AbstractDendrocerusmexicali has been described by Paul Dessart from a single male specimen collected in Mexico. Using 87 newly identified specimens we expand the known range to include the Southwestern United States and Florida, provide an expanded description of the species, and provide the first record of the female. We also use confocal laser scanning microscopy and in vitro hydrostatic pressure changes to investigate the functional morphology of apparently unique basally flexible antennal branches. Ceraphronoidea (Hymenoptera) is a widespread superfamily of parasitoid wasps comprised of two extant families: Ceraphronidae and Megaspilidae. Little is known about the biology of Ceraphronidae, but there are quite a few host records for Megaspilidae, especially for the genus Dendrocerus Ratzeburg, 1852   . Based oasitoids . Dendrocrasitoid .Dendrocerusmexicali was first described from a single male specimen collected on wild mustard in Mexicali, Mexico . The antennae of the male Dendrocerusmexicali is perhaps its most distinguishing feature  , the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes (CNC)  and Pennsylvania State University Collection Frost Entomological Museum (PSUC_FEM) identifier. All figures, OWL files, and supplementary files are available on Figshare (https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2063586.v1).All specimens are point-mounted and air-dried. Specimens are deposited in the Dissections were performed in glycerol or on Blue-Tack  using number 2 insect pins and an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope, with an Olympus SDF PLAPO 1XF objective (115×) and an Olympus SDF PLAPO 2XPFC objective (230× magnification).CLSM was used to image the male antenna and genitalia. Dissected male Dendrocerusmexicali antennae and genitalia were placed in a droplet of glycerol between two no. 1.5 coverslips with a small amount of Blue-Tack as a spacer , 490–590 nm (green), and 570–670 nm (red), respectively. Volume rendered micrographs and media files were created in ImageJ  and the description and material examined sections of this article were automatically generated from this software. Morphological terminology in the description and diagnosis are linked to classes in phenotype-relevant ontologies (Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO), Phenotypic Quality Ontology (PATO), Biospatial Ontology (BSPO), OBO Relation Ontology (RO), Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI), and Information Artifact Ontology (IAO); all of which are available at http://www.ontobee.org/).Specimen data, specimen images, OTU concepts and phenotypes expressed in natural language were compiled in mx .Phenotype descriptions expressed as semantic statements . head height vs. head length: HH:HL=1.4–1.8 (n=5). head width vs. interorbital space: HW/IOS=1.8–2.0 (n=5). head width vs. head height: HW/HH=1.2–1.4 (n=5). Male OOL:LOL: OOL/LOL=0.75–1.0 (n=2). Male OOL:POL: OOL/POL=0.24–0.43 (n=2). Female OOL:LOL: OOL 0.625–0.75× as long as LOL (n=3). Anterior ocellar fovea shape: fovea not extended ventrally to the dorsal margin of antennal scrobe. occipital carina sculpture: smooth. submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. median flange of occipital carina count: absent. preoccipital carina and occipital carina structure: the occipital carina extends ventrally to the oral foramen with the preoccipital carina present on the vertex, but not extendinig ventrally along the gena. preoccipital carina count: present . preoccipital carina shape: present medially, absent laterally to lateral ocelli. preoccipital lunula count: present. preoccipital furrow count: present. preoccipital furrow anterior end: preoccipital furrow ends inside ocellar triangle. dorsal margin of occipital carina vs dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is ventral to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Transversely reticulate region on frons count: absent. Rugose region on frons count: absent. facial pit count: facial pit present. intertorular carina count: present. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. subtorular carina count: absent. torulo-clypeal carina count: present. supraclypeal depression count: present. supraclypeal depression structure: present medially, inverted U-shaped. antennal scrobe count: absent. flagellomere shape PageBreak: branched. scape length relative to length of F1+F2 : longer or equal. 6th male flagellomere length vs. width, “sensillar” view : elongate, more than 2× as long as wide. flagellomere branch count: 5 branches. Branch of male flagellomere 5 length PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakcompared to flagellomere 6: Longer than length of flagellomere 6. Branch of male flagellomere 5 length compared to flagellomere 5: Longer than length of flagellomere 5. flagellomere 6 length compared to flagellomeres 7+8: Equal to the length of flagelPageBreaklomere 7+8. sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F6—F9. Basal resilin-rich area of male antennal branches count: present. Female first flagellomere length vs pedicel : F1 as long as pedicel (1.0–1.1) (n=3). Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7+F8. Mandibular tooth count: 2. mandibular lancea count: present. ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. atrium of the anterior thoracic spiracle size: as wide as distal trachea. notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. epicnemial carina count: complete. epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit absent; epicnemial carina straight. speculum ventral limit: extending ventrally of pleural pit line. sternaulus count: absent. Median mesoscutal line length vs anterior mesoscutal width: MscL/AscW=0.6–0.9 (n=5). anterior mesoscutal width vs. posterior mesoscutal width: AscW/PscW=0.9 (n=5). median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. axillular carina count: absent. posteromedian process of the mesoscutellum count: present. posteromedian process of the mesoscutellum shape: blunt. scutoscutellar sulcus vs transPageBreakscutal articulation: adjacent. mesometapleural sulcus count: present. posterodorsal metapleural area shape: trapezoid. metapleural carina count: present. anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. lateral propodeal carinae shape: inverted “V” . lateral propodeal carina count: present. transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Distal margin of male abdominal sternum 9 shape: convex. median conjunctiva of PageBreakabdominal tergum 9 count: absent. Proximolateral corner of abdominal sternum 9 shape: blunt. proximodorsal notch of cupula count: absent. Gonostyle/volsella complex proximodorsal margin shape: with deep concavity medially. Submedian conjunctiva on distoventral margin of gonostyle/volsella complex: length (range of fusion of PageBreakparossiculus/parossiculus complex from gonostipes): more than 4/5. apical parossiculal seta number: two. dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. sensillar plate of the aedeagus shape: Enlarged, about half as wide as the genitalia, and strongly sclerotized. carina limiting posteriorly antecosta PageBreakcount: present. distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: absent. cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): absent (fused with the gonostipes). distoventral submedian corner of the cupula count: absent. harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view.Body length universal: 1.4–1.7 mm (n=10). Color hue pattern: antenna, legs, mouthparts ochre; rest of body dark brown. Color intensity pattern: flagellomeres and their branches darker than scape and pedicel. scape and pedicel same as legs. Cephalic size (csb): Mean: 400–500μm. head height  vs eye height (anterior view): Mexico , California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida.PSUC_FEM 86285 (PSUC). USA:California:Stanislaus Co.: 1 male. IM 5156 (UCFC). USA:Florida: 8 females, 13 males. PSUC_FEM 98899, 98907 (PSUC); IM 5106, 5165, 5214; PSUC_FEM 86151, 86166, 86366, 86370, 86384, 86443 (UCFC); PSUC_FEM 56350–56352, 56397–56403 (CNC). USA:Florida:Brevard Co.: 2 males. IM 5212; PSUC_FEM 86296 (UCFC). USA:Florida:Highlands Co.: 47 females, 6 males. PSUC_FEM 56353–56359, 56361-56396, 56404–56413 (CNC). USA:Florida:Orange Co.: 3 males. IM 5210–5211; PSUC_FEM 86137 (UCFC). USA:Florida:Polk Co.: 4 females, 1 male. IM 5107; PSUC_FEM 86130, 86141, 86148, 86266 (UCFC). USA:Texas:Brazos Co.: 1 female. PSUC_FEM 56360 (CNC).Other material : USA:Arizona:Santa Cruz Co.: 1 male. After rehydration of the specimens, the rami of the flagellomeres were very flexible at their bases. After the antenna were placed in distilled water, the apical flagellomeres of both specimens curled very slightly. There was no change in the angle of the flagellomere projections or movement at their bases.Diprionidae have pectinate and bipectinate antennae, though articulated branches have not been described . Dendrocerus of the halidayi species group also have ramose antennae, though none besides Dendrocerusmexicali have articulations  and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.We would like to thank Carolyn Trietsch for creating semantic statements to describe many phenotypes and character states applicable to


Nature Communications7: Article number: 10455 10.1038/ncomms10455 (2016); Published: 01272016; Updated: 06032016The affiliation details for L. Roschier are incorrect in this Article. The correct affiliation details for this author are given below:Aivon Oy, Valimotie 13A, 00380 Helsinki, Finland.


