Leptospira has been isolated from wild and domestic animals as well as from the environment; among them, several novel species have been identified. In Malaysia, leptospirosis infection and death were mostly associated with recreational and non-recreational water activities. Despite the endemicity of leptospirosis, the public’s knowledge, attitude, and practice level are relatively low in this country. More studies are needed in Malaysia to explore the extent of leptospirosis in different settings and locations.Among zoonotic infections, leptospirosis has a worldwide distribution and high prevalence in tropical regions. It has a broad clinical presentation from mild to severe, life-threatening infection. Leptospires, the etiological agent of leptospirosis, are found in varied ecological niches and animal species, providing a significant source of human infection. This review aims to provide the current status of leptospirosis in Malaysia and the direction for future studies. The literature search for this review was performed using PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar databases. The incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia from 2004 to 2020 varied; however, a large number of cases occurred during floods. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40101-023-00347-y. Leptospira causes leptospirosis. Leptospires in nature are maintained by chronic carrier hosts, primarily rodents, in their renal tubules and excreted into the environment through their urine. Human infection results from direct contact with the infected reservoir animals or indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Leptospires enter the hosts through cuts and bruises on skin and mucus membranes such as the conjunctival, oral, or genital surfaces [Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection; the risk factors of this infection are associated with human activities and the environment . It is wsurfaces . Once insurfaces  or mild surfaces , 6 and asurfaces , 8. Sevesurfaces .Leptospira is detected in broad ranges of animal reservoirs and in various ecological niches. The knowledge of ecological niche harboring leptospires, as well as their species and serovar distribution, is critical not only for implementing prevention and control policies but also for diagnosing leptospirosis.Leptospirosis is diagnosed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting genes specific for pathogenic leptospires. The former method requires an understanding of locally circulating serovars. The burden of leptospirosis is mainly in countries with humid subtropical and tropical climates such as South America, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia in the north of the equator. It is composed of two noncontiguous regions: Peninsular Malaysia  or West Malaysia , which is located in the Malay Peninsula, and East Malaysia , which is on Borneo Island, contains two states, Sabah and Sarawak. Peninsular and East Malaysia lie in the same tropical latitude and are affected by similar airstreams. From November to March, Malaysia is blessed with heavy rainfall and humidity during the northeast monsoon season. Leptospirosis in Malaysia has a long history, reaching almost a century.Leptospira was discovered in Japan [Leptospira interrogans serovars—namely, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis—isolated from humans, rats, and dogs [L. interrogans, Unipertama, Canicola, Australis, Javanica, Ballum, Pomona, Hardjo, Sejroe, and Tarassovi as the infecting Leptospira species and serovars [Ten years after in Japan , Fletchein Japan . Fletcheand dogs . Leptospand dogs –13. The and dogs –17. Seveand dogs , 19 and and dogs . Leptospserovars –23. In hserovars , Abramisserovars . These eLeptospira,” “Prevalence,” “Seroprevalence,” “Human,” and “Animal” with no restriction on language or publication date. Non-indexed local journals, bulletins, newspapers, clinical cases, and data from the Ministry of Health Malaysia were included in our results and discussion. Additional papers were identified from reference lists of retrieved articles to find appropriate studies that might not have been identified during the preliminary search. We reviewed the published literature with anonymized data; thus, the study does not require any bioethical approval.The published literature related to leptospirosis in Malaysia was searched in PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar databases. The search terms utilized were “Leptospirosis”, “Leptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia and is the third most fatal infection after dengue and malaria . In 2010Among all states in Malaysia, Selangor, Kelantan, and Sarawak recorded the higher number of leptospirosis Fig. . In 2014Leptospira can be isolated from a broad spectrum of animal hosts, but the primary hosts are wild animals such as rodents. From 2000 to 2022, 21 studies have been conducted in Malaysia to detect leptospires in wild and domestic animals using serological, molecular, and/or culture techniques  of the samples. The presence of leptospires in each of the studied settings shows that leptospires occupy a range of ecological niches in Malaysia.Water and soil sampling provides essential information that enhances our understanding of the leptospiral human–environment–animal relationship. Ten studies have described the distribution of nt Table . The stuLeptospira have been identified globally [Leptospira species have been identified to be circulating among wild and domestic animals in Malaysia. The identified species are L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. kmetyi, L. wolffii, L. weilii, L. noguchii, L. meyeri, and L. biflexa [Leptospira species that had been detected were L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. wolffii, L. kmetyi, L. noguchii, L. meyeri, L. biflexa, L. licerasiae, L. fainei, L. inadai, L. alstonii, L. congkakensis, L. idonii, L. broomii, L. barantonii, L. putramalaysiae, and L. yanagawae [. Several novel intermediate and saprophytic Leptospira species have also been isolated in the environments in Malaysia such as L. semungkisensis, L. fletcheri, L. langatensis, L. selangorensis, L. jelokensis, L. perdikensis, and L. congkakensis [L. weilii, L. kirschneri, L. wolffii, and L. interrogans [Currently, 66 species of globally –70. Seve biflexa , 54, 58.anagawae , 63–65. kakensis . In humaerrogans –74 were Leptospira species, serovars, and strains in Malaysia since leptospirosis was reported in 1925. The recent detection of novel Leptospira species indicates that there could be more new Leptospira species, serovars, and strains as the locations and hosts studied are scarce. The detection of similar Leptospira species and serovars in animals, environments, and humans  toward leptospirosis is crucial. This information is critical to developing strategies for behavior changes toward safer practices. Several studies have been conducted in different communities and workplaces in Malaysia between 2018 and 2022. Such a study conducted in rural communities in Selangor showed that more than half of the participants had poor knowledge, and it was associated with unacceptable attitudes and practices towards leptospirosis . In urbaLeptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia, and the cases increased from 2004 to 2015, with the peak in 2015, then decreasing till 2017, and increasing till 2019. The decline in cases in 2020 and 2021 was presumably associated with behavioral changes due to the MCO. As the MCO has been lifted, it is expected that the cases might increase again as more people are involved in outdoor and recreational activities. Recently, local newspapers reported that a prisoner died  and a boLeptospira species. One study [Leptospira species or strains between animals, environments, and humans. Nevertheless, it still can be concluded that the detection of similar Leptospira species and serovars in human, animal, and environmental samples showed human-animal-environment interconnection. L. interrogans could be the predominant circulating species as it is detected in rodents infesting a range of ecological settings as well as in domestic animals, environments, and humans. L. interrogans was also the earliest detected Leptospira species in Malaysia [This review compiled the studies of leptospirosis in Malaysia focusing on the isolation and detection of leptospires in animals, environment, and humans as well as leptospirosis cases reported in the local newspapers. Most of the studies performed independent research which either focused on animals or environment or humans (Additional file ne study  includedMalaysia . AutumnaBased on the risk factors, leptospirosis cases, and death are mainly associated with recreational and non-recreational water activities. In other countries such as Brazil and Thailand, the occurrence of leptospirosis is largely associated with animal farming and agriculture , 107. ThLeptospira has also been isolated from “unconventional” hosts such as elephants, porcupines, bats, snakes, and frogs [Although previous studies provided insight into the human-animal-environment relationship in the occurrence of leptospirosis, more is needed to provide a complete understanding and knowledge of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Malaysia as the studies were only performed in a limited number of settings and states. Hence, more studies on humans, animals, and environments are needed covering various locations in Malaysia. In other countries, nd frogs . It woulLeptospira species, serovars, and strains. The current gold standard, MAT, for diagnosing leptospirosis requires a panel of locally prevalent serovars. Local serovars such as Sarawak and Terengganu have been detected in humans [It is of paramount importance not only to identify but also to isolate the local n humans , 76, 79 n humans . TherefoLeptospira species, serovars, and strains have different virulence levels and are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. It is worth noting that some people who died of leptospirosis in Malaysia had pulmonary hemorrhage [Leptospira species or serovars are not known for most of these patients except for one case caused by serovar Lai: Langkawi [L. interrogans can cause severe infection and pulmonary hemorrhage in hamsters [Leptospira from animals, environments, and humans in Malaysia are necessary to understand the virulence potential of this bacteria.Furthermore, the morrhage , coughinmorrhage . Leptospmorrhage –112. TheLangkawi , showinghamsters . Hence, The limited studies in assessing public awareness toward leptospirosis urge the need to do more studies in different communities, workplaces, and localities are needed to assess the overall level of knowledge and awareness regarding leptospirosis in Malaysia.KAP studies have been performed only in Peninsular Malaysia, and conducting similar studies in Sabah and Sarawak, which recorded many leptospiroses, is paramount. Nevertheless, previous studies also showed that more campaigns are needed to generate awareness of leptospirosis and dissemination of information.Leptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia. This review highlighted the need to perform more studies on leptospires in animals and environments in different places for prevention strategies and improving diagnosis and early treatment. Assessing people’s awareness of leptospirosis is needed to implement the strategy that could help them perform good practices toward leptospirosis prevention.Additional file 1: Summary of studies on animals, environment and humans in Malaysia.


Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) research articles.  This study aims to create a science map, provide structural analysis, investigate evolution, and identify new trends in Helicobacter publications were gathered from the Web of Science (WoS) database from August 2010 to 2021. The data were required for bibliometric analysis. The bibliometric analysis was performed with Bibliometrix R Tool. Bibliometric data were analyzed using the Bibliometrix Biblioshiny R-package software.  All H. pylori literature included. In journals, 21,102 keywords plus and 20,490 author keywords were reported. These articles were also written by 56,106 different authors, with 262 being single-author articles. Most authors' abstracts, titles, and keywords included “Helicobacter-pylori.” Since 2010, the total number of H. pylori-related publications has been decreasing. Gut, PLOS ONE, and Gastroenterology are the most influential H. pylori journals, according to source impact. China, the United States, and Japan are the countries with most affiliations and subjects. In addition, Seoul National University has published the most articles about H. pylori. According to the cloud word plot, the authors' most frequently used keywords are gastric cancer (GC), H. pylori, gastritis, eradication, and inflammation. “Helicobacter pylori” and “infection” have the steepest slopes in terms of the upward trend of words used in articles from 2010 to 2021. Subjects such as GC, intestinal metaplasia, epidemiology, peptic ulcer, eradication, and clarithromycin are included in the diagram's motor theme section, according to strategic diagrams. According to the thematic evolution map, topics such as Helicobacter pylori infection, B-cell lymphoma, CagA, Helicobacter pylori, and infection were largely discussed between 2010 and 2015. From 2016 to 2021, the top topics covered included Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori infection, and infection. A total of 17,413 articles were reviewed and analyzed, with descriptive characteristics of the  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral gram-negative bacterium located on the epithelial surface of the stomach [H. pylori infection ranges from 20% to 50% in developed countries to more than 80% in developing countries [H. pylori-related symptoms [H. pylori is always a pathogen that all populations would be better off without and that it should therefore be eradicated [ stomach . The presymptoms , an enoradicated .H. pylori infection risk factors include low socioeconomic status [H. pylori infection has been associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers (1–10% of infected patients), gastric cancer (GC) (0.1–3%), and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (less than 0.01%) [H. pylori is a known carcinogen for the development of GC, as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [H. pylori to the etiology of otherwise unexplained iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and vitamin B12 deficiency. Under these circumstances, H. pylori needs to be identified and eradicated [c status , an incrc status , and havc status . This inc status . Therefon 0.01%) . H. pyloadicated –11.H. pylori as an important pathogen. According to published data, the majority of these studies focused on six broad categories: genetics, enzymes, antioxidants, microbial community, nanoparticles, and amino acids. Genetic diversity is one of the most important factors that contribute to the survival and virulence of H. pylori [H. pylori to ensure microbial virulence [H. pylori [H. pylori can induce changes in microbial populations in favor of infection and pathogenicity progression [H. pylori treatment options [H. pylori infection. Some of amino acids, such as alanine, can contribute to infection progression, while others, such as L-tyrosine, have an inhibitory effect [Based on the evidence, it is estimated that the relationship between this microbe and its host dates back 100,000 years . In the . pylori . Multiplirulence . Several. pylori , 16. Thegression . Nanopargression , have be options . Finallyy effect .Mahala and Singh analyzed research output in Indian universities by retrieving 26,173 documents, including conference proceedings, journal articles, and review papers. It was discovered that science research outputs have been steadily increasing, with the University of Delhi (DU) having the most publications. Furthermore, multiauthored articles were found to have a higher research impact because they were cited more frequently than single-authored papers. The United States, South Korea, and Germany collaborated most with Indian universities, such as Anna University, Indian Institute of Technology, and the Center for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of India. This study also revealed the recent growth trend of top Indian universities. The findings could be used to help determine where to focus efforts in order to increase scientific research output even more .H. pylori research, and the G7 developed countries produced the majority of the world's total output. The term “ulcer” remains a hotspot in H. pylori research, and the use of “gastric cancer” has increased over the 18-year study period [In a study by Suk et al., 37,451 publications were displayed during the 18-year study period, including 19,080 articles, 10,396 conference abstracts, 2,625 reviews, 1,943 proceedings, and 1,866 letters. In the Science Citation Index, 1,727 journals were listed in 122 subject categories. The fields of clinical gastroenterology, hepatology, microbiology, pharmacology, and pharmacy have conducted the majority of H. pylori papers in the Web of Science (WoS). The Science Citation Index Expanded was used in this study, which contains 59,904 documents related to H. pylori publications on the Web of Science from 1900 to 2016 to identify classic papers. This article presents classic H. pylori papers with at least 1,000 citations from the Web of Science Core Collection published between 1991 and 2007, sorted by publication language, document type, publication output, and journal availability. The output distribution and lifecycle of Web of Science categories, publications by author, institution, country, and citations are used to evaluate classic documents. Among these papers, the study by Parsonet et al. was the most cited paper in the Web of Science Core Collection, from the date of its initial publication until the end of 2016. Finally, the findings revealed that the H. pylori study's three main research foci were gastric cancer, low-grade gastric lymphoma, and the CagA gene [Suk and et al. presented another study on classic agA gene .In their scientometric study on gastritis in G20 countries, Amanullah and Rajeswari used data obtained from the Web of Science and analyzed them using HistCite and VOSviewer. The results show that Malfertheiner, Graham, and Megraud are their three most cited authors, having been cited 4,933, 4,588, and 4,129 times, respectively. According to journal analysis, the Gut journal  is the most cited, followed by World Journal of Gastroenterology , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Infection and Immunity, Gastroenterology , and Journal of Immunology . In accordance with an institutional citation analysis, Vanderbilt University is the most cited (5952 citations), followed by Baylor College of Medicine , Magdeburg University , Hokkaido University , Aberdeen University , INSERM , and Tokyo University  .Moradi et al. conducted a case study of the D8 countries to assess studies on health science based on the quadruple helix model using content analysis as well as altmetric and scientometric indicators from the Altmetrics.com and WOS databases. The findings revealed that the majority of interactions occurred in the innovation and knowledge spaces, with quadruple imbalances observed in the countries studied. Furthermore, certain interactions occurred across all social networks, demonstrating that users in the D8 countries are concerned with health-related issues. Clinical sciences had the most interaction across all four spaces. In the current approach, this model has never been used with altmetric data .n = 547). The majority of research documents were published in medicine (49.70%), followed by immunology and microbiology (35.72%). Biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology were the other preferred domains (22.32%). Since January 2020, an unprecedented number of publications have been devoted to COVID-19, and there has been a significant increase in research findings in this area [Sahoo and Pandey showed that 53.57%  of the investigated research documents were published on open-access platforms. In analyzing the researchers' journal preferences, Journal of Virology was identified as the most preferred journal, producing approximately 5.48% (839) of the articles. The research output was found to be dominated by China and the United States, with the University of Hong Kong producing the highest percentage of research papers  OR (helicobacter OR gastrospirillum))) AND LANGUAGE: (English) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (article), timespan: 2010–2021.In 2021, all H. pylori data were collected from the WoS using a search strategy that spanned ten years, from August 2010 to 2021. The information has been obtained using Boolean operators based on keywords, titles, and abstracts. However, nonrelated conference abstracts, books, and articles were excluded. Since the majority of the terms in this field were in English, the search strategy was restricted to articles published in English in all WoS databases. The data required for bibliometric analysis, such as authors, year of publication, journal, affiliation, country of origin, organizations, financing organization, and keywords, were extracted as a plain text file from the database, with no ethical validation required (required .https://bibliometrix.org/biblioshiny.html) [Annual scientific production and year of publicationSources and documents published on the subjectAuthors and institutions that work in this fieldCountries that have played a role in publishing these articlesKeywords, subjects, and themes in this fieldThe bibliometric analysis was performed with Bibliometrix R Tool . Bibliomny.html) . The R tny.html) . This biny.html) :Annual sCoword analysis was used to analyze keyword co-occurrences as well as identify relationships and interactions between research topics and emerging research trends. Also, the content analysis technique was used to map the strength of association between keywords in textual data . This teH. pylori literature shown in A total of 17,413 articles were reviewed and analyzed , with deH. pylori infection is shown in H. pylori infection, and reduced complications. In contrast, the number of articles published in 2018 increased, indicating that researchers focused on topics such as drug resistance as well as basic issues such as genetics, enzymatic discussions, antioxidant activity, microbial connections, and amino acids [H. pylori-related articles has been declining since 2019.The annual scientific production on no acids . FinallyH. pylori literature.The source impact and the Bradford law were both used to determine the original and influential journals contributing to the H. pylori literature.The ranking of journals is shown in Bradford's law of variance is the law of diminishing returns and variance. Bradford wrote that he enacted the act in 1948 and asserted that, for certain subjects, “there are some very prolific journals, many more modest producers, and many more in ever-decreasing production.” The Bradford law divides journals into three zones. For each issue or topic, the top one-third (zone 1 or core) represents the journals that are most frequently cited in the literature on that topic and are therefore most likely to be of interest to researchers in the field. The middle third (zone 2) contains journals with an average citation frequency, whereas the bottom third (zone 3 or tail) contains journals that are rarely cited and of marginal importance to the field. Zone 1 contains the most important journals in this field. There are 43 journals in zone 1, and the remaining journals are located in zones 2 and 3. The top twenty journals in zone 1 are shown in H. pylori publications is shown in A three-fold analysis of H. pylori subjects have been considered in most countries and affiliations. Moreover, Seoul National University has published the highest number of articles on H. pylori. So, Seoul National University and China are the