Abstract Evaniscus  Szépligeti currently includes six species. Two new species are described, Evaniscus lansdownei  Mullins, sp. n. from Colombia and Brazil and Evaniscus rafaeli  Kawada, sp. n. from Brazil. Evaniscus sulcigenis  Roman, syn. n., is synonymized under Evaniscus rufithorax  Enderlein. An identification key to species of Evaniscus  is provided. Thirty-five parsimony informative morphological characters are analyzed for six ingroup and four outgroup taxa. A topology resulting in a monophyletic Evaniscus  is presented with Evaniscus tibialis  and Evaniscus rafaeli  as sister to the remaining Evaniscus  species. The Hymenoptera  Anatomy Ontology and other relevant biomedical ontologies are employed to create semantic phenotype statements in Entity-Quality (EQ) format for species descriptions. This approach is an early effort to formalize species descriptions and to make descriptive data available to other domains.The Neotropical evaniid genus  Evaniscus  (Hymenoptera : Evaniidae ). Ensign wasps develop as solitary predators within cockroach egg cases (Dictyoptera : Blattodea). The family is common across the world except in polar regions, and species diversity is highest in the Neotropics , Evaniscus rufithorax  Enderlein, 1905, and Evaniscus sulcigenis  Roman, 1917.Evaniidae , identification of species must be done by direct comparison with type specimens since there is a shortage of useable species descriptions or identification keys.Two hundred-fifty years of ensign wasp taxonomy has thus far yielded a corpus of species descriptions that lack utility beyond the realm of descriptive taxonomy . For almost all Evaniscus  species as well as a phylogeny, annotated images, and distribution records for species , 2) apply new descri PageBreakptive methods, whereby annotations are composed from multiple ontologies to form semantic phenotype statements  provide diagnostic characters for the identification of Collaborative environment . We used many accessible, free tools that have potential to help accelerate the publication of a manuscript. Since the authors were separated by physical distance, we used tools disseminated through the World Wide Web, such as online text editors (e.g. Google docs), Google draw, and Flickr (http://flickr.com  ) that allowed for immediate and efficient communication. Matrix-based species descriptions were generated from mx  statements   and Spatial Ontology (BSPO) . Wing vein terminology is included from Evaniscus  species and outgroups treated in this study. All characters and character states are available in Appendix A.atements , where aogy HAO,  version gy PATO,  version Measurements . Mesosoma length is measured in lateral view from the anterior-most point of the pronotum to the posterior-most point of the metapectal-propodeal complex. All measurements were made with an ocular micrometer, installed inside an Olympus SZX16 Research Stereo Microscope.Semantic phenotype development . 1) All phenotype data were captured in mx as a character matrix; 2) Descriptive matrix elements and mx-generated specimen identifiers were exported to OWL ; 3) OWL-formatted data from mx were loaded along with HAO, PATO, RO, and BSPO into Protégé 4.1 (http://protege.stanford.edu/ ); 4) Semantic phenotype annotations were manually added to character states within Protégé as OWL class expressions using the built-in Manchester syntax (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-manchester-syntax/ ) editor. All phenotype statements in Manchester syntax are available in Appendix B.PageBreakPhylogenetics . Outgroups from four different genera were chosen from the closest known relatives based on estimated evaniid relationships using 16S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) data in MrBayes (Evaniscus  (Alobevania gattiae  Kawada and Deans 2008). To discover new characters of phylogenetic importance, we examined as many individuals of each species as possible and extracted homologous characters across species. A total of 31 parsimony-informative morphological characters were analyzed in this study. A parsimony analysis was performed with an exhaustive search in PAUP* version 4, beta 10 . Phylogenetic datasets, trees and associated metadata, such as specimen information and matrices, were exported from mx as NeXML and are deposited into TreeBASE. Semantic, marked-up phenotype annotations expressed in OWL are deposited in the Dryad Data repository. Mx-generated species pages are provided to the Encyclopedia of Life via XML exports.ed in mx . Over twDistribution map . Google Maps ® is used to produce distribution maps for each species. Collecting locality data are available on species pages at the Evanioidea  Online (http://evanioidea.info/ ) descriptive web pages and are also shared with EOL.Images . Specimens were examined using an Olympus SZX16 Research Stereo Microscope (at NCSU) and Leica MZ12.5 (at MZSP). Images for figures were obtained using the Passport Storm Portable Imaging System by Visionary Digital and combined with Combine ZP© (Hadley 2009) or a Leica M205C magnifying glass attached to a Leica DFC 295 video camera with images combined using Leica LAS (Leica Application Suite V3.6.0) Microsystems by Leica (Switzerland) Limited. All images were cropped and brightness and contrast were adjusted in Adobe Photoshop ® CS4 when necessary. Images included within this study are available at Morphbank (http://morphbank.net  ).Material examined . Specimens (Appendix C) were borrowed from museums (see Acknowledgments). Nine specimens of Evaniscus rufithorax  and four specimens of Evaniscus marginatus  (including the holotype for Evaniscus marginatus  and three syntypes of Evaniscus rufithorax ), and two additional specimens of Evaniscus tibialis  were observed and imaged at the Natural History Museum in London, UK and Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, but were not assigned NCSU barcode numbers.10.5061/dryad.2jd88 and at TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S13316 ).PageBreakThe data underpinning the analyses reported in this paper are deposited in the Dryad Data Repository at doi: Szépligeti, 1903http://species-id.net/wiki/EvaniscusEvaniscus : Szépligeti, 1903 Evaniscus : Szépligeti, G. 1903: 378Pseudevania : Bradley, J. C. 1905: 63–64 (misspelling)Evaniscus  are distinguished from other Evaniidae  by a combination of the following character states: Fore wing RS+M vein presence: absent; mesosternum length vs metasternum length: ventral margin of mesosternum length equal to ventral margin of metapectus length; head shape: hemispherical in lateral view; flagellomere number: 13; metasoma shape in lateral view: ovoid; mandibular teeth number: 2; metanotum sculpture: scrobiculate; mesoscutellum sculpture: foveate; metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture: areolate; vertex sculpture: foveate; carinae on gena presence: present; notauli presence: present; parapsidal signum presence: present; subantennal carinae presence: present; preorbital carinae presence: present.Members of the genus Head . Mandibular teeth number: 2. Subantennal carina presence: present. Preorbital carina presence: present. Carinae  on gena presence: present. Vertex sculpture: foveate. Radicle sculpture: punctate.Mesosoma . Mesosternum length vs. metasternum length: ventral margin of mesosternum length equal to ventral margin of metapectus length. Metanotum sculpture: scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum sculpture: foveate. Metapectal propodeal complex surface feature shape: areolate. Notaulus presence: present. Parapsidal signum presence: present.Legs . Metatibial spur length: inner metatibial spur greater than 1.3× as long as outer spur. Spines on posterior area of metatibia presence: present.Wings . Fore wing length: extending beyond posterior margin of metasoma. Fore wing cell count: 6 cells. Fore wing RS+M vein presence: absent. Hind wing jugal region presence: present.Mullins sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1EA35281-4E0D-4317-A533-39A905883629http://species-id.net/wiki/Evaniscus_lansdowneiThis species is named in honor of four sixth-grade students  at Lansdowne Middle School, Baltimore, MD, for winning the Hexapod Haiku challenge at North Carolina State University in 2011.Evaniscus lansdownei  is easily recognized by two unique characters: fore wing vein color: yellow; setae on proximal region of fore wing color: yellow.Head . Head color: yellow. Mandible color vs clypeus color: mandible color same as clypeus color. Subantennal carina length: extending dorsally of medial margin of lower face. Preorbital carina length: extending dorsally to ventral margin of the antennal foramen. Upper face sculpture: punctate and foveate. Malar space length vs. half compound eye height : shorter than half compound eye height. Ocellar ocular line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: as long or longer than lateral ocellus diameter. Posterior ocellar length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: 1.5× as long as the diameter of the lateral ocellus. Ventral region of occipital carina curvature in lateral view: straight. Radicle color: yellow. Scape color: yellow. Scape length vs compound eye height: scape shorter than half compound eye height.PageBreakMesosoma . Mesosoma length: 3.5–3.5 mm (n=1). Antero-dorsal region of mesosoma color: yellow. Postero-ventral region of mesosoma color: black. Median notch of transverse pronotal carina presence: present. Transverse pronotal carina length: long, extending postero-laterally of epomia. Pronotal collar sculpture: foveate. Patch that is part of dorsal region of lateral pronotal area texture: smooth. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Mesonotum color: red. Mesoscutum shape: as long as wide (length of mesoscutum > width of mesoscutum). Antero-admedian line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: equal to lateral ocellus diameter. Parapsidal signum conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Foveae on notaulus presence: present. Distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: greater than the diameter of one depression. Mesofemoral depression sculpture: smooth. Mesofemoral depression pilosity presence: absent. Ventral area of the mesopectus sculpture: smooth. Medial region of transmetapectal carina presence: absent. Area dorsal of transmetapectal carina sculpture: areolate. Posterior propodeal projection shape in lateral view: not raised. Posterior region of plica presence: present. Dorsal area of the metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture: foveate. Posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: curved. Mesosoma color: black posteroventrally, yellow anterodorsally.Legs . Fore leg color: yellow. Mid leg color: yellow. Hind leg color: black. Metafemur length vs. metatibia length: metafemur equal to or shorter than metatibia. Metabasitarsus length vs metatibia length: metabasitarsus 1.2× to 1.4× as short as metatibia.Wings . Fore wing vein color: yellow. Setae on proximal region of fore wing color: yellow.Metasoma . Metasoma color: black. Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: foveate.HOLOTYPE male: COLOMBIA: Mata Mata Sta., Sweep, 8–12..2000, M. Sharkey, NCSU 33809 (deposited in NCSU). Paratypes . BRAZIL: NCSU 67242 (INPA).http://species-id.net/wiki/Evaniscus_marginatusEvania marginatus : Cameron, 1887  holotype female, deposited at BMNH, labels: “Guatemala, Capetillo (Champion)”, mx_id: 479; holotype female, deposited at BMNH, labels: “Guatemala, Capetillo (Champion)”, mx_id: 15348Evania marginata : Cameron, P. 1887: 430 (genus transfer)Pseudevania marginata : Kieffer, J. J. 1903: 111 Zeuxevania marginata : Kieffer, J. J. 1904: 395 (genus transfer)Evaniscus marginatus : Bradley, J. C. 1908: 180Evaniscus marginatus  is recognized by the combination of the following character states: subantennal carina length: extending dorsally of medial margin of PageBreaklower face; pronotal lobe carina presence: absent; mesofemoral depression sculpture: foveate; mesofemoral depression pilosity presence: present.Head . Head color: dorsal half of upper face and vertex color black; ventral half of upper face and lower face color red or yellow. Mandible color vs clypeus color: mandible color different than clypeus color; mandible color same as clypeus color. Subantennal carina length: extending dorsally of medial margin of lower face. Preorbital carina length: extending dorsally to the ventral margin of the anterior ocellus. Upper face sculpture: foveate. Malar space length vs. half compound eye height : shorter than half compound eye height. Ocellar ocular line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: shorter than lateral ocellus diameter. Posterior ocellar length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: 1.5× as long as the diameter of the lateral ocellus. Ventral region of occipital carina curvature in lateral view: straight. Ventral region of the postoccipital carina shape: not raised. Radicle color: yellow; orange. Scape color: yellow; orange. Scape length vs compound eye height: scape shorter than half compound eye height. Female flagellomere 1-8 shape: distinctly wider than long (length of flagellomere < width of flagellomere). Shape of occiput: as high as wide.Mesosoma . Mesosoma length: 2.75–2.75 mm (n=4). Antero-dorsal region of mesosoma color: black. Postero-ventral region of mesosoma color: black. Median notch of transverse pronotal carina presence: present. Transverse pronotal carina length: long, extending postero-laterally of epomia. Pronotal collar sculpture: scrobiculate and foveate. Patch that is part of dorsal region of lateral pronotal area texture: smooth. Pronotal lobe carina presence: absent. Mesonotum color: black. Mesoscutum shape: as long as wide (length of mesoscutum > width of mesoscutum). Antero-admedian line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: equal to lateral ocellus diameter. Parapsidal signum conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Foveae on notaulus presence: absent. Distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: greater than the diameter of one depression. Mesofemoral depression sculpture: foveate. Mesofemoral depression pilosity presence: present. Ventral area of the mesopectus sculpture: foveate. Medial region of transmetapectal carina presence: absent. Area dorsal of transmetapectal carina sculpture: smooth. Posterior propodeal projection shape in lateral view: not raised. Posterior region of plica presence: absent. Dorsal area of the metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture: foveate. Posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: curved. Mesosoma color: black.Legs . Fore leg color: yellow; red. Mid leg color: yellow; red. Hind leg color: black. Metafemur length vs. metatibia length: metafemur equal to or shorter than metatibia. Metabasitarsus length vs metatibia length: metabasitarsus 1.4× to 1.6× as short as metatibia.Wings . Fore wing vein color: black. Setae on proximal region of fore wing color: black.Metasoma . Metasoma color: black. Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: foveate.PageBreakHolotype female: GUATEMALA: (deposited in BMNH). Other material : BRAZIL: 2 females. NCSU 67240-67241 (MZSP). COSTA RICA: 5 females, 2 males. NCSU 9892 (AEIC); NCSU 9893 (UCDC); mx_id 15343-15346 (BMNH); Deans Lab Legacy Identifiers DERV052 (INBC). ECUADOR: 1 female. NCSU 41748 (USNM). MEXICO: 1 female. NCSU 9894 (TAMU).Kawada sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C580F20D-5107-4715-9284-BB21F629004Ehttp://species-id.net/wiki/Evaniscus_rafaeliThe specific epithet honors José Albertino Rafael, a great collector in the Amazon forest and an entomologist at INPA.Evaniscus tibialis : posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: straight; scape length vs compound eye height: scape longer than half compound eye height; mesoscutum shape: wider than long (length of mesoscutum < width of mesoscutum); dorsal region of petiole sculpture: wrinkled. The following character states are present in Evaniscus rafaeli  but not in Evaniscus tibialis : ventral region of occipital carina curvature in lateral view: straight; median notch of transverse pronotal carina presence: present; transverse pronotal carina length: long, extending postero-laterally of epomia; parapsidal signum conspicuousness: inconspicuous.This species shares the following character states with Head . Head color: orange. Mandible color vs clypeus color: mandible color same as clypeus color. Subantennal carina length: extending dorsally of medial margin of lower face. Preorbital carina length: extending dorsally to the ventral margin of the anterior ocellus. Upper face sculpture: foveate. Malar space length vs. half compound eye height : shorter than half compound eye height. Ocellar ocular line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: as long or longer than lateral ocellus diameter. Posterior ocellar length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: 1.5× as long as the diameter of the lateral ocellus. Ventral region of occipital carina curvature in lateral view: straight. Ventral region of the postoccipital carina shape: raised. Radicle color: red. Scape color: red. Scape length vs compound eye height: scape longer than half compound eye height. Female flagellomere 1-8 shape: distinctly wider than long (length of flagellomere < width of flagellomere). Shape of occiput: as high as wide.Mesosoma . Mesosoma length: 2.0–2.0 mm (n=4). Antero-dorsal region of mesosoma color: red. Postero-ventral region of mesosoma color: red. Median notch of transverse pronotal carina presence: present. Transverse pronotal carina length: long, extending postero-laterally of epomia. Pronotal collar sculpture: scrobiculate and foveate. Patch that is part of dorsal region of lateral pronotal area texture: smooth. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Mesonotum color: red. Mesoscutum shape: wider than long (length of mesoscutum < width of mesoscutum). Antero-admedian line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: equal to lateral ocellus diameter. Parapsidal signum conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Foveae on notaulus presence: present. Distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: less than the diameter of one depression. Mesofemoral depression sculpture: smooth. Mesofemoral depression pilosity presence: absent. Ventral area of the mesopectus sculpture: smooth. Medial region of transmetapectal carina presence: absent. Area dorsal of transmetapectal carina sculpture: areolate. Posterior propodeal projection shape in lateral view: not raised. Posterior region of plica presence: absent. Dorsal PageBreakarea of the metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture: foveate. Posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: straight. Mesosoma color: red.Legs . Fore leg color: red. Mid leg color: red. Hind leg color: red-black. Metafemur length vs. metatibia length: metafemur longer than metatibia. Metabasitarsus length vs metatibia length: metabasitarsus 1.2× to 1.4× as short as metatibia.Wings . Fore wing vein color: black. Setae on proximal region of fore wing color: black.Metasoma . Metasoma color: black. Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: wrinkled.PageBreakHOLOTYPE female: BRAZIL: Manaus Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, 26 Km NE Manaus, Arm. suspensa 21m, 22.1988, JA Rafael, NCSU 0067245 (deposited in INPA). Paratypes : BRAZIL: 3 females. NCSU 67243-67244, 67246 (INPA).Enderlein, 1905http://species-id.net/wiki/Evaniscus_rufithoraxEvaniscus rufithorax : Enderlein, 1905  male, deposited at ZMPA, labels: “Bolivien. Mapiri and Peru: Pachita{Pachitea}-Fluß”, mx_id: 480; syntype male, deposited at ZMHB, labels: “Bolivia Mapiri Staudinger, V.”, mx_id: 15349; syntype male, deposited at ZMHB, labels: “Bolivia Mapiri Staudinger, V.”, mx_id: 15350; syntype male, deposited at ZMHB, labels: “Peru Pachitea-Fluss Staudinger, V.”, mx_id: 15351Evaniscus rufithorax : Enderlein, G. 1905: 711Evaniscus rufithorax  is the most commonly collected species of in the genus. This species differs from other Evansicus  by a combination of the following character states: pronotal lobe carina presence: present; subantennal carina length: extending ventrally of medial margin of lower face.Head . Head color: dorsal half of upper face and vertex color black; ventral half of upper face and lower face color red or yellow; orange. Mandible color vs clypeus color: mandible color same as clypeus color. Subantennal carina length: extending ventrally of medial margin of lower face. Preorbital carina length: extending dorsally to ventral margin of the antennal foramen. Upper face sculpture: foveate. Malar space length vs. half compound eye height : shorter than half compound eye height. Ocellar ocular line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: shorter than lateral ocellus diameter. Posterior ocellar length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: 1.5x as long as the diameter of the lateral ocellus. Ventral region of occipital carina curvature in lateral view: straight. Ventral region of the postoccipital carina shape: not raised. Radicle color: yellow; orange. Scape color: yellow; orange. Scape length vs compound eye height: scape shorter than half compound eye height. Female flagellomere 1-8 shape: distinctly longer than wide (length of flagellomere > width of flagellomere). Shape of occiput: as high as wide.Mesosoma . Mesosoma length: 2.25–2.85 mm (n=29). Antero-dorsal region of mesosoma color: red. Postero-ventral region of mesosoma color: black; red. Median notch of transverse pronotal carina presence: present. Transverse pronotal carina length: long, extending postero-laterally of epomia. Pronotal collar sculpture: foveate. Patch that is part of dorsal region of lateral pronotal area texture: smooth. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Mesonotum color: red; black. Mesoscutum shape: as long as wide (length of mesoscutum > width of mesoscutum). Antero-admedian line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: equal to lateral ocellus diameter. Parapsidal signum conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Foveae on notaulus presence: present. Distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: greater than the diameter of one depression. Mesofemoral depression sculpture: smooth. Mesofemoral depression pilosity presence: absent. Ventral area of the mesopectus sculpture: foveate. Medial region of transmetapectal carina presence: absent. Area dorsal of transmetapectal carina sculpture: smooth. Posterior propodeal projection shape in lateral view: not raised. PageBreakPosterior region of plica presence: absent. Dorsal area of the metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture: foveate. Posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: curved. Mesosoma color: black posteroventrally, red anterodorsally.Legs . Fore leg color: yellow; red. Mid leg color: yellow; red. Hind leg color: red-black. Metafemur length vs. metatibia length: metafemur equal to or shorter than metatibia. Metabasitarsus length vs metatibia length: metabasitarsus 1.2× to 1.4× as short as metatibia.Wings . Fore wing vein color: black. Setae on proximal region of fore wing color: black.Metasoma . Metasoma color: black. Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: foveate.PageBreak males. mx_id 15349-15350 (ZMHB); mx_id 23037 (ZMPA). Other material : BRAZIL: 8 females, 31 males, 1 sex unknown. NCSU 2395-2400, 6967-6968, 41750 (AEIC); NCSU 67257-67273, 67279 (INPA); NCSU 9888-9889 (UCDC); NCSU 67280-67286 (MPEG); NCSU 67287-67290 (MZSP). COLOMBIA: 1 female, 4 males. NCSU 33582, 36699, 41741-41742 (NCSU); mx 2840 (unknown). ECUADOR: 9 females, 23 males. NCSU 6969-6974, 6976-6977, 6986-7000 (AEIC); NCSU 6979-6985 (UCDC); NCSU 6975 (INHS); NCSU 6978 (USNM). GUYANA: 1 male. mx_id 15338 (BMNH). PERU: 3 females, 15 males. NCSU 18398-18399 (MZLU); NCSU 67277-67278 (MIUP); NCSU 9886-9887, 9890-9891 (AEIC); mx_id 15340-15342 (BMNH); NCSU 2391-2394 (INHS); NCSU 67274-67276 (CAS). SURINAME: 1 male. mx_id 15337 (BMNH).Lectotype male, current designation: PERU: 1 male. mx_id 15351 (ZMHB). Paralectotypes: 3 males, current designation: BOLIVIA: 3Evaniscus rufithorax  specimens, but is black in this type specimen.A lectotype was designated because syntypes were from specimens with different localities and one syntype varies in color; the male specimen chosen as lectotype from Peru is in very good condition and fits the description well. The male paralectotype from Bolivia that is at ZMPA varies in color (only) from the other type specimens and all known other material; the antero-dorsal region of mesosoma color is red in all Szépligeti, 1903http://species-id.net/wiki/Evaniscus_tibialisEvaniscus tibialis : Szépligeti, 1903  holotype female, deposited at HNHM, labels: “Venezuela: Merida”, mx_id: 482; holotype female, deposited at HNHM, labels: “Merida Venezuela 539 135 Evaniscus tibialis Szepl. id.nr.015742 HNHM Hym. Coll. “, mx_id: 15132Evaniscus tibialis : Szépligeti, G. 1903: 378Evaniscus tibialis  is the largest species of the genus, is the only species that ever has an entirely black body, and can be distinguished from other species by the combination of the following characters: ocellar ocular line length vs lateral ocellus diameter: as long or longer than lateral ocellus diameter; transverse pronotal carina length: short, not extending postero-laterally of epomia; parapsidal signum conspicuousness: conspicuous; posterior propodeal projection shape in lateral view: raised.Head . Head color: black; dorsal half of upper face and vertex color black; ventral half of upper face and lower face color red. Mandible color vs clypeus color: mandible color same as clypeus color. Subantennal carina length: extending dorsally of medial margin of lower face. Preorbital carina length: extending dorsally to the ventral margin of the anterior ocellus. Upper face sculpture: foveate. Malar space length vs half compound eye height : as long as or longer than half compound eye height. Ocellar ocular line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: as long or longer than lateral ocellus diameter. Posterior ocellar length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: 1.5× as long as the diameter of the lateral ocellus. Ventral region of occipital carina curvature in lateral view: curved. Ventral region of the postoccipital carina shape: raised. Radicle color: black; red. Scape color: black; red. Scape length vs compound eye height: scape longer than half compound eye height. Female flagellomere 1-8 shape: distinctly longer than wide (length of flagellomere > width of flagellomere). Shape of occiput: higher than wide.Mesosoma . Mesosoma length: 3.5mm (n=4). Antero-dorsal region of mesosoma color: black. Postero-ventral region of mesosoma color: black. Median notch of transverse pronotal carina presence: absent. Transverse pronotal carina length: short, not extending postero-laterally of epomia. Pronotal collar sculpture: foveate. Patch that is part of dorsal region of lateral pronotal area texture: wrinkled. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Mesonotum color: black. Mesoscutum shape: wider PageBreak than long (length of mesoscutum < width of mesoscutum). Antero-admedian line length vs. lateral ocellus diameter: greater than lateral ocellus diameter. Parapsidal signum conspicuousness: conspicuous. Foveae on notaulus presence: present. Distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: less than the diameter of one depression. Mesofemoral depression sculpture: smooth. Mesofemoral depression pilosity presence: absent. Ventral area of the mesopectus sculpture: smooth. Medial region of transmetapectal carina presence: present. Area dorsal of transmetapectal carina sculpture: areolate. Posterior propodeal projection shape in lateral view: raised. Posterior region of plica presence: present. Dorsal area of the metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture: areolate. Posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: straight. Mesosoma color: black.PageBreakLegs . Fore leg color: red. Mid leg color: red. Hind leg color: black. Metafemur length vs. metatibia length: metafemur longer than metatibia. Metabasitarsus length vs metatibia length: equal.Wings . Fore wing vein color: black. Setae on proximal region of fore wing color: black.Metasoma . Metasoma color: black. Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: wrinkled.Holotype female: VENEZUELA: HNHM Hym Coll., (deposited in HNHM). Other material : BRAZIL: 4 females, 6 males. NCSU 67247-67255 (INPA); NCSU 67256 (MPEG). GUYANA: 2 males. mx_id 15339, 15347 (BMNH). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: 1 female, 3 males. NCSU 9896, 41745-41747 (USNM).Evaniscus .A single most parsimonious tree  was retaSemantic phenotypes . Through the descriptive process, taxonomists stand to contribute an immense body of knowledge that could be used to address a broad array of questions in many realms of biology  the diameter of one depression”. This is more specific than the presence of some large scattered punctures on the mesonotum, but making a semantic statement from this character was not particularly intuitive . For the majority of characters in the descriptions presented here, the process of translation to more meaningful semantic statements was not as complicated.In the original description of Semantic phenotypes in these taxonomic descriptions were created in a logical manner by means of extracting anatomical information from an organism-specific ontology, such as the HAO, and pairing this with a quality from a general trait ontology (PATO). The natural language description persists, but a machine-readable interpretation is constructed that can be stored on the Semantic Web, where the valuable phenotypic data can easily be mined by computers and captured for use by taxonomists, biologists, or, essentially, anyone who wants to query the database of descriptions. Taxonomy that includes ontology-based descriptions, such as those presented in this manuscript, avails phenotype data to experts in all domains through bioinformatics applications.PageBreakGeographic distribution . In addition to the discovery of two new species, our results expand upon the geographical range of the four previously described species. Subsequently to the original descriptions, Evaniscus tibialis  has been collected in northeast Guyana, northern Brazil, and Trinidad. The range of Evaniscus rufithorax  has been expanded into north-central western Brazil, northeastern and southern Ecuador, and southern Colombia. Evaniscus marginatus  was described from Guatemala, and has now been collected in Costa Rica, Mexico, Brazil and Ecuador.Evaniscus lansdownei  was collected in Amazonas, one of these cockroach species could potentially represent the host of Evaniscus lansdownei .The majority of described evaniid species to date are from tropical regions , which iEvaniscus tibialis  specimens in this study were collected at the entrance to Tamana Caves, Trinidad. Blaberus posticus  dominates the cockroach fauna in this area, but because this is a blaberid and retains the ootheca within the abdominal wall, as do all other species dwelling in the caves, it is highly unlikely that they could be the host of Evaniscus tibialis  .Evaniscus , heterochromatism is limited to the head and mesosoma in Evaniscus rufithorax . The most distinct color morph of Evaniscus rufithorax  has the dorsal half of the upper face and vertex black while the ventral half of the upper face and lower face is red or yellow. However, a few males and females have an entirely red head. A similar color pattern can be applied to the mesosoma in this species; the majority of specimens have the postero-ventral region of the mesosoma black and the antero-dorsal region red, but some males and females have an entirely red mesosoma. The same variation in head color pattern applies to some specimens of Evaniscus tibialis , including the holotype.In Evaniscus rufithorax , or if rearing temperature plays a role in adult coloration. The females with entirely red heads were collected in Ecuador with the exception of one specimen collected in Brazil. This PageBreak heterochromatism is not female-limited, however, since males of the species do exhibit the same red color morph. There is geographical overlap between the red morphs and the more common specimens with the dorsal half of the upper face and vertex black and the postero-ventral region of the mesosoma black and the antero-dorsal region red. In addition to Evaniscus , intraspecific polychromatism has also been observed in Hyptia thoracica  specimens collected in the Sandhills Gamelands in North Carolina, with up to 8 different color morphs all present in the same area .With the limited availability of specimens in this study, it is difficult to determine if there is any correlation with color variation and biogeography in Systematics . In the morphological analysis, Evansicus  was well supported as a monophyletic lineage . Evaniscus rafaeli  was placed as sister to Evaniscus tibialis , and these two share several synapomorphic character states: posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: straight; scape length vs compound eye height: scape longer than half compound eye height; mesoscutum shape: wider than long (length of mesoscutum < width of mesoscutum); distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: less than the diameter of one depression; dorsal region of petiole sculpture: wrinkled; metafemur length vs. metatibia length: metafemur longer than metatibia. While these two species share several characteristics, the support for their monophyly is moderate . Nearly 25% of parsimony informative characters were apomorphies for Evaniscus tibialis . Despite the morphological analysis placing Evaniscus tibialis  as sister to Evaniscus rafaeli , to the naked eye this species looks distinctly different from other Evaniscus  species, and our understanding of the placement of Evaniscus tibialis  would benefit from future molecular analyses.Evaniscus  comprising Evaniscus lansdownei , Evaniscus marginatus , Evaniscus rufithorax  and Evaniscus sulcigenis  was moderately supported , but all species share several derived character states: posterior margin of the metapectal-propodeal complex ventrally of the propodeal foramen curvature in lateral view: curved; scape length vs compound eye height: scape shorter than half compound eye height; mesoscutum shape: as long as wide (length of mesoscutum > width of mesoscutum); distance between depressions vs. diameter of depressions on internotaular area: greater than the diameter of one depression; dorsal region of petiole sculpture: foveate.The clade of Evaniscus  species share have been documented in this manuscript. Previous to this study, very few females of Evaniscus  had been observed, and it was thought that the ovipositor is short and completely hidden within the metasoma  .rphology . For exarvation) . In addiEvaniidae  are also sexually dimorphic (Evaniscus , females have a ventral sensillar patch on flagellomeres 6–12 or 8–12, whereas males do not, and many females also have flagellomeres that are distinctly wider than long, where male flagellomeres are as long as wide or longer than wide. In Evaniscus marginatus  and Evaniscus tibialis , for example, flagellomeres 1–8 are distinctly wider than long in the female, but not in the male. Evaniscus rufithorax  is likely unique among Evaniscus  species in that the antennal flagellomeres do not exhibit the flagellomere shape sexual dimorphism; however, a ventral sensillar patch on flagellomeres 6–12 is present in females but not in males. We cannot be certain this is the only species that exhibits this character state, as the male is not yet known for Evaniscus rafaeli  and females are still unknown for Evaniscus lansdownei  and Evaniscus sulcigenis .Many hymenopterans have sexually dimorphic antennae (imorphic . In EvanEvaniidae  specimens is the connection between the petiole and the first abdominal segment. This difference can be observed in a longitudinal section through the junction between the two sclerites in the petiole. In males, the foramen of the petiole receives the connection to the junction of the first abdominal tergite and sternite. The first abdominal tergite has a folding anterior edge along with the first abdominal sternite. These are generally divided into two sclerites: a lower tubular sclerite and another larger sclerite, which covers a large area of the first abdominal sternum (PageBreakPageBreakAnother difference between male and female  sternum . In the  sternum .


