Pinuskoraiensis, Corylusmandshurica, Quercusmongolica and Prunussibirica in temperate forests of Northeast China and investigated the fate of the seeds in spring and autumn. The analysis showed that the hoarding strategies of the rodents varied substantially between seasons. The seeds were consumed faster in the spring than in the autumn. More than 50% of the seeds in the two seasons were consumed by the 16th day. It took 36 days to consume 75% of the seeds in the spring and 44 days in the autumn. The rate of consumption of the seeds in the spring was greater than in the autumn, and the rate of spread of the seeds was greater in the autumn. The distances of removal for the consumption and dispersal of seeds in the spring  were both shorter than those in the autumn . In addition, the fate of different seeds varied significantly owing to differences in hoarding strategies. The seeds of the three preferred species, P.koraiensis, C.mandshurica, and Q.mongolica, were quickly consumed. More than 90% of the seeds of these species were consumed. Only 21% of Pr.sibirica seeds were slowly consumed, and the two seasons had the same seed consumption rate patterns: the consumption rate of P.koraiensis seeds was the highest, followed by C.mandshurica, then Q.mongolica, and finally Pr.sibirica. The median removal times of the two seasons were different, but the rules were the same: P.koraiensis was the shortest, followed by C.mandshurica, and the third was Q.mongolica. In both seasons, the most predated in situ seeds were those of P.koraiensis; the most hoarded seeds were those of C.mandshurica, and the most unconsumed seeds were those of Pr.sibirica.To explore the differences in hoarding strategies of rodents for different seeds in various seasons, we labeled and released the seeds of  Rodents play an important role in the process of plant seed dispersal and regeneration . Seed diThe hoarding behavior of rodents is a special type of feeding behavior; it is a vital adaptive strategy for many rodents during periods of food scarcity , 2020. TPinuskoraiensis (Pinaceae), Corylusmandshurica (Betulaceae), Quercusmongolica (Fagaceae) and Prunussibirica (Rosaceae) are common forest trees in the study area, and their seeds are the main food resources for rodents. In this study, four types of labeled seeds were released in the spring and autumn to investigate the predation, dispersal, and hoarding of seeds by rodents to understand the patterns of utilization of various seeds by rodents and the existing seasonal laws in the natural environment. Our goals were to provide theoretical and practical guidance to explore the interaction between rodents and many large-seed plants. We hypothesized the following: i) Because of the lack of food resources in the spring and abundance of seeds in the autumn, there are seasonal differences in seed dispersal, and seeds released in the spring will be consumed more quickly and in greater quantities than those released in the autumn; ii) to meet the different needs, more food is taken in the spring, and the amounts of dispersal and distance are greater in the autumn; and iii) rodents have predation preferences, and different seeds have various fates with the preferred seeds being consumed faster.The Northeast China temperate zone is rich in forest vegetation resources and is an important resource of species and bank for seeds. Rodents not only damage forest resources by their predation on vegetation and seeds, but also promote the regeneration of vegetation by scatter-hoarding food . PinuskThe study was conducted from April to November, 2018. The research site was located in a forested area of the Sandao Forest Farm , Mudanjiang City, located at the northern end of the Changbai Mountains in northeastern China, the east vein of the main ridge of the Zhangguangcai Mountain. The climate is a temperate and cold continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons and a hot rainy season. The maximum temperature is 37 °C. The minimum temperature is -44.1 °C, and the annual average temperature is 2.3–3.7 °C. Approximately 100–160 days in the year are frost free. The first frost in most areas appears is in late September, and the last frost is in late April to early May. Precipitation is concentrated in June to September and varies from 400 mm to 800 mm.P.koraiensis, Q.mongolica, Larixgmelinii, Piceakoraiensis, Abiesnephrolepis, Betulaplatyphylla, Tiliaamurensis, T.mandshurica, Juglansmandshurica, while the brush included primarily C.mandshurica, Loniceramaackii, Acanthopanaxsenticosus, Trichosantheskirilowii, and Syringareticulata. The rodents in forests were highly abundant and diverse, largely dominated by different combinations of species, with Apodemuspeninsulae, A.agrarius, and Clethrionomysrufocanus being the dominant species.The experiment was conducted in secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest that had been least disturbed. Common canopy tree species included P.koraiensis, C.mandshurica, Q.mongolica, and Pr.sibirica that had been selected in the field study experiment were tagged using an electric drill whose bit is 0.5 mm in diameter, to make a hole at one end of the seed. A thin red plastic sheet was cut into a 3 cm × 1 cm rectangular plastic plate : seeds not eaten or removed from the station1. Intactin situ (PS): seed kernels eaten at the seed station2. Predation3. Predation after removal (PR): seed kernels eaten after removal4. Intact after removal (IR): seeds not eaten and abandoned on the surface of ground after removal5. Hoarded after removal (HR): seeds buried in the soil or humus layer after removal6. Missing after removal (MR): seeds removed but not found7. Consumption: With the exception of IS seeds, the fate of other seeds is defined as consumption by rodents.8. Predation: PS and PR are defined as predation (PS + PR)9. Dispersal: IR, HR, and MR are defined as dispersal. However, there were no data records for the survey indicators of the missing seeds, so they could not be calculated during the inspection and comparison (IR + HR + MR)MRT) of the seeds: the time at which 50% of the seeds were removed (expressed in days), which was used to compare the seed removal rates in both types of vegetation.10. Median removal time . Before the data analysis, the data was tested for normality and equality of variance using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Homogeneity-of-variance tests. Data were treated with respective nonparametric tests depending on whether they met the assumptions of normality. A Cox regression was used to analyze the seed survival rates, factoring in both seasons’ type and seeds. The Kruskal–Wallis H test (nonparametric) was used to compare the significant differences among the four seed species. The Mann–Whitney U test (nonparametric) was used to test the differences between the different seasons and different seed species. The data are represented as the mean ± SD. The values are considered statistically significant at th day. Most seeds  preferred by rodents were depleted over time, and most of the seeds not favored (Pr.sibirica) were IS. Therefore, when the curve survival ratio approached 20%, the curve flattened, and the trend of seed consumption became smaller.According to the analysis of the seed survival curve Fig. , the earW = 32.395, df = 1, P < 0.001). Most of the seeds of Pr.sibirica were not consumed, and the trend of consumption gradually slowed at approximately 20% of the curve.According to the analysis of seed survival curves in different seasons Fig. , the treP.koraiensis, C.mandshurica, and Q.mongolica had similar trends of consumption, but the rates of consumption were different , with Pr.sibirica seed consumption being slow. The consumption rate laws of the four types of seeds in the two seasons is as follows. The consumption rate of P.koraiensis was the highest, followed by C.mandshurica, then Q.mongolica, and finally Pr.sibirica. .According to the analysis of survival curves of four types of seeds in the spring and autumn Fig. , the conZ = -0.508, P > 0.05). After the animals found the seeds, they chose different ones based on their preferences and performed different operations, resulting in various fates of the seeds. The sequences of the earliest consumption time of seeds in the spring and autumn were both as follows: C.mandshurica was the earliest, followed by P.koraiensis, then Q.mongolica, and finally Pr.sibirica. There were no differences in the earliest consumption time among P.koraiensis, C.mandshurica, and Q.mongolica in different seasons . The earliest time of consumption of Pr.sibirica was significantly later than that of the other types of seeds in the spring and autumn  . The times for 50% of the seeds to be consumed varied for different seeds. Spring and autumn showed the same pattern: P.koraiensis had the shortest time, followed by C.mandshurica, while Q.mongolica had the longest time. However, there was no significant difference between the three types of seeds . The rates of consumption of the Pr.sibirica seeds did not exceed 50% during the spring and autumn studies. The autumn study led to the discovery that some of the Pr.sibirica seeds released in the spring remained at the seed station. The consumption curve estimated that the time when 50% of the Pr.sibirica seeds were consumed should exceed 150 d  was estimated based on the survey data of the seed station after predation , while there was no difference for C.mandshurica . The latest time of Q.mongolica removal was significantly later than those of P.koraiensis  and C.mandshurica  in the autumn.Less than 100% of the seeds were consumed during the study. Therefore, the average removal time of the three types of seeds , predation in situ (PS), predation after removal (PR), intact after removal (IR), hoarded after removal (HR), and missing after removal (MR) were 14.20%, 41.52%, 13.59%, 1.45%, 11.07% and 18.17%, respectively. In the autumn, the proportions of seeds with corresponding fates were 25.14%, 8.47%, 7.92%, 5.28%, 19.58% and 33.61%, respectively . P.koraiensis accounted for the most predation in situ seeds (57.90% in the spring and 44.26% in the autumn), followed by Q.mongolica (31.62% in the spring and 34.43% in the autumn). C.mandshurica had the largest proportion among the hoarded seeds (64.17% in the spring and 46.10% in the autumn)  than in the autumn 16.39%). The total seed dispersal rate of seeds was higher in the autumn (58.47%) than in the spring (30.69%) .The transport distances of seeds by P.koraiensis , C.mandshurica , Q.mongolica  showed no seasonal differences in the transport distances of PR. Pr.sibirica seeds (7.73 ± 3.36 m in the spring) showed no PR of data records during the autumn study.The three species of seeds Z = -2.008, P < 0.05). The dispersal distance of P.koraiensis seeds was significantly greater than that of the other three types , and there was a difference between the other three types . The dispersal distance of P.koraiensis seeds in the spring (3.89 ± 2.05 m) was significantly shorter than that in the autumn (7.97 ± 5.33 m) . C.mandshurica seeds  , Q.mongolica seeds  and Pr.sibirica seeds  showed no seasonal differences in the diffusion distances . The dispersal distances of seeds were greater than the transport for predation distances .The seed dispersal distances in the spring and autumn were 4.15 ± 3.52 m and 4.87 ± 3.94 m, respectively, and the dispersal distance in the spring was significantly shorter than that in the autumn . According to the Handling Costs hypothesis  in both the spring and autumn. Pr.sibirica has a small amount of predation and dispersal, indicating that there are some key factors that cause animal rejection. We hypothesize that it may be caused by the amygdalin compounds contained in almonds. This hypothesis requires an in–depth study. Different seeds vary in their diffusion distances, which is another type of selection difference exhibited by the rodents for different seed characteristics.The differences in seed characteristics and the animal’s needs will affect the hoarding behavior of animals, which manifests as preference for food selection . Small apothesis , seeds obenefits . C.mandongolica . TherefoRodents change their predation and hoarding behavior strategies based on different seasons and foods. These animals adopt different foraging strategies so that the consumption of seeds has obvious seasonal differences. Food resources are scarce in the spring, and rodents spend more time foraging than in the autumn. Spring seeds are consumed in greater numbers and more quickly than in the autumn. In the spring, to meet the immediate demand for a supply of energy, rodents predate on more seeds. In the autumn, the abundance of seeds increases. To ensure the necessary food demand for winter survival, rodents disperse more seeds to different locations for hoarding, and the dispersal distance is relatively larger. For different seeds distributed in the same region, rodents will identify and judge the characteristics of the seeds, resulting in various fates for the seeds. Handling seeds in different ways leads to obvious predation preferences, and usually seeds that are rich in nutrients and easily handled are prioritized. Seeds with hard and thick seed coats are hoarded the most intensively.


