AbstractCarabidae known for Nevada, USA and carabid beetles found in the Great Basin National Park, NV are reported with notes on ecology and identification resources.Additions to the list of For 79 species of carabids, we present 57 new state records, two state records previously reported in online resources, one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state, and report 22 records for the Great Basin National Park that includes three new state records. Carabidae is family of beetles that have a cosmopolitan distribution and are often very common in the United States. Surprisingly, the number of published records of carabid species from Nevada is staggeringly low. In the recent catalog of North American carabid beetles , seasonal moisture supports the growth of high elevation conifers species and aspen groves, with sagebrush and mountain-mahogany in the understory. The precipitation at this elevation also provides perennial streams and ponds with water.In the Pleistocene much of central Nevada was under what was one of the largest lakes in North America, Lake Lahontan. All that remains of the lake now are playas and a few remnants lakes. The Central Basin and Range is now high desert plain with the exception of small, often seasonal wetlands, typically alkali flats or saline lakes that are replenished by seasonal rains and runoff. In the west and central part of the region there are characteristic rolling valleys with mountian ranges that have alluvial fan outwashes flowing into the lower basins. Diversity in this region is rather low due to its aridity. With a few exceptions, there are almost no continuous woodlands. The highest elevations in this region, those that extend above treeline, are densely covered with mountain big sagebrush, western serviceberry, snowberry, and low sagebrush, but very few trees.The easternmost part of the Central Basin and Range ecoregion consists of sagebrush valleys, woodlands, mountains, and saline basins. Much of the soil in this region is shallow due to a combination of heavy summer rains and the limestone and dolomite bedrock. As a result, the sagebrush valleys consist of grasses and brush capable of tolerating shallow soils. The woodland zones consist of mainly piñon and juniper forests. Historically, these forests only occurred at higher elevations due to annual natural fires, but fire suppression has allowed the forests to move further down towards the sagebrush valleys. In the more mountainous areas, for example Great Basin National Park (GBNP), various conifers  dominate. Although high enough to form an alpine zone, climate conditions do not favour the retention of water as most of it rapidly flows out via springs and streams. The GBNP includes a range of the typical floral zones for the region with sagebrush dominated lower elevations, rising through juniper, piñon pine, ponderosa pine, and grassy mountain meadows. Above treeline the habitat is rocky with few plants. Situated on Wheeler Peak, which rises to nearly 4000 m elevation, is a small alpine glacier, the remnant of a more extensive glacier from the last glacial maximum (LGM). Erosional deposition from the glacier's meltwater is evident in much of the of the most-visited parts of the park.The Northern Basin and Range, which is shared with Oregon and Idaho, is a cooler, more mesic, and less mountainous than the Central Basin and Range. This ecoregion consists of high lava plateaus to the northeast, high lava plains to the northwest and semi-arid uplands scattered across northern Nevada. The high lava plateau receives more precipitation and experiences colder winters resulting in cool season grasses such as bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue. The high lava plains, a large sagebrush steppe, are very similar to the high lava plateau in climate and vegetation, but have many ephemeral pools that are home to a diverse fauna and flora.In the far south of Nevada lies the Mojave Basin and Range, a region extending from California to Arizona and southwestern Utah. The warmer, drier climate and milder winters favours a flora dominated by creosote bush at lower elevations. This desert region is far from uniform and is comprised of three subregions: the Amargosa Desert, creosote-bush dominated basins, and arid footslopes. The Amargosa desert is in the rain shadow of the Spring Mountains and is an internally-drained basin with the greatest temperature extremes. Most of the flora is dry adapted creosote bush and bursage. Further east, creosote bush-dominated basins are scattered between the Mojave Desert mountain ranges, grasslands, blackbrush plains, Joshua trees woodlands, and cactus dominated areas. The Spring Mountains prominently rise above the basin habitats with Mount Charleston reaching over 3600 m elevation. Along the elevational gradient various scrub and bush zones lead to juniper, piñon pine, mountain mahogany, culminating in montane conifers.The Sierra Nevada ecoregion is a mountainous region that is mainly in California but a small part of this ecoregion extends into Nevada along its western border, notably including the foothills of the Carson Range. At mid-elevations, the dry forest is composed of a mix of conifers, including California white fir, incense cedar, Jeffrey pine, with an understory of sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and manzanita. At elevations between 7500-9500 ft, heavy snowfall and summer droughts favours vegetation adapted to season extremes like red fir, white pine and mountain hemlock. Though a relatively small area, this extension of the Sierra Nevada fauna is significant as it is not found elsewhere in the state of Nevada.The Arizona-Mexico Plateau  is the ehttp://symbiota4.acis.ufl.edu/scan/portal and Bug Guide at http://bugguide.net/.Specimens examined were from the following institutions: Cornell University Insect Collection (CUIC), Ithaca, NY; Essig Museum of Entomology (EMEC), University of California, Berkeley; Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Arthropod Collection, Brigham Young University (BYUC); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA (CAS) including the former University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) holdings now at CAS; the teaching collection held at the Great Basin National Park (GBNP); the Oregon State University Arthropod Collection, Corvallis, OR (OSAC); and the collection of Peter W. Messer, Wisconsin (PWMC). Additional records were sought from the Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN) at We collected additional specimens in the GBNP from 10-15 June 2015 and collections were made in other regions of Nevada by K. Will in June of 2009, 2012, 2013, and May 2016. Collecting methods used included ramp traps, pitfall traps, UV light traps, leaf litter sifting, or hand collected during the day or at night using headlamps.Harpalini or F. Heike for Zabrini, were accepted as authoritatively identified. Several authoritative records are in litteris from various sources as noted with specimen records. All other determinations were done by KWW.The primary identification references used were Lindroth’s Ground Beetles of Canada and Alaska, parts 1-6 ; AmericaWe identified nearly 900 specimens from localities across the state of Nevada. This includes 79 species of carabids that represent 57 new state records, two state records previously reported online, one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state, and report 22 records for the Great Basin National Park (GBNP) that includes three of the new state records. Nearly half, 26 of 57, species newly reported for Nevada are shared with three or more adjacent states.http://doi.org/10.15468/dl.stpda0. Also under each species entry the species are linked to a query of the Essig Museum database that pulls all records for that species used in this study and allows for downloading and mapping of those records.For all new state records and GBNP records see Suppl. material NotiophiliniNotiophilus nitens LeConte, 1857. New state record.N.nitens from the Lamoille Creek Power Plant Picnic area (Elko County) represents the first report of this tribe from Nevada. This is a northwestern species from the bordering states of Oregon and Idaho. Species of notiophilines are day-active predators. Notiophilusnitens is known to be found in open grasslands in hilly country and is tolerant of dry conditions, and possibly xerophilus. The Nevada record represents the known southern limit of the species. The single specimen of LoriceriniLoricera pilicornis pilicornis. Report of online record.http://bugguide.net/node/view/898466 “South Fork Lake, Elko County, Nevada, USA, June 17, 2004” Image submitted by M. Romero, identification by P. Messer. Accessed 30 June 2016. Keys to species and ecological information were published by A Holarctic distributed species that can be very common seasonally, near water or on wet, organic-rich mud. It is already reported from all the states surrounding Nevada and so was expected to be found. The single specimen represented as an image posted to BugGuide is all that is known to us. CarabiniCalosoma (Camegonia) prominens LeConte, 1853. New state record.This southwestern species is common in the bordering states of Arizona and California. It is notibly common at lights in Arizona. The single specimen from the Toiyabe Mountains (Nye County) is the northernmost record. These beetles are predaceous, nocturnally active, and powerful fliers. Carabus (Tanaocarabus) taedatus agassii LeConte, 1850. GBNP record.We found beetles of this widespread, fairly common species under rocks during the day and walking at night in open, rocky coniferous forest sites from 2000-3000m. A key to species and ecological information was provided by Lindroth (1961). A discussion and reference regarding the various subspecies is provided by CicindeliniCicindelawillistonipseudosenilis Horn, 1900, which would represent a new record for Nevada. However, it seems most likely that these specimens are an intergrade or variant of Cicindelawillistoniecho Casey, 1897, which is a subspecies found in Nevada. It is likely that a focused effort might turn up new species or new records, but this was beyond the scope of our study.Tiger beetles have been well treated, including taxa from Nevada, by ClivininiClivina (Clivina) punctulata LeConte, 1852. New state record.This species is found throughout California. They are found along ponds and riparian habitats and probably nocturnal and fossorial, as is typical for the genus. The two specimens from the Humboldt River, above Rye Patch Reservoir (Pershing County) are the easternmost records. Schizogenius (Schizogenius) depressus LeConte, 1852. New state record.This species is known from all the states surrounding Nevada and so is an expected part of the fauna. They are found among the gravel at the edge of streams in fairly open habitat. ScaritiniScarites (Scarites) subterraneus Fabricius, 1775. New state record.This is a widespread species known from the neighboring states of California and Arizona. It is a eurytopic species that is tolerant of disturbance and frequently found in agricultural settings. The 11 specimens we studied are all from in or near Las Vegas and probably its occurrence in the state is due to human transport. PatrobiniDiplous (Platidius) aterrimus . New state record.Nebria (Catonebria) baumanni Kavanaugh, 2015. A decidedly northern species known from the neighboring states of Oregon, Idaho, and Utah that is found on the gravel shores of fast running streams and rivers. The four specimens we examined include three from the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and one from the Spring Mountains. The Spring Mts. record is a significant southern range extension, but that range is known for other isolated populations such as the recently described Diplous (Platidius) filicornis . New state record.Known from the adjacent states of Oregon and northern California that is found along fast, cold flowing streams. Records from Washoe Co. are from the east side of the Sierra, which is likely the eastern limit of its distribution. Key to species and ecology provided by Patrobus fossifrons. New state record.Typha sp). A decidedly western beetle, previously known from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. A very hygrophilus species found on lake shores and along slow moving water under debris, e.g. dead catatail (TrechiniTrechus (Trechus) tenuiscapus Lindroth, 1961. New state record and GBNP record. Fig. 1A species found in the northwest with records known for the adjacent states of Oregon and