Szepligetella levipetiolata, Szepligetella deercreeki Deans and Mikó sp. nov., Szepligetella irwini Deans and Mikó sp. nov., and the nearly cosmopolitan Evania appendigaster. A fifth species, Szepligetella sericea, including Szepligetella impressa, syn. nov., has not yet been collected in New Caledonia but can be found on islands throughout the Pacific and so is included in the diagnostic key. Taxonomic descriptions are unparalleled sources of knowledge of life's phenotypic diversity. As natural language prose, these data sets are largely refractory to computation and integration with other sources of phenotypic data. By formalizing taxonomic descriptions using ontology-based semantic representation, we aim to increase the reusability and computability of taxonomists' primary data. Here, we present a revision of the ensign wasp (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) fauna of New Caledonia using this new model for species description. Descriptive matrices, specimen data, and taxonomic nomenclature are gathered in a unified Web-based application, mx, then exported as both traditional taxonomic treatments and semantic statements using the OWL Web Ontology Language. Character:character-state combinations are then annotated following the entity–quality phenotype model, originally developed to represent mutant model organism phenotype data; concepts of anatomy are drawn from the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology and linked to phenotype descriptors from the Phenotypic Quality Ontology. The resulting set of semantic statements is provided in Resource Description Framework format. Applying the model to real data, that is, specimens, taxonomic names, diagnoses, descriptions, and redescriptions, provides us with a foundation to discuss limitations and potential benefits such as automated data integration and reasoner-driven queries. Four species of ensign wasp are now known to occur in New Caledonia:  These phenotypic descriptions are difficult to data-mine . By working with real data early in the development of methodologies employing SPs, we identify and address some of the limitations of this approach. We conclude with a discussion as to both the real and perceived future problems of SPs as used here and highlight potential explorations that may advance the approach in subsequent work.Ensign wasps are charismatic hymenopterans that develop as solitary predators of cockroach (Blattodea) eggs inside oothecae . Despitehttp://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/ last accessed May 13, 2013), was deposited as an Resource Description Framework (RDF)-XML file  in the Dryad repository .Our SPs follow the entity–quality (EQ) approach, meaning we draw “entity” terms from an organism-specific anatomy ontology, and phenotypic quality terms from a taxon-agnostic ontology of qualitative descriptors. EQ is a guiding principle for formulating ontological class expressions (SPs), which represent the class of organisms that a given character state denotes. The phenotype class expressions we created follow the approach advocated by http://morphbank.net last accessed May 13, 2013), as image collection 783132. Verbatim specimen label data and museum coden information are provided in online Appendix 2. Taxonomic nomenclature, specimen data, supporting images, and character matrix-based descriptive statements were compiled in the open-source web application mx  through interactive forms and integrated batch-uploading. NL treatments that include nomenclatural, descriptive, and material-related sections were rendered from these data using automated mechanisms included in mx. NL character descriptions were formulated with ontology annotation in mind, and in some cases revised to facilitate annotation.Diagnostic characters were discovered during direct examination of specimens under an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope and by comparing standard view images of specimens. Digital images were made using an Olympus CX41 compound microscope, equipped with a DP71 digital camera. SEM micrographs were taken by Philips XL30 ESEM-FEG (ISU) and FEI Nova 400 NanoSEM (FSU) on Au–Pd-coated specimens. Original images are deposited at Morphbank . These data, along with ontologies listed in http://protege.stanford.edu/ last accessed May 13, 2013). Navigation of the descriptive matrix elements in Protégé was aided by a custom-built plugin, available from the Github source code repository . SP annotations were added to character states within Protégé as OWL class expressions using the built-in Manchester syntax (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-manchester-syntax/) last accessed May 13, 2013 editor. These phenotype annotation axioms were created in a separate OWL file which imported the character matrix OWL file exported from mx; this allowed edits to character data within mx to be integrated