The word "microorganism" is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is "Anchor-Based Whole Genome Phylogeny (ABWGP): A Tool for Inferring Evolutionary Relationship among Closely Related Microorganisms" The correct citation is Vishnoi A, Roy R, Prasad HK, Bhattacharya A (2010) Anchor-based whole genome phylogeny (ABWGP): A tool for inferring evolutionary relationship among closely related microorganisms. PLoS ONE 5(11): e14159. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014159


Lycaon pictus and Cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus through Tourist-based Photographic Surveys in the Kruger National Park.”The article Title is incorrect. The correct Title is: “Evaluating the Status of African Wild Dogs Lycaon pictus and Cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus through Tourist-based Photographic Surveys in the Kruger National Park. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86265. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086265The correct Citation is: Marnewick K, Ferreira SM, Grange S, Watermeyer J, Maputla N, et al. (2014) Evaluating the Status of African Wild Dogs


AbstractTrichoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are revised: 42 species are recognized, of which two were previously named and are redescribed: Trichoteleia afo Talamas, sp. n., Trichoteleia albidipes Kieffer, Trichoteleia bicolor Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia bidentata Talamas sp. n.; Trichoteleia carinata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia cincta Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia delilah Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia eburata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia echinata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia fisheri Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia funesta Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia halterata Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia hemlyae Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia irwini Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia janus Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia jiro Talamas, sp. n.; T. ketrona Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia levii Talamas & Johnson, sp. n.; Trichoteleia longiventris Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia minima Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia nify Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia oculea Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia orona Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia parvipennis Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia pauliani (Risbec); Trichoteleia picturata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia prima Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia prolixa Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia quazii Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia ravaka Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia rugifrons Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia solocis Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia sphaerica Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia subtilis Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tahotra Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia takariva Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tezitra Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tigris Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tonsa Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia warreni Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia xantrox Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia zuparkoi Talamas & Masner, sp. n. A neotype is designated for Trichoteleia albidipes and a lectotype is designated for Trichoteleia pauliani.The species of the genus  Trichoteleia is an example that fits this pattern with 42 species known only from Madagascar and the surrounding islands. More than half of the species treated in this revision are represented by five or fewer specimens, and many are known from singletons, suggesting that more species remain to be discovered. The extraordinary explosion of species presented in this paper highlights the importance of faunal exploration in Madagascar and other regions with rapidly vanishing biodiversity.The richness and endemicity of Madagascar’s fauna and flora is well documented in a wide variety of organisms. The genus Trichoteleia was described by J. J. Trichoteleia albidipes Kieffer, which was based on a single male specimen collected in Madagascar during an expedition of the German zoologist Alfred Voeltzkow. Alan Dodd described 6 species as Trichoteleia between 1914 and 1920, all of which were eventually transferred to Calliscelio Ashmead  lateral pronotal area.We divide the epomial carina into vertical and dorsal components. The former is not present as external ridge in Trichoteleia, but we use the term metapleural triangle nonetheless to refer to the same anteroventral area of the metapleuron.The following morphological terms are illustrated and labeled to facilitate their use. Definitions and abbreviations follow Antero-admedian lines aal; Axillular carina axc: Central keel ctk; Cervical pronotal area cpa; Dorsal epomial carina depc; Dorsal metapleural area dmpa; , 145Lateral pronotal area lpa; Lateral propodeal area lpar; Mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus shms; Metapleural triangle mtp; Postacetabular sulcus ats; Posterior pronotal sulcus ppsu; , 15Posterior propodeal projection ppp; Morphological terminology otherwise follows PageBreakunique identifier or the red holotype label. The numbers prefixed with “OSUC ” and “CASENT ” are unique identifiers for the individual specimens (note the blank space after the acronyms). Details on the data associated with these specimens may be accessed at the following link, purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/hol, and entering the identifier in the form.The locality data reported for primary types are not a literal transcription of the labels: some abbreviations are expanded; additional data from the collectors is also included. The holotypes should be unambiguously identifiable by means of the www.morphbank.net), the latter also contains collections of images organized by plate. All new species have been prospectively registered with Zoobank (Hymenoptera Name Server (hns.osu.edu). Life sciences identifiers, lsids, may be resolved at the URLs specified in the footnotes or at lsid.tdwg.org.The species descriptions are generated by a database application, vSysLab (purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/vSysLab), designed to facilitate the generation of taxon by character data matrices, to integrate these with the existing taxonomic and specimen-level database, and to export the data both as text and as input files for other applications. The output is in the format of “Character: Character state(s).” Images were produced using AutoMontage extended-focus software. The individual images are archived at the image database at The Ohio State University (purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/specimage) and with MorphBank ; male antenna with tyloid on A5.PageBreakin dorsal view transverse to subspherical; vertex smooth to coarsely sculptured; hyperoccipital carina absent; occipital carina usually well developed and continuous medially; lateral ocellus contiguous with inner orbit of compound eye or distinctly separated from it, OOL less than or equal to diameter of lateral ocellus; compound eye large, setose; frons shallowly concave to slightly convex, usually with central keel; interantennal process present, large; antennal foramen very large; submedian carina absent; orbital carina present or absent; lower frons, laterad of orbital carina, with fanlike striae; lower frons between orbital carina and interantennalPageBreakpresent; lateral face of pronotum slightly to moderately concave below dorsal epomial carina, facing anterolaterally; pronotal setal patch present, accompanied by striate or rugulose sculpture; netrion present, glabrous, moderately wide, open or closed ventrally; anterior margin of mesoscutum weakly to strongly flexed ventrally to meet pronotum; mesoscutum pentagonal in outline, posterolateral corner rounded; parapsidal line visible; notaulus present, percurrent or incomplete and reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as a row of punctures; skaphion absent; transscutal articulation well-developed; mesoscutellum transverse, narrowing laterally, posterior margin convex to straight; axilla small, dorsal margin sinuate; metanotum short, metascutellum sparsely to moderately setose, clearly differentiated, apex bifid to bispinose; plical area densely setose; lateral propodeal carina and plica well developed, forming triangular to quadrate lateral propodeal area; mesopleural depression well developed; anterior half of mesopleural carina present; posterior half of mesopleural carina present, absent or indicated by rows of punctures; anteroventral portion of mesepisternum coarsely sculptured to smooth; sternaulus not distinguishable; postacetabular foveae not distinguishable; mesopleural pit present, distinct; anterior margin of ventral portion of mesepisternum and acetabular carina transverse, not extended forward between forecoxae; mesepimeral sulcus indicated by dorsoventral line of punctures or crenulae; posterodorsal corner of mesepimeron prominent, rounded or angulate, not produced into sharp posteriorly directed tooth; mesopleuron with a strong longitudinal ledge or row of robust longitudinal carinae below subalar pit, dorsally delimiting mesopleural furrow; anteroventral portion of metapleuron continuous with lateral face; metapleural triangle often setose; metapleural epicoxal carina present or absent; metapleural epicoxal sulcus absent; paracoxal sulcus present as a dorsoventral line of cells or punctures; metapleural sulcus present; metapleural pit present or absent; posterior margin of metapleuron narrowly lamellate; legs not unusually proportioned; posterior surface of hind coxa smooth, sparsely setose to glabrous; trochantellus absent; tibial spur formula 1-1-1; tarsal formula 5-5-5; pretarsal claws simple.in dorsal view longer than wide, in lateral view longer than high; pronotum in dorsal view strip-like to moderately broad laterally, anterolateral corners rounded to angulate; transverse pronotal carina present or absent; lateral pronotum without vertical epomial carina but usually with distinct transition line between sculptured cervical pronotal area and smooth lateral pronotal area; dorsal epomial carina hyaline to infuscate, often banded or patterned; Sc+R  straight basal to intersection with Rs+M , curved costad apically; R  present, shorter than r ; R1  as long as r or longer; bulla absent; no other tracheate veins in forewing; M+Cu and Rs+M indicated by folds or pigmentation; M , Cu , and Rs usually present as folds or lines of faint pigmentation; hindwing with tracheate portion of R present and reaching anterior margin; three hamuli present.Scelio-type.PageBreakgenerally flattened dorsally; female with 6 terga, 6 sterna visible externally, male with 8 terga, 7 sterna visible externally; submarginal ridge well-developed, defined by narrow laterotergites to form submarginal rim; no spiracles visible; anterior part of T1 laterally compressed, with lateral depression filled with fine setae; T2 with transverse sulcus; female T6 without median raised field of microsetae or secretion; basal transverse ridge on S2 present; lateral S2 with longitudinal depression filled with fine setae; ovipositor tubular, Trichoteleia may be distinguished from other genera of Scelioninae by the combination of the following characters: eyes setose; facial striae absent between orbital carina and interantennal process, R1  as long as r  or longer; metascutellum bifid to bispinose, setose; lateral T1 and S2 with patches of dense fine setae.Trichoteleia exhibit remarkable diversity in size, patterns of sculpture and color, and relative proportions of the body. The variety of sizes and shapes found in this genus suggest a corresponding diversity of host species. No host has been recorded, but the species of Trichoteleia are suspected to parasitize the eggs of ground crickets (Gryllidae). This assumption is based on the putative relation of this genus to Paridris, which has one documented host association with Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister .The species of Platygastroidea, such setation is rare, and is otherwise known to the authors only in Chromoteleia Ashmead, Romilius Walker, one species of Paridris Kieffer, one species of Triteleia Kieffer and two species in the subfamily Teleasinae.The shape of the metascutellum is particularly plastic. It may be present as two large spines , an apicTrichoteleia is endemic to Madagascar, the Comoros and the island of Mayotte.Trichoteleia takariva, Trichoteleia carinata). Male body length: 2.56–2.80 mm (n=21). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex; orange throughout. Central keel of frons: present, ending above interantennal process. Sculpture of medial frons in female: smooth. Sculpture of medial frons in male: smooth. Number of mandibular teeth: three. Basal node on mandible: present. Sculpture of frons below median ocellus: punctate rugulose throughout; punctate rugulose laterally, smooth medially. Sculpture of posterior vertex: densely punctate; moderately punctate, rugose posterior to eyes and posterior ocellus. Occipital rim: comprised of small to miniscule cells. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugose; dorsoventrally strigose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.PageBreak fine punctures throughout. Postacetabular sulcus: comprised of large cells; comprised of small cells. Mesopleural carina: present. Sculpture along ventral half of prespecular sulcus: coarsely punctate. Sculpture of posterolateral mesepisternum: coarsely punctate. Sculpture of ventral surface of mesepisternum: moderately punctate. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Sculpture of metapleural triangle: punctate rugose. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: straight to moderately convex. Color of legs: basal tibia and tarsomeres white, otherwise brown.orange throughout. Color of mesosoma in male: variably red to black. Sculpture along posterior pronotal sulcus: rugulose. Notaulus: smooth furrow incomplete, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Sculpture of medial mesoscutum: smooth and sparsely punctate posteriorly, densely punctate and transverely rugulose anteriorly. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth with sparseblack. Color of metasoma in male: dark brown to black throughout. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: straight. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Microsculpture on T4: absent. Horn on T1 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: reticulate rugose throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: punctate rugose; reticulate. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: punctate rugulose. Punctation of T4 in female: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: sparse along midline, otherwise dense. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with sparse moderate sized punctures. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: reticulate rugose throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: rugulose throughout. Punctation of T4 in male: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in male: absent. Punctation of T5 in male: dense throughout. Sculpture of S2: coarsely punctate throughout. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: hyaline with transverse infuscate band medially. Color of forewing in male: hyaline with transverse infuscate band medially. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: spectral.Trichoteleia jiro in color pattern, size, and habitus. It may be distinguished by the coarse reticulate rugose sculpture of T2–T3 . Paratypes: MADAGASCAR: 21 females, 30 PageBreakmales, CASENT 2042214, 2042915–2042916, 2043326–2043327, 2043339, 2043391, 2043512–2043513, 2043775–2043781, 2043783, 2133948, 2134576, 2134804, 2134839, 2136213–2136217, 2136577, 2136579, 2136582, 2136589, 2136598–2136599, 2136603, 2137670, OSUC 143327 (CASC); OSUC 143344, 186062 (CNCI); CASENT 2042728, 2137960, OSUC 143325, OSUC 143326, OSUC 143328, OSUC 143330, OSUC 143331, OSUC 143332, OSUC 143342, OSUC 143343, OSUC 143345, OSUC 186063, OSUC 186064, OSUC 186065 (OSUC).Holotype, female: Kiefferurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1335620B-6439-47E8-AE58-D1292D033DE1urn:lsid.biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:5507Trichoteleia albidipes Hymenoptera reports that the type species of the genera of Scelioninae described by Kieffer are not present. We conclude that this material was probably lost as a consequence of damage to that institution in World War II. We believe that the establishment of a neotype for Trichoteleia albidipes is highly desirable in order to stabilize interpretation of the genus Trichoteleia. Kieffer’s original description contained three characters that, in combination, we believe enable us to identify this species among the examined specimens. These are: cheeks with striae meeting medially at vertex, T2–T3 finely longitudinally striate, and mesopleuron horizontally striate. The collection locality of the neotype is less than 50 miles from that of the original holotype specimen. No host data are known for Trichoteleia, therefore it is impossible to be certain that the neotype parasitizes the same host as the lost holotype. In accordance with article 75 of the Code, specimen CASENT 2132453 (deposited in CASC) is designated as the neotype of Trichoteleia albidipes.In the introduction of the paper in which this species was described, 2.57–3.25 mm (n=19). Male body length: 2.36–2.94 mm (n=6). Color of head: dark brown to black. Central keel of frons: present, extending onto interantennal process. Sculpture of medial frons in female: smooth. Sculpture of medial frons in male: smooth. Number of mandibular teeth: three. Basal node on mandible: present. Sculpture of frons below median ocellus: punctate throughout with a groove parallel to orbital carina. Sculpture of posterior vertex: concentrically rugose. Sculpture of gena: coarsely striate. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.PageBreak dorsal pronotum. Notaulus: percurrent, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as a smooth furrow. Sculpture of medial mesoscutum: moderately punctate in posterior half, becoming denser anteriorly. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth with sparse fine punctures throughout. Postacetabular sulcus: comprised of small cells. Mesopleural carina: present; present only in anterior half. Sculpture along ventral half of prespecular sulcus: longitudinally striate. Sculpture of posterolateral mesepisternum: smooth; smooth except for 1 or 2 striae parallel to mesopleural carina. Sculpture of ventral surface of mesepisternum: smooth. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent. Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Sculpture of metapleural triangle: smooth; finely punctate. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: with blunt kink near intersection with metapleural sulcus. Color of legs: coxae and trochanters yellow, otherwise pale brown, hindlegs the darkest.dark brown to black. Color of mesosoma in male: dark brown to black. Sculpture along posterior pronotal sulcus: striate, striae reachingColor of metasoma in female: dark brown to black throughout. Color of metasoma in male: dark brown to black throughout. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Microsculpture on T4: absent. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large, apically rounded protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate throughout; weakly longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate; longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate; weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: weakly longitudinally strigose; absent. Punctation of T4 in female: absent in medial third, sparse laterally; sparse throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: moderately dense throughout; dense throughout; absent along midline, otherwise dense. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with sparse fine setigerous punctures throughout. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: longitudinally strigose laterally; absent. Punctation of T4 in male: sparse throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in male: absent. Punctation of T5 in male: moderately dense throughout. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate anteriorly, smooth posteriorly. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.Trichoteleia from all others. It is similar to Trichoteleia irwini and to Trichoteleia ketrona in the concentric rugosity of the posterior vertex and gena.The striae that extend from the posterior margin of the lateral pronotum to the mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus  distinguhttp://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=5507]PageBreak[MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Auto. Prov., #1938, Manongarivo Special Reserve, 13°59.9'S 48°25.7'E, 1175m, 20.X.1998, B. L. Fisher, OSUC 181061 (deposited in CASC). Other material: MADAGASCAR: 1 female, OSUC 266091 (CASC).Holotype, female:


A comprehensive CMR exam was developed for evaluating right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery (PA), and was tested on 25 PA hypertension (PAH) patients. Standard non-CMR measurements were also collected. Comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted to study relationships between parameters, parameters’ significance, and data redundancy and reduction. The results showed strong correlations between most RV and PA parameters; and between most MRI parameters and gold standard PA pressure. In conclusion, RV and PA are coupled and affected in PAH. Both entities should be evaluated and interpreted together.Pulmonary artery (PA) hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated PA pressure (PAP), which increases right ventricular (RV) afterload. Although PAP is the gold standard for evaluating PAH, it is the RV condition that predicts patient survival. However, there is insufficient data about the relationship between RV and PA in PAH. The goal of this study is to investigate this relationship using CMR.Cine (RV cardiac index (CI), LV EF, ventricular vol index (VVI), ventricular mass index (VMI), right atrium (RA) size, MPA diameter, lunar index (LI) ); SENC ; Tricuspid Flow  filling); and PA Flow (pulse wave velocity (PWV), distensibility, accel-to-eject (a/e) time, flow rate, mean velocity). Mean PAP (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), tricuspid jet velocity (Tri JV), 6 minute walk (6MW), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) results were obtained. Parameters were divided into 3 groups: RV ; PA ; and Measurements . Comprehensive statistical analysis included: Correlation (within- and across-groups); Regression ; and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (data reduction). Multiple regression used backward deletion (mPAP is dependent variable).25 PAH patients, confirmed by cath, were scanned on 3T Siemens scanner. A comprehensive CMR exam was developed (~30 minutes) that included cine, strain-encoded (SENC), and flow (across main PA (MPA) and tricuspid valve) images. Image processing was conducted to obtain these parameters: strong correlations with ; moderate correlations with (CI); and weak correlations with . In regression analysis, the following parameters were eliminated in this order: RV group ; PA group ; both PA and RV groups for estimating mPAP . PCA analysis resulted in: RV group ; PA group ; Measurements .Fig.2 shows color-coded correlation map between all parameters, which shows different degrees of correlations. Correlation analysis results came in agreement with regression and PCA analyses. Strongly correlated within-group parameters reflected data redundancy. Weakly correlated parameters reflected parameters’ non-specificity. PA parameters showed RV and PA are coupled and their functions are affected in PAH. Both entities should be evaluated and interpreted together for more understanding of disease pathophysiology and better diagnosis and treatment.James & Esther King Grant # 09KN-03-23138.


The current capitalization of letters in the term "tDCS" in the title is incorrect. The correct title is: "Bilateral Bi-Cephalic tDCS with Two Active Electrodes of the Same Polarity Modulates Bilateral Cognitive Processes Differentially." The correct citation is: Klein E, Mann A, Huber S, Bloechle J, Willmes K, et al. (2013) Bilateral Bi-Cephalic tDCS with Two Active Electrodes of the Same Polarity Modulates Bilateral Cognitive Processes Differentially. PLoS ONE 8(8): e71607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071607.


Reference number 36 refers to the incorrect work. The correct reference is the following:Dingwell JB, John J, Cusumano JP (2010) Do Humans Optimally Exploit Redundancy to Control Step Variability in Walking? PLoS Comput Biol 6(7): e1000856. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000856


Lonicera japonica has been used as natural and healthy drink for its anti-inflammatory effect and pleasant odor in China and Taiwan.The Lonicera japonica-induced CH27 cell apoptosis. The fluorescent dyes MitoTracker Red CMXRos, calcein AM and JC-1 were used to elucidate mitochondrial function. The protein expression was performed by Western blotting. Fluorescent image of endoplasmic reticulum was accomplished by using ER-Tracker Green. This study used fluorescent dye CM-H2DCFDA to detect intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species.2D electrophoresis was used to analyze the proteins involved in photoactivated Lonicera japonica caused a significant effect on the mitochondrial function and ER stress in CH27 cells. The reactive oxygen species producing was found to be involved in photoactivated Lonicera japonica-induced CH27 cell apoptosis.The identified proteins can be classified into three major groups, which include proteins involved in mitochondrial function, cytoskeleton-related proteins and proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Photoactivated Lonicera japonica-induced CH27 cell apoptosis. We also demonstrated that ethyl acetate fraction of Lonicera japonica extracts caused photocytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner in CH27 cells. This could explain the fact that the ethyl acetate fraction of Lonicera japonica extracts may contain compounds which exhibit the photosensitizing activity in CH27 cells.Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are the integral targets in photoactivated  Lonicera japonica flower is called Jin Yin Hua in China and Taiwan. Jin Yin Hua is often used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat excess heat conditions such as fevers, skin rashes and sore throat. Therefore, Jin Yin Hua has been used as natural and healthy drink for its anti-inflammatory effect and pleasant odor. Recently, the mechanisms of Lonicera japonica in anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity have been reported -1-propanesulfonate; CH27 cells: Human lung squamous carcinoma cell line; CM-H2DCFDA: 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-20,70-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide; DTT: Dithiothreitol; EGTA: Ethylene glycol bis(b-aminoethylether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; EtOAc: Ethyl acetate; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; HSP: Heat shock protein; IEF: Isoelectric focusing; IgG: Immunoglobulin; JC-1: 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide; MAPKs: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential; MPT: Mitochondrial permeability transition; MTT: 3--2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PAGE: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PDI: Protein disulfide isomerase; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; PMSF: Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; ORP150: 150 kDa oxygen-regulated protein; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; UPR: Unfolded protein response.BuOH: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.LHZ designed the study, conducted the experiments and wrote the manuscript. LHZ, LJC and CWT helped to wrote the manuscript. LHZ, LJC, CWT, LYH and HMJ performed the experiments and analyzed the data. LJC and CWT equally contributed to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/13/244/prepub