Idaho. Specimens from our sampling in the GBNP were found in open conifer forest above 2300 m. Beetles were found during the day in leaf litter and active at night. This is a significant southern expansion of the known range for this species.BembidiiniBembidion can often be identified using the keys provided by Species of Bembidion (Bembidion) mutatum Gemminger & Harold, 1868. New state record.A species with a transcontinental distribution in the north known from the neighboring states of Idaho and Utah. Recorded from Douglas County.Bembidion (Eupetedromus) incrematum LeConte, 1860. New state record.A Holarctic species, known from the adjacent states of California, Idaho, and Oregon. Specimens collected on the muddy shore of a man-made reservoir in Lander County.Bembidion (Furcacampa) fuchsiiBlaisdell, 1902. New state record.Populus and Salix in the Ruby Mountains, Elko County.A northwestern species found in the adjacent states of California, Oregon, and Idaho. Found in wet meadow with light cover of Bembidion (Furcacampa) versicolor . New state record.A widespread species that can be very abundant in a variety of wetland habitats. Previously known from the adjacent states of Idaho and Oregon.Bembidion (Hirmoplataphus) concolor . GBNP record.A transcontinental North American species found near water. While Bembidion (Hirmoplataphus) quadrulum LeConte, 1861. New state record.A western species, known from all states bordering Nevada and so is an expected species in the fauna. Collected in Elko Co., along Lamoille Creek above 2100 m elevation.Bembidion (Liocosmius) horniHayward, 1897. New state record.Found across southern California, Arizona, and Utah.Bembidion (Notaphus) approximatum . Confirmation of state record.Reported from the adjacent states of California and Oregon. Specimens previously attributed to this species were apparently misidentifications . Here weBembidion (Notaphus) graphicum Casey, 1918. New state record.A fairly widespread species previously known from the adjacent states of Arizona, Oregon, and Utah.Bembidion (Notaphus) intermedium. New state record.A transcontinental, primarily northern species not reported from any states adjacent to Nevada. There are records from Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Found in sandy habitat along the Humboldt River.Bembidion (Notaphus) nubiculosum Chaudoir, 1868. New state record.Found in the southwestern US, known from the adjacent states of Arizona and California.Bembidion (Notaphus) obtusangulum LeConte, 1863. New state record.A midwest to western US species distributed generally in the north and in its southern limited extended along the Rocky and Sierra Mountains. Reported from the adjacent states of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah.Bembidion (Notaphus) umbratum . New state record.B.umbratum may be B. variolosum , which is maintained as a junior synonym by Bembidionumbratum is found in the adjacent states of California, Oregon, and Idaho.In collections, specimens identified as Bembidion (Peryphodes) ephippigerum . New state record.Previously only reported from California. The single specimen from Washoe Co. is a slight expansion eastward of the species as it was known from several eastern California counties in the Sierras.Bembidion (Peryphus) nevadense Ulke, 1875. GBNP record.A western North American montane species. Specimens from GBNP were collected near small and medium size flowing water and, most abundantly, under rocks and debris near the water in a seasonal lake at about 3000 m elevation in rocky, clay soil.Bembidion (Peryphus) striola . New state record.Reported previously from California and Oregon primarily in coastal counties.Bembidion (Plataphus) laxatum Casey, 1918. New state record. GBNP record.Reported previously from California and Washington, with an unconfirmed record in British Columbia. Six specimens collected above 3000 m elevation, on wet, rocky, open soil around the shore of Teresa Lake, Great Basin National Park, White Pine County.Bembidion (Testediolum) nebraskense LeConte, 1863. GBNP record.A fairly common western North American species found in the park at around 2100m elevation along Snake Creek near a few pools of water.Bembidion (Testediolum) obscuripenne Blaisdell, 1902. New state record.A western montane species, previously known from the adjacent states of California and Oregon. Found in Lander County along a small stream in open habitat.Bembidion (Trepanedoris) acutifrons LeConte, 1879. New state record.A western species, known from the adjacent states of Oregon and Utah. The single specimen we examined was collected near the Humboldt River in Eureka Co., but its exact habitat is not known.Bembidion (Trepanedoris) anguliferum . New state record.Previously only reported from California.Elaphropus (Barytachys) anthrax . New state record.The species was previously reported from the adjacent states of California, Oregon, and Idaho. Elaphropus (Barytachys) conjugens . New state record.Tachystrechiformis Hayward, 1900).This species was known only from southern Arizona and the Nye and Clark County records are a significant extension northward. Elaphropus (Barytachys) dolosus . New state record.A widely distributed species previously known from the adjacent states of California and Arizona found on the sandy banks of rivers and lakes. Polyderis rufotestacea . New state record.A western species, known from almost all states adjacent to Nevada; Arizona, California, Oregon, and Idaho. PsydriniPsydrus piceus LeConte, 1846. GBNP record.Pinus and Pseudotsuga. The pygidial gland secretions emitted when they are disturbed are extremely pungent. Distributed transcontinentally in the north but restricted to the west in the southern part of its range. The single specimen collected in the GBNP was found under the bark on a log of an unidentified conifer. These beetles are always found under bark in deadwood and they are regularly collected in the Californian Sierras under the bark of dead BrachininiBrachinus (Neobrachinus) elongatulus Chaudoir, 1876. New state record.Often found to be extremely common along the shores of lakes and streams. Known previously from the adjacent states of Arizona, California, and Oregon. Flight wing is full and they are frequently attracted to lights. Brachinus (Neobrachinus) phaeocerus Chaudoir, 1868. Report of online record.http://bugguide.net/node/view/725859 “Las Vegas in the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Clark County, Nevada, USA April 23, 2012” image contributed by D. Lund in November 2012. Identification by T.L. Erwin. Accessed 23 June 2016. A southern species, known from as far west as the adjacent state of Arizona. This record pushes the distribution northward. The single specimen represented as an image posted to BugGuide is all that is known to us. Brachinus (Neobrachinus) quadripennis Dejean, 1825. New state record.A very widespread species known from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. Its occurrence in Nevada is expected. ChlaeniiniChlaenius (Chlaeniellus) obsoletus LeConte, 1851. New state record.A southwestern species previously reported from California and Arizona. Sometimes found along medium sized streams. Chlaenius (Chlaeniellus) pennsylvanicus blanditus Casey, 1920. New state record.C.pennsylvanicusblanditus is from Arizona and Utah. This subspecies is more of a green color and stouter in form but otherwise is little different than the nominate. Like most Chlaenius species, C.pennsylvanicusblanditus is hygrophilus and found near water, probably slow-flowing or standing water. Key to species and subspecies is provided by The nominate subspecies is transcontinental in the north and so is found in the adjacent states of Oregon and Idaho, while GaleritiniGalerita  lecontei lecontei Dejean, 1831. New state record.G.leconteibicoloripes Reichardt is found in central Mexico) known from the adjacent states of Arizona and California. These beetles often come to lights and are nocturnally active in various types of mesic woodlands. The northern subspecies of a southern species,  nitidus . New state record.subgenusLiocellus is in need of revision. Known from all the states surrounding Nevada except for Idaho and so is an expected part of the Nevada fauna. Beetles are found along seasonal streams under rocks and in gravel, but nothing is known about their life history. Bradycellus (Stenocellus) rivalis LeConte, 1858. New state record.Bradycellus they are hygrophilus. This is a fairly common species in southern California and is also reported from Arizona. Sometimes it appears abundantly at lights in California. Its habits are unknown, but probably like other Notiobia (Anisotarsus) terminata . New state record.A very widespread species, but only reported from Arizona among the states adjacent to Nevada. The single specimen we studied was from an urban area in the southern part of the Las Vegas region. As these beetles are known to thrive in disturbed habitats, this record may be due to human transport and it is unknown if an endemic or naturalized population occurs in Nevada. Selenophorus (Selenophorus) famulus Casey, 1914. New state record.Selenophorus and a revision of the group is much needed. If this species is typical for the genus in its ecology, then it is an arid habitat species, found in sandy soils with sparse vegetation.This species is known from southern California and Arizona. A record for a single female specimen from Mesquite, NV, Clark County was sent to us by P. Messer (in litt.). The specimen is deposited in his collection. No published keys cover this or many species of Stenolophus (Agonoderus) comma . New state record.An extraordinarily widespread species, often extremely abundant and attracted to lights. It is known from every state adjacent to Nevada and so it is only surprising that it had not been recorded from Nevada previously. Stenolophus (Stenolophus) fuliginosus Dejean, 1829. New state record.Carex and Typha. The key by A widespread species in the middle latitudes of North America previously reported from California, Oregon, and Idaho. Beetles are found on the shore of slow or still waters among Stenolophus (Stenolophus) ochropezus . New state record.Arguably one of the most common and widespread species of carabid beetle in North America. Reported from the adjacent states of Arizona, California, and Utah. Common on wet mud along the shoreline of still waters and in other wet areas with vegetation cover. Bradycellus (Stenocellus) congener . GBNP record.A common, transcontinentally distributed species. The key by Discoderus amoenusLeConte, 1863. GBNP record.This species is found from Wyoming to southern California, and being xerophilic, is relatively common in Nevada. The genus is in need of revision. Harpalus (Opadius) fraternus LeConte, 1852. GBNP record.A fairly common species found in sites across the park. Collected in pitfall traps, headlamp searching at night and under woody debris during the day. All specimens collected in GBNP and others studied (EMEC) from Nevada are from stands of aspen or aspen mixed with either willow or fir. This differs from Lindroth’s description of the ecology of the species further north, as being “[i]n dry, open country with scarce vegetation, often on sandy soil” .Harpalus  fuscipalpis Sturm, 1818. GBNP record.Harpalellusbasilaris Kirby.A Holarctic species. One specimen was collected near the Baker Creek Campground in rocky, lightly vegetated habitat at night. Key to species and ecology provided by Harpalus  ellipsis LeConte, 1847. New State record.Harpalusobnixus Casey, a species previously reported from Nevada, by examination of the male genitalia.Known previously from adjacent states of Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Oregon. Key to species by Harpalus opacipennis . GBNP record.A widespread North American species. Found throughout the park at 2000-2400 m elevation by pit fall traping and night searching in grassy open habitat or areas of light, low brush. Key to species provided by PlatyniniAgonum (Agonum) placidum . New state record and GBNP record. Fig. m Say, 183. New stA.placidum are on the east slope of the Sierras. A widespread species known from all the states surrounding Nevada and so an expected part of the fauna. We collected specimens in the GBNP while headlamp searching at night, in sites at around 2000 m elevation, along streams, looking under rocks. A specimen is also known from the park at over 3000 m elevation near Stella Lake. Other records for Agonum (Europhilus) gratiosum . New state record.Typha. This species has a northern Holarctic distribution and