with in-progress phenotype annotation work in Protégé, by re-exporting and replacing the character matrix file  and the FaCT++ Description Logic reasoner, version 1.5.3 . We performed the same queries over a comparison data set covering another ensign wasp genus, generated in parallel to this one . For example, the “some” keyword in the following expressions signifies an existentially quantified property restriction. For a basic phenotype such as “wing shape: curved,” inheres_in some wing” , and those described from the perspective of the entity, for example, “wing and bearer_of some curved.” We adopted the entity-based form, which can be more conveniently associated with a specimen exhibiting the phenotype, through a has_part relationship:The SP expressions we created build on the OWL representation for EQ explicated by It is not necessary to explicitly include “shape” in the expression; the knowledge that “curved” is a subtype of “shape” is built into the PATO ontology.primary locator, whereas the containing structure is a secondary locator . We used a nested series of has_part restrictions, mapping neatly to Sereno's secondary locator(s), L:In many cases, the structure that bears the quality being described is an instance of a “general” class, which must be further specified. For example, this may be a class of repeated anatomical structure, such as “bristle,” or a class denoting an abstract spatial region; both of these require localization to a specific, containing, anatomical structure, such as “mesosoma.” In the terminology of Context-dependent anatomical entities such as the above are often described as standalone expressions using a “post-composition” approach in other EQ annotation software, such as Phenex . The enthas_part chain, which provides two advantages over the part_of construction: (i) the entity class is more proximately associated with the quality it bears within the Manchester syntax expression, helping the human annotator verify correctness of the expression and (ii) an automated reasoner can infer that the “locator” structure is part of the same organism as the entity structure, a fact that is not implied by the semantics of the part_of -based class expression.However, we found that postcompositions in our annotations were nearly always used to express parthood relationships; these structures could instead be represented using the aforementioned Building upon the basic EQ construct just described, we identified four template EQ expressions which could be used to express the meaning of the various character forms in the matrix:Relative measurement phenotypes highlighted an important limitation of OWL class expressions: without the ability to include variables within the expression, it was impossible to fully represent the intended meaning . Namely,http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/ last accessed May 13, 2013). For the example phenotype above, the corresponding rule would state that if there is an organism which has as parts an antenna and an eye, and the antenna is increased_in_magnitude_relative_to the eye, then that organism is inferred to be a member of the class defining the phenotype. Within our data set, these rules are not actually exercised; they are included only as a clarification of relative measurement semantics within the limitations of the OWL 2 language.Unsatisfyingly, to be an instance of this class, an antenna needs to merely be longer than at least one eye in the world, not necessarily an eye possessed by the same organism. Although the semantics of the above phenotype description are not complete with respect to the meaning of the character, they still provide useful information about character data and specimens by making it clear that the given character describes aspects of antenna and eye size. Indeed, for not only relative measurement phenotypes but in fact all phenotype descriptions we created, the OWL class representing a phenotype for a given character state is defined not as equivalent to the EQ description but rather as a subclass—the provided semantics are necessary aspects of the phenotype but not a wholly sufficient description. To make the intended semantics of relative measurement phenotypes more explicit to consumers of the semantic description, we added a rule for each such character state using Semantic Web Rule Language  significantly departed from the basic templates, usually by incorporating more complicated intersection or union expressions. All SP expressions along with the original natural-language characters can be found in online Appendix 1.A phenotype annotation consists of an OWL class, P, the ontological description of that class using an EQ expression, and the linkage of the phenotype class to a particular character state, CS, by means of a class assertion:denotes only P)CS Type (denotes property is defined within the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) to