AbstractPseudodorosnigricollis Becker, 1903 is a rarely collected species, of which information on its distribution and ecology is poorly understood.The hoverfly Pseudodorosnigricollis from Cyprus are provided and discussed. The discovery indicates that this Afrotropical species is approaching the European continent. Short notes on the habitat in which it has been collected are provided. The relationship with the mealy plum aphid Hyalopteruspruni is discussed. Clues on further research are given.In this paper the first records of the hoverfly  Pseudodorosnigricollis Becker, 1903 has received little attention in the literature. Besides some scattered records, its past and present distribution is poorly known. There are about twenty verified and published specimens from very scattered localities in the Middle East and the eastern half of Africa, ranging from Israel in the north to Madagascar and South Africa in the south  and on banana leaves (Musa sp.) in colonies of the mealy plum aphid Hyalopteruspruni . In 2014 the second author caught the first specimens of Pseudodorosnigricollis in Cyprus.Since it was first described, the hoverfly P.nigricollis were reared, from larvae feeding on the mealy plum aphid Hyalopteruspruni'   , one "on reed-grass" and the other "from banana plant". This aphid has a worldwide distribution, as it is known from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Micronesia  (Prunus (assumed favourably on P.domestica) and transfers during the summer to secondary hosts, such as Arundo, Calamagrostis, Phalaris, Phragmites (communis), Poa, Scirpus, Typha (latifolia), and possibly other related plants  In the colder regions of the temperate zonesHyalopteruspruniattacks plums chiefly or exclusively, andPhragmites communis is the usual secondary host. (2) In the warmer temperate and tropical regionsH.pruniattacks chiefly peach, apricot, and almond, whileArundo donax andPhragmites communis serve as secondary hosts. This peculiar host specificity, related to climate, is no doubt the result of the importation of the normally plum-feeding aphid into the warmer regions where plums are rare, and finally into the tropics where plums are absent, with the result that the aphid became adapted to peach, apricot, and almond." Other than the record by Efflatoun claiming that P.nigricollis was "bred" from banana plant, no other sources were found that confirm the presence of the mealy plum aphid on this plant. The only reported aphid on banana is the banana aphid Pentalonianigronervosa Coquerel, 1859, which is present worldwide where banana (Musa spp.) is grown (According to rolines) . In the d plants . Howeveris grown .Phragmitesaustralis, Rubussanctus and Cynanchumacutum, which is a climber on the reeds, and very rare in Cyprus. The reeds are surrounded by fields, citrus orchards, tourist villas and gardens. There are also extensive reeds along the river and an eucalyptus plantation which is used as a camping site. Searches at the collecting locality in spring 2015 revealed no specimens. On 9 May 2015 aphid colonies were present on Phragmites . On 14 November 2015, almost one year after the first find, at least fifteen specimens were observed and photographed . Despite an extensive search for aphid colonies on this date none were found. Pseudodorosnigricollis has not yet been recorded at other localities in Cyprus.The flies were collected by means of a hand net, in a small reed-bed on the beach west of the village Polis Chrysochou, on the north-west coast of Cyprus. This reed-bed grows in a damp location near the sea and very close to the estuary of the Stavros tis Psokas River Figs , 2. The tes Figs , 4, but hed Figs  and fiveBecker, 1903http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/9739bf1196b18500b0e8c8dd4b6bf0bfPseudodoros (Pseudodoros) nigricollisPseudodoros Becker, 1903 consists of two subgenera  clavata , P. (Dioprosopa) vockerothi  and P. (Pseudodoros) nigricollis Becker, 1903. A review of the genus Pseudodoros was undertaken by Kassebeer (2000) in which he