In the title, the word "Suspicion" was omitted. The full, correct title can be found below:Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteremia in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients Hospitalized with Severe Sepsis in Uganda–High Frequency, Low Clinical Suspicion and Derivation of a Clinical Prediction ScoreThe full, correct citation can be found below:Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteremia in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients Hospitalized with Severe Sepsis in Uganda–High Frequency, Low Clinical Suspicion and Derivation of a Clinical Prediction Score. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70305. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070305Jacob ST, Pavlinac PB, Nakiyingi L, Banura P, Baeten JM, et al. (2013)


Corticosteroids (CS) are commonly used for the treatment of children with rheumatic diseases (RD) at presentation or relapse; the dose is reduced or discontinued with disease improvement. The aim of this study was to examine the dose-related effect of CS on the timing of peak body mass index (BMI) in children with RD and the degree of restitution to pre-CS BMI.We used data from the Steroid Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) Canadian Incidence Study for patients >age 2 years with RD from enrolment to 18 months after CS initiation. We grouped patients according to clinically meaningful CS starting doses . CS starting doses were defined as high (≥ 1.00 mg/kg/d), moderate (0.20 to 0.99 mg/kg/d) and low (<0.20 mg/kg/d to a maximum of 7.50 mg/d). We developed a mixed effects growth curve model as a non-parametric estimate of average BMI z-score trajectory, estimated using cubic splines, a type of robust polynomial regression.Data was available for 114 of 136 subjects . Median study-entry age was 10 years (inter-quartile range 6-14 years). Diagnoses were: juvenile idiopathic arthritis (38.2%), systemic lupus erythematosus (15.4%), juvenile dermatomyositis (22.1%), and other RD (24.3%). CS starting dose was high in 57.2%, moderate in 39.8% and low in 3%. BMI peaked at about 4 months after CS initiation .Natalie Shiff: None; Rollin Brant: None; David A. Cabral: None; Jaime Guzman: None; Peter B. Dent: Roche , 6; Janet E. Ellsworth: None; Kristin M. Houghton: None; Adam Huber: None; Roman Jurencak: None; Bianca A. Lang: None; Maggie Larche: None; Claire M.A. LeBlanc: None; Paivi M. Miettunen: None; Kiem G. Oen: None; Johannes Roth: None; Claire Saint-Cyr: None; Rosie Scuccimarri: None; Leanne M. Ward: None; the Canadian STOPP Consortium: None.


Under physiological conditions, intracellular and tissue levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are carefully controlled and employed as fine modulators of signal transduction, gene expression and cell functional responses . A significant derangement in redox homeostasis, resulting in sustained levels of oxidative stress and related mediators, plays a role in the pathogenesis of human diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, chronic activation of wound healing and tissue fibrogenesis, including chronic liver diseases. In this chapter major concepts and mechanisms in redox signaling will be briefly recalled to introduce a number of selected examples of redox-related mechanisms that can actively contribute to critical events in the natural history of a chronic liver diseases, including induction of cell death, perpetuation of chronic inflammatory responses and fibrogenesis. A major focus will be on redox-dependent mechanisms involved in the modulation of phenotypic responses of activated, myofibroblast-like, hepatic stellate cells (HSC/MFs), still considered as the most relevant pro-fibrogenic cells operating in chronic liver diseases. Although severe oxidative stress may contribute to the progression of CLDs by eliciting parenchymal cell death, a significant derangement in redox homeostasis, resulting in sustained levels of oxidative stress and related mediators, is believed to play a major role in sustaining chronic inflammatory response as well as chronic activation of wound healing, with hepatic MFs representing ideal target cells exhibiting not only pro-fibrogenic but also pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties.2O2: hydrogen peroxide; JNKs: c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases; LPO: lipid peroxidation; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MDA: malonyldialdehyde; MFs: myofibroblasts; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NF-kB: nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS: NO synthases; O2•-: superoxide anion; •OH: hydroxyl radical; 8-OH-dG: 8-hydroxy-deoxy-Guanidine; ONOO-: peroxynitrite; RNS: reactive nitrogen species; PDGF: plateled derived growth factor; PTPs: protein tyrosine phosphatises; RIP: Receptor interacting protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TGFβ1: transforming growth factor β1; TLR: Toll-like receptors; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UPR:unfolded protein response; VEGF: vascular growth factor.ARE: antioxidant responsive element; CLDs: chronic liver diseases; DR: death receptors; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinases; FFAs: free fatty acids; HAKs: 4-hydroxy-2,3-alkenals; HBV: hepatitis B-virus; HCV: hepatitis C-virus; HNE: hydroxy-2,3-nonenal; HThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.


There is an error in reference 21. The correct reference is: Takeda H, Farsiu S, and Milanfar P (2007) Kernel Regression for Image Processing and Reconstruction, IEEE Trans Image Process, 16( 2): 349-366.


There were multiple capitalization errors in the article title.The correct title is: "Competence-Independent Activity of Pneumococcal EndA Mediates Degradation of Extracellular DNA and NETs and is Important for Virulence".The correct citation is: Zhu L, Kuang Z, Wilson BA, Lau GW (2013) Competence-Independent Activity of Pneumococcal EndA Mediates Degradation of Extracellular DNA and NETs and is Important for Virulence. PLoS ONE 8(7): e70363. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070363