signify a reference by an informational entity to a “portion of reality.”The denotes to connect both the character states and the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) within a character matrix to the actual organisms (specimens) being described. So, since in our data model an OTU denotes a particular set of specimens under investigation, it follows that a character state denotes any specimen whose OTU has that state as a matrix value. We encoded this assertion by defining an OWL property chain (a property chain describes a path of links in the RDF graph which imply a new direct link between the nodes at either end of the path) (denotes only P), we can infer that any specimens denoted by OTUs possessing a given character state  are members of that phenotype class. This logical framework allows us to propagate phenotypes to specimens while directly asserting semantic annotations only for character states (We made use of he path) . By connr states .Evaniscus (Szepligetella data set (this study) referenced a markedly broader range of quality descriptors than the Evaniscus data set: 41 concepts across 43 characters versus 30 concepts across 56 characters.As preliminary examples for how ontology-based annotation facilitates cross-data set computation, we performed queries, programmed using the OWL API, over both this data set and a comparison data set for a relatively distantly related genus, vaniscus . Becausevaniscus . AlthougEvaniscus data set characters describing color variation are much more prevalent than in this study .We also used the ontologies to assess the distribution of study characters across selected anatomical and qualitative partitions . By meanEvania appendigaster (Linnaeus 1758).– Antennal shelf presence: absent ; eye colAntennal shelf presence: present ; eye col– Female flagellum color pattern: monocolored; Carinae laterally on frons presence: absent ; lower fFemale flagellum color pattern: banded  and 6f; >2× ocellus diameter) presence: present (Szepligetella irwini Deans and Mikó sp. nov.>2× ocellus diameter) presence: absent  , 9c, dEvania appendigaster (Ichneumon appendigaster: Linnaeus (1758)  [sex unknown], deposited at LSUK, labels: “habitat in America.” Taxonomic history documented by Body length.—7.0–7.8 mm.Head.—Median clypeal projection sharpness: blunt. Lower face texture: foveae absent. Median carina of lower face presence: absent. Malar space length: longer than 0.5 of compound eye height. Carinae laterally on frons presence: absent. Antennal rim shape: not raised laterally. Antennal shelf presence: present. Eye color: blue. Long setae (length >2× ocellus diameter) presence: absent. Mandibular teeth count: 3. Female scape length: greater than eye height. Female flagellum color pattern: monocolored. Female flagellum ventral sensillar patch spatial arrangement: F5–F11.Mesosoma.—Shape of median area of pronotum: not recurved. Sulcus delimiting pronotal lobe presence: present. Pronotal lobe carina presence: absent. Anteromedian carina of the prosternum presence: absent. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus continuity: discontinuous. Notaulus shape: sigmoid. Notaulus lateral margins alignment: parallel. Median mesoscutal area shape: not prominent relative to lateral mesoscutal area. Scutoscutellar suture structure: not foveate. Ventro-lateral region of mesosoma texture: foveate. Anterolateral mesopectal projection 2d shape: scalene triangular. Speculum presence: absent. Epicnemium sculpture: smooth. Epicnemial carina shape: convex medially. Ventral margin of mesopectus length: shorter than ventral margin of metapectus length. Metapleural sulcus position: horizontal. Posterior margin of the propodeum ventrally of the propodeal foramen lateral view shape: convex. Gastral scrobe conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Lateral carina of gastral scrobe presence: absent. Submedian propodeal projection presence: absent. Nucha presence: absent. Female metatibial spines presence: absent. 1M length versus 1CUb length: 1M is distinctly longer than 1CUb. Distal part of 4RS shape: straight or arched proximally. Costal cell coloration: brown in the distal one-tenth.Metasoma.—Petiole texture: smooth. Petiole pilosity: dense. Lateroventral carina of the petiole presence: present. Setiferous patch on dorsal region of abdominal terga 4–7 in female presence: present.Syntype male: {no locality label} LINN 2719 (LSUK). Syntype female: {no locality label} LINN 2720 (LSUK). Other material: FRANCE: New Caledonia: one female. NCSU 49532 (PSUC). USA: TX: Brazos Co.: one female. NCSU 23566 (PSUC).E. appendigaster used in the majority of literature, whereas the female specimen (LINN 2720) is easily diagnosed, based on surface sculpture, mesosoma shape, appendage color, and wing venation, as Prosevania fuscipes (Illiger 1807). We wait to designate a lectotype, however, until these specimens can be observed directly.The two putative syntype specimens deposited at LSUK are not conspecific. The male specimen (LINN 2719) is morphologically consistent with concept of Deans and Mikó sp. nov. , 7e, fSzepligetella deercreeki Diagnosis.