has been found in the neighboring states of California, Oregon, and Utah. These beetles are found in fairly open habitats with moist soils, but not necessarily close to water. However, specimens from Ruby Lake (Elko Co.) were found near the lake under dead Agonum (Platynomicrus) nigriceps LeConte, 1846. New state record.A Holarctic, decidedly northern species only reported from Idaho of the adjacent states. This is a very hygrophilous species found among and on the plants growing in the water. Beetles can be readly collected by treading the vegetation into the water. The eight specimens we examined from the Humboldt River area in Pershing County seem a modest southward extension of this northern species. The single specimen from Las Vegas Valley, in Clark County is a remarkable southern record. Rhadine sp. GBNP record.Rhadine was collected in the Baker Creek Campground latrine. Significant effort was made to find additional specimens in the area, but none were found. The taxonomy of the genus is in need of revision. In addition to the single specimen we sampled during the study, numerous specimens were seen in collections, but they cannot be confidently identified. The genus includes both cave and surface dwelling species (A single specimen of  species .PterostichiniPterostichus (Pseudomaseus) luctuosus . New state record.A widespread and relatively commonly collected species in the north and middle latitudes of North America, especially in the east. Of the states surrounding Nevada, it is only reported from Idaho. It is a decidedly hygrophilus and can be found near water and in very wet, marsh areas. The habitat where the Nevada specimens were collected, Ruby Lake (Elko Co.), is very typical for them. Pterostichus (Hypherpes) protractus LeConte, 1860. GBNP record.One of the most widespread species of the subgenus, ranging from northern New Mexico to Alberta, Canada, west to California. Found throughout Nevada in coniferous forests from near treeline to 2000 m (and probably lower) elevation. At lower elevations confined to riparian habitat under woody debris and in thick leaf litter. These nocturnal predatory beetles were the most common species found during our sampling at GBNP. They were significantly abundant in areas with ponderosa pine and fir. Pterostichus (Bothriopterus) lustrans LeConte, 1851. GBNP record.A western North American species found in numerous locations across Nevada. In the GBNP specimens were collected from multiple sites in open vegetation along the riparian corridor, though not in tight association with the stream. SphodriniSynuchus dubius . GBNP record.A central southwest species reported from the bordering states of Arizona and Utah. Specimens examined are from three general localities in the eastern part of the state. We collected specimens from several locations in the Great Basin National Park by searching the forest leaf litter at night in areas above 2000 m. These are flightless beetles and other localities for this species are at similar elevations, suggesting significantly disjunct populations. Laemostenus (Laemostenus) complanatus . New state record.A globally subcosmopolitan species that is an adventive and synanthropic. Known from the adjacent states of California and Oregon, especially in near-coastal regions in urban areas such as watered lawns and parks. The single specimen we studied is only labeled Clark Co., but if there is an established population it would probably be in human maintained habitat in the Las Vegas area. Calathus  advena . GBNP record.Pterostichusprotractus. A widespread forest, leaf litter species that occurs in the northeastern part of Nevada. In the conifer forest habitat of the GBNP we found this to be the most commonly encountered species. Frequently found with ZabriniAmara (Amarocelia) farcta LeConte, 1855. GBNP recordA western North American species found in various open habitats near water. All specimens collected in GBNP were under rocks and debris near the water in a seasonal lake at about 3000 m elevation. Amara (Bradytus) lindrothi Hieke, 1990. GBNP record.Known from localities widely distributed across western North America. GBNP is near its southern limit. Specimens were collected in open conifer forest between 3000 and 3200 m elevation, on wet ground, under rocks and debris. Identification is possible using the description and illustrations provided by Amara (Celia) idahoana . New state record.Found in the west, in states north of Nevada, including the adjacent states of Idaho and Oregon. Records from Nevada extend the range significantly southward. However, while the record from near Weeks (Lyon Co.) is in an irrigated area near the Carson River, the record from Nye County is in a desert habitat and may be a mislabeled specimen. Amara (Celia) sinuosa . New state record.A northern species, known from the adjacent states of Idaho and Utah. The single specimen we examined was collected in 1936 and labeled Governors Canyon, Nevada. We have been unable to find a match for that exact locality. Amara (Curtonotus) carinata . New state record.A widespread species found in all states adjacent to Nevada and so an expected part of the carabid fauna. Beetles are found in grasslands, frequently near alkaline habitats. Amara (Paracelia) quenseli quenseli . GBNP record.A Holarctic species that is frequently common. Specimens were collected across the GBNP, during the day and at night in open, grassy habitat. LebiiniApristus pugetanus Casey, 1920. New state record.A western North American species, already known from all the states surrounding Nevada and so it is an expected member of the fauna. The beetles are found in gravel and sand along rivers, creek and springs, although they are often found some distance from the water. They are frequently day active. Axinopalpus biplagiatus . New state record.A widespread species found in all states adjacent to Nevada and so an expected part of the carabid fauna. Little is known about the ecology and habits of this species but it has been collected in a variety of open habitats and of the ones we studied from Nevada, one was taken from Joshua Trees. Axinopalpus fusciceps LeConte, 1851. New state record.A western species, found in the middle latitudes of North America, south into Guatemala. Know from scattered records in the adjacent states of Arizona, California, and Idaho. Nothing is known of this species habits and there is no key to species for the genus. For identification recourse to original descriptions is needed.Cymindis (Tarulus) arizonensis Schaeffer, 1910. New state record.This species is known from southwestern California and Arizona. The record from Clark Co. is a slight expansion of its range. Lebia (Lebia) perita Casey, 1920. New state record.Chrysothamnusalbidus). This marks the easternmost record for the species. A western species, known previously from the adjacent states of California, Oregon, and Idaho. One specimen from Spencer Hot Spring (Landers County) was taken on whiteflower rabbitbrush  rufulus . New state record.subgenusThalpius was published by A western North American species, known previously from Arizona, California, and Oregon. Little is known about the habits of this species. A key to species of the PseudomorphiniPseudomorpha castanea Casey, 1909. GBNP record.This species was previosuly reported from California, Oregon, and Utah. As far as known, pseudomorphines are myrmecophiles and ovoviviparous . Notman Bembidion (Notaphus) intermedium is a trans-state extralimital for Nevada. There is no strong pattern in the regional similarity of the new records, i.e., about half of the species have relatively northern distributions that include Oregon, Idaho and northern California and remaining species are either more southern or widespread. Qualitatively, the current list of species of carabids found in Nevada appears to reflect the habitats that are available, with many species that are known to be riparian and seasonal wetland associates or obligate open habitat grassland species.We identified nearly 900 specimens from localities across the state of Nevada Fig. . Nearly Laemostenus (Laemostenus) complanatus and it is not clear that this species has established. It is strongly associated with human development in other areas where it has been introduced  and has not shown a tendency to move into undisturbed habitats.The only non-native species found during our study was The 57 species we report here grows the list of carabid species for Nevada to 299, much closer to its ecologically comparable neighbors Idaho (338 species) and Utah (323 species) (numbers from While ongoing monographic research and targeted collecting efforts for surveys, bioblitzes, and ecological monitoring  are critSupplementary material 1Occurence data for new state records and GBNP records for carabids of NevadaData type: occurencesBrief description: All specimen records recorded in the EssigDB for species that are new state records and GBNP records for carabids of NevadaFile: oo_121705.csvWill, Madan, Hsu


By this third issue from Minnesota we hopefully have it down right. In the last Editorial I mentioned that John Horton was rotating off the Editorial Board, as he is Chair of JACMP. We have added Mark J. Rivard to the Editorial Board. Mark, based in Boston, is very active in the TG‐43 rewrite and was just the person we needed. Again I thank our Editorial Board members for their selfless service as well as their suffering under prodding from the Manuscript Manager as well as the Editor‐in‐Chief. We try to get as many high quality papers published each quarter as possible. Our reject rate is in excess of 30 percent, indicating that real peer reviewing is going on.Once again it is time to announce the awards for the best papers published in JACMP in Volume 3 (2002). This year the awards were selected by the Editorial Board (excluding any who were authors). The awards were presented in Lake George, NY. The authors of each paper collectively receive a $500 check, and each author receives a certificate. The Journal is grateful to LAP of America, Radiological Imaging Technology, Elekta, and PTW New York (new this year) for supporting the recognition of outstanding papers in JACMP.The LAP Award for Excellence for the best radiation oncology paper went to Kent A. Gifford, David S. Followill, H. Helen Liu, and George Starkschall for “Verification of the accuracy of a photon dose‐calculation algorithm,” JACMP, Vol. 3, No.1, Winter 2002.The RIT Award for Excellence for the best diagnostic imaging paper went to Thomas R. LaVoy, Walter Huda, and Kent M. Ogden for “Radiographic techniques in screen‐film mammography,” JACMP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2002.The Elekta Award for Excellence for the best professional medical physics paper went to W. S. Bice, Jr., E. S. Walker, S. Gearty, A. V. Walker, J. R. Marbach, and B. R. Prestidge for “A comparative evaluation of loading times and exposures for permanent prostate brachytherapy,” JACMP, Vol. 3, No. 4, Fall 2002.The PTW Award for Excellence for the best basic dosimetry paper to M. A. MacKenzie, M. Lachaine, B. Murray, B. G.Fallone, D. Robinson, and G. C. Field for “Dosimetric verification of inverse planned step and shoot multileaf collimator fields from a commercial treatment planning system,” JACMP, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spring 2002.Over the course of the past year it has become painfully clear that JACMP cannot be sustained by ACMP and that the original business model was never realized and if implemented (paid subscriptions) would fall short. In the last year or so, two major benefactors have kept JACMP afloat. With this, an ad hoc ACMP/AAPM committee was formed to consider how the continuation of publishing clinical material could be done. By the time this issue of JACMP is available online, the AAPM Board will be preparing to or will have considered a proposal. I will not jinx the process by saying too much except to thank the AAPM members  who have worked with ACMP members  to craft what might be a reasonable way to proceed. Enough teasing for the time being…ecmc@mayo.edu) about any issues related to JACMP. And send us your clinically related manuscripts. The following members of the Editorial Board would like nothing better than to review your contributions.I look forward to bringing you the next Editorial in Volume 4. Hopefully at that time I will be able to bring you up to date on some additional exciting issues. In the meantime, please feel free to contact me (Edwin C. McCulloughEditor‐in‐Chief