influential university and country for H. pylori, respectively.China has most collaborations with most affiliations and subjects, followed by the United States and Japan. H. pylori articles by total citations published between 2010 and 2021. The following is a summary of the core H. pylori articles:The epidemiological study conducted by Siegel et al. addressed the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer-related deaths, with a focus on death rates, cancer incidence over a 12-year period in the United States, and mortality for any reason was standardized by age. According to the findings, the type of cancer and gender can predict the annual incidence of cancer and cancer-related deaths to some extent. Furthermore, the occurrence of cancer types was predicted by gender, race, and the state in which the person lived .H. pylori, as well as the H. pylori genome sequence, and proposed a new model for mapping and annotating the pathogen's initial transcription [Furthermore, Sharma et al. investigated the primary transcriptome of the major human pathogen cription .The study by Arnold et al. looked at the global incidence of esophageal cancer by a histological subtype in 2012, as well as the rate and pattern of gastric cancer incidence. According to the findings, men are three times more likely than women to develop GC and noncardiac cancer of the stomach which is about 2.1 times more likely than GC .H. pylori, on the internal microbiota in the throat and lower intestine. Significant changes in bacterial diversity were observed one week after antibiotic treatment in all treated individuals at both sites. Furthermore, actinobacteria in the throat and feces were significantly reduced immediately after treatment. Although microbiota diversity eventually improved in pretreatment conditions, the microbiota remained abnormal in some cases for up to four years after treatment. Furthermore, high levels of the macrolide resistance gene erm(B) were found four years after treatment, indicating that antibiotic resistance may persist for longer than previously thought. This highlights the importance of limited use of antibiotics to prevent further treatment failure and the possible spread of antibiotic resistance [The study by Jakobsson et al. evaluated the short- and long-term effects of clarithromycin and metronidazole, a common treatment regimen for sistance .H. pylori being the most common microbial agent. As a result, detecting and eliminating some infectious agents will be a highly effective method of lowering cancer incidence [Moreover, Plummer et al. conducted a synthetic study in 2012 to investigate the global burden of cancers attributable to infections and the effect of infectious agents on the incidence of various cancers. According to the findings, infectious agents cause about 15% of all cancers each year, with ncidence .H. pylori treatment for increasing antibiotic resistance and highlighted the degree of antibiotic resistance to the three-drug regimen, recommending the use of the most effective enzymes in each region with a success rate of more than 90%, based on the prevalence of regional differences [Finally, Graham studied ferences .H. pylori publications are divided into four categories: keywords plus, titles, abstracts, and author's keywords  infection [H. pylori infection and GC is well known [H. pylori infection in asymptomatic patients is quite effective in preventing gastric cancer [H. pylori requires the expression of several genes or inflammation markers in order to be pathogenic. In some patients, risk factors contribute to the symptoms or complications associated with H. pylori infection. These risk factors are more prevalent in some patients.As shown in nfection . The assll known . Eradicac cancer . H. pyloH. pylori, gastritis, eradication, and inflammation are the most frequently used terms.H. pylori infection is the most important risk factor for GC. People who are infected with H. pylori have a much higher incidence of GC than those who are not [H. pylori infection leads to many changes in the gastric mucosa, which can lead to complications such as inflammation, immune dysfunction and apoptosis, mitochondrial changes, aging, and gastric dysbacteriosis [H. pylori eradication improves the majority of GI symptoms, such as indigestion, abdominal pain, bloating, and decreasing the risk of bleeding in patients with a history of GI bleeding [GC is the fifth most common cancer in the world  and the  are not . H. pyloteriosis . H. pylobleeding , 50, theHelicobacter pylori and infection have the steepest slopes, while the other terms have a less steep slope.H. pylori disease, in which the x-axis represents density and the y-axis represents the thematic center and divides the diagram into four parts.Strategic diagrams can be used to assess the significance and progression of subjects. The subjects in the bottom left quarters are emerging and declining subjects; new subjects may appear or disappear in this section. The subjects depicted in the lower right quarter are the main traverse subjects, with low density and high centrality, indicating that they have been studied extensively. Furthermore, the subjects in the upper left quarter are denser and less centrality. These topics are well developed but distinct. The subjects shown in the upper right quarter have high density and high centrality. These subjects are developed and essential. This map shows the subjects over a ten-year period. As can be seen, the theme engine and the emerging section have produced the majority of the subjects.H. pylori, gastritis, and CagA. In addition, inflammation, stomach, and helicobacter are all found in the center. Furthermore, subjects such as gastric cancer, intestinal metaplasia, epidemiology, peptic ulcer, eradication, and clarithromycin are included in the diagram's motor theme section. In recent years, clarithromycin triple or drug therapy has been one of the recommended treatment regimens for H. pylori infection [H. pylori infection is the most important risk factor for intestinal metaplasia, a precancerous stage of GC. Eradication of H. pylori can improve intestinal metaplasia and thus prevent GC [H. pylori infection and a decrease in duodenal ulcers in recent years, epidemiological studies show that the number of gastric ulcers and GC continues to rise [The emerging section of the diagram contains subjects such as nfection . H. pyloevent GC . Since tevent GC . Despite to rise .H. pylori infection and obesity [H. pylori infection and childhood obesity or overweight [Numerous studies have found an association between  obesity , but somerweight .H. pylori infection can be diagnosed using a number of different approaches. We can classify these techniques as either invasive or noninvasive. In cases that H. pylori infection has been treated or the rate of virus colonization is low, immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive method for diagnosing the infection [H. pylori causes limited cell death (apoptosis) [nfection . To achioptosis)  or a greoptosis) .H. pylori infection, day-by-day interest in new treatment regimens with greater efficacy and fewer side effects has grown. One of these techniques is the incorporation of probiotics into treatment regimens, which increases treatment efficacy and decreases treatment-related side effects [In addition, due to the increasing resistance of antibiotics to treat  effects . Also, aH. pylori infection. Biblioshiny was used to perform thematic evolution, which is displayed in two-time sections. The first section covers the years 2010 to 2015, during which time the articles were analyzed and topics such as Helicobacter pylori infection, B-cell lymphoma, CagA, Helicobacter pylori, and infection were discussed. Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori infection, and infection are among the topics covered from 2016 to 2021. In addition, some cases of B-cell lymphoma and CagA have evolved into Helicobacter pylori and H. pylori infection between 2010 and 2021.The thematic evolution map shows the historical trend and progression of H. pylori have a high incidence compared to other types of cancer. In recent years, however, the evolution of bacterial diagnosis and treatment has advanced due to the development of new techniques [H. pylori infection is B-cell lymphoma. Multiple studies have demonstrated that H. pylori eradication can result in regression of primary gastric lymphoma [H. pylori, the number of articles on lymphoma has decreased.Cancers associated with chniques . The rarlymphoma . Due to H. pylori increases the risk of complications such as peptic ulcer disease and GC [H. pylori treatment is unrelated to the bacterial species, studies on this species have declined in recent years. In addition, each term is defined in the nodes of Numerous studies have demonstrated that infection with the CagA strain of e and GC , 63. GivHelicobacter-related articles published in the WoS database between 2010 and 2021 using bibliometric and visualization techniques. During this time, 56,106 authors published 17,413 articles on Helicobacter in 2,365 scientific journals. The co-authorship rate was reported to be 3.27, indicating a relatively high level of collaboration. The documents per author were reported to be 0.31, with almost all three authors involved in writing an article. Gut, PLOS ONE, and Gastroenterology are the most important journals contributing to the H. pylori literature. This study's data illustrated the progression of studies in recent years and the varying concentrations of evaluations in different years.This study analyzed the authors, countries, affiliation, keywords, key research streams, and themes addressed in H. pylori infection is very common, possibly affecting more than half of the world's population [H. pylori infection transmission. Other routes of transmission, such as the consumption of contaminated water or food, may also be involved in the disease's transmission [pulation . Person-smission . This insmission . Besidessmission .H. pylori infection, which are classified as invasive or noninvasive tests. Endoscopy is used to test tissue samples in invasive methods, but it is not required in noninvasive methods. Immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive method for diagnosing H. pylori infection in treated cases or cases with low bacterial colonization [There are several methods for diagnosing nization .H. pylori is one of the most enduring and potent human pathogens. Several strategies have been used to increase its adaptation and survival in the host body [ost body . One of ost body , 68. On ost body . As a reH. pylori is one of the subjects that researchers have always considered, emphasizing the significance of H. pylori infection. However, a review of annual scientific production revealed that the number of studies addressing H. pylori has decreased sharply since 2019 and the start of the global COVID 19 pandemic, owing to medical researchers' focus on COVID-19 disease, its related complications, ways to treat and control COVID-19 disease, and the impact of this pandemic on most medical issues, including H. pylori.This systematic review concentrated on studies published in the last ten years. The findings revealed that H. pylori. Furthermore, China, the United States, and Japan published most H. pylori-related articles. Some of the most cited articles have been those focusing on epidemiological topics and GC. H. pylori infection, a bacterial carcinogen, is the greatest risk factor for GC, a disease that claims hundreds of thousands of lives annually [H. pylori infection, and cancer has been mentioned more frequently than other terms  in H. pylori-related articles.Gut, PLOS ONE, and Gastroenterology have published the most articles about annually . Due to H. pylori infection and gastric malt lymphoma (GML) is well established, and the incidence of GML has decreased in recent years due to earlier diagnosis. According to the findings of this study, the number of meta-analysis studies has increased in recent years as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased outpatient visits, travel restrictions, home quarantines, delays in elective care, and decreased patient access. This study also revealed that most articles focused on new treatment regimens with lower resistance and greater efficacy in eradicating H. pylori, such as the use of probiotics. Furthermore, the number of articles focusing on subjects such as B-cell lymphoma and CagA has decreased in recent years due to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of H. pylori