Local limestone quarries cover large areas and may be reducing available habitat.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Local limestone quarries cover large areas and may be reducing available habitat.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 88Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The number of threats needed to completely cover the species range is unknown but, in any case, larger than 10.Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Local limestone quarries cover large areas and may be reducing available habitat.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Local limestone quarries cover large areas and may be reducing available habitat.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Local limestone quarries cover large areas and may be reducing available habitat.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This spider is a troglobiont species of highly restricted habitat, found exclusively in caves of the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (MCE).Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 2.9 - 3.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider belongs to a recently described genus that seems to be constituted entirely by troglobiont species. Its eyes are absent and it captures small invertebrates with a space web positioned on cave walls and often inside crevices.Justification for threats: Local limestone quarries cover large areas and may be reducing available habitat.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarryingThreat type: OngoingThreats: 3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarryingJustification for conservation actions: The majority of the caves, in which this spider occurs, are currently located inside the Serra de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park, as well as the Natura 2000 network (PTCON0015).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.PseudomogrusalgarvensisScientific name: Species authority: Logunov & Marusik, 2003AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: SalticidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 30Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species , attribuMin Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0Range description: This spider is known from only one site in Monte Gordo, Algarve, Southern Portugal . The truEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in dunes and it is impossible to know if it is exclusive to it, using available data.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 4 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Diurnal active hunters that reside in both ground and vegetation levels. They eat a variety of small invertebrates and construct no web.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: It is unknown exactly where this spider was collected but it is fair to assume that its true range might be partially or completely covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTZPE0047 and PTCON0018). It might also be totally or partially covered by the Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António Natural Reserve.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.AriadnainopsScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: SegestriidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 31Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0Range description: This spider is known from only one site, located on a beach on a peninsula near Manta Rota, Faro .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site, located on a beach.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 5.0 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to congeners, a ground tube-web builder that is active during both night and day.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: It is unknown exactly where this spider was collected, but it is fair to assume that its true range might be completely or at least partially covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTZPE0017 and PTCON0013). It might also be totally or partially covered by the Ria Formosa Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.LasaeolaalgarvensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TheridiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 32Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species  near a bMin Elevation/Depth (m): 20Max Elevation/Depth (m): 20Range description: This spider is known from only one site located next to a beach in Aljezur, Algarve, Southern Portugal .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site located next to a beach. The habitat of the site itself, where the specimen was found, is not specified, but it is assumed based on its location to be sand dunes.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 1.3 - 1.5 mGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoLasaeolaarmona, but more records could also reveal a preference for sandy pine groves. Could possess a capture web like Lasaeolaarmona or construct no web like Lasaeolaconvexa. Period of activity is unknown. Unknown if euryphagous or stenophagous.Ecology and traits (narrative): If similar to congeners with close distribution, it inhabits dry places. Could limit itself to low vegetation in the dunes like Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: It is unknown exactly where this spider was collected, but it is fair to assume that its true range might be completely or at least partially covered by the Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park. It might also be totally or partially covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTZPE0015 and PTCON0012).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.TheridionbernardiScientific name: Species authority: Lecigne, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TheridiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 33Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 17Max Elevation/Depth (m): 23Range description: This spider is known from only one site of unspecified habitat, at the village of Olhos de Água, Algarve, Southern Portugal .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site: a hotel complex next to shrubland in the village of Olhos de Água. The holotype was collected by beating bushes in the shrubland immediately adjacent to the hotel complex where the paratype was found, standing on a wall.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban AreasSize: 2.82 - 3.47 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): In general, species of this genus build tridimensional webs to capture their prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded in areas inside or adjacent to protected areas. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species' true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.AmphiledorusungoliantaeScientific name: Species authority: Pekár & Cardoso, 2005Common names: Aranha-de-tolkienAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 34Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species  from theMin Elevation/Depth (m): 170Max Elevation/Depth (m): 170Cystus sp. close to the small village of Corte da Velha, in the Vale of Guadiana Natural Park, south-eastern Portugal : UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownCystus sp.Habitat (narrative): This spider is only known from a scrubland dominated by Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby VegetationSize: 7.8 - 8.71 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownAmphiledorus has been recently described so not much information is available. However, a single species, Amphiledorushistrionicus  was once part of genus Selamia, members of which are described as hiding during the day in sand-covered silken retreats that serve at the same time as both hiding corners and capturing devices, with prey being ambushed from underneath the retreat (Ecology and traits (narrative): The genus  retreat .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The only known locality for this spider is inside the Vale do Guadiana Natural Park and its true range might be partially or completely covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTZPE0047 and PTCON0036).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.ZodarionalentejanumScientific name: Species authority: Pekár & Carvalho, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 35Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 10Max Elevation/Depth (m): 10Range description: This spider is known from only one site, in sand dunes  in southEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): This spider is known from only one site in sand dunes.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 3.3 - 4.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Although the species' true range is unknown, it was recorded once in the Lagoas de Santo André Natural Reserve, an area covered by the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.ZodarionalgarvenseScientific name: Species authority: Bosmans, 1994AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 36Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): There are only three collection sites recorded for this species (3 records), mostly recent and always in sand dunes . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 376Range description: This spider is known from only three sites in southern Portugal, always in sand dunes .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (3 sites) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This spider has been found so far exclusively on sand dunes. All records are associated with sand dune habitats except for the record from the Algarve which, while possessing no habitat information, is located on a coastal area.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 2.4 - 3.6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The sand dunes, in which this species is found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas11.4. Climate change & severe weather - Storms & floodingThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas11.4. Climate change & severe weather - Storms & floodingJustification for conservation actions: This spider has two of its records inside the Lagoas de Santo André e Sancha Natural Park and the areas, in which it has currently been recorded, are inside the Natura 2000 network . Additionally, all beaches in Portugal are governed by the European Water Framework Directive (directive 2000/60/EC) enacted through land-use plans that conserve and defend coastal ecosystems (decree-law Nº 130/2012).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.ZodarionbacelaraeScientific name: Species authority: Pekár, 2003AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 37Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): There is only one record for the species . The truMin Elevation/Depth (m): 400Max Elevation/Depth (m): 400Range description: This spider is known from only one site of unspecified habitat in the Torre de Moncorvo municipality, north-eastern Portugal.EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): Habitat is unknown. This spider has been recorded only once in an area of unspecified habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 4.6Generation length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has not been recorded in areas inside or adjacent to protected areas, but it is close to the Douro International Natural Park. More records are needed in order to confirm or disprove this for the species' true range.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.ZodarionbosmansiScientific name: Species authority: Pekár & Cardoso, 2005AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 38Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites (5 records) are recorded for this species, mostly recent, but with scarce habitat information . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 353Range description: This spider has been recorded in central and southern Portugal. The species distribution modelling predicts that this species could be widespread throughout the region and could be present in Spain along its southern border with Portugal.EOO (km2): 24484 - 37597Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 10812 - 19692Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoQuercusilex and Cystus sp.Habitat (narrative): Habitat information has only been recorded twice for this spider, highlighting woods or grasslands, dominated by Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate4.4. Grassland - TemperateHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate4.4. Grassland - TemperateSize: 4.08 - 4.84 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been recorded twice inside the Vale do Guadiana Natural Park, an area covered by the Natura 2000 network . Species distribution modelling predicts that it could be present in more protected areas.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.ZodarioncostaprataeScientific name: Species authority: Pekár, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ChelicerataPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 39Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (6 records), mostly recent and in three distinct habitats . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 567Range description: This spider has been recorded in north and central Portugal along the coast. Species distribution modelling predicts that this species could cover the entirety of Portugal's north and central coast, from Lisbon to Viana do Castelo.EOO (km2): 22300 - 27556Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 9932 - 13396Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This spider has been recorded in three distinct habitats: pinewood forests, sand dunes and marshes.