Pisum sativum ssp. abyssinicum) to other subspecies and species in the genus were investigated to test between different hypotheses regarding its origin and domestication. An extensive sample of the Pisum sativum ssp. sativum germplasm was investigated, including groups a-1, a-2, b, c, and d as identified by P. fulvum but relatively few P. s. ssp. elatius accessions were analyzed. Partial sequences of 18 genes were compared and these results combined with comparisons of additional genes done by others and available in the literature. In total, 54 genes or gene fragment sequences were involved in the study. The observed affinities between alleles in P. ssp. sativum, P. s. ssp. abyssinicum, P. s. ssp. elatius, and P. fulvum clearly demonstrated a close relationship among the three P. sativum subspecies and rejected the hypothesis that the Abyssinian pea was formed by hybridization between one of the P. sativum subspecies and P. fulvum. If hybridization were involved in the generation of the Abyssinian pea, it must have been between P. s. ssp. sativum and P. s. ssp. elatius, although the Abyssinian pea possesses a considerable number of highly unique alleles, implying that the actual P. s. ssp. elatius germplasm involved in such a hybridization has yet to be tested or that the hybridization occurred much longer ago than the postulated 4000 years bp. Analysis of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum alleles in genomic regions thought to contain genes critical for domestication indicated that the indehiscent pod trait was independently developed in the Abyssinian pea, whereas the loss of seed dormancy was either derived from P. s. ssp. sativum or at least partially developed before the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum lineage diverged from that leading to P. s. ssp. sativum.Phylogenetic relationships of the Abyssinian pea ( Pisum sativum ssp. abyssinicum A. Br.)  (Pisum sativum L.) and appears to lack a wild form (see discussion in P. sativum (P. s. ssp. elatius (Bieb.) Schmalh.), or with the other species in the genus (P. fulvum Sibeth. & Sm.). The reduced fertility in these crosses appears to be due to both prezygotic and postzygotic barriers . These two traits do not segregate in populations derived from crosses between P. s. ssp. abyssinicum and P. s. ssp. sativum), all progeny possessing indehiscent pods and producing seeds that usually germinate immediately after planting   is a welbarriers . In flowlimited, , suggestP. sativum and P. fulvum, producing plants that displayed partial sterility with both parental species. All three taxa have the same chromosome number (2n = 14)   but diff2n = 14) . Studies sativum , support sativum , and theP. s. ssp. abyssinicum to P. s. ssp. sativum in flower color, seed size and several other morphological features, as well as the ability to make reasonably fertile crosses between the two, led many students of the genus to designate the Abyssinian pea as a subspecies of the domesticated taxa  are influenced by several loci . Nine accessions of P. fulvum, representing a wide sample of the genetic diversity in this species, were generously provided by Dr. S. Abbo, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel. Passport data for these can be obtained in P. fulvum from Israel (VIR 6070 and VIR 6071) were kindly supplied by Dr. F. Gorel, then at the Institute of Cytology & Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia. All P. fulvum samples were subjected to sequencing of four genes: Pur (PURPLE-PODDED), Rb (ADP-glucose phosphorylase), GlyOH , and Gpic (cytosolic glucose phosphate isomerase). For the remaining genes, only three P. fulvum sequences were obtained, one from those provided by S. Abbo  and the two VIR accessions.Ten accessions of The genes examined, the primers used and the size of the fragment sequenced are presented in Supplementary Table 2, 0.3 μM of each dNTP, 0.6 units Promega Taq polymerase, and approximately 25 ng pea genomic DNA. In all cases a touchdown procedure was employed, with annealing temperature starting at 63°C and dropping in 1° steps to the final annealing temperature listed on Supplementary Table All PCR reactions (20 μl) contained the following: 4 μl Promega 5X PCR buffer, 2.5 mM MgClPCR products were purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGen), and DNA concentrations determined after purification using a Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific). Frozen DNA samples were placed in microtitre plates and the appropriate primer added before freezing and shipping to Sequetech . Sequence data has been deposited at NCBI  were discarded or a second sequencing performed. Final sequences were compared using the Neighbor Joining function on MAFFT 7.0 with Bootstrapping set at 500 reiterations. The homologous sequence in Medicago truncatula (Medicago genome 4.0 on the Legume Information System at legumeinfo.org) was used as an outgroup for initial analyses, but as these comparisons rarely changed the branching on the resulting cladograms except to greatly compress the branching within the Pisum accessions, only unrooted cladograms are presented in the Results section. Trees for 34 genes from P. s. ssp. abyssinicum sequence and were not used in the current analysis).Forward and Reverse sequences were aligned using MAFFT 7.0.Medicago truncatula genomic sequence (Medicago 4.0) and determining the corresponding position on the pea map using flanking markers.SNP or indel polymorphisms for the 18 genes listed in Supplementary Table Figures 1–3 and Supplementary Figure S1. In order to make the trees as clear as possible, the bulk of the cultivated accessions have been combined into groups  and labeled Domes1, Domes2, etc., in order of the size of the group. The alleles within each group are identical or nearly so, and there are no significant branches within a group. The Plant Introduction (PI) accessions representing the four major divisions of genetic diversity in P. s. ssp. sativum . Trees for each of these genes are shown in Figure 1. In each tree most of the P. fulvum sequences clustered in one region, but in each case there were 2 or 3 sequences that fell outside the cluster. The diverging P. fulvum accessions were different for each gene, although fulvum-84 and -85 were divergent in two cases. For Pur, Rb, and Gpic, the sequence for P. s. ssp. abyssinicum was located in a different part of the tree from any of the P. fulvum sequences, indicating that P. fulvum was not the source of the allele in the Abyssinian pea. For GlyOH, the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele was highly divergent, but branched from the tree between fulvum-84 and a mix of other accessions . In this case the source of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele is ambiguous, with no close affinities among the germplasm tested.Sequences for the bulk of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele . In the cases of Cvc, Gib2ox, and Er1, the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele displayed considerable divergence from all other alleles identified. For convicilin, several additional sequences, including one from P. s. ssp. abyssinicum, were available in the literature. As expected, the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum sequence from NCBI (AM8886032) was very similar to that obtained in the current study, both possessing relatively large unique insertions as well as several SNPs. A P. s. ssp. sativum sequence (X06398) was identical to that found in the Domes4 group . However, several other sequences in the literature, one for P. fulvum (AM886036), two for P. s. ssp. elatius (AM66034 and AM66035) and one for P. s. ssp. sativum (AM66033) all contained a large unique insertion and formed a different branch on the tree with 100% bootstrap support. These sequences were not included on the final tree because they are most likely from an ortholog. The final gene, Skdh , branched off the tree between the P. fulvum cluster and several P. s. ssp. sativum groups. However, the tree is compressed in this region, with only 40% bootstrap support for the placement of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum sequence. Thus, assessment of phylogenetic relationships is difficult. The P. s. ssp. abyssinicum Peam5 allele also was placed between a P. fulvum allele and a P. s. ssp. sativum cluster , but in this case the three P. fulvum accessions were dispersed on the tree, and it would be difficult to assign much significance to the similarity between the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum and P. fulvum alleles.Several other genes gave ambiguous affinities for the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele and those found in P. s. ssp. elatius. If the tree for Ntfy is oriented so that the P. fulvum cluster is basal, the branches lead to two clusters of accessions, both of which contain P. s. ssp. elatius and P. s. ssp. sativum taxa . However, the branch to which the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum sequence belongs contains the ‘northern humile’ P. s. ssp. elatius (JI 1794), the sequence from a landrace from Afghanistan (PI 220174) and several other primitive landraces, suggesting that it might represent a group more closely aligned to the original ancestor of the cultivated pea. The tree for Alat  shows a similar pattern, although in this case the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele groups with nearly all the P. s. ssp. sativum, as well as with JI 1794 and PI 220174. On the other hand, the Sbm1 allele from P. s. ssp. abyssinicum clearly groups with the sequence from the ‘wilder’ P. s. ssp. elatius accession, the northern humile accession grouping with P. s. ssp. sativum .The sequences of three genes exhibited a similarity between the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele and alleles in P. s. ssp. sativum . The trees all have the same general pattern, with the P. fulvum sequences forming a cluster, the P. s. ssp. elatius sequences usually intermediate between P. fulvum and P. s. ssp. sativum, the P. s. ssp. sativum in one or more groups, occasionally with one or two associated with a P. s. ssp. elatius allele, and the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele included within or derived from one of the P. s. ssp. sativum clusters. In some cases, e.g., Pgmc and Pao, the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele is highly divergent from the P. s. ssp. sativum cluster, but it is also distant from any P. s. ssp. elatius or P. fulvum allele.The analyses on the remaining six genes all indicate a strong relationship between the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum alleles for the various genes, the most closely related sequence(s) to the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele is given for each gene in Table 1. Included in this table are the results of 36 comparisons performed previously by others  were closest to a P. s. ssp. sativum sequence, 6 (5) were scored as basal to P. s. ssp. sativum (only P. s. ssp. sativum on branches above), 8 (6) as between P. s. ssp. sativum and P. s. ssp. elatius, 20 (16) closest to P. s. ssp. elatius, 5(3) between P. s. ssp. elatius and P. fulvum, 2 (2) between P. s. ssp. sativum and P. fulvum, and 1 (1) P. fulvum (but highly divergent). Numbers in parentheses indicate the total if all those with ‘poor resolution’ marked in the comments column of Table 1 are eliminated from consideration, thereby avoiding most of the ambiguous data. Either set of results indicate that very little of the nuclear genome of P. s. ssp. abyssinicum is derived from P. fulvum.In order to try to summarize the affinities of the y others , 2015. OTable 1 are listed in the approximate order that they have on the linkage map for P. sativum . By examining the changes in the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele affinities as one moves down the column, we can determine if there are any regions of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum genome that are primarily derived from P. fulvum or from one of the P. sativum subspecies. Such an exercise reveals a very low association with P. fulvum alleles but indicates approximately even distribution of P. s. ssp. sativum and P. s. ssp. elatius affinities. For LG I, the genes investigated cover only the upper half of the linkage group. No clear pattern is evident, all markers being somewhat ambiguous. LG II is reasonably saturated with markers, and most of the alleles indicate a P. s. ssp. elatius pedigree. The one exception, His7, is near the center of the linkage group, a location not known for