Geochemical Transactions is dedicated to Professor Donald L. Sparks, the S. Hallock du Pont Chair in the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and the Director of the Delaware Environmental Institute, at the University of Delaware (UD), in celebration and honor of his life-long research interests and achievements in environmental soil chemistry. Dr. Sparks is the recipient of the 2015 American Chemical Society’s Geochemistry Division Medal for his highly influential and transformative work in soil and environmental geochemistry, his outstanding record as an educator and mentor, and his service to the geochemical community. Dr. Sparks received his B.S. in Agronomy in 1975 and M.S. in Soil Science in 1976, both from the University of Kentucky, before he obtained his Ph.D. in Soil Science in 1979 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Dr. Sparks has received numerous awards, including UD’s Francis Alison Award, the Liebig Medal from the International Union of Soil Sciences, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Sterling Hendricks medal, the Northeast Association of Graduate Schools Geoffrey Marshall Mentoring Award, the Soil Science Research Award, the M.L. and Chrystie M. Jackson Soil Science Award, and the American Society of Agronomy’s Environmental Quality Award.Over the past 30 years, Dr. Sparks’ research has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the fate of toxic metals and plant nutrients in soils, and of chemical reactions at solid-water interfaces. His research utilizes synchrotron X-ray and other spectroscopic techniques to determine the forms of the metals and nutrients in the soil at the molecular scale, revealing how they interact with mineral surfaces and accumulate in plants. Such information determines the mobility, toxicity, and bioavailability of contaminants in the soil and is useful in developing effective strategies for soil remediation. As we began to plan this honorary Special Issue, we invited experts and colleagues who share this scientific sphere with Dr. Sparks. The resulting Special Issue highlights important challenges in environmental geochemistry and soil chemistry and introduces current advances in these areas. We have also brought together a series of research articles exemplifying recent developments in state-of-the-art experimental and computational approaches to understanding mineral–water interfaces.2), using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, aqueous Fe and Mn analyses, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and describe the continuous redox chemistry between Fe(II) and Mn/Fe oxides [0.5Fe2.5O4) and minium (Pb3O4), that were found in proximity to a former Cu-smelter in Timmins, Ontario, Canada [The Special Issue starts with Dr. Sparks’ feature article, which introduces the increasing importance of soil chemistry in climate change and in critical soil interactions with nutrients and emerging organic contaminants such as antibiotics, hormones, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Dr. Sparks has provided future research directions as well as challenges and opportunity in environmental soil chemistry . In soile oxides . By expee oxides . Then, se oxides , Sundmane oxides  discuss e oxides  and Hamie oxides  investige oxides . Nickel,e oxides  and Gou e oxides . Fan et e oxides . In addie oxides . Furthere oxides . Another, Canada . The SpeGeochemical Transactions, and Dr. Sherestha Saini, Senior Editor of Springer Nature’s Environmental Sciences Journals, have kindly helped in handling the manuscripts. We hope that this Special Issue will reach the broader environmental soil geochemistry community. Lastly, thank you, Dr. Sparks, for your leadership in environmental soil chemistry and for inspiring many of us.Thinking back to our first solicitations for the Special Issue, we were impressed by the enthusiasm from the geochemical society, which reflects Dr. Sparks’ dedication and leadership in environmental soil chemistry. We are grateful to have this support from our colleagues and excited to share this Special Issue. To facilitate its dissemination, Mr. Samuel Winthrop and Mr. Jan Margulies, Journal Development Editors of


Dermacentor occur, Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus. When the spatial distribution of both species in Germany was studied comprehensively for the first time in 1976, D. marginatus populations were recorded along the Rhine and Main river valleys in southwestern Germany, while D. reticulatus was very rare. In the last 50 years, however, a considerable range expansion of D. reticulatus has been noted in several European countries. To assess the current distribution of Dermacentor spp. in Germany, citizens were asked to send in ticks suspected to belong to the genus Dermacentor or that were of “unusual” appearance. From February 2019 until February 2020, 3,902 Dermacentor ticks were received in total. Of those, 15.48%  were identified as D. marginatus and 84.24%  as D. reticulatus, while 11 specimens could not be identified to species level. The majority of D. reticulatus specimens was collected from dogs , while D. marginatus was mostly collected from horses . Our results confirm that the adults of both Dermacentor species are active all year round. D. reticulatus specimens were sent in from all federal states except the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, while D. marginatus specimens were only received from locations in southwestern Germany. Overall, data obtained from this citizen-science study show that D. reticulatus has significantly expanded its range, especially in northern Germany. Regarding D. marginatus, new locations northwest of the previous range were detected, although the distribution has remained rather stable as compared to D. reticulatus. The spread of D. reticulatus, the vector of Babesia canis, is of major importance for veterinarians and dog owners in terms of canine babesiosis outbreaks or endemization in hitherto B. canis-free areas. Thus, veterinarians and veterinary students need to be informed about the new situation to be able to give adequate advice to dog owners on the extended D. reticulatus range and appropriate control measures.In Europe, two tick species of the genus  Dermacentor is represented by two species, Dermacentor marginatus  and Dermacentor reticulatus . The range of the ornate sheep tick, D. marginatus, extends from Portugal in the west throughout southern Europe and northern Africa into Central Asia. The species' southern and northern distribution limits are currently considered to be in Morocco and at the northern extension of the Rhine basin in Germany  has recently been proven  is the main vector for TBEV in Europe, the virus has repeatedly been isolated from D. reticulatus in a TBEV-endemic area in Germany  data or postal code], the involvement of potential hosts, and details about the circumstances under which the tick was discovered. To increase motivation to participate, citizens were informed about the tick species of their specimen(s).Ticks were identified to species level using detailed morpho-metrical keys provided by Arthur , Siuda , and EstThe accuracy of the reported locations where ticks were found was categorized based on the details provided by the senders as follows: (i) the accuracy was estimated to be high if there was a high probability that a natural habitat of the collected tick was in close proximity to the location where it was found. For example, a high accuracy was assumed for ticks collected from cattle and horses, which did not leave their pasture in the days before an infestation was detected, as well as for ticks found on vegetation, but only when the sender provided a GPS reference or precise address. (ii) A medium accuracy was assumed for unengorged ticks found on dogs or humans during or immediately after a walk, as well as for ticks from cats or wild terrestrial animals, or if the location met the criteria for a high accuracy ranking but was reported only in the form of a postal code. (iii) The reported location was considered to be of low accuracy in cases of engorged ticks found on dogs or ticks found in an unsuitable habitat (e.g. inside a house), as the origin of these ticks was often unclear. (iv) If no information on the location or the circumstances of tick detection was provided or the ticks were detected on dogs or humans travelling large distances, the accuracy was categorized as unknown.via the rworldmap package  specimens, D. reticulatus was sent in much more frequently than D. marginatus . The remaining 11 specimens (0.28%) could not be identified to species level, as essential morphological features had been destroyed. The sex ratio of D. reticulatus was almost 1:1 [48.65% females  vs. 51.32% males ]. In addition, one D. reticulatus nymph was received (0.03%). In contrast, slightly more female than male D. marginatus were sent in [56.79% females (343/604) vs. 43.21% males (261/604)].From mid-February 2019 until the end of February 2020, 3,902 ticks of the genus D. reticulatus and one D. marginatus, the federal state of origin was unclear due to travel activity of the senders. With the exception of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, D. reticulatus was collected in all federal states of Germany   . Compareaarland)  and Naucaarland) , several Germany . The spal et al.  and Liebl et al. . Howeverl et al. .D. reticulatus and 596/604 D. marginatus specimens, information on the month of collection was provided. Both Dermacentor species occurred throughout the whole year. Most D. reticulatus specimens were found in September  and October 2019 , while smaller peaks occurred in March 2019 , May 2019 , and February 2020 . In comparison, D. marginatus numbers showed a peak in March 2019  and February 2020   .D. reticulatus and 526/604 D. marginatus). The majority of ticks were attached to or crawling on  hosts, especially dogs  and horses . While D. reticulatus was collected more often from dogs  than from horses , D. marginatus was more common on horses  than on dogs . Both species were also detected on humans . In 18 cases, citizens reported having been bitten by the ticks . These ticks were often attached to the scalp. Detailed results on host association or collection location, respectively, are shown in Information on host association was available for 3,061/3,902 ticks , Stuttgart, Mannheim, Freiburg, and Karlsruhe . In this context, however, it has to be kept in mind that citizens were asked to participate in the study via press releases, which were covered by various regional and national media. Regional media coverage was probably enhanced in the vicinity of the involved research institutions (located in Hanover and Stuttgart); thus, the clusters near Hanover and Stuttgart may reflect this bias in media attention. Nevertheless, D. reticulatus was detected for the first time in the greater Hanover area, where occurrence was also verified by flagging of questing ticks in 2019 (data not shown). In addition, the data indicate several other potentially new locations outside the hitherto known range, especially in northwestern Germany. D. reticulatus was even found in the northernmost part of Germany, on the island of Sylt in the North Sea (~8.34° E/54.91° N). Two independent submissions of unfed male ticks from Sylt indicate that a D. reticulatus population may be present on the island. However, Sylt is also a popular tourist destination, and it cannot be entirely excluded that the unfed male ticks did not originate on the island, but reached it together with traveling dog hosts.The obtained data show notable clusters of D. reticulatus occurrence was noted in the eastern part of Germany, around the federal state of Berlin. Interestingly, the citizen-science data do not confirm the presence of D. reticulatus in the area between the cities of Leipzig and Berlin, where the species was previously reported .The present study shows that The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.CS, GD, UM, MD, AS, and AL designed the study. UM and CS coordinated the study and communicated with media representatives. MD designed the website. LC-D, MB, and GD contributed collected ticks. AS, MD, AL, KF, and LC-D identified tick species. AS, MD, AL, KF, SM, DT, and CRS participated in communication with the public and individual citizens as well as data handling. MD and AS drafted the