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 2.2 - 3.7 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been recorded inside the Paul de Arzila Natural Reserve and the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park, both areas covered by the Natura 2000 network . It could be present in numerous other protected areas.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.ZodariondurienseScientific name: Species authority: Cardoso, 2003AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 40Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (11 records), mostly recent and in a variety of habitats . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2000Range description: This spider has been recorded several times throughout northern Portugal, most of which were in the northeast. The species distribution modelling predicts that the species could occupy areas closer to the coast, as well as to be present in north-western Spain.EOO (km2): 69440 - 79270Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 45920 - 55088Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableCauses ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Trend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoCystus sp., Cytisus sp. or Genista sp.), forests (Quercus spp.) and plantations .Habitat (narrative): This spider has been found in a variety of habitats including olive groves, shrublands : 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This spider has been recorded in areas located inside the Serra da Estrela Natural Park and the Douro Internacional Natural Park. These areas are in turn currently covered by the Natura 2000 network . The species could, however, be more widespread and occupy other protected areas in Portugal and Spain.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.ZodarionguadianenseScientific name: Species authority: Cardoso, 2003AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 41Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Unknown, as there is only one record for the species  in Vale Min Elevation/Depth (m): 120Max Elevation/Depth (m): 120Cistus sp. in south-eastern Portugal.Range description: This spider is known from only one scrubland site, dominated by EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of locations.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: Data available (1 record) are not enough to estimate the number of subpopulations.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownCystus sp.).Habitat (narrative): This spider has currently been recorded only once in a shrubland : 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The only locality, where this spider was collected, is in the Vale do Guadiana Natural Park and covered by the Natura 2000 network (PTZPE0047 and PTCON0036).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research is needed on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range.ZodarionviduumScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1937AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ZodariidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 42Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species (15 records), mostly recent and in sand dunes . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 36Range description: This spider is a common species in sand dunes in the coasts of central and northern Portugal. The species distribution modelling suggests that it could be widespread in dune areas from Porto to Leiria regions.EOO (km2): 1023 - 1700Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 496 - 720Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The number of threats needed to completely cover the species range is unknown but, in any case, larger than 10.Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Exclusive to coastal sand dunes in various Portuguese provinces.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.3. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Sand DunesSize: 2.5 - 3.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): An ant-eating species that produces no web and uses specialised predator behaviour and mimicry in order to capture its prey.Justification for threats: The sand dunes, in which this species has been found, are delicate habitats that are threatened by habitat loss and possible increase in number of extreme weather events due to climate change.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas11.4. Climate change & severe weather - Storms & floodingThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas11.4. Climate change & severe weather - Storms & floodingJustification for conservation actions: This spider is found in beaches across north and central Portugal, being recorded once in the Dunas de São Jacinto Natural Reserve along an area also covered by the Natura 2000 network . Additionally, all beaches in Portugal are governed by the European Water Framework Directive (directive 2000/60/EC), being protected by means of land-use plans that preserve coastal ecosystems (decree-law Nº 130/2012).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.Zodariidae , Dysderidae , Linyphiidae , Gnaphosidae , Agelenidae, Leptonetidae and Nemesiidae  . The remaining six fulfilled at least one of the criteria for threatened species. Four species are troglobiont, whose distribution was assumed to be well known and therefore assessed using the known occurrence points: Anapistulaataecina, Domitiuslusitanicus, Harpacteastalitoides, Teloleptonetasynthetica. As expected from species with such life history, all of them fulfil the EOO and AOO thresholds for threatened species. The remaining 25 Portuguese endemics (59.5%) had no reliable information on their range , sand dunes (12 species), shrublands (10) and caves (6) host the majority of species . Often poorly managed plantations may not only be exacerbating the occurrence of wildfires . The Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park has the largest number of records within it (31), followed by Douro Internacional Natural Park (16), Vale do Guadiana Natural Park (12), Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Natural Park (11) and Arrábida Natural Park (10). Of all species considered here, 29 (69.0%) possess at least one record in an area belonging to the National Protected Area Network (RNAP). Although this might seem encouraging and somehow indicating that protected areas are well located, most of these numbers might be due to the fact that these specific protected areas in Portugal were relatively well sampled during the recent decades .Presence in the Natura 2000 network is also common. The (PTCON0015) Serras de Aire e Candeeiros site has the most records (29), followed by (PTZPE0047) Vale do Guadiana (12), the (PTCON0012/PTZPE0015) Costa Sudoeste and (PTCON0010) Arrábida / Espichel (10) sites, (PTCON0061/PTZPE0004) Ria de Aveiro (8) and the (PTCON0049) Barrocal and (PTCON0048) Serra de Montejunto (7) sites. Out of 234 records, 169 are located inside areas of the Natura 2000 network (72.2%). Of all species considered in this study, 31 (73.8%) possess at least one record in an area belonging to the Natura 2000 network.Macrothelecalpeianaand should be assessed as Least Concern, given its wide range and high adaptability to different habitat types.Finally, regarding conservation measures needed to protect endemic spider species, site/area protection and/or resource & habitat protection were invariably found to be most important. This is especially critical since no spider endemic to mainland Portugal is protected by law, national or international and hence their protection has never been considered in conservation plans and only when they coincide with protected areas or other protected species, is it possible to somehow safeguard them. As mentioned previously, the only spider protected in the country is not endemic, Discussion95378C4B-9B25-5F6E-B8BE-BF34469728E210.