Cistus albidus, Cistus salviifolius, Rubus ulmifolius and Quercus ilex showed the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity was higher in the extracts of Cistus and Q. ilex obtained by ultrasound, as was the antihypertensive activity. Antimicrobial activity was also higher in the extracts obtained by ultrasound from C. salviifolius and Q. ilex plants against bacteria and from Cistus ladanifer against yeasts. Therefore, it can be concluded that, with the ultrasound extraction of phenolic compounds from C. ladanifer, C. albidus and Q. ilex plants, it is possible to obtain extracts with important functional properties, so they could be studied for their use in food with the aim of obtaining healthy and safe products, favouring the sustainability of the environment of the Dehesa Extremeña.This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of two methods (agitation and ultra-sound) for extracting phenolic compounds from 15 native plants. Plant species collected in the Dehesa of Extremadura were used. The antioxidant, antihypertensive and antimicrobial activity of the phenolic extracts was investigated. Significantly different results were obtained when comparing the two extraction methods, with the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds found for ultrasound extraction. In addition, the extracts obtained for  Lavandula stoechas, Malva sylvestris, Rosmarinus officinalis /(C − B).The extracts were diluted in 40% methanol  was obtained by linear interpolation from the graphical representation of the fractional activity vs. the phenolic extract concentration. IC50 is the phenolic concentration (µg/mL) required to decrease ACE activity by 50% under the assayed conditions, graphically obtained where Vi inhibitor/Vi control = 0.5.Target cell suspensions  were prep < 0.05). In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) on the correlation matrix of the variables was performed using SPSS for Windows, 203 version 21.0 .Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS for Windows, version 21.0 . Descriptive statistics of the data were determined, and the differences within and between groups were studied by one-way and three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and separated by Tukey’s honest significant differences test . Cistus is an aromatic plant highly valued for its functional properties, among which the phenolic compound content is remarkable. In the study performed by Abu-Orabi et al. [C. salviifolius ranged from 111 to 183.8 mg GAE/g, and in the leaves from 126 to 393 mg GAE/g. In our study, one of the plants that presented more phenolic compounds was Q. ilex, corroborating with many studies that have demonstrated a high content of these bioactive compounds, as presented by Amessis-Ouchemoukh et al. [Furthermore, comparing the plants it can be observed that i et al. , the conh et al. . Hadidi h et al.  also obtThe antioxidant activity analysed by the two methods, DPPH and ABTS, and the antihypertensive activity determined by the ACE inhibitory activity of the extracts obtained from the plants are presented in p < 0.05): between 91.23 and 2363.34 mg Trolox/100 g for DPPH and 154.62 and 2306.17 mg Trolox/100 g for ABTS. In addition, when analysing the activity according to the plants, Cistus and Q. ilex were the ones with the highest values, meaning that those plants showed the highest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it can be observed that the extracts with the highest antioxidant activity were not those with the highest total phenolic compound concentrations, which may be due to the different compound compositions [Cistus is one of the plants with greater beneficial properties, among which its antioxidant activity, related to its phenolic compound content extracted mainly with ethanol is highlighted [Q. ilex, which is reported in this study and supported by other studies such as that by Arina and Harisun [In general, it can be observed that the ABTS values were higher than those provided by the DPPH method , which mositions ,38. The hlighted . Among t Harisun , who obtCistus multiflorus, Malva sylvestris, R. ulmifolius, Q. ilex, Morus alba and Urginea marina using ultrasound had a lower IC50 (p < 0.05) than those extracted by agitation. This means that, with a smaller amount of these compounds, the ACE activity is reduced to half and ultrasound is more effective as an extraction method. However, within the plants, it can be observed that species of the genus Cistus, among them C. albidus, C. ladanifer and C. salviifolius, were the ones with a lower IC50, with values between 5.85 µg/mL (C. ladanifer) and 21.69 µg/mL . Additionally, R. ulmifolius, with an IC50 of 65.40 µg/mL, was also found within these plants with lower IC values. This activity is directly related to the phenolic compound content, so that the higher the amount of these bioactive compounds, the higher the ACE inhibitory activity. This fact has been confirmed in this study and in others such as the one presented by Chaudhary et al. [Hypotensive activity, expressed as IC50, measures the amount of any substance needed to inhibit 50% of ACE. y et al.  on severp < 0.05).C. salviifolius and Q. ilex presented a greater inhibition capacity on the six pathogenic bacteria studied (p < 0.05). The rest of the plants belonging to the genus Cistus  presented a greater inhibition capacity against Salmonella choleraesuis. R. ulmifolius presented a greater inhibition capacity against Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus and E. coli.Concerning the study of the plants’ effect, it can be observed that L. monocytogenes, L. innocua and S. choleraesuis.Regarding the extraction method, greater inhibition capacity was obtained through ultrasound against three of the six bacteria studied: Cistus is highlighted for its antimicrobial capacity. This agrees with the results obtained by Mahmoudi et al. [Cistus, observed higher activity against E. coli. It is commonly known that Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to natural extracts and Gram-negative ones are less sensitive to natural extracts. Nevertheless, there are exceptions in which Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible than Gram-positive ones towards some natural extracts [E. coli.The concentration of extract also affected this activity, since the higher its concentration, the higher its inhibition capacity, with 2 mg/mL being the concentration with the greatest antimicrobial capacity against the six bacteria studied. Therefore, the genus i et al.  who, aftextracts , highligQuercus extract contains metabolites belonging to various chemical groups; the phenolic compounds  are the most representative. Other groups include carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and other secondary metabolites, terpenoids and alkaloids [Q. ilex and another Quercus spp. [E. coli and S. aureus. This activity depends on the species and the extract obtained, as well as the method of acquisition [In addition, lkaloids . Some ofcus spp. . The antuisition .Based on the results, it is possible to state that the antibacterial activity is influenced by the method of extracting phenolic compounds, the concentration and the plant extract used.p < 0.05).Cistus ladanifer showed a greater inhibition capacity against the four studied spoilage yeasts and C. albidus showed greater capacity against K. fluxuum, P. carsonii and Z. bailii .e et al.  demonstrTherefore, as previously stated for antibacterial activity, based on the results, antifungal activity is influenced by the method of extracting phenolic compounds, the concentration and the plant extract used.Finally, the PCA developed with the different parameters studied, to determine the relevance of each parameter in the plant extracts obtained with the two extraction methods used, is shown in Q. ilex extracts extracted by ultrasound (U) and those of C. ladanifer extracted by both methods (A and U) are located on the negative and positive axes, respectively, of the main component 1 defined by antimicrobial activity against yeast, explaining 57.79% of the total variance. The M. sylvestris extracts were associated with the main component 2 , with the positive part defined by antimicrobial activity against B. cereus bacteria.Cistus, especially C. ladanifer and C. albidus, and Quercus (Q. ilex), were the ones that presented the highest number of phenolic compounds, and highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. It was also possible to observe that the extracts of the genus Cistus, highlighting C. ladanifer extracted by ultrasound, were the ones that presented the best results for antihypertensive activity, since the concentration (µg/mL) of extract necessary to inhibit 50% of ACE is lower, which explains why the IC50 is in the opposite plane for these plant extracts.Among the observed results, it can be highlighted that the extracts obtained by ultrasound from the plants belonging to the genera Cistus albidus, C. salviifolius, R. ulmifolius and Q. ilex were the ones with the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity was higher in the Cistus and Q. ilex extracts obtained by ultrasound, as was the antihypertensive activity. The antimicrobial activity was also higher in the extracts obtained by ultrasound from C. salviifolius and Q. ilex plants against bacteria and C. ladanifer against yeast.In general, when the two extraction methods used to obtain phenolic compounds were compared, it was found that there were significant differences, with the highest values found for ultrasound extraction. In addition, the extracts obtained from C. ladanifer, C. albidus and Q. ilex, it is possible to obtain extracts with significant functional properties, so that they could be studied for their use in food with the aim of obtaining healthy and safe products, favouring the sustainability of the Dehesa Extremeña environment.Therefore, it can be concluded that, by ultrasound extraction of the phenolic compounds from the plants


Lactobacillus brevis is the most common bacteria that causes beer spoilage. In this work, a novel electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for ultra-sensitive determination of L. brevis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were firstly electro-deposited on the electrode surface for enhancing the electro-conductivity and specific surface area. Ionic liquid was used for improving the immobilization performance of the immunosensor. After optimization, a linear regression equation can be observed between the ∆current and concentration of L. brevis from 104 CFU/mL to 109 CFU/mL. The limit of detection can be estimated to be 103 CFU/mL. Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Lactobacillus brevis is the most common bacteria isolated from spoilage beer, which causes more than half of beer spoilage problems. It is also one of the beer spoilage bacteria which has been studied deeply 3−/4− was used as a probe. It can be seen from ct compared with other electrodes, suggesting the electro-deposition could significantly enhance the electron transfer rate. Then, a clear increase of the Rct was noted after the immobilization of anti-L. brevis. It indicates the successful modification. A further increasing of the Rct has been observed with the immobilization of BSA, L. brevis, HRP-anti-L. brevis and L. brevis, suggesting the successful modification of each step. The increase of Rct during the sensor fabrication is due to the formation of barriers during the antibody-antigen reaction [ct slightly, suggesting the ILs is an ideal candidate for enhancing the loading performance of the electrode.reaction ,35. On tThe effect of CV scan rate on the immunosensor can be used to investigate the electron transfer type on the electrode surface. The acidic or alkaline condition can influence the activity of the antibody ,37,38,392O2 concentration on the immunosensor. The increase of the H2O2 concentration can significantly enhance the sensing performance on the beginning stage due to more H2O2 participating in the enzymatic reaction [reaction ,41,42. TL. brevis and L. brevis on the immunosensor. The increase of the incubation time can significantly enhance the sensing performance on the beginning stage. The current change reached a plateau after 40 min. Therefore, 40 min incubation has been used for study. L. brevis and HRP-anti-L. brevis on the immunosensor. Similarly, the increase of the incubation time can significantly enhance the sensing performance on the beginning stage. The current change reached a plateau after 30 min. Therefore, 30 min incubation has been used for study.L. brevis. As shown in current increased along with the the concentrate of L. brevis from 101 to 1010 CFU/mL. The increase of the ∆current is due to more L. brevis being absorbed on the electrode surface, which consequently increased the HRP-anti-L. brevis absorption. Then, the HRP-anti-L. brevis could catalyze the H2O2 reduction and contribute to the signal. A linear regression equation can be observed between the ∆current and concentration of L. brevis from 104 CFU/mL to 109 CFU/mL. The limit of detection can be estimated to be 103 CFU/mL. L. brevis immobilization in the future work.The sensing performance of the immunosensor was investigated under the optimum conditions. 9 CFU/mL of E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis. As shown in L. brevis is significantly larger than that of the sensor towards E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis, suggesting the proposed immunosensor had excellent sensing performance. In order to test the use of the proposed immunosensor in beer samples, commercial beer has been tested by replacing the immobilization of L. brevis. No ∆current was observed during or after the sensing indicating no detectable L. brevis is found in commercial products. Then, standard addition method was applied during the immobilization process. Five individual immunosensors were fabricated using beer mixed with 105L. brevis during the immobilization process. An RSD of 7.21% was detected among the five measurements, suggesting the proposed immunosensor can be applied for sensing L. brevis in real beer samples.The specificity of the immunosensor has been tested using 10L. brevis detection. AuNPs were electro-deposited on the electrode surface to enhance the electrochemical performance of the immunosensor. Then, ILs was coated on the immunosensor for enhancing the immobilization performance. Due to the sandwich construction, the proposed electrochemical immunosensor can linear detect L. brevis from 104 CFU/mL to 109 CFU/mL. The limit of detection can be estimated to be 103 CFU/mL.In this work, an ultra-sensitive electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for