any genes critical for domestication. The coverage of LG III is very good, and most of the alleles favor a P. s. ssp. elatius heritage or are ambiguous between P. s. ssp. elatius and P. s. ssp. sativum, although a region on the upper portion (around Rb) has a P. s. ssp. sativum preference. The P. s. ssp. abyssinicum alleles from genes on LG IV appear to favor P. s. ssp. sativum sequences except on its lower end. Affinites on LG V and LG VII are about equal, and those on LG VI slightly favor P. s. ssp. elatius. Such results are consistent with a P. s. ssp. sativum × P. s. ssp. elatius hybrid origin of the Abyssinian pea. The P. s. ssp. elatius accessions that often appear in Table 1 as having the most similar allele to P. s. ssp. abyssinicum are from Turkey. The region from Turkey north into Georgia was identified as potentially important in the domestication of pea . The three accessions of P. fulvum chosen as a minimum sample of the species represent those found in preliminary studies to be the most genetically divergent. The conclusion that P. fulvum did not make a significant contribution to the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum nuclear genome is based on the observation that the allele found in P. s. ssp. abyssinicum never clusters with the common allele of P. fulvum whether one considers any of the 18 genes examined in this study or any of the 36 genes that had been subjected to similar analyses previously.Sequence analysis of 18 gene fragments confirmed the finding of previous studies that there is considerable genetic diversity present in P. s. ssp. elatius sequences in the current study. Indeed, no conclusion regarding the relationship between P. s. ssp. abyssinicum and P. s. ssp. elatius could have been made had it not been for the availability of the excellent data set of P. s. ssp. elatius accessions in their study, and it is their data that reveal the close relationship between P. s. ssp. abyssinicum alleles and P. s. ssp. elatius alleles in over half the fragments studied. The two studies by P. fulvum and P. s. ssp. elatius sequences, providing a strong basis for concluding that the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum His2-5 allele is close to those of P. s. ssp. elatius and the His7 allele is close to those of P. s. ssp. sativum.A similar criticism of small sample size could be raised regarding having only two representatives of P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele in each cladogram relative to those for PI 220174. This latter accession represents the subgroup a-2 of Pisum germplasm post domestication  the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum allele is also identical or very similar. In most other cladograms the allele in P. s. ssp. abyssinicum is more distant from the alleles in the modern cultivars than is that of PI 220174, as expected if P. s. ssp. abyssinicum diverged from the modern domesticated germplasm earlier (or was derived from a hybridization with a lineage that had diverged earlier than group a-2). However, in one case, Gpic , the allele in PI 220174 is placed between the Abyssinian pea allele and those in P. fulvum, contradicting the general pattern. For both the position of PI 220174 and the phylogenetic relationship of the Abyssinian pea with other members of the genus, the general trend appears to be more reliable than results for any particular gene.It may be useful to compare the positions of the tication . In mostSbm1 and FRO1, for which a complete data set for the PI accessions was not available) where one or more of the pea accessions contained an allele not found in the selected PIs. The unique Pur allele found in Blue Podded Shelling  is understandable, because none of the PIs had purple pods. In Alat , Domes4 clustered with a P. fulvum accession, and the nearest PI was several nodes away. This Domes4 group consisted of one winter pea variety, ‘Walechia,’ and it must have had some P. fulvum in its pedigree. The other four cases  are less easily explained and indicate how difficult it is to capture all the genetic diversity present in modern cultivars in a small set of PIs. Alternatively, there are many instances on the phylogeny trees where at least one PI accession was present, but none of the modern cultivars possessed a similar allele, reflecting the more limited genetic diversity of modern pea varieties.The current study contained a large number of accessions of known cultivars, and it is of interest to examine if these cultivars added much to the various gene trees or whether the selected PI accessions would have covered the genetic diversity. A total of six cases can be seen in diagrams . Genetic studies on the dehiscent pod character identified a locus, hiscence . A recesPisum, but with less success. The primary mechanism for dormancy is known to be a thick, impervious testa, however, few studies have reported specific genes influencing this trait, and those genes identified do not appear to have been involved in the domestication process. Unpublished results from a study of the JI 1794 × Slow RIL in my laboratory have suggested that regions near the upper end of LG III and lower end of LG IV may contain genes influencing this character . As the hard-seeded trait is present in JI 1794 and absent in Slow, these could be the genes modified during the domestication of pea. Examination of these regions in P. s. ssp. abyssinicum (Table 1) reveals the P. s. ssp. sativum allele is present in both the Rb, Rms1 region of LG III and the EST-163, FRO1 region on LG IV. The b/Rms1R region precisely corresponds with the QTL for seed dormancy on LG III, whereas that on LG IV would have centered on the FRO1/EST-191 segment. However, should either or both QTL represent a gene from JI 1794 producing a thick testa, the presence of P. s. ssp. sativum-related alleles at these locations in the Abyssinian pea would be consistent with the thinning of the testa occurring before the P. s. ssp. sativum and P. s. ssp. abyssinicum lineages split.The genetic basis of seed dormancy has also been studied in To address this question, one must first define what is meant by “to domesticate.” Some have defined it as the acquisition of a considerable number of traits that we observed in modern day cultivars , while oP. s. ssp sativum and one leading to P. s. ssp. abyssinicum. Convincing evidence pertaining this question remains lacking, but the knowledge that there are several ways to obtain indehiscent pods in Pisum , and several avenues to loss of seed dormancy  it appears the onus is on those claiming an independent domestication for the Abyssinian pea to demonstrate that the Dpo gene and those genes controlling seed dormancy actually did mutate independently in the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum lineage. The results of the present study provide some evidence for an independent mutation at Dpo, but indicate that the lack of seed dormancy may have preceded the divergence of the two subspecies.Using this last definition, the Abyssinian pea would represent an independent domestication only if seed dormancy and pod dehiscence were independently lost in the two lineages, one leading to P. s. ssp. sativum has become such a widespread crop while P. s. ssp. abyssinicum has a very restricted range. The answer may lie in the considerable difference in genetic diversity present in the two taxa. The former has a genetic diversity that rivals that present in maize, whereas the Abyssinian pea is nearly monomorphic at all loci that have been tested. The much greater genetic diversity present in P. s. spp. sativum undoubtedly facilitates adaptation of the crop to different environments and modification of the actual crop . The difficulty in crossing the two subspecies probably prevented breeder/growers in Ethiopia and Yemen from moving traits available in the more widespread domesticate into the Abyssinian pea. Hence, it is now much more appropriate to consider this latter domesticate as a potential, albeit limited source of novel traits for pea improvement.It is of interest to ask why Pisum taxa, suggesting a very ancient divergence from these other groups, yet the extremely low genetic diversity of P. s. ssp. abyssinicum, particularly relative to the other Pisum taxa, suggests a very recent origin or genetic bottleneck. The unique alleles present in Abyssinian pea are strong evidence against a recent origin (<5000 years bp), whether hybrid or not, because we should still find those alleles in other accessions at the numerous germplasm collections throughout the world. We are left with the genetic bottleneck explanation, with isolation and strong selection being the obvious factors. However, if P. s. ssp. abyssinicum was widespread at one point, what was its distribution and why, based on how alleles seem to be freely exchanged in the rest of the genus, don’t we see some of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum alleles appearing rarely in other accessions?The Abyssinian pea presents an interesting dilemma when trying to explain its genetic characteristics. Many of its alleles are highly diverged from any allele yet identified in the other Pisum has been a moot point since the defining of the genus. Most of the problem exists in trying to further divide the ‘wild’ material referred to as P. s. ssp. elatius (sensu latu) into species. This germplasm is a diverse assemblage of types, yet the variation appears continuous within this complex (P. s. ssp. sativum. The analysis presented in this paper is consistent with treating ‘sativum’ and ‘elatius’ as a panmictic complex and demonstrates that the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum germplasm was derived from this complex. If we are not willing or able to define a P. elatius at the species level, then what justification is there to define a P. abyssinicum?The taxonomic treatment of a related group of organisms can change as new information is obtained and ideas of what constitutes a particular taxonomic level are modified. Whether only two  or up to complex , 2017 anPisum sativum ssp. abyssinicum alleles displayed a much closer relationship to alleles in either P. s. ssp. sativum or P. s. ssp. elatius than to those in P. fulvum. The possibility that the Abyssinian pea was derived from a P. sativum × P. fulvum hybridization within the last 10,000 years is thus rejected. The possibility remains that the Abyssinian pea is a product of a P. s. ssp. sativum × P. s. ssp. elatius hybridization, with the most likely source of P. s. ssp. elatius germplasm being Asia Minor. The question whether the Abyssinian pea represents an independent domestication event remains debatable. The indehiscent pod trait required for domestication may have arisen independently in this lineage based on the P. s. ssp. elatius-related alleles in the Dpo region of the P. s. ssp. abyssinicum genome. However, little evidence is available to determine if the lack of seed dormancy in the Abyssinian pea evolved after this lineage separated from that leading to P. s. ssp. sativum.The comparison of alleles at 54 genes distributed throughout the pea nuclear genome demonstrated that The author performed the research and wrote the manuscript.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Applied Imaging Technology. 4th ed. J. C. P. Heggie, N. A. Liddell, and K. P. Maher. St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, 2001. http://www.life.rmit.edu.au/mrs/kpm/AIT/PACS number(s): 87.57. Applied Imaging Technology is a textbook written for use by radiology residents in Australasia. The book is approximately 500 pages long, and is divided into the following major sections: Radiation Biology & Safety; Basic Physics of X‐ray Imaging; Technology of X‐ray Imaging; Magnetic Resonance; Nuclear Medicine; and Ultrasound. This publication is concise, comprehensive, and current. In addition, the technical quality of the text and illustrations is high. Applied Imaging Technology reflects the needs of Australasia in terms of radiation regulations and radiologic practice. Nonetheless, I think this is an excellent book to supplement the standard texts on medical imaging found in many European and North American radiology departments. This book includes a wealth of up‐to‐date references to the scientific literature as well as more than 500 multiple choice questions. Anyone involved in teaching radiology residents and technologists should be able to benefit from the numerous drawings and illustrations in this book, as well as the medical images which enhance the reader's understanding of the accompanying text.