There are several indications that malfunctions of the circadian clock contribute to depression. To search for particular circadian gene polymorphisms associated with depression, diverse polymorphisms were genotyped in two samples covering a range of depressed volunteers and participants with normal mood.Depression mood self-ratings and DNA were collected independently from a sample of patients presenting to a sleep disorders center (1086 of European origin) and from a separate sample consisting of 399 participants claiming delayed sleep phase symptoms and 406 partly-matched controls. A custom Illumina Golden Gate array of 768 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was assayed in both samples, supplemented by additional SNPlex and Taqman assays, including assay of 41 ancestry-associated markers (AIMs) to control stratification.FMR1: rs25702 , rs25714 (P=1.83E-05), and rs28900 (P=5.24E-05). This FMR1 association was supported by 8 SNPs with nominal significance and a nominally-significant gene-wise set test. There was no association of depressed mood with FMR1 in the delayed sleep phase case–control sample or in downloaded GWAS data from the GenRED 2 sample contrasting an early-onset recurrent depression sample with controls. No replication was located in other GWAS studies of depression. Our data did weakly replicate a previously-reported association of depression with PPARGC1B rs7732671 (P=0.0235). Suggestive associations not meeting strict criteria for multiple testing and replication were found with GSK3B, NPAS2, RORA, PER3, CRY1, MTNR1A and NR1D1. Notably, 16 SNPs nominally associated with depressed mood (14 in GSK3B) were also nominally associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome (P=3E10-6).In the Sleep Clinic sample, these assays yielded Bonferroni-significant association with depressed mood in three linked SNPs of the gene FMR1 SNPs might be linked to complex polymorphisms more functionally related to depression, large gene resequencing studies may be needed to clarify the import for depression of these circadian genes.Considering the inconsistencies between samples and the likelihood that the significant three  PER gene was shown to reside on the X chromosome in Drosophila, it was suggested that circadian period (tau) in humans might also be regulated by an X chromosome gene ; FMRP: The fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) protein; FXR2: Fragile X mental retardation, autosomal homolog 2 [HGNC:4024]; GAIN: Genetic association information network, denoting the GAIN major depression: stage 1 genome-wide association in population based samples study; GenRED: The NIMH genetics of recurrent early-onset depression project; GSK3B: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta [HGNC:4617]; GWAS: Genome-wide association study; HGNC: HUGO gene nomenclature committee at the European bioinformatics institute, http://www.genenames.org/; IRB: Institutional review board; MAOA: Monoamine oxidase A [HGNC:6833]; MDS: The NIMH molecular genetics of Schizophrenia project; MTNR1A: Melatonin receptor 1A [HGNC:7463]; NPAS2: Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 [HGNC:7895]; NR1D1: Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 [HGNC:7962]; NR1D2: Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 2 [HGNC:7963]; OPN4: Opsin 4 [HGNC:14449], previously melanopsin; OR: Odds ratio; PER: Period (Drosophila melanogaster) [GenBank:NC_004354]; PER3: Period circadian clock 3 [HGNC:8847]; PPARGC1B: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta [HGNC:30022]; QIDS-SR: Quick inventory of depressive symptomatology self report; RORA: RAR-related orphan receptor A [HGNC:10258]; RORC: RAR-related orphan receptor C [HGNC:10260]; RRE: RevErbA/ROR binding element; RXRA: Retinoid X receptor, alpha [HGNC:10477]; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; TEF: Thyrotrophic embryonic factor [HGNC:11722]; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor [HGNC:11892]; UTR: Untranslated region.ARNTL: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like [HGNC:701]; ASMT: Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase [HGNC:750]; CLOCK: Clock circadian regulator [HGNC:2082]; CRY1: Cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like) [HGNC:2384]; D-box: DBP/E4BP4 binding element; DBP: D site of albumin promoter  binding protein [HGNC:2697]; DSPS: Delayed sleep phase syndrome; ENCODE: Encyclopedia of DNA elements consortium data listed by UCSC genome bioinformatics; FMR1: Fragile X mental retardation 1 [HGNC:3775]; FMR1-AS1: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.DFK designed the Sleep Clinic and DSPS data collection, helped select polymorphisms for assay, performed most statistical analyses, and wrote the manuscript first draft. CMN contributed to the design of the studies, selected polymorphisms for Illumina and AIMs assays, assisted assay interpretation and quality control, and participated in statistical analyses. GJT planned the Illumina Golden Gate assay design, selected genes and polymorphisms of interest, and arranged assay of DSPS samples in the UCSF Core laboratories. SSM oversaw the Golden Gate assay of the Sleep Clinic Samples and Sequenom assays of AIMs, called the Illumina genotypes for all participants, and participated in quality control and statistical design. KMR participated in DSPS study design, recruited and interviewed most of the DSPS study participants, built the DSPS clinical data base, and supported IRB oversight. APG and EKH recruited and interviewed most of the Sleep Clinic participants, built the Sleep Clinic study data base, and participated in study administration and IRB compliance. H-JL performed TaqMan assays and compiled much of the seasonal depression data base. JRK contributed to DSPS study design, supervised DNA purification as well as SNPlex and Taqman assays done in his laboratory, and consulted on preliminary results. LEK organized clinical research participation of Sleep Clinic physicians, interviewed and diagnosed patients, and arranged Scripps Clinic academic funding and staff support. All authors critiqued and approved the final manuscript.Summary of Sleep Clinic, DSPS, and GenRED data sets. Worksheet 1, Meta-analyses and regressions: contains the main PLINK linear regression and meta-analysis outcomes for the polymorphisms analyzed. For the column key, see worksheet 1, cell B870. Worksheet 2, Sleep Clinic Set Test: shows the gene-wise PLINK set test results for the Sleep Clinic sample. Worksheet 3, DSPS Set Test: shows the gene-wise PLINK set test results for the DSPS study sample. Worksheet 4, Pleiotropy of Delayed Sleep Phase and Depression-Associated SNPs.Click here for fileAcknowledgement of GWAS sources. Lists the sources, authors, and acknowledgements for GenRED, MDS controls used with GenRED, and GAIN GWAS data sets.Click here for file