AbstractMegachile subgenus Litomegachile are revised with a review of the species morphology, biology, and plant associations. A new species, Megachile pankus, is described and illustrated. Megachile mendica snowi Mitchell is elevated to species. Megachile var. nupta Cresson and Megachile texana var. cleomis Cockerell are synonymized with Megachile brevis and Megachile texana, respectively. An illustrated key for Litomegachile is also provided.The species of  Litomegachile is a subgenus of Megachile Latreille, a large genus including leafcutting and resin bees. Leafcutting bees are solitary and get their name from their habit of using leaf pieces and other plant materials to form the lining of their nests , with distinct cutting edge between 2nd and 3rd teeth, sixth sternum with apical margin not upturned, scopal hairs uniformly covering ventral surface, and metasomal sterna lacking apical fringes of white hair separates them from other Megachile.ir nests . AlthougMegachile brevis Say, 1837, Megachile coquilletti Cockerell, 1915, Megachile gentilis Cresson, 1872, Megachile mendica Cresson, 1878, and Megachile texana Cresson, 1878, and six infraspecific taxa: Megachile mendica var. snowi Mitchell, 1927, Megachile brevis var. onobrychidis Cockerell, 1908, Megachile brevis var. nupta Cresson, 1872, Megachile brevis var. pseudobrevis Mitchell, 1936, Megachile texana var. cleomis Cockerell, 1900,and Megachile texana var. lippiae Cockerell, 1900. There is a questionable record from Peru, that Mitchell named Megachile buchwaldi Mitchell, but it was never described and no type was ever designated (Raw 2004), so it is a nomen nudum. Megachile of Canada in which he raised Megachile onobrychidis, Megachile lippiae and Megachile pseudobrevis to species level.Specimens from Mexico identified as Megachile onobrychidis and other unidentified specimens were found to be a new species, Megachile pankus, described below .Morphological terminology and measurements follows that of PageBreak carina is a structure in males at the functional apex of the metasoma. It arises from the medial discal area of T6 and terminates in a notched or irregularly jagged edge .Megachile lanuginosa Smith, 1853: 190. Syntypes male, female, USA: Florida (BMNH).Megachile nuptaMegachile perbrevis Cresson, 1878: 127. Lectotype male, USA: Texas (USNM). Cresson, 1872: 268.Lectotype female, USA: Texas (USNM). Megachile brevis most closely resembles Megachile onobrychidis, Megachile pseudobrevis, and Megachile coquilletti. The female can be separated from these species by the combination of the ivory colored scopa, with a few black setae apically on S6, and with a small PageBreakamount of white appressed pubescence apically on T6 ; Colorado: Weld County (Sep.); Idaho: Bingham County (Jun.); Nebraska: Dawes County (Aug.); New Mexico: Eddy County (Oct.); Nevada: Churchill County (Jun); New York: Suffolk County (Aug.); Oklahoma: Marshall and Oklahoma Counties (Apr.); Oregon: Jackson County (Sep.); Texas: Gregg and Tyler Counties (Jun.-Sep.); Utah: Garfield and Washington Counties (Apr.-Sep.); 67 females, 68 males.Megachile brevis including a description of nest making, provisioning and development. Megachile brevis flies during the warmest parts of the year, with two to four generations per year, depending on locality and resources. It disperses widely from its natal site. Michener found that flower sources used by this species are diverse, but female bees tend to have a preference for blue, purple and white flowers, and a general faithfulness to a single type of pollen per collecting trip. Megachile brevis nested in a variety of situations, always nesting in preexisting hollows, including stems, burrows of other insects, dense foliage or spaces between rocks , and wasps, including Aprostocetus coelioxydis Burks (Eulophidae), Leucospis affinis affinis Say (Leucospidae) and Melittobia chalybii Ashmead (Eulophidae) .en rocks . He also instars . MegachiAilanthus sp. (Simaroubaceae), Amorpha canescens (Fabaceae), Baptisia sp. (Fabaceae), Cassia chamaecrista (Fabaceae), Centaurea jacea (Asteraceae), Erigeron philadelphicus (Asteraceae), Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae), Fallugia paradoxa (Rosaceae), Gossypium sp. , Grindelia squarrosa (Asteraceae), Helianthus maximiliani (Asteraceae), Helianthus tuberosus (Asteraceae), Heliopsis scabra (Asteraceae), Kuhnistera purpurea (Fabaceae), Kuhnistera oligophylla (Fabaceae), Lactuca pulchella (Asteraceae), Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Asteraceae), PageBreakgareMarrubium vul (Lamiaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Melilotus alba (Fabaceae), Melilotus officinalis (Fabaceae), Mentzelia sp. (Loasaceae), Meriolix serrulata (Onagraceae), Oxalis violacea , Phyla incisa (Verbenaceae), Polygonum aubertii (Polygonaceae), Polygonum hydropiperoides (Polygonaceae), Psoralea floribunda (Fabaceae), Schrankia uncinata (Fabaceae), Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae), Solidago nemoralis (Asteraceae), Solidago rugosa (Asteraceae), Symphoricarpos occidentalis (Caprifoliaceae), Trifolium hybridum (Fabaceae), Vernonia baldwinii (Asteraceae).Megachile brevis is the type species of the subgenus Litomegachile. It ranges across North America, north to southern Saskatchewan, Canada, and south into Mexico. There is also a record from as far south as northern Costa Rica (not shown on map) ( on map)   .Cockerell, 1915http://species-id.net/wiki/Megachile_coquillettiMegachile mendica coquillettiMegachile coquilletti can be distinguished by the combination of a mandible with an even concavity in between teeth 3 and 4, and a slightly concave T6. It resembles Megachile gentilis, which has an angulation between teeth 3 and 4 of the mandible, and Megachile brevis, which has a much more concave T6 and much less black scopal setae on S6. Male Megachile coquilletti are easily distinguished from other Litomegachile by the foreleg with bicolored tarsomeres; the first 4 apical tarsomeres are yellow, contrasting with the darker basitarsus ; Nevada: Clark, Humboldt and Lincoln Counties (May-Jul.); Texas: Fayetteville County (Sep.); Utah: Cache, Garfield and Washington Counties (May-Aug.); 42 females, 105 males.Megachile coquilletti was collected in trap nests along the Cosumnes River south of Sacramento, California (lifornia .Asclepias speciosa (Asclepiadaceae), Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Polygonum aubertii (Polygonaceae), Salix sp. , Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae), Solidago sp. (Asteraceae), Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae). coquilletti is a western North American species .Megachile palmarum Perkins, 1899: 114. Syntypes male female, USA: Hawaii (Repository?).Megachile murinella Cockerell, 1908: 263. Holotype female, USA: New Mexico (USNM).Megachile gentilis closely resembles Megachile mendica. The males of the two species can only be separated by two characters. In Megachile gentilis, the punctures on T6 are nearly contiguous creating the appearance of small ridges, with shiny surface almost completely obscured, and T2 has an apical fringe of white hair, while the fringe is absent in Megachile mendica. The females are slightly easier to differentiate. Megachile gentilis has a very slightly concave S6, with black pubescence and some erect setae basally. Megachile mendica has brown appressed pubescence and no erect setae. Also, Megachile gentilis has black scopal setae on S6 and basally on S5, while Megachile mendica has black setae only apically on S6. Megachile gentilis females also resemble Megachile coquilletti females. These can be differentiated by the angulate mandible of Megachile gentilis ; Utah: Washington County (May); Texas: Brewster County (May). MEXICO: Chihuahua and Sonora (Sep.); 103 females, 188 males.USA: Arizona: Cochise, Pima and Santa Cruz Counties (Apr-Sep); California: Contra Costa, Mariposa Mendocino, TuolumneMegachile gentilis will nest in trap nests. Tetrastichus megachilidis Burks (Eulophidae), Trichodes horni Wolcott & Chapin (Cleridae), Anthrax atriplex Marston (Bombyliidae), and Anthrax irroratus Say(Bombyliidae).Clarkia biloba (Onagraceae), Eriodictyon sp. (Boraginaceae), Gaillardia pulchella (Asteraceae), Melilotus alba (Fabaceae), Parkinsonia sp. (Fabaceae), Polygonum aubertii (Polygonaceae).Megachile gentilis is a western North American species, though records occur from eastern Texas, and populations are established in Hawaii .Megachile schismatura Cockerell, 1908: 267. Lectotype female, USA: New Mexico (USNM). New synonymy.Megachile lippiae are distinguished from Megachile texana by looking at features of the metasoma in dorsal view. Megachile lippiae has black setae laterally only on T5-6 and sometimes a few black setae on T4 ; California: Los Angeles, Riverside and Yolo Counties (Jun.-Sep.); New Mexico: Hidalgo County (Aug.); 59 females, 68 males.Asclepias sp. (Asclepiadaceae),Cevallia sinuata (Loasaceae), Eriodictyon angustifolium (Boraginaceae),Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae),Lupinus sp. (Fabaceae),Melilotus alba (Fabaceae),Prosopis sp.(Fabaceae), Verbesina encelioides (Asteraceae).Megachile lippiae was originally described as a subspecies of Megachile texana . It was raised to species level by Megachile lippiae is primarily a western North American species, though records exist from eastern localities .Megachile mendica closely resembles Megachile gentilis. The females can be distinguished by difference in the T6 structure and pubescence color, and scopa color. Female Megachile mendica have a very straight T6 in profile, and slightly concave laterally inPageBreak dorsal view. The appressed pubescence on T6 is brownish in color. The scopa is yellowish, distinguishing it from other Litomegachile females which have a pale ivory colored scopa. An exception is Megachile pankus, which also has a yellow scopa, but it can be separated by its concave T6 in contrast with the straight T6 of Megachile mendica. The male Megachile mendica can be distinguished from Megachile gentilis by the distance between punctures on T6. Megachile mendica punctures occur roughly 0.25–0.5 the width of a puncture apart so that you can see the shiny discal surface in between ; West Virginia: Hampshire County (Jul.); Washington D.C. (Jun.-Oct.); 25 females, 42 males.USA: Arkansas: Pulaski County (Sep.); Delaware: New Castle County; Florida:Alachua and Monroe Counties (Jul.-Aug.); Georgia: Liberty County (Jun.); Illinois: Cook County (Aug.); Kansas: Douglas County (Aug.); Kentucky: Wayne County (Jul.); Maryland: Anne Arundel and Montgomery Counties (Jul.-Sep.); Missouri: Lapeer County(Jul); Mississippi: Oktibbeha County (Jun.); North Carolina: Pender County (Sep.); New Jersey: Atlantic and Burlington Counties (May.-Aug.); New York: Kings and Westchester Counties(Aug.); Oklahoma: Marshall County (Apr.); South Carolina: Chesterfield County (Sep.); Texas: Maverick County (May); Virginia: Clarke, Loudoun, Page and Shenandoah Megachile mendica seems to be flexible in its choice of nesting sites across different habitats. When it nests in trap nests, it prefers a cavity diameter of around 8 mm, which is also preferred by Megachile brevis , Megachile mendica nests are known to be parasitized by the flies Anthrax irroratus irroratus (Bombyliidae) and Megaselia sp.(Phoridae)  .Amorpha fruticosa (Fabaceae), Aster paniculatus (Asteraceae), Balduina angustifolia (Asteraceae), Bidens alba (Asteraceae), Calamintha ashei (Lamiaceae), Centaurea jacea (Asteraceae), Cephalanthus occidentalis (Rubiaceae), Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Asteraceae) Pityopsis graminifolia (Asteraceae), Conoclinium coelestinum (Asteraceae), Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (Asteraceae), Flaveria linearis (Asteraceae), Helenium amarum (Asteraceae), Helianthus divaricatus (Asteraceae), Helianthus tuberosus (Asteraceae), Lavandula dentata (Lamiaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Melilotus alba (Fabaceae), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Vitaceae), Phaseolus sp. (Fabaceae), Psoralea floribunda (Fabaceae), Polygonum hydropiperoides (Polygonaceae), Rhus glabra (Anacardiaceae), Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), Silybum sp. (Asteraceae), Solidago serotina (Asteraceae), Tephrosia virginiana (Fabaceae), Vicia floridana (Fabaceae).Megachile mendica is distributed across North America south to Zacatecas, Mexico, though it was considered more of an eastern species by Mitchell (1934) (l (1934) .Cockerell, 1908 http://species-id.net/wiki/Megachile_onobrychidisMegachile onobrychidis Cockerell, 1908: 266 Holotype male, USA: New Mexico (CAS).Megachile onobrychidis is best distinguished from other species in this subgenus by the lack of a white tomentum on T6.The female Megachile onobrychidis resembles Megachile brevis, but with entirely black setae on S6 and apically on S5, and no pale appressed pubescence on T6.The male Female. Body length9–12 mm. Mandible 4-toothed with no angulation on surface between teeth 3 and 4 ; California: Calaveras, Colusa Contra Costa, Humboldt, Imperial, Lake, Lassen, Los Angeles, Mendocino, Merced, Modoc, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, Orange, Placer, Plumas, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, Shasta, Siskiyou, Sonoma, Stanislaus, Tehama, Tuolumne, Tulare, Yolo and Yuba Counties (May-Oct.); Idaho: Canyon County (Aug.); Nevada: Churchill, Elko, Humboldt, Lyon and Washoe Counties (Jun.-Aug.); Oregon: Cassia and Jackson Counties (Jun.-Jul.); Utah: Cache and Wasatch Counties (Jun.-Aug.); MEXICO: Sinaloa, Sonora. 126 females, 193 males.Asclepias speciosa (Asclepiadaceae), Calothamnus sp. (Myrtaceae), Clarkia biloba (Onagraceae), Clarkia dudleyana (Onagraceae), Clarkia unguiculata (Onagraceae), Dalea polydenia (Fabaceae), Daucus sp.(Apiaceae), Grindelia camporumPageBreak (Asteraceae), Lactuca pulchella (Asteraceae), Mentzelia sp. (Loasaceae), Phacelia sp. (Hydrophyllaceae), Polygonum aubertii (Polygonaceae).Megachile brevis. It was elevated to species level by urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:80ED5270-BA6B-42C8-AB4B-AEFA7A531D7Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Megachile_pankusHolotype female: MEXICO: Hidalgo, Pachuca, 11 Jun 1935, R. M. and G. E. Bohart (BBSL). Paratypes: 1 female: MEXICO: Sonora, Alamos, 4 Sep 1991 (AMNH), 1 female: MEXICO: Sinaloa, Mazatlan 28 Oct 1969 (BBSL); 1 female: MEXICO: Sinaloa, 4 mi NW Choix, 31 Aug 1968 (BMEC); 1 female: MEXICO: Sinaloa, 6 mi NW Choix, 6 Aug 1968 (BMEC).Megachile pankus is unique among Litomegachile species because the female has a mandible with an angulation between teeth 3 and 4, and T6 is basally convex and apically concave. No other species in the subgenus has this combination of characters. The female Megachile onobrychidis has similar metasomal features, but has morePageBreak black setae on S6, while Megachile pankus has only a few black setae on T6. It can also be further distinguished from Megachile onobrychidis and Megachile brevis by the angulation between teeth 3 and 4 of the mandible. T6 is convex basally and concave apically in profile, and concave laterally in dorsal view, which distinguishes it from Megachile mendica or Megachile gentilis.PageBreakginal crossvein angled parallel to medial vein, second submarginal crossvein angulate; distance from distal edge of stigma to wing base 0.7× distance from wing base to distal edge of marginal cell; hindwing with jugal lobe that does not extend past cubital cell; LTJ 0.3× HWL; LTV 0.5 × HWL .Mitchell, 1934http://species-id.net/wiki/Megachile_pseudobrevisMegachile brevis pseudobrevis Mitchell, 1934 Holotype female, USA: Florida (NCSU).Megachile pseudobrevis closely resembles Megachile brevis and Megachile onobrychidis. The differences between Megachile pseudobrevis and Megachile brevis are slight. Female Megachile pseudobrevis has less black appressed pubescence on T6 than Megachile brevis. Also the scopa of Megachile pseudobrevis has less black setae than Megachile onobrychidis, with black setae being restricted to S6. Megachile pseudobrevis has more black setae than Megachile brevis, which has often only a few black setae apically on S6.Female. Body length9–11 mm. Mandible 4-toothed, with no angulation between teeth 3 and 4 ; 14 females, 16 males.Megachile pseudobrevis nesting in tufts of grass, creating nests of single cells. Megachile pseudobrevis preferred the commonest flowering plant Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) at the site as a source for cutting nesting material, but also used petals from Eustoma exaltatum (Gentianaceae).Nests were parasitized by the meloid beetle Nemognatha punctulata LeConte , Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), Eriogonum tomentosum (Polygonaceae), Eustoma exaltatum (Gentianaceae), Lupinus cumulicola (Fabaceae), Vitex agnus castus (Verbenaceae).Megachile pseudobrevis was originally described as a variety of Megachile brevis. It was raised to species level by Mitchell, 1927stat. n.http://species-id.net/wiki/Megachile_snowiMegachile mendica snowi Mitchell, 1927:113 Holotype female, USA: Arizona (MCZ).Megachile snowi is distinguished from Megachile mendica in males by the presence of a complete apical fringe of white hair on T5. Megachile mendica has little or no apical fringe of white hair on T5. Female Megachile snowi have white appressed pubescence on T6, and the few black scopal setae of S6 are only found apically. Megachile mendica has brown pubescence on T6, and S6 has more black setae.Female. Body length 11–13 mm. Mandible 4-toothed, with surface between teeth 3 and 4 angulate ; Colorado: Boulder County (May-Jun.); New Mexico: Catron County (Jul.); Utah: Cache, Garfield, Kane and Salt Lake Counties (May-Aug.); MEXICO: Zacatecas.17 females, 35 males.USA: Arizona: Cochise County (Aug.-Sep.); California: Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae), Helianthus sp. (Asteraceae), Melilotus alba (Fabaceae).Megachile mendica . It is raised to species level herein, based on reliable morphological characters distinguishing it from Megachile mendica, and an overlapping range with the latter .Megachile generosa Cresson, 1878: 125. Holotype female, USA: Georgia (ANSP).Megachile cleomis Cockerell, 1900: 13. Lectotype female (here designated), “USA: NM, E. Las Vegas, July 15 ‘99 Collector: A. Garlick, on Cleome” (UCMC).Megachile pruinosa Friese, 1903: 246. Syntypes male female, (Repository?). Nec. Perez 1897.Megachile vernonensis Cockerell, 1912: 354. Holotype male, CANADA: British Columbia (Repository?).Megachile texana is most similar to Megachile lippiae in size and appearance. The chief differences are pubescence coloration and some structural differences in the transverse carina on T6 of the male. Megachile texana females have more black setae and pubescence apparent laterally on T2-T6 than Megachile lippiae which only has black setae on T4-T6. Megachile texana males also have black pubescence on the mesonotum and T2, while Megachile lippiae has only white pubescence. Both Megachile lippiae and Megachile texana have a transverse carina on T6 with a distinct deep medial notch and jagged projections. PageBreakThese carina projections tend to be shorter in Megachile texana, whereas the carina of Megachile lippiae often has long “fingerlike” projections. Megachile texana,Female. Body length11–14 mm. Mandible 4-toothed, with no angulation between teeth 3 and 4 ; California: Mariposa, Riverside, Tuolumne and Trinity Counties (Apr.-Jul.); Florida: Alachua, Putnam and Duval Counties (Jun.-Oct.); Mississippi: Oktibbeha County (May); New Mexico: Eddy County (Aug.); New York: New York County (Jun.); Nevada: Clarke, Lincoln and Washoe Counties (Jun.); South Carolina: Chesterfield and Dorchester Counties (May); Texas: Brewster County (Apr.); Utah: Cache, Garfield, Tooele and Washington Counties (Jun.-Sep.); MEXICO: Puebla. 46 females, 57 males.Megachile texana utilizes existing nesting sites in the ground and under rocks (er rocks . Observaer rocks .Arctostaphylous patula (Ericaceae), Asclepias speciosa (Asclepiadaceae), Asclepias syriaca (Asclepiadaceae), Baptisia sp. (Fabaceae)., Blephilia ciliata (Lamiaceae), Calamintha ashei (Lamiaceae), Dalea pinnata (Fabaceae), Erigeron divergens (Asteraceae), Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae), Hemerocallis sp. (Liliaceae), Dalea candida (Fabaceae), Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Melilotus alba (Fabaceae), Mentzelia sp. (Loasaceae), Opuntia sp. (Cactaceae), Phacelia heterophylla (Hydrophyllaceae), Phaseolus limensis (Fabaceae), Ptelea trifoliata (Rutaceae), Ratibida columnaris (Asteraceae), Rhus glabra (Anacardiaceae), Streptanthus sp. (Brassicaceae), Tephrosia virginiana (Fabaceae), Trifolium hybridum (Fabaceae), Viguiera stenoloba (Asteraceae), Vitex agnus castus (Verbenaceae).Megachile cleomis is one of the synonyms of Megachile texana. It was originally described by Cockerell in Megachile snowi. The female is herein designated as the lectotype for Megachile cleomis, which remains in synonymy with Megachile texana. This situation illustrates the importance of correctly assigning holotypes. Megachile texana is a widespread species which is found across North America ( America .Litomegachile. There are issues regarding types that need to be resolved. Locating types is made easier through the databasing of collections, and there is still more to be done. Repositories for Megachile palmarum, Megachile pruinosa, and Megachile vernonensis are unknown. Neotypes were not designated for Megachile brevis, which appears to be missing a holotype, presumed destroyed. The neotype was not designated because of the possibility that it could be in a collection and simPageBreakply unaccounted for. A lectotype was designated by Cresson in 1916 for Megachile mendica but it was not located and so was not examined. Distribution maps and locality data can be greatly refined and expanded. The maps provided here only represent a portion of available collection data. As material from more collections are reliably identified and databased, records that are accurate and available to researchers will greatly improve this field of study. Knowledge of the nesting behavior, ecology, and plant associations of this group remains incomplete. Again, acquisition of additional data will aid compilation of host plant records and more detailed analysis of plant relationships. Additional collecting trips and review and identification of specimens in collections may reveal more diversity. Megachile pankus was uncovered in current collections. The male of Megachile pankus is unknown, and it is likely that there are more species to be discovered in tropical southern ranges of this group. A phylogeny using molecular and morphological data would further clarify the relationships between the species of this group.There is more work to be done with