manuscript. All authors participated in data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript draft, read, and approved the final manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Legionella spp. and other opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter baumannii, are normal inhabitants of natural waters, drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing. Thus, humans are regularly exposed to these pathogens. Unfortunately, Legionella spp. and the other OPPPs share a number of features that allow them to grow and persist in premise plumbing. They form biofilms and are also relatively disinfectant-resistant, able to grow at low organic matter concentrations, and able to grow under stagnant conditions. Infections have been traced to exposure to premise plumbing or aerosols generated in showers. A number of measures can lead to reduction in OPPP numbers in premise plumbing, including elevation of water heater temperatures. Legionella pneumophila is a member of a group of waterborne opportunistic pathogens that surround humans. Others in the group include the bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium abscessus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter baumannii, and the amoebae, namely, Acanthamoeba spp. Collectively, they are called opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). Humans are continually exposed to these opportunistic pathogens as they colonize and persist in drinking water in homes, apartments, schools, hospitals, and offices.P. aeruginosa wound and urinary tract infections occur in hospitals and present treatment problems because of P. aeruginosa’s intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants [L. pneumophilia lung infections have been linked to hotel stays [Acinetobacter baumannii was found responsible for infections in injured U.S. troops in the Middle East [The infections caused by the OPPP can be in the lungs, skin, or bloodstream depending upon the point of entry of the infecting microorganism. They are called opportunistic pathogens as they infect that proportion of the population with risk factors. Those risk factors include older age, injury, surgery, immunodeficiency due to infection , cancer, or chemotherapy, and prior lung damage due to infection, smoking, or exposure to dusty occupations. The infections can be acquired in hospitals  or in the community at home, at work, at play. For example, fectants  and L. pel stays . Acinetodle East .L. pneumophila, a life-threatening pneumonia, and Legionnaires’ disease must be reported to health officials, so we know that there were at least 10,000 cases in the United States in 2018 [M. avium, the estimated numbers are quite high; namely, 180,000 in the United States [M. avium was over USD 425 million [P. aeruginosa infections in hospitals with an estimated cost of USD 767 million [Infections caused by  in 2018 . As for d States . The est million . In 2017Legionella and the other opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) is that they are all colonists of drinking water, not contaminants. Contaminants, such as the fecal bacterium Escherichia coli, do not grow or survive in drinking water, they die the further away they get from the site where the water was polluted. In contrast, Legionella and the other OPPPs survive, grow, and persist in natural and drinking water; that is their home. For example, the numbers of M. avium increase in the distribution system between the water treatment plant and homes, offices, and hospitals [P. aeruginosa was shown to grow in hospital distilled water [The first common, shared characteristic of ospitals . Furthered water .Legionella and the other OPPPs. They are adapted to growth and survival in flowing water systems and are particularly adapted to survival, persistence, and growth in the “built environment”, particularly in hospital and household plumbing.Natural soils and surface waters are the ultimate sources of M. avium, P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, and A. baumannii are significantly more resistant to chlorine than is Escherichia coli, the bacterial standard used to gauge disinfection efficacy. Strains of P. aeruginosa, particularly the mucoid variants, are chlorine-resistant [A. baumannii isolates [M. avium is approximately 1000-fold more tolerant to chlorine than is E. coli [E. coli cells are killed in 5 min. In contrast, to kill 99.9% of M. avium cells, the exposure duration would have to be above 80 h. Although M. avium is an extreme example of disinfection-resistant waterborne bacteria, the other OPPPs are also resistant. The consequence of disinfectant-resistance amongst the OPPPs is that they are not killed by water treatment processes and enter the water distribution systems where they grow and are transported to homes, apartments, hospitals, schools, and elder care facilities. The OPPPs have no competition for nutrients from the chlorine-sensitive fecal contaminants in water, so all, even though limited, organics are available to L. pneumophila, M. avium, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and the other OPPPs.The second common character of the OPPPs is their disinfectant-resistance. In the United States, water from surface rivers and lakes is transported by gravitation or pumped to treatment plants where total microbial and pathogen counts are reduced by a series of steps, including precipitation and disinfection. The most common disinfectant used in the United States is chlorine which is an effective killer of microorganisms—except the OPPPs. esistant  as are misolates . M. aviu E. coli . At a coP. aeruginosa where isolates from patients and hospital water and wastewaters are resistant to both antibiotics and disinfectants [P. aeruginosa [M. avium to antibiotics and disinfectants is due to the presence of the thick, lipid-rich outer membrane of Mycobacterium spp. that provides an impermeable layer to hydrophilic compounds such as antibiotics and disinfectants [In addition to disinfectant-resistance, there is an interesting coincidence of disinfectant- and antibiotic-resistance amongst the OPPPs. This has been particularly investigated in fectants . One rearuginosa . Rather fectants .L. pneumophilia and the other OPPPs are colonists of human-engineered water systems. Their source is natural waters and soils where they have been subject to selection for growth under low nutrient conditions. Thus, these opportunistic pathogens are quite able to survive and proliferate in plumbing in hospitals and homes. They grow and survive under a wide range of conditions, including high temperature  and low oxygen . P. aeruginosa was shown to persist in premise plumbing of buildings [S. maltophilia was recovered from hospital tap water [M. avium was shown to grow under low-nutrient, oligotrophic conditions in a pilot water distribution system [M. avium increase as the water is transported through the distribution system pipes to homes and hospitals [E. coli and other enteric pathogens, OPPP numbers increase from the source due to the inability of those fecal pathogens to persist in the low nutrient conditions of drinking water. Passage through the water heater provides an opportunity for growth of L. pneumophila and M. avium and stagnation leads to increases in OPPP numbers as many have means to grow under microaerobic conditions as is the case for M. avium [P. aeruginosa that can use nitrate (NO3−) as a terminal electron-acceptor in the absence of oxygen [As noted above, uildings ,16, S. map water , and Aciap water . M. aviun system . Growth ospitals . Unlike M. avium , or evenf oxygen .L. pneumophila and the other OPPPs is their propensity to attach to surfaces where they grow to form biofilms—layers of cells imbedded in an extracellular matrix. All OPPPs readily adhere to surfaces and form biofilms including: L. pneumophila and P. aeruginosa [B. cepacia [S. maltophilia [A. baumannii [P. aeruginosa) or lipid . Biofilms are formed in both plumbing and in infected patients. The extracellular matrix serves as a barrier to exposure of cells to antimicrobial agents; namely, antibiotics in infected individuals and disinfectants in drinking water systems [P. aeruginosa in biofilms is governed by oxygen concentrations [Another shared characteristic of ruginosa , B. cepa cepacia , S. malttophilia , and A. aumannii . Surface systems . Antibio systems  and disi systems , are una systems  so that  systems , so the trations .Mycobacterium genus, namely, M. avium, M. chimaera, and M. abscessus—the major human pathogens. Mycobacterium spp. cells are surrounded by a long chain (C60-C80), lipid-rich outer membrane [M. avium or M. abscessus cells/mL, greater than 1000 cells/cm2 can be detected on stainless steel, PVC, glass, and galvanized surfaces [M. chimaera cells resulted in an apparent loss of 99.9% of the cells within 5 min due to their adherence on the pipes, tubes, and walls of the heater–cooler [P. aeruginosa is also an avid biofilm former [The star performers of biofilm formation are the members of the membrane  that maksurfaces . Furtherr–cooler . Similarm former .L. pneumophila, P. aeruginosa, M. avium complex, and the other OPPPs are readily phagocytozed by amoeba, including Acanthamoeba, Vermamoeba, and Hartmanella [L. pneumophila was demonstrated in Acanthamoeba castellanii [L. pneumophila and other OPPPs in human phagocytic cells is a direct consequence of selection for survival and growth of ARMs in amoeba and protozoa [tmanella ,32 and ptmanella . One reatmanella ,34. OPPPtmanella  or by cotellanii . As was protozoa ,34.L. pneumophila share the same environments and coincident isolation of amoeba and L. pneumophila are frequently reported. Whether that coincident recovery of both amoeba and L. pneumophila is an indicator of obligate dependence of L. pneumophila for survival, persistence, and growth in drinking water or is simply a result of microorganisms sharing the same habitats remains to be proven. This sharing of the same environments, namely, human-engineered water systems, is found with M. avium and the other OPPPs. However, L. pneumophila, M. avium, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and S. maltophilia are found in the absence of amoeba and protozoa. It would be valuable to identify biomarkers of OPPPs that are signs of prior growth in amoeba or protozoa. For example, would there be changes in mycobacterial outer membrane lipids or proteins originating from the amoeba or protozoa? Such markers would permit further examination of the relationship between free-living amoeba and protozoa and L. pneumophila and the other opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens.Amoeba and Acanthamoeba polyphaga to increase the species variety of Mycobacterium spp. isolates. Following inoculation of a water sample with and without starved cells of A. polyphaga and incubation for 4 days, isolation of triple-washed amoeba cells lead to recovery of a greater variety of Mycobacterium species isolates compared to the un-inoculated control .It is possible to mix drinking water samples with T. pyriformis carrying M. avium was able to grow from a low-density inoculum . Possibly, the intracellular M. avium cells supplied fatty acids to T. pyriformis permitting growth from low cell densities.The association between OPPPs and amoeba and protozoa may be mutually beneficial. Tetrahymena spp. fails to grow from low-density inocula unless the medium was supplemented with a variety of compounds, including fatty acids . HoweverL. pneumophila, M. avium, and other OPPPs, there are several other interactions that have been observed between P. aeruginosa, Mycobacterium spp., and L. pneumophila that deserve further exploration [In addition to the interaction between free-living amoeba and protozoa and loration ,38.Mycobacterium spp. by the salmon-pink pigmented Methylobacterium spp. [An example of interaction between waterborne opportunistic pathogens is the exclusion of ium spp. ,40. Specium spp. . Both arium spp. ,42 and tL. pneumophila [L. pneumophila in biofilms [Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a wide range of secondary metabolites that are antimicrobial . For exaumophila , or stimbiofilms .L. pneumophila, M. avium, P. aeruginosa, and other OPPPs love premise plumbing; it is an ideal habitat for their survival, growth, and persistence. First, premise, as it is farthest from a treatment plant, has a low residual