Background: Malaria is endemic in Sierra Leone, with stable and perennial transmission in all parts of the country. At present, the main prevention and control measures for mosquito vectors here involve insecticide treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). The most recent entomological surveillance was conducted prior to the civil war, between 1990 and 1994. Therefore, a new entomological surveillance required to support targeted malaria control strategies.Methods:Anopheles mosquitoes were collected between June and December 2019 using the light trap method. On these, we conducted species identification, analyzed seasonal fluctuation and Plasmodium infection rate, and monitored insecticide resistance.Results: Surveillance of seasonal fluctuation showed that there were two peak of Anopheles density in July (mean 13.67 mosquitoes/trap/night) and October (mean 13.00 mosquitoes/trap/night). Meanwhile, the lowest Anopheles density was seen in early September. Ninety-one representatives of Anopheles gambiae s.l. were selected and identified as An. coluzzii (n = 35) and An. gambiae s.s. (n = 56) using PCR. An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were found to be heterozygous resistant to the knockdown resistance (kdr) L1014F mutation (100%). Meanwhile, the East African mutation (kdr L1014S) was absent in the tested mosquitoes. Three mosquitoes that tested positive for the parasite, had an individual Plasmodium falciparum infection rate of 12.50, 16.67, and 14.29%. The sampling dates of positive mosquitoes were distributed in the two periods of peak Anopheles mosquito density.Conclusion: This study identified the dominant Anopheles species in Freetown as An. gambiae while the predominant species within the An. gambiae complex was An. gambiae sensu stricto. Surveillance of seasonal fluctuations and high P. falciparum infection rates in Anopheles indicate that the alternation of drought and rainy seasons from June to July, and from October to November, are the key periods for malaria control and prevention in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The high frequency of kdr allele mutations in An. gambiae calls for close monitoring of vector susceptibility to insecticides and tracing of resistance mechanisms in order to develop more effective vector control measures and strategies. Malaria remains a global public health crisis . AccordiPlasmodium, transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes , An. gambiae s.s. (formerly S-form An. gambiae), and An. melas were recorded in Sierra Leone (kdr)  –19. In At Africa . The tracticides . Plasmodra Leone . There hra Leone –24 on thAnopheles mosquitoes were conducted in 2019 from June to December in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Molecular identification and insecticide resistance monitoring were performed, while the seasonal fluctuation and malaria infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes were determined.In this study, the entomological and molecular surveillance of The current study was carried out in Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone, located on the west coast of Africa, has a typical tropical climate with a temperature range of 21–32°C and an average temperature of 25°C. There are two main seasons in a year: the rainy season (May to October) and the dry season (November to April). Notably, there is a large amount of rainfall from July to August. The average annual rainfall is 320 cm and the relative humidity ranges from 60 to 90%. Sierra Leone has a wide range of landforms, from coastal swamps, inland swamps, and tropical rainforests, to one of the highest mountains in West Africa (Bintumani Mountain). Secondary palms are the main forms of vegetation, and they are interspersed with many marshes for rice planting. Sierra Leone has a population of about 7.8 million. The capital city, Freetown, with a population of about 1 million, is located on the Atlantic coast of the Freetown peninsula ; of thesMosquitoes were collected using the light-trap method once a week. Approximately 2–4 mosquito traps  were set at each surveillance site. These traps were set up 1 h before sunset and the collection nets were collected 1 h after sunrise the following day. Subsequently, the mosquitoes were brought back to the laboratory for morphological identification . The mosAn. gambiae complex.Genomic DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes using a DNA extraction kit  and used for PCR analysis to identify sub-species of the An. coustani and An. gambiae mosquitoes, involved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) region  were selected for further analysis.The molecular identification of ) region . An. gamsing PCR . In perfsing PCR ; Premix An. gambiae sensu stricto were identified further using PCR  was used to detect nalysis. . The prir L1014S . The PCRkdr mutation in some samples ..PlasmodiAnopheles mosquito surveillance sites in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Meanwhile, the Microsoft Excel 2019 software was used to analyze the monitoring data of Anopheles mosquitoes from the surveillance sites. This included a sum of the total number of Anopheles mosquitoes, and calculation of the distribution ratio and the seasonal variation of mosquito density, as well as a count of the malaria infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes. SPSS v21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.ArcGIS 10.7 was used to map the Culex mosquitoes accounted for 84.86%, 410 Anopheles mosquitoes of malaria vectors accounted for 13.61%, 43 Aedes mosquitoes accounted for 1.43%, and 3 other mosquito species accounted for 0.10% of the total number of mosquitoes captured. The average mosquito density in Freetown was 4.35 mosquitoes/trap/night.During the period from June 26 to December 31, 2019, mosquito vector density monitoring was carried out a total of 26 times at 9 surveillance sites, and 3 012 mosquitoes were collected. Among these, 2 556 Anopheles mosquitoes in Freetown was 0.61 mosquitoes/trap/night. The number of Anopheles collected at Lakka surveillance site was 330, accounting for 80.49% of the total number, and the average density of Anopheles was 4.78 mosquitoes/trap/night. In addition, 30 Anopheles were captured at the Waterloo and Locust, accounting for 7.32% of the total number, and the average density of Anopheles were 0.25 and 0.63 mosquitoes/trap/night. In other surveillance sites, the number of Anopheles trapped was lower . The density of Anopheles in residential areas was 0.60 mosquitoes/trap/night, while that in organization and hospitals was 0.11 and 0.03 mosquitoes/trap/night, respectively. The density of Anopheles trapped in different livestock sheds was further compared. The densities of Anopheles in the livestock sheds of Lakka, Waterloo, Lumley, and Sorie Lane were 8.55, 0.69, 0.12, and 0.07 mosquitoes/trap/night, respectively.The results showed that the density of Anopheles mosquitoes (80.49%) were from Lakka; therefore, this study focused on the Lakka surveillance site as a representative region to conduct further research and analysis. Lakka is in the western area rural of Freetown, Sierra Leone and its environs are rice fields.Most of field-collected Anopheles density in the Lakka community is shown in Anopheles density, the first from July 3 to August 7, and the second from October 9 to November 20. The mosquito density was 13.67 mosquitoes/trap/night on July 31, while in August, the density of Anopheles gradually decreased reaching its lowest level in early September. The density of Anopheles mosquitoes then began to rise, reaching a second peak at the end of October, at 13.00 mosquitoes/trap/night. Subsequently, the Anopheles density again began to decrease in December.The seasonal fluctuation trend of COI sequence. From July 17, 2019 to November 6, 2019, 180 An. gambiae complex (85.31%) and 31 An. coustani (14.69%) mosquitoes were collected. The principal malaria vectors in An. gambiae complex are An. gambiae sensu stricto, An. arabiensis, An. quadriannulatus species A and An. quadriannulatus species B, as well as An. melas, An. merus, and An. bwambae  and 56 An. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes, accounting for 61.54% (56/91) of the An. gambiae complex identified by molecular method.The mosquitoes were identified morphologically and their identities were then confirmed using the mplex 85.% and 31 entified . There wkdr alleles  were detected in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. In each kdr 1014F mutant assay, an intermediate increase in both VIC fluorescence and FAM fluorescence indicated a heterozygote. In each kdr 1014S mutant assay, a substantial increase in VIC fluorescence, with no increase in FAM fluorescence indicated that there was no kdr 1014S mutant. According to the above results, 35 An. coluzzii and 56 An. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes were all heterozygous resistant to the kdr L1014F mutation (100%) (kdr L1014S) was absent in the tested mosquitoes.All three n (100%) . Some saAn. gambiae complex and 31 An. coustani were further tested for the presence of malarial parasites. While P. falciparum parasites were detected in three mosquitoes, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale parasites were not found. Overall, the An. gambiae complex had an individual P. falciparum infection rate of 3.30%, while no P. falciparum infection was detected in the An. coustani individuals . Meanwhile, the three P. falciparum parasite-positive mosquitoes had an individual P. falciparum infection rate of 12.50% , 16.67% , and 14.29% , respectively. The sampling dates of positive mosquitoes were distributed in the two periods of peak Anopheles density (from July 3 to August 7 and from October 9 to November 20).A total of 91 ividuals . IndividCulex accounted for the highest proportion of the total number of mosquitoes, which was the dominant species in Freetown, followed by Anopheles, and Aedes, which had the lowest density. However, Aedes was mainly active in the daytime, and the mosquito traps were used at night, so the data of Aedes could not represent the real situation of the region. In this study, 6 surveillance sites were in the western area urban, while only 3 surveillance sites were in the western area rural. However, the number of Anopheles trapped in western areas rural accounted for 88.29%, and the average density of Anopheles trapped was much higher than that in western urban areas. It may be that there are many paddy fields and swamps in the western area rural, which are breeding areas of Anopheles. These results suggest that the risk of malaria transmitting in western areas rural is higher than that in western areas urban in Freetown.The monitoring results showed that Anopheles density appeared during our study, one in July and the other in October. In Sierra Leone, rainfall typically increases after May, which is the main reason for the increase in mosquito density. Consequently, the Anopheles density was high at the end of June and the beginning of July in the alternate period of the drought and rainy seasons. Heavy rains occurred in July and August, and the mosquito density gradually decreased from the end of July, reaching its lowest point in late August. Previous studies have shown that it takes at least seven days for mosquitoes to develop from eggs to adults in stable water and suitable temperature conditions  were detected in the An. gambiae populations in Freetown and the majority mosquitoes were RR homozygotes for kdr 1014F mutation, with very few heterozygotes . This phenomenon cannot be well-explained at present. It may be related to the pressure of Lakka environmental selection, or because of the limited sample size. It is worth further study in the future. This rapid decrease in susceptibility across sentinel sites may be due to the scale-up of LLINs in the country (kdr allele mutation in An. gambiae calls for close monitoring of vector susceptibility to insecticides and tracing of resistance mechanisms in order to develop more effective vector control strategies and measures.Historically, pyrethrum spraying began in Western Freetown to control adult mosquitoes in 1940. In 1946, the IRS was introduced in Freetown and Port Loko. The use of ITN began in 2002, mainly for pregnant women and children under 5 years old. In 2006, the nationwide free large-scale distribution of LLIN for children under 1-year-old and a measles vaccine campaign were carried out. In 2010, 2014, and 2017, the large-scale distribution of LLIN continued ( country . Althoug country . Therefo country , 44. TheThe raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.All procedures were performed in accordance with established International Guiding Principles. The study was approved by the National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sanitation. Permission to collect mosquito from the fields was obtained from the field owners. Our study did not pose any danger to the communities involved or the staff that participated.NZ, IS, HT, and FY made substantial contribution to the design of the research. NZ, IS, and HT conducted field work for mosquito collection. NZ, FY, LL, and YG had analyzed the data of mosquito surveillance. NZ, LL, XS, JW, XL, YY, and HW tested mosquitoes collected from surveillance sites. NZ, IS, LL, and FY contributed to the drafting of the manuscript and the important intellectual content herewith. QL supervised the work as the project administrator. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Streptococcus suis. Therefore, we deployed a questionnaire survey of clinical swine veterinarians to obtain the input data needed for a stochastic model to calculate the costs caused by S. suis, which was implemented in three of the main swine producing countries in Europe: Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. S. suis-associated disease is endemic in those countries in all production phases, though nursery was the phase most severely impacted. In affected nursery units, between 3.3 and 4.0% of pigs had S. suis-associated disease and the mortalities ranged from 0.5 to 0.9%. In Germany, the average cost of S. suis per pig  was 1.30 euros (90% CI: 0.53–2.28), in the Netherlands 0.96 euros (90% CI: 0.27–1.54), and in Spain 0.60 euros (90% CI: 0.29–0.96). In Germany, that cost was essentially influenced by the expenditure in early metaphylaxis in nursery and in autogenous vaccines in sows and nursery pigs; in the Netherlands, by expenditure on autogenous vaccines in sows and nursery pigs; and in Spain, by the expenditures in early metaphylaxis and to a lesser extent by the mortality in nursery pigs. Therefore, the differences in costs between countries can be explained to a great extent by the measures to control S. suis implemented in each country. In Spain and in Germany, use of antimicrobials, predominantly beta-lactams, is still crucial for the control of the disease.The economic assessment of animal diseases is essential for decision-making, including the allocation of resources for disease control. However, that assessment is usually hampered by the lack of reliable data on disease incidence, or treatment and control measures, and that is particularly true for swine production diseases, such as infections caused by  Streptococcus suis is an encapsulated Gram-positive bacterium naturally present in the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs, mainly in saliva, tonsils and nasal cavities , and which include for example Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv)  . As for  (PRRSv)  or the i (PRRSv) .S. suis infections is that presumptive diagnosis is often based on clinical signs without laboratory confirmation, although other diseases  may give a similar clinical picture  of S. suis-associated disease, to make sensible decisions on whether to allocate resources for their control, or to evaluate the efficacy of possible interventions. In order to fulfill those objectives, questionnaire-based surveys of clinical swine veterinarians were carried out to obtain input data, that were later fed to mathematical models for the calculation of the costs of disease. To allow the incorporation of variability and/or uncertainty associated with many of its inputs, a stochastic model was developed. Models for the calculation of the cost of animal diseases are commonly stochastic .The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/CN-I, JC, and SN conceived the study. CN-I, JC, IH-P, NS-Z, LP-G, and SN contributed to the acquisition of data or its analysis. CN-I and SN drafted the first version of the article. CN-I, JC, IH-P, NS-Z, MG, LM-G, and SN revised critically the article. All authors approved of the version submitted.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In Hokkaido, northern island of Japan, at least seven cases of falciparum malaria were reported by 1951. A survey conducted at that time was unsuccessful in implicating any mosquito species as the possible vector. Although active anopheline mosquito surveillance continued until the middle of the 1980s, there is very limited information on their current status and distribution in Japan. Therefore, this study is an update on the current status and distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Hokkaido based on a 15-year entomological surveillance between 2001 and 2015.A survey of mosquitoes was conducted at 22 sites in Hokkaido, Japan, from 2001 to 2015. Adult mosquitoes were collected from cowsheds, lakesides, shrubs, and habitats ranging from open grassland to coniferous forest using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light trap enhanced with dry ice, aspirators, and sweeping nets. Larvae were collected from lakes, ponds, swamps, stagnant and flowing rivers, and paddy fields. All specimens were morphologically identified and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( ITS2) region of rDNA. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the neighbor-joining method with the Kimura 2-parameter model on MEGA X version 10.2.2.Anopheles hyrcanus group, An. belenrae, was discovered in eastern Hokkaido in 2004. Anopheles belenrae has since then been consistently found and confirmed to inhabit only this area of Japan. Four members of the An. hyrcanus group, namely An. belenrae, An. engarensis, An. lesteri, and An. sineroides, have been found in Hokkaido. The results also suggest that An. sinensis, formerly a dominant species throughout Japan, has become a rarely found species, at least currently in Hokkaido.A total of 46 anopheline specimens were used for the phylogenetic analysis. During the survey, a new member of the An. sinensis was previously distributed may have been greatly reduced in Hokkaido. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel An. hyrcanus group member identified as An. belenrae, described in South Korea in 2005. It is interesting that An. belenrae was confirmed to inhabit only eastern Hokkaido, Japan.The updated distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Hokkaido, Japan, showed considerable differences from that observed in previous surveys conducted from 1969 to 1984. In particular, areas where  Malaria cases reported in Japan reached 28,000 annually in 1945 and 1946, with over 7000 cases of vivax malaria up to the end of the 1950s. Surprisingly, at least seven cases of falciparum malaria were reported between 1947 and 1951 in Rubeshibe, Hokkaido , located in the north of Japan. Although a survey was conducted to determine the vector mosquitoes involved at that time, no suspected species were found [Anopheles sinensis is the most widespread and common anopheline species. This species is considered the major vector of vivax malaria in Korea and China. Previous surveys conducted in Japan from 1970 to 1986 revealed that An. sinensis was the dominant anopheline species in Japan, including Hokkaido; An. lesteri was commonly found in Hokkaido, with only a few An. sineroides [An. engarensis [An. sinensis, An. engarensis, and An. lesteri, continue to inhabit Japan. Despite the need for a nationwide survey to systematically assess these species, very little information is available, mostly gathered in the 1980s. Recently, several DNA barcoding projects have been conducted on mosquitoes in Japan, and a small number of genomic data on anopheline mosquitoes were included [Anopheline species contain the most important malaria vector species. Among those recorded in Japan, neroides –6. Thesegarensis –5. Thus,An. hyrcanus group, namely An. sinensis, An. sineroides, An. lesteri, An. engarensis, and An. yatsushiroensis, had been confirmed in Japan. Moreover, of these five