described a new species from South America and concluded that the subgenus Dioprosopa should have generic status with the genus Pseudodoros restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean and Afrotropics and Dioprosopa to the New World. A fourth species, P.psyllidivora Séguy, 1953 was synomymised by Allobacchasapphirina . Syrphini, recognised Dioprosopa as a subgenus of Pseudodoros. The holotype of P.nigricollis is a male specimen from Cairo, Egypt, collected by Becker in November 1898. Becker published the description of the genus and species in 1903 , a male from 1909 was in his private collection (in Cairo) and the other one in the collection of what was called the Sultania Agricultural Society, also based in Cairo. Where these specimens are at present is unknown to the authors. Also it is unknown which females were used by  The current consensus is that the genus ll, 1947  and Pseu in 1903 . Later, Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C. Makris; individualCount: 2; sex: males; disposition: in collection A van Eck & C. Makris; Taxon: genus: Pseudodoros; specificEpithet: nigricollis; Location: locationID: Polis Chrysochou; higherGeographyID: Pafos; country: Cyprus; verbatimElevation: 0 m; verbatimLatitude: 35.04220; verbatimLongitude: 32.41530; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: André van Eck; Event: samplingProtocol: hand net; eventTime: 11.00-11.30 PM; verbatimEventDate: 30.XI.2014; habitat: Phragmitesaustralis reed bed; eventRemarks: sunny day, approx. 19-22 degrees CelciusType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C. Makris; individualCount: 5; disposition: not collected; Taxon: genus: Pseudodoros; specificEpithet: nigricollis; Location: locationID: Polis Chrysochou; higherGeographyID: Pafos; country: Cyprus; verbatimElevation: 0 m; verbatimLatitude: 35.04220; verbatimLongitude: 32.41530; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: André van Eck; Event: samplingProtocol: hand net; eventTime: 11.00-11.30 PM; verbatimEventDate: 30.XI.2014; habitat: Phragmitesaustralis reed bed; fieldNotes: on and between the reeds in a wind sheltered spot; eventRemarks: sunny day, approx. 19-22 degrees CelciusType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C. Makris; individualCount: 3; sex: males; disposition: in collection A van Eck; Taxon: genus: Pseudodoros; specificEpithet: nigricollis; Location: locationID: Polis Chrysochou; higherGeographyID: Pafos; country: Cyprus; verbatimElevation: 0 m; verbatimLatitude: 35.04220; verbatimLongitude: 32.41530; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: André van Eck; Event: samplingProtocol: hand net; eventTime: 09.00-10.30 PM; verbatimEventDate: 14.XI.2015; habitat: Phragmitesaustralis reed bed; eventRemarks: sunny day, approx. 21-25 degrees CelciusType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C. Makris; individualCount: 2; sex: 1 male, 1 female; disposition: in collection ZFMK ; Taxon: genus: Pseudodoros; specificEpithet: nigricollis; Location: locationID: Polis Chrysochou; higherGeographyID: Pafos; country: Cyprus; verbatimElevation: 0 m; verbatimLatitude: 35.04220; verbatimLongitude: 32.41530; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: André van Eck; Event: samplingProtocol: hand net; eventTime: 09.00-10.30 PM; verbatimEventDate: 14.XI.2015; habitat: Phragmitesaustralis reed bed; eventRemarks: sunny day, approx. 21-25 degrees CelciusType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C. Makris; individualCount: 10; disposition: not collected; Taxon: genus: Pseudodoros; specificEpithet: nigricollis; Location: locationID: Polis Chrysochou; higherGeographyID: Pafos; country: Cyprus; verbatimElevation: 0 m; verbatimLatitude: 35.04220; verbatimLongitude: 32.41530; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: Christodoulos Makris; Event: samplingProtocol: hand net; eventTime: 09.00-10.30 PM; verbatimEventDate: 14.XI.2015; habitat: Phragmitesaustralis reed bed; fieldNotes: on and between the reeds in a wind sheltered spot; eventRemarks: sunny day, approx. 