disinfectant concentration. Enough perhaps to kill and inhibit growth of fecal coliforms, but not enough disinfect to kill or inhibit the growth of L. pneumophila, M. avium, P. aeruginosa, and other OPPPs. Second, pipes in plumbing offer a high surface to volume ratio that is ideal for surface adherence and biofilm formation. A common feature of OPPPs is their predilection for surface attachment and growth in biofilms. The rather slow growing L. pneumophila, M. avium, P. aeruginosa, and other OPPPs attach to surfaces and therefore do not get washed out of the plumbing. Further, biofilm protects microbial cells from whatever disinfectant is present. Third, sediment collects in the water heater and provides nutrient for microorganisms. Fourth, water in premise plumbing is regularly heated  and distributed throughout the structure  where it cools to an optimal temperature for OPPP growth . Recirculating hot water systems in apartment and condominium buildings and hospitals provide optimal temperatures for growth of L. pneumophila and OPPPs. For example, highest numbers of M. avium  have been recovered from water samples collected from high-rise apartments and condominium buildings in New York City [L. pneumophila and other OPPPs is that they all grow at low oxygen levels . As the water in mornings has been heated, conditions are ideal for growth in household, hospital, and healthcare plumbing. Remember, while we humans are away, the microbes grow in plumbing and reach high numbers.ork City . Fifth, L. pneumophila, M. avium [P. aeruginosa [A. baumannii [Pathways of transmission of OPPPs include: aerosolization, drinking water, and coming in contact with water. Humans are exposed to OPPPs through all three pathways at home, at work, or in hospitals. Aerosolization refers to the generation of water droplets from water. Most commonly, those aerosols are inhaled leading to lung infections. As the water could carry M. avium , P. aeruruginosa ,48, A. baumannii ,50, or oaumannii ,51, humiaumannii , aeratoraumannii , from draumannii , fish taP. aeruginosa [P. aeruginosa can persist in sterilizing solutions and be introduced to skin or wounds directly [S. maltophilia hospital infection outbreak was traced to a S. maltophilia-colonized disinfectant solution [S. maltophilia infection in a hospital [Contact with water colonized with OPPPs can lead to infection. Solutions of skin surface disinfectants can become colonized by OPPPs, particularly ruginosa . Due to directly . In a sisolution . Hospitahospital .The home environment can have unexpected sources of OPPPs. Kitchen sponges have been shown to harbor “massive” colonization of Acinetobacter spp. . ChilledMycobacterium chimaera aerosols that infected patients undergoing cardiac surgery [M. chimaera cells that had colonized the water cycle of the instrument. The M. chimaera strain was introduced during final testing of the instrument before transmission.Sources of OPPPs abound in hospitals and healthcare centers. In addition to patient room showers and sinks, patients are exposed to aerosols generated by therapy baths, patient manipulations, and medical equipment. Medical equipment that has been shown to be aerosol sources of OPPPs include bronchoscopes and heater–coolers. Heater–coolers are water heating and cooling devices used in operating rooms to cool patients and warm blood during periods of time when the heart may be stopped and oxygen–carbon dioxide exchange is performed outside the body. In 2015, one manufacturer’s heater–cooler was shown to be the source of  surgery . AlthougL. pneumophila, M. avium complex, and other OPPP infections [L. pneumophila, M. avium P. aeruginosa and other OPPP infections occur in both community and healthcare settings, how is monitoring to be implemented?In light of the burden for medicine to do no harm and the enormous cost of fections , it is oL. pneumophila infections require notification to public health officials, only New York City, New York, and the Veterans Administration require monitoring of L. pneumophila. No monitoring is required for the other OPPPs. Upon discovery of outbreaks, samples are collected to identify OPPP sources and count numbers, but with the exception of L. pneumophila, the numbers are not of particular value. Source tracking is of value, but in the absence of well-established dose–response values for M. avium, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and S. maltophilia infections, there is no guidance for action levels. Further, enumeration of E. coli, fecal coliform, and heterotrophic plate count bacteria numbers do not serve as surrogates of OPPPs [P. aeruginosa as a surrogate indicator for OPPP presence [Although of OPPPs ,59. Perhpresence .Mycobacterium spp. cultivation due to their ridiculously slow growth and the loss of samples due to overgrowth by other microorganisms. However, disinfectants do kill Mycobacterium spp., so their use reduces the sensitivity of detection. Further, even in Mycobacterium spp., different species have significantly different susceptibilities to disinfection [Two other problems emerge when considering monitoring for OPPPs. First, what samples should be collected ? Second, as other microorganisms are present in drinking water, should samples be disinfected and what disinfectants should be employed? Decontamination is widely employed for nfection .L. pneumophila, M. avium complex, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and S. maltophilia infections on public health, whereby prior planning and remediation after outbreaks are required. Both can be effective. First it is important to point out that the OPPPs share many characteristics in common, such that their numbers reflect reactions to similar conditions. Those shared characteristics can identify measures to design away from constructing OPPP-friendly buildings or perform remediation to reduce OPPP numbers in existing structures. Although it has not been proven for all the OPPPs, it is hypothesized that reductions in the numbers of L. pneumophila, M. avium, P. aeruginosa, A baumannii, and S. maltophilia will consequently reduce the number of OPPP infections. It is with that unproven hypothesis that the following recommendations are presented.There are two approaches to reducing the impact of Homes, apartment buildings, condominiums, hospitals, and health care facilities can be designed to avoid creating ideal growth centers for OPPPs. The current interest in “Green Buildings” has been challenged by listing the green building characteristics that will actually promote OPPP growth and persistence . For exaM. avium. It was noted that homes with water heater temperatures equal to or lower than 125 °F (50 °C) had Mycobacterium spp., but in homes with water heater temperatures at 130 °F (55 °C) or higher seldom had Mycobacterium spp. [M. avium patients in Wynnewood, Montgomery County, PA, allowed us to raise their water heater temperatures to 130 °F (55 °C). Numbers of M. avium in their water samples were measured and, by 12 weeks, 10 out of 10 households no longer had M. avium [M. avium and quite possibly L. pneumophilia and other OPPPs is to raise water heater temperatures to 130 °F (55 °C) or higher.There are a variety of measures that might reduce OPPP numbers based on logic. One remediation measure has been tried and proven to reduce numbers of ium spp. . Based oM. avium . Thus, oMycobacterium spp. [Mycobacterium spp. in showerheads being the strongest predictor of Mycobacterium spp. infection in residents [As showerheads have been shown to be rich in ium spp. ,46 and wesidents , it has M. avium and other Mycobacterium spp. grew in GAC filters, such that the GAC filter became the source of M. avium in the water [Granular activated charcoal (carbon) (GAC) filters, which are effective at removal of chlorine, metals and organics, do not prevent the passage of OPPPs, as the pores are too large. In fact, a study at EPA showed that he water . One can


Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens that affect dogs and humans all over the world. Serbia is considered an endemic country to both forms of dirofilariasis, although most of the population is concentrated in the north of the country. The aims of this study were to show the prevalence of D. immitis and D. repens in dogs and the seroprevalence in humans compared to previous studies in Northern Serbia. In total, 346 dog sera samples and 265 human samples were analyzed. Dog blood samples were analyzed using the modified Knott's method to check whether there were Dirofilaria spp. microfilariae and serum samples were checked by a commercial D. immitis antigen test. Human serum samples were analyzed with a non-commercial ELISA for detection of specific anti-D. immitis, anti-D. repens, and anti-Wolbachia IgG antibodies, and confirmed by western blotting. The overall prevalence for Dirofilaria spp. in dogs was 29.19%. The overall prevalence for D. immitis was 26.30%. The percentages of D. immitis and D. repens microfilaremia in dogs were 25.72 and 1.45%, respectively, while D. immitis./D. repens microfilaremia co-infections were also 1.45%. The overall seroprevalence for Dirofilaria spp. in humans was 3.77%. The overall seroprevalence for D. immitis was 1.51, 1.13% for D. repens, and for D. immitis/D. repens co-infections was 1.13%. The results indicate that D. immitis and D. repens are present in dogs and humans in the province of Vojvodina, in the northern part of Serbia. It is most likely associated with the presence of many rivers, the climate, and presence of mosquitoes in the area, so there could be a real public health risk.Dirofilariasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused mainly by  Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. Dirofilaria immitis causes heartworm disease in canines and pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans, whereas D. repens causes canine subcutaneous dirofilariasis and ocular/subcutaneous dirofilariasis in humans. Both parasites are transmitted by culicid mosquitoes, which inoculate larva 3 into definitive hosts in both animals and humans. For that reason, dirofilariasis is considered a veterinary and public health problem , although most cases are asymptomatic  lies between Hungary, Croatia, and Romania. This northern part of the country is largely plains with a continental climate and a lot of rivers. Summers are hot and have lengthened over time due to climate change, so temperatures over 14°C usually last even through to the end of October. Winters are less and less cold and there has not been much snow during the last several winters. All this means that the mosquito season is prolonged from March to October. The air humidity during the warm period of the year is mostly high, meaning that the conditions for the development of mosquitoes are appropriate. During springtime there is a lot of rain and often in some parts of the country there are floods.Figure 2). There is also an artificial canal system called Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal. It covers the total area in Vojvodina of about 12,700 km2 and it consists of a number of canals. This Canal is a unique hydro-engineering system for flood control and hydrotechnical management, forestry, water supply, wastewater evacuation, navigation, tourism, fishing, and hunting. Besides these purposes, it also represents a substantial amount of water, convenient for development of mosquitos.In the province of Vojvodina there is the Danube river, which crosses the country from east to west, while the Tisa river flows from north to south, and there are smaller rivers all around the region  were obtained from dogs analyzed by several veterinary clinics  and 265 Dirofilaria spp. microfilariae in the blood of the animals included in the study. Morphological characteristics of microfilariae  were used in order to differentiate D. immitis and D. repens microfilariae  according to the manufacturer's instructions. There is no commercial laboratory test of any kind for D. repens in dogs.Dog blood samples were analyzed by applying the modified Knott's technique  to checkfilariae . Dog serD. immitis, anti-D. repens, and anti-Wolbachia IgG antibodies with some modifications  and 1:100 serum dilutions were used to detect the presence of anti-DiSA and DrSA IgG antibodies. Sera samples diluted at 1:40 with a recombinant form of the Wolbachia Surface Protein (rWSP) were used to detect the