infection, more effective treatments, and the role of species such as CagA in bacterial pathogenesis.The relationship between H. pylori infection through colonization, damage to the host epithelium, and provision of essential metabolic substrates as one of the most important virulence factors has shifted researchers' attention to the association of microbes with various enzymes in recent publications [H. pylori in order to protect the microbe from the acidic conditions of the stomach and its mucous membranes at low pH [The role of enzymes in establishing ications . Urease,t low pH , 71. Catt low pH .H. pylori and reduce the risk of GC and its treatment [Hericium erinaceus possesses antioxidant properties that can prevent H. pylori infection [As antioxidants can prevent the production of DNA-damaging free radicals and the treatment of H. pylori infection is one of the most important topics related to this microbe, numerous studies have examined antioxidants as a means to prevent chronic infection with reatment , 16. Nganfection .H. pylori infection, the microbial community can cause changes by influencing the population of gastric microbes [H. pylori and other microorganisms and the increased risk of GC, several studies have attempted to identify the microbial population affected by H. pylori in the context of infectivity and tumorigenesis; however, additional research is necessary to investigate this topic [In microbes . By altemicrobes . Due to is topic .H. pylori infection. On the other hand, one of the primary disadvantages of nanoparticles is their lack of shared characteristics; consequently, nanoparticles have likely been the subject of fewer studies [H. pylori, numerous studies have demonstrated that the majority of amino acids promote microbial activity and infectivity, while only a few, such as L-tyrosine, inhibit bacterial activity [H. pylori, they are not considered interesting topics for the study by researchers.Both nanoparticles and amino acids have received less research. The issue of nanoparticles is associated with therapeutic topics. In addition, bismuth with two antibiotics metronidazole and tetracycline or metronidazole and amoxicillin is the most effective treatment to prevent  studies , 77. Sinactivity , 78, 79.Helicobacter pylori literature published between 2010 and 2021. These influential characteristics will have an effect on future core investigations. In this study, researchers examined 17,413 published articles by 56,106 authors. This study revealed that Gut, PLOS ONE, and Gastroenterology are the most influential journals for H. pylori research. Journals comply with Bradford's law, and 43 journals are classified in zone 1 and are more important than others. In addition, Seoul National University has the most published papers on H. pylori. Lastly, Seoul National University and China are the influential Helicobacter university and nation, respectively.This study identified significant and influential aspects of the H. pylori infection can lead to several complications. Furthermore, the only place this organism colonizes is the stomach, as indicated by the term gastric. H. pylori requires expression of several genes or inflammatory markers that establish the virulence of this bacterium. Risk factors cause symptoms or complications associated with H. pylori.H. pylori infection remains an important and challenging issue in the healthcare systems of all nations and costs a significant amount of money annually. It is well known that pathogenic strains such as CagA, VacA, and HtrA, activation of pathways such as NF-kappa B, and induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha protein contribute to the pathogenicity of H. pylori infection.Due to its complications, H. pylori has decreased significantly, and the consequences may result in an increase in complications such as GI bleeding and GC in the coming years. Thus, researchers in various fields of clinical and basic sciences should shift their attention to various facets of this significant bacterium.Future research into the targeted treatment of pathogenic strains or the treatment and control of pathogenic pathways and proteins may be of great assistance in reducing the disease's complications. In the last two years, as a result of the global COVID-19 epidemic, the number of studies on H. pylori research. This scientometric analysis and visualization are promising for comprehensively reflecting the global picture of classification-based H. pylori research and have potential for visualizing the emerging trends in other research fields [This scientometric review offers useful reference points for early-stage researchers and provides valuable in-depth information to experienced researchers and practitioners in the field of h fields .H. pylori and the type of treatment described in the literature due to multiple antibiotic resistance.Nonetheless, our research had some limitations. Our study's main limitation was a lack of access to the full text of a large number of articles. This cause, combined with a lack of funds, posed numerous challenges for our team in moving the project forward. An important point to consider as a future direction in upcoming projects is the relationship between


Theileria orientalis. It has now become established in the Australasia region. The organism was long considered a benign cause of persistent infections; however, an increase in clinical outbreaks since 2006 in the eastern Australian states and New Zealand was associated with the identification of the pathogenic Ikeda (Type 2) and Chitose (Type 1) genotypes. Unlike the pathogenic T. parva and T. annulate, which target leucocytes, clinical manifestation with T. orientalis is due to its effects on erythrocytes, with the infection sometimes designated as Theileria associated bovine anemia (TABA). In Australia and New Zealand, the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is the principal vector, though other Haemaphysalis species are also likely vectors. The endemic status of infection with pathogenic genotypes in areas with low or absent tick populations is an apparent paradox that may be attributable to alternative modes of transmission, such as mechanical transmission by hematophagous insects , vertical transmission, and transmission via iatrogenic means. This review addresses the evidence for the different modes of transmission of T. orientalis with particular focus on the reported and potential vectors in Australasia.Oriental theileriosis, a disease primarily impacting cattle is caused by an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan parasite,  Theileria species [Theileria orientalis, have been reviewed [T. orientalis [T. orientalis management, with a focus on immunity, has also been published [The evolutionary and genetic diversity of  species , and in reviewed , as haveientalis . A recenublished . In thisTheileria  [Theileria species is usually restricted to tropical and subtropical regions where suitable tick vectors occur [T. parva, is prevalent across the eastern, central, and southern parts of Africa and was later reported in Comoros [T. annulata has a wider distribution than T. Parva [T. orientalis, resulting in significant production and productivity losses.Bovine theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite of the genus leridae) . The geors occur . The firrs occur . East Co Comoros . TropicaT. Parva . AlthougT. orientalis complex was first detected from cattle in 1910 and was named T. mutans [T. sergenti/buffeli/orientalis), with the parasite group known as T. buffeli in Australia, T. sergenti in Japan, and T. orientalis in other countries. However, more recently, the organism is generally classified as T. orientalis based on genes encoding immunogenic piroplasm surface proteins [In Australia, a member of the . mutans ,12. The Babesia and Theileria [Theileria is distinguished by sporozoite infection of leukocytes followed by maturation of schizonts into merozoites and subsequent infection of erythrocytes to form piroplasms, whereas Babesia infection only involves erythrocytes [The Phylum Apicomplexa is divided into three orders and two suborders with the order Piroplasmorida containing the genera heileria . Theilerhrocytes .T. orientalis complex, including type 1 (chitose), type 2 (Ikeda), type 3 (buffeli), and types 4–8, are currently recognized based on the sequence of the major piroplasm surface protein (MSPS) gene [T. orientalis, designated N-1, N-2, and N-3, have been reported to infect sheep, water buffalo, and cattle, respectively [Globally, eight distinct genotypes of the ectively . Of thesectively ,16 Wholeectively . A recenectively , furtherTheileria parasites infect a broad range of wild and domestic animals, with the highest prevalence in tropical and subtropical climates, and their distribution is dependent on the availability and competence of suitable tick vectors [T. orientalis genotypes and affected countries have been reviewed [ vectors . Reportsreviewed  and the T. orientalis was considered benign with only occasional reports of clinical cases, some of which were associated with fatalities recorded in Queensland in the 1960s [Theileria piroplasms have been seen regularly in blood smears from cattle in NSW, until 2007–2008 it had been assumed that these were from Buffeli-type organisms, considered of low pathogenicity [T. orientalis genotypes was detected in apparently healthy cattle [In Australia, the infection of cattle with genicity . In addigenicity . While tgenicity ,23. Sincgenicity ,23, and genicity  and moregenicity ,26. Howey cattle .H. longicornis rather than with that of H. bancrofti or H. humerosa [H. longicornis was not detected or known to be present [H. bancrofti and H. humerosa were shown to transmit T. orientalis Buffeli [The spread of clinical theileriosis in Australia due to the genotype Ikeda has been reported to correspond with the known range of humerosa . However present . The sam Buffeli . These fT. orientalis genotypes (Chitose and Buffeli) was in 1982 [T. orientalis Ikeda predominantly occurs in the North Island rather than in the South Island where the distribution of H. longicornis is sparse [T. orientalis Ikeda that are capable of infecting naïve H. longicornis, leading to speculation that they might have played an important role in the rapid spread of oriental theileriosis in the New Zealand. Sheep may similarly have a role in the epidemiology of theileriosis in Australia and this warrants investigation.In New Zealand, the first published report on the  in 1982  and the  in 1982 ,31. Prevs sparse ,33. Lawrs sparse  recentlyT. orientalis genotypes—type 1 (Chitose), type 2 (Ikeda), type 3 (Buffeli), and type 5 are present [T. orientalis infection often presents as a mixture of genotypes contributing to the persistence of the organism by allowing the parasite to evade the host immune response and is a clear indication of a lack of cross-protection among the genotypes [In Australia, four of the  present ,35,36,37 present  and this present . There w present . Moreove present . Overallenotypes ,37,38.T. orientalis genotypes is warranted to determine whether a new species designation should be applied.The presence of Ikeda in mixed infections may result in increased virulence in some herds as it might outcompete less pathogenic genotypes, leading to their displacement by the more virulent genotype ,40. ThisT. orientalis genotypes are regarded as a long-term carriers [T. orientalis inside the host varies depending on the genotype inoculated by ticks. An Australian study showed that the genotype Ikeda was detected first in naïve cattle introduced to endemic areas and in herds with mixed infections, suggesting it has a shorter prepatent period and/or a more efficient multiplication inside the tick vector [T. orientalis infections from the Northern Tablelands and North Coast regions since 2009 revealed that co-infections with both pathogenic and non-pathogenic genotypes were most common [T. orientalis in healthy cattle suggests the need for caution in using Theileria-positive PCR results to arrive at a definitive diagnosis of clinical disease [Cattle infected with carriers . Howeverk vector . In a dit common . Overall disease . While t disease , this ap disease .H. longicornis in Victoria and other states has also been suspected of contributing to the spread of T. orientalis [T. orientalis, such as sheep in New Zealand, are thought to have played a significant role in the epidemiology of infection in that country [A risk factor linked to the rapid spread of clinical theileriosis is the movement of infected cattle