François Depault was not included in the author byline. He is listed as the third author and affiliated with Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.Trim16 to Alter Susceptibility to Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. PLoS Genet 9(1): e1003203. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003203The corrected citation is Stefanov AN, Fox J, Depault F, Haston CK (2013) Positional Cloning Reveals Strain-Dependent Expression of The corrected author contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: CKH ANS. Performed the experiments: ANS JF. Analyzed the data: ANS FD CKH. Wrote the paper: CKH.


The CuII atom in the anion is coordinated by two bidentate oxalate ligands in a distorted square-planar geometry. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds, involving the NH groups as donors and O atoms as acceptors, are observed, which lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure.The asymmetric unit of the title salt, (C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811025682/wm2502Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


An initial is missing in the fifth author's name. The correct name is: Carlo MT Marobbio. The updated Author Contributions are: "Conceived and designed the experiments: PD MA JT JHJ CMTM EB FP KG GG ELH TL. Performed the experiments: PD MA SFL RS JT JHJ CMTM EB GG. Analyzed the data: PD SB TN JT JHJ CMTM EB FP KG GG ELH TL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AM GF. Wrote the paper: PD ELH TL FP."


Mytilus are suspension feeders relatively tolerant to a wide range of environmental changes, used as sentinels in ecotoxicological investigations and marketed worldwide as seafood. Mortality events caused by infective agents and parasites apparently occur less in mussels than in other bivalves but the molecular basis of such evidence is unknown. The arrangement of Mytibase, interactive catalogue of 7,112 transcripts of M. galloprovincialis, offered us the opportunity to look for gene sequences relevant to the host defences, in particular the innate immunity related genes.Sessile bivalves of the genus M. galloprovincialis. Automatically assisted searches of protein signatures and manually cured sequence analysis confirmed the molecular diversity of recognition/effector molecules such as the antimicrobial peptides and many carbohydrate binding proteins. Molecular motifs identifying complement C1q, C-type lectins and fibrinogen-like transcripts emerged as the most abundant in the Mytibase collection whereas, conversely, sequence motifs denoting the regulatory cytokine MIF and cytokine-related transcripts represent singular and unexpected findings. Using a cross-search strategy, 1,820 putatively immune-related sequences were selected to design oligonucleotide probes and define a species-specific Immunochip (DNA microarray). The Immunochip performance was tested with hemolymph RNAs from mussels injected with Vibrio splendidus at 3 and 48 hours post-treatment. A total of 143 and 262 differentially expressed genes exemplify the early and late hemocyte response of the Vibrio-challenged mussels, respectively, with AMP trends confirmed by qPCR and clear modulation of interrelated signalling pathways.We have explored and described the Mytibase sequence clusters and singletons having a putative role in recognition, intracellular signalling, and neutralization of potential pathogens in Vibrio-activated mussel hemocytes. The microarray platform and related expression data can be regarded as a step forward in the study of the adaptive response of the Mytilus species to an evolving microbial world.The Mytibase collection is rich in gene transcripts modulated in response to antigenic stimuli and represents an interesting window for looking at the mussel immunome . On this basis, we have defined a new microarray platform, a mussel Immunochip, as a flexible tool for the experimental validation of immune-candidate sequences, and tested its performance on  DNA sequencing, genomic and post-genomic techniques have made available long lists of partially described sequences and impose the construction of databases essential for mining very large data sets ,2. WheneMytilicola and Urastoma, protozoans such as Bonamia, Haplosporidium Marteilia, Perkinsus spp., bacteria of the genus Nocardia and Vibrio, Herpes and enteric viruses. Microbial species take part in the biogeochemical cycles and some of them are expected to play a probiotic role in their typical hosts. The common rod-shaped Vibrios (> 60 Gram negative heterotrophic species) well exemplify associations ranging from mutualistic to pathogenic in aquatic animals  and the launch of a new InterProScan Sequence Search interface  domain, nucleotide-binding and Toll-Interleukin receptor domains, caspase recruitment and helicase domains , and rep studies ,112.A multiple search strategy guided the extraction of putative immune-related sequences from Mytibase, the mussel transcript database . We usedSelected immune sequence groups, mainly identified in Mytibase by textual search of Interpro domains  and/or BOne thousand and 820 oligonucleotide probes were designed with OligoArray 2.1  on the sIsochrisis galbana. Following careful shell notching, 0.1 ml of exponentially growing bacteria (107 Colony Forming Units of V. splendidus LGP32 in Trypsin-Casein-Soy medium) were injected into the posterior adductor muscle. One ml of hemolymph was withdrawn from individual mussels at 3 and 48 h post-injection and 10 hemolymph/group were pooled [Native mussels of commercial size (6.8 ± 0.7 cm lenght) from one outlet of the Venice lagoon  were acclimatized for one week in sea water collected at flood tide  and fed with e pooled . Hemolym® ND-1000UV spectrophotometer and Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer . Equal amounts of 4 pooled hemolymph samples, representing 40 mussels injected with PBS-NaCl, were mixed to define one unique reference sample to be competitively hybridized on the Immunochip.Total RNA from pooled hemolymph of treated and control mussels was extracted and additionally purified with high molar LiCl. RNA concentration and quality were ascertained by using the NanoDropin vitro transcription reaction, then mono-functional NHS-esters of Cy3 or -Cy5 dyes  were resuspended in DMSO and covalently coupled to the aminoallyl-aRNA probes for 1 h at room temperature in the dark [Hemolymph mRNA was linearly amplified from total RNA with the Message-Amp™ II aRNA Amplification kit (Ambion): 5--UTP modified nucleotides were incorporated into the aRNA during the the dark . Followi® (PerkinElmer). Normalisation of the fluorescence signals was performed by using the total and LOWESS (Logfit) algorithm with MIDAS  [versus control sample were identified by means of the Significance Analysis of Microarrays available from the Stanford University, CA  [Immunochip fluorescence signals were scanned using two lasers (633 nm and 543 nm) at 5 μm resolution with a GSI Lumonics LITE dual confocal laser scanner. Image processing and signal quantification were performed with the software ScanArray Expressas.html) . The logDR < 2%) ,125. SimDR < 2%) .http://mussel.cribi.unipd.it. The Mytilus galloprovincialis Immunochip (GPL10758) and related expression data  have been recorded at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo.The mussel knowledgebase is available following registration at AIF: Allograft Inflammatory Factor; AKT: RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase; AMP: Anti Microbial Peptides; APAF1: Apoptotic Peptidase Activating Factor 1; ASC: Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD; BCL2: Baculoviral apoptosis regulator 2; C1-5 Complement component; CALR: Calreticulin; CASP: Caspase; CD63/LIMP: Tetraspanin-7 (lysosome membrane protein); CLR: C-type Lectin Receptor; CLR: C-type Lectin Receptor; CRD: Carbohydrate Recognition Domain; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; EST: Expressed Sequence Tag; FADD: FAS (TNFRSF)-associated via death domain; FNBP1: Formin-Binding Protein 1; FREP: Fibrinogen-Related Protein; GO: Gene Ontology; GRP: Glucose-Regulated Protein; HSC70: Heat Shock Cognate 70; HSP: Heat Shock Protein; IAP: Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; IAP: Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Ig: Immunoglobulin; IKBα: Inhibitor of nuclear factor Kappa-B kinase alpha; IKK: Inhibitor of nuclear factor Kappa-B Kinase complex; IL: InterLeukin; INX: Innexin; IPR: Identifiable PRotein feature based on the InterPro database; IRAK4: Interleukin Receptor-Associated Kinase 4; JAK: Janus kinase 1; KLHL: Kelch-like protein; LAMP: Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein; LBP: Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein; LDLR: Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor; LITAF: LPS-Induced TNF-Alpha Factor; LPS: LipoPolySaccharide; LRR: Leucine Rich Repeat; M6PR: Mannose 6 Phosphate Receptor; MACPF: Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin; MAPKs: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; MASP: Mannan-binding lectin Serine Protease; MBL: Mannose Binding Lectin; MGCs: Mytibase consensuses or singletons ; MIF: Migration Inhibitory Factor; MNK: MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase; MR1: Mannose Receptor 1; MyD88: Myeloid Differentiation primary response gene 88; NALP: NATCH, LRR, and PYR containing proteins; NCBI: National Centre for Biotechnological Information; NFkB: Nuclear Factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells; NLR: NOD-Like Receptor; NOD: Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain; P13K: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-Kinase; P2X7: ATP-gated ionotropic P2X purinoceptor subunit 7; PA28: Proteasome Activator subunit 28; PAC2: Proteasome Assembly Chaperone 2; PAMP: Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern; PGRP: Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein; PI31: Proteasome Inhibitor PI31 subunit; Pim: proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase Pim; ProPO: ProPhenolOxidase; PRR: Pathogen Recognition Receptors; RAB: Ras-related gtp-Binding protein; RIG: Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene-I; RIP: Receptor-Interacting serine-threonine kinase; RLR: RIG-Like Receptor; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; SEC22: vesicle transport protein SEC22; SOD: SuperOxide Dismutase; SP: serine proteases; SRCR: Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich protein precursor; TAB: TAK-binding protein; TAK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; TIMP3: Tissue Inhibitors of MetalloProteinase 3; TIR: Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor; TIRAP: Toll-Interleukin Receptor (TIR) domain containing Adaptor Protein; TLR: Toll-Like Receptor; TNF: Tumour Necrosis Factor; TNFR: Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor; TOLLIP: TOLL-Interacting Protein; TRADD: TnfRsf-Associated via Death Domain; TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6; Ub: Ubiquitin; UBR5: Ubiquitin protein Ligase E3 (component n-recognin 5); UniProtKB: UniProt Knowledgebase; α2: proteasome subunit alpha type-2; β4, β5: Proteasome subunit beta type-4,-5.http://microcribi.cribi.unipd.it). BC and CM prepared the Immunochip slides using custom-synthesized oligonucleotides. AP guided the Mytibase annotations, carried out specific sequence analysis and supported manuscript development. FR, AF and BN provided valuable inputs for Immunochip definition and text improvements . PV performed the mussel treatment, evaluated the Mytibase sequences for the Immunochip definition, drafted and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.LV and UR performed RNA purification and processing, microarray experiments and data analysis, LV also supported the overall interpretation. FB (former Mytibase curator) designed the oligonucleotides and performed the AMP analysis. GL assured the equipment and supervised the microarray work  are reported. Similarities resulting from InterproScan Analysis are reported in brackets Click here for fileV. splendidusDifferentially expressed genes in mussel hemocytes at 48 h post-injection of live . Probe ID, sequence information and ordered expression values  are reported. Similarities resulting from InterproScan Analysis are reported in brackets Click here for fileV. splendidusCommon differentially expressed genes in mussel hemocytes at 3 and 48 h post-injection of live . Probe ID, sequence information and ordered expression values . Similarities resulting from InterproScan Analysis are reported in brackets Click here for file


