Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1882  includes 131 species, mainly distributed across the main European mountain ranges. The Alps and the north-western Dinarides account for 66 species, most of them showing narrow or even point-like distributions. The majority of Troglohyphantes spiders dwell in subterranean habitats including caves, mines, soil litter, rocky debris and other moist and shaded retreats. Despite being intensively studied from taxonomic, ecological and biogeographic standpoints, knowledge on the status of conservation and on the potential risk of extinction of these spiders is lagging. To date, only three species have been included in the global IUCN Red List, but their status has not been updated ever since their last assessment in 1996. The aim of this contribution is to assess the Alpine and north-western Dinaric species of the genus Troglohyphantes and to re-assess the species previously evaluated, according to the last version of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.The genus 2 and AOO < 2,000 km2, meeting the thresholds for the inclusion in the threatened categories. Five species have a more widespread distribution , extending across multiple countries. The quality of the data on distribution of four species was not sufficient to provide a reliable estimation of the distribution range.Amongst the 66 species here considered, 62 had sufficient data to allow the quantification of their Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and Area Of Occupancy (AOO). Most of the species have a narrow distribution range, with an estimated EOO < 20,000 kmA continuing decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality was inferred for 30 species. The majority of them were subterranean specialised species, with a reduced thermal tolerance and a low dispersal ability. Accordingly, changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change represent a major threat for these species. Land-use change and habitat alteration were identified as additional relevant threats for several species.A considerable proportion of the species here assessed was found in protected areas and in sites of the Natura 2000 network. In addition, 14 species are formally protected by national and sub-national legislation. At present, 25 species are listed in the regional Red Lists.Long-term monitoring programmes, management plans for both the species and their habitats, expansion of the extant protected areas and designation of new ones, should be considered as the most effective approaches to species conservation. Arachnida, Araneae) are a mega-diverse group of arthropods comprising more than 50,000 currently described species  is predominantly distributed in the main European mountain ranges, including Pyrenees, Alps, Dinarides and Carpathians  are available with open access in the World Spider Trait database  Red List Criteria.All in all, the existing wealth of threats facing subterranean biota  and the Troglohyphantes occurring in the Alps and the north-western Dinarides, based on scientific literature, grey literature and unpublished records. We performed spatial analyses in R . Being a subterranean specialised species, results of ecological niche modelling used to project future habitat suitability in Taxonomic notes: In Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 1Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 1Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing us to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 990Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1414Range description: This species is known from a few localities of the Chisone and Germanasca Valleys, in the Northern Cottian Alps,  : 57Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability : 16Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Due to the subterranean adaptation and the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats : This species has been collected among the floor debris and on the walls of the twilight zone, in natural caves and mine prospects located at the medium alpine montane belt, from 1,000 up to 1,400 m above sea level, characterised by mean annual temperature values ranging from 6.1 to 8.9°C . See MamTrend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.achillis as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.achillis shows intermediate thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 5°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): According to thermal tolerance tests, perature . Femalesperature . See MamTroglohyphantes of the Western Alps .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range are needed.TroglohyphantesalbopictusScientific name: Species authority: Pesarini, 1989AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 2Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This spider was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the observed high altimetric range of its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 22Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1661Troglohyphantesalbopictus is restricted to the Colli Euganei, the Colli Berici and the Prealps of Veneto  : 2306Trend: StableTroglohyphantes species : 44Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The species was collected both in epigean and shallow subterranean habitats. The record from Colli Berici was collected in a damp wood, in the vicinity of a small stream. No additional information about the habitat was provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 3.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoT.albopictus. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (Ecology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of ean life .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatTroglohyphantesalbopictus has been recorded within several protected areas .Justification for conservation actions: Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesapenninicusScientific name: Species authority: Isaia, Mammola & Pantini, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 3Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in two localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable and the known distribution range should be taken with caution. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1383Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1401Range description: The species is known only from two localities of the Tuscan Apennines: Abetone (Pistoiese Mountains) and Mount Sumbra (Apuan Alps) : 8Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The population size and trend are unknown.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species was collected in epigean localities. No additional information about the habitat was provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 18. UnknownSize: 3.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: One of the known records of this species is inside protected areas .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesbolognaiScientific name: Species authority: Brignoli, 1975AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 4Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): There are only two records known for this spider. In light of its high subterranean specialisation and in view of the intensive sampling conducted in the area in recent years, it is hardly expected that the range could be significantly expanded by new findings.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 728Max Elevation/Depth (m): 810Range description: This species is known from two caves (Sgarbu du Ventu and Tana Bertrand) in the Province of Imperia  : 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species (see Justification for trend: According to cies see  as well Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species (see Justification for trend: According to cies see  as well Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: This species has been recorded in two caves, which are interpreted as a single location as they are both affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 2Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Due tothe adaptation to the subterranean medium and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each cave reasonably hosts a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified two subpopulations, occurring in two different caves in the province of Imperia, Liguria. Both subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesTroglohyphantesbolognai was collected in deep hypogean habitats. No additional information on the habitat was provided.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.bolognai as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show pronounced eye regression and absence of pigmentation .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps .Justification for conservation actions: Part of the distribution of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range are needed.TroglohyphantesbornensisScientific name: Species authority: Isaia & Pantini, 2008AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 5Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Italian Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing us to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 765Max Elevation/Depth (m): 885Range description: This species is restricted to four caves in the Pugnetto area, a calcschist cave complex in the province of Torino  : 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance and the low dispersal ability (Justification for trend: As seen in  ability  of this Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance and the low dispersal ability (Justification for trend: As seen in  ability  of this Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableJustification for trend: Examining the known range of distribution of this species and taking into account habitat connectivity amongst caves in the hypogean complex of Pugnetto, it is possible to identify a single subpopulation occurring in the caves of the Pugnetto hypogean complex, in the Lanzo Valleys (Graian Alps).Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been found among stony debris in the deep cave habitat. The hypogean complex of Pugnetto consists of an isolated complex of natural calcschist caves in the Western Alps, at an elevation of approximately 800 m. All caves have openings into beech woods, with a prevalent northerly aspect to the cave opening. The entrance of the main cave, Borna Maggiore di Pugnetto, is gated to restrict visitors access.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.bornensis as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.bornensis shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values of approximatively 1°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This spider shows morphological specialisation to the subterranean habitat, with depigmentation, appendage elongation, flattening of the cephalothorax and moderate eye regression . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps . Entrance to the caves is regulated by the protected area authority and is accessible by permission only. Opening to guided tours is restricted to 8 months a year, closed during winter.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further research on basic information such natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species are needed. Monitoring of population and habitat would be necessary to confirm future trends and to evaluate the effectiveness of regulating access to the caves.TroglohyphantesbrignoliiScientific name: Species authority: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 2Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: CroatiaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 6Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple sites are recorded for this non-specialised species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 285Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1086Range description: This species has a small distribution range, restricted to Istria and Primorje-Gorski Kotar counties in north-western Croatia : 434-1026,691Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 432-824,600Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been collected both in deep-cave and in the vicinity of the cave entrance, sometimes in the twilight zone. In the type locality , a few specimens were found just outside the entrance.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.brignolii are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.2 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.brignolii is included in the Natura 2000 network .Justification for conservation actions: Most of the predicted range of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantescaligatusScientific name: Species authority: Pesarini, 1989AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SwitzerlandItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 7Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range of its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 580Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1538Range description: This species is known only from Monte San Primo  and Monte Generoso  : 79Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 28Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): There is poor information on the habitat of this species. Specimens have been collected both in hypogean and epigean habitats.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.2 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology and life history of this species is unknown. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantescaporiaccoiScientific name: Species authority: Brignoli, 1971AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 8Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.caporiaccoi are good proxies for defining AOO and EOO.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 461Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1082Range description: This species is restricted to four caves in the Bergamasque Prealps  : 30Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes as well as the low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range of this species is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes as well as the low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range of this species is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 16Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in four caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Due to the adaptation to the subterranean medium and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified four subpopulations, corresponding to the four caves where the species has been collected. These subpopulation are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The species is strictly relegated to cave habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.caporiaccoi as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and remarkable eye regression .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 9Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This subterranean specialised species was collected only in two localities and it has not been recorded since its description. It may be possible that the species occurs in other caves in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 818Max Elevation/Depth (m): 818Range description: This species was found only in the cave of Pozzo di Cedrina and in an unspecified "cave in the nearby of Cene", both in Val Seriana  : UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species Troglohyphantes species : UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species : The species was collected in deep cave habitat. No additional information on the habitat was provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.cavadinii as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology of this species. This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and pronounced eye regression .