As a tribute to Professor Oleg B. Ptitsyn, we organized an interview with Professor Akiyoshi Wada held in Tokyo in the middle of September 2019. Both Professor A. Wada and the late Professor O. B. Ptitsyn greatly contributed to the field of protein biophysics, and they played leading roles in establishing the concept of the “Molten Globule state” 35–40 years ago. This editorial is intended to recount, as accurately as possible, some episodes during the early days of protein research that led to the discovery of this state, and how this concept was coined the “Molten Globule state” and came to be widely accepted by biophysicists, biochemists, and molecular biologists. Professor A. Wada coined the name “Molten Globule state” during a discussion with Professors O. B. Ptitsyn and C. Crane-Robinson at the International Symposium on Peptides, Polypeptides, and Proteins, held in Galzignano, Padova, Italy, in June 1982. At the time, proteins were considered either folded or unfolded, but several researchers—including the groups of A. Wada and O. B. Ptitsyn—had noticed the presence of a compact, globular, folded state with conserved secondary structures but fluctuating sidechains [Apparently, both the A. Wada and O. B. Ptitsyn groups swiftly adopted the term Molten Globule state. The name Molten Globule state first appeared in 1983 in a paper published by M. Ohgushi and A. Wada, describing a compact, partially denatured state of Cytochrome c . AfterwaIt is sometimes instructive to recall how a scientist, or a group of scientists, are led to initiate a line of research. Let us recall the early motivation for studying a compact denatured state with conserved secondary structures in the laboratory of A. Wada at the University of Tokyo. A. Wada’s study of secondary structures originated at the time when he was a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Paul M. Doty at Harvard University, where he measured the intrinsic viscosity and specific rotation to characterize the helix–coil transition of polyglutamine polypeptides upon pH titration .In retrospect, several aspects of the research on the Molten Globule state appear to be related to the experiments performed in Doty’s laboratory, and this could explain why the Molten Globule state of Cytochrome c was observed despite it appearing only under very un-physiological conditions . Indeed, pH titration was used for monitoring the pH denaturation of polyglutamine polypeptides, and adding salt was a natural idea for lowering the electrostatic repulsive interactions and trying to stabilize the protein structure.Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th edition, Garland Publishing Inc; Finkelstein and Ptitsyn, Protein Physics: A Course of Lectures, 2nd edition, Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier Science).Records indicate that the name “Molten Globule state” was coined in 1982 during the meeting in Padova, but the phenomenon itself was observed earlier by other groups. Interestingly, the paper published in 1981 by D. A. Dolgikh et al. . Indeed,The research group of A. Wada, which was affiliated to the Department of Physics at the University of Tokyo, was keen to apply modern physical measurements to the analysis of biological systems (for example, Ohgushi and Wada’s paper reports high-resolution NMR spectra of Cytochrome c  as well Equipment enabling multi-wavelength measurement is now commonly available, but at the time, they were often home-built. Building such an apparatus certainly necessitates, besides technical expertise, a strong belief, and a vision for the wealth of information that can be deciphered by quantitative and large-scale biophysical measurements. Perhaps it is this vision that led A. Wada to envision the sequencing of the human genome and later initiate structural genomics projects.O. B. Ptitsyn further developed the concept of the Molten Globule state from a theoretical viewpoint with his colleagues Drs. A. V. Finkelstein and E. Shakhnovich, among many others, and further refined his experimental observation of the Molten Globule states with Dr. V. N. Uversky and many other experimentalists. Professor O. B. Ptitsyn published over 300 research articles, many of which were published in Western journals at a time where communication was cumbersome, and firmly contributed to shaping many aspects of protein biophysics as we know it today. During his endeavor, he met and influenced many Japanese protein scientists on several occasions .Let us finish this tribute by stating that all appreciated his deep scientific insight, and his kind and warm personality. Here, we reference only publications published during the early days of research on the Molten Globule. We are fully aware that the list of references could be more exhaustive, and we direct interested readers to a recent, more comprehensive review on the Molten Globule concept, which can be found in .


C. albicans complex. Although C. africana, as a part of the complex, is considered to be mostly responsible for the development of vulvovaginal candidiasis, it may be associated with a wider clinical spectrum. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by the members of C. africana as the causative agent of oral candidiasis. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal susceptibility test indicated the full susceptibility of all C. africana isolates to caspofungin. However, the data were also suggestive of the resistance against fluconazole and amphotericin B. Caspofungin was used as the main antifungal agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis, resulting in the improvement of thrush in patients. The resistance of C. africana to fluconazole and amphotericin B suggests the necessity of performing in vitro susceptibility testing on the isolates for the selection of appropriate antifungal agents. This report described two cases diagnosed with oral candidiasis during the receipt of treatment for malignancies. Conventional and molecular tests were performed on the samples collected from the patients’ oral cavities. The test results revealed C. africana as an emerging non-albicans Candida species and its antifungal susceptibility profile is crucial to select antifungal prophylaxis and empirical therapy for oral candidiasis in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. As the findings indicated, the achievement of knowledge regarding  non Candida species is considered a risk factor for invasive candidiasis infections . F bp  [ 9Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the broth micro-dilution method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3/S4  10]..10].C. africana in patients with cancer. There are many studies indicating that C. africana can be responsible for vulvovaginal candidiasis [ C. africana isolates from patients with vulvovaginal inflammation and reported that all C. africana isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and caspofungin [ C. africana isolates were susceptible to the commonly used antifungal agents [ C. africana in patients with respiratory infections was resistant to amphotericin B and fully susceptible to fluconazole and caspofungin [ The present report described two rare cases of oral candidiasis caused by idiasis  , 11. N agents  . In anoofungin  .C. africana-induced oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. In the mentioned study, all of the cases (n=4) were susceptible to amphotericin B, caspofungin, and fluconazole [ C. africana. According to the epidemiological and clinical data, C. africana has a worldwide distribution. This species has been identified in patients residing in Italy, Spain, Poland, the United Kingdom, Chile, Senegal, and Nigeria. This species particularly colonizes and infects human vagina. However, there also some reports regarding the etiologic role of this species in the development of some life-threatening diseases, such as candidemia in adults and renal diseases in newborns. Nonetheless, the clinical significance of C. africana remains unclear. The worldwide distribution of C. africana and case reports of serious infections warrant the implementation of more studies in the future [ There is only one study reporting onazole  . In our future  .The colonization in the cases presented in this study may have occurred in the hospital from an unknown origin or as a result of contact with vaginal secretion before admission. In the current study, fluconazole was used as a prophylactic agent to protect the patients against invasive fungal infections. In addition, antifungal susceptibility test was performed for caspofungin, fluconazole, and amphotericin B. In agreement with a previous study  , two is Candida species to echinocandins has increased, this antifungal agent has remained the preferred first-line class of drug for invasive candidiasis. Moreover, most of Candida species are susceptible to this antifungal agent [ Although the resistance ofl agent  . Howevel agent  . Candida species in patients with cancer [ In contrast to all aforementioned studies  - 13, o cancer  . Howeve cancer  - 13.In the current study, one of the isolates was found to be resistant to amphotericin B. This finding could be justified with a previous study demonstrating that the yeasts isolated from the patients undergoing chemotherapy had significantly higher MICs to amphotericin B than the colonizing isolates recovered from immunocompetent patients  .Oral candidiasis is one of the major complications in patients with malignancies. Mucositis with odynophagia may also occur in patients receiving chemotherapy, which is indistinguishable from esophagitis. The OPC is a symptom that is predictive of the involvement of the esophagus. Endoscopy and sampling could be used for diagnostic purposes; however, they were frequently postponed due to patient conditions, such as bleeding, critical illness, and thrombocytopenia  . In casC. africana from thrush in patients with malignancies in Iran. The acquisition of knowledge regarding the emerging non-albicans Candida species  and their antifungal susceptibility is necessary to decide on the antifungal prophylaxis and empirical therapy of oral candidiasis and even invasive infections in the cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.This study was the first report concerning the isolation of E. L., M. M., and S. A. developed the concept anddesigned the study. D. D. performed sample and datacollection. E. L. and A. F. carried out laboratoryexaminations, as well as data analysis andinterpretation. M. M. R. and R. G. H. performed the literature search and prepared the first draft of themanuscript. E. L. and S. A. carried out the finalrevisions of the manuscript.There are no conflicts of interest.This study was financially supported by theInfectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine ResearchCenter of Shahid Beheshti University of MedicalSciences, Tehran, Iran. Research approval wasobtained from the Ethics Committee of ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1398.208).


Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus sensu lato (s.l.) is a major secondary vector of malaria in Sri Lanka. The sibling species composition in this species complex in Sri Lanka remains debatable. Compensatory base changes (CBCs) in the secondary structures of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) are reliable sources to predict sexual incompatibility among closely related species. The objective of the present study was to investigate the An. subpictus s.l. populations in Sri Lanka using the CBC analysis. Mosquito DNA was amplified and sequenced for the ITS2 region. The sequences were annotated using ITS2 Database. ITS2 secondary structures were constructed and analyzed for CBCs using various bioinformatics tools. The ITS2 regions consisted of two different lengths, 575 bp and 480 bp. The two CBCs and three hemi CBCs identified in the present study suggest that there may be at least two sexually incompatible sibling species. In conclusion, it is likely that there may be only two reproductively isolated sibling species in the An. subpictus species complex in Sri Lanka. However, due to high divergence of ITS2 in these species, it is reasonable to assume that they may be undergoing a speciation event to separate as a distinct species.The mosquito  Plasmodium. Having a long-documented history of malaria, the country experienced the most devastating epidemics in the period of 1934–1935 D3 [15] aD3 [COI , which ce stages , indicate stages , changine stages , it is rAn. subpictus has a complicated history. As reported in 1966, the then subspecies Indefinitus separated from Subpictus as a distinct species, namely Anopheles indefinitus [An. subpictus, An. sundaicus and An. vagus belong to Pyretophorus Series. It has been shown that the species An. vagus, An. indefinitus, An. subpictus and An. sundaicus are hard to discriminate based on morphological characters [Anopheles pseudosundaicus in Southwestern India [An. subpictus s.l. and is taxonomically close to An. subpictus and An. sundaicus [An. pseudosundaicus.The taxonomic status of efinitus . The spearacters . Moreovern India . This spundaicus . HoweverAn. sundaicus s.l. is an important vector of malaria in islands and coastal areas of Southeast Asia [An. subpictus species B in the East coast of Sri Lanka were in fact the members of the Sundaicus complex based on genetic similarity to An. sundaicus s.l. [An. subpictus and An. sundaicus placed in close proximity (An. subpictus B and An. sundaicus but it indeed indicated close genetic affinity of An. vagus to An. subpictus A and An. sundaicus to An. subpictus B.ast Asia , but it ast Asia , analysicus s.l. . The ITSroximity . This waAn. subpictus species B and An. sundaicus sequences analyzed (An. sundaicus is morphologically different to An. subpictus due to presence of speckling, i.e., black and white scaled regions alternatively occurred in legs [The CBC analysis indicated that there were no CBCs between Sri Lankan analyzed . Even th in legs .An. subpictus s.l. in Thailand and Indonesia were distinct but genetically more related to An. subpictus sibling B in Sri Lanka [An. subpictus sibling B and An. subpictus in India, suggesting that their reproductive isolation, hence, potential separation as a distinct species. However, further studies are required to confirm this speculation.Additionally, ITS2 sequence comparison with sequences published by Wilai et al.  imply thri Lanka  (MultiplAn. subpictus species complex in Sri Lanka has undergone significant updates since 1996. However, the present study confirms the early studies by Abhayawardana et al. [An. subpictus s.l. in Sri Lanka is composed of two sibling species A and B. The presence of CBCs in their ITS2 secondary structures corroborate that they are two sexually incompatible species. The highly divergent ITS2 secondary structures also suggest that A and B are highly divergent from each other, thus they may be undergoing a speciation event to separate as a distinct species. However, this notion warrants further investigation in terms of analyzing more DNA loci including mitochondrial markers and single-copy DNA markers. Moreover, it is recommended to examine this mosquito complex for morphological, genomic and ecological variations and speciation information at different time points which may span from years to decades, to observe the outcome of the potential evolutionary processes ongoing with the species complex.The sibling species composition of a et al.  that An.


Anopheles funestus to malaria transmission in the urban environment is still not well documented. The present study assesses the implication of An. funestus in malaria transmission in two districts, Nsam and Mendong, in the city of Yaoundé. Adult mosquitoes were collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and human landing catches from April 2017 to March 2018 and were identified morphologically to the species level. Those belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and to the Anopheles funestus group were further processed by PCR to identify members of each complex/group. Anopheline mosquitoes were analysed to determine their infection status using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bioassays were conducted with 2–5-day-old female Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. to determine their susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Six anopheline species were collected in the peri-urban district of Mendong: Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. funestus, An. leesoni, An. ziemanni and An. marshallii; only four out of the six were recorded in Nsam. Of the two members of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected, An. coluzzii was the most prevalent. Anopheles coluzzii was the most abundant species in Nsam, while An. funestus was the most abundant in Mendong. Both Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. were found to be infected with human Plasmodium at both sites, and both were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin, and deltamethrin. This study confirms the participation of An. funestus in malaria transmission in Yaoundé and highlights the need to also target this species for sustainable control of malaria transmission.The contribution of  Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii are the most important malaria vectors in the city centre ), 65% (95% CI [48.3–86.4]) and 76% (95% CI [53.4–104.3]) mortality rate, respectively]. Concerning An. gambiae females, they were resistant to DDT, deltamethrin, and permethrin at both sites with a mortality rate varying from 0% to 62.5% .The study objective was to assess the implication of  records , 46, as iae s.l. . Anophelsettings , 50. Thegetation . Its pregetation . Anophel country  and in m country , 16, 61.An. funestus, particularly in Mendong, were recorded with a sharp increase at the onset of the rainy season. The abundance of An. funestus during this period could be due to the extension of swamps associated with growing vegetation at their edges, which increased breeding opportunities for An. funestus. Similar observations were reported elsewhere [Anopheles gambiae s.l. was present all year long at both sites; however, there were high densities recorded during the short rainy season (April–June).Increased transmission of malaria due to changes in mosquito biting behaviour has been reported in previous studies . High splsewhere . AnophelAn. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus were resistant to permethrin, deltamethrin, and DDT. These findings were consistent with studies conducted across the country reporting rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in these vector populations [An. gambiae s.l. populations to insecticides was similar between the two districts and may suggest similar selective pressure at both sites. In Cameroon, the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in vector populations is thought to result from selective pressure exerted by the frequent use of treated nets, sprays, and coils in households and pesticide use in agriculture [An. funestus populations in Cameroon [An. gambiae s.l. populations from Cameroon [Both ulations , 38. Theiculture , 45. AltCameroon , 67, 68,Cameroon , 44, 58.Anopheles funestus belongs to a group of nine morphologically similar species [An. funestus, An. rivulorum, and An. leesoni, have been reported in Cameroon [An. funestus and An. leesoni in both districts. This is the first time An. leesoni has been reported in the city of Yaoundé. Interestingly, two An. leesoni were also found to be infected. Although An. leesoni is frequently reported across the continent, it is considered to have a limited role in malaria transmission [ species , which c species , 32. ThrCameroon , 41. Molsmission , 26. HowAn. gambiae complex, both An. gambiae and An. coluzzii were recorded. Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant species at both sites, representing 87.85% and 53.97% of the total species in Nsam and Mendong, respectively. These data were in accordance with previous studies reporting a heterogeneous distribution of these species in the city of Yaoundé [Within members of the  Yaoundé , 59.A high malaria transmission rate was recorded in both districts and likely suggests an elevated malaria transmission risk in both the centre and the city periphery. According to Robert et al. , the annAn. funestus in the urban environment. In the case of Yaoundé, where vectors display high pyrethroid resistance, different species take part in malaria transmission, and hotspot areas are well identified. The implementation of an integrated control approach combining larvicidal or environmental management by draining urban swamps, with improvements in urban planning, and promotion of the use of treated nets could be indicated for the control and elimination of malaria vectors in Yaoundé.The present study highlights challenges affecting malaria control in the urban environment and confirms the important epidemiological role played by


Burn injuries and their consequences are the most important health problems in advanced countries. Prediction of the final outcome of patients with widespread burn injuries in clinical decision making, relief of illness, and optimal allocation of hospital resources for these patients is important and will be helpful in the process of effective triage, implementation of effective therapeutic and surgical interventions, quality control and evaluation, treatment planning, informing the patient's family about the final prognosis and comparing the effectiveness of the therapeutic interventions. Considering that burn injuries are a major concern in children's age groups and require special management and attention, the initial assessment and prediction of the final outcome of children with burn injuries in the implementation of specialized care and reduction of the probability of mortality is an important step for the treatment of these patients. Baux indexes have credible credibility in predicting burn mortality. The purpose of the present study is to determine the value of Revised Baux (R. Baux) and Pediatric Baux (P. Baux) indexes in predicting the probability of mortality, requiring intubation and admission to ICU in a sample of all children in the burning ward of Sina-Tabriz Hospital.This descriptive-analytic cross sectional study was carried out in the 6-month period from April to September 2017 in a sample of all children in the burning ward of Sina-Tabriz Hospital. Inclusion criteria include patients less than 12 years of age admitted to the pediatric burn ward and criteria for information exodus are incomplete records. The data were collected in a valid and reliable checklist based on demographic information and specific burn information such as percentage and extent of burn, complications of patients during hospitalization and final outcome. Baux Indexes were calculated for the patients under study. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 17.0. We determined predictive value, sensitivity, specificity and cut-off points of R.Baux and P.Baux for outcome of Children admitted with Burn Iinjuries. P value less than 0.05 is significant.Of the total of 213 admitted children, 59.60% were male. Most of the children  had burns of 2 and 3. 1.6% of children died. The rate of intubation of children with burns in this study was 7.4%. Increasing one point in the R.Baux and P.Baux criteria, despite a constant burn percentage, increased the chance of a patient's death by 43.1 and 42.1, respectively. Increasing one point in the R.Baux and P.Baux criteria, despite the fact that the percentage of burns remained constant, increased the chance of requiring intubation of the patient by 23.1 and 22.1 times. Spearman correlation coefficient between burn percentage and R.Baux and P.Baux was calculated to be 0.928 with P <0.001. The R.Baux point and P.Baux point are related to the probability of motility and intubation. Also, the percentage of burns is related with the likelihood of need for ICU and correlates with P.Baux and R.Baux. Therefore, using the points obtained and the percentage of body burns, it is possible to reduce the mortality of children with burns with special care and care.Burn, Children, R.Baux, P.Baux


Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug also known to have anti‐inflammatory and antiviral effects. The antiviral action of HCQ has been a point of interest for many researchers because of its mechanism of action and the potential use it could have during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. However, HCQ can cause QT interval prolongation. The current therapies used in COVID‐19 are changing as the pandemic develops. The aim of this article is to promote a validated risk score for QT prolongation in multidimensional assessment of COVID‐19 patients, especially in elderly and polypathological patients.  For instance, we have to evaluate how drugs included in polytherapy interact with HCQ metabolism. Indeed, HCQ is substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (enzymes responsible for the metabolism of many drugs) and HCQ can interfere with other drugs.Finally, smoking has previously been suspected to interfere with the bioavailability of HCQ.The findings from Mehra3In our opinion, in clinical practice, the use of HCQ in the frail elderly must be used in a prudent way. ECG control is fundamental given the unpredictability, and it is prudent to correct electrolyte disorders and, where possible, avoid or minimize use of other drugs known to prolong the QT interval in relation to comorbidity and polypharmacotherapy.The current therapies used in COVID‐19 are changing according to the developing pandemic. Further study of the need for QT interval monitoring is needed before final recommendations can be made. Therefore, our article has been created to describe how multidimensional assessment, combined with a valuation of drug‐interaction risk in polypathological patients, remains a priority in the therapeutic management of all patients, including those with COVID‐19.Nothing to disclose.Conceptualization: A.C., C.M., and G.R. Data curation: A.C. and G.R. Formal analysis: A.C. and C.M. Writing and original draft preparation: A.C., G.R., and C.M. Writing, review, and editing: A.C. and C.M. Supervision: A.C., C.M., and G.R. All authors agreed on the final text.


Echinococcus, initially by providing a workable and practical taxonomy and subsequently determining transmission patterns in endemic areas. This review summarises the taxonomy and nomenclature of species of Echinococcus and provides an update on ME investigations of the ecology of Echinococcus transmission, particularly in areas where more than one species of Echinococcus is maintained in cycles of transmission that may interact.Molecular epidemiology (ME) is the application of molecular tools to determine the causation of disease. With infectious diseases, such as echinococcosis, this applies to identifying and characterising the aetiological agents and elucidating host range. Such an approach has been very successful with the causative agents of echinococcosis, species of  Molecular epidemiology (ME) has revolutionised our understanding of infectious disease transmission. It provides laboratory and analytical tools that can characterise infectious agents in investigations focused on the aetiology of infectious diseases. ME is therefore a powerful resource in both outbreak situations as well as ongoing surveillance activities, particularly with investigations of emerging infectious diseases. ME plays an important role in both human and domestic animal health, and increasingly with infectious agents of wildlife in the context of disease emergence and conservation .Echinococcus. When considering the epidemiology of any infectious disease, understanding its aetiology is central. With echinococcosis, this has been problematic in many endemic areas where different host species are involved and there is a need to understand their role in transmission [Echinococcus present [Echinococcus [Echinococcosis, a global disease of which there are two forms, cystic and alveolar, is caused by the cestode parasite smission . This is present . Moleculnococcus ,3. This nococcus ,5.Echinococcus requires two mammalian hosts to complete its life cycle: a carnivore as a definitive host and a herbivorous or omnivorous intermediate host, which may include humans. It has a wide host range, particularly of intermediate hosts, and host specificity varies between species of Echinococcus . In addition, the situation is often compounded in areas where there is the possibility of spillover between domestic, rural, or urban cycles of transmission and cycles involving wildlife [E. granulosus in previously uninfected wildlife, macropod marsupials and dingoes [nococcus . The sitwildlife . Such sp dingoes . In thisEchinococcus has a long history of taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion, particularly regarding the species level taxonomy [Echinococcus in areas where multiple host species are infected has only recently been interpreted with confidence.The formal naming of a species is a prerequisite for effective communication which is particularly important when the species in question are of public health importance and require coordinated control efforts. taxonomy . This hataxonomy . Thus, tEchinococcus should be split into ten species  and host preference  [In the past, three genotypes were identified within the species oes, G3) ,14 has pE. equinus and E. ortleppi both involve dogs as definitive hosts and horses and cattle as intermediate hosts, respectively [E. ortleppi is infective to humans. Their high host specificity probably explains why both species do not have a broad geographical distribution and occur sporadically, since access of dogs to the metacestode stages in horses and cattle is infrequent, particularly as public health measures have improved in endemic areas. However, recent ME studies have demonstrated that transmission of both species is still occurring in Turkey [E. ortleppi and E. granulosus [The life cycles of ectively . Both spn Turkey , Africa,n Turkey . Interesanulosus .Echinococcus maintained in cycles involving wild and farmed cervids, moose , elk (wapiti) (Cervus elephas), and reindeer (caribou) (Rangifer tarandus), domestic pigs, and camels as intermediate hosts has long been recognised as distinct from E. granulosus [Echinococcus, G6, 7, 8, and 10, are maintained in these life cycles [anulosus . ME stude cycles . These se cycles ). Althoue cycles ).E. canadensis [E. canadensis [E. intermedius and E. canadensis [E. intermedius had been previously proposed for the species in pigs and camels . The oreference ), where eference ), retaineference ).E. canadensis are principally restricted to their wildlife hosts, wolves and cervids in North America and Scandinavia, and occasionally infect humans [E. intermedius occur principally in the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, often where E. granulosus is also endemic, and are maintained in domestic cycles and are infective to humans [E. intermedius is likely to increase as further ME surveillance is undertaken. For example, recent reports from a number of West African countries, including Nigeria, suggest that the genotype G6 of E. intermedius is the dominant species due to the large involvement of camels [Both genotypes of t humans . In conto humans . The knof camels  and therE. canadensis in wild canids in Quebec and Maine [E. canadensis, coyotes are more likely to contaminate urban green spaces and peri-urban environments than wolves.In a study of nd Maine , the autE. oligarthra and E. vogeli. Recently, however, molecular surveillance in Argentina using mitochondrial and nuclear markers has extended the host range of E. oligarthra to include agoutis (Dasyprocta azarae), ocelot , and puma (Puma concolor) [E. oligarthra maintained and transmitted in sylvatic cycles in Argentina.Little is known about the geographical distribution and host range of the two sylvatic species in South America, oncolor) , as wellE. oligarthra and E. vogeli have been reported to infect humans [E. vogeli infections in domestic dogs.Although both t humans , their zt humans  demonstrE. multilocularis from Europe, Asia, North America, and China, resulting in a number of different strains that are referred to in the literature as: European, Asian, Mongolian, and North American [Studies over the last decade have demonstrated a great deal of genetic diversity between isolates of American ,3,26. ThE. multilocularis may be more virulent than indigenous sylvatic strains in North America. Recent ME studies suggest that the European strain of E. multilocularis was recently introduced into Canada with domestic dogs or red foxes, followed by establishment in wildlife [E. multilocularis long-established in central North America, European-type strains may be less intermediate host-specific and may have more zoonotic potential. Epidemiologically, many more human cases of E. multilocularis are observed in Europe compared to Canada, where only one autochthonous case was reported before 2013 [There is now growing evidence that the European strain of wildlife . ME detewildlife . This suore 2013 .In China, ME studies suggest that there is more than one genotype of the Asian strain, with genotype 1 possibly being the most pathogenic and infective to humans .E. multilocularis via the red fox has been well documented throughout Europe and Japan [E. multilocularis in urban areas of North America [E. multilocularis [The urbanisation of nd Japan . A simil America . Like thocularis ,28.Echinococcus multilocularis, which is seemingly restricted to parts of China [E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in the eastern Tibetan Plateau [This enigmatic variant of of China , remains Plateau .Echinococcus. Although morphology can be used to differentiate between adult worms of the different species, this approach is often not practical given the difficulties in recovering adult specimens and the associated public health risks involved. Molecular tools also allow species identification from eggs in faeces. For example, during a faecal survey of E. granulosus in wolves and dogs in the Southern Italian Alps, E. multilocularis eggs were unexpectedly detected by molecular analysis in four faecal samples from at least two shepherd dogs, and in five wolf faecal samples [E. ortleppi and E. multiloculalris was also identified in two wolves. Similarly, co-infections of E. multilocularis and E. canadensis were reported in coyotes and red foxes in Alberta, Canada, using real-time PCR [E. canadensis, and discriminated between the G8 and G10 genotypes, finding single and mixed infections of these genotypes in both canid species [Molecular epidemiological studies have been instrumental in identifying and describing cycles of transmission involving more than one species of  samples . Co-infetime PCR . Another species .E. granulosus was considered to be the most widespread species, with E. ortleppi present but with an apparently much more localised distribution. Although infections in lions was known to occur for many years, it is only relatively recently that adult worms from lions were characterised using molecular tools and confirmed to be a distinct species, E. felidis [E. felidis is not confined to a sylvatic cycle and has been identified in domestic dogs in Kenya [E. granulosus, E. intermedius, and E. ortleppi in dogs, including some mixed infections [It is only recently that ME studies have been undertaken in Africa and they have revealed an interesting and more complicated situation than originally envisaged. Initially,  felidis . Interesin Kenya . ME studfections .Echinococcus maintained in transmission cycles [The situation in China is complex, with multiple species of n cycles ,7. HowevEchinococcus are maintained in sympatric cycles of transmission, and humans are at risk of infection, it is important to determine the species responsible for clinical infections. This will aid clinical interventions and management [Echinococcus from hydatid fluid of patients in northern and western China. One isolate from a patient was E. multilocularis and another E. intermedius, and the other 22 isolates examined were all E. granulosus.In endemic regions where multiple species of nagement  but alsonagement  were ablE. granulosus and 24 with E. intermedius (G6 genotype) [E. granulosus in the liver and right lung, and E. intermedius (G6) in the left lung, was detected [In another recent ME study in south east Iran of 42 echinococcosis patients, 18 were infected with E. multilocularis. For example, genotypic diversity in alveolar echinococcosis patients was demonstrated, with most infected with the Asian genotype 1 [E. granulosus, one by E. intermedius, and 31 by E. multilocularis [E. granulosus versus E. multilocularis was shown to be common in the cases investigated, and the authors conclude that molecular diagnosis is essential for the confirmation of human echinococcosis in the area [Similar studies in China are starting to reveal a complex diversity of infection patterns in humans infected with notype 1 . The autnotype 1 . In anotocularis . Misdiagthe area .Echinococcus. As a consequence, a practical and informative terminology has been developed for use in epidemiological studies. Importantly, we now have the tools that can be applied in epidemiological investigations. As discussed, these are proving valuable in elucidating life cycles and transmission patterns in endemic areas. This will be of most significance in areas where multiple cycles of transmission operate and where there is the possibility of mixed infections. In terms of clinical management, molecular tools will increasingly inform and guide public health measures. This will be particularly useful in patients diagnosed with echinococcosis but for which the causative species is not known nor whether infection may be due to more than one species of Echinococcus. Genotypic diversity within species can now also be detected and correlated with virulence, thus foreshadowing the development of clinically relevant markers.Molecular tools have had a major role in resolving the taxonomy of