Trypodendron retusum (LeConte). In Steve’s words, “The attraction was immediate and permanent.” His interest in natural history lead him to attend Utah State University where he received his B. S. degree in 1946 and M. S. degree in 1948, majoring in Entomology. His Masters thesis was a survey of the Scolytidae of Logan Canyon in Utah and their host plants (publication #1). He received his Ph.D. in 1953 from the University of Kansas with a dissertation on a taxonomic revision of the North American Cryphalini (publication #4). During his graduate studies Steve met and interacted with the leaders in the field of bark beetle systematics, which highlighted his burgeoning career  Thatcher, a specialist in scolytid systematics, who sent him into the woods to begin an insect collection for a class project. Steve dug his pocketknife into a pinhole in an aspen tree and eased out a small beetle, g career .Coleoptera Emeritus until ill health forced him to terminate his activities in 2008.After graduation, Steve joined the staff of the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario, and remained there for three years until family considerations and the call of the Utah mountains inspired him to change employment. In 1956, he accepted the position of Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology and Entomology at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah and remained there until his death. After retirement, Steve continued his association and his research at BYU at the Monte L. Bean Life Sciences Museum as Professor Emeritus and Curator of Coleoptera collection in the Life Science Museum until his retirement . Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. 900 pp.109) Wood SL (2007) Bark and Ambrosia beetles of South America (Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 53: 259–281.108) Wood SL (1993) Revision of the genera of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Part 2: Taxonomic Index, Volumes A & B. Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist 13. 1553 pp.107) Wood SL, Bright  DE (1992) A catalog of the of the Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 52: 78–88.106) Wood SL (1992) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 52: 89–92.105) Wood SL (1992) Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae (Coleoptera) de Costa Rica. Clave de la subfamilia Scolytinae, Tribu: Corthylini. Revista de Biologia Tropical 40: 247–286.104) Wood SL, Stevens GC, Lezama HJ (1992) Los Scolytidae de Costa Rica: clave de géneros y de la subfamilia Hylesinae (Coleoptera). Revista de Biologia Tropical 39: 125–148.103) Wood SL, Stevens GC, Lezama HJ (1991) Los Scolytidae (Coleoptera) de Costa Rica II. Clave para la subfamilia Scolytinae, tribus: Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Micracini, Ipini, Dryocoetini, Xyleborini y Cryphalini. Revista de Biologia Tropical 39: 279–306.102) Wood SL, Stevens GC, Lezama HJ (1991) Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Part IV. Great Basin Naturalist 49: 167–185.101) Wood SL (1989) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the International Congress of Entomology 18: 410.100) Wood SL (1988) Recent advances in knowledge of the distribution and classification of the Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the International Congress of Entomology 18: 40.99) Wood SL (1988) Systematic position of the Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Part III. Great Basin Naturalist 48: 188–195.98) Wood SL (1988) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 48: 31–38.97) Wood SL (1988) Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 47: 547–550.PageBreak96) Wood SL (1987) Six new Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Part 1. Bibliography. Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist 11. 685 pp.95) Wood SL, Bright DE (1987) A Catalog of the of the Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist 9. 126 pp.94) Wood SL (1986) A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Asia. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 465–467.93) Wood SL, Huang FS (1986) New genus of Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part XI. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 265–273.92) Wood SL (1986) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Pseudoxylechinus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from India. Great Basin Naturalist 43: 468.91) Wood SL (1986) New Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Asia. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 465–467.90) Wood SL, Huang F (1986) New genus of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in Asia. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 461–464.89) Wood SL, Yin F (1986) Relict occurrence of three “American” Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 45: 266–275.88) Wood SL (1985) New synonymy and new species of bark beetles (Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 44: 223–230.87) Wood SL (1984) New generic synonymy and new genera of Hypocryphalus mangiferae  : proposed conservation under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 41: 189–190.86) Wood SL (1984) 85) Wood SL (1984) Review of: J. B. Mitton and K. B. Sturgeon (Eds), Bark beetles of North American conifers. New York Entomological Society Journal 92: 93–94.Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part X. Great Basin Naturalist 43: 113–119.84) Wood SL (1984) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part IX. Great Basin Naturalist 43: 647–659.83) Wood SL (1983) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles . In: Jansen DH (Ed) Costa Rican NaturalHistory. University of Chicago Press, 758–759.82) Wood SL (1983) Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 42: 223–231.81) Wood SL (1982) New species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist 6. 1359 pp.80) Wood SL (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (P1atypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 41: 121–128.79) Wood SL (1981) Nomenclatural changes and new species in Scolytidae de Mexico. In: Premer simposio nacional sobre parasitologia forestal, 18–19 de Febrero de 1980, Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico. Memoria Sociedad Mexicana de Emtomologia, 13–57.78) Wood SL (1980) Los Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with two recently introduced species. Great Basin Naturalist 40: 353–358.77) Wood SL (1980) New American bark beetles (Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 40: 89–97.76) Wood SL (1980) New genera and new generic synonymy in Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part VIII. Great Basin Naturalist 39: 133–142.75) Wood SL (1979) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles  Wood SL (1979) A catalog of the Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part VII. Great Basin Naturalist 38: 397–405.73) Wood SL (1978) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Annales of the Societe Entomologique de France 14: 95–122.72) Wood SL (1978) A reclassification of the subfamilies and tribes of Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part VI. Great Basin Naturalist 37: 511–522.71) Wood SL (1977) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part V. Great Basin Naturalist 37: 383–394.70) Wood SL (1977) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part IV. Great Basin Naturalist 37: 207–220.69) Wood SL (1977) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 37: 57–74.68) Wood SL (1977) Introduced and exported American Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part III. Great Basin Naturalist 35: 347–355.67) Wood SL (1976) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 33: 4pp.66) Wood SL (1976) Reply to comments on the proposal to conserve Phloeotribus Latreille, 1804 . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 32: 122–123.65) Wood SL (1975) Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Part II. Great Basin Naturalist 35: 391–401.64) Wood SL (1975) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 35: 21–32.63) Wood SL (1975) New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 34: 277–290.62) Wood SL (1974) New synonymy and records of American bark beetles . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 31: 232–233.61) Wood SL (1974) Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864 . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 31: 230–231.60) Wood SL (1974) Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Phloeosinus Chapuis, 1869 . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 31: 236–237.59) Wood SL (1974) Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Liparthrum Wollaston, 1864 . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 31: 234–235.PageBreak58) Wood SL (1974) Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Phloeotribus Latreille, 1804 . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 31: 122–123.57) Wood SL (1974) Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Corthylus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 34: 181–202.56) Wood SL (1974) New species of American Corthylini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 34: 135–150.55) Wood SL (1974) New species of American Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 19. 67 pp.54) Wood SL (1974) New species of American bark beetles (Microcorthylus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 33: 265–275.53) Wood SL (1973) New species of American Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Part III. Great Basin Naturalist 33: 169–188.52) Wood SL (1973) New synonymy in American bark beetles (Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 33: 77–90.51) Wood SL (1973) On the taxonomic status of Platypus parallelus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 27: 51–52.50) Wood SL (1973) A correction in the taxonomic identity of Platypodidae Coleoptera. Science 178: 1085–1086.49) Wood SL (1972) Review of K. E. Schedl, Monographie der familie Scolytini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Bulletin of Entomological Researeh 62: 243–246.48) Wood SL (1972) Notes on the classification of the tribe Cryphalini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 32: 40–54.47) Wood SL (1972) New synonymy in the bark beetle tribe Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Part II. Great Basin Naturalist 32: 190–201.46) Wood SL (1972) New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 31: 140–152.45) Wood SL (1972) New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae (Ipidae). In: M. H. Hatch, The beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part 5. University of Washington, Publications in Biology 16, 395–428.44) Wood SL (1972) Family Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 31: 243–253.43) Wood SL (1972) New records and species of American Scolytidae: Coleoptera) from western North America. Great Basin Naturalist 31: 69–76.42) Wood SL (1972) New species of bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Part V. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 15(3). 54 pp.41) Wood SL (1971) New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 29: 113–128.40) Wood SL (1969) New synonymy and records of Cactopinus Schwarz (Scolytidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 23: 42–51.39) Wood SL (1969) Additions to the horned bark beetle genus Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Part IV. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 10(2). 46 pp.38) Wood SL (1969) New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Cnesinus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of North and Central America. Great Basin Naturalist 28: 88–110.37) Wood SL (1968) A key to the species of the genus Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Part III. Great Basin Naturalist 28: 1–15.36) Wood SL (1968) New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (PageBreakScolytidae: Coleoptera). Part II. Great Basin Naturalist. 27: 119–141.35) Wood SL (1967) New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 27: 79–97.34) Wood SL (1967) New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican. Part VII. Great Basin Naturalist 27: 37–57.33) Wood SL (1967) New species of bark beetles : proposed designation of a type-species under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 24: 121–122.32) Wood SL (1967) Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 26: 45–70.31) Wood SL (1966) New records and species of neotropical Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 26: 17–33.30) Wood SL (1966) New synonymy in the Eupagiocerus Blandford (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 25: 31–35.29) Wood SL (1965) The genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 24: 59–70.28) Wood SL (1964) New species of North American Dendroctonus Erichson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 23: 1–117.27) Wood SL (1963) A revision of the bark beetle genus Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 22: 76–82.26) Wood SL (1962) Miscellaneous taxonomic notes on Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mostly Mexican, Part VI. Great Basin Naturalist 21: 87–107.25) Wood SL (1961) New species of bark beetles  from the Philippine Islands. Great Basin Naturalist 21: 8–9.24) Wood SL (1961) A new Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Colombia. Great Basin Naturalist 21: 1–7.23) Wood SL (1961) New records and species of Myelophilus Eichhoff, 1878. (Insecta: Coleoptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 18(5): 319–321.22) Wood SL (1961) An alternate proposal to the suggested validation of Scolytidae. The Coleopterists Bulletin 15: 41–48.21) Wood SL (1961) A key to the North American genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from western North America. Great Basin Naturalist 20: 59–69.20) Wood SL (1960) New records and species of Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Micronesia 18(1): 1–73.19) Wood SL (1960) Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 19: 57–62.18) Wood SL (1959) New records and species of Arizona bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part V. Great Basin Naturalist 19: 1–7.17) Wood SL (1959) New species of bark beetles (Pityoborus Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Naturalist 18: 46–56.PageBreak16) Wood SL (1958) Bark Beetles of the genus Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 18: 37–40.15) Wood SL (1958) Some virtually unknown North American Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part IV. Great Basin Naturalist 17: 105–110.14) Wood SL (1957) New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Great Basin Naturalist 17: 103–104.13) Wood SL (1957) A new generic name for and some biological data on an unusual Central American beetle (Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Bulletin Institut francis d’Afrique Noire 19: 1272–1273.12) Wood SL (1957) Results from the Danish expedition to the French Cameroons 1949–50. XXIII. Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Canadian Entomologist 89: 396–403.11) Wood SL (1957) Distributional notes on and synonymies of some North American Xyloterini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. The Canadian Entomologist 89: 337–354.10) Wood SL (1957) Ambrosia beetles of the tribe Hylobius piceus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 89: 37–43.9) Wood SL (1957) The North American allies of Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part III. The Canadian Entomologist 88: 247–258.8) Wood SL (1956) New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist 88: 231–240.7) Wood SL (1956) New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part I. The Canadian Entomologist 88: 141–154.6) Wood SL (1956) New species of bark beetles (Carphoborus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. The Canadian Entomologist 86: 502–5265) Wood SL (1954) Bark beetles of the genus Cryphalini (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 36: 959–1090.4) Wood SL (1954) A revision of North American Coleoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 45: 613–617.3) Wood SL (1952) Observations of the homologies of the copulatory apparatus in male Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Utah. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 24: 31–32.2) Wood SL (1951) Two new species and a new genus of Scolytidae of the Logan Canyon area of Utah and their host plants. Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 26: 127–128.1) Wood SL (1951) The