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 10Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This subterranean specialised species was collected only in one locality, and it has never been recorded again after its description. It may be possible that the species occurs in other caves in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 396Max Elevation/Depth (m): 396Range description: This species is known only from one cave (Grotta Lacù di Casai), in the province of Bergamo  : UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species Troglohyphantes species : UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species : There is poor information on species habitat, although specimens have been collected in caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.comottii as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and pronounced eye regression .Troglohyphantes species : Suppl. material 11Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This non-specialised spider was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 453Max Elevation/Depth (m): 650Troglohyphantesconfusus is restricted to a few localities in Inner Carniola (north-western Slovenia) : 202Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 24Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species was mainly found in beech forests, in burrows under litter. Some specimens have been collected in the anterior part of a cave, in ethylene-glycol pitfalls.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1. Forest7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 2.6 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show a low degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Some of the known localities of this species fall within the Special Area of Conservation of the Trnovo Forest (SAC SI3000255).Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantescroaticusScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 3Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: CroatiaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 12Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): This species is known from multiple localities. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 203Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1378T.croaticus outside the known range, in the southern part of Slovenia.Range description: This species has been found in several caves in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Karlovac, and Lika-Senj counties (north-western Croatia) : 2664-4664,3618Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 1700-3272,2536Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been collected both at the cave entrance and deeper in the cave, in webs amongst boulders on the cave floor and on the walls. Although, to our knowledge, for the majority of localities no threats are detectable, the species has apparently disappeared from the type locality, Bukovac Cave. It seems likely that extensive archaeological and paleontological excavations carried out in this cave have altered significantly the habitat of this species. Moreover, Cave Vrelo is a touristic cave with more than 10,000 visitors per year, in which concerts, exhibitions and filming of movies are organised, with the possible accumulation of litter that may alter the local microhabitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.croaticus are as yet not threatened by direct human activities. However two localities seems to be disturbed by past and ongoing human activities, i.e. excavations and touristic use.Justification for trend: Most of the caves inhabited by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens collected in the eastern part of the distribution (in the regions of Kordun and Ogulinsko-plaščansko područje) are depigmented and microphthalm. Specimens from the western part of the distribution (Gorski kotar region) appear to be rather variable, from eyeless depigmented individuals to fully pigmented ones (even with a pattern on the opisthosoma) and normal eyes. According to the latest population genetic study of the species , there iJustification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats is unknown for this species. One of the caves where this species occurs is a show cave and visitors access it frequently.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.croaticus is included in the Risnjak National Park and in the Natura 2000 network . The species distribution modelling predicts that this species could also be present in the Slovenian protected site of Snežnik .Justification for conservation actions: Most of the predicted range of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantescruentusScientific name: Species authority: Brignoli, 1971AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 13Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This non-specialised species was collected in a single locality. It may be possible that the species occurs in other localities in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 500Max Elevation/Depth (m): 500Range description: The species is known only from one locality outside the cave of Smoganica, in the municipality of Most na Soči  : UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The population size and trend are unknown.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): The species was collected just outside a cave. No additional information about the habitat was provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.6 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology of this species. The female is unknown . SpecimeJustification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List . The sinConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesdelphinicusScientific name: Species authority: Isaia & Mammola, 2022AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: T.vignai (partim). As it is a subterranean specialised species, the results of ecological niche modelling used to project future habitat suitability in Taxonomic notes: In Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 4Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 14Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1000Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2480Range description: The species is known in a few caves of Varaita Valley (Southern Cottian Alps) and in an isolated locality in Gesso Valley (Maritime Alps) : 459Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the narrow thermal tolerance and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the narrow thermal tolerance and its low dispersal ability : 24Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Due to the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats : g stones . A speciTrend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.delphinicus as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): According to thermal tests, this species shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 1°C above its cave temperature . FemalesTroglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate warming is expected to reduce the currently suitable habitat for this spider. Moreover, in view of its low thermal tolerance .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantesdiabolicusScientific name: Species authority: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 15Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 302Max Elevation/Depth (m): 728Range description: This species is known from three caves of mount Tisnik in Carinthia, and from four caves in Styria (northern Slovenia) : 622Trend: UnknownTroglohyphantes : 28Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoT.diabolicus has been found among the debris of a decayed wooden bridge in the front section, not far from the entrance opening. In Knapovska jama, a deserted artificial pit, the spiders had their webs amongst wood debris and in holes in the floor left by buttress poles, 10-30 m from the entrance. Specimens have been collected also in small mammal burrows in beech forests.Habitat (narrative): Specimens have been mainly collected in subterranean environments and occasionally in shallow subterranean habitats. In the Huda Luknja Cave, a high concentration of specimens of Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatTroglohyphantesdiabolicus was considered potentially threatened and listed in the Slovenian Red List, in the category R : Suppl. material 16Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are known for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 338Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2200Range description: This species has been found in several localities on the Bergamasque Alps and Prealps  : 1056-1859,1241Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 840-1632,1028Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoRhododendron scrublands, at high altitudes up to 2,200 m.Habitat (narrative): This species has been found in both shallow subterranean and epigean habitats, such as rocky lands, alpine prairies, Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.4. Grassland - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.2 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: The existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species has been recorded within the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesexcavatusScientific name: Species authority: Fage, 1919AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 5Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: CroatiaSloveniaAustriaItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 17Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 156Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1500Range description: This species has a wide distribution encompassing most of Slovenia and northern Croatia. It has also been recorded in the southern part of Carinthia (southern Austria) and in the area of Trieste in Friuli-Venezia Giulia  : 26045-37659,31029Trend: StableTroglohyphantesexcavatus has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, both hypogean and epigean. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes : 11712-21912,16100Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): In Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy specimens have been mainly collected in subterranean environments, both in deep caves and close to cave entrance, but also in shallow subterranean habitats, under big stones, usually in forests. On the contrary, in Austria this species has been recorded from surface localities, in moss and meadows, in spruce or mixed forests and on stream banks in forests.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.excavatus are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.6 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life . SpecimeJustification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.excavatus is covered by several national parks, protected areas, and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, this species is listed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia : Suppl. material 18Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This spider is known exclusively from the type locality, where it has been repeatedly collected. In light of the high subterranean specialisation of this species and in view of the intensive sampling conducted in other caves in the same area, it is hardly expected that the range could be significantly expanded by new findings.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 442Max Elevation/Depth (m): 442Range description: This species is known only from Cava di Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella, in the Lessini Mountains  : 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: The single cave where this species was found is threatened by quarrying activities, which are expected to cause changes in microclimatic conditions and decrease of habitat quality. In addition, according to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: The single cave where this species was found is threatened by quarrying activities, which are expected to cause changes in microclimatic conditions and decrease of habitat quality. In addition, according to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: This species is known only from a single location, currently subjected to quarrying activities, which are likely to represent a major threat to the survival of the species. Moreover, the cave where this species occurs is exposed to possible changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to both quarrying activities and future climate change see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoPopulation Information (Narrative): No estimates of population size exist.Number of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableJustification for trend: For this species we identified a single subpopulation.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This species has been found in an artificial subterranean habitat. Specimens have been collected in areas of complete darkness, were they are rather abundant.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.exul as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: The nearby quarrying activities may cause environmental alterations of the cave where this species occurs. In addition, as seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and regression of the eyes .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps . However, there are no conservation measures in place for this species. This species may benefit from effective protection with strategies aiming to reduce the environmental impacts of the nearby quarrying activities.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed. Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm future trends and to assess the impacts of the nearby quarrying activities.TroglohyphantesfageiScientific name: Species authority: Roewer, 1931AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: GermanyAustriaItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 19Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 164Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2550Troglohyphantesfagei is one of the most widespread species of the genus Troglohyphantes, being widely distributed in the Eastern Alps, from north-eastern Italy to Austria, with a few records from southern Germany : 50319-69323,60398Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 15012-35880,24896Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): At lower latitudes, this species was mainly collected in caves. At higher latitudes, it has been mainly found in alpine environments above the tree line, such as in rock crevices in alpine screes, in alpine grasslands, and in dwarf mountain pine shrubs.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.fagei are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.4. Grassland - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life . SpecimeJustification for threats: The existence of major threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.fagei was listed in the category R of the national Red List of spiders : Suppl. material 20Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 76Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1815Range description: This species is known from a few localities in the Prealps of Belluno, in Colli Euganei, and Montello  : 3922-6572,5693Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 1532-3452,2732Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoTroglohyphantesfatalis has been found both in natural and artificial hypogean environments. Specimens have been collected also in surface habitats, such as damp and chestnut woods.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.fatalis are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): The ecology of this species is unknown.Justification for threats: The existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: There are several protected areas within the distribution range of this species . Species distribution modelling predicts that this species could be present in more protected areas.