or vectors without appropriate quarantine measures ,44. A hiientalis ,46. Simi country . The str country  and preg country ,48.T. orientalis, it is not always clear whether the information provided relates to the epidemic or endemic phase of the disease. Furthermore, the endemic phase of piroplasm diseases such as babesiosis can typically be divided into areas of enzootic/endemic stability and those characterized by enzootic/endemic instability [The epidemiology of most infectious diseases changes with time after introduction, as herd immunity develops and the rates of transmission and clinical disease decline as the disease progresses from epidemic to endemic status . In the tability . In the tability . On the T. orientalis in Australia, with high levels of maternal antibody co-existing with high parasitemia loads in young calves in an area where infection is endemic, but, in this case, while calves appeared to be protected against mortality, both clinical and subclinical anemia were induced with the degree of anemia associated with the level of parasitemia [A similar situation has been reported for asitemia .T. orientalis infection rate of 43% in the fall compared to 14% in summer and 11% in the spring [Theileria infection rates was caused by an increase in exposure to H. longicornis in the same study.Changes in the seasonal prevalence of tick-borne pathogens are caused by changes in the abundance, infection rates, and extent of exposure to questing ticks . In a ste spring . The graH. longicornis, except eggs, were able to overwinter in pasture soil, with Theileria being detected in the salivary glands of overwintered nymphal stages, contributing to outbreaks of epidemics in the spring [H. longicornis nymphs, stressed periparturient cows, and the birth of naïve calves, each contributing to outbreak episodes. There have not been equivalent studies on H. bancrofti, which is also a competent vector tick species.Many species of ticks are adapted to seasonal variations in climate within their geographical range. A study from Japan observed that all developmental stages of e spring . In Auste spring  with conStomoxys were reported to be abundant in both dry and wet seasons [With regard to potential mechanical animate vectors, meteorological variables, such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed or atmospheric pressure, influence the daily activity patterns of biting flies with each species responding differently . Cool te seasons .T. orientalis pass transstadially [Theileria parasites are classified into two groups, transforming  and non-transforming , by their ability to transform leukocytes in the infected hosts [T. parva, there is little or no multiplication in the erythrocytes, with multiplication occurring exclusively in lymphocytes. In contrast, multiple rounds of asexual division have been observed to occur in both the erythrocytes and lymphocytes for T. annulata [T. orientalis infection are associated with the destruction of infected erythrocytes and subsequent anemia. Hence, the red blood cell phase (piroplasm), rather than the leukocyte phase (schizont), drives the pathogenesis of the species [The developmental stages of tadially ,62, but tadially ,34. Broaed hosts . In T. pannulata . However species .T. orientalis carried out at different times, identified the ticks, H. bancrofti [H. humerosa (later reclassified as H. bremneri), and H. longicornis Neumann, 1901, as potential vectors [H. longicornis is the main biological vector in Australia and New Zealand [T. orientalis genotypes in a range of tick species, as is summarized in In Australia, transmission experiments with ancrofti , H. hume vectors ,29,65,66 Zealand , and in  Zealand ,69. ThouH. longicornis , but sheep may also be heavily infected and have recently been implicated as asymptomatic carriers of T. orientalis Ikeda infections in New Zealand [H. longicornis is thought to originate from northern Japan [H. bancrofti, Macropodoidae  are the primary hosts, the tick has also been found on cattle [H. bancrofti in the sub-coastal areas of Queensland and northern New South Wales, while it has a localized distribution in southern New South Wales [The distribution patterns of ticks in one location can vary because of fluctuations in the relative density of host animals which may sustain the life cycle and/or their introduction into non-endemic areas. In Australia, cattle are the preferred hosts of  Zealand . The Ausrn Japan . The spern Japan  and in Wn cattle . There hth Wales .H. longicornis in Australia and New Zealand are considered parthenogenic, with adult females able to lay fertile eggs in the absence of a male [H. longicornis, except the eggs, overwintered on pasture [H. bancrofti on the Northern Tablelands of NSW, Australia  and Dasybasis oculata (48%) were more sensitive to the host’s defensive movements and required as many as nine partial meals to reach engorgement [T. orientalis was not detected in tabanid flies (Dasybasis spp.) in one study [D. circumdata [Tabanids (commonly known as horse or march flies) are major livestock pests due to their painful bite and landing rate of up to 1000 per hour . They arorgement ,95. In Ane study ; howeverrcumdata .T. orientalis in arthropod hosts is unknown. A study in Brazil showed that tabanid flies did transfer between horses separated by a distance of 50 m and this was recommended as a distance barrier to avoid the mechanical transmission of blood-borne parasites [T. orientalis, followed by critical experimentation to demonstrate transmission.Another important factor for mechanical transmission is the relative mobility of tabanid species in switching hosts after interrupted feeding since the survival of pathogens in the insect mouthparts is generally limited with time  althougharasites . An undeStomoxys spp.) can regurgitate part of their previous blood meal before taking up another, resulting in the transfer of high doses of pathogens [In addition to mechanical transmission via the contaminated mouthparts of biting flies, there is experimental evidence showing that stable flies  [Haematopinus eurysternus) [T. orientalis by lice is a concern as lice become more prevalent during winter when cattle experience physiological and nutritional stresses, both of which have been considered risk factors for oriental theileriosis. A study from Japan demonstrated that infestation with lice was responsible for the high rate of infection with T. orientalis in cattle during winter and among in-house cattle where ticks and horse flies were not active [There is experimental evidence of spension . Lice arspension , with Lin calves . There a vituli) ,85 and rsternus) . The mect active . NeverthCulicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), are among the smallest hematophagous flies, measuring 1–5 mm in length, with only females seeking blood for egg development [Culicoides species, C. brevitarsis, C. marksi, C. dycei, C. victoriae, C. schultzei, and C. peregrinus, are considered the most important species feeding on cattle [Culicoides [T. orientalis in C. brevitarsis and C. victoriae [C. brevitarsis, which has been previously reported to have seasonal movement from coastal areas, where the parasite is endemic, to inland areas [Biting midges, elopment . They caelopment . The Culn cattle . As artin cattle , the poolicoides  also makictoriae . Of partnd areas , greatlyOverall, mechanical transmission results in the absence of sexual reproduction of the parasite and is expected to reduce genetic diversity within the parasite population . Hence, T. orientalis, other modes of transmission need to be considered. One such method is vertical transmission between dams and their calves. In Australia, the microscopic detection of Theileria piroplasms was achieved from a 4-day-old calf [T. orientalis. Similar studies in New Zealand and Japan have also shown that the vertical transplacental transmission of T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection is unlikely in chronically infected dairy cows [T. orientalis was not detected in calves born to infected dams 0–30 days post-delivery. However, by 4 months of age, 88% of the calves had become positive for the Ikeda genotype despite the presence of mixed infection in some of the dams. These results suggest that, in a low-risk tick-infested area, the vertical transmission of T. orientalis could take at least three months to become detectable by PCR.Given the small volume of blood required for the transmission of old calf  and usinold calf ,107, whiiry cows ,109. In T. orientalis can be transmitted by low numbers of piroplasms, something that might also occur iatrogenically [It has also been shown that enically . RoutineT. parva within cultured lymphoblasts were transferred into recipient lymphocytes when inoculated into recipients [T. orientalis piroplasms in the colostrum, calves receiving colostrum within 6 h of birth failed to become qPCR positive [Other potential means of infection in homebred cattle include the infection of calves through blood transfer in the colostrum . It has cipients . In a stpositive , though T. orientalis, it was unclear whether seropositivity and a moderate infection intensity, as demonstrated by qPCR in a calf 36 h post-birth, were due to antibodies from a fetal immune response to infection in utero or were maternally derived post-partum [T. orientalis is currently unclear; however, the peak in parasite load in all calves tested in the same study occurred after the decline in antibody levels, at 5–8 weeks post-partum, suggestive of some protective effect.Antibodies are thought to have little role in immunity to theileria infections, since the main mechanism of immune protection against intracellular parasites is cell-mediated . The epit-partum . NonetheT. orientalis has long been considered to cause a mild persistent infection. However, since 2006, an increase in outbreaks of clinical theileriosis has been associated with the newly identified Ikeda and Chitose genotypes, particularly the former, and these are now becoming established in Australia and New Zealand. Moreover, there are reports of variation in virulence within the various T. orientalis genotypes. Although the ixodid tick, H. longicornis, is the known biological vector in Australasia, there is indirect evidence of transmission by other tick species. Nevertheless, Theileria infection is reported in areas where ticks are not detected. Under such circumstances, the mechanical transmission of T. orientalis by hematophagous insects, especially by sucking lice and stomoxyine flies [In Australia, the benign Buffeli genotype of ne flies , may plane flies  and tranne flies ,108, arene flies ,109.


On July 27, 2023, with the passing of Dr. Frank J Lagerwaard, the profession of radiation oncology lost an outstanding clinician and a brilliant researcher.Frank spent his childhood years in Rotterdam, Holland. He had graduated from St. Laurens College in 1981 and had earned his medical degree from the Erasmus University in Rotterdam in 1986. For a year between 1989-1990, Frank had worked at Militair Hospitaal Dr. A. Mathijsen as a Radiology Resident and had been a resident of Internal Medicine at the Ignatius Hospital until 1993. He stayed at the Daniel Den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam to complete his radiation oncology training between 1993-2002 and his work resulted in a thesis that earned Lagerwaard a Doctor of Philosophy degree. After 2002, Lagerwaard started to work at the VU University Medical Center (VUMC).MR Linac program at VUMC. Many scholars are indebted to Lagerwaard for his pioneering work on ablative MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy. He had welcomed many departments within VUMC to share their initial experiences with this cutting edge technology.Frank specialized in the treatment of CNS, lung, and pancreatic cancer. After 2006, he was involved in the development of the Dr. Lagerwaard impact on the field was profound and far-reaching. He was a brilliant researcher, as is evident from the numerous condolences we have received from colleagues all around the world. Each of these contain a personal story of how Frank had positively contributed to their individual careers, professional organizations, and personal lives. His colleagues will always remember this bright, irreverent, kind, and warm-hearted scientist. His contributions and his positive influence on the lives of many will be forever lasting. There can be no nobler legacy.EO: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. MB-D: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.