AbstractPedionis (Pedionis) nankunshanensis Li, Dai & Li sp. n. and Pedionis (Pedionis) tabulatus Li, Dai & Li sp. n. from China are described and illustrated. A key is given to separate all species of this genus (except Pedionis (Pedionis) oeroe and Pedionis (Pedionis) thyia).Two new species  Pedionis belongs to the tribe Macropsini, subfamily Macropsinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and was established by Pediopsis garuda Distant, 1916 as its type species. Hamilton separated two subgenera Pedionis PageBreakand Thyia by anteapical cells and proposed six new combinations (one in subgenus Thyia) and described three new species. Later, 12 new species  are found in southern of China  and most Pedionis species are associated with shrubs and trees.Species of Pedionis (Pedionis) oeroe and Pedionis (Pedionis) thyia). The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).In this paper, two new Chinese species of the genus from Guizhou and Guangdong Province are described and illustrated. 23 species of the genus and a key to species from the world is provided  Pediopsis garuda Distant, 1916: 239. Following Oriental region, Palaearctic region, Northern Australia.SubgenusHamiltonPedionis (Thyia) Macropsis thyia Kirkaldy, 1907: 36. Following Northern Australia.PageBreakNotes: Thespecies Pedionis (Pedionis) oeroe should belong to the subgenus Pedionis by tegmina with only 2 subapical cells and veins dark fuscous multiannulate with whitish according to the original description, but no male genitalia manuscript (Pedionis (Pedionis) thyia is distinguished from others by amount of anteapical cells , therefore, the key don’t encompass these two species.nuscript , the speLi, Dai & Li sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F6618549-C9A5-4430-8458-43FC0B39DDB0http://species-id.net/wiki/Pedionis_(Pedionis)_nankunshanensisBody yellowish-brown . The verPageBreakmargin to dorsad, and mesal-ventral apical margin minutely serrated : ♂, China: Guangdong Prov., Nankunshan, 24 August 2010, collected by Hu Li (GUGC). Paratypes: 1♂1♀, same data as holotype; 2♀♀, Guangdong Prov., Nankunshan, 22 August 2010, collected by Junqiang Ni (GUGC).PageBreakHolotype Pedionis (Pedionis) yunnana Zhang & Viraktamath, 2010 but can be distinguished from the latter by having the apical processes on aedeagal shaft serrated; the subapical processes reflexed ventral aspect view, apex digitations.This species is similar to The new species name refers to the type locality.Li, Dai & Li sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F3EBE21A-C693-4E00-94EA-B5FBE7706B78http://species-id.net/wiki/Pedionis_(Pedionis)_tabulatusPedionis (Pedionis) lii Zhang & Viraktamath, 2010 but more dark and pronotum slightly concave, with a white belt on posterior margin (Body coloration and appearance similar to r margin .Pedionis (Pedionis) nankunshanensis sp. n. but differs by mesal-dorsal serration.Pygofer broad, obliquely truncate, the apex obtuse in lateral view, produced regularly spike-spines and setae on the ventral margin . SubgeniUnknown.♂, 5.2mm.Length (including tegmen): ♂, China: Guizhou Prov., Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, Baishaogou, 7 June 2010, collected by Hu Li (GUGC).Holotype Pedionis (Pedionis) yunnana Zhang & Viraktamath, 2010 but differs markedly from the latter in having the apical processes on aedeagal shaft occurred in dorsal margin; the subapical processes broad, lamella-like; the pygofer with regularly spike-spines and setae on the ventral margin.This species is similar to tabulatus”, indicating the subapical processes of adeagal shaft are lamella-like.Th e species name is derived from the Latin words “


Prunus salicina and not Prunus domestica. The correct title is: Carbohydrate-Free Peach (Prunus persica) and Plum  Juice Affects Fecal Microbial Ecology in an Obese Animal Model.The species name for the plum used in this study and listed in the title should be Prunus persica) and Plum  Juice Affects Fecal Microbial Ecology in an Obese Animal Model. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101723. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101723The correct citation is: Noratto GD, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Markel M, Martino HS, Minamoto Y, et al. (2014) Carbohydrate-Free Peach (


About one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail at least two antidepressant drug trials at 1 year. Together with clinical and experimental evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of MDD is multifactorial, this observation underscores the importance of elucidating mechanisms beyond monoaminergic dysregulation that can contribute to the genesis and persistence of MDD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are mechanistically linked to the presence of neurovascular dysfunction with blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability in selected neurological disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, MDD is frequently comorbid with such neurological disorders and constitutes an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in disorders characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the neurobiology of MDD. More recent evidence links neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to MDD without neurological comorbidity. We review this emerging literature and present a theoretical integration between these abnormalities to those involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in MDD. We discuss our hypothesis that alterations in endothelial nitric oxide levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling are central mechanistic links in this regard. Understanding the contribution of neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to the pathophysiology of MDD may help to identify novel therapeutic and preventative approaches. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the second leading global cause of years lived with disability , with ab2-), and (e) increased levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (a marker for oxidative damage to DNA) ,,208], thUnder oxidative conditions, BBB endothelial cells are not only the source of harmful eNOS uncoupling, but also can be the target of oxidative damage . In neurNeuroinflammation may impair neurovascular function and increase BBB permeability in MDD ,168 Fig. Reducedin vitro studies of various neurological conditions showed that MAP and proinflammatory cytokines could increase BBB permeability [in vitro [in vitro to disrupt BBB endothelial tight junction proteins and increase BBB opening [in vitro data showed that proinflammatory cytokines ) can cause a dose-dependent increase in BBB permeability by inducing expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on the luminal surface of BBB endothelial cells in animals [In vitro animal studies showed that TNFα could reduce mitochondrial density and impair mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, leading to increased ROS synthesis [In vitro data mechanistically link mitochondrial abnormalities to oxidative injury-related vascular abnormalities [Microglia provide immune surveillance and regulate developmental synaptic pruning of the brain . Althougeability ,184,241 eability . MAP caneability ,26,27, ieability , and proin vitro ,53. MAP in vitro ,39,168,  opening . Highly  animals -249 and  animals ,251. One animals . Another animals . Thus, i animals ,252   Table 11. LPS-inynthesis ,168,184.ynthesis . In vitreability .d-serine release; and (c) upregulation of MAP expression of Xc antiporter system, which increases microglial glutamate release [N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) subunit expression in the brains of MDD subjects compared with those of non-depressed controls show (a) an increase or no change of NR1 subunit expression in the hippocampus [2+ level-dependent oxidative stress and BBB permeability via increasing Ca2+ influx and release from endoplasmic reticulum stores, respectively [-[2+ rise [Glutamatergic hyperfunction may contribute to neurovascular dysfunction in MDD Figure . Numerou release . Postmorpocampus -109, (b)pocampus ,108, (c)pocampus ,111, (d)pocampus , and (e)pocampus . Bindingectively ,159,256.tively [-,40,256 , AQP4 (astroglia), CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) (microglia), dextran-conjugated dyes, alpha SMA-RFPcherry (pericytes), dextran dyes, Tie2 (vasculature) and Thy1 (neurons) [Human and animal studies are needed to evaluate the validity of the BBB dysfunction hypothesis and to explore the mechanistic links between oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling, and neuroinflammation and neurovascular unit dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability in MDD. Future postmortem studies investigating the relationship between neurovascular unit dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability and MDD should focus primarily on the neuroanatomical regions where astroglial loss and MAP have been documented in MDD brains such as anterior mid/cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and white matter . Developfunction : sulforhneurons) . A promineurons) -260. We neurons)  should aneurons)  and cereneurons) ), as welNeurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability may occur in MDD. Cumulative clinical and experimental evidence implicates oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling, and reduced endothelial NO levels in the pathophysiology of peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with MDD. Our theoretical integration of the human and animal data links oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling, low endothelial NO levels, and neuroinflammation to putative neurovascular and BBB abnormalities in MDD. If future studies confirm their relevance to the pathophysiology of MDD, novel agents correcting these abnormalities may prove to be effective treatment strategies.N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; NO: Nitric oxide; ONOO-: Peroxynitrite; O2-: Superoxide; PET: Positron emission tomography; PLA2: Phospholipase A2; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RUR: Relative uptake ratio; SOD-1: Superoxide dismutase 1; SPECT: Single photon emission computed tomography; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; Th: T helper; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor α; TReg: CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.AQP4: Aquaporin 4; BH2: Dihydrobiopterin; BH4: Tetrahydrobiopterin; CBF: Cerebral blood flow; COX2: Cyclooxygenase 2; CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; CT: Computed tomography; EEG: Electroencephalogram; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EAAT: Excitatory amino acid transporter; Fc: Immunoglobulin constant region; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide; HO-: Hydroxyl radical; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MAP: Microglial activation and proliferation; MDD: Major depressive disorder; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; mGluR: Metabotropic glutamate receptor; MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases; NAD(P)H: Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate; Na+/K+ ATPase: Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphates; NFκB: Nuclear factor κB; NMDAR: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.SN, DMP conceived and designed the research; SN, DMP wrote the manuscript; SN, DMP, AN, OD, DZ, revised the manuscript for important content; SN, DMP, AN, OD, DZ, performed literature searches and gathered data for the review; all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1182710.1038/srep11827; published online: 07142015; updated: 09182015In this Article, Manos Perros and Ruben Tommasi are incorrectly listed as being affiliated with ‘Shire Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421.’ The correct affiliation is listed below:Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Drive Suite E0, Waltham, MA 02415 USAIn addition, Renu Singh is incorrectly listed as being affiliated with ‘Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Center, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.’ The correct affiliation is listed below:AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Infection iMed, 35 Gatehouse Dr. Waltham, MA 02415 USA