—Differs from all known Szepligetella species in the combination of the following character states: notaulus lateral margins alignment: diverging; median mesoscutal area shape: prominent relative to lateral mesoscutal area; setiferous patch on dorsal region of abdominal terga 4–7 in female presence: absent.Body length.—5.3–6.6 mm.Head.—Median clypeal projection sharpness: pointed. Lower face texture: foveate. Median carina of lower face presence: absent. Malar space length: shorter than 0.5 of compound eye height. Carinae laterally on frons presence: present. Antennal rim shape: raised laterally. Antennal shelf presence: absent. Eye color: gray-silver. Long setae (length >2× ocellus diameter) presence: absent. Mandibular teeth count: 4. Female scape length: equal to eye height. Female flagellum color pattern: monocolored. Female flagellum ventral sensillar patch spatial arrangement: F4–F11.Mesosoma.—Shape of median area of pronotum: recurved. Sulcus delimiting pronotal lobe presence: absent. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Anteromedian carina of the prosternum presence: present. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus continuity: continuous. Notaulus shape: sigmoid. Notaulus lateral margins alignment: diverging. Median mesoscutal area shape: prominent relative to lateral mesoscutal area. Scutoscutellar suture structure: foveate. Ventro-lateral region of mesosoma texture: areolate. Anterolateral mesopectal projection 2d shape: isosceles triangular. Speculum presence: present. Epicnemium sculpture: wrinkled. Epicnemial carina shape: concave medially. Ventral margin of mesopectus length: longer than ventral margin of metapectus length. Metapleural sulcus position: vertical. Posterior margin of the propodeum ventrally of the propodeal foramen lateral view shape: straight. Gastral scrobe conspicuousness: conspicuous. Lateral carina of gastral scrobe presence: absent. Submedian propodeal projection presence: absent. Nucha presence: present. Female metatibial spines presence: present. 1M length versus 1CUb length: 1M is distinctly longer than 1CUb. Distal part of 4RS shape: straight or arched proximally. Costal cell coloration: brown in the distal one-tenth; brown in the distal one-half–two-third.Metasoma.—Petiole texture: smooth. Petiole pilosity: sparse. Lateroventral carina of the petiole presence: absent. Setiferous patch on dorsal region of abdominal terga 4–7 in female presence: absent.Holotype: : FRANCE: New Caledonia: NCSU 43287 (CNC). Paratypes : FRANCE: New Caledonia: NCSU 41660 (CNC), NCSU 49529–49531 (BMNH).This species is named after Deer Creek High School in Edmond, Oklahoma, USA, for recently contributing to our understanding and appreciation of insects through poetry through the 2011 Hexapod Haiku Challenge, hosted by the NCSU Insect Museum.Deans and Mikó sp. nov. , 4e, 6fSzepligetella irwini Diagnosis.—Szepligetella irwini and S. levipetiolata differ from all known Szepligetella species in the following character states: submedian propodeal projection presence: present. Female flagellum color pattern: banded; Carinae laterally on frons presence: present.Szepligetella irwini differs from S. levipetiolata in the following character states: long setae (length >2× ocellus diameter) presence: present; female metatibial spines presence: absent.Body length.—6.5–6.8 mm.Head.—Median clypeal projection sharpness: pointed. Lower face texture: foveae absent. Median carina of lower face presence: present. Malar space length: shorter than 0.5 of compound eye height. Carinae laterally on frons presence: present. Antennal rim shape: raised laterally. Antennal shelf presence: absent. Eye color: gray-silver. Long setae (length >2× ocellus diameter) presence: present. Mandibular teeth count: 4. Female scape length: greater than eye height. Female flagellum color pattern: banded. Female flagellum ventral sensillar patch spatial arrangement: F6–F11.Mesosoma.—Shape of median area of pronotum: recurved. Sulcus delimiting pronotal lobe presence: absent. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Anteromedian carina of the prosternum presence: present. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus continuity: continuous. Notaulus shape: sigmoid. Notaulus lateral margins alignment: parallel. Median mesoscutal area shape: not prominent relative to lateral mesoscutal area. Scutoscutellar suture structure: foveate. Ventro-lateral region of mesosoma texture: areolate. Anterolateral mesopectal projection 2d shape: isosceles triangular. Speculum presence: present. Epicnemium sculpture: wrinkled. Epicnemial carina shape: concave medially. Ventral margin of mesopectus length: longer than ventral margin of metapectus length. Metapleural sulcus position: vertical. Posterior margin of the propodeum ventrally of the propodeal foramen lateral view shape: convex. Gastral scrobe conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Lateral carina of gastral scrobe presence: absent. Submedian propodeal projection presence: present. Nucha presence: present. Female metatibial spines presence: absent. 