21-25 degrees CelciusCitation:Pseudodoros (Pseudodoros) nigricollis Becker, 1903. Becker T (1903) Agyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 2, 67-195.Differential diagnosis:  Syrphidae Community Website. Accessed at: syrphidae.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/973/descriptions on 2016-02-19)Pseudodoros is a genus of Syrphini. P.nigricollis has eye bare; metasternum bare; thorax without yellow maculae except on scutellum; postmetacoxal bridge incomplete; vein M1 slightly sinuate; vein R4+5 straight or nearly so. The subgenus Pseudodoros has abdominal tergum 2 with a median pair of small yellowish maculae; scutellum dark brown; scutum with long, erect pile; pro- and mesotibiae yellow with medial narrow brownish ring; medial black facial vitta narrower than the basoflagellomere's width; mouth edge yellow.Description:  Syrphidae Community Website. Accessed at : syrphidae.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/973/descriptions on 2016-02-19)Head: Face with median, small facial tubercle, not produced forward , yellow, oral margin yellow, with medial narrow black vitta, yellow pilose; gena yellow anteriorly, brownish posteriorly, pale pilose; lunule dark, dark area connected with facial vitta between antennal bases not surrounding them; frontal triangle yellow, pale pilose; holoptic, eye bare; vertical triangle black, black pilose; antenna dark brown, basoflagellomere slightly elongate, orangish ventrally; occiput black, silver pollinose, whitish pilose.Thorax: Scutum shiny black, with erected, long yellow pile, white pollinose anteriorly; postpronotum bare; scutellum black, yellow pilose, subscutellar fringe complete with yellow pile. Pleuron black, whitish pilose; metasternum bare; calypter yellow; plumula yellow; halter yellow; spiracular fringes yellow. Wing: Wing membrane hyaline, stigma yellow to dark yellow; extensively microtrichose, bare basally before vein h, costal cell bare on basal 1/6, cell CuP bare very basally, and cell BM bare on basal half. Alula broad, as broad as cell BM, with few microtrichia apically. Legs: Coxae and trochanter black. profemur black on basal 2/5, yellow apically; mesofemur black, yellow on apical 1/4; pro- and meso tibiae yellow with medial dark ring; pro- and mesotarsi brown except basitarsomeres yellow; metafemur black, yellow on apical 1/8; metatibia black, yellow on basal half; metatarsi brown.Abdomen: Petiolate, unmargined. Dorsum mainly black except tergum 2 black with two medial small rounded yellow maculae in the lateral margins; tergum 3 black with two lateromedial small yellow maculae; tergum 4 black with two lateral larger yellow maculae close to anterior margin.Similar to male, with frons shiny black, yellow laterally; yellow maculae of tergum 4 a bit larger.Size: Length: body, 11.0-11.4 mm; wing, 7.1-7.5 mm ; body, 9.3-10.0 mm; wing, 6.6-7.2 mm .P.nigricollis can be found throughout the year, but maybe not so in more tropical regions. Thus it seems plausible to conclude that the species breeds in several generations each year. However, there are insufficient records to draw any firm conclusions. One specimen from Cairo was collected as an adult fly in November , would suggest that this syrphid species could be expected northward in Europe.The occurrence of


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1186910.1038/srep11869; published online: 07092015; updated: 10152015In this Article, an additional affiliation for Gabriela Chiuffa was omitted. The correct affiliation is listed below:Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Sao Paulo, BrazilIn addition, the Acknowledgements section is incomplete.“This work was supported by NIH R01DE011451, R01NS073125, RC1HD063390, National Institute of Mental Health award DP1MH099903, and by Fundacao BIAL 199/12 to MALN.”should read:“This work was supported by the CAPES Foundation to G.C.; and by NIH R01DE011451, R01NS073125, RC1HD063390, National Institute of Mental Health award DP1MH099903, and by Fundacao BIAL 199/12 to MALN.”