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl1Supplementary material 1Eratigenabarrientosi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_312917.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/312917Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.C41709B8-1482-513B-B5A1-365638B55FB610.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl2Supplementary material 2Eratigenaincognita Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277476.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277476Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.7228EA7B-083A-5EB2-8BF3-85F3A2DED4A510.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl3Supplementary material 3Malthonicaoceanica Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277482.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277482Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.D91F7B67-1488-56A1-8A4B-92230220474410.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl4Supplementary material 4Dysderaalentejana Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277790.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277790Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.538E9CCB-E572-591F-A5E5-6DFF3459125910.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl5Supplementary material 5Harpacteaalgarvensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277792.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277792Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.005AA85B-47F8-5B77-B7A9-3FAA90F8082310.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl6Supplementary material 6Harpacteamagnibulbi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_312913.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/312913Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.51561791-9448-5931-915A-782636037BFB10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl7Supplementary material 7Harpacteaproxima Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278248.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278248Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.06E982F5-AACC-532C-916D-97C84A4A7E1A10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl8Supplementary material 8Harpacteastalitoides Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277868.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277868Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.213D6113-5870-519B-A4FA-D374E1711B4010.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl9Supplementary material 9Harpacteasubiasi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277869.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277869Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.A87412AE-1309-55E1-9646-CA278C659E7810.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl10Supplementary material 10Adoneaalgarvensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277876.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277876Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.40068570-7A2C-5AA9-ADEB-B7D28B8EDF2B10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl11Supplementary material 11Filistatapygmaea Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277896.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277896Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.8E2999AB-8C37-54BC-B847-F18482233BE410.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl12Supplementary material 12Scotophaeusdolanskyi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277900.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277900Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.5573F367-4E91-5FCC-B8D3-AEAED36E166A10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl13Supplementary material 13Scotophaeusnanoides Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_309143.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/309143Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.8ECBC6E8-F3CE-501F-842E-055A5D86481B10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl14Supplementary material 14Trachyzelotesminutus Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277903.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277903Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.36393888-7BD7-5A2E-90EC-D847B097C81F10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl15Supplementary material 15Zelotesfuzeta Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277906.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277906Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.AC955E84-DB47-5457-B101-421564ED692210.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl16Supplementary material 16Macrothelecalpeiana Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_302701.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/302701Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.A3AB268E-A9FC-57AF-BC84-EC1F6895E5B410.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl17Supplementary material 17Leptonetaberlandi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277910.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277910Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.8E415503-D7D2-5B5F-AEEE-A1E8AE084ED210.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl18Supplementary material 18Leptonetaconimbricensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277913.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277913Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.963CBBE0-F13E-51D1-BAAD-7B25FFBA732D10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl19Supplementary material 19Teloleptonetasynthetica Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277951.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277951Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.BB96B9E3-475A-52FA-B492-B72A3D9A96F310.