presence of anti-rWSP IgG antibodies. In both cases, goat anti-human IgG (H+L) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase  was used at a 1:4000 dilution. Easy Reader  was used for measuring optical densities (OD) at 492 nm. The cut-off point (OD = 0.8 for DiSA and DrSA and 0.5 for rWSP) was determined by calculating the mean value + 3 standard deviations (3SD) of 50 serum samples obtained from dogs and clinically healthy humans (negative controls) who belonged to an area free of D. immitis and D. repens. When both non-commercial ELISAs gave positive results for the same serum sample, that human sera were considered positive. Additionally, by using western blot analysis performed according to a previously described methodology (D. immitis (17–22 kDa) and for D. repens (43–70 kDa).Human serum samples were analyzed using a non-commercial ELISA for detection of specific anti-ications , 31, 32.hodology , 33–36, D. immitis, D. repens, and co-infections were manually georeferenced by GPS at the point of capture. Georeferenced positive data for both hosts are shown in the map.The ArcGIS Pro online software was used for the construction of a map of the sampling area. All layers of relevant environmental information  were included and symbolized for a better understanding of the map. All dog and human samples infected with p < 0.05.The SPSS Base 18.0 software for Windows was used for the data analysis. The descriptive analysis of the considered variables was carried out studying the proportions in the qualitative variables. To compare proportions, Chi-square tests were performed. In all the cases, the significance level was established at Dirofilaria spp. in dogs was 29.19% , 1.45% for D. repens microfilaremia, and 1.45% for D. immitis/D. repens microfilaremia co-infections . There are significant differences between the prevalence for D. immitis infected male and female dogs with a higher prevalence in male dogs, whereas the prevalence of D. repens was higher in females (p < 0.05).The overall prevalence for s 29.19% . The oveDirofilaria spp. in humans was 3.77%. These results are shown in D. immitis was 1.51, 1.13% for D. repens, and 1.13% for D. immitis/D. repens co-infections. All positive cases were detected in males with significant differences (p < 0.05) for D. immitis (1.92%) and D. repens (1.44%), but not in co-infection (1.44%). All positive samples via western blot analysis are shown in The overall seroprevalence for D. immitis between the 20–40 range and the other ranges, the seroprevalences of D. repens between the over-40 age group and the other ranges and the seroprevalences of co-infections between the 20–40 age group and the other ranges (p < 0.05).By age, there are significant differences between the seroprevalences of D. immitis and D. repens in the northeast of the country.Regarding the geolocation of the positive samples of both dogs and people on a map , all of Dirofilaria spp. species have developed limited mutual adaptation , taking into account that this region has been considered endemic for some time. Furthermore, the aim was to identify the potential risk of infection of the human population in an endemic area.The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence in dogs and the response to anti-D. immitis and D. repens , the previously reported seroprevalence was 22.9% for D. immitis and the presence of D. repens microfilariae was 39.34%  and co-infections (3.2%) (D. immitis infections and a decrease of an infection with D. repens in recent years (D. immitis infection between the dog population and the wild canid population. Meanwhile, D. repens was found to circulate mostly in golden jackal and red fox populations (In the current study, a prevalence of 26.30% was observed in dogs infected by s 39.34% . In Bulgnt years –23 whichulations .Dirofilaria spp. in humans was 3.77, 1.51% for D. immitis, 1.13% for D. repens, and 1.13% for D. immitis/D. repens co-infections. This is the first time these tests have been conducted in this region of Serbia. Human cases originating from D. repens have only previously been reported in the region of southeastern Serbia (D. repens and D. immitis polyproteins specific antibodies, respectively, and 2.3% in individuals with specific antibodies to both species (D. immitis, 0.2% for D. repens, and 0.9% for both parasites (D. repens cases reported (With regards to the human population, the seroprevalence for n Serbia , 40, 41. species . Similararasites . In addireported .D. immitis and D. repens in the northeast of the country are close to cities where cases of dogs and humans had already been reported (Both animals and infected people were geolocated in the immediate vicinity or in a relatively close environment of potential mosquito breeding areas, which poses a risk to those areas. The two cases of humans infected by reported  and werereported .D. immitis and D. repens are present in dogs and humans in the province of Vojvodina, in the northern part of Serbia. It is most probably associated with the presence of many rivers, the climate, and the presence of mosquitoes, so there is a real public health risk. Serology studies in humans can be very useful for indicating the exposure to Dirofilaria spp. in a healthy population in order to obtain useful data on the epidemiological scenario of human dirofilariasis in Serbia and in Europe. That exposure was confirmed in the current study. Further studies addressing the control of dirofilariasis in the dog population are needed to reduce the risk of infection in the human population.In conclusion, the results indicate that All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material.Ethical approval was not provided for this study on human participants because People data don't require permission, everyone has verbal consent. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin. Ethical review and approval was not required for the animal study because the blood samples were taken during a regular blood checkup of the dogs and the consent was gained from the owners so there was no need for the ethical approval. Written informed consent for participation was not obtained from the owners because Verbal consent of client owned dogs.SS and RM designed the study and wrote the manuscript. MS, DM, IH, AP, SO, and MR performed the fieldwork, collected the data, and performed the experiments. All authors participated in the discussion of the results, corrected, read, and approved the final manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer AG declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors SS to the handling editor.


Crossaster  and its distribution. The correct citation is: Ringvold H, Moum T (2020) On the genus Crossaster  and its distribution. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227223A colon is incorrectly placed in the species name in the article title. The correct title is: On the genus C. squamatus, the dorsal skeleton is scale-like, formed by irregularly shaped plates with little or no membranaceous spaces, as seen in the MAREANO specimens (C. multispinus (C. papposus, and also described by Clark [30].In the “Morphology” subsection of the Results, there is an error in the first sentence of the third paragraph. The correct sentence is: In pecimens , and wittispinus  consistsThe captions for


The MLST website at University College Cork moved to University of Warwick in 2013 and was subsequently superseded by EnteroBase, which can be accessed at http://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk [The authors, however, now recommend using short read sequencing which is handled at ck.ac.uk .https://pubmlst.org/organisms.Another URL in the original publication at PubMLST is now also no longer operative, and a general overview of MLST databases in general can be found at


Anisakis simplex s.s. infection and has been used for the treatment and prevention of anisakiasis in humans. However, the molecular mechanism of action of IVM on A. simplex s.s. remains unknown. Herein, tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and extensive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were used to identify the effect of IVM on the proteome of A. simplex s.s. in vitro. During the study, 3433 proteins, of which 1247 had at least two protein unique peptides, were identified. Comparative proteomics analysis revealed that 59 proteins were differentially regulated (DRPs) in IVM-treated larvae, of which 14 proteins were upregulated and 38 were downregulated after 12 h of culture, but after 24 h, 12 proteins were upregulated and 22 were downregulated. The transcription level of five randomly selected DRPs was determined by real-time PCR as a supplement to the proteomic data. The functional enrichment analysis showed that most of the DRPs were involved in oxidoreductase activity, immunogenicity, protein degradation, and other biological processes. This study has, for the first time, provided comprehensive proteomics data on A. simplex s.s. response to IVM and might deliver new insight into the molecular mechanism by which IVM acts on invasive larvae of A. simplex s.s.Ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug, has a positive effect against  Anisakis. This parasite habitually parasitizes adult marine mammals. Intermediate and/or paratenic hosts of the larvae are crustaceans, cephalopods, and fish .,50.49,50eptidase .Trichinella spiralis) survival and growth under albendazole stress, which might be helpful for a parasite to adjust to drug stress [A. simplex s.s., downregulation of peptidase-type proteins during IVM treatment is probably an important strategy to survive antiparasitic treatment.The studies confirming this research show that downregulation or inhibition of putative endopeptidase bli-4 expression might be beneficial for parasite (g stress . This prFurthermore, some of the DRPs obtained have been considered as potential vaccine candidates and drug targets for treating helminthiases, e.g., endochitinase 1, myosin, Kunitz inhibitor protease, or TIL domain-containing protein  51,52,5,54. AddiIntriguingly, in the present study we found that IVM did not significantly modulate xenobiotic-metabolizing proteins. Proteins such as glutathione S-transferases, xenobiotic reductases, and cytochromes P450 modulate the biological activity and behavior of many drugs, including anthelmintics. The effects of anthelmintics can often be abolished by these enzymes when the drugs are metabolized into an inefficient compound . The dosA. simplex s.s. to IVM, as evidenced by the over-regulation or modulation of both proteins and transcripts, and larvae survival after IVM treatment. It appears that the role of IVM is limited, in this case, to being a modulator of the immune response and being involved in the cross-talk between parasite and host.Our results are inconclusive, testifying to the nonsusceptibility of A. simplex s.s. L3 larvae might be less sensitive to IVM and that this drug is not efficient at this larval stage and/or in this species. We think that the findings presented in our study could have important implications for using ivermectin against A. simplex s.s. and will contribute to a better understanding of the changes in parasite metabolism under the influence of this drug. To summarize, the present study shows the list of proteins of the L3 larval stage of A. simplex s.s. modulated by IVM. Interestingly, xenobiotic-metabolizing proteins were not identified as significantly modulated when comparing IVM-treated vs. control samples. Our results are the first to give extensive proteomic information on the response of A. simplex s.s. to IVM. A total of 59 differentially regulated A. simplex s.s. proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Some of the proteins are primarily involved in cuticle synthesis, maintenance, remodeling, and degradation, as well as in hormonal regulation of molting and intracellular trafficking of molecular compounds and regulators. IVM does not have an impact on A. simplex s.s. motility and survival but, in our estimation, suppresses the parasite’s ability to evade the host’s natural immune defense mechanisms, which was confirmed by the list of differentially regulated proteins.The most important findings, in our opinion, of this study are that To gain more biological and clinical significance, our findings must be further validated in a functional model of Anisakis infection.


Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 259, 54–59. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.11.002.”In the original article, there were errors. The MRI system and parameters were described incorrectly. Furthermore, the reference for . Detailed information on the MRI parameters was as follows: the same as our previous report (Ota et al., The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. The successful invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the biodiversity of the YCNR, changed the structure and function of the local ecosystem, and eventually led to the degradation of the ecosystem and the loss of ecosystem function and service. Fully understanding the impact of an alien species invasion on YCNR succession is an important prerequisite for protecting and restoring the wetlands.The Yancheng coastal natural wetlands (YCNR) are well-preserved silty tidal flat wetlands in China. Due to the severe invasion of In this study, remote sensing, GIS technology, and a cellular-automaton Markov model were used to simulate the natural succession process of native ecosystems without being affected by alien species. By comparing the landscape of the YCNR with the model simulation results, we gained a better understanding of how alien species affect native landscape-scale ecosystems.S. alterniflora occupied the mudflats and expanded seaward. The whole area expanded and moved seaward with an average annual movement of 58.23 m. Phragmites australis seemed to dominate the competition with S. salsa communities, and the area gradually expanded with an average annual movement of 39.89 m. The invasion of S. alterniflora changed the native ecosystem’s spatial succession process, causing the S. salsa ecosystem to be stressed by ecosystems on the side of the sea  and that of land . The area of the seaward-expanding P. australis ecosystem has been declining. Under a reasonable protected area policy, human activities have enhanced the succession rate of the P. australis ecosystem and have had a small impact on the ecological spatial succession of S. salsa and S. alterniflora.During the natural succession of the coastal native wetland ecosystem in the YCNR, the pioneer species  Spartina alterniflora was introduced to the Yancheng coastal intertidal zone in 1979  are a wetland type that grows and develops in the muddy intertidal zone. Affected by ocean tides, the natural wetland landscape is mainly composed of Phragmites australis marshes, Suaeda salsa marshes, and mudflats; it develops from land seaward, and it is parallel to the coast  Markov model was used to solve two scientific problems on the landscape scale. First, how would the natural landscape of the YCNR develop without Spartina invasion? Second, how does S. alterniflora structurally affect local landscape succession?The Aichi biodiversity target 9 and Sustainable Development Goal 15 targets clearly state that to better protect the diversity of local native ecosystems, we need to address problems such as ionality . HoweverS. alterniflora invasion on the natural wetland landscape in the intertidal zone of Yancheng, reasonable control of S. alterniflora, and protection of the native natural landscape system.These two scientific issues have important practical guidance for a deep understanding of the impact of S. alterniflora invasion in Yancheng was selected as the sample area  under appropriate conditions, such as less than 20% cloud cover; and (c) at low tide, so that S. alterniflora could be seen growing in the intertidal zone. On the basis of the vector boundary of the study area, a remote-sensing image was cropped in ENVI software and enhanced. The FLAASH atmospheric-correction module was used to apply atmospheric corrections to the remote-sensing image. The FLAASH settings are as follows: (1) coordinates of the scene centre point: it was found from the corresponding HDF file; (2) sensor type: Landsat 5, 7 or 8; (3) altitude: the average altitude of the sample area; (4) flight date and time: it is Greenwich mean time, which can be found in the corresponding HDF file; (5) atmospheric model: mid-latitude winter; (7) aerosol model: rural; and we used the default values for the remaining parameters. The geometric-precision-correction module was used to combine the field control point with the image geometry school. The 8 obtained images were visually interpreted. Water, roads and aquaculture ponds were very easy to distinguish. The NDVI threshold was used when interpreting vegetation. The above raw data were obtained from the International Scientific Data Service Centre (http://www.gscloud.cn). On the basis of remote sensing images from 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2017  between September and December, when and 2017 , we moniS. alterniflora non-invasion scenario. The Markov model is stochastic and mainly used for the simulation of landscape and land-use changes . Community succession occurred at all times in the wetlands. A new Suaeda grew on the mudflat, while other Suaeda populations were replaced by P. australis. From 1990 to 1995, 784.70 hectares of new Suaeda bonata grew on the mudflat, while 790.39 hectares of S. salsa was replaced by P. australis. From 1995 to 2000, the 448.26 hectares of mudflat succeeded in becoming S. salsa, and the 534.68 hectares of S. salsa turned into P. australis. From 2000 to 2005, only 30.71 hectares of mudflat succeeded to S. salsa, and 256.58 hectares of S. salsa changed to P. australis. Between 2010 and 2015, only 46.34 hectares of mudflat area was transformed into S. salsa, and 237.11 hectares of S. salsa changed into P. australis.The cellular automaton Markov model simulated the succession of native landscapes without invasion . The simP. australis to S. salsa to mudflats. Regarding the change direction . It is particularly important to carry out relevant research to restore a suitable living environment for native species. S. salsa provides food, water, and habitat for rare birds, such as red-crowned cranes. Artificially expanding S. salsa can reduce the harm of species invasion. In addition to knowing the harm posed by a species invasion to an ecosystem, the competition between native species is noteworthy. The S. alterniflora invasion might accelerate P. australis succession, and it is necessary to understand the driving mechanism to protect S. salsa and maintain ecological balance and wetland biodiversity in the tidal flat.S. alterniflora invasion is likely to have changed the succession characteristics of the native natural wetland landscape system. According to the CA-Markov model simulation results, the area of P. australis and S. salsa marsh wetlands increased each year when S. alterniflora was not introduced. However, under the influence of S. alterniflora, the area of P. australis marsh-wetland area slowed its spread, and the area of S. salsa marsh wetland decreased each year.The S. alterniflora invasion changed the original natural wetland landscape succession direction. Without being invaded by S. alterniflora, the P. australis marsh wetland basically did not move in the land section, and the offshore end moved seaward at a speed of 50 m/year; the near-land section of the S. salsa marsh wetland moved seaward at a speed of 34.91 m/year. The offshore section moved seaward at a speed of 51.80 m/year. When the S. alterniflora marsh wetland had an agglomeration effect in 2005, it forced the S. salsa wetland to move toward land and change its succession direction.Our results suggest that S. alterniflora and P. australis inhibit the development of S. salsa. P. australis inhibits the expansion of S. salsa toward land, and S. alterniflora is likely to inhibit the movement of S. salsa seaward.10.7717/peerj.10400/supp-1Table S1Unit: mClick here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.10400/supp-2Table S2Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.10400/supp-3Data S1Software ArcMap can be used to access this raw data.Click here for additional data file.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-56073-y, published online 19 December 2019Correction to: The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete."We thank Caroline J. Sands  for the bioinformatic support of the NMR post processing pipeline. Many thanks to Andrew Hemphill  for helpful comments on the manuscript. The study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation . D.R. was a recipient of the Karl Enigk Stiftung, Hannover, Germany, for parts of the project."should read:"We thank Caroline J. Sands  for the bioinformatic support of the NMR post processing pipeline. Many thanks to Andrew Hemphill  for helpful comments on the manuscript. The study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation . D.R. was a recipient of the Karl Enigk Stiftung, Hannover, Germany, for parts of the project. JVL is funded by MRC New Investigator Grant (MR/P002536/1) and ERC Starting Grant (715662)."