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesgamsiScientific name: Species authority: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 21Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 532Max Elevation/Depth (m): 988Range description: This species was recorded only in two localities, in north-western Slovenia: Kristalna jama (Bled) in Upper Carniola, and the tunnel 'Kluža' near Bovec in Slovenian Littoral : 8Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this non-specialised species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The population size and trend are unknown.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): In the type locality , specimens were collected only in the most superficial parts of the cave, among stones and wood debris, in the descending entrance passage.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoTroglohyphantesgamsi is one of the most pigmented Troglohyphantes (Ecology and traits (narrative): yphantes . This spyphantes .Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.gamsi is considered as potentially threatened and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species : Suppl. material 22Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the distribution range predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 134Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1878Range description: This species is very common in the caves of the Brescia Prealps  while in the province of Bergamo its distribution is confined to the Sebino area and to the high valley of Scalve : 2380Trend: StableTroglohyphantesgestroi has been collected both in surface and subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes : 140Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been mainly collected in natural and artificial caves, but it also occurs in epigean environments such as fir woods and open habitats.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.gestroi are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 4.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the distribution of this species falls within several protected areas .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesgiachinoiScientific name: Species authority: Isaia & Mammola, 2018AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 23Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): There are only two records known for this spider, both referring to the MSS : 839Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1332Range description: This species is known only from MSS habitat in the area of the hypogean complex of the Pugnetto caves, in the municipality of Mezzenile, and from the Natural Park of Colle del Lys  : 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: This species has been recorded in two localities, which are interpreted as a single location as they are both affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 2Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the possible consequent narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each occurrence reasonably represents a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified two subpopulations: the first one occurring in the Pugnetto hypogean complex, in the Lanzo Valleys (Northwestern Alps), and the second subpopulation in the Natural Park of Colle del Lys, an alpine pass located between the lower Valle di Susa and Valle di Viù (Graian Alps). These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesT.giachinoi were collected in MSS habitat, using subterranean sampling devices installed at depths between 0.40 and 0.80 m and pitfall traps placed in deep beech forest leaf litter [see Habitat (narrative): Specimens of Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)T.giachinoi is expected.Justification for trend: MSS habitats, like other superficial subterranean habitats, are likely to be affected by the global temperature increase. It is expected that the temperature increase in superficial subterranean habitats will parallel the external one almost synchronically. Compared with the deep subterranean sectors, effects on the fauna in superficial subterranean habitats are expected to be more immediate . AccordiHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoTroglohyphantesgiachinoi is among the smaller species of alpine Troglohyphantes, and its short legs and overall small body size may reflect a specialisation for inhabiting small habitat pores, such as the air-filled spaces in the MSS, deep leaf litter, and soil strata. Although this species co-exists with other two Troglohyphantes (T.bornensis and T.lucifuga) in the same hypogean complex, they exploit different habitats (Ecology and traits (narrative): habitats .T.giachinoi occurs, are likely to be affected by the global temperature increase, which is expected to impact the current suitability of this adapted species. Compared with the deep subterranean sectors, effects of temperature increase on the shallow subterranean fauna are expected to be more immediate  and in a Regional Park .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesgracilisScientific name: Species authority: Fage, 1919AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 24Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.gracilis are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 345Max Elevation/Depth (m): 577Range description: This species has been collected in three caves  in Lower Carniola  : 136Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 12Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in three caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean environments, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified three different subpopulations, corresponding to the three caves where the species has been collected. These subpopulation are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): There is poor information on the habitat of this species. Specimens have been collected in caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.gracilis as a consequence of climate change is also expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows a high degree of specialisation to subterranean life, with absence of pigmentation .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 25Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in three localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 480Max Elevation/Depth (m): 480Range description: This species is known from only two localities in Upper Carniola (Slovenia) and from another locality in Carinthia (southern Austria) : 128Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 12Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoFagus-Castaneus). No additional information about the habitat was provided.Habitat (narrative): This species was collected in small mammal burrows in mixed forest  - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 2.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor morphological adaptations to the subterranean life .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.helsdingeni was considered as potentially threatened and listed in the category R of the Slovenian Red List : Suppl. material 26Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species has been found in a few localities. Due to the limited number of surveys carried out in this area, it seems likely that the species may occur elsewhere nearby. The known distribution range should be taken with caution.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1095Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1280Range description: This species is known from a few localities of the departments of Drôme and Isère  : 19Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 16Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in some caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 2Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified two subpopulations: a southern subpopulation in the commune of Bouvante, Drôme department, and a northern one occurring in a few caves in the commune of Presles, Isère department. Future climate change is expected to affect both of them.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesTroglohyphanteshenroti has been collected in hypogean habitats. It has not been specified if in the deep portion or near the entrance, however in caves.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.henroti as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 4 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show subterranean specialisation to the hypogean life, namely loss of pigmentation and reduction of the eye apparatus .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 27Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This subterranean specialised species was collected in a few localities spread in a relatively wide range. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known distribution range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 200Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1380Range description: This species has been recorded in a few collection sites spread in a wide distribution range, spanning from the Southwestern Alps to the Tuscanian Apennines : 8754Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 44Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesFagus or Castanea woods.Habitat (narrative): This species was found both in caves and in shallow subterranean habitats. Specimens have been mainly collected close to the cave entrance, dwelling among debris. Cave openings are located in Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.iulianae shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 2°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This spider shows an intermediate degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes . Given the wide distribution of this species, it is reasonable to assume that it may occur in other protected areas and sites covered by the Natura 2000 network.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantesjamatusScientific name: Species authority: Roewer, 1931AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 28Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.jamatus are good proxies for defining the EOO and AOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 491Max Elevation/Depth (m): 705Range description: This highly adapted subterranean species was recorded in seven caves in Inner Carniola and Littoral (western Slovenia) : 167Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 28Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in seven caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 6Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T.jamatus reasonably occurs in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified six subpopulations. These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The species is strictly relegated to cave habitat. No additional information about the habitat was available.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.jamatus as a consequence of climate change is also expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and eye reduction .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 29Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.juris are good proxies for defining the EOO and AOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 480Max Elevation/Depth (m): 801Troglohyphantesjuris was found in six caves in the Carnic Prealps  : 55Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 24Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in six caves, these are interpreted as a single location as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T.juris can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified three subpopulations occurring in the province of Pordenone, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This species was collected in deep cave habitats. No additional information on the habitat has been provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes occurring in the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of the T.juris as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.7 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows a considerable eye reduction and absence of pigmentation .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 30Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range observed in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 700Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1880Range description: This species is only known from the type locality, Jama na Babi, Jezersko , and from two localities in Carinthia (southern Austria) : 12Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 12Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Specimens collected in the type locality, Jama na babi in Upper Carniola, have been found near the entrance of the cave, in a chamber with the floor covered by wood, stony debris, and leaf litter. The specimens from Carinthia have been collected in montane and subalpine zone, among crevices in boulder screes or in alpine grasslands.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 4.4. Grassland - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show eye regression and absence of pigmentation .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats to this species is unknown.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatTroglohyphanteskarawankorum is considered one of the rarest spider species in Austria  or Photo(s): Fig. 6Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: FranceItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 31Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 825Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1493Range description: This species is known from several caves and military bunkers in the Maritime Alps, between Gesso and Vermenagna Valleys . Moreover, it was recently found in France, in a blockhouse near Brigue (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur). Detailed occurrences and relative references are in Suppl. material EOO (km2): 156Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this species and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability : 20Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the subterranean adaptation and the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation reasonably occurs in a single isolated or in a few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified four subpopulations in the range, three of them occurring in Valle Vermenagna and Valle Gesso, and a southern isolated subpopulation in the French Maritime Alps. All the subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This species has been found at the ground level amid stones, in small interstices or on webs on the walls in caves, military bunkers, and blockhouses. Most of the cave openings are located in beech forests.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.konradi as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.konradi shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 1°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This high subterranean specialised spider is totally depigmented, microphthalmic, and shows a rich spination . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphanteskordunlikanusScientific name: Species authority: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 7Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: Bosnia and HerzegovinaCroatiaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 32Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 136Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1353Range description: This species has been found in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Karlovac, Lika-Senj, and Zadar counties in Croatia, and in north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina : 18072-27428,19817Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 13328-21464,15368Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoCarpinus or hornbeam-oak, possibly not suitable for this species.Habitat (narrative): This species has been found on the ceiling and the walls of caves, mainly at no more than 50 meters from the entrance, and in small animal burrows and under stones in forest habitats. In Lika, in the western part of the range, this species was found only in caves. Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology of this species. All the individuals are depigmented (even the ones collected outside the caves), and have normally developed eyes circled with black pigmentation of variable width .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species has been found in several protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. The species distribution modelling predicts that it could also be present in further protected areas.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphanteslanaiScientific name: Species authority: Isaia & Pantini, 2010AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 33Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 640Max Elevation/Depth (m): 864Range description: This species is restricted to six caves of the Monte Fenera hypogean complex, a limestone cave complex in the Northwestern Alps  : 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability : 8Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableJustification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified a single subpopulation occurring in the Monte Fenera hypogean complex.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesT.lanai have been found among stony debris in the caves of the complex of Monte Fenera , in the Pennine Alps . All caves have openings into beech woods, with a prevalent northerly aspect to the cave opening, The temperatures in the caves are constantly about 9°C (Habitat (narrative): Specimens of bout 9°C .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.lanai as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.lanai shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 2°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This species shows particularly remarkable subterranean traits, such as pronounced eye regression and absence of pigmentation . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes species . However, there are no conservation measures in place for this species.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphanteslatzeliScientific name: Species authority: Thaler, 1986AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaAustriaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 34Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 560Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1300Range description: This species has been documented only in a few localities between Carinthia (southern Austria) and Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia) : 467Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development in some of the localities where this species has been collected , indicatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development in some of the localities where this species has been collected , indicatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 46Number of locations: 2Justification for number of locations: Two locations, corresponding to the Austrian subpopulations, are threatened by urbanisation and infrastructure development.Trend: Decline (inferred)Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The population is threatened by habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development in part of its range.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Based on the data available, for this species we identified three subpopulations: two of them occurring in southern Austria and one in northern Slovenia. The Austrian subpopulations are affected by habitat loss and land use change due to urban and transport infrastructure development.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been collected in different habitats in the medium montane belt, from 500 up to 1,300 m, such as pastures, prairies, broadleaf, and conifer forests. It has also been found in rock crevices in boulder fields.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Some of the habitats where this species has been found are threatened by urban, industrial, and transport infrastructure development .Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate4.4. Grassland - Temperate6. Rocky areas Size: 2.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species currently faces threats of habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and due to railway and road infrastructure development .Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas4.1. Transportation & service corridors - Roads & railroadsT.latzeli has been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), which amends the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002).Justification for conservation actions: The records from Slovenia fall within the Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area of the Julian Alps . In Austria, Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphanteslessinensisScientific name: Species authority: Caporiacco, 1936AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 35Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the species distribution predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 197Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2599Range description: This species has been found in several caves in the Lessini Mountains, Monte Baldo, and other localities of the Venetian Prealps, and in the southern Trentino-Alto Adige . New records were recently collected in epigean habitats in the Brenta Dolomites, extending considerably the distribution of this species northwards : 2269Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 104Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoTroglohyphanteslessinensis was collected mainly in natural and artificial hypogean habitats. However, specimens have been recently found also in high altitude rocky lands and alpine screes.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.lessinensis are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.2 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens are characterised by a pronounced microphthalmy .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species has been found within the Natura 2000 network .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesliburnicusScientific name: Species authority: Caporiacco, 1927AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 8Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: CroatiaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 36Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.liburnicus are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 132Max Elevation/Depth (m): 929Troglohyphantesliburnicus has been collected in several caves in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar county and in the northern part of the Island of Cres : 727Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: Most of the potential distribution of this species corresponds to the coastal area of the Croatian Littoral, where the urban infrastructure development and the industrial pollution are resulting in large-scale alterations of the natural environment, which affect the habitat of this species . In addiCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: Most of the potential distribution of this species corresponds to the coastal area of the Croatian Littoral, where the urban infrastructure development and the industrial pollution are resulting in large-scale alterations of the natural environment, which affect the habitat of this species . In addiCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 64Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Some of the caves where this species occurs are located in an area heavily impacted by urban development, tourism and industrial pollution. However, all the caves where this species occurs are affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is considered the most serious plausible threat expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)T.liburnicus. In addition, in view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 3-6Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T.liburnicus reasonably occurs in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified three to six subpopulations. Urbanisation and industrialisation are affecting most of them throughout this species' range.Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been found both in the twilight zone and in the deepest part of the caves, in the recesses or between rocks and stalagmites on the ground. In the pit Jama kod Škalnice, specimens occurred in webs on a steep slope covered with wood debris and pieces of rock.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.liburnicus as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: Most of the localities where this species occurs are threatened by habitat loss and degradation due to urban infrastructure development and residential and industrial pollution . MoreoveHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 4.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show pronounced morphological specialisation to the subterranean habitat, such as eyes regression, leg elongation, and absence of pigmentation .T.liburnicus. Pollution by solid and liquid municipal waste from illegal landfills causes the degradation of cave ecosystems , which prohibits collection, killing, and disturbance of specimens and destruction of their habitats without permission from the Ministry in charge of nature protection. The distribution of this species falls within several protected areas .Justification for conservation actions: This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Book of Croatian Cave Dwelling Fauna . As a caConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restorationUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed. Population status and habitat quality should be monitored.TroglohyphantesluciferScientific name: Species authority: Isaia, Mammola & Pantini, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 9Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 37Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in a few localities in the Western Alps. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 410Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1777Range description: This species occurs both in hypogean and epigean localities in the alpine districts of Northern Cottian and Southern Graian Alps  : 1176Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 40Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to this species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoTroglohyphanteslucifer has been collected in floors and walls of the twilight zone of natural caves, in block fields in beech forests, and in various shallow subterranean habitats, leaf litter, deep soil strata, MSS, and rocky accumulations. According to T.lucifer is able to coexist with other Troglohyphantes spiders. In this regard, Troglohyphantes is rare and may occur exclusively in phylogenetically distant lineages.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoT.lucifer shows a great thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 19°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This species is not exclusively restricted to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the vicinity of the cave entrance or in shallow subterranean habitats. Specimens show minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life, with eyes normally developed and abdominal pattern present . Accordiperature .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species has been recorded in the Natura 2000 sites SAC/SPA IT1110006 Orsiera Rocciavré, SAC IT1110029 Pian della Mussa , and SAC IT1110048 Grotta del Pugnetto. In one case, Grotte del Pugnetto, the entrance is strictly regulated, accessible by permission only and in guided tours, and is restricted to 8 months a year. It is possible that its true range would be covered by other protected ares.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphanteslucifugaScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SwitzerlandFranceItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 38Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 392Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2371Troglohyphanteslucifuga has also been found in Haute-Savoie (south-eastern France). Conversely, the record of this species in Seine-et-Marne (northern France), is unreliable. Detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material Range description: This species is distributed in Val d’Aosta and northern Piemonte . The presence of this species in Switzerland is testified by historical records in Wallis (Bourg Saint Pierre and Zermatt) and Tessin (Frasco). EOO (km2): 11212-15676,13178Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 5568-8892,7224Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known major threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoTroglohyphanteslucifuga was generally found in debris and among rocks very close to cave entrances, but also in moist shaded places, deep leaf litter, and other shallow subterranean habitats. Cave openings are located in different habitats, such as Castanea and Fagus woods, alpine screes, rocky lands, and alpine grasslands.Habitat (narrative): Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.lucifuga are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 4.1 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoT.lucifuga shows a moderate thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 7°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life . Accordiperature .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Part of the potential range of this species is inside protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantesmicrocymbiumScientific name: Species authority: Pesarini, 2001AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 39Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): There are only two records known for this subterranean species. It may be possible that the species occurs in other caves in the area. The known distribution range should be taken with caution.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 559Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1796Range description: This species is restricted to two caves in the Bergamasque Prealps : Grotta di Nala di Cà Maquela, in the municipality of Sant'Omobono (Province of Bergamo), and Grotta I Ching, in the municipality of Mandello del Lario (province of Lecco) : 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range of this species is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range of this species is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): There is poor information on species habitat. Specimens have been collected in caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.microcymbium as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of adaptation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and pronounced eye regression .