Gopi  RSC Advances article due to concerns with the reliability of the data in the published article.The Royal Society of Chemistry, with the agreement of the named authors, hereby wholly retracts this The optical images presented in Fig. 6a and c are identical. Furthermore, the images in Fig. 6a, c and e have been duplicated in other publications. The panels in Fig. 6a and c have been duplicated as Fig. 9a in Part of the image in Fig. 10c has been duplicated in Fig. 10e.The authors informed the Editor that the characterization of the original samples was outsourced, and they do not have the original raw data for the published results.Given the significance of the concerns about the validity of the data, and the lack of raw data, the findings presented in this paper are not reliable.N. Murugan was contacted but did not respond.Signed: D. Gopi, S. Ramya, E. Shinyjoy and L. KavithaDate: 16th March 2023RSC AdvancesRetraction endorsed by Laura Fisher, Executive Editor, Retractions


Ixodes ricinus complex that have been infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Today, LB is considered the most important human tick-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere. The causative agent was identified and successfully isolated in 1982 and, shortly thereafter, antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and efficacious. Since then, various in vitro studies have been conducted in order to improve our knowledge of the activity of antimicrobial agents against B. burgdorferi s. l. The full spectrum of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility has still not been defined for some of the more recently developed compounds. Moreover, our current understanding of the in vitro interactions between B. burgdorferi s. l. and antimicrobial agents, and their possible mechanisms of resistance remains very limited and is largely based on in vitro susceptibility experiments on only a few isolates of Borrelia. Even less is known about the possible mechanisms of the in vitro persistence of spirochetes exposed to antimicrobial agents in the presence of human and animal cell lines. Only a relatively small number of laboratory studies and cell culture experiments have been conducted. This review summarizes what is and what is not known about the in vitro susceptibility of B. burgdorferi s. l. It aims to shed light on the known unknowns that continue to fuel current debates on possible treatment resistance and mechanisms of persistence of Lyme disease spirochetes in the presence of antimicrobial agents.Human Lyme borreliosis (LB) represents a multisystem disorder that can progress in stages. The causative agents are transmitted by hard ticks of the  Ixodes (I.) ricinus complex that have been infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato  and at 2 µg/mL, the drug’s tentative breakpoint concentration for fastidious organisms , daptomycin and linezolid, which usually do not have in vitro activity against common Gram-negative bacteria, displayed a significant antibiotic effect against B. burgdorferi s.l. , initially produces no detectable bacilli by organ culture. However, reactivation of infection during this culture-negative state obviously occurs spontaneously or following immune suppression after the conclusion of treatment. Such reactivation is similarly documented for LB and syphilis in the literature [In terms of antimicrobial resistance, there is also circumstantial evidence for the development of acquired antimicrobial resistance in echanism . The posechanism ,158. Simnfection . The finis agent . Insteadis agent  and Hansis agent  in relapis agent ,149. Likterature ,146,160.B. burgdorferi s.l. has been observed in cardiac myocytes of experimentally infected mice and in dermal macrophages in vivo [B. burgdorferi s.l. overcomes the presence of ß-lactams by transitioning into a physiologically dormant state [B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates can indeed adhere to, invade and survive in human endothelial cells [B. burgdorferi s.l. and may provide important insights into possible evasion strategies of spirochetes—organisms that, despite their mainly extracellular residence are known for their close and sophisticated interactions with the various tissues of their hosts during the infection.In addition,  in vivo ,162. Somnt state ,134. As nt state , and a dal cells ,164. TheB. burgdorferi s.l., as has been the case for other bacterial pathogens. We still have many lessons to learn about the interactions between antimicrobial agents and B. burgdorferi s.l., as well as the potential mechanisms of spirochetes may have devised to overcome the presence of antimicrobial agents and host immunity in vivo. Recent studies provide evidence for the development of acquired in vitro resistance of B. burgdorferi s.l. against selected aminoglycosides, hygromycin A, and quinolones after prolonged exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of these drugs during in vitro culture. To date, however, there is no scientific evidence for clinically relevant acquired antimicrobial resistance against drugs that are commonly used for the therapy of B. burgdorferi s.l. infection as a cause of culture-confirmed persistence of borreliae in LB patients. The public health impact on patients with the persistence of borreliae after antimicrobial therapy is difficult to assess. Extrapolating the above-mentioned numbers from clinical investigations, a persistence rate of 1.5% in EM patients [Borrelia spp. In light of the excess morbidity and financial burden resulting from the healthcare challenges of LB patients, these issues contribute to critically important ongoing major public health issues [Over the last two decades, relatively little progress has been made in identifying possible mechanisms of persistence and antibiotic resistance for patients  and an apatients  would adpatients ,166,167.patients , and culpatients . During h issues ,61,114. h issues ,52 but ah issues .


It should be PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0259448Flood, M.W.; Grimm, B. EntropyHub: An open-source toolkit for entropic time series analysis. .In the original article , the refWith this correction, the order of references has not been changed. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.


Aedes mosquitoes  worldwide. Aedes aegypti is not currently established in Japan, and Ae. albopictus is the primary vector mosquito for DENV in the country, but knowledge of its viral susceptibility is limited. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the status of DENV susceptibility by comparing the infection and dissemination dynamics of Japanese Ae. albopictus to all known DENV serotypes with those of Ae. aegypti.Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is the most common viral infection transmitted by Ae. albopictus from Japan and one colony of Ae. aegypti from a dengue-endemic country (Vietnam). After 14 days of sucking, the mosquito body was divided into two parts (thorax/abdomen and head/wings/legs) and total RNA was extracted from each sample. DENV RNA was detected in these extracted RNA samples using a quantitative RT-PCR method specific for each DENV serotype, and infection and dissemination rates were analyzed.After propagation of each DENV serotype in Vero cells, the culture supernatants were mixed with defibrinated rabbit blood and adenosine triphosphate, and the mixture was artificially blood-sucked by two colonies of Ae. albopictus colonies were susceptible to all DENV serotypes. Its infection and dissemination rates were significantly lower than those of Ae. aegypti. However, the number of DENV RNA copies in Ae. albopictus was almost not significantly different from that in Ae. aegypti. Furthermore, Japanese Ae. albopictus differed widely in their susceptibility to each DENV serotype.The Japanese Ae. albopictus, once DENV overcame the midgut infection barrier, the efficiency of subsequent propagation and dissemination of the virus in the mosquito body was comparable to that of Ae. aegypti. Based on the results of this study and previous dengue outbreak trends, Ae. albopictus is predicted to be highly compatible with DENV-1, suggesting that this serotype poses a high risk for future epidemics in Japan.In Japanese The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-023-00553-5. Aedes mosquitoes  and humans    and closer study . TherefoAe. albopictus was infectious with all DENV serotypes, and viruses were also detected in the head, wings, and legs, indicating that all serotypes exhibited systemic infection. However, the IR of the Japanese Ae. albopictus, i.e., viral infection of the thorax and abdomen, including the midgut, was significantly lower than that of Ae. aegypti for all DENV serotypes. This suggests that viral infection is inhibited by the midgut infection barrier, which is the first barrier against viral infection [Ae. albopictus individuals with confirmed DENV infections in the thorax and abdomen had DENV RNA detected in their head, wings, and legs, indicating a similar level of dissemination dynamic as that in Ae. aegypti. Furthermore, DENV-1 was also found to be more efficiently disseminated in a certain Ae. albopictus colony than in Ae. aegypti. In addition, there was almost no difference in the number of DENV RNA copies between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus colonies. This suggests that Japanese Ae. albopictus might transmit the virus to the same extent as Ae. aegypti, depending on the DENV serotype. However, the extent to which these viruses are expelled with mosquito saliva was not investigated in this study; therefore, further research is needed to confirm the ability of Japanese Ae. albopictus to transmit the DENV serotypes.Results of the infection experiments showed that Japanese nfection . More thAe. albopictus have large differences in IR and DR among the DENV serotypes. This is consistent with data observed in previous studies on Ae. albopictus that show differences in susceptibility to DENV serotypes [Ae. albopictus colonies more efficiently than serotypes 2 and 3. However, the virus titers used in the infection experiments in this study differed between serotypes, and it is possible that differences in the initial amount of virus sucked by the mosquitoes may have affected their subsequent susceptibility. Moreover, in this study, only a certain of the many genotypes of each DENV serotype were used in the experiments. Previous studies have reported that mosquito susceptibility to different viral genotypes within the same serotype also varies [Ae. albopictus to different DENV serotypes.This study showed that Japanese erotypes , 34. Theo varies –37. TherAe. albopictus was the only mosquito vector (Table Ae. albopictus was the sole vector mosquito [Ae. albopictus as the main vector were caused by DENV-1. Since DENV-1 used in this study is a Japanese epidemic strain [Ae. albopictus cannot be ruled out, but it showed high infectivity and propagation in Japanese Ae. albopictus among the serotypes tested. This suggests that Ae. albopictus is highly compatible with DENV-1. Therefore, DENV-1 is more likely to spread during an epidemic in which Ae. albopictus is the primary vector. In addition, results of this study indicated that Ae. albopictus is as highly susceptible to DENV-4 as it is to DENV-1. To date, DENV-4 has not been prevalent in outbreaks in which Ae. albopictus was the primary vector. However, based on results of the present study, there may be a risk of future outbreaks of this serotype in areas where Ae. albopictus is the dominant vector.To date, several outbreaks of dengue fever have been reported in temperate zones in Japan and Europe, where or Table . Despiteor Table . Additiomosquito –10. Thusc strain , the posAe. albopictus to DENV and compared its IR, DR, and DENV propagation efficiency with those of Ae. aegypti, the main vector of DENV. The analyses revealed for the first time that Japanese Ae. albopictus was susceptible to all DENV serotypes. Compared with that of Ae. aegypti, a higher percentage of Japanese Ae. albopictus had an inhibitory effect on DENV infection via the midgut infection barrier. However, once the virus overcomes this barrier, it propagates and disseminates to the hemocoel and other tissues in Ae. albopictus as efficiently as that in Ae. aegypti. Based on previous dengue outbreak trends and the results of the infection experiment in this study, Ae. albopictus is predicted to be highly compatible with DENV-1, suggesting that this serotype poses a high risk for future epidemics in Japan.In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility of Japanese Additional file 1. List of primers and probes used in this study.Additional file 2. Comparison of the infection rates of dengue virus serotypes in each mosquito species and colony.Additional file 3. Comparison of dengue virus serotype propagation in Aedes aegypti and Japanese Ae. albopictus colonies.Additional file 4. Dissemination rate of Aedes aegypti and Japanese Ae. albopictus colonies.Additional file 5. Comparison of the dissemination rates of dengue virus serotypes in each mosquito species and colony.Additional file 6. Comparison of dengue virus serotype propagation in Aedes aegypti and Japanese Ae. albopictus colonies.


