AbstractHognaingens. The objective of this paper is to assess all remaining endemic species and advise on possible future conservation actions critical for the survival of endangered species.The North Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens present a unique biological diversity including, presently, 56 endemic spider species. Several recent projects provide valuable information on their distribution across most islands and habitats. To date, the only endemic spider assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria is M.barreti is considered as possibly extinct due to the suspected impact of a competing species. Although most endemic spiders from the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos have relatively low extinction risk due to the good condition and protection of the laurisilva forests where many live, there are a number of species requiring urgent attention and protection measures. These include all cave and mountain-restricted species as well as those threatened by competing congeners or invasive plants. Extending current protected areas, restoring original habitats of threatened species and the control of invasive taxa should remain a priority for species survival.Seven species were found to have a continuing decline in either range or population size. Their decline can be mostly attributed to habitat destruction or degradation, invasive plant species that reduce quality of habitat, forest fires at high mountain regions and possible competition for resources from invasive congeners. The tetragnathid  The archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens are renown for presenting a unique biological diversity, which is a major contributing factor (together with threat levels) for their inclusion in one of the major biodiversity hotspots worldwide, jointly with two other Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores and the Canaries) . Both geThe most emblematic ecosystem of the archipelago – the laurisilva forest – is restricted to Madeira Island where it covers nearly 20% of the land surface . MadeiraRecent efforts were made to update the knowledge on the taxonomy and conservation priorities for the archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens . Over 75Hognaingens , Fig. Phalaris spp. grasses which, with their large roots, prevent the spider to access adequate shelters under stones and in soil crevices. A species conservation plan is now underway and includes regular monitoring of the spider population, chemical treatments to control the invasive species and ex situ conservation with possible future reintroduction of adult specimens.Despite the known vulnerability of many endemic spider species, only the Desertas wolf spider - The objective of this paper is to assess the remaining 55 endemic spider species according to the IUCN criteria and advise on possible future conservation actions critical for the survival of endangered species. In the future we intend to assess a number of species currently being described in order to contribute to the proper protection of this unique fauna.Species data were collected from all bibliography on Madeira and Selvagens spiders published until July 2017. These included mainly taxonomic and faunistic works. We also used numerous unpublished data collected within multiple projects e.g. . This neFor all analyses we used the R package red - IUCN redlisting tools . This paIn this work, the EOO and AOO were calculated in one of two ways:- for extremely range restricted species for which we assumed to know the full range, these values were classified as observed, the minimum convex polygon encompassing all observations used to calculate the EOO and the 2x2 km cells known to be occupied used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines .- for widespread species or those for which we did not have confidence to know the full range, we performed species distribution modeling (SDM). This was done based on two environmental datasets depending on the distribution of each species. For single island endemics of Madeira proper (main island) we used 100x100m resolution data on altimetry, slope, annual precipitation, annual maximum and minimum relative humidity, annual maximum and minimum temperature, land cover and a disturbance index based on the latter . For speFor SDMs we used ensemble modeling with the Maxent method  implemenrun = max)2weigthIsolated patches outise the original distribution polygon were then excluded from maps to avoid overestimation of values. When performing SDMs, confidence limits for EOO and AOO were calculated using the number of models (runs) that predicted presence for each cell applying the percentiles 0.025 and 0.975 for the upper and lower limits respectively. All final maps and values were checked and validated by our own expert opinion. KMLs derived from these maps were also produced using the red package.AraneushortensisScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: AraneidaeFamily: Taxonomic notes: This species is not found since its description in 1859 . Given tRegion for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 1Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This species EOO and AOO are unkown.Range description: Only reference for the Island of Madeira, from unspecified locality .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): The population size and trend are unknown.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The habitat is unknown, the only specimen was captured in a garden at 200m altitude .Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensSize: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of the species is unknown. The species and family are orb weavers feeding mostly on flying insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Less importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: The species has not been found since original description in 1859  and needUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Less importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: The species has not been found since original description in 1859  and needArctosamaderanaScientific name: Species authority: Roewer, 1960AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 2Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This species EOO and AOO are unknown.Range description: Recorded from both Madeira Island and Porto Santo, from unspecified localities .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): The population size and trend are unknown.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): There is poor information on species habitat, although the second record was from a sandy beach .Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, EtcHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, EtcSize: 13-15 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownEcology and traits (narrative): The species ecology is unknown. Species of the same family and genus are active epigean hunters of insects and other arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatConservation action type: In PlaceConservation action type: In PlaceUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Adults of this species have not been found since the original description  and it nUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Adults of this species have not been found since the original description  and it nCentromerusanoculusScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995Common names: Aranha-cavernícola-de-São-VicenteAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Centromerussexoculatus Wunderlich, 1992 : Suppl. material 3Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedC.sexoculatus.Basis (narrative): Known from two lava tube systems . Given tMin Elevation/Depth (m): 100Max Elevation/Depth (m): 150Range description: Only found in the lava tubes of Gruta dos Cardais in São Vicente, on northern Madeira Island, and Furnas do Cavalum in Machico, on eastern Madeira Island. Gruta dos Cardais is part of the largest known cave system in Madeira. The neighboring Grutas de São Vicente, which probably were once habitat for the species, are now in large part converted to show caves with extensive modifications in microclimate, including artificial lighting, water reservoirs and even newly built tunnels.EOO (km2): 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: No decrease in EOO has been registered but it is inferred from decline in habitat quality.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: No decrease in AOO was observed, but it is inferred from decline in habitat quality.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: 2Justification for number of locations: Two locations, Gruta dos Cardais and Furnas do Cavalum, are threatened by uncontrolled visits, accumulation of litter and, in the case of the first, being used as shelter for domestic animals . A potenTrend: StableJustification for trend: The possible third location was lost more than 10 years ago, meaning the current trend in number of locations is probably stable despite the impeding threats.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (estimated)Justification for trend: The current threats are believed to cause a decrease in the species population numbers in unknown rates.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): The uncontrolled visits by tourists and locals that think of caves as adventure playground, accumulation of litter and use by domestic animals cause major changes in the cave environment and consequent decrease in quality of habitat for the species. This is believed to be leading to a decrease in population numbers, although no monitoring is being made and the rates are unknown.Number of subpopulations: 2Trend: StableJustification for trend: Only two subpopulations historically known.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Species known from two lava tube systems.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The quality of habitat is inferred to be decreasing due to severe changes in the environment of caves.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Ecology and traits are largely unknown as the only references to the species are from a short taxonomic description and a checklist. Yet, congeners are known to build sheet webs and this species might build them on cave walls on the hunt for insects.Justification for threats: The species was probably driven away from part of its historical range by touristic activities that include digging of new tunnels, water regime modifications  and artificial lighting. Both current locations are threatened by use of caves by domestic animals, uncontrolled visits and accumulation of litter.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities7.2. Natural system modifications - Dams & water management/use7.3. Natural system modifications - Other ecosystem modificationsThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.3. Residential & commercial development - Tourism & recreation areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities7.2. Natural system modifications - Dams & water management/use7.3. Natural system modifications - Other ecosystem modificationsJustification for conservation actions: Furnas do Cavalum are considered scientific patrimony by the "Plano Director Municipal" of Machico. Yet, this cave species would benefit from effective protection with adequate legislation of the two lava tube systems where it occurs with eventual restoration of natural conditions of the environment and recovery and re-introduction in the lost location. While this is not possible, or as an alternative, a strict code of conduct for touristic or other activities in caves should be enforced and both communication to the general public and training of touristic agents should be subject of a conservation plan.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction4.2. Education & awareness - Training4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications5.1. Law & policy - Legislation5.3. Law & policy - Private sector standards & codes5.4. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcementConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction4.2. Education & awareness - Training4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications5.1. Law & policy - Legislation5.3. Law & policy - Private sector standards & codes5.4. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsC.sexoculatus should be clarified. Research on both the species current population trend and the reasons for this is needed to know the real threat levels and how to minimize them. A species conservation plan and a management plan would improve its survival chances for the future.Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsC.sexoculatus should be clarified. Research on both the species current population trend and the reasons for this is needed to know the real threat levels and how to minimize them. A species conservation plan and a management plan would improve its survival chances for the future.Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with Justification for probability: CentromerussexoculatusScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992Common names: Aranha-cavernícola-do-MachicoAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Centromerusanoculus Wunderlich, 1995 : Suppl. material 4Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Only known from a single lava tube system . Given tMin Elevation/Depth (m): 150Max Elevation/Depth (m): 150C.anoculus is confirmed, it occupies two cave systems (see assessment for the latter species).Range description: Only found in the lava tubes of Furnas do Cavalum, close to Machico on eastern Madeira Island , althougEOO (km2): 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter  which deCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter  which deCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: A single site is known for the species, which is currently under serious threat.Trend: StableJustification for trend: The single location is the full known historical range.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The population size of this species is unknown. It is possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter  which deBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): A single subpopulation exists of unknown size.Number of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Species known from a single lava tube system, Furnas do Cavalum, Machico.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This is a troglobiont species with considerable eye reduction, depigmentation and appendage elongation. Ecology and traits are largely unknown as the only reference to the species is from a short taxonomic description. However, congeners are known to build sheet webs and this species might build them on cave walls on the hunt for insects.Justification for threats: This species is possibly threatened by uncontrolled visits to the caves and accumulation of litter  which deThreat type: OngoingThreats: 6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.4. Pollution - Garbage & solid wasteThreat type: OngoingThreats: 6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.4. Pollution - Garbage & solid wasteJustification for conservation actions: Furnas do Cavalum are considered scientific patrimony by the "Plano Director Municipal" of Machico. Yet, this cave species would benefit from effective protection with adequate legislation of the lava tube system where it occurs with eventual restoration of natural conditions of the environment and recovery of its population. It should also be formally protected by adequate legislation.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery5.1. Law & policy - Legislation5.4. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcementConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery5.1. Law & policy - Legislation5.4. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsC.anoculus should be clarified. Research on population trends and its causes is needed to know the real threat levels and how to minimize them. A species conservation plan and a management plan would improve its survival chances for the future.Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsC.anoculus should be clarified. Research on population trends and its causes is needed to know the real threat levels and how to minimize them. A species conservation plan and a management plan would improve its survival chances for the future.Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with Justification for probability: CentromerusvariegatusScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1962AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 5Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Centromerusvariegatus is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on the steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 256-432-716Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present seem not to affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present seem not to affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 232-432-716Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present seem not to affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder on the tree branches and under stones, feeding mainly on small insects. The species seems closely associated to the laurisilva forest.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range lies inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.CeratinopsisinfuscataScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 6Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1650Ceratinopsisinfuscata is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly the steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 181-360-640Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 120-352-640Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Sheet-web builder of the canopy stratum, feeding on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.DipoenatalongitarsisScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TheridiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 7Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Only four records for this species exist, mostly recent and all in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 250Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Dipoenatalongitarsis is known from a few sites in laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 192-404-725Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 192-404-708Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 1.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoD.longitarsis may feed mostly on ants at ground level and low vegetation.Ecology and traits (narrative): As other species in the genus, Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.DrassodesrugichelisScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1962AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 8Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Largely unknown, as there are only two records for the species , both onMin Elevation/Depth (m): 1400Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1800Drassodesrugichelis is known from two sites (Paúl da Serra and Pico do Cidrão), both on open mountain areas. The true range is however unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Range description: EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The two only known sites for the species are in open, mountain areas.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas Size: 11-16 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is mostly unknown, but it is probable that they are active nocturnal hunters at ground level.Justification for threats: The mountain areas of Madeira Island have been affected by recent wildfires, which might have affected this species.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppressionThreat type: OngoingThreats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppressionJustification for conservation actions: Part of the known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: The distribution of the species should be researched through extensive collections on the islands' mountainous areas above the tree line. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted in the future and the negative effects of possible threats, such as wildfires, should also be assessed.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: The distribution of the species should be researched through extensive collections on the islands' mountainous areas above the tree line. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted in the future and the negative effects of possible threats, such as wildfires, should also be assessed.DysderaanerisScientific name: Species authority: Macías−Hernández & Arnedo, 2010Common names: Aranha-tenaz-das-SelvagensAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 9Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): The restricted distribution of the species allows to known its EOO and AOO with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160Range description: The species is restricted to the small Selvagens archipelago that lies between Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it possibly occupies all islets - Selvagem Grande, Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora .EOO (km2): 15Trend: StableJustification for trend: No current threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: No current threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 12Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No current threats to the species.Trend: StableJustification for trend: No current threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: No current threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: 3Trend: StableJustification for trend: No current threats to the species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The Selvagens archipelago is dominated by barren areas with low herbaceous vegetation and rocky outcrops.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The natural vegetation of Selvagem Grande has been largely recovered by successful projects coordinated by the Madeira Natural Park devoted to the eradication of invasive species.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Size: 10 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoD.aneris is unknown, although most congeners are specialized hunters feeding on woodlice.Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is found across the islands living on barren and rocky areas. The diet of D.crocata has been previously found on Selvagem Grande in the past : Suppl. material 10Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest. It was possible to perform species distribution modeling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Dysderacoiffaiti is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 141-398-780Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not declining in area and the invasive species present should not affect this spider's population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect this spider's population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 116-396-780Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableJustification for trend: No known threats to the speciesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: No known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not declining in area and the invasive species present should not affect this spider's population.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 9-17 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoD.coiffaiti is unknown, although most congeners are specialized hunters feeding on woodlice.Ecology and traits (narrative): Found across the laurisilva forest of Madeira Island, living on the soil. The diet of Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.DysderadiversaScientific name: Species authority: Blackwall, 1862diversaCommon names: Aranha-tenaz-AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 11Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): A single record is published on the original description without a precise locality . Two morMin Elevation/Depth (m): 800Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Dysderadiversa is known only from high altitude areas of laurisilva forest (above 800m).Range description: EOO (km2): 13-264-644Trend: StableJustification for trend: Inferred to be stable as the preferred habitat area and quality is stable.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: Inferred to be stable as the preferred habitat area and quality is stable.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 12-264-644Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: Possibly stable as the preferred habitat area and quality is stable.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No species abundance estimates existTrend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): High altitude laurisilva forest.