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantesnigraerosaeScientific name: Species authority: Brignoli, 1971AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 40Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1097Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2900Range description: This species has been recorded in some hypogean localities of the Graian Alps , and in an epigeic locality in Colle dell’Arietta : 498Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability : 28Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 7Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow therrmal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified seven subpopulations occurring in the Graian Alps, north-western Italy. All these subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoFagus woods.Habitat (narrative): Specimens have been found hanging on webs on cave walls. All records refer to cold caves, ranging from 2°C to maximum 6°C mean annual temperature. Holotype comes from an epigeic locality at 2,900 m. Most of the cave openings are located in alpine screes or Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.nigraerosae as a consequence of climate change is expectedJustification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.nigraerosae shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 2°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This spider lives mainly on webs on cave walls. Specimens show a moderate degree of morphological specialisation, with absence of pigmentation and eye regression . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantesnoricusScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 10Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: GermanyAustriaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 41Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 290Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2109Troglohyphantesnoricus has been frequently recorded in Austria. It is also known from Bavaria, in southern Germany : 17353-34801,21001Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 7844-24048,12432Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known major threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoT.noricus occur under dead wood, in moist soil, in small mammal burrows, and in deep leaf layers of mixed beech-fir and beech-oak forests, of ravine forests, rocky gorges, spring meadows and avalanche erosion gullies, which have a microclimatically favourable crevice system in the soil due to blocks, rocky elements, or deadwood. In addition, some records have been collected in larch-spruce forests at higher altitudes. In the Berchtesgaden Alps and in the Tennen Mountains, this species also lives in the alpine belt far above the timberline.Habitat (narrative): Specimens of Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.noricus has a wide geographic and altimetric range and seems to adapt to various habitat types, and therefore is not expected to experience any decline.Justification for trend: Even though some of the habitats where this species occurs are affected by land use change , T.noricHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.4. Grassland - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 3.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows a lower degree of specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: No known major threats to this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.noricus is listed in the category R of the national Red List of spiders : Suppl. material 42Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 550Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1924Range description: This rare species is known from one cave (Raudnerhöhle) and a few epigean localities in Styria and Carinthia (southern Austria), and from one cave in an unspecified locality in northern Slovenia : 756Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 20Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known major threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to this species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoT.novicordis has been found in hypogean habitat. Other records have been collected in moss and under the rocks in spruce forests, and in high altitude shrublands and rocky lands.Habitat (narrative): In the type locality, Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate3.4. Shrubland - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.7 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: The existence of threats for this species is unknown.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species has been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), among the species fully protected according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002).Conservation action type: In PlaceUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Basic research is needed to know the current distribution, population size and trends, ecology and traits of this species, and its possible threats.TroglohyphantespavesiiScientific name: Species authority: Pesarini, 1988AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 43Basis of EOO and AOO: UnknownBasis (narrative): This species was collected in two localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. It may be possible that the species occurs in other localities in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 373Max Elevation/Depth (m): 900Range description: This species was previously recorded only from the type locality in the Monte Ragogna, municipality of Muris . More recently, this species was found also in Lavina, municipality of Tambre , extending considerably its distribution westwards : UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): UnknownNumber of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The population size and trend are unknown.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been found in epigean habitats. No additional information on the habitat has been provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens lack pigmentation . The femJustification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantespedemontanusScientific name: Species authority: AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 11Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 44Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Southwestern Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 854Max Elevation/Depth (m): 971Range description: This subterranean specialised species is restricted to three caves in Piemonte , namely Grotta di Bossea and Pozzo del Rospo in Corsaglia Valley, and Pozzo del Villaretto in Tanaro Valley : 46Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability : 12Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified three subpopulations occurring in the province of Cuneo . All the subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been found in the deepest part of the cave among stony debris on the ground or on webs among stalactites. Cave openings are located in beech woods.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.pedemontanus as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.pedemontanus shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 4°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This subterranean specialised species shows pronounced eye reduction and absence of abdominal pigmentation . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes . Management of the subpopulation occurring in the touristic cave would be needed by means of a strict code of conduct for the activities in caves, and of both communication to the general public and training of touristic agents.Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protectionConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awarenessUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - Threats3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed. Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm projected trends.TroglohyphantesplutoScientific name: Species authority: Caporiacco, 1938AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 12Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 45Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This non-specialised species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 798Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2236Range description: This species has been found in some caves of Corsaglia Valley and the high Tanaro Valley  : 98Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 28Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been mostly collected in the nearby of the cave entrance. However, in several cases, specimens have been also observed in true hypogean habitats. Caves hosting this species encompass a broad altitudinal gradient, from roughly 800 to more than 2,000 m. The population of Balma Ghiacciata del Mondolé is found in the twilight zone of the cave. The cave is characterised by very cool microclimatic condition, sustaining a perennial snowfield near the entrance .Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.7 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoT.pluto shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 4°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to the subterranean habitat, with partially pigmented abdominal pattern and eyes normally developed . Accordiperature .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species. One of the caves where the species occurs (Grotte del Caudano) is opened to tourism . Consequently, a potential impact for this subpopulation could derive from touristic activities.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantespoleneciScientific name: Species authority: Wiehle, 1964AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaAustriaItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 46Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple sites are recorded for this non-specialised species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 315Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1754Range description: This species has a widespread distributional range in Upper Carniola (Slovenia). It has also been recorded in Carinthia (southern Austria) and in Friuli-Venezia Giulia  : 7766-10026,8752Trend: StableTroglohyphantespoleneci has been mainly collected in epigean habitat. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes : 4420-6600,5280Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been mainly found in beech and mixed beech-fir forests, in small burrows. The record from Carinthia has been collected in alpine rocky slopes with crevice vegetation.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.poleneci are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 2.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor morphological adaptation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.poleneci was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the national Red List (T.poleneci is listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), and fully protected according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002).Justification for conservation actions: In Solvenia, Red List . This spConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantespolyophthalmusScientific name: Species authority: Joseph, 1882AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 47Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.polyophthalmus are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 295Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1522Range description: This species has been collected in several hypogean localities in Slovenia : 2792Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 56Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in several caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: A decrease in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to the impacts of climate change.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): This species was mainly collected on the walls and crevices of caves, both at the entrances and in deeper sections of the caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of this species as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of adaptation to subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation, leg elongation, and eye regression .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 48Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.regalini are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 650Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1065Range description: This deep subterranean species is restricted to five caves in the Bergamasque Alps, in northern Italy : 33Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 20Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 5Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation of T.regalini. Accordingly, for this species we identified five subpopulations, four of them occurring in the Sebino Bergamasco region, on the western shore of the Iseo Lake (province of Bergamo), and a fifth isolated subpopulation on the eastern shore of the Iseo Lake (province of Brescia). These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been collected in caves, but there is no additional information about the habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.regalini as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with pronounced eye regression and absence of pigmentation .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 49Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are available for this non-specialised species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 62Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1470Range description: This species had been found in several epigean and hypogean localities in Lessini Mountains, Monte Grappa, Colli Berici and southern Trentino  : 7378-14872,11658Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 3760-8492,6560Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been collected on cave floors and other subterranean habitats, but it also has been found outside the caves, such as in beech forests and broadleaf woods. No additional information about the habitat was provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.ruffoi are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show a very low morphological adaptation to the subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.ruffoi have been recorded within the territory of several Natura 2000 sites .Justification for conservation actions: Specimens of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantessbordoniiScientific name: Species authority: Brignoli, 1975AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaAustriaItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 50Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are available for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 250Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2120Range description: This species is predicted to be present in the Venetian Prealps, Julian Alps and Prealps, and Carnic Prealps : 5441-9686,6731Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 3644-5880,4624Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): In north-eastern Italy and in north-western Slovenia, this species has been mainly found in caves. Conversely, in southern Austria the known localities occur in mixed beech and spruce forests of the montane and subalpine zone, under stones in the soil.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.sbordonii are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoT.gamsi (Ecology and traits (narrative): This species shows minor morphological adaptation to subterranean life . In the T.gamsi .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.sbordonii is listed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia : Suppl. material 51Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are known for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1250Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2636T.sciakyi encompasses the Bergamasque Alps and Prealps, and the Southern Rhaetian Alps, in Lombardia and Trentino Alto-Adige, northern Italy : 5949-8984,7715Trend: StableJustification for trend: This species has been mainly collected in Alpine epigean habitats above 1,700 m, which are particularly vulnerable to climatic variations due to climate change. However, considering the low level of specialisation and the high altimetric range of its distribution, we assume a lower risk compared to subterranean specialised species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: StableJustification for trend: This species has been mainly collected in Alpine epigean habitats above 1,700 m, which are particularly vulnerable to climatic variations due to climate change. However, considering the low level of specialisation and the high altimetric range of its distribution, we assume a lower risk compared to subterranean specialised species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 2824-5420,4160Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known major threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to this species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: There is no information on the number of the subpopulations of this species.