F. occidentalis is increasing, thus complicating management efforts. However, the mechanism of resistance of F. occidentalis to insecticides is unclear. In order to understand the status of insecticide resistance of F. occidentalis in different habitats, we provide a basis for the development of resistance management strategies and study the mechanisms that confer this resistance. We evaluated the susceptibility of F. occidentalis to six commonly used insecticides in three field populations. The findings indicated that reduced susceptibility to the investigated insecticides of F. occidentalis in different habitats was due to increased activity of detoxifying enzymes. The results from our study will enrich the understanding of how invasive thrips cope with insecticide stress and shed light on how best to manage the resistance of thrips pests to insecticides in the future.Due to the frequent application of insecticides, resistance in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis is a highly destructive and invasive agricultural pest that has developed resistance to a variety of insecticide classes. Different planting structures and insecticide use frequency can directly affect the resistance development of F. occidentalis. In this study, the susceptibility of three field strains of F. occidentalis, collected over one year (April to November) from three habitat conditions , to spinetoram, spinosad, emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, acetamiprid, and imidacloprid were monitored and compared. At the same time, the detoxification enzyme activity of F. occidentalis in different habitats was determined. The results showed that the susceptibility of the F. occidentalis population in FA was significantly lower than that of populations from OF and AI. Among them, the F. occidentalis population in FA had developed low levels of resistance to spinetoram (RR = 9.18-fold), emamectin benzoate (RR = 5.47-fold), chlorfenapyr (RR = 6.67-fold), and acetamiprid (RR = 7.49-fold), and had developed moderate level resistance to imidacloprid (RR = 11.67-fold), while still being relatively sensitive to spinosad. The population of F. occidentalis from OF had developed low level resistance to spinetoram (RR = 5.24-fold) but was still relatively sensitive to the other five insecticides. The resistance of F. occidentalis from AI to six insecticides was at relatively sensitive levels. The results of the enzyme activities of detoxification enzymes, including carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP450), revealed that the activities of the FA population of F. occidentalis were significantly higher than those of the other two populations. The change of CarE activity in F. occidentalis was consistent with that of spinetoram resistance, indicating that CarE may be involved in the metabolic resistance of F. occidentalis to spinetoram. Among the three populations, the resistance and detoxification enzyme activities of F. occidentalis of the FA population to six insecticides were higher than those of the other two populations. Our findings, along with other strategies, are expected to help with the resistance management of F. occidentalis in different habitats. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which originate from North America, are among the most important invasive pests for horticultural and agronomic crops around the world [F. occidentalis first invaded China in Beijing in 2003. Since then, it has spread rapidly to Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guizhou, and other provinces and has caused serious economic losses in China [F. occidentalis are diverse, spanning more than 600 species, including ornamental, vegetable, cotton, tobacco, legumes, shamrock, and many weeds around the planting fields [The western flower thrips, he world . F. occig fields ,5, but dF. occidentalis control has been dependent on the application of insecticides [F. occidentalis has readily evolved resistance to a range of new insecticides in its invaded range, even in areas where it is a relatively recent invader [F. occidentalis has been found in many countries, such as America, Australia, Spain, and China [F. occidentalis on fruiting vegetable crops for many years. However, extensive reliance on these pesticides has caused them to have poor efficacy [F. occidentalis in North Carolina possess high levels of resistance to spinetoram. In this regard, many previous studies have also revealed the rapid development of resistance by thrips pest species to various insecticides [F. occidentalis has always been a serious threat with the capacity to lead to difficulties in the successful control of thrips.To date, cticides . Unfortucticides ,9. F. oc invader . The prend China ,13,14,15efficacy ,17. At tefficacy  found thcticides ,10,19,20F. fusca is abundant on winter weed species in the winter and spring [F. fusca is less abundant than F. occidentalis on pepper and tomato plants in Georgia and North Carolina [F. occidentalis often occurs on cultivated and wild host plants, especially on the flowers of commercially important plants such as rose Rosa rugosa and chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium [F. occidentalis can occur on a variety of weeds near crops. For example, it was found to be the most dominant species among weeds in vegetable production areas in Turkey [F. occidentalis on Hypericum monogynum and clover was earlier than that of pepper and also that the primary outbreak period occurred in early May. Zhang et al. [F. occidentalis on three different host plants, including Rosa rugosa, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Phaseolus vulgaris, was faster and earlier than that of the local relative F. intonsa. These research results provide a scientific basis for the prediction of F. occidentalis on different crops. At the same time, the population of F. occidentalis in different habitats is also affected by the types and doses of pesticides applied. A previous study reported that imidacloprid stress can increase the proportion of females in the population of F. occidentalis [F. occidentalis. Kordestanie et al. [F. occidentalis with matrine LC25 can prolong the developmental duration of each stage of the F1 generation. Therefore, it is speculated that the population density of F. occidentalis may be related to its resistance to insecticides, resulting in less effective chemical control. Determining the population density and resistance development of insects in different planting environments is a prerequisite for pest forecasting and scientific prevention and control. The population dynamics of thrips are known to vary among species, host plants, and plant parts ,22. Studd spring , whereasCarolina . F. occirifolium ,26. In an Turkey . Severaln Turkey ,29,30. Hn Turkey  showed tg et al.  pointed dentalis . Yang etdentalis  showed te et al.  reportedAmbrostoma quadriimpressum. Previous studies have shown that AChE is involved in the resistance of carbamates and organophosphate insecticides [F. occidentalis increase significantly after treatment with an LC25 dose of spinetoram, while the activity of AChE decreases. Detoxification enzymes play essential roles in the survival of insects exposed to adverse environments [Carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP450) are important metabolic detoxifying enzymes found in insects. Detoxification enzymes in insects are induced by various exogenous or endogenous compounds, meaning that insects can quickly adapt to environmental stresses, such as insecticides , extremecticides . Li et acticides  showed tronments ,42,43,44F. occidentalis to insecticides are unknown, but may be related to host plants, selective pressure on insecticides, or environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the status of resistance to six insecticides in F. occidentalis populations collected from different hosts in three different habitats of Yunnan Province, China. At the same time, the detoxifying enzyme activities of different F. occidentalis populations were determined in order to clarify the adaptation mechanism of insecticides to F. occidentalis from the biochemical level, which could provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of insecticides in production. It also guides further research on insecticide resistance management of F. occidentalis.Currently, the factors leading to decreased susceptibility of F. occidentalis in different fields, a 1-year field study was conducted in each area from 15 April to 15 November, with sampling conducted every 30 days from 15 April. The survey sites are shown in 2. Five plants of each host were selected at each sample point, and six to eight flowers from each plant were randomly sampled to count the number of adults of F. occidentalis. When processing the thrips on a sampled site, we first beat the host plants to make the thrips fall into the white porcelain plate (30 × 22 × 4 cm). These were then collected separately into a plastic tube (50 mL) with a fine brush, marked and transferred into our laboratory for species identification, wherein the male and female adults of F. occidentalis were counted under stereoscopic microscopes (10× to 20×). In all study sites, the other collected species were discarded and were not included in the results of our experiment. In addition, all adult samples of F. occidentalis were reared on kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Oasis)) in artificial climate chambers  before the bioassays were determined.In order to compare the population numbers of F. occidentalis as a reference to field-collected populations. This population was obtained from Kunming, Yunnan Province, China , and continuously reared for 30 generations in plastic boxes (17 × 11 × 7 cm) containing kidney beans in ACCs for use in experiments. This strain was always kept in ACCs after being collected without exposure to any insecticides. Other conditions included 16/8 h light/darkness cycles and 65% relative humidity (RH). Light and dark phase temperatures were set at 27 and 25 °C.We took susceptible strains of F. occidentalis populations were collected from Yunnan Province from April to November 2021. The sampling sites are shown in F. occidentalis. The collected populations were all female adults of F. occidentalis. After being brought to the laboratory, they were cultured for 2 or 3 generations on kidney beans as a bioassay.A total of 3 F. occidentalis was determined via the performance of a dipping bioassay  enzyme activity. A total of 20 mature thrips were placed in micro-centrifuge tubes . Subsequently, they were added to 1200 µL phosphate-buffered saline , ground with a high flux tissue grinder  in an ice-water bath, and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min. Subsequently, we used the supernatant as the test enzyme solution for CarE and GST.Following the method employed by Cao et al. , an enzyg for 10 min at 4 °C using a centrifuge . The supernatant was used as the test enzyme solution for AchE and CYP450.AchE and CYP450 were extracted using ELISA kits  in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. A total of 20 mature thrips were placed in centrifuge tubes containing 1200 µL of 0.86% physiological saline, homogenized in an ice-cold water bath using a high flux tissue grinder and centrifuged at 3000× The protein content of the enzyme solution was determined by employing the bicin chonininc acid (BCA) method in accordance with the kit instructions of Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China.CarE activity was determined as described by Zhang et al. . The fasGST activity  was determined as described by Cao et al. . A totalAChE and CYP450 activity were determined using ELISA kits  following the manufacturer’s protocol.50), concentration mortality regression equations, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated accordingly. Resistance ratios (RR) were calculated by dividing the LC50 of a field population by the corresponding LC50 of the susceptible strain. LC50 values were considered to be significantly different if their 95% CIs did not overlap [F. occidentalis under different habitat conditions was explored via Pearson’s correlation analysis. This analysis was performed using OriginPro 2022 SR1.Data were checked for normality and homoscedasticity before statistical analyses were performed. All data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26.0). All bioassay data were derived and calculated using log-probit analyses. The median lethal concentration . The resistance of F. occidentalis to emamectin benzoate (RR = 3.98~5.47-fold) and chlorfenapyr (RR = 2.49~6.67-fold) varied from susceptible to low, but the relative susceptibility level of FA populations of F. occidentalis to spinosad (RR = 1.61~3.81-fold) did not. The resistance of F. occidentalis to acetamiprid showed an increasing trend and reached a low level (RR = 7.49-fold) in November. The resistance of F. occidentalis to imidacloprid ranged from susceptible to moderate resistance (RR = 10.19~11.67-fold). Furthermore, the resistance of the OF population of F. occidentalis to spinetoram developed from susceptible to low (RR = 2.21~5.24-fold), but the species remained susceptible to the other five insecticides . As a parallel, the AI population of F. occidentalis remained susceptible to six insecticides from April to November  was positively correlated with the application frequency of insecticide per month, average daily temperature, and average daily precipitation. Furthermore, the resistance ratio in the AI population of F. occidentalis to insecticide was positively correlated with the average daily temperature (The correlation analysis showed that the application frequency of insecticide per month, average daily temperature, and average daily precipitation with the resistance ratio in the FA population of perature .F. occidentalis, enzyme assays were performed to measure the activities of CarE, GST, AChE, and CYP450. The results showed that the activity of CarE, GST, AChE, and CYP450 increased in all three habitats compared with the susceptible strain (In order to determine the role of detoxification enzymes in the insecticide resistance of e strain A–D.F. occidentalis collected from FA, OF, and AI showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the highest levels of activity reached in September. CarE activity in F. occidentalis collected from FA, OF, and AI increased 25.26-fold, 6.18-fold, and 4.06-fold compared to the susceptible strain, respectively (F. occidentalis in FA was significantly higher than that of OF and AI. Furthermore, the CarE activity of the F. occidentalis in AI increased the least compared with that of the other two populations (The highest level of CarE activity was registered for specimens recovered from FA, followed by those from OF, and then AI. The CarE activity of ectively A. At theulations A. F. occidentalis in three habitats, with the highest GST activity found in the FA population and the lowest in the AI population (F. occidentalis collected from FA reached the highest in October, with a 4.31-fold increase compared with the susceptible strain. However, the GST activity of F. occidentalis collected from OF reached the highest in September, increasing 2.71-fold compared with the susceptible strain (F. occidentalis in AI compared with the other two populations (A similar trend was found with GST activity of pulation B. The GSe strain B. In addulations B.F. occidentalis from FA were increased, but the change in OF and AI populations was not significant (F. occidentalis collected from FA reached the highest in June, increased 1.61-fold compared with the susceptible strain. However, the AChE activity of OF and AI populations showed varying degrees of change with collection time (Compared with the susceptible strain, the AChE activities of nificant C. The ACion time C.F. occidentalis was highest in the population collected from FA (F. occidentalis collected from FA and AI habitats reached its peak in June, with 2.12-fold and 1.53-fold increases, respectively, compared with the susceptible strain. However, the activity of the AI population did not show significant changes (The study found that the activity of CYP450 in  from FA D. The CY changes D.F. occidentalis to spinetoram and spinosad was positively correlated with CarE activity. On the other hand, the resistance ratio of F. occidentalis to spinetoram was positively correlated with spinosad. AChE activity was positively correlated with the activities of CYP450 (F. occidentalis to insecticides was positively correlated with CarE and GST activity (F. occidentalis (The correlation analysis showed that the resistance ratio in the FA population of f CYP450 A. Similaactivity B. This rdentalis C.F. occidentalis have many host plant species and prefer to live and feed on flowers. The density of F. occidentalis populations differs among host plant species [F. occidentalis in the field, we further studied the influence of pesticide use on the susceptibility to insecticides of F. occidentalis populations. The results showed that the susceptibility to insecticides is different between the populations, and that the same population owed different sensitivities to different kinds of insecticides. Among the three populations, the susceptibility of the FA population to six insecticides was the lowest, while the AI population had the highest susceptibility (F. occidentalis to spinetoram and spinosad was significantly correlated with the application frequency of insecticide per month (F. occidentalis populations. A study by Bielza et al. [F. occidentalis. Worldwide, however, farmers have reported control failures for spinosad against thrips [F. occidentalis developed low levels of resistance to spinetoram. Langfield et al. [F. occidentalis collected in Australia. Wang et al. [F. occidentalis populations was for spinetoram, with the highest LC50 value of a population, 73.92 times greater than that of the most susceptible population. However, studies elsewhere have also shown that levels of spinosyn resistance do not change significantly under sustained selection pressure [F. occidentalis.As polyphagous insects,  species ,50. Diff species . Consequtibility . The reser month . In othea et al.  showed ta et al.  revealedt thrips ,52,53,54t thrips ,54,55. Od et al.  also repg et al.  reportedg et al.  reportedpressure ,13. TherF. occidentalis from FA were much higher than those in other populations (F. occidentalis in FA and OF populations to spinetoram was significantly correlated with the application frequency of insecticide per month and CarE activity (F. occidentalis, a fact which has been confirmed in Scirtothrips citri [Nilaparvata lugens, the higher the resistance to organophosphorus insecticides [Nilaparvata lugens accelerated its metabolism to spirotetramat, which led to the enhancement of resistance to spirotetramat [F. occidentalis to spinetoram was linked to changes in CarE activity, suggesting that CarE plays a role in the detoxification metabolism of spinetoram. Previous studies showed that spinetoram treatment can increase the activities of CarE in F. occidentalis [The development of insect resistance is primarily regulated by the activity of detoxifying enzymes within the insects, the factors that enhance their metabolic ability to counteract pesticides. The detoxification ability of insects is reflected by the response of detoxifying enzymes to insecticides ,59. CarEulations . Differeactivity . Taken tps citri . Previoucticides . The inctetramat . Our resdentalis . HoweverF. occidentalis are different. F. occidentalis can adapt to the stress pressure from pesticides by regulating the activity of detoxification enzymes in their bodies to enhance their adaptability to the insecticide environment. Nevertheless, there are limitations to our study. Although our study revealed among-population variation in susceptibility to several insecticides in F. occidentalis, we were not able to reflect the variation in resistance over the years. Therefore, we have focused on activities related to detoxifying enzymes among populations to different insecticides, which has highlighted a mechanism leading to resistance in the field. The rapid development of insecticide resistance in pest thrips emphasizes the importance of resistance monitoring and management. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective management plans to delay any resistance development.Overall, the degree of insecticide application in different areas is closely related to the susceptibility of pests to insecticides, and the improper use of chemical insecticides will lead to the emergence of resistance of pests. The effects of different insecticides on the detoxification enzyme activity of F. occidentalis was significantly lower than that of the other two populations. The FA population of F. occidentalis developed low-level resistance to spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, and acetamiprid and moderate resistance to imidacloprid. In addition, the activities of CarE, GST, AChE, and CYP450 in FA F. occidentalis were highest. The change in CarE activity in F. occidentalis was consistent with that of susceptibility to spinetoram, indicating that CarE may be involved in the metabolic resistance of F. occidentalis to spinetoram. Therefore, in the control of F. occidentalis, different insecticides should be selected according to the susceptibility to insecticides of F. occidentalis populations in different habitats in order to improve the control effect.In conclusion, we found that the susceptibility of the FA population of


Minimally invasive closure of a progressive pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta: a case report by Wu Y, Fan L, Liu F, Zhuang H and Wu X. (2023) Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 10:1134196. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1134196A Corrigendum on In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. An incorrect funding number was included.The Funding statement has been updated:This work was supported by grants from the Fujian Medical and Health Guiding Project (grant no. 2020D022).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-022-05758-y, published online 01 February 2022Retraction of: The Editors have retracted this Article.1 about errors in methodology, analyses, and interpretation of the data in the Article, indicating that the study does not provide data to support the claims of an airburst event or that such an event led to the decline of the Hopewell culture. Given these concerns, the Editors no longer have confidence that the conclusions presented are adequately supported.Following publication of this Article concerns have been raised by Nolan et al.James A. Jordan agrees with this retraction. Kenneth Barnett Tankersley, Stephen D. Meyers, Stephanie A. Meyers, Louis Herzner, David L. Lentz and Dylan Zedaker did not respond to correspondence from the Editors about this retraction.