species, only An. yatsushiroensis has never been reported in Hokkaido [An. engarensis and An. sinensis, make it difficult to distinguish between species morphologically. Therefore, the frequency of clasper movements in males, hybridization studies, and chromosomal studies were used to distinguish An. engarensis from the Japanese population of An. sinensis [COI) sequences of the DNA barcoding region [An. maculipennis complex, An. quadrimaculatus complex, An. culicifacies complex, and An. gambiae complex [An. hyrcanus group [At the onset of this survey, the presence of five species of the Hokkaido –13, the sinensis . They hag region –16 and t complex –20. ITS2us group –26.An. (Anopheles) belenrae described in South Korea in 2005 [For about 20 years after the last survey in 1984 , very fe in 2005  in Japan in 2005 –6 on theHokkaido, the study site of the present survey, is generally divided into four areas: Donan (southern Hokkaido), Doo , Doto (eastern Hokkaido), and Dohoku (northern Hokkaido). Table Adult mosquitoes were collected in cowsheds and around their habitats such as lakesides, shrubs, and open grassland to coniferous forest throughout the day using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light trap enhanced with dry ice , aspiratAn. sinensis reference specimen. Details of the collection sites are provided in Table In this study, eight specimens collected in domestic areas outside Hokkaido were used as a reference specimen in phylogenetic analysis. Seven of the eight specimens were from Japan, and the last was from Vietnam. The areas in Japan and year surveyed were Kanagawa Prefecture in 2001, Akita Prefecture in 2005, Aomori and Toyama Prefectures in 2007, and Gifu, Fukui, and Tokushima Prefectures in 2009. The specimen collected in Gia Lai Province in Vietnam in 2007 served as an outside-Japan Total genomic DNA was extracted from individual samples using the REDExtract-N-Amp Tissue PCR Kit  according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Extracted mosquito DNA was subjected to PCR-based sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis using primers of the ribosomal DNA ITS2 region  . AmplifiAll visible PCR-amplified DNA fragments were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit  or extracted using MonoFas  from a 2% low-melting-point agarose gel  after preparative gel electrophoresis and visualization with ethidium bromide. Each purified double-stranded PCR product was directly cycle-sequenced from both ends using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing FS Ready Reaction Kit v3.1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the PCR primers . The thehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) for species identification.Sequence analysis was performed using GENETYX software version 14 . Sequences of the PCR-amplified DNA fragments were then used to perform BLAST searches on the GenBank nucleic acid database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information website  [An. belenrae specimen “isolate 3” from South Korea (AY375466) [An. kleini from South Korea , An. lesteri specimen “specimen 1” (type B), and specimen “specimen 2” (type C) from South Korea  [An. sinensis specimen “isolate 1” from South Korea (AY375464) [An. sineroides specimen “SINEK02” from South Korea (GU384724) [Anopheles yatsushiroensis from China (AY186792) [An. pullus [Thirty-eight specimens (37 from Japan and one from Vietnam), comprising five species, out of the total collected mosquitoes were used for phylogenetic analyses. The corresponding sequence data for eight specimens of six species, namely Y803792) , An. belY375466) , a specictively) , An. sinY375464) , and An.U384724) , served Y186792) , which w. pullus , 37, wasA map of Hokkaido in the geodatabase  was used to map the collection sites. The geographical positions of the collection sites were obtained from both previous studies –6 and thAn. hyrcanus group: An. belenrae, An. engarensis, An. lesteri, and An. sineroides  ITS2 sequence of 38 specimens, collected from different sites  in different years, and eight reference sequences from the GenBank database  were collected in Hokkaido between 2001 and 2015. The collected specimens were classified into four anopheline species of the An. sinensis  and one specimen from South Korea (isolate 1).The NJ phylogenetic trees revealed five robust clades, consisting of the four species listed above and is Figs. , 2. Unfoes Figs. , 2. NoneAn. sinensis were confirmed to be An. belenrae using the ITS2 sequence, marking the first record of An. belenrae in Japan (specimen Akan44). Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that An. belenrae was the closest related species to An. sinensis, followed by An. engarensis  and the Korean strain (isolate 3), with 0% pairwise divergence. This suggests that the Japanese An. belenrae and the Korean An. belenrae are the same, at least based on the ITS2 sequences. Among the An. sinensis strains, the Vietnamese strain (GLVN59) showed slight differences from the other strains, with 0.26% pairwise divergence. Regarding the clusters of An. engarensis, one specimen (Daisen55) collected in Akita Prefecture, an area outside Hokkaido, was slightly different from the nine specimens collected in Hokkaido   and the one from South Korea (SINEK02), with 0% pairwise divergence  were quite distant from the other An. lesteri strains   in 1977 [An. engarensis was recognized as a new species in the An. hyrcanus group only after its chromosomal structure was determined to be different from that of An. sinensis [An. engarensis males during artificial mating, a common method for laboratory maintenance of anopheline mosquitoes [ in 1977 , was als in 1977 , suggest in 1977 –6  and type C (specimen 2) from South Korea are included in this species. Since the ITS2 distance of this species varies even within Hokkaido, there is a possibility that An. lesteri includes crypto-species. In defining this species, it is necessary to analyze both the COI barcoding region and the ITS2 region. Moreover, a large number of specimens collected outside Hokkaido will be necessary. In a previous study, a short interspecific divergence of 7.2% was observed between An. kleini and An. engarensis [An. kleini and our An. engarensis specimens from Hokkaido and An. kleini and An. engarensis specimen Daisen55, respectively. Although these results may provide validation that An. kleini is a synonym of An. engarensis, further analysis is required. We also presented evidence that An. anthropophagus and An. lesteri were conspecific, based on the ITS2 divergence between them. Our results based on interspecific comparisons of ITS2 divergence may also support previous reports that An. belenrae and An. sinensis are genetically distinct [An. anthropophagus is a conspecific species of An. lesteri [In our study, the ITS2 intraspecific divergence in garensis . We obtadistinct , 25, and lesteri , 48.An. sinensis, An. lesteri, and An. yatsushiroensis in Japan were reported to preferentially invade livestock barns and houses [An. hyrcanus group. Therefore, in order to collect as many mosquitoes as possible in this study, we attempted to collect both adults and larvae of mosquitoes from all areas using several methods regardless of mosquito behavior. In addition, the surveys were conducted in late July and August, when the mosquitoes are the most active in Hokkaido. In the previous studies [An. sinensis may not have been distributed in Hokkaido or may no longer have been present in sufficient numbers to be collected. In fact, the An. sinensis specimens used in this study were collected easily in areas south of Hokkaido, such as Kanagawa, Aomori, Fukui, and Tokushima Prefectures, using the same method as that followed in Hokkaido. Therefore, it is unlikely that the sampling methodology or the timing of the survey influenced our results. Similarly, our results indicate a significant change in the distribution range of other members of the An. hyrcanus group in Hokkaido from that reported until the 1980s [An. sinensis was reconfirmed after 2003 cannot be ruled out. To address these questions, continued mosquito surveys are needed in the future.In previous studies, d houses . These s studies –6, most he 1980s –6. HowevAn. hyrcanus group mosquitoes in Hokkaido, demonstrating great differences from surveys conducted between 1969 and 1984. In particular, the area inhabited by An. sinensis has greatly diminished, and the newly discovered An. belenrae was confirmed to inhabit only eastern Hokkaido. In summary, this study showed that Hokkaido harbored four members of the An. hyrcanus group, namely An. engarensis, An. belenrae, An. sineroides, and An. lesteri.ITS2 sequence divergence revealed the current distribution of the An. lesteri and An. belenrae, are present in Hokkaido today. Although the malaria vector capacity of the Japanese strain of An. belenrae has not yet been evaluated, the Korean strain is considered to be a vector or potential vector of Plasmodium vivax [Our research has revealed that two anopheline species reported as malaria vectors, um vivax , 49. For


The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles , nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described advantages of the different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving the therapeutic effect. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This Special Issue brings together the latest research and reviews that report preclinical studies in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers will find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.F. Fernández-Campos et al.  developeA.B. Nair et al.  evaluateO. Holas et al.  investigA. Melero et al.  developeS.A.G. Langeveld et al.  studied M.L. Fanarraga et al.  developeW.Y. Rizg et al.  developeM. Igartua an R.M. Hernandez et al.  preparedR.B. Walker et al.  developeM. Puchkov et al.  investigT. Lajunen et al.  developeC.A. Prestidge et al.  studied M.P. Scavo et al.  evaluateK.L. Vine et al.  tested tA.C. Silva et al.  applied K. Hart et al.  reviewedWe would like to thank all the authors of this Special Issue for contributing with high quality works. We also acknowledge all the reviewers who critically evaluated the articles. In addition, we would like to thank the Assistant Editor, Ms. Claudia Li, for her kind help.