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1098010.1038/srep10980; published online 06162015; updated: 09022015.This Article contains an error in Affiliation 4. The correct affiliation is listed below:School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2161210.1038/srep21612; published online: 02162016; updated: 04202016.This Article contains typographical errors in the Acknowledgements section.“Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 1063-515024111)”should read:“Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. BK20150823)”


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 28603; 10.1038/srep28603published online: 06292016; updated: 08252016In the HTML version of this Article, there are typographical errors in Equation 8,should read:


Developing countries face challenges in financing healthcare; often the poor do not receive the most basic services. The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of voucher programs, which target output-based subsidies for specific services to poor and underserved groups. The dearth of literature that examines lessons learned risks the wheel being endlessly reinvented. This paper examines commonalities and differences in voucher design and implementation, highlighting lessons learned for the design of new voucher programmes.The methodology comprised: discussion among key experts to develop inclusion/exclusion criteria; up-dating the literature database used by the DFID systematic review of voucher programs; and networking with key contacts to identify new programs and obtain additional program documents. We identified 40 programs for review and extracted a dataset of more than 120 program characteristics for detailed analysis.and private providers, and all facilitate(d) access to services that are well defined, time-limited and reflect the country’s stated health priorities.All programs aimed to increase utilisation of healthcare, particularly maternal health services, overwhelmingly among low-income populations. The majority contract(ed) private providers, or public All voucher programs incorporate a governing body, management agency, contracted providers and target population, and all share the same incentive structure: the transfer of subsidies from consumers to service providers, resulting in a strong effect on both consumer and provider behaviour. Vouchers deliver subsidies to individuals, who in the absence of the subsidy would likely not have sought care, and in all programs a positive behavioural response is observed, with providers investing voucher revenue to attract more clients. A large majority of programs studied used targeting mechanisms.While many programs remain too small to address national-level need among the poor, large programs are being developed at a rate of one every two years, with further programs in the pipeline. The importance of addressing inequalities in access to basic services is recognized as an important component in the drive to achieve universal health coverage; vouchers are increasingly acknowledged as a promising targeting mechanism in this context, particularly where social health insurance is not yet feasible. Globalization is a shorthand term for dramatic economic expansion and growing international interdependence among high-income countries and a large set of post-colonial, low-income countries since the 1980s. That convergence also changes the concept of “developing country” as low-income countries cross into the low-middle income bracket. Yet as globalization has pulled millions from poverty, it has also opened a widening equity gap within countries in terms of income and health status. There are particularly large gaps in healthcare access, and often the poor and vulnerable do not receive the most basic of reproductive health services .● Ahmed S, CAMBODIAUsing targeted vouchers and health equity funds to improve access to skilled birth attendants for poor women: a case study in three rural health districts in Cambodia.BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2010, 10: 1–11.● Ir P, Horemans D, Souk N, van Damme W: Social Health Protection for the Poor and Vulnerable in Cambodia: the Role of Vouchers. April 2011, Consultancy Report.● Ir P, and Wilkinson D: : Social Health Protection Program Vouchers for Reproductive Health Services. 2011, Quarter 2 Report. EPOS Health Management.● Cambodia Ministry of Health and KfWA pilot results-based approach to increasing access to quality reproductive health services for peri-urban and rural populations in Cambodia, 2011, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.● Marie Stopes International Cambodia: Quick Assessment of Vouchers implemented by MSIC in Cambodia Workshop building OBA capacity MSIC staff: March 2011. Project “Building Capacity in Local Authority and Private Sector Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Providers in Viet Nam and Cambodia”, EU project implemented by Marie Stopes, Cambodia.