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been found predominantly in rocky habitats and alpine screes at high altitudes. Some specimens have been collected in hypogean habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology of this orophile species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .T.sciakyi is not expected to experience any decline.Justification for threats: Some of the habitats where this species has been found are vulnerable to climatic variations due to climate change. However, considering the relatively high dispersal ability of this species, Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: Most of the predicted distribution range of this species falls within several protected areas .Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesscientificusScientific name: Species authority: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 52Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.scientificus are good proxies for defining the EOO and AOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 200Max Elevation/Depth (m): 909Range description: This species has been found in a few caves in Friuli Venezia Giulia  and in Upper Carniola (western Slovenia) : 286Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 44Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 11Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T.scientificus can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous subpopulations. Accordingly, for this species we identified 11 subpopulations, most of them in the province of Udine, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia , and a further isolated subpopulation occurring in Upper Carniola (Slovenia). These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Not much is known on the habitat of this species. Specimens were collected in hypogean environments.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of this species as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoTroglohyphantesscientificus shows pronounced eyes regression and absence of pigmentation (Ecology and traits (narrative): entation .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps : Suppl. material 53Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): In light of the high subterranean specialisation of this species, it is not expected that new findings could significantly expand its known geographic range.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 526Max Elevation/Depth (m): 638T.fagei or T.sbordonii : 4Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableJustification for trend: For this species we identified a single subpopulation.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been collected in caves, but there is no specific information available about the habitat.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.similis as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. Specimens are weakly pigmented .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps . Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with TroglohyphantessketiScientific name: Species authority: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: CroatiaSloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 54Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected only in three localities, scattered across a relatively wide geographic range. Its low level of subterranean specialisation possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable, and the known distribution range should be taken with caution. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 575Max Elevation/Depth (m): 648Range description: There are only three records for this species: two in Slovenia, Mežnarjevo brezno near Lož in Inner Carniola and Svinjska jama near Dolenji in Slovenian Littoral, and one in Croatia, at jama Bedara on Žumberak hill : 300Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 12Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The population size and trend are unknown.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens were all found in caves. In the type locality, Mežnarjevo brezno, a vertical cave of about 15 m depth, specimens have been collected on the bottom of a chamber between boulders and pieces of decaying wood, in almost absolute darkness.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show a minor specialisation to subterranean life, with a slight eye reduction .Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.sketi was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the national Red List AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SwitzerlandItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 55Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the species distribution predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 340Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1990T.sordellii is centred in the Bergamasque Alps and Prealps, Brescia Prealps and Lugano Prealps, in northern Italy and southern Switzerland : 3249Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 84Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): At lower altitudes this species is often found in caves, while at higher altitudes it is generally found in cool and shaded rocky habitats.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.sordellii are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 6. Rocky areas 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows low morphological adaptation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.sordellii falls within several protected areas .Justification for conservation actions: The distribution of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesspatuliferScientific name: Species authority: Pesarini, 2001AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 56Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in two localities within an isolated forest patch surrounded by intensively-managed agricultural lands. Its low level of subterranean specialisation possibly reflects a relatively high dispersal capacity. However, the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area hampers the possible dispersal of this species.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 335Max Elevation/Depth (m): 335Range description: This species was collected only in the cave Laca di Montorfen and in the nearby forests of Monte Orfano, in the province of Brescia  : 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: This species is restricted to an isolated forest patch embedded in an intensively-managed agricultural area. We assume that high input agricultural activities characterising the area represent a potential threat for the survival of this species. Moreover, the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area hampers the possible dispersal of this species towards suitable habitats.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: This species is restricted to an isolated forest patch embedded in an intensively-managed agricultural area. We assume that high input agricultural activities characterising the area represent a potential threat for the survival of this species. Moreover, the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area hampers the possible dispersal of this species towards suitable habitats.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The forested patch of Monte Orfano where this species has been found, is threatened by the intensive agricultural activities of the surrounding human dominated landscape.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: A decline in population size is inferred from potential decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality due to the high input agricultural activities.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableJustification for trend: Examining the known distribution range of this species and considering the intensively-managed agricultural matrix surrounding the forested patch where the species has been found, it is possible to identify a single subpopulation occurring in Monte Orfano.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been collected in a cave and in the nearby forest. No additional information about the habitat has been provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The habitat of this species is inferred to be declining in area, extent and quality due to the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area.Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.0 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life .Troglohyphantesspatulifer is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. Moreover, the range of the species is restricted to Monte Orfano, a small isolated forested hill embedded within the vineyard region of Franciacorta, a human dominated landscape characterised by an intensive agricultural matrix. This intensively managed landscape may influence the dispersal of this species.Justification for threats: Threat type: OngoingThreats: 2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops9.3. Pollution - Agricultural & forestry effluentsUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.TroglohyphantesspinipesScientific name: Species authority: Fage, 1919AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 57Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.spinipes are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 530Max Elevation/Depth (m): 953Troglohyphantesspinipes is known from a few caves in the Kočevje mountains  : 8Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 1Trend: StableTroglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T.spinipes can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified a single subpopulation occurring in a few caves in the Kočevje mountains, in Lower Carniola.Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been collected in caves, no additional information about the habitat was found in literature.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.spinipes as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life .Troglohyphantes species . Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.Justification for research needed: The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with TroglohyphantessubalpinusScientific name: Species authority: Thaler, 1967AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 13Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: GermanySloveniaAustriaItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 58Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): This species is known from multiple localities. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 372Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2018Range description: This species is widespread in Austria. It has also been found in Trentino-Alto Adige , in the Berchtesgaden Alps (southern Germany), and in Slovenia : 53656-80815,61037Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 33860-50940,43116Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known major threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoRhododendron and Vaccinium) of the montane and subalpine belt, usually in shaded river and stream banks. Specimens have been collected in shaded overgrown rock-faults, in crevices of boulders, in moss, and in soil litter under rocks.Habitat (narrative): This species occurs in forests, prairies, and shrublands  - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks 6. Rocky areas Size: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows a lower degree of specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: No known major threats to this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.subalpinus falls within several national parks, protected areas, and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, this species has been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), among the species fully protected according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002). In Germany, it figures in the category R of the national Red List of spiders  or Photo(s): Fig. 14Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: AustriaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 59Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 750Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1960Range description: This species is known from a few epigean localities occurring in a small range in the Austrian Central-eastern Alps, from the High Tauern to the Lower Tauern, with a single southern record in a cave in the Villacher Alps : 5789Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the habitats that this spiders inhabits are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the habitats that this spiders inhabits are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 44Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: Data on the distribution range of this species are not enough to estimate the precise number of locationsTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Many of the localities of this spider are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures.Extreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The population size is inferred to be declining probably due to the degradation of habitat caused by forestery and silvicultural practices.Basis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been mainly found in rock crevices, among rocky debris, and in moss under roots in montane forests. This species has been also found in a cave near Villach, in Dobratsch.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownJustification for trend: Many of the forest habitats where this spiders has been found are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures .Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate3.4. Shrubland - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: The habitats where this species occurs are currently affected by alteration due to forestry and silvicultural measures .Threat type: OngoingThreats: 5.3. Biological resource use - Logging & wood harvestingTroglohyphantestauriscus was assessed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia, as considered extremely rare in the region . e region . In addiConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesthaleriScientific name: Species authority: Miller & Polenec, 1975AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaAustriaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 60Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 210Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2212T.thaleri has been only found in a forest south of Ljutomer, Styria : 20847-29372,23156Trend: StableTroglohyphantesthaleri has been collected in a wide range of epigean habitats, from forests to alpine pastures and rocky lands. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes : 11592-16012,14508Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: There are no currently known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to this species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This spider has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, such as in the litter of mixed beech-fir forests, in scrubby alpine pastures with mountain pines, in sparse spruce forests, and in rocky habitats such as at the base of detritus slope slides, in alpine screes and in dolines.