Author Contributions:In the original article, there was an error. A statement on author contribution was incorrect. A correction has been made to the ZW and FK contributed to conception, design of the study, and corrected the manuscript. LB collected the experimental data and wrote the manuscript. ZW, MvZ, LB, DS, SvS, MS, and SA-R contributed to data analysis and experimental execution. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Candida biology. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how the papers “Use of ichip for high-throughput in situ cultivation of uncultivable microbial species” by D.Ching-Hsuan Lin works in the field of  Candida biology. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how the papers “Use of ichip for high-throughput in situ cultivation of uncultivable microbial species” by D. Nichols, N. Cahoon, E. M. Trakhtenberg, L. Pham, et al.  and “A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance” by L. L. Ling, T. Schneider, A. J. Peoples, A. L. Spoering, et al.  made an impact on him by inspiring him to explore new bioactive antimicrobial compounds with his collaborators.Ching-Hsuan Lin works in the field of  For example, drug development is a time-consuming, costly, and complex process. To translate fundamental scientific discoveries to clinical impacts, a multidisciplinary team is key to success. The breakthrough iChip technique certainly inspires scientists in academia like me to devote themselves to the discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents again. It certainly has impacted my career, leading me to change the research focus of my academic career. Currently, more than half of my laboratory projects are for applied science in the discovery and identification of new antifungal compounds and new therapeutic methods for the treatment of fungal infections via multidisciplinary collaboration.Starting a career in research as a Principal Investigator, my work was focusing on the


Escherichia coli. FQs are broad spectrum antibiotics with high tissue penetration, and ease of use. Therefore, given the concerns existing about drug resistance, we aim to review the latest findings about resistance patterns to levofloxacin (LVX) along with other FQs in E. coli infections in different parts of Iran. Evidence shows that quinolones have been used in Iran for nearly 50 years, and that 0–65% of E. coli isolates show resistance to FQs. In the western parts of Iran, the highest rate of resistance to LVX (66.7%) has been reported among patients having urinary tract infections with E. coli isolates. Few studies and information exist on the antimicrobial resistance of E. coli to LVX in different geographical locations of Iran. However, the findings of various studies on this subject show that E. coli resistance to LVX is more in the western part of Iran than in central and southern regions, but it is similar among inpatients and outpatients. Therefore, it is reasonable advisable to limit the overuse, inappropriate prescription, and self-medication of LVX to prevent the induction of FQ-resistant strains. Accordingly, in order to obtain a clearer image of resistance to FQs, especially LVX in E. coli in Iran, more extensive investigations in different geographical locations and periods of time are required. In addition, antimicrobial stewardship would be helpful in this regard.Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely used in the treatment of infections caused by  The therapeutic effects of antibiotics are on the decline at an alarming and inevitable pace similar to the phenomenon of global warming  reported antibiotic resistance as a “major global threat” in 2014. According to a report by the UN-affiliated agency on 30gly high .E. coli is a major human pathogen that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs), enterocolitis, and septicemia in humans. Over 10 pathotypes of E. coli have been identified to date, and different pathotypes could cause similar diseases through various mechanisms  and a mechanism of action . They inA gyrase .FQs serve as bactericidal drugs by inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. Both DNA strands are interconnected within the bacterial cell. For bacterial division, two strands of DNA should be separated from each other. To facilitate the separation of the strands, DNA gyrase helps strands get detached and rejoined , 29. ThuChlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, E. coli-induced diarrhea, Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella spp.  to another (31.75% in 2009) (E. coli in North American countries in addition to the high resistance of E. coli to LVX suggest that at least it would be preferable not to choose LVX as the first line of treatment in complicated UTIs (It has been verified that in 2009) . Studiested UTIs .E. coli  was the most frequent bacterium in urine cultures. In their studies, E. coli was shown to be sensitive to nalidixic acid in 16 out of 20 samples (80%)  .E. coli resistance to LVX have given inconsistent results. The report by Haeli et al. (2013) is the first available Iranian study to have investigated the LVX resistance pattern of E. coli in parallel with other FQs. They claimed E. coli resistance to LVX was 12.5% in Tehran population in the time period of 2009–2011 . In their study, 66 out of 240 isolates (27.5%) produced ESBLs , 55E. coE. coli to FQs, especially LVX, has been more or less examined in Iran. Such studies indicate that E. coli strains isolated from UTI exhibit the highest rate of resistance to LVX among other samples. However, LVX resistance was different in various geographic regions of Iran. The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli to LVX was higher in the western provinces of Iran, such as Lorestan  in the western regions  in different periods of time, which have reported the pattern of E. coli resistance to LVX. According to this study, antimicrobial resistance to LVX has fluctuated between 33.3% and 100% during 2013 to 2018  and in a limited geographical region. According to the literature, although LVX has not been used for a long time in Iran, the resistance of


Delia spp. (Robineau-Desvoidy) , of which, to date, there are no studies on the correct identification of associated species, as well as the range of hosts. In an integrated pest management program, it is essential to know this information to design and implement adequate phytosanitary measures. Plants infested by Delia spp. were collected in the states of Guanajuato, Puebla, and Mexico from June to November 2017 and March to December 2018 in commercial plantations of cruciferous crops , B.napus L., and Raphanussativus L.) as well as some cruciferous weeds  in the edges of these crops. The two species found in this study, Deliaplanipalpis (Stein) and Deliaplatura (Meigen), identified using male genitalia was corroborated by molecular techniques. Both species emerged from all the sampled hosts, except for C.bursa-pastoris and L.virginicum. The association of the two species in cruciferous crops and weeds, provides valuable information for the management of these insects not only in cruciferous crops but other ones that are strongly attacked by D.platura.Soil pests of cruciferous crops in Mexico have been gaining importance in recent years; such is the case of  Anthomyiidae, commonly called root maggots , latrine flies (Fannidae), and dung flies (Scathophagidae)  . The larhagidae) . They cahagidae) , and thehagidae) .According to Delia (Robineau-Desvoidy), such as D.radicum (Linnaeus), D.platura (Meigen), D.planipalpis (Stein), D.florilega (Zetterstedt), D.floralis , and D.antiqua (Meigen) , D.arambourgi (Seguy), D.flavibasis (Stein)) (D.echinata (Seguy), D.cardui (Meigen), and D.brunnescens (Zetterstedt)) . In general, they attack a larger diversity of plant species than their common name indicates  . Also in(Stein)) , and minrstedt)) . Certainndicates .Delia spp. cause to vegetables, cereals, ornamentals, and forest species is considerable. An example of this is D.radicum, one of the most studied species and considered the primary pest of several crops of the Brassicaceae family in temperate latitudes (35–60°N) of North America, Europe and Asia (Brassicanapus var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb.), the problem becomes acute because there are few authorized pesticides, such as diazinon and chlorpyrifos (The damage and Asia . In Canarpyrifos . Additiorpyrifos  and wherrpyrifos .Plutellaxylostella (Linnaeus)) , cabbage looper (Trichoplusiani (Hübner)) , cabbage worm (Copitarsiadecolora (Guenée)), and cabbage aphid (Brevicorynebrassicae (Linnaeus)) . Contamination by several biological stages of these pests, as well as their excretions, affects the quality or health of the produce. There are also other secondary pests that, if they are not adequately managed, can have a negative impact on yield and quality of the harvest , Puebla (2 772 ha), and Michoacán (2 225 ha). Mexico is considered the fifth world producer of broccoli and cauliflower . In the  harvest , 2013b.Delia spp.) have occurred in crucifers. However, the identification of these insects has not been sufficiently supported, and identification has only been to the genus level. There are reports from the state of Guanajuato which mentioned flies of the genus Hylemia (= Delia) associated with maize and beans, as well as with crucifers (Hylemia sp. (= Delia)  .Delia species complex associated with broccoli , cabbage (B.oleracea var. capitata), and cauliflower (B.oleracea var. botrytis) crops principally and to determine their range of cruciferous hosts as well as the type of damage they cause.Because integrated management of any pest requires reliable diagnosis and, given the economic importance, the difficulty of identifying this group of insects and the lack of research to date in the country, this study posed the following objectives: to identify the Delia species for identification were collected in cultivated and wild crucifers from June 2017 to December 2018 in the states of Guanajuato, Puebla, and Mexico. The crops included in the collections were broccoli , cabbage (B.oleracea var. capitata), and cauliflower (B.oleracea var. botrytis), as well as turnip (B.napus L.), radish (Raphanussativus L.), and other wild crucifers such as wild radish (Raphanusraphanistrum L.), field mustard (Brassicacampestris L.), London rocket (Sisymbriumirio L.), shepherd’s purse (Capsellabursa-pastoris L.), and Virginia pepperweed (Lepidiumvirginicum L.) For the cultivated crucifers, 10–15 plants with symptoms of wilting were selected in each lot, as well as less developed contiguous plants and some apparently health plants. Wild crucifer plants were selected at random within and on the outer edges of commercial crops; these plants generally did not show wilting symptoms, and the sample size varied from 5 to 20 plants, depending on their abundance in the crop as a consequence of weed control. The plants on which Delia larvae were detected were extracted intact together with the soil adhered to the roots. Later, all the plants collected from the same farm were grouped and placed into 2–3 L plastic bags and labeled with locality, date, and host, separating cultivated from wild hosts. The age of the crops from which infested material was collected ranged from 20 to 70 days after transplant to the field. In the case of wild crucifers, the specimens collected ranged in maturity from seedlings to plants with flowers and seeds. The material was transported to the Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, and confined. The samples were kept in a rearing chamber at a temperature of 26±2 °C, 60±20% relative humidity, and photoperiod of 12:12 (light:dark) until adult emergence. As the adults emerged, they were separated by sex and morphotype for each sample.COI) (BOLD) (http://www.barcodinglife.org) in the public database Delia of Mexico (https://doi.org/10.5883/ds-domex) and all sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers MT888006–MT888030). The sequences of at least 550 base pairs were grouped using the BOLD aligner. Intraspecific and interspecific distances were calculated in BOLD using the distance model Kimura 2 parameters (K2P)  was conducted in the Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. The keys and illustrations by COI)  of 25 adrs (K2P) .The specimens are deposited in the National Center for Phytosanitary Reference, Division of Plant Health, SENASICA, Tecámac, State of Mexico. Adult and larval specimens were also provided to the entomological collection of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. Moreover, the specimens used for molecular identification