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl20Supplementary material 20Bordeaberlandi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277952.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277952Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.67011C81-6D2E-535C-81BB-58384A335FD410.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl21Supplementary material 21Labullamachadoi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_277963.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/277963Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.788D9087-9A06-5033-BA8F-DF1E534C081A10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl22Supplementary material 22Masodouro Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278007.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278007Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.15D39E5B-C5F9-5379-95CA-B2B272A1C92910.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl23Supplementary material 23Parapelecopsisconimbricensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278013.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278013Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.CB268B1A-06E1-50B0-AA8A-AD4FCFB5B6EF10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl24Supplementary material 24Trichoncussimilipes Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278016.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278016Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.71E33B44-4AC9-5971-BD72-1AE856F5D6C710.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl25Supplementary material 25Apostenuscrespoi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278020.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278020Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.6E59FD14-D291-552B-9815-322F0A6B8E4010.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl26Supplementary material 26Nemesiabacelarae Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278025.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278025Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.9B20C386-41BF-5D73-8CDA-C175F2C0818C10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl27Supplementary material 27Nemesiaberlandi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278041.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278041Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.BD8D3B01-8434-565C-A7CE-601B24CF3AD610.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl28Supplementary material 28Nemesiafagei Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278042.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278042Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.FBB78BFC-468D-549A-ADD7-2BA68352AC8510.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl29Supplementary material 29Domitiuslusitanicus Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278059.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278059Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.6BF12287-0835-5F2F-B406-08BD585D318810.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl30Supplementary material 30Pseudomogrusalgarvensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278171.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278171Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.1F87D13D-4A1D-5BBD-AC9E-6D8EE00485C110.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl31Supplementary material 31Ariadnainops Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278174.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278174Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.E0C818ED-1DBD-5075-ABAC-B21BC21F3CC210.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl32Supplementary material 32Lasaeolaalgarvensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278175.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278175Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.DAD68BFE-01EF-5229-804A-A2A921E5EE4410.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl33Supplementary material 33Theridionbernardi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278189.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278189Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.75CB3362-032F-5C2B-BD25-6A4043D12C1210.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl34Supplementary material 34Amphiledorusungoliantae Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278193.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278193Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.4FE47533-EFE9-59F9-9DF7-F27A20D14A6110.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl35Supplementary material 35Zodarionalentejanum Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_325177.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/325177Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.44697375-3E45-5388-A11C-09910A1C64E710.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl36Supplementary material 36Zodarionalgarvense Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_325176.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/325176Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.1F96B941-125D-5491-AA0D-45B269A5B3C810.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl37Supplementary material 37Zodarionbacelarae Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278201.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278201Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.FE9D553F-8B35-5FC7-81C0-EE96E00F4A4E10.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl38Supplementary material 38Zodarionbosmansi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278211.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278211Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.66B0CB66-F5CF-590A-B144-167CAF3CFC0910.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl39Supplementary material 39Zodarioncostapratae Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278222.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278222Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.2589ED5E-A3D1-589D-AEA0-F8279ADB921610.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl40Supplementary material 40Zodarionduriense Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278226.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278226Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.DED644EB-CC5F-5013-9B64-619B9FCC023310.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl41Supplementary material 41Zodarionguadianense Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_278228.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/278228Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.4D3F82C5-DB42-5F38-976A-D5CDD9A9F35510.3897/BDJ.7.e39315.suppl42Supplementary material 42Zodarionviduum Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_325307.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/325307Branco, V.; Cardoso, P.