Dr. Andre A.F.L. van Puijenbroek was not included in the author byline. He should be listed as the eighth author and affiliated with InteRNA Technologies BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data.


Anopheles species. However, the data of Anopheles species and their behavior in Indonesia is still lacking. To optimize the preventive measures of malaria, it is important to synchronize the efforts with the behavior of local Anopheles mosquito was baited by using animal and human (indoor or outdoor) from 18.00 to 06.00 hours. Then, the species were identified and Man Biting Rate (MBR) and Man/Animal Biting per Hour (MBPH) were calculated followed by statistical analysis by using SPSS 17. Explorative research was conducted from April to September 2016 in Southern Minahasa district. The An. barbirostris, An. kochi, and An. vagus. An. vagus was found to be zoophilic and An. barbirostris was showing strict anthropophilic characteristics. Meanwhile, An. kochi feeds on both human and animal. The MBR of An. kochi was found to be the highest (P < 0.005), but its MBPH only significantly exceeded that of An. vagus. All species tend to be more active during the early evening. The data showed that the dominant species in Southern Minahasa were An. barbirostris, An. kochi, and An. vagus were the dominant Anopheles species in Southern Minahasa. Further research is needed to determine the Plasmodium infestation rate of these species. The mosquito is known as a vector for some of the most important human parasites including malaria which is one of important communicable diseases especially in tropical area . Global  Anopheles mosquito poses a real challenge to malaria control programs because different species tend to have different behaviors and feeding locations (indoor versus outdoor) [ Anopheles species within the region tend to feed on human outdoor, then common preventive measures like insecticide-impregnated bed nets and indoor spraying will be useless to prevent malaria. Also, the zoophilic tendency is also important in the case of zoophilic-anthropophilic Anopheles since the presence of domestic animal near housing will only attract mosquito [ Anopheles also increases the risk of zoonosis, such as in the case of P. knowlesi [The diversity ofoutdoor) . For examosquito . Furtherknowlesi . Anopheles species in Indonesia, the exploration and mapping of Anopheles species and its distribution are important. Moreover, Indonesia is an archipelago country with each of its islands or regions having very distinct ecological characteristics from one another; thus it could be hypothesized that the Anopheles diversity will also differ from one area to another. So this type of research is urgently needed in Indonesia, especially in malaria endemic areas such as Southern Minahasa.Since there are only few studies of Anopheles species in the region of South Minahasa district and evaluate whether the species are potential vector for malaria from April to September 2016 in South Minahasa district. Sampling was conducted in the areas suspected as Anopheles breeding ground for two weeks. Mosquitoes were baited using human and animal and then caught using insect net. The mosquitoes were then placed inside a labeled tube film, identified, and counted. The protocol of using human and animal bait is described as follows.A descriptive explorative research was conducted to identifyThe mosquitoes were lured by using four people as human baits who worked in shifts between 18.00 and 06.00 hours. As a preventive measure, malaria prophylaxis (chloroquine) had been given one week before research and continued for up to 1 month after the end of the study. Sample collection was conducted both inside and outside the house from families that had at least one member with malaria. The human bait wore a short and rolled up the cloth sleeve, exposing the whole arm to the mosquito. The human bait was also asked not to smoke during the baiting period.Mosquito catching using animal baits was conducted in the animal pen and its surrounding areas with no special treatment given to the animal. All mosquitoes that landed on the animal were collected using aspirator and stored inside labeled container.All collected specimens were identified using taxonomical book by O'Connor and Soepanto (1999) .(a)The Man Biting Rate (Man Biting Rate) :(1)the  (b)Man/Animal Biting per Hour (MBPH) :(2)the  All data were analyzed descriptively to see the diversity of the species, the pattern of mosquito density, and its biting pattern. All data were analyzed by normality test (Shapiro-Wilk) to determine the distribution pattern. Next, we compared the density and biting pattern of each species to evaluate whether the differences were statistically significant. All analyses were conducted with SPSS.17 for Windows.The density of mosquitoes that contact the human and animal bait was calculated by using following equation. Anopheles species that was found in Southern Minahasa as well as their respective frequency from May to September 2016. An. barbirostris and An. parangensis were the most common species inside the house. Meanwhile, An. parangensis and An. maculatus were more common outside the house. It was interested that An. parangensis was found to be quite common both inside and outside the house. No An. vagus or An. kochi was found in human bait experiment, but both of them were commonly found in animal bait experiment.It appeared that An. vagus, An. kochi, and An. barbirostris. The result of MBR of those species is described in detail in Tables  An. vagus feeds on animals, we calculate its MBR and MBPH based on the number of mosquitoes found feeding on domestic animals.  An. vagus took place between 18.00 and 22.00 hours with a momentary pause between 22.00 and 05.00 hours. Then, the feeding activity resumed briefly from 05.00 to 06.00 hours. The MBPH of this species ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 mosquitoes/animal/hour.Next, we calculated the MBR of for An. kochi. It appears that the MBR of An. kochi in animals ranges from 0.31 to 1.64, which was higher than that of An. vagus. Also, its MBPH ranged from 0.02 to 0.35 inside the house and 0.02 to 0.54 outside the house. MBPH data indicate that the feeding activity of An. kochi began as early as 06.00 a.m. and rose sharply in the next 2-hour period. Meanwhile, it decreased steadily for the next 2 hours until there was no detectable activity between 02.00 and 04.00 hours. Then, there was some feeding activity during the last 2-hour period. In contrast, the activity of An. kochi outside the house was much higher during the first 6 hours. Later on, it decreased sharply and stabilized at 0.02 mosquitoes/man/hour. In contrast to An. vagus, An. kochi is known to feed on both humans and animals, so the calculation of MBPH was focused on human bait.We evaluated the same variable An. barbirostris, which is known to feed only on human. Compared to An. vagus and An. kochi, An. barbirostris has higher rate of MBR ranging from 0.71 to 0.89 inside the house and 0.11 to 0.45 outside the house. Meanwhile, its MBPH was not so different than the other two. The MBR rate inside the house was also higher than the outside; meanwhile, the opposite was observed in MBPH rate for the first 5 hours. Then, the MBPH rate began to fall and stabilized at 0.02–0.04 mosquitoes/man/hour. Interestingly, no activity was observed between 01.00 and 04.00 hours.We evaluated the corresponding variables for An. vagus, An. kochi, and An. barbirostris. The details of comparisons are presented in Tables  An. vagus and An. kochi exceeded that of An. barbirostris significantly. In addition, the endophytic density of An. barbirostris also exceeded its exophytic density.Lastly, we compared both variables (MBR and MBPH) between An. vagus and exophytic An. kochi was statistically significant  of this species was higher than that of An. vagus but lower than that of An. kochi, though the difference between it and An. vagus was not statistically significant. It was also found both inside and outside the house, but its endophytic MBR was significantly higher, which suggests that this species was more active indoor. Based on the pattern of its MBPH, it was found that An. barbirostris tended to remain active during the first 4-5 hours of the evening. However, the MBPH pattern showed that this species was slightly more active outdoor. An. barbirostris is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and some studies had also confirmed it as a Plasmodium vector [ An. barbirostris was never found to be a common species in other studies conducted in Southeast Asia and its density had always exceeded the density of An. maculatus, An. sondaicus, and An. dirus [On the other hand,m vector , 21. Hown. dirus , 10. Furn. dirus , 23. Anopheles species, the feeding pattern of An. kochi was found to be similar to that of An. barbirostris, but An. barbirostris was found feeding on both humans and animals. By comparing its MBR and MBPH, it was clear that the density of this species exceeded the densities of the other two species. Furthermore, its exophytic feeding activity was also higher than its endophytic activity, although there were no statistically significant differences between its MBPH and that of An. vagus and exophytic An. barbirostris. This species tends to be more widely distributed compared with other Anopheles species, which is confirmed by Pinontoan [ Plasmodium, which highlights the potential role of this species in malaria transmission. However, a study conducted in Maluku region of eastern Indonesia by Soekirno et al. reported that An. kochi was not infectious and did not act as an effective vector for Plasmodium [ Plasmodium infection but could not find any sporozoite [ Plasmodium vector and further researches are needed to confirm the findings reported by Pinontoan [As for the comparison of the last twoinontoan . The samasmodium . Jiram eorozoite . Thus, iinontoan . An. maculatus was found to be lower than that of the other four species; meanwhile, it was found to be predominant in several countries of Indochina peninsula [ An. farauti and An. punctulatus are predominant in Papua New Guinea and An. sondaicus is commonly found in Sunda Island, Indonesia [ Anopheles mosquito tends to be more active during the first hour of the evening, which is in accordance with the findings of this study. Nevertheless, this study provided additional data about Anopheles species in Indonesia which still has high prevalence of malaria.Overall, our findings reveal the local diversity in Southern Minahasa region of Celebes Island, Indonesia. This finding was different compared with the other studies conducted in Southeast Asia. In this study, the density ofeninsula , 10–12. ndonesia , 25, 26. An. kochi and An. barbirostris were the main vectors of malaria in Southern Minahasa district, with An. barbirostris feeding specifically on humans and An. kochi feeding on both humans and animals. It also appears that they tend to be more active during the first hour of the evening whereas their activity drops significantly later on. In regard to An. kochi's feeding behavior, it can be concluded that having a domestic animal around the settlement could attract this species and, hence, increase the risk of malaria infection. However, further research is needed to investigate the Plasmodium infestation rate among these Anopheles species in order to complete the map of species distribution and susceptibility areas in Minahasa Region and Indonesia.Based on the results of this study, we found that