are in the insect collection of Bishop’s University, Quebec, Canada.Deliaplanipalpis and D.platura emerged from both cultivated and wild hosts. The number of adults of D.planipalpis was greater than D.platura in 89% and 88% of the cases, respectively. Both species emerged from all the hosts except from C.bursa-pastoris and L.virginicum where no damage from larvae of Delia spp. was observed when these were collected.Tables Deliaplanipalpis (Stein) and Deliaplatura (Meigen)  Fig.  using maomyiidae . The extura Fig. .D.platura belong to BOLD:AAA3453, one of the two different barcode index numbers (BIN) for this species. This population is found almost exclusively in the New World  crops are generally found at the base of the plant feeding on the root crown, damaging the main stem and the root system and causing the plant’s death or notably delaying its growth. Moreover, galleries resulting from larva feeding can be seen in the main stem as well as orifices through which third instar larvae exit to pupate in the soil  (= Deliaradicum L.), once they locate the crop, remain on the edges during the morning and in the afternoon move into the crop to oviposit and finally return to the edges of the crop at sunset.During field observations, we were able to confirm the presence of adult Delia were identified, Deliaplanipalpis and D.platura, which were found associated with broccoli , cabbage (B.oleracea var. capitata), and cauliflower (B.oleracea var. botrytis), as well as in radish (R.sativus) and turnip (B.napus). The extent of damage caused by Delia spp. larvae depends on plant age and crop type. For example, in B.oleracea, Delia spp. can cause plant death, delay growth, or make the produce unfit for commercialization because of damage caused to the harvestable part, as also for R.sativus and B.napus.Two species of Deliaplanipalpis and D.platura larvae generally feed on the same plant and pupate in the soil near the plant root or in the same germination substrate that remains adhered to the roots. In the wild crucifers R.raphanistrum, B.campestris, and S.irio, which are alternate hosts, it is also common to find both Delia species feeding on the same plant. However, they do not cause plant death, even in the seedling stage.D.planipalpis is the species that first invades healthy plants and, as damage by the feeding larvae progresses, D.platura is later attracted by the volatiles emitted by the plant. Nevertheless, study is needed to determine the possible volatile compounds emitted during decomposition of plant tissue caused as by the feeding of D.planipalpis larvae and to identify the moment when D.platura arrives. This kind of basic information is useful to design specific phytosanitary measures to control D.planipalpis, not only on cruciferous crops, but even on other crops that are strongly attacked by D.platura in some regions of Mexico.Given the field observations, it is likely that


Flora of Murmansk Region (published in 1953–1966) and the Red Data Book of Murmansk Region . These publications did not take into account the main part of the herbarium collections kept at the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve, which are the basis for numerous local publications that appear scattered and, therefore, little accessible nowadays.The present-day demand for digital availability of distributional data in biodiversity studies requires a special effort in assembling and editing the data otherwise scattered in paper literature and herbarium collections, which can be poorly accessible or little understood to present-day users and especially automatic data processors. Our project on developing the information resource for the vascular plant flora of Murmansk Region, Russia, includes processing and making digitally available all the data on the taxonomy and distribution of this flora. So far, published distribution maps are limited to the old set in the We present a complete dataset of all holdings of vascular plants in the Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve, totalling 10,218 specimens collected during 1947–2019, which are referable to 764 species and 19 subspecies. All specimens were georeferenced with the utmost precision available. This dataset offers a complete and dense coverage of the Nature Reserve's territory ; these data are little represented in herbarium collections elsewhere. Nature protection requires complete and up-to-date inventories of the protected object. Inventories are based on vouchers, which support the research and ensure the opportunity for quality control in future studies . This aith among all registered Russian collections .The Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve (KAND) is a curated scientific collection that is a repository for voucher specimens  collected in the Nature Reserve and its adjacent areas. With its 80-years-long history, the Herbarium contains ca. 16,000 specimens. These holdings place the Herbarium fourth amongst the botanical collections of Russian nature reserves and 85Currently, the KAND herbarium is one of the key botanical collections from Murmansk Region of Russia. Despite its importance, the collection is little accessible due to its remote location in Kandalaksha, a small town in northern Russia, far away from major botanical centres with taxonomic activities . Another factor hindering the use of its collection was the former lack of curation and, consequently, the insufficient level of accessioning of older collections.Flora of Murmansk Region  and N.E. Bogdanova , explored the Kem-Ludy Archipelago in 1962  and the Flora of Murmansk Region  continued her studies on the flora of the islands of the Kandalaksha Bay, which were started in the 1980s and culminated with her PhD degree . A numbeIn the 2000s, new botanists were employed at the Nature Reserve. During 2002–2004, V.N. Zherikhina (Plyusnina) studied the islands of the Severnyi Archipelago , the KovCarex sp.) were made in 2007 in the Kandalaksha Bay. The most active floristic exploration took place in the Porya Bay during 2009–2014 . Targeted collections of sedges  studied plant communities on the islands of the Porya Bay and the Srednie Ludy Islands. In 2017, M.N. Kozhin organised an expedition to the islands of the Olenii, Severnyi and Kibrinskii archipelagos and to Molochnitsa Island near the Kovda Peninsula, with participation of E.O. Golovina, S.A. Kutenkov  and D.A. Zakharchenko .In the latest decade, students from the Moscow State University actively and regularly visited the Nature Reserve. In 2009 and 2010, E.A. Gryaznova collected nearly 150 specimens in the vicinity of Luvenga. Since 2012, a student summer camp has been organised by M.N. Kozhin in a few areas of the Kandalaksha Bay. Some students, supervised by Kozhin, based their work at the Nature Reserve: E.I. Vuzman worked on the islands of the Luvenga Archipelago in 2016–2019  and E.V.Altogether, ca. 4,000 herbarium specimens have been collected since 2008. These collections were deposited at KAND , MW, H and KPABG.History of collectionFlora of Murmansk Region , RussiaMikhail N. Kozhin .Alexander N. Sennikov .Andrey V. Matveev .2, of which 70% is sea waters. From its inception, the Nature Reserve was intended for protection of seabirds and sea mammals whose colonies use limited-size coastal areas. As a result, the Nature Reserve is a network of comparatively small areas, separated by the distances of hundreds of kilometres. In 1975, the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, where most of the Nature Reserve’s archipelagos are located, was included in the list of Wetlands of International Importance as a habitat for water birds.Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve is located in the northwest of European Russia and consists of 13 separate areas . The tundra vegetation is typical for the Barents Sea areas of the Nature Reserve and occurs in a narrow belt influenced by the arctic climate, as dwarf-shrub and dwarf-shrub and lichen communities, whereas islands in the White Sea are covered by the northern taiga zone, represented by pine and spruce-dominated forests .This territory lies almost completely north of the Arctic Circle and its climate is mostly subarctic with a minor influence of the polar climate along the northern coast and in the northern islands . The yeaThe current project aims at digital representation and publication of the data on the distribution of vascular plants as represented in the Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve. Data from herbarium specimens were captured into the database and complemented with georeferences , which is maintained at the Moscow State University.Hieracium, Ranunculusauricomus s.l., Taraxacum) remain incomplete.The original identification, when available, was verified for each specimen. Recognised taxonomic experts were involved in difficult cases: Yu.A. Alexeev, K.P. Glazunova, V.S. Novikov (Moscow State University), A.A. Bobrov , P.G. Efimov and N.N. Tzvelev . Identifications in apomictic groups  originated from the territory of the Nature Reserve.The land size of the Nature Reserve totals 20,947 ha. This figure has never been stable; during its history, the territory of the Nature Reserve fluctuated significantly, mostly with expansion by gradual inclusion of new areas or some extra land (islands or mainland coast) adjacent to the existing protected areas .The territory of the Nature Reserve is subdivided into four forest districts ('lesnichestvo' in Russian), of which three are situated on the White Sea and one is located on the Barents Sea. Herbarium collections are organised according to these forest districts Table .The Barents Sea Forest District is made up of three areas. The Ainovy Islands Fig.  are a grIn the White Sea, the greatest number of specimens originated from the Severnoe Forest District Fig. , Table 1The Velikii Island Forest District is situated south of the Severnoe Forest District Table . VelikiiKem-Ludy Archipelago (protected since 1957), a southern extension of the Velikii Island Forest District, is the only part of the Nature Reserve situated in northern Karelia. This territory is well sampled, but most of the relevant herbarium specimens are kept at MW due to the botanical research conducted by students and teachers of the Moscow State University.th century  was collected from the territories immediately adjacent to strictly protected areas. Many of such specimens were collected in the vicinity of Dalnie Zelentsy near the limits of the Barents Sea Forest District  and spermatophytes (incl. Magnoliophyta and Pinophyta), which were collected and stored at the Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve (KAND). Altogether the collection is represented by 80 families, 307 genera, 764 species and 19 subspecies of vascular plants. The most species-rich families are Asteraceae (82), Poaceae (73), Cyperaceae (70), Rosaceae (51) and Caryophyllaceae (38).The dataset covers all taxonomic groups traditionally treated as vascular plants, i.e. In the herbarium collections, plant names are accepted according to Data range: 1949-5-30 – 2019-9-07.The dynamics of collecting activities in the Nature Reserve has been highly uneven Fig. . During Herbarium of Kandalaksha Strict Nature ReserveKANDDried specimens of vascular plants are mounted on sheets of drawing paper by sewing and gluing by gummed strips of adhesive paper. Each specimen is labelled and numbered with a running number that is used for databasing. Specimens are inserted in folders and stored in wooden cabinets.Herbarium specimens are curated as a single item. Specimens within a certain species are further organised according to territories, with the following codes in current use. 0. Locality unknown. Strictly protected areas (green labels): 1. Severnoe Forest District, 2. Velikii Island Forest District, 3. Terskoe Forest District, 4. Barents Sea Forest District. Adjacent areas (yellow labels): 1a. Adjacent area of Severnoe Forest District, 2a. Adjacent area of Velikii Island Forest District, 3a. Adjacent area of Terskoe Forest District, 4a. Adjacent area of Barents Sea Forest District.OtherCreative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 LicenseVascular plants in the Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve (KAND)https://doi.org/10.15468/vebcs31Vascular plants in the Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve (KAND)33FB3726CF-6CB3-5E0B-B9EC-527261AAD79210.3897/BDJ.8.e59731.suppl1Supplementary material 1Vascular plants in the Herbarium of the Kandalaksha Strict Nature Reserve (KAND)Data typeoccurenceFile: oo_464278.txthttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/464278Mikhail N. Kozhin, Alexander N. Sennikov