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: Preferred habitat area and quality is stable.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 8 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoD.diversa is unknown, although most congeners are specialized hunters feeding on woodlice.Ecology and traits (narrative): The species is found on few places of the high-altitude laurisilva forest of Madeira Island, living on the soil. The diet of Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: All the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: As few localities are known for the species, basic research on species distribution should be made. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: As few localities are known for the species, basic research on species distribution should be made. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.DysderaportisanctiScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995Common names: Aranha-tenaz-do-Porto-SantoAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 12Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Only two subpopulations of this species are known. These are in close proximity, on the Island of Porto Santo, which has been extensively surveyed, therefore the entire current distribution of this species should be known.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100Max Elevation/Depth (m): 320Heberdeniaexcelsa) within exotic pine and cedar trees.Range description: The species seems to be restricted to the northeastern part of the island of Porto Santo. It was originally described from Pico Branco , the areEOO (km2): 8Trend: Decline (inferred)2) and restricted to two nearby peaks with very few remnant native vegetation, with most areas surrounding them being converted to agricultural fields now abandoned or exotic pine and cedar plantations.Justification for trend: Although the species is not known to ever have occupied areas outside its current range, this is extremely small (EOO is in effect < 1kmCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)2) and restricted to two peaks with very few remnant native vegetation. Most areas surrounding them were converted to agricultural fields now abandoned or exotic pine and cedar plantations.Justification for trend: The species is not known to ever have occupied areas outside its current range, this being extremely small (AOO is in effect < 1kmCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: 2Justification for number of locations: The two peaks where the species is found are surrounded by exotic tree plantations with numerous invasive plant species. The species seems to be able to survive mostly among native vegetation but also in few sheltered sites with planted trees. Yet, the spread of invasive plants might jeopardize the subpopulations in these two peaks.Trend: StableJustification for trend: Further subpopulations were almost certainly lost in nearby peaks (e.g. Moledo or Pico da Gandaia), but probably before the species description in 1995.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Inferred from possible decline in habitat quality  due to the effects of invasive plant species that do not provide adequate shelter for the spider.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: 2Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: YesJustification for fragmentation: As only one juvenile individual (identified through clear somatic characters) was found in Pico do Facho despite intensive sampling, it is possible that this subpopulation is endangered due to loss of habitat quality in the near future. That would mean that only a single subpopulation (50%) in Pico Branco would be left.System: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesEricaplatycodon or Heberdeniaexcelsa often within exotic pine and cedar.Habitat (narrative): The species seems to be restricted to rocky or few native vegetation areas with Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (estimated)Justification for trend: Possible estimated decline in habitat quality  due to the effects of invasive plant species that do not provide adequate shelter for the spider.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation6. Rocky areas Size: 7 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoD.portisancti is unknown, although most congeners are specialized hunters feeding on woodlice.Ecology and traits (narrative): The species is found living within scarce patches of native vegetation. The diet of Justification for threats: As the species seems to be able to survive mostly among native vegetation, probably due to difficulty in finding adequate shelter within other plant species, the spread of invasive plants might jeopardize its survival.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesThreat type: OngoingThreats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesJustification for conservation actions: Part of the original habitat (Pico Branco) is included in the Natura network, but both localities urgently need to be restored jointly with the neighbouring peaks. The spider would benefit from recovery and re-introduction to these new areas which should have been part of its historical range with possible ex-situ breeding for both re-introduction and raising awareness on its emperiled status.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservation4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications5.1. Law & policy - LegislationConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservation4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications5.1. Law & policy - LegislationUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat trends should be conducted to confirm species status. In addition, some information on life history, namely feeding regimen, should be collected about the species, as it might be restricted to very few prey types with implications for its conservation. The species would benefit from a species conservation plan that would include recovery actions for both the spider and the habitat and a management plan for new protected areas to be created within its historical range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population and habitat trends should be conducted to confirm species status. In addition, some information on life history, namely feeding regimen, should be collected about the species, as it might be restricted to very few prey types with implications for its conservation. The species would benefit from a species conservation plan that would include recovery actions for both the spider and the habitat and a management plan for new protected areas to be created within its historical range.DysderavandeliScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1962Common names: Aranha-tenaz-de-VandelAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DysderidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 13Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): Distribution of the species is unknown as there is only a single record from Caldeirão do Inferno in 1962 . It has Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1500Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1500Range description: Distribution of the species is unknown as there is a single record from Caldeirao do Inferno in 1962 .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): Probably humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoD.vandeli is unknown, although most congeners are specialized hunters feeding on woodlice.Ecology and traits (narrative): The diet of Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: This species has not been found since the original description  and it nUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: This species has not been found since the original description  and it nEchemusmodestusScientific name: Species authority: Kulczynski, 1899AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Taxonomic notes: Not recorded since original description from Madeira with uncertain locality .Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 14Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Range description: Only mentioned from Madeira Island, with no locality data.EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 4 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If similar to other congeners, probably an active nocturnal hunter at ground level.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: The species has not been found since original description in 1899  and needUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: The species has not been found since original description in 1899  and needFrontinellinadearmataScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 15Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . From prMin Elevation/Depth (m): 100Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1450Frontinellinadearmata is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 53-296-736Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 52-296-732Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Sheet-web builder at the canopy of native trees feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.FrontiphantesfulgurenotatusScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 16Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites have been recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 250Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1550Frontiphantesfulgurenotatus is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 208-361-720Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 144-356-720Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider population.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 4 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Sheet-web builder on the tree branches feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.HahniainsulanaScientific name: Species authority: Schenkel, 1938AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: HahniidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 17Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1700Hahniainsulana is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 207-364-716Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 188-364-708Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder among the leaf-litter and low vegetation feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.HognabiscoitoiScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992Common names: Tarântula-de-BiscoitoBiscoito Wolf SpiderAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Hognainsularum.Taxonomic notes: Despite intensive searches during the last decade it was not possible to find this species recently described from undetermined locality in the island of Porto Santo . It probRegion for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 18Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Range description: Only recorded from the Island of Porto Santo, from undetermined locality.EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 9-13 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): If valid, the species should be an active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Clarification of the taxonomic status is necessary. If valid, basic information would be needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Clarification of the taxonomic status is necessary. If valid, basic information would be needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.HognaheeriScientific name: Species authority: Common names: Tarântula-de-HeerHeer Wolf SpiderAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 19Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, many of them recent and in a number of different habitats . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1755Hognaheeri is known from varied and contrasting habitats, from open barren areas in Bugio (Desertas) to laurisilva forest in Madeira Island.Range description: EOO (km2): 876-1087-1439Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 36-408-812Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on all kinds of habitat, from barren areas to laurisilva forest.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.4. Grassland - Temperate4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas 16. Introduced vegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.4. Grassland - Temperate4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas 16. Introduced vegetationSize: 13-15 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park and in the Desertas Nature Reserve.