In the field theories in physics, any particular region of the presumed space-time continuum and all interactions between elementary objects therein can be objectively measured and/or accounted for mathematically. Since this does not apply to any of the field theories, or any other neural theory, of consciousness, their explanatory power is limited. As discussed in detail herein, the matter is complicated further by the facts than any scientifically operational definition of consciousness is inevitably partial, and that the phenomenon has no spatial dimensionality. Under the light of insights from research on meditation and expanded consciousness, chronic pain syndrome, healthy aging, and eudaimonic well-being, we may conceive consciousness as a source of potential energy that has no clearly defined spatial dimensionality, but can produce significant changes in others and in the world, observable in terms of changes in time. It is argued that consciousness may have evolved to enable the human species to generate such changes in order to cope with unprecedented and/or unpredictable adversity. Such coping could, ultimately, include the conscious planning of our own extinction when survival on the planet is no longer an acceptable option. Mind Time (2004), may be discussed outside rather than within the realm of the other field theories are clarified herein. Neural field theories of consciousness, whether they relate to representational fields, where Gestalten or qualia are seen as reflecting the very nature of consciousness, occupying a presumed spatio-temporal brain field generating electrical brain states . If a representational or neural field of consciousness occupying a presumed space-time continuum inside the brain, or outside the brain, as suggested by explanation of consciousness, we are still found wanting, consistently faced with the same old problem, over and over again. It has up to now not been possible to confirm that specific brain activity patterns, or synchronization thereof, recorded during a specific conscious experience, explains consciousness, or even leads to an understanding of the phenomenon. This is so, because we do not know beyond reasonable doubt whether the brain activity patterns demonstrated in any of the relevant studies in the field are neural signatures of consciousness, or nothing more (or less) than the traces of different levels of integrated brain activity  and Zeit (Time), where consciousness is hardly more than a succession of psychological moments where we realize that we exist in, and are part of, moments in time. This places all other perceptual or sensorial processes which may characterize any particular phenomenal experience at a different level of analysis. The idea of a fundamental identity link between awareness of Self (das Ich) and awareness of what Heidegger termed Ursprüngliche Zeit  implies that human consciousness may have progressively evolved from the primitive ability to be aware of, to remember, and to predict temporal order and change in nature found in other species such as rodents (e.g., Consciousness has no observable spatial dimensionality e.g., . It corrronments . The temronments . Human alifespan . The idets e.g., . The limts e.g.,  confirmsts e.g.,  for a bits e.g., . The clots e.g., . Spike tts e.g., . The temts e.g., . Such stts e.g., . The temts e.g., . Consciots e.g., . In humats e.g., , but alsts e.g.,  are likets e.g.,  is what Self and in others, and/or future physical states in the outside world. To clarify how we may link this form of energy to the brain on the one hand, and to human society and the physical world on the other, we may consider the following general definition:The capability of consciously shaping our lives within the world and of projecting them into a distant future, imagined but not yet real, is a critical aspect of fully evolved human consciousness , and dri“Energy is the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other forms” .Self, in other people, and in the world. Consciousness is thereby defined as the energy source of all change and creativity. The latter can be as diverse as the things we may observe, in ourselves, in others, and in the world. Consciousness enabled human creativity breaks currently known mental and physical barriers every day in art and science, finding new solutions to problems that previously appeared insurmountable. Phenomena such as consciously guided brain-to-brain communication (Self, as suggested by current insights from studies on deep meditation. Meditative practice detunes the brain processes of self-awareness and blocks the instantiation of self-referential conscious states (eudaimonia needs to be unraveled in well-targeted research across the human lifespan. This novel, largely uncharted terrain of scientific investigation into human consciousness may provide deeper insights into its function far more important to our species than biophysical explanations in terms of neural correlates, or biophysical fields. As pointed out by The origin of conscious energy is definitely the brain, its form potential, and the work it does when operational is the work of producing change, in the nication  are now nication . Yet, ounication  has evolnication  or, in onication , if we ws states . This les states . Insteads states  is charas states . The ints states . Transces states  points ts states . Deep mes states  in indivs states . In shorEudaimonia is a central concept in the Aristotelian philosophy of ethics. It is related to other concepts such as virtue, human excellence, and phronesis, which is an ethically grounded form of wisdom (cf. Self, of others, or in physical states as a neglected possibility for scientific investigation. The newly emerging field of research on eudamonic development (e.g., sdom cf. . The vient e.g.,  can be lnt e.g.,  to genernt e.g., ,b. Eudaint e.g., . While hnt e.g., . Consciont e.g., . In aginnt e.g., . Investint e.g., . Such mant e.g., , these cnt e.g., . Yet, bont e.g., , and clent e.g., . Resilient e.g.,  reflectsnt e.g., . These bnt e.g., . Similarnt e.g., . Howevernt e.g., , ontologField theories of consciousness where the latter is seen as having duration and extension in space are limited by the fact that, unlike in the field theories in physics, particular regions of the presumed space-time continuum and interactions between elementary objects herein cannot be objectively measured, or accounted for mathematically. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Psychiatry P.R.N. is edited by four psychiatrists who are involved in direct clinical care, and it shows in the way the book is configured to focus on practical, pragmatic learning. The use of multicoloured formatting, illustrations, text boxes and bullet points makes for easy reading and quick assimilation. Its small format also allows for easy portability in a handbag or backpack, to serve as a quick reference.Though positioned as an undergraduate textbook for medical students, it will prove to be equally valuable to trainee psychiatrists, nurses, social workers and occupational therapists. Multiple choice question (MCQ) and objective and structured clinical examination (OSCE) skills are covered, case studies are aplenty and each chapter has salient points highlighted. At the end of each chapter, there is information available in the form of films, plays, novels, papers and useful resources. This second edition builds on the well-regarded first edition (2009), which was highly recommended in the BMA book awards (2010). The 2020 edition adds a chapter on forensic psychiatry. Chapters have been updated to incorporate new research and facts. Accessibility seems to have been a focus, with emphasis on diagrams, pictures and artwork.The book is divided into two parts. Part 1 offers an overview of psychiatry, including psychiatric assessment, interview skills and psychiatry as a career choice. Part 2 focuses on ‘theory’, with an emphasis on imparting key information on major psychiatric conditions in a lucid, concise manner. Chapters are well laid out, with a uniform template that proffers developmental, neurobiological and sociological perspectives. Cross-cultural aspects of psychiatric illness are included in all the chapters.I would have liked to see author credits for each chapter individually, but that is a minor quibble.The Elements of Style, first published a century ago, emphasised the rules of writing and language composition. Psychiatry P.R.N. reflects advancements in modern publishing, wherein the written word is intertwined with audio-visual and interactive media to enhance learning. I would suggest Psychiatry P.R.N. as recommended reading for all psychiatry training grades, as well as consultants who are interested in teaching and training.Strunk's


S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infections in villages with diverse prevalence levels for these parasites. Further understanding in the relationship between these Neglected Tropical Diseases of South America is relevant for the design of integrated control measures as well as exploring potential biologic interactions.Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease are endemic in northern Argentina. In this study we evaluate the association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi. The association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, and between anemia and the two parasites was evaluated using two approaches: marginal (Ma) and multilevel regression (Mu).Community based cross-sectional studies were carried in different villages of the Chaco and Yungas regions in Argentina. Individuals were diagnosed by serology for S. stercoralis, 14% were positive for T. cruzi and 5% were positive for both. No association was found between infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi in any of the models, but we found a negative correlation between the prevalence of these species in the different villages (r = -0.91). Adults (> 15 years) presented association with S. stercoralis  and T. cruzi . Also, 12% and 2% of the variance of infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, respectively, could be explained by differences among villages. On the other hand, anemia was associated with infection with S. stercoralis  and was more prevalent in adults .A total of 706 individuals from six villages of northern Argentina were included. A total of 37% were positive for S. stercoralis and T. cruzi is not more frequent than chance in endemic areas. However, the high prevalence for both parasites, raises the need for an integrated strategy for the control of STH and Chagas disease.We found that coinfection between  S. stercoralis and T. cruzi belong to the group of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). NTDs are influenced by climate and the presence of their vectors and host reservoirs in areas with structural poverty. S. stercoralis and T. cruzi have high prevalence in northern Argentina. Due to the high prevalence and chronicity of infections by these parasites, coinfection with both is possible. We conducted a cross sectional study in six villages in the north of Argentina. These villages have different prevalence for the two parasites and are located in different ecoregions . We found that coinfection between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi occurs only by chance; and the most affected groups for S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infection are adults. We also found that adults or individual with infection with S. stercoralis were more likely to have anemia. In addition, each village represents a different setting for infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, and individuals in different villages presented differences in the probability of infection.Infections with  Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) include a group of infectious diseases that have a significant impact on individuals, families, and communities in developing countries in terms of disease burden, quality of life, productivity loss and poverty aggravation as well as the high cost of long-term care . NeglectStrongyloides stercoralis is a STH with a complex life cycle and the ability to reproduce in soil and within the human host. The infection occurs by larvae that penetrate the skin; these larvae are found in soil contaminated with feces. However, unlike other STH, S. stercoralis has the capacity for autoinfection, and generates a chronic infection that can last for decades.[S. stercoralis worldwide [ decades.,3. While decades.. It is eorldwide .Trypanosoma cruzi. The infection can occur in three major ways. A vector pathway (feces of infected triatomines come into contact with the mucous membranes or skin lesions), a congenital pathway (parasites infect the fetus during pregnancy) and by organ or blood transfusion. After acute infection, chronic infection continues for life. Although most remain in the chronic phase without symptoms, between 30% and 40% of them will develop clinical cardiac and/or digestive manifestations [T. cruzi worldwide [Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan stations ,7. It isorldwide .S. stercoralis and T. cruzi are endemic in northern Argentina [Leishmania [Triatoma infestans, with a prevalence of T. cruzi that can exceed 50% in localized communities [S. stercoralis ranging from 7% to over 40% [S. stercoralis and T. cruzi has been found among migrants from Latin America in non-endemic areas [S. stercoralis and T. cruzi in endemic areas for both, or if coinfections occur only by chance.rgentina ,10, alonishmania ,12. In tmunities ,14. In aover 40% . Due to over 40% . In addiic areas . TherefoEthical approval was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of College of Physicians of Salta Province, Argentina (N°14.200), and the Faculty of Health Sciences from the Universidad Nacional de Salta. The study was conducted in accordance with principles of the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki. Sera samples collected in each survey were treated according to the study protocols approved of each particular study. Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients involved in the study. For child participants, written informed consent was obtained from the parent or guardian.S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infections in different endemic areas located in northern Argentina. As a secondary objective, the association between anemia and S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infections was evaluated.The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between S. stercoralis or T. cruzi) were not included in this study. This study included 706 individuals from six villages in the province of Salta, in northwestern Argentina, who had a complete serological data for the two parasites obtained from epidemiological surveys [Community based cross-sectional studies were carried out from 2010 until 2016 in different villages of the Chaco and Yungas regions in Argentina, towards evaluating the prevalence and distribution of different NTDs ,17,18. S surveys ,17,18. OThe dry Chaco ecoregion in Argentina is a vast plain, which has large daily temperature amplitude associated with seasonal variation. In winter, the entry of cold fronts causes frosts throughout the ecoregion. In turn, the Yungas ecoregion  has a suS. stercoralis and T. cruzi.All participants in the study had 5 mL of blood drawn by venipuncture. A complete blood count was performed with a SYSMEX KX 21N automated hematology analyzer. Hemoglobin (Hgb) value results were recorded and individuals were classified as anemic or non-anemic using the Hgb thresholds for defining anemia according to sex and age established by WHO/UNICEF . In addiS. stercoralis was performed by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NIE-ELISA) method. NIE-ELISA detects IgG antibodies against the recombinant protein NIE of S. stercoralis as described previously [Ascaris lumbricoides or hookworms [S. stercoralis infection had IgG titers against NIE antigen above the selected cutoff value. These subjects were entered in a database as cases.The diagnosis of eviously . This meeviously , and it ookworms ,26. PatiT. cruzi was performed by ELISA and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) with commercial kits . Specimens were tested in duplicate by both tests. In case of disagreement between the two techniques, indirect immunofluorescence was performed .The diagnosis of All statistical analyses were performed with R software . For theS. stercoralis and T. cruzi, was analyzed by Pearson´s correlation and linear regression, weighted by the sample-size in each village.Categorical variables were described by counts and percentages, and chi-square Pearson test was used to compare the distribution. In addition, the relationship between the prevalence of S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, and between anemia and the two parasites was analyzed by regression analysis. The data was considered correlated because individuals in a village share a similar state of health between each other than from outer populations, therefore they share a series of environmental, economic, social and other characteristics [Association between infection by eristics . Two diferistics ,32. The eristics . In thisS. stercoralis with age, sex and infection with T. cruzi was analyzed, as well as the association of anemia with age, sex, infection with T. cruzi and infection with S. stercoralis. Age was considered as a dichotomous variable as children≤ 15 years and adults > 15 years.The association of the infection of S. stercoralis, T. cruzi and co-infection was 37%, 14% and 5%, respectively. There were no differences in prevalence seen in the T. cruzi infected population and presence or absence of S. stercoralis infection  and in males (34%), while the highest prevalence of T. cruzi was observed in adults (70%) regardless of sex.The total prevalence of nfection . The higS. stercoralis was Tartagal (46%), coinciding with the lowest prevalence of T. cruzi (9%). The village with the highest prevalence of T. cruzi was Pichanal (40%), coinciding with the lowest prevalence of S. stercoralis (11%). In reference to this, we found a strong negative correlation between the prevalence of S. stercoralis and the prevalence of T. cruzi in the different villages .The age range of children (0 to 14 years-old) and adults (≥15 years-old) was similar in all villages . The vilS. stercoralis and T. cruzi in any of the models  of infection with S. stercoralis can be explained by the differences among villages. In addition, if two individuals with the same characteristics in different villages are compared, there would be a median increase in the odds of infection of 1.89 (MOR = 1.89).No association was found between infection with s Tables  and 3. Ih models . AccordiT. cruzi showed an association with age in both models .Infection with h models , on averS. stercoralis in both models  and T. cruzi  coincide in places of extreme poverty where high prevalence are registered for these parasites [S. stercoralis might affect the response to T. cruzi and affect the evolution of Chagas disease [Recent studies in non-endemic areas have shown a prevalence of more than 20% for coinfection with  America ,37; and  America ,39. In a America . Howeverarasites ,41. Ther disease .S. stercoralis, where a slight correlation was found between individuals from the same village, and 12% of the variability of prevalence of infection could be explained by differences between the villages. This implies that each village represents a different setting for infection with S. stercoralis, and individuals in different villages presented differences in the probability of infection. In addition, the variability of the infection between the different villages may be due to differences in annual temperatures and precipitations, which are the main environmental factors linked to STH [T. cruzi could be explained by differences among villages. This low prevalence may be due to the fact that altitude has been proposed as the main environmental variable associated with T. cruzi infection [It should be noted that the place of origin, as reported by other authors ,37, playd to STH . On the nfection , and theS. stercoralis showed an association with age. This is in agreement with other reports, where adults have a higher risk of infection than children [S. stercoralis infection can occur at a young age and remain for decades in the host if untreated, leading to an accumulation of infection over time [S. stercoralis is due to the fact that age acts as a confounding variable. Although studies conducted in Laos and Cambodia reported that men had a higher risk of infection [S. stercoralis in males may be due to cultural differences associated with the practice of agriculture. In Laos, there is a higher prevalence of S. stercoralis in males because farmers work without shoes, while females restrict their work activities to the home and wear shoes [Regression models for infection with children . This asver time . On the nfection . This diar shoes .T. cruzi showed an association with age. Adults have > 5 odds to be infected than children. Regarding this, it has been previously reported in areas of Argentina, a higher prevalence in those over 30 years of age and lower prevalence in children under five years of age [Regression models for infection with s of age . This his of age , but an s of age .S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, we found a negative correlation between the prevalence of S. stercoralis and T. cruzi in the different villages located in the Chaco and Yungas ecoregions which needs to be confirmed in larger studies and occurs in a context of high prevalence of both infections. This could imply the existence of variables that produce different effects on these parasites. However, this could not be analyzed in this study.Although no association was found between infection with S. stercoralis. This is in accordance with what was reported in Tartagal, where not only an association between anemia and S. stercoralis was found, but also the hematological parameters improved after deworming [T. cruzi. This is to be expected since cases of anemia have only been reported in individuals with reactivation of infection with T. cruzi, and not in chronic cases [T. cruzi among cases of anemia is due to the fact that infection with T. cruzi is associated with age, and age is associated with anemia.The prevalence of anemia in the different villages make them of severe public health significance as defined by WHO . The preeworming . Anemia ic cases . In addiS. stercoralis and Anemia showed a slight correlation of the data, the models for T. cruzi showed a very low correlation. However, ignoring the correlation present in the data, as occurs in ordinary logistic regression, results in an overestimation of the coefficients. In addition, although the value of the coefficients is similar in the multilevel and marginal models, the meaning is different and the use of one model instead of the other depends fundamentally on the objectives to be achieved. If the objective is to measure the effect of the covariates for a given village, the multilevel model is recommended; on the other hand, if the objective is to measure the global response of the covariates adjusted for the heterogeneity of the villages, the marginal model is recommended [As could be observed in this study, the coefficients of the different marginal and multilevel regression models were almost the same. This is due to the low intra-village association, translated into correlation coefficients close to zero in the marginal models and a low variance of the random effect in the multilevel model. While the models for ommended .S. stercoralis fails to differentiate between active or past infection [S. stercoralis in the different villages at baseline, so it can be assumed that infections were active. In addition, serological techniques have demonstrated their validity and feasibility in epidemiological surveys, allowing the possibility of processing a large number of samples for different pathogens [S. stercoralis [S. stercoralis and anemia is due in part to hookworms. Further studies are needed in the different villages to measure the prevalence of hookworm, levels of malnutrition, and prevalence of anemia-causing diseases in order to have a better understanding of the high prevalence of anemia. Five, although biases in the sampling cannot be ruled out, the prevalence of infected reported in this work are within the confidence interval of the prevalence reported in the area [S. stercoralis and T. cruzi coinfection in endemic areas in order to explore the possibility for integration of control activities as well as identifying high risk areas.Some limitations must be taken into account to interpret this study. First, estimating OR from cross-sectional data is of somewhat limited value, because while ORs can discover associations, they generally impede to elucidate causality. Second, the serological diagnosis of nfection ,48. Howeathogens . Third, rcoralis ; Therefothe area . FinallyS. stercoralis and T. cruzi is not more frequent than chance in endemic areas. However, the high prevalence for both parasites raises the need for an integrated strategy for the control of STH and Chagas disease.In summary, we found that coinfection between


With the growing demand for animal-sourced foods and a serious concern over climate impacts associated with livestock farming, the sheep industry worldwide faces the formidable challenge of increasing the overall product supply while improving its resource use efficiency. As an evidence base for research to identify key drivers behind animal growth and carcass quality, longitudinal matched data of 741 ewes and 2978 lambs were collected at the North Wyke Farm Platform, a farm-scale grazing trial in Devon, UK, between 2011 and 2019. A subset of these data was subsequently analysed in a study to assess the feasibility of using a lamb's early-life liveweight as a predictor of carcass quality  For four-week and eight-week weights that are particularly time-sensitive, a linear adjustment was made to estimate the corresponding weight (when measurements were not taken on the exact day) to ensure inter-animal comparability. Cold carcass weight, conformation score, fat class and carcass price for each lamb were obtained from the abattoir following the slaughter. For ewes, the liveweight and condition score All animal data used in this study were collected as part of standard farming practices. As such, no part of this research was subject to approval of an ethics committee.T. Takahashi, M.R.F. Lee and P. Harris: designed the study; P. Harris: oversaw the data collection; A.G. Jones, H. Fleming and B.A. Griffith: collected the data; A.G. Jones and T. Takahashi: collated the data; A.G. Jones and T. Takahashi: prepared the draft. All authors critically reviewed the draft and contributed to the final version of the manuscript.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.