AbstractTautoneura Anufriev from China, Tautoneura baiyunshana sp. n., Tautoneura caoi sp. n. and Tautoneura yunnanensis sp. n. A key to species recorded from China is provided.In the present paper, three new species are added to the genus  Tautoneura Erythroneurini (Typhlocybinae) with Tautoneura tricolor Anufriev, 1969 as its type species. The genus consists of fifty-one species distributed in the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions. So far, twelve species in Tautoneura have been reported from China. A key to Chinese species PageBreakand a species checklist of Tautoneura from China are provided. In this paper, three new species are described and illustrated from Henan, Yunnan and Gangsu Provinces of China. All specimens examined are deposited to the Institute of South China Karst, Guizhou Normal University (ISCK) and Insititute of Entomology, Guizhou University (IEGU), Guiyang, China.The leafhopper genus The specimens were obtained by sweep net method and were studied under Olympus SZX7 and CX41 microscopes. Morphological techniques and terminology follow Anufriev, 1969Tautoneura Erythroneura  Dworakowska, 1970 : 290Erythroneura (Havelia) Ahmed, 1971 : 182Tautoneura tricolor Anufriev, 1969Body small, about 2.0–3.0 mm, usually yellow or light yellow. Head bluntly produced medially, slightly narrower than pronotum or equal to greatest width of pronotum. Median length of vertex equal to or longer than length between eyes. Some species with more rounded anterior margin of vertex. Pronotum broad, often with irregular patches or spots; scutellum nearly triangular. Forewings usually with red markings or spots.Pygofer lobe broad, usually with several macrosetae at basal lower angle and some short stout setae in distal part of lobe on inner surface, peg-like. Dorsal appendage of pygofer long, tapering apically, movably articulated with pygofer lobe. Some species have ventral appendage. Aedeagus usually with large dorsal apodeme and one or two pairs of processes of variable length at apex of shaft. Style slender, with slim “neck” subapically, and prominent preapical lobe. Connective nearly M- or Y-shaped, central lobe well developed, as long as or little shorter than lateral arms. Shape of anal tube appendage diverse, but that of most species hook-like at apex.PageBreakPalaearctic and Oriental Regions.Song, Li & Xiong sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:87B96B3F-18A7-4F49-A9B4-B3D42863ECC4PageBreak , but can be distinguished from the latter by the paired long processes arising from subapex of shaft Holotype, male, China: Gansu Province, Zhenyuan County, 19 May 2010, coll. WEI CAO. Paratypes: seven males, ten females, same data as holotype.Tautoneura ahmedi The new species is distinguishable from This sepcies is named after its collector.Tautoneura (Havelia) ahmedi Tautoneura (Havelia) alba  IndiaTautoneura (Tautoneura) albida  albida . China (PageBreakTautoneura (Tautoneura) arachisi . China (Taiwan)Tautoneura (Havelia) bellula Tautoneura (Tautoneura) bena Tautoneura (Havelia) baiyunshana Song, Li & Xiong, sp. n. China (Henan)Tautoneura (Havelia) caoi Song, Li & Xiong, sp. n. China (Gansu)Tautoneura (Havelia) choui Tautoneura (Tautoneura) deska (a) deska . SamoaTautoneura (Tautoneura) dubiosa Tautoneura (Tautoneura) dubiosissima PageBreakTautoneura (Tautoneura) dukara Tautoneura (Tautoneura) eda Tautoneura (Tautoneura) erythropunctata  IndiaTautoneura (Tautoneura) ficaria Dworakowska, 1984. India; SingaporeTautoneura (Tautoneura) formosa ( formosa . China (Tautoneura (Tautoneura) fusca (a) fusca . China (Tautoneura (Tautoneura) incisa Tautoneura (Tautoneura) indefinita (definita . SamoaTautoneura (Tautoneura) japonica Dworakowskam 1972. JapanTautoneura (Tautoneura) kira Tautoneura (Tautoneura) klara Tautoneura (Tautoneura) leucothoe . Fiji; SamoaTautoneura (Tautoneura) longiprocessa Tautoneura (Havelia) maculosa Sohi, Mann & Shenhmar, 1987. IndiaTautoneura (Havelia) manica Thapa, 1989. NepalTautoneura (Tautoneura) marthae . FijiTautoneura (Tautoneura) mayarami Mathew & Ramakrishnan, 1996. IndiaTautoneura (Tautoneura) misrai Tautoneura (Tautoneura) mori . China Tautoneura (Tautoneura) mukla Tautoneura (Havelia) multimaculata Song & Li, 2009. China (Guizhou).Tautoneura (Tautoneura) mureda Tautoneura (Tautoneura) napa Tautoneura (Tautoneura) ochreleuca Thapa, 1984. NepalTautoneura (Havelia) panthera Tautoneura (Tautoneura) panti Tautoneura (Havelia) pewna Sohi & Mann, 1992. NepalTautoneura (Tautoneura) prima Tautoneura (Tautoneura) redama Tautoneura (Tautoneura) sanguinalis . IndiaTautoneura (Tautoneura) secunda Tautoneura (Tautoneura) sinica  sinica . China (Tautoneura (Tautoneura) smocza Tautoneura (Tautoneura) takaonella (kaonella . China (Tautoneura (Havelia) tricolor Tautoneura (Tautoneura) tripunctula . China Tautoneura (Havelia) unicolor Tautoneura (Havelia) yunnanensis Song, Li & Xiong, sp. n. China (Yunnan)Tautoneura (Tautoneura) zembata Tautoneura (Tautoneura) zizypha Thapa, 1984. NepalTautoneura (Tautoneura) zobra Tautoneura (Havelia) zygina