AbstractDiadumenelineata (Actiniaria: Diadumenidae) is a prolific invader of coastal environments around the world. First described from Asia, this sea anemone has only been reported once from the western Gulf of Mexico at Port Aransas, Texas. No subsequent sampling has located this species at this locality. The first record of the reappearance of D.lineata on the Texas coast from three locations in the Galveston Bay area is provided, and its geographic distribution and taxonomic history reviewed. Diadumenelineata  is perhaps the most widespread actiniarian in the world , he named it Sagartialuciae. D.lineata in New England to Rhode Island, and by 1929 it had been collected in Cape Charles, Virginia (D.lineata (as H.luciae) in a checklist of actiniarians from South Carolina, describing them as “common to abundant.” On the Pacific coast, Sagartiadavisi from San Pedro, California, now considered a synonym for D.lineata. The species was included in a faunal checklist of California as early as Sagartialuciae… has been reported from San Francisco. We have found this similar form to be very common at certain points in San Diego Bay and Mission Bay.” Chrysoelachrysosplenium was originally composed of both itself and D.lineata as suggested by H.lineata in their guide to European marine fauna, and wrote that it occurred on, “all British coasts… widely distributed through Europe and the rest of the world”  from northwestern Florida. The earlier record is from Port Aransas, Texas at the University of Texas Marine Research Station  in the checklist of cnidarians of the Gulf of Mexico, citing D.lineata has not been found PageBreakat Port Aransas since . Additionally, to our knowledge no other reports of D.lineata exist in the Gulf west of northern Florida.There exist only two reports of  Station . HedgpetDiadumenelineata occurs in dense numbers on rock jetties, pilings, oyster reefs, and in salt marshes where it has been reported to associate with Spartinaalterniflora , often inconspicuous sea anemone is dark green or brown with orange, yellow, white, or green vertical stripes  and reserniflora . Diadumeceration  and the ceration . Johnson 27.5 °C . It can  27.5 °C . The abiD.lineata has been discovered at three separate locations in the Galveston Bay area  . Another population was discovered on a rock jetty that supports a Crassostreavirginica Gmelin reef on Bolivar Peninsula on March 14, 2017 . Five individuals were gently scraped from the oyster shells and preserved in 70% ethanol. A third population was discovered on a bed of oyster shells near a salt marsh off Sportsman Road on Galveston Island on July 7, 2017   includes various names .Verrill (1871) described ustulata . Later, S.luciae to be synonymous with S.chrysosplenium . Actiniachrysosplenium, in two later works from Falmouth  to be synonymous, S.lineata-luciae from C.chrysosplenium, a separation that exists to this day. D.lineata and C.chrysosplenium could not be determined as an actiniarian matching Cocks’ original description had not been sampled. C.chrysosplenium both as a synonym for D.lineata and as a separate species.While S.lineata and S.luciae were the same species. Calgren (1949) listed D.lineata as Aiptasiomorphaluciae, which would be adopted by D.lineata at Port Aransas. Aiptasiomorpha and Diadumene, arguing that the only distinguishing feature was the presence of catch tentacles in the latter, but not all individuals of the Diadumenidae possessed them. She further erected the family Haliplanellidae with a single genus Haliplanella on the basis of a novel combination of nematocysts in the acontia of basitrichs, microbasic p-mastigophores, and microbasic amastigophores, and removed D.luciae to this new genus. However, the genus Haliplanella had previously been established by Haliplanellaluciae still appears in many modern texts  to preserve the genus Haliplanella by suppression of S.luciae to be a synonym for S.lineata , confusion as to the generic position of D.lineata remains. Several recent publications mention the name Haliplanellalineata  and the Fin and Feather Reef on Redfish Bay , have been examined in the past, but no sea anemones were found . Based on the three separate observations of the Galveston Bay D.lineata populations, which occurred across a range of locations and dates, we are confident that D.lineata is well established in the bay. Salt marshes near the Sportsman Road jetty were examined for any association between D.lineata and S.alterniflora as reported by D.lineata and S.alterniflora is limited to the Bahia Blanca estuary, or simply the difficulty of locating such tiny animals in the dense muddy marsh without the use of cores and laboratory observation.Therefore, based on the assumed disappearance of the Port Aransas population, the current report represents a reappearance of D.lineata became established in Galveston Bay of all locations in the western Gulf. An enormous amount of cargo passes through Galveston Bay every year, as passage through the Bay is required to reach not only the Port of Galveston, but also the much larger ports of Houston and Texas City. In 2015 the American Association of Port Authorities ranked the ports of Houston and Texas City 1st and 15th respectively in terms of the total tons of annual foreign imports  includes a trade route that connects Galveston to Southampton, roughly 150 km from Cornwall where the spePageBreakcies has been located previously. Höegh Autoliners, another Galveston port regular, ports extensively through Southeast Asia where D.lineata is believed to originate. Past studies have found this species adhering to boat hulls and suggested this as a likely explanation for its worldwide invasion (e.g., It is unsurprising that  imports . The poron e.g., .D.lineata still appears in dispute, as the taxonomic review above indicated, while the specific name D.lineata seems accepted due to precedent (ICZN decision to suppress Diadumene as the proper genus (The generic position of recedent . The 201er genus .


Introduction.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an opportunistic pathogen of dogs and cats, is rarely reported to cause infection in humans. Here, we describe a case of severe skin infection caused by S. pseudintermedius, in a 47-year-old male, a dog owner; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first such case reported from Scotland.Case presentation. The patient presented with a short history of a severe ecthyma-like lesion on his forehead, with smaller lesions on his abdomen and legs. Bacterial culture revealed Clostridium perfringens, thought to be colonizing the wound, and a Staphylococcus species, identified as S. pseudintermedius by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight MS and confirmed by molecular methods using a PCR-RFLP approach. The patient was treated with flucloxacillin, penicillin V and Fucibet cream, and recovered fully. Zoonotic infection was considered likely; however, screening swabs from his dogs grew S. pseudintermedius of a different clonal type. Both patient and dog strains carried Staphylococcus intermedius exfoliative toxin and leucocidin I, closely related to Panton–Valentine leucocidin, possibly contributing to the severity of the infection. S pseudintermedius, although coagulase positive, is normally negative by rapid slide clumping and latex agglutination tests routinely used to identify Staphylococcus aureus. Hence, S. pseudintermedius may easily be misidentified as a coagulase-negative staphylococcus and considered insignificant.Conclusion. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of a human S. pseudintermedius infection in Scotland. Zoonotic transmission of S. pseudintermedius between pets and owners has been shown. However, in this case zoonosis could not be confirmed. CNS, coagulase-negative staphylococcus; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight; PVL, Panton–Valentine leukocidin; ST, sequence type.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius belongs to a group of three closely related staphylococcal species  known as the S. intermedius group [S. pseudintermedius is a member of the normal flora, colonizing up to 90 %, of dogs, and is also a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections including pyoderma, otitis, wound and urinary-tract infections in dogs, cats and horses, but has only rarely been isolated from humans [S. pseudintermedius in humans, including infected dog bite wounds, bacteraemia, pneumonia, brain abscesses and septic arthritis, most of which have been related to dog exposure [S. pseudintermedius is a coagulase-positive organism, the characteristics of its coagulase differs from Staphylococcus aureus coagulase [S. aureus. These tests differentiate S. aureus from other staphylococcal species by detecting clumping factor and cell bound protein A. As these two factors are rarely present in S. pseudintermedius, up to 90 % of isolates tested will give a negative result. Therefore, the true incidence of human infection is unknown, but is likely to be higher than that reported. This is due to the pathogen being frequently misidentified, either as a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) and regarded as a contaminant, or as S. aureus [S. pseudintermedius is now possible, whereas previously it may have been misidentified as S. aureus or discarded based on a negative latex agglutination test [us group . S. pseum humans . Howeverexposure . While Soagulase . The maj. aureus . Since tion test .S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius produces numerous virulence factors including toxins, such as haemolysins, exfoliative toxins, coagulase, thermonuclease, clumping factor and protein A, enterotoxins and a leucotoxin I (Luk-I), which is very similar to Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) from S. aureus. However, as many of these virulence factors have yet to be characterized in detail, knowledge of the pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius is very limited [S. pseudintermedius isolates from an infected human and his colonized dogs to determine whether zoonotic transmission had occurred.Similar to  limited . This caClostridium perfringens and a CNS identified by MALDI-TOF MS as S. pseudintermedius. No fungi were isolated from the lesion. The patient’s anterior nares were screened for colonization with S. pseudintermedius, which were negative.A 47-year-old sawmill worker presented with a 1 week history of an ecthyma-like, painful, enlarging crusting lesion on his forehead, with several smaller satellite lesions . InitialC. perfringens from the lesion was concerning and its significance uncertain. There were no features of clostridial soft tissue infection, no loss of tissue viability around the lesion and no evidence of skin necrosis, no bullae, blisters, bruising nor numbness, and no systemic toxicity. It was concluded that this organism was colonizing the lesion and not contributing to the infection.The isolation of S. pseudintermedius had not been fully identified and the significance of the C. perfringens was yet to be determined. It was, therefore, felt reasonable to include penicillin V with flucloxacillin. Fucibet cream was included to reduce inflammation, irritation and wound discharge. This was applied topically twice daily for several weeks, in conjunction with warm bathing with water/white vinegar twice daily until the eschar separated. The patient was given oral chlorphenamine, 4 mg, as required, for the itching. Five weeks later, his skin lesion had almost completely resolved  was performed as described elsewhere . The PFGS. intermedius exfoliative toxin (SIET) and leucocidin I (lukF/S-PV), which is closely related to PVL [blaZ gene [blaZ gene, oxacillin and fusidic acid.Genes encoding toxins PVL, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and exfoliative toxins a, b were not detected by PCR . Howeverd to PVL . AntibiolaZ gene , and susThe patient completed his treatment and recovered fully.S. pseudintermedius colonization in humans and in those that have been performed low levels of colonization have been reported. In a study of humans and their pet dogs in Ontario, Canada, S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 4.1 % of healthy subjects [S. intermedius group in 8.9 % of subjects [There have been relatively few studies on the rate of subjects , and a ssubjects .S. pseudintermedius is a coagulase-positive organism, which is normally negative by rapid slide clumping test and by commercial latex agglutination tests that detect clumping factor, protein A and/or surface antigens in S. aureus. As a consequence, the risk that S. pseudintermedius is misidentified as a CNS is high in human diagnostic laboratories, as these commercial tests are routinely used to screen for rapid discrimination of S. aureus and CNS [ and CNS .C. perfringens, and the severity of the lesion, the unknown staphylococcus would not have been fully identified. Identification of this isolate as S. pseudintermedius prompted the history of dog contact to be elicited from the patient. The significance of the C. perfringens remains uncertain; polymicrobial cultures from humans and dogs infected with S. pseudintermedius are common [S. pseudintermedius infections in humans may differ to those of companion animals, where the organism is often the primary pathogen, this organism certainly has the potential to be virulent in the human host.Clinical details concerning the nature of an infection are, of course, very significant for determining optimal microbiological laboratory processing of specimens. In this case, clinical information on the request form was lacking, and had it not been for the presence of a potentially significant pathogen, e common . While iS. pseudintermedius as a human zoonotic pathogen is unknown [S. pseudintermedius between dogs and humans have been published [et al. [S. pseudintermedius in infected dogs, their owners and subjects with no daily contact with dogs. In the study, the dog owners were significantly more likely to carry S. pseudintermedius than the control group and they often carried the same strain as their dog. In this case, the strain infecting the patient was different to that of his colonized dogs, indicating that zoonotic transmission, between the patient and his dog, had not occurred. However, it is possible that the dogs may have been colonized by more than one strain, but due to the limitations of our typing methodology, multiple strain colonization could not be determined. Polyclonal S. aureus colonization in humans has been shown, caused by exposure to diverse strains from exogenous sources, such as other individuals or pets [At present, the true incidence of  unknown . Howeverublished . Guardab [et al.  have inv or pets . TherefoS. pseudintermedius [S. aureus. While S. intermedius exfoliative toxin has been shown to cause symptoms similar to canine pyoderma and human scalded skin syndrome, and LukI to be leucotoxic to polymorphonuclear cells, their role in pathogenesis among strains of S. pseudintermedius remains unclear [S. pseudintermedius infection in a human from Scotland.All isolates in this case report were positive for the genes encoding toxins LukI and SIET, which is consistent with other reports on the detection of virulence genes in ermedius . These g unclear . While z


Bengt H. Gless was not included as an author in the published article. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The original article has been updated.MB, MSB, PD, CO, and HI planned the experiments. JC, MB, and MSB performed the microbiological work. BG and PG performed chemical synthesis. MS did the bioinformatic analysis. PA supervised the bioinformatic analysis and PD and HI the microbiological work. CO supervised the chemical research. JC, MB, MSB, PA, PD, CO, and HI contributed to the writing of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Themeda triandra, Tristachya leucothrix and Setaria nigrirostris. Currently, the dominant species are Panicum maximum, Setaria sphacelata and Eragrostis curvula, making up 71% of total biomass. As in the Park Grass experiment, we found a significant (additive) interaction effect on ANPP of nitrogen and phosphorus, and a  negative correlation between ANPP and species richness. Unlike the Park Grass experiment, there was no correlation between ANPP and species richness when pH was included as a covariate. There was also a significant negative effect of nitrogen amount and nitrogen form and a positive effect of lime on species richness and species diversity. Soil pH had an important effect on species richness. Liming was insufficient to balance the negative effects on species richness of nitrogen fertilization. There was a significant effect of pH on biomass of three abundant species. There were also significant effects of light on the biomass of four species, with only Panicum maximum having a negative response to light. In all of the abundant species, adding total species richness and ANPP to the model increased the amount of variance explained. The biomass of Eragrostis curvula and P. maximum were negatively correlated with species richness while three other abundant species increased with species richness, suggesting that competition and facilitation were active. Consistent with the results from the Park Grass and other long-term fertilization experiments of grasslands, we found a positive effect of soil pH and a negative effect of nitrogen amount on species richness, a more acutely negative effect on species richness of acidic ammonium sulphate fertilizer than limestone ammonium nitrate, a negative relationship between species richness and biomass, and a positive effect on species richness of lime interacting with nitrogen.We compared the results of a long-term (65 years) experiment in a South African grassland with the world’s longest-running ecological experiment, the Park Grass study at Rothamsted, U.K. The climate is warm and humid in South Africa and cool and temperate in England. The African grassland has been fertilized with two forms of nitrogen applied at four levels, phosphorus and lime in a crossed design in 96 plots. In 1951, about 84% of plant cover consisted of  Priority effects may play a large role in plant communities –4. The rOne of the ways to minimize priority effects is to conduct long-term experiments. Long-term experiments of rigorous statistical design that have manipulated many of the major nutrients known to be most limiting to plants are rare –11. The -2), phosphorus  and lime application . Unfortunately, relatively few papers have been published from the 65 years that the experiment has been active )2) than the Park Grass plots (ca. 200 m2). We note that Mittelbach et al. [The sample size in our study (n = 96) was similar to that for the Park Grass experiment (n = 97 –). The sih et al.  found th2) are similar in area to ours. Some [In a review of grassland fertilization experiments run at 48 sites on five continents, Adler et al.  considerrs. Some , 82 contCrawley et al.  record tE. curvula and P. maximum) displayed a significant nitrogen X phosphorus interaction. However, when we tested the effect of the current level of total soil nitrogen, there was only a significant effect for T. triandra and T. leucothrix. The biomass of both of these species were negatively correlated with nitrogen, indicating that they were nitrophobic. Contrastingly, despite the fact that P. maximum is renowned for being a nitrophilic species  effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization ; however species , 84), thP. maximum, T. triandra, S. sphacelata and E. curvula), there was a significant effect of lime application, which is consistent with an overall response to changes in pH , while P. maximum and E. curvula responded negatively to pH, indicating that they preferred a more acidic soil. P. maximum did not respond as expected to increased total soil nitrogen  responded positively to PAR. Only one species (Panicum maximum) responded negatively to PAR. This means that only three species were unresponsive to PAR . However, there was no overall (significant) response of ANPP or species richness to PAR. Light conditions beneath the grass layer were reduced by nutrient addition to 30% of full sunlight but remained above 60% in non-fertilized plots [The effects of light, induced by shading among plants, appears to be important among many of the abundant species. Three of the four abundant species we studied  was also introduced into the multiple regression models, these were more important than the other variables in five of the six species , total soil nitrogen (S. sphacelata) and PAR (P. maximum), the standardized (β) coefficients showed that species richness was more important than the other variables. However, the directions of the effects differed among species–T. triandra, T. leucothrix and S. sphacelata responded positively to species richness while E. curvula, E. plana and P. maximum responded negatively. Some researchers have found that differences in plant height affect responses to species richness  responded positively to species richness while the other responded negatively. T. triandra T. leucothrix, E. curvula and E. plana are short species and they responded positively  and negatively  to species richness. Our results show that T. triandra, T. leucothrix and S. sphacelata are facilitated by the presence of other species, while E. curvula, E. plana and P. maximum compete with other species.A very interesting result in this study was that, while there were many variables that the dominant species responded to Tables  and 4a,  species . Even fos e.g., , 72, 85), 85P. maAristida junciformis, which is known to take over grasslands very quickly when they are disturbed in any way [A. junciformis should be a very effective competitor. We found that A. junciformis was a very poor competitor [A. junciformis exploits gaps where other species are absent, a significant negative correlation with species richness and ANPP might be expected. A. junciformis is known to be very unpalatable, largely due to its high fibre content [A. junciformis was more sensitive to defoliation  than the highly palatable dominant species in many natural grasslands, T. triandra. Morris and Tainton [T. triandra than in A. junciformis. The two species differed in their ability to tolerate defoliation under competition. Defoliation reduced the yield of A. junciformis, at all levels of competition, to a greater extent than T. triandra. A. junciformis was particularly sensitive to a combination of severe defoliation and full competition [A. junciformis did not respond to either of these parameters. Morris and Tainton (86) suggested that manipulation of grazing patterns may shift the competitive balance between palatable (e.g. T. triandra) and unpalatable (e.g. A. junciformis) components of the sward. We suggest that simultaneous manipulation of phosphorus, lime, light, competition and defoliation is needed to better understand the dynamics of A. junciformis.An interesting species is  any way , 86. Fro any way , 86 thatmpetitor . However content , 88. MorWe believe that there clearly are generalities that can be derived from such long-term fertilization experiments. The majority of the results from this study are consistent with those of the Park Grass experiment , 15, 18.