In recent years, with greater population access to imaging tests, the profile of renal neoplasia has changed, with increased diagnosis being made in the early stages .In this new scenario, it became necessary to popularize alternative treatment modalities to radical nephrectomy to avoid overtreatment and its possible consequences. Radical nephrectomy is associated with a higher global mortality, mainly from cardiovascular causes, due to the long-term increased loss of renal function . In thisWith technical advances, partial nephrectomy, which had initially been applied only to small kidney lesions, commenced in increasingly larger and more complex kidney tumors .Thus, there was a growing interest in partial nephrectomy based on studies proving the oncological efficacy of this technique and the gain in overall survival with nephron-sparing surgery .In this new era, nephrometry systems were developed to predict the feasibility of partial nephrectomy in the face of complex renal lesions. Among these, the most frequently used are the R.E.N.A.L.  and P.A.D.U.A. (preoperative aspects and dimensions used for anatomic) scores .The most widely used nephrometric system is the R.E.N.A.L. score, and despite being defined based on objective parameters, a frequent discrepancy in scores between different examiners, radiologists, and urologists exists, especially when considering different quality image examinations .The R.E.N.A.L. score, conceived in principle to be evaluated using simple tomographic images, is now also evaluated in three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction models.There is a perception that the R.E.N.A.L. score assessed in 3D reconstructions is more favorable to the performance of partial nephrectomy than the assessments made from simple tomography or resonance images .The present study proposed to assess whether there were different interpretations of the R.E.N.A.L. score by radiologists and urologists, when evaluated from simple computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and from 3D reconstructions. Finally, we also aimed to assess whether this possible different interpretation may imply decision-making regarding the performance of partial or radical nephrectomy.The study was carried out based on the analysis of simple CT or MRI images, and after 3D reconstruction of patients with renal nodules who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy.The study was conducted on eight tomography/resonance examinations and the respective 3D reconstructions of different patients undergoing nephrectomy. Each examination was evaluated separately by five radiologists and five urologists, with a total of 160 evaluations.®.The 3D reconstructions were obtained using the DocDo application of the Brazilian company InfiniBrainsInitially, the radiologist/urologist was asked to rate the R.E.N.A.L. score from simple CT or MRI images. Following this, the score was assessed based on the 3D reconstructed images of the renal nodule of the same patient.The radiologist/urologist evaluated the simple CT or MRI images without identifying the patients and in a different and random order from the 3D reconstructions.At the end of the evaluations, statistical analyses of the incidence of different interpretations of the R.E.N.A.L. score among the radiologists and urologists using different technologies were conducted.For this purpose, the statistical analysis program “GraphPad Prism” was used, using the “D’Agostino and Pearson” normality test, followed by the t-test or the Mann-Whitney test to analyze the correlations between the variables.Finally, the potential effects of the different interpretations of the R.E.N.A.L. score on surgical decision-making in patients with complex renal nodules was discussed.The study was conducted in accordance with national and international laws and was approved by the institutional ethics committee (protocol no. 4.264.545).The study was conducted on eight patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy of renal nodules. Each patient was evaluated by five radiologists and five urologists participating in the study.3D reconstructions of the images obtained during the examinations of all patients were performed. Six patients underwent simple CT, and two patients underwent MRI. All examinations were performed using contrast.The evaluator, radiologist, or urologist, scored the R.E.N.A.L. score for each patient, primarily from the simple CT or MRI images, and then from 3D reconstructions.For data analysis, the statistical analysis program “GraphPad Prism” was used, using the D’ Agostino-Pearson normality test, followed by t-test or Mann-Whitney test to analyze the correlations between variables. The results of this analysis.After analyzing the results, it was clearly observed that in most evaluations, there was a different interpretation of the R.E.N.A.L. score, by the same evaluator, when simple CT or MRI images, and 3D reconstructions were compared. In 81% (65 out of 80) evaluations, the R.E.N.A.L. score differed between simple CT or MRI images, and 3D reconstructions of the same patient .Out of the 65 evaluations in which the score was different between 3D reconstruction and simple images of the same patient, five (8%) evaluations differed only in the anterior or posterior parameter, with no difference in the numerical result of the score. In 16 (25%) evaluations, simple CT or MRI images had a lower score compared to reconstruction. Finally, in 44 assessments, which corresponded to 67%, the score was lower after assessment of the 3D reconstruction.After statistical analysis of each patient separately, including the 10 evaluations by radiologists and urologists, a statistical difference in the R.E.N.A.L. score was observed in three patients when comparing simple images and reconstructions.Patients with statistical differences in scores were considered to have tumors of intermediate complexity, with an average score between 7 and 9, corresponding to 37.5% of the total.For patients with tumors of lesser and greater complexity, there were no statistically significant differences between the simple images and the reconstructions, although in all patients, the average 3D reconstruction score was lower than the average score of the simple CT and MRI scans (Table-1).Partial nephrectomy has gained a prominent role in the treatment of kidney cancer due to the diagnosis of increasingly smaller tumors and studies proving the oncological efficacy of this procedure combined with better overall survival .Nephron-sparing surgery is associated with less long-term loss of kidney function compared to radical nephrectomies. As a result, partial nephrectomy determines a lower cardiovascular risk, and is therefore the standard treatment when feasible .Three-dimensional reconstructions have emerged as a technological tool with great potential to facilitate the performance of partial nephrectomy. Reconstruction helps in surgical planning, predicting and anticipating difficulties, decreasing the rate of complications, and increasing the success rate .Several studies have evaluated the role of 3D reconstruction as an auxiliary tool for partial nephrectomy. The performance of partial nephrectomy in complex tumors is challenging because of the need for satisfactory preservation of the parenchyma, reduced ischemia time, and oncological safety of surgical margins.Some studies have shown that 3D reconstruction allows more precise surgical planning with selective vascular clamping, resulting in smaller areas of ischemia, and greater preservation of nephrons, contributing to better preservation of renal function.In a study by Wang et al., it was concluded that for complex tumors with a R.E.N.A.L. score greater than 8, the use of 3D reconstruction was associated with a shorter ischemia time and greater preservation of renal parenchyma, resulting in better preservation of renal function .According to Ukimura et al., in complex renal masses, 3D images accurately identified arterial branches and facilitated partial nephrectomy with zero ischemia .Mercader et al. reported an experience using a patient-specific 3D-printed renal tumor model for surgical planning of a complex heminephrectomy in a horseshoe kidney and found that it was useful for easier surgical planning .Minervini et al. analyzed the use of intraoperative ultrasonography and 3D-virtual models and found that it improved the perception of tumor anatomy and vascularization, maximizing outcomes .In addition, 3D reconstruction has been used as an adjuvant in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Bianchi et al. observed that it may be helpful to reduce operative time and improve the learning curve .The R.E.N.A.L. score, used to assess complexity of renal nodules and to predict complications of partial nephrectomy, is often used as an auxiliary tool to indicate or contraindicate nephron-sparing surgery .In this sense, 3D reconstruction with the potential to assess the R.E.N.A.L. score appears to be an important tool to increase the rate of partial nephrectomy.The present study showed that in 37.5% of the patients, there was a statistically significant difference in the R.E.N.A.L. score between the simple images and the reconstructions, which could interfere in the conduct of these patients regarding the performance of partial nephrectomy.It was observed that the patients who had a statistical difference were those who had tumors of intermediate complexity, suggesting that for these tumors, 3D reconstruction has a more important role in the possibility of interfering in the conduct.For extreme tumors, that is, of high and low complexity, it seems that 3D reconstruction should not interfere with the performance of partial nephrectomy. However, as mentioned above, some studies have already shown the important role of 3D reconstruction in the planning and success of partial nephrectomies in more complex tumors.Finally, even for patients in whom the 3D reconstruction showed no statistical difference in the R.E.N.A.L. score, it is still of fundamental importance in surgical planning , as it improves the anatomical understanding of the relationship between the tumor in the kidney, and the vascular structures and excretory pathway.Thus, we can suggest that 3D reconstruction is of great importance in renal nodules for which the possibility of partial nephrectomy is being considered, as it tends to be used progressively.Partial nephrectomy has a prominent role in the current treatment of renal cancer. The importance of technologies facilitating this procedure is clear. The 3D reconstructions of imaging examinations are of great value for better planning of partial nephrectomy.In this study, we observed that the three-dimensional reconstruction changed the perception of the R.E.N.A.L. score by the evaluators, with a statistical difference in tumors of intermediate complexity in this sample.Three-dimensional reconstruction has emerged as a new tool that tends to be increasingly used with the potential to interfere in conduct, increasing the rate of partial nephrectomy or, at least, facilitate surgical planning, decrease the rate of complications, and increase the rate of success.


Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus, in many countries; (ii) the migration of human populations spreading cases of the disease throughout the world, from endemic to non-endemic areas, transforming Chagas disease into a global threat; and (iii) new acute cases and deaths caused by oral transmission, especially in the north of Brazil. Despite the reduction in the number of cases, new challenges need to be responded to, including monitoring and control activities aiming to prevent house infestation by the secondary vectors from occurring. In 1979, Lent & Wygodzinsky(1) published the most complete review of the subfamily Triatominae, encompassing 111 recognised species in the taxon. Forty-two years later, 46 new species and one subspecies have been described or revalidated. Here we summarise the new species and contextualise them regarding their ecology, epidemiologic importance, and the obstacles they pose to the control of Chagas disease around the world.Chagas disease persists as one of the most important, and yet most neglected, diseases in the world, and several changes in its epidemiological aspects have been recorded since its discovery. Currently, some of the most relevant changes are related to: (i) the reduction in the incidence of the endemic due to the control of the most important vectors,  The most remarkable achievement resulting from these initiatives was the elimination of the T. infestans domiciliated populations in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, various provinces in Argentina, and several regions in Paraguay.R. prolixus from Central America.,The most effective action in terms of Chagas disease control is the elimination of its vectors from the human dwellingsT. infestans, the species most well adapted to human dwellings in many countries in Latin America. Later, several other possibilities of transmission were attested, such as those observed as the result of the donation of infected blood or organs, or the ingestion of contaminated food, mother-child transmission and because of laboratory work accidents.,,Carlos ChagasT. infestans in some countries, the illness remains as one of the most important neglected diseases and is now spreading into some non-endemic areas because of human migrations.,T. cruzi.,,,,,,,,T. infestans has been eliminated in large geographic areas but remains infesting natural and artificial ecotopes in the Chaco region, especially in Argentina,R. prolixus.T. tibiamaculata  in Salvador  also stresses the importance of continuously monitoring the vectors.,,,More than 10 years after the certification of the elimination of the vectorial transmission by The objective of this review is to summarise the new species described after 1979, when Lent & WygodzinskyTriatominae until 1979T. rubrofasciata , first called “Cimex rubrofasciatus” , was described in Indonesia. At that time, this tropicopolitan species was not recognised as a potential vector. Several other Triatominae species had been described before the discovery of the disease, such as T. infestans and Panstrongylus megistus ; the latter being the first species to be shown as a vector in the endemic areas of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. However, 136 years passed after the description of T. rubrofasciata until the disease was described by Carlos Chagas. Despite the difficulties in proving the existence of the new disease in a region plagued by a great number of other illnesses, the Brazilian physicist Carlos Chagas described not only its symptoms and the clinical aspects, but also the sensitive agents, the hosts, the etiologic agent, and the vectors.,,Triatomines have been known since the 18th century, when the first species, Cavernicola lenti Barrett & Arias, 1985, C. pilosa Barber, 1937, Psammolestes coreodes Bergroth, 1911, P. tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965, Parabelminus carioca Lent, 1943, and P. yurupucu Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979, among many others, can only be found in their natural sylvatic environments.T. brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, 1911, T. infestans, T. pseudomaculata Corrêa & Espínola, 1964, T. sordida , P. megistus, R. prolixus, R. ecuadoriensis Lent & Leon, 1958, and T. dimidiata.The great majority of the bugs belonging to this subfamily, such as After the discovery of the disease, NeivaTarget speciesT. brasiliensis, P. geniculatus , R. brethesi Matta, 1919, R. prolixus, R. nasutus Stål, 1859, R. neglectus Lent, 1954, T. dimidiata, T. maculata , T. rubrovaria , T. sanguisuga , and T. vitticeps  according to Costa & Lorenzo.As previously mentioned, despite the achievements in controlling populations of the most important anthropophilic vector, several native species must be monitored, reaffirming the need for constant technical activities to check for invasions or domiciliation. This group of species includes: Triatoma rubrofasciata represents a particular case. This species exhibits domestic habits and is found predominantly in the New World, mainly in Latin America. Although it has only been reported in very limited regions of Brazil in the past 30 years, there have been occurrences of the species feeding on humans in Southeast Asia, where severe bite reactions, sometimes leading to anaphylactic shock, have been recorded. Reports of this species in Asia have increased significantly in the last five years.,,Native vectorsT. sanguisuga and T. gerstaeckeri . These native vectors are occasionally found in households, but usually without robust signs of colonisation.More than ten different species of triatomines have been found in the United States of America, with the highest diversity and density in the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.Rhodnius prolixus is the main Chagas disease vector in Venezuela, Colombia, and certain areas of Central America, where it can build up large colonies inside human domiciles.T. dimidiata and R. pallescens Barber, 1932.T. phyllosoma complex  are also found invading and colonising human domiciles in Mexico.,,,,,,The current scenario is quite challenging in Brazil, where there are 66 triatomine species recorded, of which 37 are native. Therefore, the country presents the highest diversity in this group of insects.,,,,,It is also important to highlight that more than 20 triatomine species have already been recorded in the Brazilian Amazon Forest,Triatominae after 1979,,,,,,,Since the publication of the remarkable Lent & WygodzinskyTriatoma Laporte, 1832, nine to Rhodnius Stål, 1859, and four to Panstrongylus Berg, 1879  belong to the genus rg, 1879 . The facT. cruzi transmission profiles to human populations .Rhodnius by means of molecular data and experimental crossings proved to be extremely important in the face of the events of cryptic speciation and phenotypic plasticity of the species.,Rhodnius taquarussuensis Rosa et al., 2017, for example, was recently synonymised with R. neglectus after applying molecular analyses.T. rosai is closely related to T. sordida and was characterised based on integrative taxonomy which is crucial for describing and characterising new taxa. Unfortunately, at times, the integrative taxonomy cannot be carried out as is the case of the recently described species R. micki Zhao, Galvão & Cai, 2021. Its characterisation was based on morphological and geometric morphometrics analysis using specimens from a collection.,,,T. b. brasiliensis and T. juazeirensis) were revealed for T. brasiliensis complex, based on molecular analysis.Mepraia Mazza, Gajardo & Jörg, 1940;R. pallescens Barber, 1932;T. patagonica Del Ponte, 1929;T. costalimai Verano & Galvão, 1958;R. ecuadoriensis,,,,In regard to the Triatominae, phenotypic variability has been observed in several taxa, so the multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to avoid misinterpretation of the intra specific variations. Natural hybridisation, which generates phenotypic variation, has been recently explored in the triatomine group and could be more common than already recorded.T. brasiliensis, T. sordida, T. dimidiata, and Mepraia complexes, as well as in some Rhodnius species, were due to integrative analysis using morphological, isoenzymatic, chromosomal and molecular studies that detected population variations compatible with the existence of species and cryptic species. A detailed comprehensive review of these cases was presented by Monteiro et al.It is crucial to highlight that in the triatomine group the descriptions of new species in the Variety of ecotopes and the challenges of the control programsTriatoma genus were recorded occupying rocky outcrops ecotopes, except for T. rosai related to distinct natural ecotopes. While Rhodnius species have as the primary habitat different species of palm trees, species of Panstrongylus genus are predominantly associated with burrows and tree cavities in their primary habitats.,,A notorious variety of ecotopes of the triatomines described or revalidated pos-1979 was recorded. The ecotopes are in accordance with the previous knowledge of the triatomine group as mentioned in Lent & Wygodzinsky.T. cruzi transmission by native vectors.In addition to the domiciliary infestation, it is important to mention the vector control programs are not strongly supported by governmental institutions or are almost inexistent in some of the endemic countries.T. infestans.T. brasiliensis were also studied by Lillioso et al.,Furthermore, there are difficulties in monitoring and controlling the vectors in hyperendemic areas like the Gran Chaco (Argentina) because of the high infestation indices. In these areas, the use of insecticides is extremely frequent, and resistance has already been detected in T. cruzi transmission.Besides the new vectorial problems, it is important to mention the threats imposed by (i) the lack of maintenance of national programs using new technologies to monitor and prevent Chagas disease;In conclusionT. juazeirensis,,,T. sherlocki, showing an incipient capacity for colonising domiciles.,T. b. macromelasoma, from Pernambuco State, where this vector is frequently found in the peridomicile however, eventually it can be found infesting the domiciles.,T. rosai which occupies a great variety of ecotopes in several areas of Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay,T. huehuetenanguensis, found naturally infected by T. cruzi in domestic ecotopes, being considered a potential important vector in Guatemala.In conclusion, the 47 post-1979 triatomines described or revalidated do not seem to change the current epidemiological status of the Chagas disease, because most of them are strictly sylvatic (Table). In that list, there are only five exceptions, the first one is T. cruzi transmission, a great effort must be devoted aiming to improve the knowledge of the recently described species. For instance, most of them lack a characterisation of their molecular profiles and even the phylogenetic relationships and detailed ecological studies. These gaps in the knowledge of a variety of species impair a more complete understanding of their evolutionary history as well as the possibility of a comparative analysis of the ecology of the Triatominae.Despite the evidence that the great majority of the post-1979 revalidated or new species of triatomines are not able to change the classical epidemiologic scenario of the T. infestans, R. prolixus, and T. dimidiata are going to continue to be the great threats of the T. cruzi transmission to human populations. Several other species presenting a more reduced geographical distribution are going to persist infesting dwellings in several countries such as T. brasiliensis in northeastern BrazilP. geniculatus in Colômbia.T. cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) characterisation, modeling triatomines distribution throughout algorithm processes, the monitoring of vectors, and the educational programs are still the main actions to keep human populations free of Chagas disease.According to the literature, the reports of WHO