Recent genome-wide studies suggested that in addition to genetic variations, epigenetic variations may also be associated with differential gene expression and growth vigor in plant hybrids. Maize is an ideal model system for the study of epigenetic variations in hybrids given the significant heterotic performance, the well-known complexity of the genome, and the rich history in epigenetic studies. However, integrated comparative transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses in different organs of maize hybrids remain largely unexplored.Here, we generated integrated maps of transcriptomes and epigenomes of shoots and roots of two maize inbred lines and their reciprocal hybrids, and globally surveyed the epigenetic variations and their relationships with transcriptional divergence between different organs and genotypes. We observed that whereas histone modifications vary both between organs and between genotypes, DNA methylation patterns are more distinguishable between genotypes than between organs. Histone modifications were associated with transcriptomic divergence between organs and between hybrids and parents. Further, we show that genes up-regulated in both shoots and roots of hybrids were significantly enriched in the nucleosome assembly pathway. Interestingly, 22- and 24-nt siRNAs were shown to be derived from distinct transposable elements, and for different transposable elements in both shoots and roots, the differences in siRNA activity between hybrids and patents were primarily driven by different siRNA species.These results suggest that despite variations in specific genes or genomic loci, similar mechanisms may account for the genome-wide epigenetic regulation of gene activity and transposon stability in different organs of maize hybrids. The chromatin states and genome activity in eukaryotes are regulated by a variety of different epigenetic mechanisms, mainly DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the RNA interference pathway -3. DNA mArabidopsis .McrBC-seq, ChIP-seq and sRNA-seq, see Additional file For the methods used in the analysis of data from mRNA-seq, 1: First filial generation; FDR: False-discovery rate; gDNA: Genomic DNA; GO: Gene Ontology; H3K36me3: Histone H3 tri-methylated at lysine 36; H3K4me3: Histone H3 tri-methylated at lysine 4; H3K9ac: Histone H3 acetylated at lysine 9; MACS: Model-based analysis of ChIP-seq; McrBC-seq: McrBC sequencing; miRNA: MicroRNA; MPV: Mid-parent value; mRNA: Messenger RNA; mRNA-seq: mRNA sequencing; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RdDM: RNA-directed DNA methylation; RPKM: Aligned reads per kilobase exon model (or genic region: or genomic region) per million mapped reads; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; SNP: Single-nucleotide polymorphism; sRNA: Small RNA; sRNA-seq: sRNA sequencing; TE: Transposable element; TSS: Transcription start site; TTS: Transcription termination site.cDNA: Complementary DNA; ChIP-seq: Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing; EST: Expressed sequence tag; FThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.XWD conceived of the project. XWD, XL and GH designed the experiments. GH, XL, MY, LL and YQ performed the experiments. GH, BC, XW, HH and LL conducted data analyses. GH, JL, LL, XW and XWD prepared the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Table S1: Summary of total reads obtained from all sequencing libraries.Click here for fileFigures S1 to 11. Figure S1: Mean levels of exons and introns in shoots and roots of reciprocal hybrids. Figure S2: Distribution of H3K36me3 levels within and around differentially expressed genes. Figure S3: Experimental validation of methylated DNA regions by genomic bisulfite sequencing. Figure S4: A representative genomic region on maize chromosome 1 showing integrated maps of transcription and epigenetic modifications. Figure S5: Tree view of hierarchical clustering of H3K9ac and H3K36me3 levels. Figure S6: Relationships of variations in H3K36me3 and gene expression between organs and between genotypes. Figure S7: Functional categories of genes upregulated in shoots and roots of hybrids. Figure S8: Correlation of allelic expression bias between shoots and roots of Mo17 ´ B73. Figure S9: Coverage of 21 nt, 22 nt, and 24 nt siRNA clusters in and around protein-coding genes. Figure S10: Distribution of 21 nt and 22 nt siRNA clusters on maize chromosome 1. Figure S11: Correlation between 22 nt siRNAs and DNA-methylation levels at the same genomic loci.Click here for fileTables S2 and 3. Table S2: List of genes showing expression variation in shoots and roots of maize hybrids. Table S3: Number of small RNA reads associated with known maize microRNAs.Click here for fileSupplemental methods. Details of data processing and analyses.Click here for file


The fundamental building units of the structure are LiO4 polyhedra , and the Li/Eu atoms are coordinated by eight O atoms in a distorted square-antiprismatic manner.The title compound, Li DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812000268/ru2018Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