1M length versus 1CUb length: 1M is distinctly longer than 1CUb. Distal part of 4RS shape: straight or arched proximally. Costal cell coloration: brown in the distal one-half–two-third.Metasoma.—Petiole texture: smooth. Petiole pilosity: sparse. Lateroventral carina of the petiole presence: absent. Setiferous patch on dorsal region of abdominal terga 4–7 in female presence: absent.Holotype female: FRANCE: New Caledonia: NCSU 41664 (MNHN). Paratype female: FRANCE: New Caledonia: 44113 (INHS).The species name refers to the collector of the type specimens, M. E. Irwin. Figs. 4, 9a, bSzepligetella levipetiolata Evania levipetiolataTaxonomic history documented by Body length.—4.6–8.0 mm.Head.—Median clypeal projection sharpness: pointed. Lower face texture: foveae absent. Median carina of lower face presence: present. Malar space length: shorter than 0.5 of compound eye height. Carinae laterally on frons presence: present. Antennal rim shape: raised laterally. Antennal shelf presence: absent. Eye color: gray-silver. Long setae (length >2× ocellus diameter) presence: absent. Mandibular teeth count: 4. Female scape length: greater than eye height. Female flagellum color pattern: banded. Female flagellum ventral sensillar patch spatial arrangement: F6–F11.Mesosoma.—Shape of median area of pronotum: recurved. Sulcus delimiting pronotal lobe presence: absent. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Anteromedian carina of the prosternum presence: present. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus continuity: continuous. Notaulus shape: sigmoid. Notaulus lateral margins alignment: parallel. Median mesoscutal area shape: not prominent relative to lateral mesoscutal area. Scutoscutellar suture structure: foveate. Ventro-lateral region of mesosoma texture: areolate. Anterolateral mesopectal projection 2d shape: isosceles triangular. Speculum presence: present. Epicnemium sculpture: wrinkled. Epicnemial carina shape: concave medially. Ventral margin of mesopectus length: longer than ventral margin of metapectus length. Metapleural sulcus position: vertical. Posterior margin of the propodeum ventrally of the propodeal foramen lateral view shape: straight. Gastral scrobe conspicuousness: inconspicuous. Lateral carina of gastral scrobe presence: absent. Submedian propodeal projection presence: present. Nucha presence: present. Female metatibial spines presence: absent; present. 1M length versus 1CUb length: 1M is distinctly longer than 1CUb. Distal part of 4RS shape: straight or arched proximally. Costal cell coloration: brown in the distal one-half–two-third.Metasoma.—Petiole texture: smooth. Petiole pilosity: sparse. Lateroventral carina of the petiole presence: absent. Setiferous patch on dorsal region of abdominal terga 4–7 in female presence: present.Holotype male: FRANCE: New Caledonia, B.M.TYPE.HYM. 3a.287 (BMNH). Other material: FRANCE: New Caledonia: 87 males, 1 female (NCSU 41656). NCSU 51293 (CAS); NCSU 34829, 34842, 34848, 34860, 41650, 41654, 41656, 44107, 44114, 44116, 44119, 44124, 51298 (PSUC); NCSU 33643, 41652–41653, 41655, 41657, 41661–41662, 41665–41666, 41669, 41897–41898, 44100, 44103, 44108, 44110–44112, 44115, 44117, 44120, 44122–44123, 44125–44126, 44129, 51297, 51299 (MNHN); NCSU 34828, 34830–34841, 34843–34847, 34849–34859, 34861–34865, 41658, 41668, 44101–44102, 44104–44106, 44109, 44127, 51296 (INHS); NCSU 51294–51295 (CNC). Figs. 6, 8c, dSzepligetella sericea Evania sericeaEvania impressaBody length.—5.5–9.1 mm.Head.—Median clypeal projection sharpness: pointed. Lower face texture: foveate. Median carina of lower face presence: present. Malar space length: shorter than 0.5 of compound eye height. Carinae laterally on frons presence: present. Antennal rim shape: raised laterally. Antennal shelf presence: absent. Eye color: gray-silver. Long setae (length >2× ocellus diameter) presence: absent. Mandibular teeth count: 4. Female scape length: equal to eye height. Female flagellum color pattern: monocolored. Female flagellum ventral sensillar patch spatial arrangement: F4–F11.Mesosoma.—Shape of median area of pronotum: recurved. Sulcus delimiting pronotal lobe presence: absent. Pronotal lobe carina presence: present. Anteromedian carina of the prosternum presence: present. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus continuity: continuous. Notaulus shape: falciform. Notaulus lateral margins alignment: parallel. Median mesoscutal area shape: not prominent relative to lateral mesoscutal area. Scutoscutellar suture structure: foveate. Ventro-lateral region of mesosoma texture: areolate. Anterolateral mesopectal projection 2d shape: isosceles triangular. Speculum presence: present. Epicnemium sculpture: wrinkled. Epicnemial carina shape: concave medially. Ventral margin of mesopectus length: longer than ventral margin of metapectus length. Metapleural sulcus position: vertical. Posterior margin of the propodeum ventrally of the propodeal foramen lateral view shape: straight. Gastral scrobe conspicuousness: conspicuous. Lateral carina of gastral scrobe presence: present. Submedian propodeal projection presence: absent. Nucha presence: present. Female metatibial spines presence: present. 1M length versus 1CUb length: equal. Distal part of 4RS shape: arched distally. Costal cell coloration: brown in the distal one-tenth.Metasoma.—Petiole texture: furrowed. Petiole pilosity: sparse. Lateroventral carina of the petiole presence: absent. Setiferous patch on dorsal region of abdominal terga 4–7 in female presence: present.Evania sericeaEvania impressa>100 species of cockroaches on New Caledonia that construct egg cases  which could serve as “hosts” for ensign wasp larvae. Yet, we could only find two species of evaniid that are presumably native to the island and one introduced species, whose hosts are well known. The two native ensign wasp species could be (i) generalists that predate on numerous cockroach species .A critical consideration for the application of semantic technology to phenotypic descriptions is how well a logical representation can express the meaning currently conveyed by NL. For example, creating logical statements that encapsulate the full meaning of the single NL statement “aedeagus apical column broad, and flattened apically, ending abruptly with rounded basal angle and narrow, hooked apical lobe, column extending more than half its length beyond penis valve, bending dorsally,” is a much larger challenge relative to the statement “gonocoxa orange” , EQ translation was generally straightforward. However, as described in the “Results” section, one class of characters, “relative measurements,” proved challenging to adequately describe using OWL. Five out of the 43 characters described here involved relative measurements. Although they constitute only a little more than 10% of the characters in this study, relative measurements are a common and important means for describing morphological changes in a size-independent manner. The OWL limitation stems from a requirement that class descriptions exhibit a tree-like structure, a factor in decidability . Althougclassify NL phenotypic descriptions, rather than fully replace them. In contrast, With representational limitations in mind, we suggest that semantic annotation should be primarily considered as a means to Indeed, the ontological classification of characters in this study and in It is clear that widespread adoption of semantic methodologies within systematics will require development of tools that facilitate, rather than complicate, systematists' work. The initial approach demonstrated here requires some familiarity with both OWL and the Protégé application. Our cdao-protege plugin made navigation of characters and associated states within Protégé fairly straightforward; however, the mechanics of manually creating ontology classes for phenotypes and consistently creating all the required links to character states did prove challenging to nonexpert Protégé users. Even so, it is our experience that interested biologists can quickly comprehend and apply OWL class descriptions, particularly using the English-like Manchester Syntax. We have prototyped a fully integrated SP annotation interface directly within mx, building on the approach begun with the Phenex annotation application . Howeverhttp://portal.hymao.org last accessed May 13, 2013) to compare their descriptive text against the HAO and to return ontology concept URIs .Either approach, careful SP description or simple semantic tagging, requires a well-developed multispecies anatomy ontology for maximum utility. The importance of expert morphologists has never been greater in this regard . CommuniAs the ontology language for the Semantic Web, OWL not only provides an ontological reasoning framework but also a means to publish our descriptions as RDF, contributing to the emerging universe of Linked Open Data . The usehttp://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2gd84.Data files and/or other supplementary information related to this paper have been deposited at Dryad under National Science Foundation ; and the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center and benefited from discussions initiated through the Phenotype Research Coordination Network (in part). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.This material is based on work supported by the