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1. Land/water protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1. Land/water protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: The disjunct distribution of the species is currently being researched and might lead to a change in the current estimated maps. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: The disjunct distribution of the species is currently being researched and might lead to a change in the current estimated maps. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.HognainsularumScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 6Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 20Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites have been recorded for the species, mostly recent in all Madeiran islands at low altitude . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 320Hognainsularum is known in open habitats across all Madeiran islands at low altitudes. On Madeira Island it only occupies the eastern region.Range description: EOO (km2): 1333-2412-3518Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, open grassland or shrubland with frequent rock outcrops, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, open grassland or scrubland with frequent rock outcrops, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 80-208-644Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, open grassland or shrubland with frequent rock outcrops, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Open grassland or shrubland with frequent rock outcrops, very common in the eastern part of the archipelago at low altitudes.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Size: 11-20 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside several protected areas including the Ponta de São Lourenco Special Protection Area and Desertas Nature Reserve.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.HognamaderianaScientific name: Species authority: Common names: Tarântula-da-MadeiraMadeira Wolf SpiderAnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 21Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, usually in open areas but at all altitudes, from coastal areas to the plateau of Paúl da Serra . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1800Hognamaderiana is known throughout the island of Madeira in open habitats.Range description: EOO (km2): 304-368-908Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 28-368-908Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on several open habitat types, including coastal areas and high-altitude plateaus dominated by grasses.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsSize: 25 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: The disjunct distribution of the species is currently being researched and might lead to a change in the current estimated maps. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: The disjunct distribution of the species is currently being researched and might lead to a change in the current estimated maps. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.HognanonannulataScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 22Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Hognanonannulata is unknown : UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The species was found from few sites in humid laurisilva forest (Ribeiro Frio) on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 15-17 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The known locality is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.HognaschmitziScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992Common names: Tarântula-de-Porto-Santo (Portuguese)Porto Santo Wolf Spider (English)AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LycosidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 7Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 23Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 270Range description: Across the entire island of Porto Santo and its small islets. Habitats include areas close to human settlements but exclude densely forested areas.EOO (km2): 32-64-68Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 32-64-68Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No current threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements. It only avoids densely forested areas.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Size: 20-30 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on medium/large size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: A small part of the species range is inside the Porto Santo Network of Marine Protected Areas (which include islets).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.LathysaffinisScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: DictynidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 24Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in all habitat types . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1460Lathysaffinis is known on all islands across the Madeira archipelago and on all habitat types, from laurisilva forest to open arid areas.Range description: EOO (km2): 744-3373-3699Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 40-544-948Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas 16. Introduced vegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas 16. Introduced vegetationSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Small cribellate web builder on vegetation or ground level feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Much of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park and in several protected areas across the archipelago.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.LepthyphantesimpudicusScientific name: Species authority: Kulczynski, 1909AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 25Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 200Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Lepthyphantesimpudicus is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 153-400-736Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing a decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 152-400-736Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder on the tree branches feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.LepthyphanteslundbladiScientific name: Species authority: Schenkel, 1938AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 26Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 750Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Lepthyphanteslundbladi is predicted to be present throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 40-288-600Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 40-288-600Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder close to the soil, being first described from the entrance of a lava tube (Gruta da Ribeira do Inferno).Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.LepthyphantesmauliScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 27Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Lepthyphantesmauli is known from different sites in laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 200-316-524Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 200-316-524Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder close to the soil, being first described from the entrance of a lava tube (Grutas de São Vicente).Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatMacaroerisdesertensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: SalticidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 28Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites have been recorded for the species in both Porto Santo and Desertas . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 270Macaroerisdesertensis is known throughout the islands and islets of Porto Santo and Desertas, mainly on open grassland, scrubland and rocky areas.Range description: EOO (km2): 529-599-599Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 36-104-104Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoMacaroerisdesertensis is known throughout the islands and islets of Porto Santo and Desertas, mainly on open grassland, scrubland and rocky areas.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be common in open areas of several islands and islets.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry6. Rocky areas Size: 4-5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active hunter on low vegetation feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the species range lies inside the Desertas Nature Reserve and in the Porto Santo Network of Marine Protected Areas (which includes islets).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.MacarophaeuscultiorScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 29Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 100Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Macarophaeuscultior is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 153-372-688Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 136-372-688Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 10-13 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active nocturnal ground hunter feeding mainly on small/medium size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.MesiotelusmaderianusScientific name: Species authority: Kulczynski, 1899AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LiocranidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 30Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): There are only three records for the species, mostly old  plus a nMin Elevation/Depth (m): 650Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Range description: Known from few sites at high altitude, in laurisilva forest or above tree-line.EOO (km2): 28-256-720Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species range.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species range.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 28-256-720Number of locations: 2Justification for number of locations: A single wildfire event may affect the entire area above tree-line. The forest areas are in general not threatened.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species range.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: One of the species habitats, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations. The other habitat, mountain areas, experienced a severe wildfire in 2010 which might have reduced the species population.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The only records of the species are from both laurisilva (Queimadas) and the mountain peaks (Pico do Cidrão).Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Although the laurisilva areas are extensive and mostly well-preserved, the mountain areas above the tree-line have suffered recent (2010) extensive wildfires that destroyed much of the native habitat. It is unknown whether these events have affected the species and to what proportion of its range, although this can be inferred.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane6. Rocky areas Size: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Active ground hunter feeding mainly on small size arthropods.Justification for threats: Wildfires have negatively impacted the subpopulations above treeline in the past and may do it again in the future.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppressionThreat type: OngoingThreats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppressionJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is predicted to be inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Given the high uncertainty the species range should be extensively studied. Furthermore, studies on the ecology of the species and how it was affected by wildfire is necessary. Afterwards, monitoring of population and habitat trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Given the high uncertainty the species range should be extensively studied. Furthermore, studies on the ecology of the species and how it was affected by wildfire is necessary. Afterwards, monitoring of population and habitat trends should be conducted to confirm species status.MetabarretiScientific name: Species authority: Kulczynski, 1899AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TetragnathidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 31Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species mostly in laurisilva forest, although none recently . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Metabarreti is (or was) known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 0-352-899Trend: Decline (inferred)Metastridulans is now commonly seen after description in 1987, about the same time as M.barreti was last recorded. It is possible there was replacement of one species by the other, both single island endemics, although this is for now only suspected.Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species has not been recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)M.stridulans is now commonly seen after description in 1987, about the same time as M.barreti was last recorded. It is possible there was replacement of one species by the other, both single island endemics, although this is for now only suspected.Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species has not been recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 0-352-880Number of locations: 0-1M.stridulans is now very common in the same habitat and region. If this latter species replaced M.barreti it was a fast single event, although this can only be suspected.Justification for number of locations: The species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)M.stridulans is now commonly seen after description in 1987, about the same time as M.barreti was last recorded. It is possible there was replacement of one species by the other, both single island endemics, although this, for now, is only suspected.Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)M.stridulans is now commonly seen after description in 1987, about the same time as M.barreti was last recorded. It is possible there was replacement of one species by the other, both single island endemics, although this, for now, is only suspected.Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted however that the species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)M.stridulans is now commonly seen after description in 1987, about the same time as M.barreti was last recorded. It is possible there was replacement of one species by the other, both single island endemics, although this, for now, is only suspected.Justification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area. It should be noted, however, that the species is not recorded for at least two decades despite extensive sampling. At the same time, the endemic congener Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoM.stridulans is much larger (up to 11 mm), possibly giving it a competitive advantage.Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is an orb-web builder, possibly on the tree branches, feeding mainly on small insects. The congener M.stridulans is now commonly seen after description in 1987, about the same time as M.barreti was last recorded. It is possible there was replacement of one species by the other, both single island endemics, although this is for now only suspected.Justification for threats: The endemic congener Threat type: OngoingThreats: 8.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Problematic native species/diseasesThreat type: OngoingThreats: 8.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Problematic native species/diseasesJustification for conservation actions: All the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park. If its apparent disappearance from the native range is confirmed some measures targeting species recovery should be implemented.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 3.2. Species management - Species recoveryConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 3.2. Species management - Species recoveryUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - ThreatsMetastridulans should be clarified. Also research on the possible temporal replacement between these two species is needed.Justification for research needed: The true distribution of the species and possible confusion with Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - ThreatsMetastridulans should be clarified. Also research on the possible temporal replacement between these two species is needed.Justification for research needed: The true distribution of the species and possible confusion with MetastridulansScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TetragnathidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 32Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 200Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1400Metastridulans is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 98-336-832Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 96-324-812Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 7-11 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is an orb-web builder, possibly on the tree branches, feeding mainly on small-medium size insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Less importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Less importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.MisumenanigromaculataScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1963AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ThomisidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 33Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Misumenanigromaculata is known only from Funchal, south coast of Madeira Island, captured in October 1940 (Range description: ber 1940  and was EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The only place of confirmed presence in Funchal was largely occupied by farms and gardens at the time. The unconfirmed identification in Ponta de São Lourenco is on a semi-arid grassland.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry16. Introduced vegetationHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry16. Introduced vegetationSize: 6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Unknown, but congeners are ambush hunters in low-vegetation, often seen waiting for prey on flowers.Justification for threats: The only confirmed locality and location is now mostly residential area in the outskirts of Funchal.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areasThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areasJustification for conservation actions: If a small range is confirmed in the future the species should benefit from a recovery plan. Yet, little information available precludes from advising on any concrete measures.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 3.2. Species management - Species recoveryConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 3.2. Species management - Species recoveryUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management PlanJustification for research needed: The true distribution of the species should be assessed along with possible threats along its range. If endangered, a species conservation plan encompassing recovery actions and area management should be needed to ensure the species survival.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management PlanJustification for research needed: The true distribution of the species should be assessed along with possible threats along its range. If endangered, a species conservation plan encompassing recovery actions and area management should be needed to ensure the species survival.OecobiusminorScientific name: Species authority: Kulczynski, 1909AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: OecobiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 34Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Oecobiusminor is known only from the mountainous area south of Faial on the northern coast of Madeira Island, captured in undefined date (Range description: ned date . The onlned date .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The only known locality probably is in laurisilva forest.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Unknown, but congeners build small flat webs over rocks or trunks where they hunt for small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: The true distribution of the species should be assessed along with possible threats along its range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: The true distribution of the species should be assessed along with possible threats along its range.OecobiusselvagensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: OecobiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 35Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): The restricted distribution of the species allows to know its EOO and AOO with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160Range description: The species is probably restricted to the Selvagem Grande Island between Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it was found in an unnamed erosion coastal cave in 1958 . Two cavEOO (km2): 4Trend: Decline (inferred)O.navus is now commonly seen, even in caves, after being detected on the island for the first time before 1978. It is possible there is a gradual replacement of one species by the other, although this is for now only suspected.Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)O.navus is now commonly seen, even in caves, after being detected on the island for the first time before 1978. It is possible there is a gradual replacement of one species by the other, although this is for now only suspected.Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1O.navus is affecting O.selvagensis is confirmed, there is a single location derived from the spread of the invasive species in a single event.Justification for number of locations: If the suspicion that the introduction of Trend: StableJustification for trend: Probably stable for the last 10 years.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)O.navus is now commonly seen, even in caves, after being detected on the island for the first time before 1978. It is possible there is a gradual replacement of one species by the other, although this is for now only suspected.Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener Basis for decline: (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableJustification for trend: A single subpopulation is historically known.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Only know from two caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)O.navus is now commonly seen, even in caves, after being detected on the island for the first time before 1978. It is possible there is a gradual replacement of one species by the other, although this, for now, is only suspected.Justification for trend: The cosmopolitan congener Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.2. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Caves/KarstHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 13.2. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Caves/KarstSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): It is probable that this is a species that lives underground due to the two known localities being inside of caves and it being largely depigmented. Congeners build small flat webs where they hunt for small insects.O.navus may be outcompeting the species in part of its range.Justification for threats: The cosmopolitan Threat type: OngoingThreats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesThreat type: OngoingThreats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesO.navus should be controlled. As this task is probably impossible, ex-situ conservation with eventual re-introduction and recovery might be the only feasible measure to prevent further reduction of O.selvagensis.Justification for conservation actions: The island of Selvagem Grande is part of the Selvagens Nature Reserve. If competition is confirmed, the invasive Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservationConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservationUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management PlanO.selvagensis should be the target of a species conservation plan with consequent area management actions.Justification for research needed: The current distribution of the species and possible threats from the invasive congener should be thoroughly studied. If outcompeted, Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management PlanO.selvagensis should be the target of a species conservation plan with consequent area management actions.Justification for research needed: The current distribution of the species and possible threats from the invasive congener should be thoroughly studied. If outcompeted, ParapelecopsismediocrisScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Parapelecopsisnemoralioides   Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 36Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Range description: Described from undefined locality in Madeira Island EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): The species population size and trend are unknown.