Serapiasneglectasubsp.neglecta was found and the size of this population was estimated. This species is localised at a global scale and has a protection status. This is the largest population known, with more than 155,000 individuals on the 550 ha of the airbase. Nineteen plant species have national protection status and 15 are classified as invasive alien species. The Solenzara airbase has a role in conserving many species; a management plan would be appropriate.One of the central issues in conservation today is identifying areas rich in biodiversity for priority conservation. On a global scale, the Mediterranean area is a biodiversity hotspot and, locally, Corsica contains high biodiversity with interesting sites for conservation. An inventory of flora was undertaken on the Solenzara military airbase. Five hundred and fifty-two plant species were inventoried, which represent an important species richness. Amongst these species, certain are rare or endemic. A large population of  In situ conservation can take different forms: at the species level, it is possible to select the most vulnerable species and develop conservation programmes to improve the conservation status of these target species  to elaborate a checklist of vascular flora in the airbase of Solenzara to better assess the floristic richness and the conservation priorities of this area; and 2) to quantify the considerable population of Rich plant biodiversity is expected due to the geographical location and use of the area. The list of species in the Solenzara military zone contributes to the knowledge of the flora in this sector, to which access is restricted and regulated, making it possible to understand better and locate the challenges of this zone and best conserve the remarkable species.Our study area is localised in the Mediterranean Basin, one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots , where tOur study site is the airbase called n°126 Solenzara, a French Air Force base, located at Ventiseri Fig. . NATO chThis airbase is about 2 km wide (east-west axis) and about 3.3 km long (north-south axis) and it is located approximately 40 km north of Porto-Vecchio, on the east coast of Corsica. The Palo Pond (Ramsar site) surrounds the airbase in the north, the Travo River in the south, a dune site and the Mediterranean Sea in the east and a national road and an urbanised area to the west. The inventory takes place in the entire airbase, including the wetland area east of the beach . The total area surveyed is about 550 ha. This study area is a military site, which implies that it is closed to the public. It is also an airport area. Airports are interesting for biodiversity; lawns around strips are particularly favourable to orchids . Indeed,There are three main parts to the airbase. The westernmost part consists of buildings and low grasslands, with some woodland. In the central area, the landing strips are surrounded by low vegetation, regularly maintained by mowing. Finally, the easternmost part consists of wetlands and scrub. A de-sodding exercise was carried out in 2019 in this third part. The airbase is located in the coastal and thermomediterranean belts. These belts are rich in plant species, particularly the thermomediterranean belt .Several floristic inventories have been carried out and are compiled here to give an almost exhaustive list of the flora present on the airbase. Since 2017, the Ecotonia Consultancy has regularly intervened on the airbase to carry out floristic inventories. From 2017 to 2019, the inventories focused on the central area, around the runways and the northeast wetland . In 2020, a complete inventory of the wetland was conducted (March to June). In 2021, an inventory took place in the northwest and another in the southwest of the airbase (March to June). This completed the data acquired since 2017.Then, we added floristic data acquired by the Corsican National Botanical Conservatory (CBNC), following inventories conducted in 2018 and 2019 (May to July) . These dOrchidaceae .More targeted inventories have been previously conducted: in 2010 (April) by the Association of Friends of the Corsican Regional Natural Park on areas around Palo Pond, focused on remarkable flora  and, in The objective of the inventories was to conduct a systematic sampling to determine all species present in the study area. This allowed us to determine a precise list of taxa present. We then compared this list to the protected and threatened species list  . We noteSerapiasneglecta, a nationally protected species of orchid , Poaceae (69 species) and Asteraceae (52 species) , Carex (13 species), Juncus (13 species) and Vicia (13 species).The 552 taxa found in the study area belong to 279 genera and 74 plant families  Fig. . The genOnly 2.5% of species are sub-endemic and none is strictly endemic. Many protected species are present on the base and 19 species benefit from national protection, representing 3.4% of the plant taxa on the airbase. There are also 15 invasive alien species, representing 2.7% of the taxa present.More than 70% of the species in the database are common (C) or very common (CC) Fig. . Only 8.S.neglecta: the population extends on both sides of the runways and the lawns near the buildings and wetlands. There are also several other orchid species: S.cordigera L., S.parviflora Parl., S.lingua L., Anacamptismorio (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, A.laxiflora (Lam.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase and A.papilionacea (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. However, the case of S.neglecta is particularly remarkable because this species benefits from a national protection status and it is a sub-endemic species with a very localised distribution worldwide. This species is classified as near threatened on the World and European Red Lists of the IUCN  H.Baumann & Künkele , which was not favourable to orchids; during this year, we only observed hundreds of Serapias. Almost no individuals were visible in the spring on the airbase. Between 2020 and 2021, we compared the density of an area particularly rich in Serapias of about 900 m². The number of individuals was 2.5 times higher in 2021 than in 2020 (0.28 S.neglecta/m² in 2020 versus 0.81 in 2021).This estimate is probably underestimated due to the nature of the species. Indeed, the individuals do not flower every year. We, therefore, see only a fraction of the population present. Depending on the year, densities of Gratiolaofficinalis L. is classified as vulnerable (VU). There are 13 species classified as near threatened (NT). Ranunculusrevelierei Boreau have national protection and is NT on theCorsican IUCN Red List. This species is also sub-endemic and rare in Corsica. Four nationally-protected species and very rare in Corsica are found: Trifoliumcernuum Brot., Gratiolaofficinalis L., Ranunculuslingua L. and Anemonecoronaria L. Finally, Salixapennina A.K.Skvortsov is very rare and Serapiasolbia Verg., Saginasubulatavar.gracilis Foucaud & Simon and Ranunculusrevelierei are rare. These three species are also sub-endemic.Some species are remarkable for their status: for example, Bromushordeaceussubsp.thominei (Hardouin) Braun-Blanq. This subspecies is present in Corsica, but challenging to determine. We consider it as potential, but it has not been taken into account during the analyses.One subspecies is to be considered as potential on the airbase; Saginasubulata (Sw.) C.Presl belongs to the huge family of Caryophyllaceae. Two subspecies exists: S.subulatasubsp.revelierei (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, an endemic Corso-Sardinian orophyte and S.subulatasubsp.subulata (Sw.) C.Presl, a southern and western European species. The latter is currently divided into two varieties, one of which is present throughout its range (var. subulata (Sw.) C.Presl), but the other is not known: var. gracilis Foucaud & Simon. It is only reported in France (Provence and Corsica), although it is potentially present elsewhere . It is found in a singular environment: shallow temporary ponds with siliceous substrates in the Mediterranean climate. This environment, which is highly stressful for a plant, has led this taxon to adopt a therophyte biological type – its life is limited to a few weeks or months, whereas var. subulata is hemicryptophytic. This adaptation is typical of Mediterranean environments and seems to be an important evolutionary event that may justify this variety being treated at a higher taxonomic rank soon. If specific research is carried out, it could one day lead to the description of a new high-ranking taxon (species or subspecies), whose worldwide distribution area would at best be restricted, or even endemic, to the French Mediterranean region. In Solenzara, this tiny plant has found unusual secondary habitats: the ruts made by vehicles driving on the base. Other annual species accompany it with similar ecologies, some of which are rare: Ranunculusrevelierei, Lotusconimbricensis Brot., Solenopsislaurentia (L.) C.Presl, Lysimachiaminima (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. and Lythrumportula (L.) D.A.Webb.The Solenzara airbase is rich in plant species. Its location explains this richness since Mediterranean islands have high biodiversity . It is aThere are 302 sub-endemic taxa, 688 rare and very rare taxa, 191 taxa with a protection status and 64 invasive species in Corsica . This reTo a large extent, this sector represents a control zone for the flora of the eastern coast of Corsica before urbanisation, which is locally very close. However, this base was created on the former delta area of the Travo River, which explains the shallow soil on a pebble bed. This particular situation probably limits the presence of several other species and makes the diversity of this site even more exceptional.Serapiasneglecta, which is the largest known to date. More generally, orchids are present in all areas maintained by mowing in the airbase (12 different species of orchids). Other species as Ranunculusrevelierei are also remarkable and deserve better consideration.Proportions of endemic and rare species are not negligible; moreover, we have noted the presence of species to be conserved as a priority. We presented the exceptionally abundant population of Military activities  are often considered as threats to biodiversity . HoweverThe Solenzara airbase can be considered as a biodiversity reserve; there is little human activity, some areas being very infrequently visited . This isF0D04EB5-D3EF-5CF5-8400-A722C045EBE510.3897/BDJ.10.e76375.suppl1Supplementary material 1Complete list of the flora of SolenzaraData typetableFile: oo_640208.xlsxhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/640208Julien, M; Schatz, B; Contant, S; Filippi, G66F1E68B-0F1E-5A3E-B740-14947F9E89BA10.3897/BDJ.10.e76375.suppl2Supplementary material 2Serapias speciesDepth of root system of several Data typefigure and commentsFile: oo_596040.docxhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/596040Julien, M; Schatz, B; Contant, S; Filippi, G