Sequencing of individual clones from a newly established cDNA library from the chemoresistant Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line L-1236 led to the isolation of a cDNA clone corresponding to a short sequence from chromosome 1. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction indicated high expression of this sequence in Hodgkin's lymphoma derived cell lines but not in normal blood cells. Further characterization of this sequence and the surrounding genomic DNA revealed that this sequence is part of a human endogenous retrovirus locus. The sequence of this endogenous retrovirus is interrupted by a pseudogene of the dual specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed high expression of this pseudogene (DUSP5P1) in HL cell lines but not in normal blood cells or Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells. Cells from other tumor types  also showed a higher DUSP5P1/DUSP5 ratio than normal cells. Furthermore, we observed that higher expression of DUSP5 in relation to DUSP5P1 correlated with the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2-like 11 (BCL2L11) in peripheral blood cells and HL cells. Knock-down of DUSP5 in HL cells resulted in down-regulation of BCL2L11. Thus, the DUSP5/DUSP5P1 system could be responsible for regulation of BCL2L11 leading to inhibition of apoptosis in these tumor cells. Vice versa, the identification of such factors might also allow the reduction of toxic treatment elements for patients with favorable disease characteristics.The prognosis for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has been improved constantly during the last decades Using DNA microarray analysis, we characterized the gene expression profile of HL cell lines with different sensitivity for cytotoxic drugs and identified transcripts which are present only in resistant cells Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from anonymous healthy donors and patients with HL were isolated with written informed consent and approval by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg.HL cell lines L-1236 EcoR1, phosphorylation of EcoR1 ends and digestion with XhoI, cDNA was fractionated by sepharose CL-2B gel filtration. Fractions with high cDNA concentration and the expected cDNA size were ligated into the vector pCMV-Script. After ligation, vectors were transformed into XL10-Gold ultracompetent cells and the primary library was amplified at 30°C. After plating on agarose plates, random clones were analyzed by restriction digest with NotI.Total RNA was isolated from cell line L-1236 by using Trizol reagent  following the manufacturer's protocol. Thereafter, mRNA was enriched starting from 650 µg of total RNA by using the µMACS mRNA isolation kit . The cDNA library was generated by using the pCMV-Script XR cDNA library construction kit  with slight modifications. In short, 4.5 µg mRNA was subjected to first strand cDNA synthesis in a total volume of 45 µl for 1 hour at 42°C. After addition of 20 µl 10× second strand buffer, 6 µl second strand dNTP mixture, 116 µl sterile water, 2 µl RNase H (1.5 U/µl), and 11 µl DNA polymerase I (9 U/µl), second strand synthesis was performed at 16°C for 2.5 hours. Blunt ending and adapter ligation was performed according to manufacturer's instructions. After digestion with SalI, serially diluted 1∶10 and used as templates for quantitative PCR. A typical result is shown in −ΔΔct method RNA from HL cell lines, LCL, PBMC, and additional tumor cell lines was isolated by using Trizol reagent  following the manufacturer's protocol. For reverse transcription the following enzymes have been used: (i) SuperScript II RT (Invitrogen), (ii) M-MLV RT, RNase H(-) point mutant , and (iii) RevertAid H Minus RT . After reverse transcription of 2 µg of RNA, PCR was performed as described elsewhere In silico promoter analysis and protein structure prediction was performed with NNPP2.2 Sequencing of pCMV-Script vector inserts was performed as described Vector-based knock-down of DUSP5 in L428-cells was performed by using the BLOCK-iT POL II miR RNAi expression vector kit with EmGFP  according to manufacturer's instructions. For this end, the two oligonucleotides 5′-TGC TGA TGG TAG GCA CTT CCA AGG GTA GTT TTG GCC ACT GAC TGA CTA CCT TGG GTG CCTA CCA T-3′ (top strand) and 5′-CCT GAT GGT AGG CAC CCA AGG TAG TCA GTC AGT GGC CAA AAC TAC CTT GGA AGT GCC TAC CAT C-3′ (bottom strand) were annealed and cloned into the vector pcDNA6.2-GW/EmGFP-miR. After transfection of L-428 cells with this vector or the empty control vector, global gene expression was analyzed by using Affymetrix HG_133A microarrays essentially as described E. coli and plated on agar plates for determination of ligation efficiency. Individual E. coli colonies were arbitrarily chosen for further characterization of the transformed vectors. Vectors were isolated, digested (linearized) with NotI, and analyzed on agarose gels. As shown in We established a cDNA library from HL cell line L-1236. After ligation of cDNA fractions with the cloning vector, individual ligation reactions were transformed in We asked whether the DUSP5P1 gene and additional segments of the ERV were also expressed in HL cells. For this end, we designed additional primers corresponding to segments 2 and 3 of ERVK_1q42.13 see . As showIn silico promoter prediction indicated that transcription of DUSP5P1 most likely starts 44 base pairs up-stream of the sequence with high homology to DUSP5. Such transcripts allow the translation of a polypeptide corresponding in part to the substrate binding domain of DUSP5 surrounding the putative substrate binding site  pathway which is inhibited by members of the dual specificity phosphatase family. We asked whether the expression of DUSP5 and subsequent inhibition of the ERK pathway has an influence on expression of BCL2L11 in HL cells. According to DNA microarray data, HL cells have relatively low signal intensities for BCL2L11 compared to normal cells . Using qHL is a lymphoproliferative disease with unclear pathogenesis. At the molecular level, activation of the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NFKB) signaling pathway has been identified as important mechanism for HL pathogenesis Recently, activation of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) by activation of an endogenous retrovirus in HL cells has been described in vivo has to be determined. The predicted polypeptides consist only of the regulatory domain of a typical DUSP family member and a catalytic domain will not be present. Only for this domain of DUSP5 the structure has been determined One possible function of expressed pseudogenes is interference with the activity of the genes from which the pseudogenes are derived. DUSP5P1 is not the only DUSP5 pseudogene in the human genome, suggesting that DUSP5 was frequently involved in genetic rearrangements during human evolution. DUSP5 is involved in T-cell development Taken together, we found high expression of DUSP5P1 and low expression of the DUSP5 target BCL2L11 in HL cells. Whether there is a functional connection between these two observations or whether this is only a coincidence requires further investigations. The specificity of DUSP5P1 and ERV transcripts for HL cells might allow the development of methods for detection of minimal residual disease. Circulating HL cells can be present in the peripheral blood of patients with high tumor burden Figure S1Determination of efficiency of quantitative PCR. (A) Representative standard curves. Serial 1∶10 dilutions of SalI digested vectors with cloned DUSP5, DUSP5P1, BCL2L11 or GAPDH inserts were used as templates for quantitative PCR with target-specific primers. Linear regression was performed with Microsoft Excel. Dilution 1 corresponds to 1.65 pmol DUSP5P1, 2.32 pmol DUSP5, 0.51 pmol BCL2L11 or 0.50 pmol GAPDH target/tube; dilution 2 corresponds to 165 fmol DUSP5P1, 232 fmol DUSP5, 50.8 fmol BCL2L11 or 50 fmol GAPDH target/tube; dilution 3 corresponds to 16.5 fmol DUSP5P1, 23.2 fmol DUSP5, 5.08 fmol BCL2L11 or 5.04 fmol GAPDH target/tube; dilution 4 corresponds to 1.65 fmol DUSP5P1, 2.32 fmol DUSP5, 508 attomol BCL2L11 or 504 attomol GAPDH target/tube; dilution 5 corresponds to 165 attomol DUSP5P1, 232 attomol DUSP5, 50.8 attomol BCL2L11 or 50.4 attomol GAPDH target/tube. (B) The slopes m of the curves were used for calculation of efficiencies E according to E = 10−1/m−1. Presented are means and standard deviations from 2 independent experiments.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S2Expression of DUSP5P1 and DUSP5 in HL cell lines. Presented are results from a quantitative RT-PCR (means and standard deviations from 3 experiments) with primers with specificity for DUSP5 and DUSP5P1. cDNA from HL cell lines and normal PBMC was used as template for PCR. For calculation of expression values, molar amounts of transcripts were calculated on the basis of the standard curves in (TIF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S3Expression of DUSP5, DUSP5P1 and BCL2L11 in HL cells and normal tissues. Presented are signal intensities form DNA microarray data form HL samples (red bars) and a panel of normal samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus data base (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds). The following data sets were used (from left to right): naïve B cells: GSM312870, GSM312872, GSM312874, GSM312875, GSM312876; memory B cells: GSM312877, GSM312879, GSM312882, GSM312883, GSM312886; centrocytes: GSM312887, GSM312890, GSM312893, GSM312894, GSM312895; centroblasts: GSM312937, GSM312938, GSM312939, GSM312940, GSM312941; plasma cells: GSM312942, GSM312943, GSM312944, GSM312945, GSM312946; ovary: GSM175789, GSM176131; breast: GSM175792, GSM175795; synovial membrane: GSM175810, GSM175811; heart atrium: GSM175814, GSM175815; heart ventricle: GSM175817, GSM175819; coronary artery: GSM175820, GSM175821; stomach cardiac: GSM175822, GSM175823; dorsal root ganglia: GSM175825, GSM175827; ventral tegmental area: GSM175829, GSM175831; cervix GSM175833, GSM176130; omental adipose tissue: GSM175834, GSM175836; nipple cross section: GSM175838, GSM175840; amygdala: GSM175842, GSM175844; putamen: GSM175846, accumbens: GSM175849, GSM175851; cerebellum GSM175852, GSM176157; corpus callosum: GSM175855, GSM175857; frontal lobe: GSM175859, GSM175860; hippocampus: GSM175861, GSM175987; parietal lobe: GSM175862, GSM175864; spinal cord: GSM175865, GSM175867; subthalamic nucleus: GSM175869, GSM175870, substantia nigra: GSM175871, GSM175873; temporal lobe: GSM175874; GSM175876; vagina: GSM175878, GSM176129; saphenous vein: GSM175879, GSM175880; skeletal muscle: GSM175882, GSM175883; thalamus: GSM175885, GSM175887; trigeminal ganglia: GSM175889, GSM175891; superior vestibular nuclei: GSM175893, GSM175894; tongue superior with papillae: GSM175896, GSM175898; tongue main corpus: GSM175900, GSM176014; midbrain: GSM175901, GSM175903; prostate GSM175923, GSM175924; thymus gland: GSM175973, GSM176262; bone marrow: GSM175974, GSM176300; trachea: GSM175980, GSM175981; small intestine jejunum: GSM175982; colon cecum: GSM175983; GSM175984; skin: GSM175993; putamen: GSM176020; mammary gland: GSM176231, GSM176232; fallopian tube: GSM176239; aorta: GSM176263, GSM176264; small intestine jejunum: GSM176265; skin: GSM176267, joint tissue synovium: GSM176268, GSM176269; penis: GSM176270, GSM176271; human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC): GSM176298, GSM176299; deltoid muscle: GSM176301, GSM176312; substantia nigra pars compacta: GSM176393, GSM176401; substantia nigra reticulata: GSM176395, GSM176402; internal gloubus pallidum: GSM176436, GSM176445; external gloubus pallidum: GSM176447, GSM176448; thalamus subthalamic nucleus: GSM176451, GSM176453; thalamus lateral nuclei: GSM176452, GSM176454; bronchus: GSM80578, GSM80579; subcutaneous adipose tissue: GSM80589, GSM80590; adrenal gland cortex: GSM80606, GSM80607; cerebral cortex: GSM80651, GSM80652; endometrium: GSM80672, GSM80673; kidney cortex: GSM80687, GSM80688; hypothalamus: GSM80691, GSM80692; esophagus: GSM80695, GSM80696; lung: GSM80707, GSM80712; medulla: GSM80709, GSM80711; myometrium: GSM80718, GSM80719; liver: GSM80729, GSM80730; kidney medulla: GSM80732, GSM80733; lymph nodes: GSM80736, GSM80737; pharyngeal mucosa: GSM80748, GSM80749; nodose nucleus: GSM80769, GSM80770; occipital lobe: GSM80773, GSM80774; oral mucosa: GSM80777, GSM80778; stomach fundus: GSM80810, GSM80811; stomach pyloric: GSM80814, GSM80815; pituitary gland: GSM80817, pituitary gland: GSM80818; salivary gland: GSM80821, GSM80822; spleen: GSM80825, GSM80826; thyroid gland: GSM80865, GSM80866; tonsil: GSM80886, GSM80889; vulva: GSM80897,GSM80898; urethra: GSM80911, GSM80912; testes: GSM176276, GSM176422, GSM176423, GSM176275, GSM176113; L-428 cells: GSM311200, GSM499721, GSM499729, GSM637960; L-1236 cells: GSM499722, GSM499730, GSM637962; KM-H2 cells: GSM499723, GSM311194, GSM499731, GSM637959; HDLM-2 cells: GSM499724, GSM499732, GSM637963; L-540Cy cells: GSM499726; L-540 cells: GSM637961, GSM499725; L428 cells: GSM1006383, GSM1006384; microdissected HL cells: GSM956644, GSM956645, GSM956646, GSM956647,GSM956648, GSM956649, GSM956650, GSM956651, GSM956652, GSM956653, GSM956654, GSM956655, GSM956656, GSM956657, GSM956658, GSM956659, GSM956660, GSM956661, GSM956662, GSM956663, GSM956664, GSM956665, GSM956666, GSM956667, GSM956668, GSM956669, GSM956670, GSM956671, GSM956672  Origin and pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma as revealed by global gene expression analysis. J Exp Med 205: 2251–2268; Roth RB, Hevezi P, Lee J, Willhite D, Lechner SM, et al. (2006) Gene expression analyses reveal molecular relationships among 20 regions of the human CNS. Neurogenetics 7: 67–80; Liu TY, Wu SJ, Huang MH, Lo FY, Tsai MH, Tsai CH et al. EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with suppression of p21cip1/waf1 and a worse prognosis. Mol Cancer 2010; 9: 32; Köchert K, Ullrich K, Kreher S, Aster JC, Kitagawa M, et al. (2011) High-level expression of Mastermind-like 2 contributes to aberrant activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway in human lymphomas. Oncogene 30: 1831–40; Steidl C, Shah SP, Woolcock BW, Rui L, Kawahara M, et al. (2011) MHC class II transactivator CIITA is a recurrent gene fusion partner in lymphoid cancers. Nature 471: 377–381; Kewitz S, Staege MS (2013) Knock-down of PRAME increases retinoic acid signaling and cytotoxic drug sensitivity of Hodgkin lymphoma cells. PLoS One 8: e55897; Steidl C, Diepstra A, Lee T, Chan FC, Farinha P, et al. (2012) Gene expression profiling of microdissected Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells correlates with treatment outcome in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 120: 3530–3540). All Affymetrix cel files were processed with Affymetrix Expression Console using the MicroarraySuite 5.0 algorithm and scaled to the same target intensity of 500.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S4Sequence alignment of DUSP5 and DUSP5 pseudogenes. DUSP5 pseudogenes were identified by a BLAST search using DUSP5 RNA as query. Presented is a sequence alignment of DUSP5 RNA, the genomic DUSP5 DNA, the genomic DUSP5P1 DNA and 3 newly identified DUSP5 pseudogenes . The presented sequences correspond to the following database entries: DUSP5-RNA: NM_004419.3, 1–2507; DUSP5: NT_030059.13, 63062089–63075745; DUSP5P1: NT_167186.1, 22303791–22305932; DUSP5P2: NT_025517.18, 9582355–9585843; DUSP5psi3: NT_025028.14, 14042336–14043552; DUSP5psi4: NT_025741.15, 23586534–23586928. Introns of the genomic DUSP5 DNA were indicated by black squares and were not to scale. The lengths of these introns as well as the start position of the 4 exons from DUSP5 are indicated. The pseudogene from chromosome 3 contains additional insertions which are indicated by red triangles. Color code: red: A; green: C; yellow: G; blue: T. Data visualization was performed with GeneDoc (http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc).(TIF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S5Sequence alignment of the predicted DUSP5P1 peptide and DUSP5 proteins from varying Mammalia. Presented is an alignment between the putative DUSP5P1 peptide and the homologous region from (predicted) DUSP5 proteins from Oryctolagus anatinus, Monodelphis domesticus, Myotis lucifugus, Bos Taurus, Rattus norvegicus, Canis lupus familiaris, Papio anubis, and Homo sapiens. DUSP5 loci in the genomes of all species were identified essentially as described  Sequence and expression of the chicken membrane-associated phospholipases A1 alpha (LIPH) and beta (LIPI). Mol Biol Rep 39: 761–769). In all species the DUSP5 gene is located in close proximity to the structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 (SMC3) gene which was used for confirmation that the identified dual specificity phosphatases in all species are DUSP5 and no other members of this gene family (data not shown). Data visualization was performed with GeneDoc (http://www.psc.edu/biomed/genedoc).(TIF)Click here for additional data file.