Various seismic analysis methods are being used to predict the response of structures to earthquakes. Although nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) is considered an ideal method to represent the most realistic behavior of a structure among these various methods, correct results can be derived only when the analysis model is carefully developed by a knowledgeable person. It is particularly important to properly implement the behavior characteristics depending on the reversed cyclic load in the NDA of a building made of reinforced concrete (RC) moment frames. This study evaluated the hysteresis model suitable for NDA of existing RC moment frames, and 45 analysis models were reviewed, in which the pivot, concrete, and Takeda hysteresis models were applied differently to beams and columns. The pivot model was evaluated as the most reliable hysteresis model for each structural member by comparing and analyzing not only the responses of the entire frame but also the responses of column and beam members focusing on energy dissipation. However, this model can have practical limitations in that the parameters associated with the reinforcement detailing and applied loads need to be defined in detail. The analysis model applying Takeda to the beam, which predicted the average response at a reliable level compared to the reference model, was identified as a practical alternative when it is difficult to apply the pivot model to all frame members. The Northridge, Kobe, and Kocaeli earthquakes highlighted the limitations of conventional approaches that elastically estimate the response of structures to earthquakes . AccordiIn NDA conducted for existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, the behavioral characteristics of members such as pinching, stiffness degradation, and strength degradation depending on the reversed motion can have a significant influence on the response of the structure. In particular, when the seismic-force-resisting system is composed of moment frames, it is more flexible than the shear walls or braced frames, and the behavior of the entire structure is dominated by the hysteresis characteristics of these frame members as it needs to resist seismic forces through the frame action of columns and beams. Therefore, it is important to apply a hysteresis model that can adequately represent the actual behavior of the frame members when performing NDA for the existing RC moment frames.Various forms of hysteresis models have been developed to date to represent the behavior of RC frame members under reversed cyclic loading. Many of these models have been designed to estimate the frame behavior based on the ductile flexural characteristics ,4,5,6, aIn this context, we conducted a study to provide useful basic data for selecting an appropriate hysteresis model for NDA of an existing building with an RC moment frame system. To this end, the details of the analysis models prepared for standard schools widely constructed in the 1980s were examined, comprising 45 cases in which pivot, concrete, and Takeda hysteresis models were applied differently to beams and columns. The responses of the entire frame, followed by the responses of the members in the order of columns and beams, were compared and analyzed, focusing on energy dissipation from the NDA results. Subsequently, the hysteresis models suitable for analyzing the RC moment frame were evaluated, and the most reliable or practical model was identified.ETABS , a commeThis study was conducted on existing buildings; analysis was performed on standard schools constructed in the 1980s with RC moment frames in Korea. Although there are several types of buildings ,23,24, tFive analysis models were prepared for each type by applying the hysteresis models to beam and column members differently for the three types of analysis structures, as shown in As the analysis model was a three-story low-rise building, NDA was performed using three recorded ground motions with dominant acceleration in the short-period region: El Centro, Northridge, and Taft. Prior to the scaling of the selected ground motions, NSA was conducted for each type to pre-evaluate the overall characteristics of the structure. The NSA results for Type 1 considering an earthquake with a 2400-year return period  showed tmaxV), maximum displacement (maxD), base shear–displacement curve, energy dissipation, and behavioral characteristics of individual members were compared and analyzed after first evaluating the appropriateness of the analysis results. Five analysis models prepared for each type of structure were analyzed for the three ground motions, resulting in a total of 45 results. The results are described based on Type 1 unless otherwise stated in this section.The NSA and NDA results were first compared for each analysis model. The maximum base shear , Type 2 P.C. , and Type 3 T.P.  showed relatively significant differences from P.P., the differences were relatively small when compared to the difference shown by Type 3 C.P. .The Out of the 45 analysis results, we mainly analyzed the models and types that showed a relatively significant difference from P.P., excluding cases showing elastic behavior. The base shear–roof displacement curves for the representative models of each type are shown in tE) shown in The cumulative dissipated energy over time for each type of El Centro ground motion in the X or Y direction is shown in tE is presented in tE value of the P.T. model was up to 78.0% higher than that of P.P., and the T.P. model also showed higher results than P.P. (3.1–21.0%). In contrast, P.C. and C.P. showed up to 58.7% and 18.6% lower tE than P.P., respectively.A case where the results for a ground motion (or direction) different from that shown in According to the NDA results, in terms of the entire frame, although the overall responses of the analysis model did not show significant differences from those of the reference model, P.P., the energy dissipation in some models showed a rather significant error. In terms of energy dissipation, the models that showed similar results to the reference model were in the orders of C.P., T.P., P.C., and P.T.No distinct differences were found between the analysis models in the overall response. This section and the subsequent section present comparative analyses of the behavioral characteristics of the representative members constituting each model. As shown in tE is shown in tE values of C.P. and P.T. were up to 70.2% and 68.1% higher than that of P.P., respectively, whereas P.C. and T.P. showed up to 83.9% and 23.6% lower tE, respectively. For the column members, the models in the orders of T.P., C.P., P.T., and P.C. were compared as models with similar moment–rotation curves with the reference model P.P. having small differences in tE.For the entire structure shown in tE of the column in P.C. was lower than that in P.P. Likewise, the relative difference in energy dissipation characteristics, evaluated using each hysteresis model applied to the beam and column members, influenced the energy dissipation of individual frame members. Moreover, it can be expected that the energy dissipation characteristics of the beam members are opposite to those of the column members.The energy dissipation of column members, depending on the applied hysteresis model, showed slightly different patterns when compared to the results of a previous study  and thosThe moment–rotation curves for the beam member are as shown in tE values; the tE of the P.C. model was up to 30.7% higher than that of P.P. T.P. also exhibited a maximum difference of 34.4%, showing a higher result than P.P. In contrast, C.P. and P.T. showed up to 88.5% and 46.2% lower tE values than P.P., respectively. In terms of energy dissipation, the models with small differences to the P.P. model were in the orders of P.C., T.P., P.T., and C.P., and the energy dissipation characteristics of the beam members were generally opposite to those of the column members, as predicted earlier.Regarding the behavior under quasi-static cyclic loading, a previous study reported that the pivot model showed results that were close to the experimental results . Based oα related to the stiffness and β affecting pinching using regression analysis on a database of numerous seismic tests [α and β requires calculating factors ak and bk, which are influenced by the reinforcement detailing of the sections and the applied axial load on the members. In other words, considerable time and effort are required to develop an analysis model because each member must be input separately after calculating the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, volumetric shear reinforcement ratio, and axial load ratio of all the members. The practicality of applying the pivot model can be significantly limited if the number of members increases as the scale of the analysis structure increases. Therefore, a hysteresis model that does not require parameter setting or is simple to set parameters while showing relatively reliable results is also required from a practical perspective.Although the pivot model can similarly predict the behavior of existing RC frame members in this way, parameters to represent the hysteresis characteristics need to be defined when applying them in an analysis model. Sharma et al. proposed parameters ic tests . As showIn this study, C.P. and T.P. were the analysis models that showed results that were close to the reference model P.P. in terms of the response of the entire frame . In the A study was conducted to identify an appropriate hysteresis model for NDA of existing RC moment frames. The pivot, concrete, and Takeda models were applied differently to beams and columns for the three types of structures analyzed, and NDA was performed in the X and Y directions for 45 analysis models involving the three ground motions. The results were comparatively analyzed in terms of the entire frame and the individual members, and the conclusions are summarized as follows:(1) All analysis results showed the most significant differences in terms of energy dissipation, and the order in which the response of the entire frame was close to that of the reference model P.P. was in the orders of C.P., T.P., P.T., and P.C. In addition, T.P. for columns and P.C. for beams were found to be the analysis models that evaluated the energy dissipation similarly while having similar moment–rotation curves to those of P.P. Accordingly, the pivot model was considered the most appropriate hysteresis model for each structural member.(2) Although the energy dissipation of the entire frame was considerably influenced by the dissipation characteristics of the concrete and Takeda models themselves, the energy dissipation of individual members was related to the relative difference in the dissipation characteristics evaluated by each hysteresis model applied to beams and columns. Likewise, the energy dissipation pattern of individual members, depending on the applied hysteresis model, is different from that of the entire frame as the connected beams and columns behave in relation to each other within the frame.(3) Although the pivot model was the most reliable hysteresis model for both beams and columns as observed in preceding studies, parameters related to reinforcement detailing and applied loads need to be predefined to apply them to the analysis model. The T.P. model, which best predicted the average response while showing a narrow variation in the energy dissipation evaluation compared to P.P., could be a practical alternative in situations where it is difficult to apply the pivot model to all frame members.


Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes hexagonus are vectors of tick-borne diseases and play an important role in the persistence of tick-borne diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the risk of exposure of domestic cats and dogs to the attacks of Ixodid ticks, to tick-borne infections with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti and Toxoplasma gondii in the city of Zakopane and the surrounding area. In 2017–2018 ticks were collected from a total of 10 domestic cats and 88 domestic dogs. Selected pathogens of tick-borne diseases were detected by PCR and nested PCR. The study material contained 119 I. ricinus and 36 I. hexagonus. The molecular examinations showed the presence of A. phagocytophilum in 3.8%, B. microti in 24.5% and T. gondii in 4.5% of the all ticks. In addition, in the study area, there is a high potential risk of tick-borne infection by B. microti, and a low potential risk of exposure to A. phagocytophilum and T. gondii infection.The mountainous and foothill areas, in which the city of Zakopane, the capital of Tatra County, is located are characterized by continuous weather changes, lower air temperature, persistent snow cover, and poorer vegetation than in the lowlands.  The geographical location of Zakopane, numerous tourist and walking routes, a large number of wooden architecture monuments, landscape diversity, and climatic and medicinal values are undoubtedly the advantages of the city, which is visited by more and more tourists from Poland, Europe and all over the world every year. The fauna of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Tatra County is hardly known. Due to the adverse habitat and climatic conditions, such as high weather variability, low annual air temperatures and ever lower air temperature as altitude increases, as well as frequent rainfall, persistent snow cover, and consequently poor vegetation, these areas are not a convenient habitat for ticks. Moreover, the Tatra National Park is a protected area that makes it difficult for researchers to access.Ixodes ricinus  is the most common among the 19 tick species found in the Polish fauna. The species attacks numerous mammals, birds and reptiles. I. ricinus can be a vector and/or reservoir of many pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi s. l., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia sp.3. The second tick species widespread throughout Europe, and therefore probably also in Poland is Ixodes hexagonus , which feeds mainly on hedgehogs, weasels, foxes and domestic dogs7. Like I. ricinus, the tick can be a vector and/or reservoir of many pathogens, e.g. B. burgdorferi s. l., A. phagocytophilum and Babesia sp.7. Domestic cats and dogs can be hosts of both tick species8. In Poland, these domestic animals are mainly attacked by five species, i.e. I. ricinus, Ixodes crenulatus , I. hexagonus, Ixodes rugicollis  and Dermacentor reticulatus 9.It is known that B. burgdorferi s. l. and A. phagocytophilum, as well as to the infection of Babesia microti and Toxoplasma gondii in the selected areas of Tatra County. The approach of gathering data on the distribution of (zoonotic) vector-borne diseases through a veterinary survey is consistent with the ‘One Health’ concept10.Due to the great medical and veterinary importance of ticks and close contact between human and domestic animals, an attempt has been made to determine the exposure of cats and dogs to tick infection, as well as to a potential tick-borne infection with Zakopane, is the highest located city in Poland , situated in the Podtatrzanski Trench, between the Tatra Mountains and the Beskids, in one of the largest mountain ranges in Europe—the Carpathian Mountains. The urban part stretches from 750 to 1000 m a.s.l., the administrative boundaries of the city contain a part of the Tatra Mountains with the highest point—the peak of Swinica (2301 m a.s.l.), as well as Gubalowka (1120 m a.s.l.), and the central point of Zakopane is located at an altitude of 838 m a.s.l.1 and Nowak-Chmura7 were used to identify the ticks. Next, molecular testing for the presence of selected pathogens was performed. DNA was isolated from 155 ticks using the ammonium hydroxide method11. Then, the concentration was measured spectrophotometrically at the wave length of 260/280 nm. The pathogens in the material were detected by PCR and nested PCR. For detection of B. burgdorferi s.l., Maximo DFS-Plus polymerase  and flagellin gene specific primers were used12. Taq DNA polymerase  and two pairs of specific primers for the 16S rRNA gene were applied to detect A. phagocytophilum13. The protozoa of B. microti and T. gondii were detected with two pairs of specific primers for the 18S rRNA gene and Maximo DFS-Plus polymerase  and for the B1 gene with the use of Taq DNA polymerase 15. The amplification and re-amplification products were separated electrophoretically on 2% ethidium bromide stained agarose gels. Then, the gels were visualized in ultraviolet light. The following reaction products were treated as positive: 482 base pairs [bp] for B. burgdorferi s. l., 932 bp and 546 bp for A. phagocytophilum, 238 bp and 154 bp for B. microti and 531 bp for T. gondii. Statistical analysis was performed using CSS-Statistica for Windows 10. Statistical significance was accepted at a p value of less than 0.05. The results were analysed using an χ2 tests.The research material was obtained from domestic cats and dogs in 2017–2018 from March to September in cooperation with the veterinary clinic in Zakopane. The ticks were collected from animals using tweezers and placed in tubes with 70% ethyl alcohol. In addition, after the collection, an original form was completed with the following information: date of collection, animal breed, sex, age and the city of collection. Then, individual ticks were determined for genus, species and developmental stage. The keys by SiudaWe declare that all testing methods have been carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. We declare that all experimental protocols have been approved by the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice and Pedagogical University in Cracow.Each dog and cat owner has agreed to collect material (ticks) from their animals and give informed consent to publish the results of the collected material.I. ricinus was the dominant tick species, with 119 females collected from 90 animals, including 8 cats and 82 dogs. 36 I. hexagonus ticks were also collected, including 15 larvae, 13 nymphs and 8 females. The presence of this tick species has been demonstrated in 8 animals, including 2 cats and 6 dogs. The infestation by I. ricinus usually occurred in May, while it was least often reported in March and September . A. phagocytophilum was found only in 3.4% of female I. ricinus ticks. On the other hand, protozoa of B. microti and T. gondii were reported in both tick species. B. microti was reported in a much higher percentage of I. ricinus and I. hexagonus individuals than T. gondii .In total, the pathogens were found in 26.0% of I. hexagonus contained B. microti (46.7%), whereas T. gondii was found in a similar percentage in both juvenile forms .Mainly larvae of ms Table . The difI. hexagonus collected from cats and dogs were statistically significantly more often infected with B. microti than with T. gondii .Generally, Babesia microti was found in 28.1% of the ticks collected from dogs. A. phagocytophilum and T. gondii were found in 3.9% of the I. ricinus females . In addition, single cases of A. phagocytophilum and B. microti as well as A. phagocytophilum and T. gondii were reported in the ticks collected from dogs . T. gondii was demonstrated in 7.1% of the larvae and in 7.7% of the nymphs of this tick species. Generally, hedgehog ticks collected from cats were statistically significantly more often infected with B. microti than with T. gondii .As for I. ricinus was the predominant tick species infesting domestic dogs and cats, followed by the I. hexagonus. This is analogy with other studies in Europe19. The research conducted so far in the areas of southern, south-eastern and central Poland on the occurrence of ticks in domestic cats and dogs confirmed that dogs are usually infested by I. ricinus. Moreover, it has been shown that, in addition to the species mentioned above, other tick species may occasionally infest these animals. These include I. hexagonus, D. reticulatus, I. crenulatus22. In Poland, however, studies on the frequency of tick infestation of domestic cats have shown I. ricinus, I. hexagonus, I. rugicollis and Ixodes apronophorus  to be main attackers with I. ricinus definitely dominating in numbers24. To date, three tick species have been found in Zakopane and the Tatra National Park: I. ricinus, I. hexagonus and I. trianguliceps25. Officially, the first I. hexagonus was collected in the Tatra National Park from the red vole (Myodes glareolus) by Jan Rafalski in 19641. I. trianguliceps is a species associated with rodents. In 1980, however, Haitlinger noted a single I. trianguliceps larvae feeding on the common weasel 26. Later, an individual of this species was collected from the red vole (Myodes glareolus)25. The studies confirmed the occurrence of I. ricinus and I. hexagonus in Zakopane and the surrounding area and the possibility of infection of domestic cats and dogs. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that I. ricinus is the species most often attacking domestic animals. Selected regions of the Polish Carpathians, including the Island Beskids, are areas of the common occurrence of the tick I. ricinus, recognized in medical and veterinary sense as the most dangerous tick in the Polish fauna of these parasites, and are also the habitat of other tick species, including Carios vespertilionis, Ixodes lividus, Ixodes simplex, Ixodes trianguliceps, Ixodes rugicollis, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes vespertilionis, Ixodes crenulatus29. In the Czech Republic, research was undertaken to check for the occurrence of tick-borne disease pathogens among I. ricinus in mountain areas and it was found that this tick species was recorded even up to a height of 1270 m a. s. l.30. Slovak tick researchers suggest that under the influence of global warming the upper limit of occurrence of these parasites is changing and now I. ricinus ticks can be found even at an altitude of up to 1460 m a.s.l. and I. hexagonus up to 1800 m a. s. l31. In 2004 and 2006–2011 studies were carried out to check the expansion of ticks to higher altitudes in the ecosystem of Little Fatra (northern Slovakia) and their infection B. burgdorferi s.l. The number of infected ticks decreased from 38.5% at the lowest altitude to 4.4% at the highest altitude32.Research on the presence of ticks in domestic animals, especially cats and dogs, is carried out around the world, including Europe. In this study B. burgdorferi s. l., A. phagocytophilum, B. microti and T. gondii showed that in both tick species most individuals were infected with B. microti. T. gondii was found in a significantly lower percentage of I. ricinus and I. hexagonus ticks. The values obtained are much lower than those received by Asman et al.33 in Tarnowskie Góry County. The researchers showed the presence of B. microti in 42.6% of the individuals, while T. gondii was in 98% of the ticks. In addition, these protozoa have been demonstrated in ticks collected from both cats and dogs33. Contrary to the studies conducted by Asman et al.33, B. microti and T. gondii have been shown in I. ricinus ticks collected only from dogs, and in I. hexagonus species collected only from cats. However, like in the analyses of ticks conducted in Tarnowskie Góry County, both these protozoan species were found mainly in I. ricinus females. This confirms the thesis that, apart from the nymph, this developmental stage is the main epidemiological threat for protozoa33. Ticks may play a large role in the transmission of T. gondii, but this requires further research.Molecular tests for Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in a much smaller percentage of I. ricinus individuals and was not reported in I. hexagonus. The values are much lower than those obtained by Król et al.8 who demonstrated the presence of this rickettsia in 21.3% of I. ricinus ticks and in 8.1% of I. hexagonus individuals collected from cats and dogs in the agglomeration of Wroclaw. Other research conducted in south-eastern Poland also showed a high percentage of I. ricinus ticks infected with A. phagocytophilum24. On the other hand, the values presented in this work are only slightly higher than those obtained by Zygner et al.21 in central Poland. Similar studies conducted in several European countries on the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens, including A. phagocytophilum, in ticks collected from domestic cats and dogs, also showed a higher percentage of I. ricinus individuals infected with A. phagocytophilum19. The studies carried out in the Netherlands revealed a twice lower percentage of I. ricinus ticks infected with this rickettsia than in presented work, while the presence of A. phagocytophilum in I. hexagonus individuals was significantly higher5. There are also cases of Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ticks collected from domestic animals. The research conducted by Schreiber et al.17 in Germany showed the presence of this spirochete in 11.6% of I. ricinus and in 11.2% of I. hexagonus ticks collected from cats and dogs17. Studies conducted in The Netherlands and Belgium showed the presence of B. burgdorferi s. l. in 7.2% and 10.1% of I. ricinus individuals, respectively16. Several years of research conducted in urban areas of the Carpathian regions of Slovakia and Poland and their peripheral part, showed that specific Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. IgG antibodies, were found in 50% of 256 dogs, 6.9% of 29 cats from East Slovakia (Inner West Carpathian) and 42.6% of 68 dogs from the Lublin district34. Similar studies carried out in several European countries have shown the presence of this bacterium mainly in I. ricinus ticks collected from cats. Studies conducted in France also demonstrated the presence of B. afzelii in I. hexagonus tick collected from a cat19. The research carried out in Poland has shown that the occurrence of this bacterium in ticks collected from animals may range from 6.2% in I. ricinus in central Poland to 22.8% in D. reticulatus in south-eastern Poland24. 'The absence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in ticks collected from domestic animals in Tatra County may result from the fact that an increase of altitude is related to a decrease in the number of ticks infected with this bacterium, as shown by Taragelova et al.32.I. ricinus ticks collected from vegetation, but the percentage of such ticks in the population is very low37. Also, there are cases of such coinfection in ticks collected from domestic animals33. The research conducted in Tarnowskie Góry County by Asman et al.33 showed the co-occurrence of B. microti and T. gondii in more than 40% of I. ricinus ticks collected from cats and dogs. Moreover, co-infection was reported mainly in female I. ricinus ticks collected from dogs. On the other hand, Król et al.8 demonstrated the coexistence of 2 or even 3 pathogens in a single I. ricinus tick, with A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. most frequently found in co-infection. The ticks collected from dogs in Tatra County showed coexistence of A. phagocytophilum and B. microti as well as A. phagocytophilum and T. gondii in only two I. ricinus females. However, coexistence of these pathogens was not observed in the ticks collected from cats, which may result from a small number of ticks collected from these animals.It is commonly known that ticks can be vectors and/or reservoirs of more than one pathogen. There are cases of co-occurrence of two or three pathogens in I. ricinus and I. hexagonus ticks. In addition, the study revealed a potentially high risk of tick-borne infection of B. microti and a low risk of exposure to a tick-borne A. phagocytophilum infection and T. gondii invasion in the study area. Moreover, the results show possible coexistence of A. phagocytophilum and both B. microti and T. gondii in I. ricinus species. However, it cannot be excluded the possibility that some individuals may have been pathogen-positive because of feeding on an infected (asymptomatic) animal. The lack of Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in the material may be due to a generally low percentage of ticks infected with this bacterium in the study area, and this may result from the geographical location.The research indicates that potentially unfavourable environmental conditions for ticks in Tatra County do not prevent domestic cats and dogs from a high risk of exposure to the infestation by


Macaca fuscata displays characteristic behaviours, such as stone handling, locomotor behaviour, gait position, and intermittent bipedalism. Differences in characteristic behaviours among primate species/genera could be explained by anatomical details of the body. However, the anatomical details have not been well studied in Macaca fuscata. Arterial models could be one of the anatomical bases for the phylogenetic and functional differences among species, since the arterial supply could be associated with the muscular performance, especially locomotor behaviour. In this study, five thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata adults were dissected to analyse the vessels. Patterns of arterial distribution in the thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata were compared with those in other primates. The results indicated that the arterial distribution in the Japanese monkeys was more similar to those in Macaca mulatta and Papio anubis, which is consistent with phylogenetic similarities. However, compared with Papio anubis and other macaques, there were anatomical differences in several points, including (1) the origin of the common, anterior, posterior circumflex, and profunda brachii, and (2) the origins of the collateralis ulnaris artery. The comparative anatomy of the arteries in the forelimb of Macaca fuscata, along with the anatomical studies in other primates, indicated characteristic patterns of brachial artery division and the number of the palmar arches in primates, which is consistent with the phylogenetic division among New World primates, Old World primates, and apes. Macaca fuscata) have been used as experimental animals in physiological studies and in many other studies on their ecology, zoology, and behaviour [Macaca fuscata. In general, Macaca fuscata display some behavioural characteristics compared with other primates of the genera Macaca because of their geographical isolation . Furthermore, they show other specific behaviours, such as heating their bodies in hot water spas in winter, fur colour [Japanese monkeys , and finally proposed a hypothetical theoretical explanation for an arterial model in M. fuscata to be compared with those in other primates, including New World primates , M. mul. anubis , 19, 30,. anubis , and mod. anubis . FinallyM. fuscata adults were dissected at the Laboratory of System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan. Nine adult S. libidinosus specimens  were used to check other previous publications about these primates [S. libidinosus previously dissected were analysed for the purpose of this work, which was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee from the Federal University of Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil .Five thoracic limbs of primates , 25–29, S. libidinosus.The dead bodies/pieces were provided by the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. In a complete body, both forelimbs were dissected plus three more separated limbs, two right, and one left, totalizing 5 forelimbs, 2 right, and 3 left ones. These animals suffered a natural death in the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University. One complete body and three forelimbs were kept frozen, and afterward, they were sent to Toyama University where they were placed in boxes and immersed in 10% formaldehyde, as for M. fuscata were dissected and S. libidinosus was studied, with an emphasis on arteries, and photographed with a digital camera (Canon SX610 HS). For the other primates, the data were obtained from literature mainly from Manners-Smith [Papio and M. mulatta; Swindler and Wood [Papio, Pan, and modern humans; Gibbs [The forelimbs of rs-Smith –20 for Nand Wood  for Papis; Gibbs  for all s; Gibbs  for modes; Gibbs .M. fuscata was quite similar, permitting a unique description of these animals. The few differences were commented on in the general discussion just for one separated