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Unknown.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsP.nemoralioides. If valid, basic information would be needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Justification for research needed: The species is not found since original description in 1899  and needUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsP.nemoralioides. If valid, basic information would be needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Justification for research needed: The species is not found since original description in 1899  and needPhilodromusinsulanusScientific name: Species authority: Kulczynski, 1905AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PhilodromidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 37Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1750Philodromusinsulanus is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 201-419-782Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 132-396-776Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 5-12 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The species is an active hunter at low to high vegetation feeding mainly on small size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.PhilodromussimillimusScientific name: Species authority: Denis, 1962AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PhilodromidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 38Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unknown.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1860Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1860Range description: Only known from Pico Ruivo, the highest mountain in Madeira Island with 1861 m altitude . A singlEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The single site where the species was sampled is in high mountain above tree-line.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas Size: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Nothing is known about the species but congeners are active hunters mainly feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: If this species is restricted to the high peaks of Madeira recent wildfires may have affected its population. Given the lack of information this is purely speculative.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppressionThreat type: OngoingThreats: 7.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppressionJustification for conservation actions: If only living in the mountain peaks of Madeira, this species habitat is protected by the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Individuals of this species are not found since the original description  and it nUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Individuals of this species are not found since the original description  and it nPholcusdentatusScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PholcidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 39Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The species EOO and AOO are unkown.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 450Pholcusdentatus is known from only two sites separated by 25 kms in the northern coast of Madeira Island between 300 and 450 meters elevation, Fonte da Pedra and Ribeira da Janela (Range description: a Janela .EOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): Habitat was never specified.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 4-5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The species ecology is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatConservation action type: In PlaceConservation action type: In PlaceUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.PholcusmadeirensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PholcidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 40Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was possible to perform species distribution modeling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 350Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Pholcusmadeirensis was first described from the southern slopes of Madeira, including near Funchal, in undescribed habitat (Range description:  habitat . More reEOO (km2): 47-332-761Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 12-332-752Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Mainly humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island, but also known from the southern slopes in undescribed habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane18. UnknownSize: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of its range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status. As the preferred habitat outside laurisilva forest is unknown, research on distribution and preferred habitats should be a priority.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status. As the preferred habitat outside laurisilva forest is unknown, research on distribution and preferred habitats should be a priority.PholcusmagnusScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PholcidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 41Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The EOO and AOO of this species are unknown.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 700Max Elevation/Depth (m): 700Range description: Only known from Portela, on eastern Madeira Island , captureEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): Only known from under a bridge surrounded by undescribed habitat .Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 5-6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of the species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.PholcusparvusScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PholcidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 42Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Four collection sites are recorded for the species, most recently in laurisilva forest close to the northern coast of Madeira . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1150Pholcusparvus is known from a few sites in laurisilva forest or nearby, always in valleys close to the northern coast of Madeira Island.Range description: EOO (km2): 76-213-912Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 16-204-912Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern valleys of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 4-5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of the species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.PholcussilvaiScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1995AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PholcidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 43Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, from both laurisilva forest and open areas above 450 m altitude . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 450Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1800Pholcussilvai is known on the western side of Madeira Island, from both laurisilva forest and open areas above 450 m altitude.Range description: EOO (km2): 38-440-888Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 20-440-888Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species occurs in both laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitats of the species, humid laurisilva forest and open areas on the western side of the island, are not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High AltitudeHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High AltitudeSize: 4-5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is unknown but almost certainly a tangle-web builder feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm this species' status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm this species' status.PrinerigonepigraScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 44Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Only three collection sites have ever been recorded for this species, mostly from laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 600Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1850Prinerigonepigra seems to be restricted to high-altitude forest (above 600 m) in Madeira Island.Range description: EOO (km2): 52-456-87Trend: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Impossible to infer on the current trend.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Impossible to infer on the current trend.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 16-456-872Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Impossible to infer if there are any threats.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Impossible to infer on the current trend.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): It seems to be mostly found in high-altitude laurisilva forest but possibly also in other habitats above 600m.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownJustification for trend: There are no recent collections of the species. It does not seem to be common given the scarce number of records. Therefore, it is impossible to infer the current trend.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane18. UnknownSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoPrinerigonevagans  are sheet-web weavers at ground and low vegetation levels.Ecology and traits (narrative): Unknown, but sister taxa such as Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic information is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats.RugathodesmadeirensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TheridiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 45Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 50Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1700Rugathodesmadeirensis is one of the most common species in Madeira Island, known throughout the laurisilva forest and also other habitats including pine plantations and close to urban areas.Range description: EOO (km2): 235-432-792Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live within several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 188-404-792Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live within several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoRugathodesmadeirensis is one of the most common species in Madeira Island, known throughout the laurisilva forest and also other habitats including pine plantations and close to urban areas.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Cobweb spider at all vegetation layers feeding on small arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.ScotognaphapaivaniScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: GnaphosidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 46Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): As the species is thought to be restricted to the three small islands/islets of Selvagens, the EOO and AOO can be calculated with some confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160Range description: Restricted to Selvagem Grande, Selvagem Pequena and Ilhéu de Fora in the archipelago of Selvagens.EOO (km2): 13Trend: StableJustification for trend: The EOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The AOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 12Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The population size seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: 3Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The islands and islets of Desertas have a mix of grassland and rocky outcrops within coastal cliffs. The species seems to be relatively common in grassland, unknown if also occurs in other habitats.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The habitat in Selvagem Grande was subject of a recovery plan during 2000-2002 and seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical DryHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical DrySize: 3-10 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is probably a nocturnal hunter of small arthropods at ground level.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The species range is inside the Selvagens Nature Reserve.