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.thaleri has a wide distribution range and seems to adapt to various habitat types, therefore is not expected to experience any decline.Justification for trend: Despite some of the habitats where this species occurs are affected by direct human activities, such as forestry, silvicultural measures and watercourse exploitation , T.thaleHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.4. Grassland - Temperate6. Rocky areas 7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 2.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show a low degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life .T.thaleri occurs are currently affected by alteration due to forestry and silvicultural measures, and by watercourse exploitation and water dynamics alterations due to hydraulic engineering and water use : Suppl. material 61Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 650Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1622Troglohyphantestrispinosus has been collected in a few epigean localities in Upper Carniola, Slovenia : 207Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 36Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been found in humus and burrows of small mammals in thermophile beech forests.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 2 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show a low degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatJustification for conservation actions: This species was assessed as potentially threatened due to its rarity and listed in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species . Some reConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantestyphlonetiformisScientific name: Species authority: Absolon & Kratochvil, 1932AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaAustriaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 62Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedT.typhlonetiformis are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.Basis (narrative): In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of Min Elevation/Depth (m): 480Max Elevation/Depth (m): 800Range description: This species is known from four hypogean localities in Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia) and in Carinthia (southern Austria) : 170Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes in the future. Moreover, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of these species as well as their very low dispersal ability, a possible extreme reduction of the geographic range is expected in the future.Justification for trend: According to Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 16Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species  a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T.typhlonetiformis can reasonably occur in single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified three subpopulations, two of them occurring in Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia), near the municipalities of Škofja Loka and Kranji, respectively : This species has been found exclusively in cave habitats. No additional information on the habitat was provided.Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes species, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.typhlonetiformis as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): This species shows a high degree of specialisation to subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and high regression of the eyes .Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps , which amends the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002).Justification for conservation actions: In Slovenia, this species has been considered as potentially threatened and included in the category R of the national Red List of endangered species . The typConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphantesvicinusScientific name: Species authority: Miller & Polenec, 1975AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: SloveniaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 63Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): This species was collected only in two localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable, and the known distribution range should be taken with caution. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1300Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1600Range description: This species is known exclusively from the Mount Ratitovec, in Upper Carniola, Slovenia : 8Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoAOO (km2): 8Number of locations: UnknownJustification for number of locations: The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The population size and trend are unknown.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): Specimens have been found in small mammal burrows, in beech forest litter.Trend in extent, area or quality?: UnknownHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - TemperateSize: 2.3 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species.Justification for threats: Unknown threats.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.vicinus was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species  or Photo(s): Fig. 15Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: ItalyMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 64Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 1140Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2471Troglohyphantesvignai has an area of distribution ranging from the Cottian Alps to the Northern Ligurian Alps, with a large distribution gap in the Maritime Alps : 832Trend: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, climate change is expected to affect the distribution of this species in the future. Given the reduced thermal tolerance of this organism and its low dispersal ability : 48Number of locations: 1Justification for number of locations: The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population see .Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species , alteratBasis for decline: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitatCauses ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: NoExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: 10Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats : g stones .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps, a drastic decline in the habitat suitability of T.vignai as a consequence of climate change is expected.Justification for trend: As seen in Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 3.2 mmGeneration length (yr): 4Dependency of single sp?: NoT.vignai shows a great thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 8°C above its cave temperature (Ecology and traits (narrative): Specimens of the southern subpopulations (Northern Ligurian Alps) exhibit a higher degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats compared with the northern subpopulations (Cottian Alps), with absence of pigmentation, eye reduction, and lowering of the cephalothorax profile . Accordiperature .Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps .Justification for conservation actions: Some of the caves where Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protectionUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.TroglohyphanteswiehleiScientific name: Species authority: Miller & Polenec, 1975AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: ArachnidaClass: AraneaeOrder: LinyphiidaeFamily: Region for assessment: GlobalReviewers: Marc MilnePaulo BorgesEditor: Pedro CardosoBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: CroatiaSloveniaAustriaMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. material 65Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution ModelBasis (narrative): Multiple collection sites are known for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 148Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1870T.wiehlei extends from southern Austria across Slovenia to north-western Croatia : 10483-17564,13418Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 5152-12924,8444Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoHabitat (narrative): This species has been mainly found in small mammal burrows, in moss, and under stones in mixed forests and shrublands. In the southern part of its range, it has been also collected in caves.Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.wiehlei are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate3.4. Shrubland - Temperate4.4. Grassland - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.5 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show minor morphological adaptations to the subterranean life, with pigmentation and eyes normally developed .Justification for threats: The threats to this species are unknown.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.wiehlei is covered by several national parks, protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, this species was listed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia : Suppl. material 66Basis of EOO and AOO: ObservedBasis (narrative): Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the species distribution predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.Min Elevation/Depth (m): 116Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2020Quercus–Carpinetum) : 7664Trend: StableTroglohyphantes : 144Number of locations: Not applicableJustification for number of locations: No known threats to this species.Trend: StableExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of individuals: UnknownTrend: StableJustification for trend: There are no currently known threats to the species.Causes ceased?: YesCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: NoNumber of subpopulations: UnknownTrend: UnknownJustification for trend: The subpopulation occurring in the southern part of the range (Colli Euganei), is highly isolated within an intensively-managed agricultural matrix, hampering exchanges with other subpopulations occurring north, in the Central Lombard Prealps.Extreme fluctuations?: NoSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: NoT.zanoni have been frequently found at lower elevation in forests, while at higher elevation they have been found in a variety of cool habitats. Individuals have been collected also in hypogean habitats.Habitat (narrative): Specimens of Trend in extent, area or quality?: StableT.zanoni are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.Justification for trend: The habitats colonised by Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 1.4. Forest - Temperate7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)Size: 2.4 mmGeneration length (yr): 2Dependency of single sp?: NoEcology and traits (narrative): Specimens show minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life, showing slight eye regression .Justification for threats: The existence of threats is unknown for this species.Threat type: PastThreats: 12. Other options - Other threatT.zanoni fall within several sites of the Natura 2000 network .Justification for conservation actions: The known records of Conservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area managementUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: ImportantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology1.5. Research - ThreatsJustification for research needed: Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.Troglohyphantes occurring in the Alps and in the north-western Dinarides .For 46 species, we derived geographic information, based on the known occurrences. In other cases (16 species), the number of occurrences allowed the application of Species Distribution Models. Four species were missing critical information to assess their status, being known on one or very few specimens or never being recorded after their original description , with an estimated EOO < 20,000 kmies Fig. . Only fi. 2 Fig. .Twenty species cover more than one country (seven of them more than two), whereas most of the species are restricted to one single country: 30 species occur only in Italy, 11 in Slovenia, three in Croatia, one in Austria and one in France Fig. .Trends in EOO, AOO and habitat quality were considered to be stable for 30 species Fig. . These sAlthough most of the species showing poor adaptation to subterranean life have relatively low extinction risk in view of their relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability, there are a number of species with a very restricted distribution, requiring further research attention and protection measures.in situ . Urban development can impact habitats through physical degradation and fragmentation, pollution by solid and liquid municipal waste and railway and road construction, leading to drastic declines in natural populations.Habitat loss and land-use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development are also considered to be important drivers of increased extinction risk in cave animals, although they were identified as the main reason for the declining AOO and EOO for two species only  here considered had at least one record in a site belonging to the Natura 2000 network and many of the subterranean occurrences have been collected in sites identified as Annex I habitats “Caves not open to the public” (Habitat 8310). However, most of the species assessed have a narrow distribution range that seldom overlaps with protected areas and many habitats of high conservation value for the T.liburnicus, is strictly legally protected in Croatia according to the Nature Protection Act .In addition, only 14 species (21%) are mentioned in national and sub-national legislation (Austria and Croatia). Almost all of them (13 species) have been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015) and are fully protected from capture, collection, killing and disturbance according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002). One species, Of all species considered in this study, 25 (38%) are mentioned in regional Red Lists. Fifteen species are listed in the Red List of Slovenia  and consT.gracilis, T.similis and T.spinipes) are listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, based on their restricted geographical distribution Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615561.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615561Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.05E63CA0-7F41-599A-A828-A3C04D42983D10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl13Supplementary material 13Troglohyphantescruentus Brignoli, 1971Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615562.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615562Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.6F717FB9-C85D-50F8-B2D1-A3638315774D10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl14Supplementary material 14Troglohyphantesdelphinicus Isaia & Mammola, 2021Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615565.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615565Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.C636D9C1-4AA4-5CDD-ACD3-84C37B1A639D10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl15Supplementary material 15Troglohyphantesdiabolicus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_684744.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/684744Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.36CDA094-3310-5273-B46B-FE71CE1C0AF510.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl16Supplementary material 16Troglohyphantesdominici Pesarini, 1988Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_652831.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/652831Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.F12230FF-AB0A-572C-907C-8880FEE0207A10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl17Supplementary material 17Troglohyphantesexcavatus Fage, 1919Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615579.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615579Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.7273AAB7-7A4E-5640-953A-1E27735012C410.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl18Supplementary material 18Troglohyphantesexul Thaler, 1987Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615581.