SSALC was established to characterize HIV/AIDS-related lymphoma and the indigenous background of malignant lymphomas (ML) in sub-Saharan Africa. Because WHO classified lymphoma subgroups can vary in prevalence African, Asian or European ancestry, we surveyed lymphoma heterogeneity in geographically diverse East, South and West sub-Saharan populations, particularly for HIV/AIDS associated immunophenotypes.kappa and lambda light chains (CISH) and c-myc and bcl2 translocations (FISH). HIV/AIDS diversity controls were contributed from Europe by consortium and USA by ACSR.A consortium of African pathologists, hematologist/oncologists and oncologic surgeons contributed ML cases and participated in sub-grouping according to WHO classification criteria after appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvals, Memoranda of Understanding and Material Transfer Agreements were obtained. Paraffin blocks were examined for tissue morphology (H&E), immunophenotype (34 antibodies IHC), EBER, Consortium members contributed 46 - 368 cases each with 1408 total cases to date: 246 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 296 Burkitt lymphoma, 163 Hodgkin disease, 69 plasma cell proliferative disorders and 644 others. Aggressive DLBCL, plasmacytoma/plasmablastic lymphoma, KSHV disease and lymphoid hyperplasia will be highlighted.Sub-Saharan Africa has a variety of ML subgroups; true incidence altered by: 1) Aspiration vs. biopsy for diagnosis; 2) HIV status not communicated to pathologist; 3) known HIV/AIDS patients not biopsied; 4) initial diagnosis by morphology alone, 5) tissue preservation/processing variable.. General observations: HIV/AIDS-related lymphoma is more likely EBER+, has higher cell proliferation rates, and unfavorable immunophenotypes; regions differ in HIV clades with South (clade C) having the most “immunosuppression” associated lymphoma subgroups; East region has more pre-T lymphoblastic lymphomas and West region has more follicular lymphomas. Confounders: infectious lymphadenopathies (EBV+ lymphoproliferations), undifferentiated neuroblastomas, neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), poorly differentiated, metastatic carcinomas and malignant melanoma (amelanotic).


The names of all authors are incorrectly represented in the Citation. The correct Citation is: Nag C, Karanth KP, Gururaja KV (2014) Delineating Ecological Boundaries of Hanuman Langur Species Complex in Peninsular India Using MaxEnt Modeling Approach. PLoS ONE 9(2): e87804. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087804.


Oxidative stress (OS), a state characterized by an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and antioxidant defenses, has been identified to play a key role in the pathogenesis of subfertility in both males and females. The adverse effects of OS on sperm quality and functions have been well documented. In females, on the other hand, the impact of OS on oocytes and reproductive functions remains unclear. This imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants can lead to a number of reproductive diseases such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and unexplained infertility. Pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preeclampsia, can also develop in response to OS. Studies have shown that extremes of body weight and lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and recreational drug use can promote excess free radical production, which could affect fertility. Exposures to environmental pollutants are of increasing concern, as they too have been found to trigger oxidative states, possibly contributing to female infertility. This article will review the currently available literature on the roles of reactive species and OS in both normal and abnormal reproductive physiological processes. Antioxidant supplementation may be effective in controlling the production of ROS and continues to be explored as a potential strategy to overcome reproductive disorders associated with infertility. However, investigations conducted to date have been through animal or in vitro studies, which have produced largely conflicting results. The impact of OS on assisted reproductive techniques (ART) will be addressed, in addition to the possible benefits of antioxidant supplementation of ART culture media to increase the likelihood for ART success. Future randomized controlled clinical trials on humans are necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms through which OS affects female reproductive abilities, and will facilitate further explorations of the possible benefits of antioxidants to treat infertility. Background2. Reactive oxygen species and their physiological actions3. Reactive nitrogen species4. Antioxidant defense mechanisms  4.1. Enzymatic antioxidants  4.2. Non-enzymatic antioxidants5. Mechanisms of redox cell signaling6. Oxidative stress in male reproduction- a brief overview7. Oxidative stress in female reproduction8. Age-related fertility decline and menopause9. Reproductive diseases  9.1. Endometriosis  9.2. Polycystic ovary syndrome  9.3. Unexplained infertility10. Pregnancy complications  10.1. The placenta  10.2. Spontaneous abortion  10.3. Recurrent pregnancy loss  10.4. Preeclampsia  10.5. Intrauterine growth restriction10.6. Preterm labor11. Body weight  11.1. Obesity/Overnutrition  11.2. Malnutrition/Underweight  11.3. Exercise12. Lifestyle factors12.1. Cigarette smoking  12.2. Alcohol use  12.3. Recreational drug use   12.3.1. Cannabinoids   12.3.2. Cocaine13. Environmental and occupational exposures  13.1. Organochlorine pesticides: DDT  13.2. Polychlorinated biphenyls  13.3. Organophosphate pesticides14. Assisted reproductive techniques15. Concluding remarks16. Abbreviations17. Competing interests18. Authors’ contributions19. Acknowledgements20. ReferencesOxidative stress (OS) is caused by an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants . This ra2) consumption pyrene through high ROS formation and subsequent OS on the embryo and fetus ,285. In Nicotine iminium and myosamine iminium are the chief metabolites produced by oxidation of nicotine. The reduction potentials of these metabolites seem to permit in vivo ET and resultant OS .NO is just one species contained in the gas phase. Overproduction of NO causes subsequent formation of peroxynitrite. Cigarette tar content positively correlates with the production of hydroxyl radical, a notorious inducer of DNA damage .Increased risks of infertility, miscarriage, IUGR, and low birth weight have been extensively reported amongst pregnant smokers. A 12-study meta-analysis reported that smokers had a significantly increased odds ratio for infertility in addition to lengthened time to conception, both likely through the activation of OS mechanisms .Further, delayed conception has been recorded in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) . A recenCigarette smoke is a significant source of exogenous OS targeting the follicular microenvironment . SmokingChelchowska et al (2011) demonstrated decreased plasma vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations in smokers compared to non-smokers . They coAlthough normal pregnancy is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, conflicting data exists regarding MDA concentrations in pregnant female smokers. The additional free radical load from tobacco smoke causes an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. Results from Chelchowska et al (2011) positively correlated MDA concentrations with levels of cotinine-- a marker of tobacco smoke exposure-- in maternal smokers; additionally, a decreased antioxidant supply was also observed in smokers .A study examining mouse oocytes reported decreased oocyte quality in association with cigarette smoke exposure. Embryos of mothers exposed to cigarette smoke showed defective development due to oxidative damage and cell death, possibly secondary to arrested cell cycles .2 and nutrients to the developing fetus i: Intracellular calcium concentration; CCE: Capacitative calcium entry; cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CRP: (C-reactive protein); CSH: Cysteamine; Cu: Copper; DDT: 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2,-bis (4-chlorophenyl)-ethane; EDTA: Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid; eNOS/NOS III: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ERK 1/2: Extracellular regulated kinase; ET: Electron transfer; ETC: Electron transport chain; EtOH: Ethanol; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; Fe2+/3+: Iron; FF: Follicular fluid; FSH: Follicular stimulating hormone; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; GSH: Glutathione; GSSG: Oxidized glutathione; hCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; HO: Heme oxygenase; H2O: Water; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide; HRT: Hormone replacement therapy; HSP: Heat shock protein; ICSI: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IL: Interleukin; iNOS/NOS II: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction; IVF: In-vitro fertilization; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; LH: Luteinizing hormone; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; MDA: Malondialdehyde; Mn: Manganese; MTHFR: Methyl-tetra-hydrofolate reductase; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinuleotide phosphate; NK: Natural killer; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase; nNOS/nNOS I: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; NO2: Nitrogen dioxide; O2: Oxygen; OCPs: Organochlorine pesticides; OH*: Hydroxyl radical; ONOO−: Peroxynitrite; OPCs: Organophosphate compounds; OS: Oxidative stress; oxLDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCOS: Polycycstic ovary syndrome; PG: Prostaglandin; PON 1: Paraoxonase-1; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RPL: Recurrent pregnancy loss; Se: Selenium; sFlt-1: Soluble receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor; SHBG: Sex hormone binding globulin; SO: Superoxide; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; STBM: Syncytiotrophoblast microvillus membrane; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; TAS: Total antioxidant status; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; THC: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; Trx: Thioredoxin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; Zn: Zinc.8-iso-PGF2-alpha: 8-iso-prostaglandin F2-alpha; 8-OHdG: 8-oxodeoxyguanosine; 8-OxOdG: 8-oxo-7,8- dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine; AGE: Advanced glycation end-products; ART: Assisted reproductive techniques; ASK: Apoptosis signaling regulation kinase; AT1-AA: Autoantibodies against AT1 receptor; ATP: Adenine triphosphate; BMI: Body mass index; [CaThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.All of the authors contributed to the conception of the review. AAM, BJP, and AS performed literature searches and selected the studies and reviews discussed in the manuscript. The first draft of the manuscript was also prepared by AAM, BJP, and AS. AAM and BJP performed subsequent amendments. BJP performed further in depth interpretations of the discussed studies and provided critical insights throughout the manuscript. BJP reviewed and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.