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.SpermophoridesselvagensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1992AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: PholcidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 47Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species is only known from Selvagem Grande , being pMin Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160Range description: Only known from Selvagem Grande, from both a small coastal cave (Gruta das Pardelas) and rocky areas.EOO (km2): 4Trend: StableJustification for trend: The EOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The AOO seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The population size seems to be stable with no signs of loss or known threats.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Number of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Found both in a coastal cave and rocky outcrops.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands13.2. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Caves/KarstHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands13.2. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Caves/KarstSize: 1-2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This is a tangle-web spider hunting for small arthropods on rock walls.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The species range is inside the Selvagens Nature Reserve.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.SteatodadistinctaScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: TheridiidaeFamily: Steatodapaykulliana , a widespread palearctic species : Suppl. material 48Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): The EOO and AOO of this species are unknown.Range description: Only mentioned for "Madeira" , with noEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): The species habitat is unknown.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about this species ecology except it should be a cobweb builder .Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.1. Research - Taxonomy1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsS.distincta probably is a synonym of a widespread species AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 49Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest (Min Elevation/Depth (m): 550Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1750Tenuiphantestenebricoloides is one of the most common species in Madeira Island, known throughout the laurisilva forest and also other habitats including planted/cultivated forest and close to urban areas.Range description: EOO (km2): 181-488-700Trend: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 160-488-692Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Most common in humid laurissilva forest but recorded from several habitat types.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types such as cultivated forest, even close to human settlements.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensSize: 2-3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder at the arboreal layer feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.TroglonetamadeirensisScientific name: Species authority: Wunderlich, 1987AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: MysmenidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 50Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Troglonetamadeirensis is one of the most common species in Madeira Island, known throughout the laurisilva forest and also other habitats including caves and close to urban areas.Range description: EOO (km2): 202-389-764Trend: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 172-368-764Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Most common in humid laurissilva forest but recorded from several habitat types.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (observed)Justification for trend: Although most common in laurisilva forest, the species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: SuitableHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensSize: 0.9-1.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This tiny spider has been found living among the rocks and trees, shrubs and herbs and also in moss on tree trunks . It possJustification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.TurinyphiamaderianaScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 51Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in laurisilva forest . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1700Turinyphiamaderiana is known throughout the laurisilva forest that occupies about 20% of the island, mainly on its steep and humid northern slopes.Range description: EOO (km2): 181-351-700Trend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 172-344-700Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Humid laurisilva forest on the northern slopes of Madeira Island.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The preferred habitat of the species, humid laurisilva forest, is not experiencing any decline in area and the invasive species present should not affect the spider populations.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is a sheet-web builder at different vegetation levels feeding mainly on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: All of the species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.TyphochrestusmadeirensisScientific name: Species authority: Crespo, 2013AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 52Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, all recent and in open habitats . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1750Range description: Living on relatively high-altitude open areas across Madeira (Paúl da Serra and the region between the highest mountain peaks), Deserta Grande (south plateau) and Bugio (south and north plateaus).EOO (km2): 372-568-1397Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 20-64-656Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species seems to be able to live within different open habitat types, including grassland and rocky mountain peaks.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on open habitat patches across different islands.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/High Altitude6. Rocky areas Size: 1.2-1.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Living at ground level, probably actively hunting for small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the known species range is inside protected areas.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1. Land/water protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1. Land/water protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.XysticusgrohiScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ThomisidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 53Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Species possibly restricted to the islands of Deserta Grande and Bugio (Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 400Range description: This species is possibly restricted to the islands of Deserta Grande and Bugio where it is know from three sites but probably extends across the entire islands given the adequate microhabitat (steep slopes).EOO (km2): 24Trend: StableXysticusnubilus Simon, 1875, first detected in 2011, seems to have occupied all the flat areas of Desertas, the steep slopes around the islands may constitute refuge to this single island endemic.Justification for trend: Although the invasive Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableX.nubilus seems to have occupied all the flat areas of Desertas, the steep slopes around the islands may constitute refuge to this single island endemic.Justification for trend: Although the invasive Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 24Number of locations: 1X.nubilus, first detected in 2011, seems to have originated the extirpation of X.grohi from most of the islands. This invasive process may continue in the future to the current refuge of the endemic species, the steep coastal slopes.Justification for number of locations: A single event, the introduction of the invasive species Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)X.nubilus seems to have originated the extirpation of X.grohi from most of the islands. This invasive process may continue in the future to the current refuge of the endemic species, the steep coastal slopes.Justification for trend: The introduction of the invasive congener Basis for decline: (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoX.nubilus seems to have originated the extirpation of X.grohi from most of the islands. This invasive process may continue in the future to the current refuge of the endemic species, the steep coastal slopes.Population Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist. The introduction of the invasive Number of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)X.nubilus seems to have originated the extirpation of X.grohi from most of the islands.Justification for trend: The introduction of Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This species is possibly restricted to rocky areas, now only on coastal slopes.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)X.nubilus seems to have originated the extirpation of X.grohi from most of the islands.Justification for trend: The introduction of Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsSize: 5 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species is an ambush hunter of small insects over rocks and possibly low vegetation.X.nubilus, first detected in 2011, seems to have originated the extirpation of X.grohi from most of the islands. This invasive process may continue in the future to the current refuge of the endemic species, the steep coastal slopes.Justification for threats: The introduction of the invasive species Threat type: OngoingThreats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesThreat type: OngoingThreats: 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseasesX.nubilus should be erradicated from the island. As this task is probably impossible, ex-situ conservation with eventual re-introduction and recovery might be the only feasible measure to prevent the species extinction.Justification for conservation actions: All of the species range is inside the Desertas Nature Reserve. The invasive Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservationConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control3.2. Species management - Species recovery3.3. Species management - Species re-introduction3.4. Species management - Ex-situ conservationUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsX.grohi should be the target of a species conservation plan with consequent area management actions. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm the species status.Justification for research needed: The current distribution of the species and possible threats from the invasive congener should be thoroughly studied. Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsX.grohi should be the target of a species conservation plan with consequent area management actions. Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm the species status.Justification for research needed: The current distribution of the species and possible threats from the invasive congener should be thoroughly studied. XysticusmadeirensisScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ThomisidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 54Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This species EOO and AOO are unknown.Range description: This species is only known from Fajã da Nogueira at the northeastern region of Madeira Island in laurisilva forest Fig. . A singlEOO (km2): UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: UnknownHabitat (narrative): Only known from laurisilva forest.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSize: 6 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): As all congeners, certainly an ambush hunter feeding on small insects.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: The known species range is inside the Madeira Natural Park.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic research is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats throughout the range.