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615581Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.11A13E4B-DD56-59C8-A0FC-92C22AF5098710.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl19Supplementary material 19Troglohyphantesfagei Roewer, 1931Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615584.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615584Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.7CE83390-4D09-54E2-9C2A-D847DBA9AE3D10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl20Supplementary material 20Troglohyphantesfatalis Pesarini, 1988Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_652966.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/652966Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.31E5D914-F786-5D89-A73F-83EC6D24DAD710.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl21Supplementary material 21Troglohyphantesgamsi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615591.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615591Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.9C42E7EB-E378-5FE5-9F59-A77EADED033010.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl22Supplementary material 22Troglohyphantesgestroi Fage, 1933Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_678351.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/678351Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.3AFB2C65-FB15-5B0D-9FF8-DDC4138D457B10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl23Supplementary material 23Troglohyphantesgiachinoi Isaia & Mammola, 2018Data typeDistributionFile: oo_632088.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/632088Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.AA6D2A45-FFED-58B1-9662-DF44E286480210.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl24Supplementary material 24Troglohyphantesgracilis Fage, 1919Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615594.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615594Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.DDCEA889-F3FB-56B2-B552-2BD80874927210.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl25Supplementary material 25Troglohyphanteshelsdingeni Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615595.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615595Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.F90E83BB-D23E-57BC-A6BF-AB92AB1002AD10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl26Supplementary material 26Troglohyphanteshenroti Dresco, 1956Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615596.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615596Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.25480F94-493F-5856-AE1A-FE4280FD83A710.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl27Supplementary material 27Troglohyphantesiulianae Brignoli, 1971Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615597.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615597Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.EB494494-CAC4-53EE-B24B-D3FA8941DB5110.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl28Supplementary material 28Troglohyphantesjamatus Roewer, 1931Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615598.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615598Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.9976A83D-354E-5102-985D-5673B26846C610.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl29Supplementary material 29Troglohyphantesjuris Thaler, 1982Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615600.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615600Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.7830CDF7-53D5-585D-8E05-3E6295AA553810.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl30Supplementary material 30Troglohyphanteskarawankorum Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615601.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615601Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.2A025B64-6DEE-596F-948C-A2EBAC3A2C1F10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl31Supplementary material 31Troglohyphanteskonradi Brignoli, 1975Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615602.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615602Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.F776655C-3ECA-5F7E-ABF3-3E27FDA0D37B10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl32Supplementary material 32Troglohyphanteskordunlikanus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615604.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615604Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.9ADFCEF0-AAD2-5675-9283-30891BD1CDA710.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl33Supplementary material 33Troglohyphanteslanai Isaia & Pantini, 2010Data typeDistributionFile: oo_632090.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/632090Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.EBA323A1-6BC6-5262-8C71-AAEEA657406C10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl34Supplementary material 34Troglohyphanteslatzeli Thaler, 1986Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615607.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615607Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.B0BDA937-DCB6-5B8B-9B40-1AB05A32431210.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl35Supplementary material 35Troglohyphanteslessinensis Caporiacco, 1936Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_667110.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/667110Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.6AE40555-5F4D-5DAE-9B0B-28AB9878D20610.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl36Supplementary material 36Troglohyphantesliburnicus Caporiacco, 1927Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615611.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615611Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.731E3ED1-53FC-5718-8EB4-043983D4096110.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl37Supplementary material 37Troglohyphanteslucifer Isaia, Mammola & Pantini, 2017Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615612.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615612Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.6A258585-6CF4-59AA-958A-5D1C124BF21110.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl38Supplementary material 38Troglohyphanteslucifuga Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615613.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615613Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.11D8D056-B2C3-5777-A832-01D7BF80C27810.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl39Supplementary material 39Troglohyphantesmicrocymbium Pesarini, 2001Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615614.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615614Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.FDE3FCEF-5864-56ED-8A3F-23D74CB4822F10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl40Supplementary material 40Troglohyphantesnigraerosae Brignoli, 1971Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615616.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615616Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.8A5B56DB-C1AE-535E-AA3F-0EDBDA6C29D610.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl41Supplementary material 41Troglohyphantesnoricus Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615628.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615628Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.C5C0E4B6-DAD9-5AC5-BFB7-9E9C8CECDBCC10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl42Supplementary material 42Troglohyphantesnovicordis Thaler, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615629.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615629Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.051805F6-3CC4-5384-9F86-941D0034464D10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl43Supplementary material 43Troglohyphantespavesii Pesarini, 1988Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615630.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615630Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.789701D1-1DAA-577E-BB71-339E962AB71410.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl44Supplementary material 44Troglohyphantespedemontanus Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615631.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615631Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.521096E2-1D75-5608-A41C-EC4985BAA67F10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl45Supplementary material 45Troglohyphantespluto Caporiacco, 1938Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615632.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615632Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.BE6AF4F0-1732-5D5E-9EFA-B2E8C5599A2C10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl46Supplementary material 46Troglohyphantespoleneci Wiehle, 1964Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_617741.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/617741Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.E2B795AE-B1A6-589E-A368-1E1F533A6E6D10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl47Supplementary material 47Troglohyphantespolyophthalmus Joseph, 1882Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615644.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615644Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.60BE71AD-E30A-511C-948D-8305E4DED04210.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl48Supplementary material 48Troglohyphantesregalini Pesarini, 1989Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615646.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615646Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.009C9BA2-7D53-5340-8156-B5CF1863954B10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl49Supplementary material 49Troglohyphantesruffoi Caporiacco, 1936Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615647.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615647Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.884DC604-500D-5F90-9BB5-465EA64E1E5310.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl50Supplementary material 50Troglohyphantessbordonii Brignoli, 1975Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615649.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615649Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.697956FD-DE7E-5618-A42B-D8F10C5B573110.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl51Supplementary material 51Troglohyphantessciakyi Pesarini, 1989Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615651.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615651Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.AF995254-459D-59D3-9C71-A204AE5DE9A910.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl52Supplementary material 52Troglohyphantesscientificus Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615654.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615654Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.B2208101-DD81-5E0F-8718-7CAB49EF821F10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl53Supplementary material 53Troglohyphantessimilis Fage, 1919Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_651141.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/651141Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.D6CC68DA-765A-57CC-B095-81F5D1D013CA10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl54Supplementary material 54Troglohyphantessketi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615660.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615660Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.40DD74FD-4DC4-5900-B4B8-DB131A28E39110.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl55Supplementary material 55Troglohyphantessordellii Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_667111.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/667111Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.3FB00363-D41B-5D45-AAF5-9C65B36B333910.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl56Supplementary material 56Troglohyphantesspatulifer Pesarini, 2001Data typeDistributionFile: oo_632091.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/632091Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.6DB9194D-E684-54E1-9BD5-BFD5DAE5643B10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl57Supplementary material 57Troglohyphantesspinipes Fage, 1919Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615664.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615664Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.6F83DC78-7317-5FDD-BF10-E0032CEE18AD10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl58Supplementary material 58Troglohyphantessubalpinus Thaler, 1967Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_673013.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/673013Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.B86495BD-91E8-5057-90BF-E367FCEE248410.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl59Supplementary material 59Troglohyphantestauriscus Thaler, 1982Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615666.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615666Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.2A593394-96A5-5FDA-AA8D-42B02439A06010.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl60Supplementary material 60Troglohyphantesthaleri Miller & Polenec, 1975Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_673046.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/673046Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.E60BBC1D-14D1-554A-9229-AF72D66C713C10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl61Supplementary material 61Troglohyphantestrispinosus Miller & Polenec, 1975Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615670.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615670Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.D0633679-3778-52F4-B16F-B9FDF9CF9AB710.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl62Supplementary material 62Troglohyphantestyphlonetiformis Absolon & Kratochvil, 1932Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615672.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615672Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.45E8C6D1-6BC2-5EDD-9BA9-C178B086534010.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl63Supplementary material 63Troglohyphantesvicinus Miller & Polenec, 1975Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615675.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615675Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.20204590-14BA-589A-87E1-78EF63D6604910.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl64Supplementary material 64Troglohyphantesvignai Brignoli, 1971Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615676.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615676Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.03AE8F79-CE54-557C-B44B-B5EF4C0C662B10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl65Supplementary material 65Troglohyphanteswiehlei Miller & Polenec, 1975Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_615677.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/615677Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.F93C3918-7626-5E06-8E00-99737581DCA610.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl66Supplementary material 66Troglohyphanteszanoni Pesarini, 1988Distribution of Data typeDistributionFile: oo_667112.kmlhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/667112Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.B1A3A435-7AED-5DB0-949D-BE334BF8E10810.3897/BDJ.10.e87261.suppl67Supplementary material 67Troglohyphantes species considered in this workOccurrence records of Data typeOccurrencesFile: oo_684741.xlsxhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/684741Milano F., Borio L., Komposch C., Mammola S., Pantini P., Pavlek M., Isaia M.