limb, i.e., for 20% of the limbs. Remarkable differences were not observed in the right and left forelimbs of the same animal. The running and vascular irrigation of each specific artery was described in comparison with other primates.The arterial model for the five thoracic limbs of M. fuscata, the axillary artery is the continuation of the subclavian artery gives off the subscapularis, circumflexa scapulae, circumflexa humeri, and thoracodorsalis arteries in the arm and continues as the brachial artery , and modern humans [S. libidinosus, P. troglodytes, G. gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, H. lar, and humans. However, in M. mulatta, the axillary artery was reported to emit branches including the circumflexa humeri, profunda brachii, collateralis radialis, and collateralis ulnaris [P. Anubis, the branches are collateralis media, profunda brachii, collateralis ulnaris, circumflexa humeri cranialis and caudalis, and brachialis [C. goeldii, a short trunk was observed, which forms the thoracoacromialis and thoracic lateralis arteries [In l artery . The orin humans , 32, 35. ulnaris , and in M. fuscata, the subscapularis artery emerged from the axillary artery, and it did not emit the collateralis ulnaris and radialis arteries, as in P. anubis and M. mulatta  used in this study, displayed important differences from other primates. In  mulatta .M. fuscata, as well as in C. goeldii, S. libidinosus, M. mulatta, P. anubis, all apes, and modern humans [S. libidinosus , which arteries , 27, 32.arteries –20, the P. anubis and M. mulatta, the profunda brachii, collateralis ulnaris, radialis, ulnaris, brachialis superficialis, and interossea communis arteries [P. anubis, the other branches are the dorsalis ramus of recurrens ulnaris, cranialis and caudalis interossea, and antebrachialis superficialis , giving off both recurrens ulnaris [Gorilla), collateralis ulnaris, radialis, ulnaris, recurrens ulnaris dorsalis, and palmaris rami (as a variant from a common trunk in 50% of P. troglodytes and Asian apes), interossea communis (P. troglodytes), interossea cranialis (for 33% of P. troglodytes), and interossea caudalis  [In detail, the brachialis artery gives off, in arteries , and onl ulnaris . In apes H. lar) .In modern humans, the brachialis artery branches are the profunda brachii, nutricia humeri, collateralis ulnaris, radialis, ulnaris, recurrens ulnaris dorsalis ), and interossea communis arteries  Table 1.M. fuscata observed in this work, but the ulnaris artery gives off the interossea communis  and H. lar [C. goeldii, the axillary artery emits a large trunk that is the origin of the subscapularis and collateralis radialis arteries [S. libidinosus, the circumflexa communis artery can originate from the axillary, radialis, or from a big trunk in common with other arteries of the arm [Pongo pygmaeus, this artery also originates from a common trunk with the profunda brachii [P. troglodytes and Asian apes , the circumflexa scapulae in African apes (P. troglodytes and G. gorilla) and H. lar, and the subscapularis in P. troglodytes and H. lar [The circumflexa humeri cranialis and caudalis arteries originate from the subscapularis artery. In one case, it emits the profunda brachii  in the ated here , 30, 32,idinosus  and Pongpygmaeus  and emitarteries . In S. l the arm . In Pong brachii  and emitM. mulatta, the circumflexa humeri emit only both circumflexa humeri cranialis and caudalis in M. fuscata, which is different from all apes where the profunda brachii could be a ramus from the trunk of the circumflexa humeri  and emits the collateralis radialis artery .In s artery , but the foramen . In S. ls artery , from th. anubis , from thn humans . Hill ci goeldii , which oS. libidinosus [M. mulatta and P. anubis; the collateralis radialis and collateralis media in all apes; and the collateralis radialis and collateralis media arteries, as separate branches in modern humans [M. fuscata, and an origin of the collateralis radialis at the circumflexa humeri trunk artery was found in one case (20%).In other primates studied here, the profunda brachii gives off the collateralis radialis artery in idinosus ; collaten humans . The braM. fuscata  and gives off the collateralis ulnaris, recurrens radialis [P. anubis, M. mulatta [Pan paniscus, G. gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, and H. lar), and modern humans [C. goeldii, it is called the superficialis brachialis [M. mulatta and P. anubis [The radialis artery originates from the brachialis artery and emits the recurrens radialis, ramus carpeus dorsalis, ramus dorsalis for the pollicis (princeps pollicis), digitales for second digiti (index artery), arcus palmaris superficialis, and interossea communis together with the ulnaris in  fuscata , 5 and 6radialis , and ramradialis . The rad mulatta , apes  .S. libidinosus [Pan paniscus, G. gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, and H. lar, the radialis artery emits branches for the arcus palmaris superficialis [P. anubis, M. mulatta, and M. fuscata.The origin of the radialis artery is identical in all the primates studied here, except for some cases of idinosus . Howeverficialis , while iM. fuscata originates from the brachialis artery and emits the recurrens ulnaris, the interossea communis together with the radialis, arcus palmaris superficialis, and ramus carpeus palmaris , collateralis media, collateralis radialis [S. libidinosus [S. leucopus [P. anubis, M. mulatta [Pan paniscus, G. gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, H. lar, and modern humans [P. anubis [The ulnaris artery in palmaris . Accordiradialis , interosradialis . It goesidinosus  and S. lleucopus , 34, andleucopus . The uln mulatta , Pan pann humans , while i. anubis .G. gorilla and Asian apes; digitales for second digiti (index artery) and ramus carpeus dorsalis in G. gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus; contributes to the arcus palmaris superficialis and profundus, interossea communi in P. troglodytes; and the interossea cranialis, ramus carpeus dorsalis, ramus carpeus palmaris, arcus palmaris superficialis, and profundus in all apes and modern humans [The ulnaris artery emits the ramus dorsalis for the pollicis (princeps pollicis) in n humans .In modern humans, the ulnaris artery emits the recurrens ulnaris, interossea communis, ramus carpeus dorsalis, ramus carpeus palmaris, and arcus palmaris profundus .S. libidinosus, the ulnaris artery originates from the brachialis artery in all primates studied here [P. anubis [M. mulatta, and M. fuscata, where the radialis artery has a more important or identical role in the superficial palmar arch. Interestingly, the interossea communis originates from an anastomosis of both ulnaris and radialis arteries, as a case not cited for the other primates studied here . Exceptagothrix , 19, 42,Saimiri [Sapajus [S. leucopus [C. goeldii [Nycticebus [Cebuella, Callitrix, Ateles, Allouata, and Callicebus [The presence of the supracondylar foramen with the medianus nerve and ulnaris artery coursing through it was cited for Saimiri , 19, Sap[Sapajus , 19, 27,leucopus , and C.  goeldii  in the Nllicebus .Felis in relation to the existence of this feature and the reason for derivative primates  do not present with this characteristic.Despite Ankel-Simons  citing tIf the supracondylar foramen could generate bone protection for a medianus nerve and ulnaris/brachialis artery in a fragile position , maybe because the modifications of the curvature of the forelimbs bones in the evolution , howeverP. anubis [M. mulatta [M. fuscata. In P. troglodytes, the brachialis divides more distally than in P. anubis [M. mulatta. In all apes, the brachialis divides at the level of the elbow joint [In . anubis  and M. m mulatta , the bra. anubis  and M. mow joint , and in ow joint . Thus, tThe anatomy of the brachial division seems to coincide with primate evolution, since primate evolution is associated with the descent from the trees  and alsoIndeed, the morphological structure of the arcus palmaris and size of brachial artery size should be taken into consideration for a more detailed analysis of the vascularization of the forelimb in primates, since the size of the brachialis artery is associated with the structure of the arcus palmaris. New World and Old-World primates display proximal division from the brachial artery and have the presence of one palmar arch, while apes and modern humans display division of the brachial artery around the elbow fossa and have two palmar arches. For example, it is possible that larger blood pressure drops in the branches  would permit only one palmar arch in New World primates. Further, detailed simulation of blood flow will be required based on the actual sizes of the brachialis, radialis, and ulnaris arteries, as well as palmar arches. Indeed, the fact of the crown hominoids possibly to abduct the arm above the shoulder indicates a need for more accurate biophysical studies about the blood flux in the vessels of the primates .Sapajus [The vessels displayed a very unsteady arrangement across individuals and different antimeres in the same individual, which is more often observed in veins . This isSapajus , 25.An interesting case of different distribution cited here occurs in Lorisiformes, that is the existence of a vascular bundles of the main artery generating 50 small ones.Here, we present three different models of arteries in the upper limbs of primates with regard to the height of the brachial division which may be associated with locomotor behaviour and taxonomy.M. mulatta [M. fuscata in this work. The third model refers to apes and modern humans with more terrestrial locomotion that display more distal division of the brachialis artery and the existence of two palmar arches in the arcus palmaris  the origin of the common, cranial, caudal circumflexa, and profunda brachii and (2) origins of the collateralis ulnaris arteries in M. fuscata were different from those in P. anubis and other macaques.The present study indicated that the overall arterial distribution in M. fuscata proposed the three arterial patterns in the forelimb in terms of length of the brachial artery and number of palmar arches in the arcus palmaris. These data led to a taxonomy confirmation of the differences of classification of the groups of New World primates, Old World primates, and apes.Second, the comparative anatomy of the arteries in the forelimb of