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic research is needed on its distribution, ecology and possible threats throughout the range.ZimirinalepidaScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: ProdidomidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 8Region for assessment: GlobalBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 55Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for the species, mostly recent and in open grassland or shrubland . It was Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0Max Elevation/Depth (m): 160Range description: Known from all islands and few islets of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. Always at low altitude in open habitats such as grassland or shrubland.EOO (km2): 10682-10682-13343Trend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 32-188-432Number of locations: 0Justification for number of locations: No known threats to the species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: The species seems to be able to live on several habitat types, even close to human settlements.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No population size estimates exist.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Open grassland and shrubland, often in disturbed areas, close to or even inside houses.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensSize: 2-3 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Most probably an active hunter at ground level feeding on small size arthropods.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatThreat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the species range is inside several protected areasConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 3.1. Monitoring - Population trendsJustification for research needed: Monitoring of population trends should be conducted to confirm species status.Hognaingens included), there is no reliable information on range and trends for 16 (29%). Among the 40 with reliable information, 29 are widespread, with an estimated EOO > 200 km2 and AOO > 60 km2. Most of these are restricted to the laurisilva forest that occupies 20% of the area of Madeira Island and which is well preserved and protected for the most part.Out of 56 species evaluated , plant invasive species that reduce the habitat quality (Dysderaportisancti and H.ingens), wildfires at high mountain regions (Mesiotelusmaderianus) and possible competition for resources from congeners (Metabarreti and Xysticusgrohi).Seven species show a continuing decline in either range or population size. Their decline can be attributed to habitat destruction or degradation . While all other habitats have been subject to multiple recent projects using standardized intensive sampling, the mountain regions have been sporadically sampled, rarely in recent times. This habitat, known to host multiple endemic species of other taxa such as snails and beetles, was subjected to catastrophic wildfires in 2010 that affected many threatened endemics, and should therefore be the focus for future work with spiders. Furthermore, it will also be important to assess the vulnerability of these mountain habitats and their associated spider fauna to climate change effects.A few species are missing critical information to be able to assess their status, namely a couple that are only known from the high peaks of Madeira Island , ex-situ conservation, recovery and possible re-introduction could be a last resort or insurance against extinction, if this has not occurred yet.Among all the conservation measures suggested, the restoration of original habitat areas and control of invasive species are often a priority to guarantee the survival of threatened species. Many actions have been undertaken by the local authorities (Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza) in Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos to control and eradicate invasive plants and mammals jointly with habitat restoration programs. However, it is important not only to ensure the continuity of those actions, but also to monitor their effectiveness by assessing population changes in selected groups like spiders as they already proved to be efficient and effective bioindicators in many terrestrial ecosystems , includiThe network of protected areas in Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos is extensive and covers most of the areas known to harbour higher values of species richness and endemism . A clearIn conclusion, although most endemic spiders from Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos are in a favourable situation due to the good condition and protection of the laurisilva forests where many live, there are a number of species requiring urgent attention and protection measures. These include the few cave and mountain-restricted species or threatened by competing congeners or invasive plants. Extending current protected areas, restoring original habitats of threatened species and control invasive taxa are still a priority.DiscussionSupplementary material 1Araneushortensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146332.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 2Arctosamaderana Roewer, 1960Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146336.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 3Centromerusanoculus Wunderlich, 1995Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146706.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 4Centromerussexoculatus Wunderlich, 1992Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146707.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 5Centromerusvariegatus Denis, 1962Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146340.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 6Ceratinopsisinfuscata Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146342.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 7Dipoenatalongitarsis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146343.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 8Drassodesrugichelis Denis, 1962Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146345.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 9Dysderaaneris Macías-Hernández & Arnedo, 2010Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_147143.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 10Dysderacoiffaiti Denis, 1962Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146347.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 11Dysderadiversa Blackwall, 1862Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146348.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 12Dysderaportisancti Wunderlich, 1995Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146350.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 13Dysderavandeli Denis, 1962Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146352.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 14Echemusmodestus Kulczynski, 1899Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146354.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 15Frontinellinadearmata Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146355.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 16Frontiphantesfulgurenotatus Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146359.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 17Hahniainsulana Schenkel, 1938Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146358.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 18Hognabiscoitoi Wunderlich, 1992Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146360.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 19Hognaheeri Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146364.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 20Hognainsularum Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146367.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 21Hognamaderiana Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146537.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 22Hognanonannulata Wunderlich, 1995Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146370.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 23Hognaschmitzi Wunderlich, 1992Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146774.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 24Lathysaffinis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146373.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 25Lepthyphantesimpudicus Kulczynski, 1909Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146374.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 26Lepthyphanteslundbladi Schenkel, 1938Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146375.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 27Lepthyphantesmauli Wunderlich, 1992Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146376.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 28Macaroerisdesertensis Wunderlich, 1992Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146377.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 29Macarophaeuscultior Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146378.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 30Mesiotelusmaderianus Kulczynski, 1899Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146380.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 31Metabarreti Kulczynski, 1899Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146381.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 32Metastridulans Wunderlich, 1987Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146382.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 33Misumenanigromaculata Denis, 1963Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146383.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 34Oecobiusminor Kulczynski, 1909Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_152599.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 35Oecobiusselvagensis Wunderlich, 1995Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146387.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 36Parapelecopsismediocris Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146395.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 37Philodromusinsulanus Kulczynski, 1905Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146396.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 38Philodromussimillimus Denis, 1962Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146398.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 39Pholcusdentatus Wunderlich, 1995Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146399.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 40Pholcusmadeirensis Wunderlich, 1987Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146402.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 41Pholcusmagnus Wunderlich, 1987Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146404.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 42Pholcusparvus Wunderlich, 1987Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146406.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 43Pholcussilvai Wunderlich, 1995Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_152600.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 44Prinerigonepigra Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146411.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 45Rugathodesmadeirensis Wunderlich, 1987Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146412.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 46Scotognaphapaivani Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146413.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 47Spermophoridesselvagensis Wunderlich, 1992Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146414.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 48Steatodadistincta Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146415.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 49Tenuiphantestenebricoloides Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146416.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 50Troglonetamadeirensis Wunderlich, 1987Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146417.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 51Turinyphiamaderiana Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146418.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 52Typhochrestusmadeirensis Crespo, 2013Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_149592.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 53Xysticusgrohi Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_152582.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 54Xysticusmadeirensis Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146421.kmlCardoso, P.Supplementary material 55Zimirinalepida Distribution of Data type: DistributionFile: oo_146423.kmlCardoso, P.