● Gorter AC: Health Equity Fund with Reproductive Health Focus Project, 2011, Final Report.● Reproductive Health Association of Cambodia: : Review of Health Equity Funds for Reproductive Health in 5 Operational Districts, 2010, unpublished report.● Sovannarith E, Keovathanak KThe Experiences and Perspectives on Birth Preparedness from Women and Com-munities in Rural Cambodia: Rethinking the “The First Delay”, A thesis submitted to a partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Science Programs, The Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherland, August 2010.● Hiwasa A. Follow-up Evaluation of Voucher Scheme for Safe Delivery in Three Operational Health Districts in Kampong Cham; Project Provision of Basic Health Services in the Provinces of Siem Reap, Otdar Meanchey and Kampong Cham (PBHS2), October, 2010, Cambodia.● Souk N, Horemans D, Ir P: Improving access to safe delivery for poor pregnant women: a case study of Vouchers plus Health Equity Funds in three health districts in Cambodia; Studies in Health Services Organization & Policy, 24, 2008.● Ir P, Horemans D, Souk N, van Damme W, Linking Directly Targeted Subsidies for Health Care Provision with Health Equity Funds & Social Health Insurance Feasibility Study about a Voucher Scheme for Safe Delivery and Family Planning Services in Cambodia, 2008.● IGES Institut GmbH: Quarter 2 Report by EPOS Health Management, Cambodia Ministry of Health & Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), In the Social Health Protection Programme - Vouchers for Reproductive Health Services; January 2011● Performance-based Financing of Maternal and Child Health Services: Financial and Behavioral Impacts at the Field Level in Kampong Cham Province; in JICA Project Improving Maternal and Child Health Services in Rural Areas in Cambodia”, February 2009, Cambodia.● Murakami H, Nagai M, Matsuoka S, Obara H: CHINADraft report on MCHPAF study in China. World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2001.● Du K, Zhang K, Tang S: A Partnership for Health in China Reflections on the Partnership Between the Government of China, the World Bank and DFID in the China Basic Health Services Project. Practice Paper Volume 2009 Number 2. Institute of Development Studies May, 2009, UK.● Bloom G, Liu J, Qiao J, Inequalities in Access to Health Care in Developing Countries: What Should Be Done? Health/nutrition/population (HNP) and poverty seminar report, March 21, 2001.● Gwatkin D, Improving maternal health – lessons from the basic health services project in China. DFID Briefing January 2008.● Huntingdon D, Yunguo L, Ollier L, Bloom G: HONG KONGCan vouchers make a difference to the use of private primary care services by older people? Experience from the healthcare reform programme in Hong Kong. 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BCC: Behaviour change communication; BPL: Below poverty line; CCT: Conditional cash transfer; DFID: UK Department for international development; DSF: Demand side financing; FP: Family planning; GBV: Gender based violence; GBVR: Gender based violence recovery; GoK: Government of Kenya; GPOBA: Global partnership on output-based aid; HEF: Health equity fund; KfW: German development bank; MDGs: Millennium development goals; MIS: Management information system; MOH: Ministry of health; MOMS: Ministry of medical services; MOPHS: Ministry of public health and sanitation; MSI: Marie stopes international; NGO: Non-governmental organisation; NHIF: National hospital insurance fund; OCSC: Armenian obstetric care state certificate; PBC: Performance-based contracting; PBF: Performance-based financing; PMTCT: Prevention of mother to child transmission; PMU: Program management unit; PPP: Public private partnership; PSI: Population services international; RBB: Results-based budgeting; RBF: Results-based financing; RH OBA: Reproductive health output-based Aid; RHVP: Reproductive health voucher program; SF: Social franchise; SFO: Social franchising organisation; SHI: Social health insurance; SMH: Safer motherhood; SRH: Sexual reproductive health; STI: Sexually transmitted infection; TB: Tuberculosis; USAID: United States agency for international development; VMA: Voucher management agency; VP: Voucher program.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.CG participated in discussions on the research agenda, worked with AG on the literature review, acquisition of data through networking, analysis and interpretation of those data, and led the final drafting of the manuscript. AG made substantial contributions to conception and design, led the acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and made substantial contributions to drafting the manuscript. BB conceptualized the initial research agenda, reviewed the data collection templates, and made substantial contributions to drafting the manuscript. JO was involved in literature review, interpretation, drafting, organizing and overall revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.