Biological therapy has dramatically improved the treatment of patients with JIA. However, there is still a group of patients that shows a lack of clinical response to this treatment. The use of robust predictive markers of response to identify individuals who are likely to respond to etanercept may provide guidance in optimizing treatment strategies.To test the ability of MRP8/14 serum levels to differentiate between responders and non-responders to etanercept before start of treatment, and to correlate longitudinal follow-up of these markers with response to treatment.Samples were collected from 71 JIA patients (43 polyarthritis (12 RF positive), 18 extendend oligoarthritis, 3 persistent oligoarthritis, 1 enthesitis related arthritis, 6 psoriatic arthritis) included in the Dutch Arthritis and Biologics in Children (ABC) Register treated with etanercept. The patients were categorized into responders (acrpedi≥50) (n = 55) and non-responders (acrpedi≤50) (n = 16) according to the acrpedi response criteria and Wallace criteria of disease activity. Serum concentrations of MRP8/14 complexes were measured by ELISA at start of etanercept and in 34 patients also after start of treatment. Non-parametric tests were used to analyse the data.Before initiation of etanercept treatment, responders showed significantly higher levels of MRP8/14 serum complexes compared to non-responders (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed no association between MRP8/14 and JIA disease activity (JADAS10) at baseline. In non-responders levels did not significantly change after initiation of treatment whereas levels decreased in responders (p < 0.001).High levels of baseline serum MRP8/14 have prognostic value in predicting a subgroup of JIA patients who will respond well to etanercept treatment. Decrease of MRP8/14 after initiation of treatment is associated with response to treatment.J. Anink: None declared., M. Otten Grant/Research Support from: Abbott, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Consultant for: Roche, L. Van Suijlekom-Smit Grant/Research Support from: Dutch Board of Health Insurances, Dutch Arthritis Association, Pfizer, Abbott, Consultant for: Roche, Novartis, M. Van Rossum: None declared., K. Dolman: None declared., E. Hoppenreijs: None declared., R. Ten Cate Grant/Research Support from: Pfizer, Consultant for: Pfizer, T. Vogl: None declared., D. Foell: None declared., J. Roth: None declared., D. Holzinger Grant/Research Support from: Pfizer.


AbstractCentrodora is a relatively common and widespread genus of morphologically diverse species, and is the most polyphagous genus known within the Aphelinidae, attacking eggs of insects in addition to pupae of Diptera and Hymenoptera, and nymphs of Hemiptera  is redescribed and diagnosed from recently collected specimens reared from the eucalyptus weevil Gonipterussp. nearscutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Tasmania, Australia. A lectotype is designated from a syntype specimen. Centrodora Foerster is a relatively common and widespread genus of morphologically diverse species, and is the most polyphagous genus known within the Aphelinidae, attacking eggs of insects in addition to pupae of Diptera and Hymenoptera, and nymphs of Hemiptera  the parasitoid emerged from an assortment of egg capsules, see Fig. In 2012, field sampling was undertaken on 11 sampling sites in Tasmania, Australia, by the second author (CV). At two of the collection localities, Tunbridge and New Norfolk, Gonipterus sp. egg capsules, emerging 54-56 days after parasitism, at 15˚C. The Centrodora parasitoids were preserved in 70% ethanol before identification by the fourth author (AP).Specimens were reared from freshly laid Specimens preserved in ethanol were extracted for genomic DNA using a “non-destructive” extraction technique . SeveralFollowing DNA extraction, specimens were dissected and slide-mounted in Canada balsam following the standard protocol described by Morphological terminology and the format for species descriptions follow The following institutions provided specimens and/or are depositories for material examined:BMNH: Natural History Museum, London, UK.QM: Queensland Museum, Australia.RAIZ: Instituto de Investigação da Floresta e Papel, Eixo-Aveiro, Portugal.AphelinusdamoniCentrodoradamoni (Girault) Type status:Lectotype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: Aphelinusdamoni Gir. ♀; 3771. ; occurrenceRemarks: On a slide with "Coccidoxenus syrphi" (QM). Slide 1 of Dahms (1983).; recordedBy: Girault A.A.; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adultType status:Paralectotype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: Aphelinusdamoni Gir. ♀ (QM). ; occurrenceRemarks: Slide 4 of Dahms (1983).; recordedBy: Girault A.A.; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adultType status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: Gonipterus: Aphelinusdamoni Girault [8 ♀♀] (QM).[AUSTRALIA:] FCT Canberra; ova ; occurrenceRemarks: Slide 2 of Dahms (1983).; recordedBy: Girault A.A.; individualCount: 8; sex: female; lifeStage: adultType status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: Gonipterus: Aphelinusdamoni Girault [5♀3♂] (QM).[AUSTRALIA:] FCT Canberra; ova ; occurrenceRemarks: Slide 3 of Dahms (1983).; recordedBy: Girault A.A.; individualCount: 8; sex: 5 female, 3 male; lifeStage: adultType status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: Gonipterus sp.; C. Valente; DNA1020, 1021 (BMNH/QM); 2♂ AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, multiple sites on Gonipterus sp.; 2012/13; C. Valente; A2, A5 (BMNH/QM).2♀ AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Nunamara on ; recordedBy: Valente C.; individualCount: 4; sex: 2 female, 2 male; lifeStage: adultFigs , 11, 12Female. Body length: 1.00 mm . Based on the type locality of C.damoni (Queensland), the host species is likely to be one of the new species mentioned in Centrodoradamoni can be distinguished from the other 11 Australian species in the genus by the following combination of characters: Two broad longitudinal stripes on mesoscutum, extending to scutellum; ovipositor less than half total body length (excluding head); apex of antennal clava broadly rounded; fore wing with linea calva present.Australia: ACT, Queensland, Tasmania (probably widespread).


Erratum: Burden of disease variants in participants of the long life family studyMeredith Stevenson, Harold Bae, Nicole Schupf, Stacy Andersen, Qunyuan Zhang, Thomas Perls, and Paola Sebastiani123-132.Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7(2):PMCID: PMC 4359694 PMID: 25664523Funding section is not accurate. The correct information on Grant is provided below:Information of


The assessment of right ventricular function is of great importance in the management of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our aim is to compare the value of cardiac MRI (CMRI), ultrasonic cardiogram (CUS), multidetector CT (MDCT) in assessing right ventricular function, and to evaluate the correlation between parameters derived by MRI, CUS, MDCT and the indicators of right ventricular function derived by right heart catheterization (RHC) in patients with PH.Thirty one consecutive patients with PH  were prospectively enrolled.All patients underwent RCH to get hemodynamic parameters .Then, calculations including pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), right cardiac work index (RCWI), right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI) were performed. All patients underwent CMRI to get parameters including right ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic dimension (EDV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), the cardiac muscle mass (CMS). 28 patients underwent CUS to get these parameters including right ventricular Tei index, right ventricular fractional area change (RV FAC), RV-ESV, RV-EDV. And 25 patients underwent MDCT to get these parameters including right /left ventricular internal diameter (RVd/LVd), right /left ventricular diastole maximum area (RVa/LVa), cobb angle, right ventricular free wall thickness (RVWT). All examinations were executed within 7days. These parameters obtained by MRI, CUS and MDCT were correlated with those of RCH respectively by Spearman or Pearson correlation analysis.r=0.528, P=0.002), RVWT ; PVRI had strong correlation with MRI-EF, MRI-VMI, CT-RVd, RVd/LVd , CT-Cobb angle, RVWT. Table r=0.557, P=0.001), CT-RVd, CT-Cobb angle.Most parameters of RV function derived by CMRI, CUS, MDCT correlated moderately with mPAP, PVRI. mPAP had strong correlation with MRI-ventricular mass index (VMI).


The correct name is: Anteneh Asefa. The correct citation is: Teshome W, Asefa A (2014) Predictors of Immunological Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV Infected Patients in Ethiopia: A Matched Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115125. doi:


The correct citation is: Martins CA, Roque FO, Santos BA, Ferreira VL, Strüssmann C, Tomas WM (2015) What Shapes the Phylogenetic Structure of Anuran Communities in a Seasonal Environment? The Influence of Determinism at Regional Scale to Stochasticity or Antagonistic Forces at Local Scale. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0130075. doi: