When beetles are not in flight, their hind wings are folded and hidden under the elytra to reduce their size. This provided inspiration for the design of flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles (FWMAVs). In this paper, microstructures and nanomechanical properties of three beetle species with different wing folding ratios living in different environments were investigated. Factors affecting their flight performance, that is, wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency, were examined using a wind tunnel. It was found that the wing folding ratio correlated with the lift force of the beetles. Wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency had a combined effect on the flight performance of the beetles. The results will be helpful to design new deployable FWMAVs. Regarding the benefits of scientific research, rescue, surveying, mapping, and many other aspects in the development of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs), miniaturization of aircraft has become a popular research topic . Owing tAnax goliathus, Trypoxylus dichotomus, and Oncotympane maculaticollis, it was found that their flapping lifts were different because of the different sizes and shapes of the wings [Insects can hover, fly in any direction, turn quickly in the air, and resist interference caused by the external environment, showing strong agility, maneuverability, and stability. This has raised great interest to study the mechanism of the high lift generated by insects in flight and to imitate the flight of insects –15. Insehe wings . Additiohe wings . In rhinhe wings .Allomyrina dichotoma have opened up new prospects for foldable structures in MAVs [To avoid damage or hinder the movement on the ground, the hind wings of beetles are folded to reduce their size and to hide under the elytra –24. The  in MAVs . The folProtaetia brevitarsis) were captured during wind tunnel tests and, based on the results, bioinspired wings and a linkage-mechanism flapping system were designed [Wind tunnels are an effective tool to investigate flapping-wing flight and aerodynamic characteristics . The windesigned . The flodesigned . Combinidesigned  and fruidesigned  were exadesigned –36.Various beetle species have different hind wing folding methods, and their folding ratios  are different. In this paper, three beetle species from different living environments were selected to explore the influence of different folding ratios on their flight performance through wind tunnel tests. The aspect ratios and flapping frequencies and the influence of the flow velocity on their lift-to-drag ratio are discussed in the following, which will provide some reference for the design of biomimetic deployable FWMAVs.Protaetia brevitarsis, Anoplophora chinensis, and Trypoxylus dichotomus, were selected for the experiments. The three adult P. brevitarsis used in the experiment were captured in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, and the three adult A. chinensis and the three adult T. dichotomus were captured in Nanyang, Henan Province, China. The parameters of hind wings of the three beetle species are shown in P. brevitarsis was 21.41 ± 1.58 mm, the body width was 13.09 ± 0.55 mm, and the body weight was 0.72 ± 0.13 g. The body length of A. chinensis was 27.65 ± 2.54 mm, the body width was 10.28 ± 1.07 mm, and the body weight was 1.01 ± 0.35 g. The body length of T. dichotomus was 43.96 ± 2.42 mm, the body width was 23.74 ± 1.53 mm, and the body weight was 5.27 ± 0.16 g. All insects were acclimated under standard laboratory conditions  and had free access to standard water and food. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the “Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals” (China) and were approved by the ethics committee of experimental animal welfare of Jilin University.Three beetle species with different folding ratios, A high-speed camera  was used to obtain the postures and flapping frequencies of the three beetles during flight. A camera speed of 2000 frames/s  was used to measure the flapping period of the beetle in flight and to determine its flapping frequency.A super depth-of-field microscope  was used to obtain images of the fully unfolded and folded hind wings of the three beetles. To obtain the macroscopic structures of the hind wings of the three beetles, the hind wings were first removed with a scalpel and rinsed with distilled water and then dried and pasted flat on a slide for observation.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)  was used to obtain morphological images of cross sections of the hind wings of three beetles at the same locations of different wing veins.Er, is calculated asThe nanomechanical characteristics were tested using a nanoindenter . The reduced Young’s modulus, Ac is contact the area and a polynomial function of contact depth. S is the contact stiffness. A Berkovich tip with a tip radius of approximately 100 nm was used for the tests. In order to study the effect of nanomechanical properties of different veins on the lift of the beetle hind wings, the same location of the same vein of three beetles was selected for testing. Six test positions were selected, namely the anterior of the costal (I), the end of the costal (II), media posterior (III), cubitus anterior (IV), anal posterior (V), and wing membrane (VI) . The wind tunnel test was performed in a low-speed straight-flow wind tunnel at the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, China. The main parameters of the wind tunnel are shown in Three species of beetles were divided into groups of three. After each beetle was attached to the bracket with AB glue at an angle of attack of 0°, the wind speed was adjusted to 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 m/s. Thrust and lift of each beetle at the moment of hover flight at different wind speeds were measured through the force balance. Also, the drag at rest at different wind speeds was measured. After obtaining the lift-to-drag ratio of each beetle at different wind speeds, the average lift-to-drag ratio of each group of beetles was taken as the lift-to-drag ratio of this species of beetles.P. brevitarsis was 11 ms, and the flapping frequency was 90 Hz. For A. chinensis, the values were 22 ms and 45 Hz, respectively, and for T. dichotomus, the values were 23 ms and 43 Hz, respectively.P. brevitarsis during flight was smaller than that of A. chinensis and T. dichotomus, which means that the higher flapping frequency was needed [Heliocopris hamadryas), whose elytra contributed to produce lift [The wingtip path of the upstroke almost overlapped with the wingtip path at the beginning of the downstroke in one flapping cycle. The reason for this is that the beetles needed to rapidly increase the vertical lift at the beginning of the upstroke . The flas needed . Also, iuce lift . In addiuce lift .P. brevitarsis, A. chinensis, and T. dichotomus, body weight, body and extented hind wing lengths are increasing and are positively correlated , and those of P. brevitarsis and T. dichotomus were similar . Aspect ratio and wing loading show an opposite trend.The hind wings of the three beetles were folded in a V-shape when they were not in flight . For P. rrelated . In contP. brevitarsis is close to 120° (2), and the folding angle of the hind wings of T. dichotomus is close to 90° (2). The hind wings of A. chinensis overlapped when folded (2), and the folded length of the hind wings was smaller than the folded length of the other two species. Comparing the folding sites of the hind wings of the three beetles, the costal (C) and the media posterior (MP) of the hind wings of P. brevitarsis and T. dichotomus both were found to be folded, while the C of the hind wings of A. chinensis was found to be less folded, and the MP was not folded at the folding sites at all. This could be the reason for the folding ratio of the hind wings of A. chinensis being smaller.Folding angle and folded states of the hind wings of three beetles are shown in  to 120° 2, and the to 90° 2. The hin folded 2, and th3–A7, Figure 3B3–B7, and Figure 3C3–C7 show cross-sectional morphologies of different wing veins of the hind wings of three beetles at the same position obtained using SEM. The images show that the cross-sectional shapes are all nearly elliptical, while all were basically hollow, similar to blood vessels. This structure provides support for the beetles in spreading their hind wings or during flight [Figure 3A3) was found to be larger than that of the MP  and the cubitus anterior (CuA) . Also, the diameter of the posterior end of the C  was smaller than that of the anterior end . Additionally, the wall thickness of the hind wing veins on the dorsal side was thicker than that on the ventral side. This was also found in the Asian ladybeetle (Harmonia Axyridis) [Figure 3Ag flight . Comparixyridis) . Thickerxyridis) .Er, were all measured at test point II  and were 6.530, 7.652, and 6.645 GPa for P. brevitarsis, A. chinensis, and T. dichotomus, respectively. The higher Er helps the beetle to resist external forces and prevents wing damage [Er and hardness H of cubitus anterior, anal posterior, and wing membrane were smaller than those of the costal and media posterior. It was also found that the Er of costal of P. brevitarsis was smaller than those of A. chinensis and T. dichotomus, which possibly affected the deformation ability of the hind wing. Thus, the lift-to-drag ratio of P. brevitarsis was relatively large.Nanomechanical test results are shown in g damage . The valP. brevitarsis is obviously different from that of A. chinensis and T. dichotomus. It is significantly higher at low wind speeds and becomes gradually similar to the lift-to-drag ratio of the other two beetles at high wind speeds. For all three beetles, fluctuations of the lift-to-drag ratio were obvious at low wind speeds. At 1 m/s wind speed, the range of fluctuation of the lift-to-drag ratio was 10.5–16.0 for P. brevitarsis, 2.2–6.0 for A. chinensis, and 3.0–4.8 for T. dichotomus. At high wind speeds, the range of the lift-to-drag ratios gradually decreased and stabilized. For P. brevitarsis, although the downward trend of lift was not obvious (at low wind speed)  , the lifA. chinensis). The lift of T. dichotomus was the biggest because its wing area was much larger than that of the other beetles. When the wind speed increased, the lift of three beetles wing in flapping motion first showed an increasing trend; but when the wind speed reached a certain value, the lift decreased. The drag increased with the wind speed. The order of the lift force peak values with increasing wind speeds was P. brevitarsis, T. dichotomus, and then A. chinensis. It was consistent with their folding ratio. A possible reason is that when the wind speed reaches a certain threshold, the hind wings would undergo passive deformation reducing the wing area, which results in decreased lift. A higher folding ratio of hind wings leads to easier deformation with increasing wind speed  and body frontal area (Sb), which is helpful to reduce the profile drag and parasite drag . Thus, the drag reduction mainly comes from Dpro = 0.5ρv2SwCDpro and Dpar = 0.5ρv2SbCDpar, in which CDpro and CDpar are the dimensionless drag coefficient and the body drag coefficient, respectively. It might also be the reason for the high lift-to-drag ratio of P. brevitarsis at wind speeds lower than 2.0 m/s. The largest reduction of Sw and Sb led to the largest reduction in total drag compared to the other two beetles.The total drag on a beetle is equal to the sum of three aerodynamic components, as ody form . It was A multifactor analysis of variance was performed regarding the influence of folding ratio and wind speed on the lift-to-drag ratio. The results are shown in P. brevitarsis had a larger range of variation. This might be because the large aspect ratio of the wing yields a greater wing flexibility [There is a correlation between aerodynamic forces and aspect ratio. Increasing the aspect ratio increases the average aerodynamic loads, and a smaller aspect ratio prevents the airflow from separating at the top and bottom . Using bxibility .P. brevitarsis, A. chinensis, and T. dichotomus were 90, 45, and 43 Hz, respectively. It was found that P. brevitarsis had a higher flapping frequency and lift-to-drag ratio than the other beetles. The flapping frequencies of A. chinensis and T. dichotomus were similar. Especially, at low wind speeds, a higher flapping frequency yields a better lift-to-drag ratio. A bionic flexible FWMAV was tested in a wind tunnel to explore the effects of different flapping frequencies and aspect ratios on the aerodynamic performance. The flapping frequency played a crucial role in lift generation. Higher flapping frequencies yielded more lift. Also, a wing with a higher aspect ratio could significantly increase the lift [The flapping frequency of the lift . For lowthe lift . The flathe lift . For a fthe lift . Also, tthe lift .P. brevitarsis mostly live in farmland and loose soil, and the environmental conditions are relatively humid. Adults come out at night and have a strong flying ability. P. brevitarsis also has a strong migratory ability, moves quickly, and generally flies approximately 50 m [A. chinensis lives mostly inside trunks of trees or in small closed forests, feeding on young leaves and bark [T. dichotomus often lives in areas with well-developed forestry and thick trees und conditions native to a forest, feeding on the sap that flows from the surface of the bark. During the day, they mostly rest in shady and humid environments such as soil and move more in the evening hours [P. brevitarsis is more open and offers a better flying environment. Long-term living habits improved its flying ability with better aerodynamic characteristics. Due to the narrow living environment, the flight performance of A. chinensis and T. dichotomus is not as good as that of P. brevitarsis. A study of the wing loading of the three beetles revealed that P. brevitarsis had the smallest wing loading of 19.85 g/dm2 matching its fast-moving nature. The wing loading of A. chinensis was 21.22 g/dm2, and the wing loading of T. dichotomus was 32.87 g/dm2. A lower wing loading leads to a better maneuverability [P. brevitarsis and A. chinensis had smaller wing loadings, but P. brevitarsis had a higher lift-to-drag ratio, which might be due to higher folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency. Although lift and drag of P. brevitarsis were more obviously affected by the wind speed, its excellent flight performance provides input for improving the maneuverability of MAVs.Research on the living environments and living habits of the three beetles found that ely 50 m –56. A. cand bark . T. dichng hours –59. Comprability . Additiorability . Both P.P. brevitarsis is relatively open, and its wing loading is also the smallest, reaching 19.85 g/dm2. This basic study will help to understand the effect of different beetle hind wing parameters on the flapping, which will be helpful for the design of biomimetic deployable FWMAVs.In this work, the effects of different hind wing parameters on the flight performance of beetles were studied through wind tunnel tests. Three beetle species with different living environments and different folding ratios were selected as the test objects in this study. The unfolded and folded morphology and the nanomechanical properties of the hind wings of the three beetles and the cross-sectional morphology of different wing veins were observed and tested with super depth-of-field microscopy, nanoindentation, and scanning electron microscopy. Thus, the folding ratios, reduced Young’s modulus, and hardness were determined. The flapping frequency was calculated by observing one flapping cycle with a high-speed camera. The effects of wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency on the lift-to-drag ratio of the beetles were examined in a low-speed straight-flow wind tunnel. The results showed that wind speed, folding ratio, aspect ratio, and flapping frequency had a combined effect on the flight performance of the beetles. Beetles with a more open living environment have a larger folding ratio, aspect ratio, flapping frequency, and wing loading, as well as better flight performance. The living environment of


The presentation considers the peculiarities of late adulthood, different views on the periodization of older ages .The research is aimed at studying the peculiarities of late adulthood.The method of work is a bibliographic analysis.Reveals the structure of psychological age (concept by L.S.Vygotsky), the specificity of the development in late adulthood and features of the social situation of development. Reveals modern ideas of ageing as a process not only of involution and loss, but also a process of continued development. The greatest attention is paid to the peculiarities of development tasks at older ages and the difficulties faced by older people trying to cope with them. There are the brief overview of the positions of C.G.Jung, A.Adler, E.Erikson, R.Peck, G.M.Bryugman, A.G.Liders, N.S.Pryazhnikov, E.E.Sapogova, I.V.Shapovalenko, V.I.Slobodchikov, G.A.Zuckerman, etc. regarding the development tasks in late adulthood. The comparison of the development tasks of early and late age periods by G.M. Bryugman, which shows that the tasks of aging worse defined, at least sequentially ordered, and the results of solution of development tasks is less predictable than in earlier ages.We can say that in old age is important not only the task of adjusting to different changes of pace of life, quality of life, social circle, etc., and overcome the negative aspects of aging but also issues of self-development. As the primary development task in late adulthood is considered an achievement of his own integrity and finding the meaning of life.No significant relationships.


Euonymus microcarpus (Oliv.) Sprague, is a species of evergreen shrub of the genus Euonymus, family Celastraceae. Here, we extracted the genomic DNA from the leaves of E. microcarpus and constructed a paired-end library. The chloroplast genome of E. microcarpus was generated with the high-throughput sequencing by the illumina Hiseq X Ten platform and de novo assembly. The chloroplast genome had a quadripartite structure, containing a long single copy region with a size of 85,386 bp and a short single copy region with a size of 18,456 bp, separated by two inverted repeat regions of 26,850 bp. The chloroplast genome contained 133 genes identified in total, including 87 potential protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. A total of 282 simple sequence repeats and 63 long repeats were found. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships inferred that E. microcarpus is sister to E. japonicus and E. schensianus. A comparison of the structure of the chloroplast genomes of eight Euonymus species suggests a nucleotide variability of the junction sites and a higher divergence of non-coding regions, compared to the coding regions. The original findings of the study serves as a good reference for chloroplast genome assembly and a valuable foundation for the genetic diversity and evolution of E. microcarpus. Euonymus, half of which are distributed in China [Euonymus have three fundamental characteristics. The first one is that most of the species in genus Euonymus have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating tumors, thrombosis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and inflammation because the herbal extracts contain numerous chemical components, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, cardenolides and alkaloids [Euonymus is composed of 3-acetyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols, which has a reduced viscosity and a lower crystallization temperature than that of the common vegetable oils and is extremely attractive for industrial purposes [There are about 220 species in the genus in China . The spelkaloids . The laspurposes .E. microcarpus (Oliv.) Sprague, an endemic species in China, distributed in Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, is a species of evergreen shrub of the genus Euonymus, family Celastraceae [E. microcarpus have been used for relieving the rigidity of muscles, activating the collaterals and relieving rheumatism [E. microcarpus exhibits a tolerance to hard pruning [straceae ,6. It grstraceae . As an eeumatism . As an iChloroplasts, the plastids in plants and green algae originated by the cyanobacteria endosymbiosis, are photosynthetic organelles producing energy for plant growth and development by photosynthesis and the oxygen-release processes ,9. More Euonymus, such as E. phellomanus, E. fortunei and E. maackii, were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing and were assembled, annotated and published at present [E. microcarpus samples for the high-throughput cpDNA sequencing. The genomic features of the E. microcarpus cpDNA were determined, then the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and the long repeats were obtained. The comparisons were made of the cpDNA sequences of E. microcarpus and 35 other species within the order Sapindales, then revealed their phylogenetic relationships. The cpDNAs of several species of the genus  present . We collE. microcarpus to guide the exploration of the use of the new genetic resources and the phylogenetic relationships within the order Sapindales. The findings of this paper provide a foundation for future genomic research on phylogenetic relationships and evolution within the genus Euonymus.In the present work, we report the first plastome sequence of E. microcarpus (Oliv.) Sprague were directly collected by Dr. Hongying Li from an individual at Qiuba, Luanchuan, Luoyang, Henan, China  and were identified by the most outstanding feature of the colored fall berries that begin shrouded in pink to red capsules and open to orange arils. The voucher specimen (LY_2020_HAUST263) was chilled in a dry ice-ethanol bath, then deposited in a freezer in the Biological Breeding Institute (BBI), Taishan Academy of Forestry Sciences (TAFS), Taian, China . We extracted the genomic DNA with the CTAB method [Fresh and healthy leaves of B method . The sheE. microcarpus cpDNA was assembled using the SPAdes pipeline (http://bioinf.spbau.ru/SPAdes/) (accessed on 3 February 2020) with E. japonicus cpDNA as the reference (GenBank accession NC_028067).Following the removal of the adapters and the low-quality reads with fastp (version 0.20.0), the read quality was improved and high-quality clean reads were obtained . The E. E. microcarpus was deposited to GenBank data libraries under the following accession number ON611716 [E. microcarpus cpDNA was created with OGDRAW (version v1.2) [http://codonw.sourceforge.net) (accessed on 3 February 2020) was applied for the analyses of the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU).Once the annotation was completed with the CpGAVAS pipeline, the cpDNA of on v1.2) . The proREPuter was applied to quantify and locate the forward and reverse complement repeats ,20. The The alignment of the 36 cpDNAs was conducted with MAFFT (version 7.427) . The phyEuonymus species [E. japonicus [IRscope was used to visually display and compare the borders of the SSC, IRs and LSC among the eight  species . The mVIaponicus . Once thE. microcarpus, 157,542 bp in length, has a GC content of 37.22% and an average read coverage of 2321.42×. Compared with the cpDNA of E. szechuanensis, that of E. microcarpus shared conserved sequences and the synteny was identified , and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes . In totaand ndhB . Seventeand ndhB . Among t the IRs .E. microcarpus cpDNA was calculated using 26,883 codons. It suggests that the four most frequently used codons are AAA-K (1114), AUU-I (1093), GAA-E (1058) and UUU-F (982), accounting for 4.14%, 4.07%, 3.94% and 3.65% among all codons, respectively  were detected in the cpDNA, among which 199, 10, 82, 8 and 4 were mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide repeats, respectively . In all E. microcarpus and another 35 species within the family Sapindaceae, Aceraceae, Hippocastanaceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Staphyleaceae, Balsaminaceae and Celastraceae, to explore the genetic relationship between E. microcarpus and its relatives. Multiple alignments of all of the 36 cpDNAs was computed using MAFFT, then a maximum likelihood (ML) tree was determined using RAxML implementing the GTR-γ model. As shown in the We selected cpDNAs of Sapindaceae, Aceraceae, Hippocastanaceae, Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae, whereas the other is formed by Staphyleaceae, Balsaminaceae and Celastraceae. The phylogenetic analyses have established that three Euonymus species, Turpinia montana, Turpinia arguta, Impatiens pritzelii and Dipentodon sinicus, fell into the second clade. Dipentodon sinicus is located at the base of the clade. Subsequently, two Turpinia species and Impatiens pritzelii are separated. In addition, E. japonicus is sister to E. schensianus, and they are successively sister to E. microcarpus  values of the selected eight cpDNAs, calculated within the slide window, ranged from 0 to 0.02976, with an average of 0.00471 . AccordiE. microcarpus and each of E. microcarpus, E. fortunei, E. maackii, E. phellomanus, E. japonicus, E. schensianus, E. hamiltonianus and E. szechuanensis, the substitution rates of synonymous (Ks) and nonsynonymous (Ka) were determined to test for the adaptive selection (E. microcarpus, rpl16, ycf2-2, ycf1-2 and atpF with Ka/ks ratios as >1, underwent a positive selection in the comparisons of the E. microcarpus, versus the chosen species (Between election . These r species . On the E. microcarpus, a circular molecule of 157,542 bp displaying a characteristic quadripartite structure as with other angiosperm cpDNAs (The plant cpDNA carries an average of 120 genes, including genes involved in the gene expression and genes related to photosynthesis . The prem cpDNAs , 87 potem cpDNAs . E. fortunei, E. maackii, E. phellomanus, E. japonicus, E. schensianus, E. hamiltonianus and E. szechuanensis, respectively [The GC content of the overall cpDNA is 37.22%, whereas that of the IR regions is higher than the LSC and SSC regions . The samectively ,29. The ectively .Euonymus, including E. Japonicus, E. maackii, E. phellomanus, E. schensianus, E. hamiltonianus and E. Fortunei [E. microcarpus. Among the SSRs and the long repeats of the seven species of genus Euonymus, the mononucleotide SSRs were the majority, while the complement repeats were the minority. The SSR motifs could serve as potential molecular markers for the species identification, analysis of the population genetic and the genetic differentiation between individuals [The repeat sequences may raise the genetic diversity of the species and advance the cpDNA rearrangements. Generally, the cpSSRs, more easily obtained than the nuclear SSRs, are valuable genetic tools for addressing basic and applied plant biology questions, because of their codominant nature, high polymorphism and low substitution rate. Previous research detected 79 to 135 SSRs and 43 to 56 long repeats in the cpDNAs of six species of genus Fortunei , while tividuals ,32.Anacardiaceae, including two species of the genus Pistacia and one species of the genus Rhus, diverged first, forming a sister relationship with a 100% bootstrap support. Then, Xanthoceras sorbifolium, belonging to the family Sapindaceae, diverged and formed a sister relationship to the family Sapindaceae, Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae with a 100% bootstrap support. Having been cluster formed by the genus Acer and Dipteronia, the Aceraceae form a monophyletic cluster and is most closely related to the cluster of two Aesculus species. The results are consistent with current taxonomic classifications, showing the family Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae, not distinct from the Sapindaceae, are in fact nested in the family Sapindaceae [E. microcarpus is most closely associated to the cluster of E. japonicus and E. schensianus with a 100% bootstrap value. The genus Euonymus is monophyletic and is closely associated to Impatiens pritzelii and the cluster of two Turpinia species, successively, with high support scores. Dipentodon sinicus within Celastraceae, diverged first, forming a sister relationship to the family Staphyleaceae, Balsaminaceae and Celastraceae. This study showed that Dipentodon sinicus is not most closely related to three species of the genus Euonymus within Celastraceae. The systematic position of Dipentodon sinicus has been highly controversial since it was placed in the family Celastraceae [Celastraceae. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted, based on the cpDNAs of 36 species within the order Sapindales. In the first clade, the cluster formed by three species within the family indaceae . In the straceae . TherefoPothoideae in the family Araceae [Euonymus species. In the cpDNAs of angiosperm, the borders between the LSC/SSC and IR regions are highly and relatively conserved [rps19 of E. microcarpus, E. maackii, E. phellomanus, E. hamiltonianus and E. szechuanensis, were completely positioned in the LSC region at the junction of JLB, while, that of E. japonicus, E. schensianus and E. fortune, were located in the IRb region. It is obvious that the cpDNAs of E. japonicus, E. schensianus and E. fortunei showed expansions and contractions of the IRs and LSC, respectively, which is consistent with the findings of earlier reports [Euonymus species. The results increase the current knowledge of the evolutionary patterns in the angiosperms.The modification of the cpDNA size could be driven by the important evolutionary events, expansion and shrinkage of the IR region, which occur frequently, lead to fluxes in the LSC/IR junctions and the initiation of pseudogenes, gene duplication or a reversion of the duplicated genes to a single copy . Previou Araceae . In thisonserved . It is c reports . The truE. microcarpus, sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq X Ten system, displayed a typical quadripartite structure of most angiosperms. A large number of SSRs were detected, which could provide valuable information for designing exceedingly variable molecular markers for the population genetics and ecological and evolutional studies of E. microcarpus. Based on the cpDNAs of 36 species within the order Sapindales, the phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship among E. microcarpus, E. japonicus and E. schensianus, suggesting that they are sister species. A comparison of the structure of the cpDNAs of eight Euonymus species was performed and it is obvious that there is a nucleotide variability of the junction sites and a higher divergence of non-coding regions, compared to coding regions. The obtained genetic resources and the results of the above analyses will facilitate future studies in the implementation of the effective conservation and management strategies, to help develop affordable and efficient genetic assays for the species identification of the genus Euonymus.In conclusion, the cpDNA of


Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin, is an essential nutrient for the human body whose major role is to assist in the production of several coagulation factors. Unlike many other vitamins, vitamin K is not usually used as a dietary supplement . HoweverVitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) can be divided into three types: early, classic and late. Early vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs within the first 24 hours after birth. In most cases, the vitamin K deficiency bleeding is secondary, implying that the newborn has an underlying bleeding disorder which is exacerbated by vitamin K deficiency, or the baby was born to a mother who was taking drugs that inhibit vitamin K, such as antiepileptic drugs, blood thinners like warfarin, and some antibiotics. Classic vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs within the first week after birth. Late vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs in babies 2–24 weeks of age. It is a severe condition with high mortality i.e., 1 out of 5 babies with late vitamin k deficiency bleeding die, and out of every 5 survivors, 2 suffer from long-term neurological damage. All three forms of vitamin K deficiency bleeding can lead to bleeding in the gut or the brain .To prevent this disastrous disease, a single Vitamin K shot is given which can almost entirely reduce the risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding. A 0.5 mg or 1 mg (varies with birth weight) vitamin K shot is given intramuscularly to all babies at birth. All the other ingredients in the shot are safe and are added either to increase the absorption of vitamin K or to maintain the pH and moisture in the shot . Some paA qualitative study conducted in 2019 outlined the reasons for refusal of the vitamin K shot by the parents for their newborns . AccordiThere is non-uniformity when it comes to the practice of vitamin K administration . This caAccording to a systematic review, the low-income areas showed higher rates of vitamin K deficiency bleeding. This difference remained even after the introduction of vitamin K administration and could be attributed to the differences in ethnicity, seasonality, and geolocation (higher incidence in summer and in the tropics) . A case The developing and low-income countries have been facing an alarming number of avoidable neonatal deaths due to vitamin K deficiency bleeding. The policymakers and Health Sector need to focus on this issue and improve the access and availability of the prophylactic vitamin K shot following the recommendations of WHO, while ensuring the strict implementation of all the policies made in this regard. The parents of newborns should be counseled properly and the importance of the shot emphasized with evidence in order to decrease the number of cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding.No ethical requirements were reported for this study.None.M.A, A.Z, and M.E conceived the idea; M.A, A.Z, M.E, and Q.M collected the data; I.U and M.S.A analyzed and interpreted the data; M.A, A.Z, M.E, Q.M, and I.U did write up of the manuscript; and finally M.S.A, I.U, and Q.M reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content critically. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.Externally peer reviewed, not commissioned.The authors declare that there is no conflict of Interest.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 2. Instead of “University of Hildesheim, Institute for Psychology, Hildesheim, Germany”, it should be “University of Hildesheim, Institute for Psychology, Neurodidactics & NeuroLab, Hildesheim, Germany.”Additionally, in the original article, there was an error in the Acknowledgments section. In the original version, it read “We thank Tom Fritzsche for helpful comments on the pupillometry experiment setup and Prof. Kristian Folta-Schoofs for allowing the usage of his lab.”Acknowledgments. The corrected paragraph is shown below.A correction has been made to We acknowledge financial support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and TU Dortmund University within the funding programme Open Access Publishing. We acknowledge financial support by the University of Hildesheim for a student assistant. We thank Tom Fritzsche for helpful comments on the pupillometry experiment setup and Prof. Dr. Kristian Folta-Schoofs for allowing the usage of his lab and equipment. For their help with data collection, we thank Klara Tittelbach-Helmrich and David Mietzner. We further thank Hannes Elfers and the Elisabethschule in Hildesheim for their invaluable help with data collection and Julia Diedrich for illustrating the visual stimuli. Above all, we thank our participants.Unfortunately, in the original article, a number of references also contained errors as listed below.Patholinguistische Diagnostik bei Sprachentwicklungsstörungen (PDSS) [Patholinguistic Assessment of Developmental Language Disorders in German], 2nd Edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier. The corrected reference is shown below.For Kauschke and Siegmüller , the citFront. Neurosci. 5:115. 10.3389/fnins.2011.00115. The corrected reference is shown below.The reference for Preuschoff et al.  containein Studies in Language Companion Series: v. 75. Datives and Other Cases: Between Argument Structure and Event Structure, eds D. P. Hole, W. Abraham, and A. Meinunger (Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam msterdam: J. Benjamins), 239–268. The corrected reference is shown below.The reference for Schmitz  incorrecThe authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


N/A Chromisenchrysurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 as KU 27029, and mislabeled the species as Chromisenchrysura. We regret this mistake, as there are three syntypes of C.enchryurus, none of which is the specimen listed. The corrected version of the table is provided here.Following the publication of our paper , it was


Rattus rattus, there has been relatively little work on the phylogeography of the species within India, from where this spread originated. Taking a genomic approach, we typed 27 R. rattus samples from Peninsular India using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method. Filtering and alignment of the FASTQ files yielded 1499 genome-wide SNPs. Phylogenomic tree reconstruction revealed a distinct subdivision in the R. rattus population, manifested as two clusters corresponding to the east and west coasts of India. We also identified signals of admixture between these two subpopulations, separated by an Fst of 0.20. This striking genomic difference between the east and west coast populations mirrors what has previously been described with mitochondrial DNA sequencing. It is notable that the west coast population of R. rattus has been spread globally, reflecting the origins of commensalism of the species in Western India and the subsequent transport by humans worldwide.In contrast to the detailed and globally extensive studies on the spread of the commensal black rat,  R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus) are the world’s most widespread and destructive invasive species [R. rattus serves as the carrier of zoonotic diseases, such as plague, typhoid and leptospirosis [R. rattus have revealed a long history of commensalism and maritime transport by humans [R. rattus and its dispersal outside of the subcontinent by maritime activities operating from its coasts [R. rattus originated in India [R. rattus first became commensal with the rise of that civilization [R. rattus population living in the northwest of the subcontinent. Clearly, India is very important in understanding commensalism in R. rattus, with a need for further studies.The demographic history and origin of commensalism in rodents inevitably reflects the history of human settlements, sedentism, and ancient trades. Commensal rodents have been subject to detailed zooarchaeological studies, given this association with human history, and the profound influence of commensal rodents on human economics and health. Among rodents, black rats  of the R. rattus complex (RrC) have been reported in mainland Asia [R. rattus outside India demonstrate low diversity [R. rattus in Eurasia and elsewhere, understanding the genetic diversity of R. rattus within Peninsular India is of the utmost importance. Taking a genome-wide approach, we genotyped R. rattus samples from a wide range of localities in India, with emphasis on the west and east coasts, which are regions that allowed the spread of commensal R. rattus from Peninsular India  as a reference genome for SNP calling. After SNP calling, the metadata were exported in a VCF file format for downstream analyses using TASSEL 5 Standalone version [R. rattus and 3 M. m. castaneus samples was processed for further analysis.A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach was used to prepare the libraries and genotype genome-wide SNPs for the 34 ribed by ,22,23. Aersion 5 . A minim version . Seven sInitially, we used a distance matrix to build a simple neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree within the TASSEL program. To further revisit the phylogenetic relationship, we constructed a maximum likelihood (ML) tree using RAxML v8.2.X  and furtR. rattus in India was explored by Bayesian clustering using the program STRUCTURE 2.3.2 [STF.The genetic subdivision of RE 2.3.2 ,28. The RE 2.3.2  in the pRE 2.3.2 . The whoRE 2.3.2  was usedR. rattus samples, originating from 16 locations from the west coast, east coast, and central India, were genotyped to yield 1499 genome-wide SNPs. The average minor allele frequencies were calculated as 0.1750, and the heterozygous proportion was found to be 0.2944.The R. rattus samples into two distinct clusters, corresponding to the east and west coasts of India  calculated for these two clusters was 0.204, indicating strong disparity between the spatially separated R. rattus populations. Of note, genetic signals of admixture were also detected in five R. rattus samples obtained from central India and the east coast  approach to study samples obtained from the west and east coasts and central India to understand their genetic relationship. Both our phylogenomic tree and clustering analysis show distinct subdivisions in the R. rattus population, corresponding to the west and east coasts. This genomic differentiation in the R. rattus population within Peninsular India corroborates the substantial mitochondrial diversity and differentiation that we have previously reported in the R. rattus population in India [R. rattus previously described in [R. rattus differently.In recent years, rodents, including house mice, in India . Both inin India ), which ribed in . In Peniribed in  that migR. rattus and humans, the advent of agriculture followed by a village/urban way of life in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent is the most plausible explanation for the origin of commensalism in the wild-living R. rattus population, and, once commensal, humans unintentionally moved them around [R. rattus and further spread to other parts of the sub-continent. Many sites, ranging from early (~7–6.5 kya) to late (~5–2.8 kya) Indus, have been excavated in India [R. rattus bones have been found and recorded [Considering the first association between m around ,33. Mehrm around ,34. Mostin India . Importarecorded ,37. In trecorded ,38. In arecorded .R. rattus found on the east and west coasts, the basal positions of east coast R. rattus populations in both mtDNA [R. rattus became commensal [R. rattus samples of central India and the east coast could be the outcome of ancient hybridization between the lineages, or it might have resulted from the intermixing of two lineages in this region, as a result of human transport. Considering the intermediate position of central India between the east and west coasts, admixture in this region is to be expected, although the R. rattus from central India predominantly have a west coast genetic signature. The contribution of the east coast rat genome to the genome in these central India individuals is very small. Given this characteristic of the central India R. rattus, and the relatively close proximity of the central India and some east coast populations, it is not surprising that there is admixture in both.Of the two lineages of th mtDNA  and genoommensal . The sigR. rattus population on the west coast of India already suggested by mtDNA analysis [R. rattus became commensal with humans, and from here that R. rattus spread globally [R. rattus is low, as would be expected when largely derived from this one source area (the west coast of India) [R. rattus throughout the west coast from a site of initial commensalism in the Indus valley. This could be the reason for the low mtDNA diversity on the west coast, rather than ancient derivation from the east coast populations. The present study indicates that the globally distributed R. rattus is not only derived from one particular geographically localised mtDNA lineage [R. rattus on the east coast of India are also commensal, but, as we have said, they are genomically different from those on the west coast, and more genetically diverse in mtDNA  ,8. Inter disease . Taking  disease ,42,43.R. rattus. Here we conduct the first population genomic study of Indian R. rattus, and demonstrate a similar genetic subdivision into east and west coast populations as found with mt DNA. Thus, the R. rattus worldwide range expansion originated from a west coast Indian population with defined nuclear genome characteristics as well as its well-known mt DNA characteristics. This understanding is valuable not only for future genome-based phylogeographic studies but also with respect genetic approaches to managing R. rattus as a devastating pest worldwide.India is crucial as the source area of the global spread of the black rat,


Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. Rhodnius includes 21 species that can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi  and Trypanosoma rangeli. The Rhodnius prolixus complex comprises seven species, including Rhodnius marabaensis, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius robustus, which occur in the northern region of Brazil. Since both adults and immatures can carry T. cruzi, in this study the five nymphal instars of the three species mentioned were dorsally characterized.Among the 18 genera of the Triatominae subfamily, three stand out for their diversity and epidemiological importance: R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus.Using microscopy, morphometrics, and geometric morphometrics, the present work measures and describes the morphological characters of the five nymphal instars of The study enabled the characterization of all five nymphal instars, as well as the distinction between the three species in each of their instars.The morphological, morphometrics of the head, thorax, and abdomen and geometric morphometrics studies of the head enabled the specific distinction of these three species in all five instars.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05200-2. Trypanosoma cruzi   [T. cruzi, such as the juices of açaí (Euterpe oleracea), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), jaci , orange (Citrus sinensis), guava (Psidium guajava), sugarcane, and palm wine [Chagas disease is an endemic infection in the Americas caused by the protozoan  Chagas, 909 (Kinematidae) . In Soutmatidae) . In addialm wine –5.T. cruzi [Rhodnius Stål, 1859, which in addition to T. cruzi can transmit Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 [T. rangeli is pathogenic to vertebrates, when examining or isolating Trypanosomatidae strains from triatomines, it is necessary to identify whether it is T. cruzi or T. rangeli [Rhodnius has 21 species [Rhodnius amazonicus Almeida, Santos & Sposina, 1973; Rhodnius barretti Abad-Franch et al., 2013; Rhodnius brethesi Matta, 1919; Rhodnius milesi Carcavallo et al., 2001; Rhodnius montenegrensis Rosa et al., 2012; Rhodnius paraensis Sherlock et al., 1977; Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872; Rhodnius prolixus Stål, 1859; Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927, and Rhodnius marabaensis Souza et al., 2016 [All species of Triatominae are potential or proven vectors of T. cruzi –8. These rangeli . Rhodniu species , of whicRhodnius present well-defined morphological characters that facilitate their identification in the Triatominae subfamily, but distinguishing them from one another is a complex task [Rhodnius is characterized by the position of the antennal tubercle on the apex of the head and the absence of phallosome support in the genitalia of some species [Rhodnius is widely studied, yet its phylogeny has not been clarified and requires new studies [Species belonging to lex task , 14. The species , 12, 14. species , 14–16.  studies , 17.Rhodnius + Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911) consists of a monophyletic group of two genera naturally occurring in the Neotropical region [R. robustus is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, as well as northern Brazil [Rhodnius robustus is very close to R. montenegrensis, but molecular studies have confirmed the specific status of each species [The tribe Rhodniini  were used. Rhodnius marabaensis specimens  at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the São Paulo State University (Unesp-Araraquara) , head length (HL), thorax length (XL), and abdomen length (AL) were measured for nymphs of all instars. Following Dujardin et al. , interoct-tests for mean and standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s pairwise comparison were performed to evaluate the degree of differentiation of the three species using PAST software . Then the file with the raw coordinates was used for a generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA). GPA is a method that allows all the information related to size, position, and orientation of previously digitized anatomical frames to be eliminated [p < 0.0001) [Geometric morphometrics was used to evaluate variations in head shape and size using Cartesian reference coordinates. Variations among the heads of all nymphal instars of the studied species were evaluated. Fifteen heads of each instar were selected, and the images were obtained using a stereoscopic magnifying glass coupled to the Motic Advanced 3.2 plus scanning system. The coordinates of the reference points were selected according to Bookstein . Four laiminated . The matiminated . All the 0.0001)  is used  0.0001) . Mahalan 0.0001) . In addi 0.0001) . To dete 0.0001) . The CVA 0.0001)   observed in the third and fourth instars are still present. There is also an increase in the number of tubercles with setae  23.12, P = 1.693) was significant  13.64, P = 2.718)  36.32, P = 6.965) . Rhodnius robustus and R. prolixus have larger means than R. marabaensis . Dendrograms were built based on the values recovered for Mahalanobis distances and neighbor joining (NJ). The topology is identical for all instars .By ontogenetic geometric morphometry of the heads of nymphs, it was possible to describe the differences in shape and size of the five instars of een Fig. . Analysisis Fig. . Differears Fig. . It was sis Fig. . ProcrusR. prolixus, R. robustus, and R. marabaensis in the first and fourth instar; however, the separation of populations in the second, third, and fifth instars is clear. R. marabaensis is the species that was best separated in the CVA analysis.The projection of the three species in the space defined by canonical axes 1 (CVA1) and 2 (CVA2) provides a description of the specified groups in the set of multivariate data. The analyses of the canonical variables resulted in 10 variables and explain 100% of the discrimination among the species Fig. . The firT. cruzi if infected [Rhodnius, the following works can be mentioned: Mascarenhas [R. brethesi; Ponsoni et al. [R. neglectus Lent, 1954 and R. prolixus; and Santos [Rhodnius colombiensis Meija, Galvão & Jurberg, 1999, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis Lent & León, 1958, R. milesi, and Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993.A striking feature of Triatominae is that males, females, and nymphs of all instars can transmit infected , 37. In carenhas , which si et al.  and Marci et al. , which cd Santos , which dR. marabaensis. In their chapter about nymphal instars, Lent and Wygodzinsky [R. prolixus and R. robustus do not have sub median tubercles or aggregations of granules along the midline, but such characters were observed in all five nymphal instars of those species, as well as in R. marabaensis. Rosa et al. [Triatoma wygodzinskyi Lent, 1951, distinguished the two instars by morphological characters of the thorax. Thus, by scanning electronic microscopy, they observed the absence of collar, glabrous areas, and tubercles in the first instar of T. wygodzinskyi, which were present in the second instar. Nevertheless, the differentiation among third, fourth, and fifth instars of R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus was made using the same characters observed by Rosa et al. [T. wygodzinskyi, i.e., the formation and conformation of the two pairs of wing pads located on the thorax. Although the ventral surface was not described, it is very likely that in future studies, new differential characters between the three species will be added to those already described in this work.Morphological characters are useful tools for taxonomic and systematic studies in Triatominae, in addition to being useful for epidemiological surveillance. The morphological analyses showed the separation of the three species by characters observed on the head, thorax, and abdomen shape. This made it possible to separate them in all five nymphal instars and to characterize for the first time the development instars of odzinsky  mentionea et al. , studyina et al.  in nymphR. marabaensis had its nymphs characterized morphometrically and morphologically for the first time.In this study, the results of the morphometry of characters from the abdomen, antenna, head, labium, and thorax showed little discrimination between the three species. In general, the compared averages are small or not significant, and the morphometric study is not suitable for identification. However, R. marabaensis showed the same pattern for the first three instars, another for the fourth instar, and a third pattern for the fifth instar, whereas R. prolixus and R. robustus showed the same pattern for the first and second instars, another for the third and fourth instars, and a third one for the fifth instar. Santos [R. colombiensis, R. ecuadoriensis, and R. stali, found two patterns of relative length for antennal segments of the five nymphal instars. For R. milesi, the author found three patterns, one for the first and second instars, another for the fourth and fifth instars, and a third one for the third instar, hence different patterns from the ones observed in R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus.The relative length of the four antennal segments in . Santos , measuriPanstrongylus megistus , R. neglectus, R. prolixus, and Triatoma vitticeps . The patterns identified in R. neglectus and R. prolixus were the same as those found for R. prolixus and R. robustus in this work. Rosa et al. [Triatoma rubrovaria  and found patterns different from R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus, but similar to those observed in P. megistus by Rosa et al. [R. colombiensis, R. ecuadoriensis, R. milesi, R. stali [R. neglectus [T. rubrovaria [P. megistus, and T. vitticeps [R. prolixus and R. robustus are like R. neglectus [R. colombiensis, R. ecuadoriensis, R. milesi, and R. stali [T. rubrovaria [P. megistus, and T. vitticeps [Rosa et al.  carried a et al.  measureda et al. . HoweverR. stali , and R. eglectus , T. rubrbrovaria , P. megiitticeps . Furthereglectus  and can R. stali  as well brovaria , P. megiitticeps  for thisGeometric morphometry enables the evaluation of the variation in shape in relation to causal effects . The tecTriatoma Laporte, 1832 were studied using geometric morphometrics, which indicated the potential of the technique to study specimens that are phylogenetically close [R. robustus was easily characterized by the geometric profile of the heads of nymphs. The second and fourth instar showed less discrimination potential, i.e., only approximated size means were recovered.Recently two subcomplexes of the genus ly close , 46. GeoR. robustus is distant, whilst R. prolixus and R. marabaensis form a single clade. However, CVA ellipses showed that in the first and second instars, R. marabaensis and R. robustus remain close, while groups are clearly separated in the third, fourth, and fifth instars. Regarding the shape, the values of the Procrustes ANOVA test revealed differences among the cephalic capsules, enabling discrimination. It was shown that the multivariate morphometric technique is more efficient for discriminating against the studied species when confronted with linear morphometric data.The metric estimator of Mahalanobis distance was used to recover NJ dendrograms, where it is possible to visualize that in all evaluated instars Rhodnius species were evaluated. New data were also provided for R. marabaensis. Furthermore, it was shown that the morphology of the head , thorax (second and fifth instar), and abdomen  are useful in discriminating the studied species. Through morphometric analysis of the head, it was verified that the postocular distance of the fourth instar and the lengths of the antennal segments of the third and fifth instars distinguish the three species. Lastly, geometric morphometry proved to be useful for these species. The size and shape variables clearly show the differences between R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus.In this study, the morphological and morphometric differences in three Additional file 1. Morphometry tests.Additional file 2. Landmarks of heads.Additional file 3. Geometric morphometrics.


Background: Pseudouridine (Ψ) is a common ribonucleotide modification that plays a significant role in many biological processes. The identification of Ψ modification sites is of great significance for disease mechanism and biological processes research in which machine learning algorithms are desirable as the lab exploratory techniques are expensive and time-consuming.Results: In this work, we propose a deep learning framework, called PseUdeep, to identify Ψ sites of three species: H. sapiens, S. cerevisiae, and M. musculus. In this method, three encoding methods are used to extract the features of RNA sequences, that is, one-hot encoding, K-tuple nucleotide frequency pattern, and position-specific nucleotide composition. The three feature matrices are convoluted twice and fed into the capsule neural network and bidirectional gated recurrent unit network with a self-attention mechanism for classification.Conclusion: Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, our model gets the highest accuracy of the prediction on the independent testing data set S-200; the accuracy improves 12.38%, and on the independent testing data set H-200, the accuracy improves 0.68%. Moreover, the dimensions of the features we derive from the RNA sequences are only 109,109, and 119 in H. sapiens, M. musculus, and S. cerevisiae, which is much smaller than those used in the traditional algorithms. On evaluation via tenfold cross-validation and two independent testing data sets, PseUdeep outperforms the best traditional machine learning model available. PseUdeep source code and data sets are available at https://github.com/dan111262/PseUdeep. Pseudouridine (Ψ) is one of the most prevalent RNA modifications that occurs at the uridinebase through an isomerization reaction catalyzed by pseudouridine synthases see  Bousque. It is cAlthough accurate Ψ sites can be identified by some lab exploratory techniques, they are expensive and time-consuming . As an iMus musculus, S. cerevisiae, and H. sapiens  Y. H. . Similar sapiens . He et apiens J. . In 2019piens J. . In 2020piens J. . In shordictions . The abodictions .H. sapiens, S. cerevisiae, and M. musculus. Compared with previous machine learning methods, our model applies three encoding methods, one-hot encoding, K-tuple nucleotide frequency pattern (KNFP)  Y. , and PSNKNFP) Y.  to extraKNFP) Y. . FinallyH. sapiens, M. musculus, and S. cerevisiae based on RMBase (H. sapiens), NM_944 (M. musculus), and NS_627 (S. cerevisiae), and the data sets built by H. sapiens and S. cerevisiae, we also use the independent data sets H_200 and S_200, which are built by n RMBase . With thn RMBase , which iIn the NH_990 and NM_944 data sets, the length of the sequence is 21 nt. However, in the NS_627 data set, the length is31 nt. In the H_200 and S_200 data sets, the RNA sequence length is 21 and 31 nt, respectively. Feature extraction is the basis of the algorithm. In our work, we consider three kinds of features: one-hot encoding, KNFP Y. , and PSNGiven an RNA sequence R,The KNFP Y.  pattern PSNP  is an efjth position. In this way, we obtain two First, we calculate the frequency of occurrence for four nucleotides, respectively, from bath positive and negative samples at the For each input sequence, we use three feature extraction  methods to form three feature matrices. For each feature matrix, a pair of 1-D CNNs are used. The first layer of each feature matrix has a filter size of 11 and a kernel size of 7. Similarly, the second 1[D CNN layer for each feature matrix has a filter size of 11 and a kernel size of 3. Two convolution layers are used to capture features from three feature matrices; all layers had a “Relu” activation function. The three convolution results are spliced together and fed into the capsule network with 14 capsules for vector convolution, and the output of the capsule network is put into the BiGRU neural network with an attention mechanism; the final feature is concatenated and fed into two dense layers to obtain the prediction results. Bayesian optimization is used to select the best performance of the hyperparameters. The adjusted parameters are the number of filters, the filter size, and epoch. To prevent the model from overfitting, the dropout algorithm with a probability of 0.5 is also used. A binary cross-entropy is used as a loss function with an early stop patience of 20. The batch size is 32, and the number of epochs is set to 200. For the stochastic gradient descent method, the Adam optimization algorithm is selected here. The total number of trainable parameters in the network is 165,365. The entire program is done in Python 3.6.CNNs are widely used in the fields of artificial intelligence, such as machine learning, speech recognition, document analysis, language detection, and image recognition.Capsule neural networks, first proposed by Hinton et al., provide a unique and powerful deep learning component to better simulate the various relationships represented inside the neural network. Because capsule neural networks can collect location information, they can learn a small amount of data to get good predicted results. In the data sets we collected, the amount of RNA data is small, and the length of RNA sequences is small, so to study the hierarchical relationship of local features, capsule neural networks are used in this paper.BiGRU networks are used to extract the deep features of the sequences because BiGRU networks can be regarded as two unidirectional GRUs. An attention mechanism in a deep neural network is also an important part. The attention mechanism is remarkable in serialized data, such as speech recognition, machine translation, and part of speech taming, which has also been widely used in much bioinformatics research and achieved excellent performance.Because the lidation  is widelTo measure the performance of our model, we use four statistical parameters, sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), accuracy (Acc), and Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC), which are used in a series of studies to evaluate the effectiveness of predictors. These parameters are defined as follows: the ROC  is also 1) CNN: The network consists of two layers of 1-D convolution, a BIGRU network, and a two fully connected layers network as described above. The input matrices are the one-hot encoding and KNFP features extracted from the RNA sequences.2) CNN + Capsule: The model adds a capsule layer after the BiGRU layer on the basis of the CNN model.3) CNN + Attention: The model adds a self-attention mechanism layer before the BiGRU layer based on the CNN model.4) CNN + Capsule + Attention: The model adds a capsule layer based on the CNN + Attention model; on the basis of the above four models, we add PSNP features and compare the performance of the four new models see , 3. In sTo select a more effective model, in each data set, we first compare four models’ performances based on two feature extraction methods, one-hot encoding and KNFP  with only one kind of feature. We compare our model PseUdeep with other state-of-the-art machine learning predictors published recently to evaluate the identification ability of Ψ sites. In benchmark data sets with tenfold cross-validation and independent testing, the results obtained by PseUdeep and other predictors are listed in H. sapiens, M. musculus, and S. cerevisiae, respectively, and our model gets the highest accuracy of the prediction.We summarize and compare our model with other state-of-the-art models in terms of feature extraction, number of features, and classifiers as shown in In this study, we propose a model, PseUdeep, which can effectively identify Ψ sites in RNA sequences. To get better prediction performance, we also train a combination of three features in a simple model and then gradually add different types of layers to obtain better performance. In addition, we compare our model with other models through tenfold cross-validation and independent testing, and the results show that PseUdeep is more accurate and stable. Finally, we evaluate and compare the performance of the three features used in this study and find that PSNP shows the best effect.


Surveys were conducted on three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Contaminated foods reportedly included seafood and edible oils, according to studies. TBT was investigated more than other tin components in food. The overall average estimate for TBT in seafood was estimated at 182.33 ng/g that This amount was more than maximum limit. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to treat the wastewater so that these harmful compounds do not reach the water of sea.Organotin compounds in low doses have toxic effects. These components may contaminate food. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the type and level of organotin in food that are mainly contaminated with these compounds, as well as common detection methods. The research studies with keywords Organotin, Tributyltin, TBT, Food, Detection, Contamination, and Pollution were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, regardless of publication time. Two author independently investigated the publications. A number of 123 studies were obtained and only 9 articles were finally selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. Studies were selected which organotin components were detected in the food matrix. The important data were extracted. Meta-analysis was calculated for the amount of TBT in seafood. The most important of these compounds are TBT, TPhT, Dibutyltin (DBT) and di- The oriin (DOT) . TBT andin (DOT) . EU and in (DOT) . TPhT isin (DOT) . Dibutylin (DOT) . Tributyin (DOT) . Tributyin (DOT) . This kiin (DOT) . They lein (DOT) . TBT oxiin (DOT) . TBT hasin (DOT) . The tolin (DOT) . These cin (DOT) . These cin (DOT) . This duin (DOT) . Furtherin (DOT) . This tyin (DOT) .The organotin in food are absorbed by cells in the gastrointestinal tract and enter the bloodstream. In ordeThis systematic review was written on PRISMA checklist. Two authors performed all stage including inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data extraction to prevent bias.The articles in English language were searched on 16 June 2021. There was no time limitation. The chosen databases were PubMed, Science direct, Google scholar, and Scopus. The keywords for searching were set: (Organotin OR Tributyltin OR TBT) AND (Food) AND (Detection) AND (Contamination OR Pollution). A total number of 123 articles were identified from databases. At first, the title and abstract of the manuscript were reviewed. Manuscript that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded from the study. The full text were assessed with two author (P.S and Z.N).Then, the full text of the selected Manuscript was carefully studied and the data was extracted according to the protocol.The two reviewers (P.S and M.J) searched the keywords in databases independently. Invitro and animal study, environmental sample, review and chapter of book, non-English article, biomonitoring, and application of organotin were excluded. Inclusion criteria for this systematic review included original articles that measured organotin levels by valid methods of measuring. All publication that was according to inclusion criteria was assessed. The sample size of a significant number of studies was only one, so it was excluded from this systematic review.The name of the first author, time of study, country, type of food and organotin, amount and sample size, method of measuring in samples were extracted in the meta-analysis. The levels of tributyltins in seafood were converted to ng/g units. For this estimation, studies were selected that had mean, standard deviation and number of samples. The total mean was estimated with comprehensive meta-analysis software.Among the organotin, tributyltins was reported more than others, so this compound was selected for 123 articles were achieved by searching in PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholar database. 31 articles were excluded from the study due to duplicating. The title and abstracts of the remaining articles were carefully studied and 45 articles were excluded because of using review and chapter of book, animal studies, other sample including environmental sample, application and non-English article. Then, the full texts of 47 papers were taken. The quality of the studies was also assessed by two persons. At end step, 9 articles were chosen. The PRISMA checklist was conducted for this systematic review. Of all screened manuscript, 9 were selected for the systematic review. The type of food and type of organotin identified and the method used to identify organotin are shown in meta-analysis. The overall mean was estimated with the random model. This was estimated at 182.33 ± 84.62 ng/g.Four of the studies in the table had the mean, standard division and sample of size for TBT in seafood. Therefore, 4 publications were selected in the present study for In this study, tin compounds were observed in seafood and liquid oils. The extracted data shows that most of the samples examined are foods of marine origin. According to previous studies, tin compounds are a global threat to marine ecosystems. TBT, DBmeta-analysis of TBT data in this systematic review, was estimated to be 182.33 ng/g.These compounds are more common in municipal waste, including MBT, DBT and TBT. The amoIn a study conducted in Japan, small amounts of TBT were found in food samples of marine origin, which indicates the prohibition of its use.In the Amodio-Cocchieri study, 33% of the samples were contaminated with DBT and 85% of farmed fish were infected with TBT. In Mattn-octyltin (DOT) in various edible oils were investigated. DPhT and TPhT was non detectable (ND) in all oil samples. TBT and DBT were separated in the most of the samples(One of the products that can be contaminated with organotin compounds is edible oils. In an accident in China due to the consumption of contaminated oil led to hospitalization and death of some consumers. Tin compounds in packaged plastics migrate to oil. Followie samples. These te samples. Howevere samples. ConsideIn Chung 's study, which measured the amount of organotin compounds in fish, the amount of TPhT was higher than other tin compounds. This usThe data table shows that about 30% of the studies were conducted in China. Previous studies have also indicated that there is a high level of contamination of organotin in this country.Two of tThe analysis methods included 8 gas chromatographs and one liquid chromatography . AccordiIn this systematic review, the amount of organotin in food was investigated. Exposure to tin compounds is not limited to food. Occupational exposure also occurs. TherefoIn this systematic review, the type of organotin compounds in food was identified. Most research has been found in countries bordering the seas. Seafood showed higher levels of these compounds. so, we need more assess of seafood. According to the polished manuscript, TBT was reported more frequently than other organotin but the amount of phenyltins were higher than other compounds. The analytical methods were GC-PFPD. According to the estimate of the overall mean TBT, the amount of this type of organotin was higher than the allowable level announced by the European authorities. Due to the fact that water can be contaminated with these compounds through municipal waste, it is necessary to treat them well. Most of the reported samples in food are seafood, so sea pollution should be given more importance. One of the limitations of this systematic review study was limited to Europe, south of America and Asia and did not cover other continents. Due to the fact that these compounds are also used in pesticide, so extensive studies such as seafood have not been performed in plant products.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


Avicennia marina) as animal feed in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, Indonesia.The availability of minerals in the soil affect the mineral content of mangrove leaves. This study aimed to determine the macro- and micromineral contents in the environment and mangrove leaves . The total phenol and tannin contents were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and hide-powder methods, respectively.A. marina in the Pariaman area were richer in terms of macro- and microminerals. The soil had pH value, organic carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium of 5.65, 4.21%, 3.39%, 0.17%, 1.99%, and 0.54%, respectively. A. marina leaves had a total phenol and tannin contents of 24.51 mg GAE/g check the unit and 4.09%, respectively.The mineral content of the soil affected the mineral content of the plants. The soil and leaves of A. marina, which have a complete mineral content. Therefore, A. marina leaves could be recommended as a mineral source for ruminants.This research showed that the mineral content in the soil in several mangrove areas in West Sumatra has a positive correlation with the mineral content in the leaves of  The coastal area of West Sumatra, such as that in South Pesisir, is a productive location for the growth of ruminants. However, the lack of quality natural forage has led breeders to import feed ingredients from outside the region. This does not only reduce the efficiency of feed costs but also farmers in these locations are forced not to raise livestock owing to the challenge in finding forage and the limited quantity. Apart from the coastal area in Pesisir Selatan, the surrounding communities in the Padang Pariaman coast contain buffalo herds. Furthermore, the limited number of grasses acting as forages makes livestock development least attractive. The mangrove plants around the coastal area are considered to possess the potential to become forages. Furthermore, in Pakistan’s Indus delta, approximately 16,000 camels and 11,000 cows eat mangrove leaves .Avicennia marina) have the potential to be a substitute for forage in ruminants. A. marina has this potential due to its high micro- and macromineral contents, which is required by livestock. However, the growth of a mangrove plant is largely determined by environmental conditions, such as water, soil, and climate, which support its growth [Based on this study, mangroves  as animal feed in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The results will serve as a reference to map the potential of A. marina and determine the best place for A. marina leaves that contain macro- and microminerals needed to feed ruminants. Furthermore, it contributes to the fulfillment of the forages requirement of farmers around mangrove locations.This study aimed to determine the macro- and micromineral contents in the environment and mangrove leaves  leaf samples were obtained from several places in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, with three locations, including Regency of Padang, Pariaman, and Pesisir Selatan. These samples were collected at ten points in each area  and composited. Soil samples were obtained using a stainless steel sampling auger, with a depth of 15 cm. In addition, a forage subsample was collected from each region by taking a few plots from each A. marina tree (such as taking on tea leaves). Soil and leaf samples were then dried in an oven at 60°C for 48 h, milled using a mill, and filtered using a 1-mm stainless steel sieve for forage or a 2-mm sieve for soil. The water sample that had been obtained was filtered using Whatman No 1  and subsequently stored in a bottle and labeled.Soil, water, and mangrove .Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and chlorine (Cl) were measured using the Kjeldahl method, ultra violet (UV)-visible (Shimadzu) spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 889 nm, and titration method, respectively; other minerals were measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a wavelength of potassium , calcium , magnesium , sulfur , iron , copper , manganese , zinc , molybdenum , mercury , and lead .A total of 0.5 g powder sample was mixed with a 1-mL 0.5% hexamethylenetetramine, 20-mL acetone, and 2-mL 25% hydrochloric acid (HCl). The mixture was kept in a reflow refrigerator for 30 min and shaken with distilled water and ethyl acetate. The extract was separately used in the two solutions. In the first part, the extract was mixed with 1-mL aluminum chloride and 5% (volume/volume) methanol-acetic acid for further measurement. Meanwhile, the second part was mixed with 5% (volume/volume) methanol-acetic acid to produce a standard solution. After 30 min of incubation, the absorbance of both samples was measured at 425 nm (A). The total phenolic concentration was calculated using the formula: (1.25×A) m, where m = mass of sample in grams.A. marina) leaves, which had been mashed to 0.5 g, were mixed with 150 mL of distilled water and heated in a water bath for 30 min at 70°C. The cooled extract was then quantitatively transferred into a 250-mL volumetric flask, filtered, and used for the reaction. The results of the extraction were measured using the UV-visible (Shimadzu) spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 278.5 nm using pure tannins as standard.The mangrove .Soil pH values and organic carbon (C-org) content in the coastal areas of West Sumatra are shown in A. marina leaves  is shown in Tables-The macromineral content of soil, sea water, and A. marina leaves  is shown in Tables-A. marina leaves  is shown in A. marina leaves were not significantly different.The micromineral composition of soil, sea water, and A. marina grows is shown in The pH and C-org content of the soil where According to Gordon , the manet al. [In the Pariaman area, the soil N content ranged from 2.7% to 3%, which is significantly different from the Padang and South Pesisir mangrove areas. The increase in the total soil N content corresponds with the C-org content in the soil. It occurs due to the decomposition of organic matter, where N is the main element derived. The decomposition process is largely dependent on the quality and amount of organic material. According to Hugues et al. , one of The factors of soil and plants that affect forage mineral content have been widely reported . In planA. marina leaves as a forage. When the data content of N (3%) is converted into crude protein, the crude protein content in A. marina leaves in the coastal area of West Sumatra is approximately 20%. This content is high enough to meet the protein requirement of ruminants. According to Ghosh et al. [A. marina leaves is estimated to be 15%, and this also encourages the absorption and utilization of other nutrients, including P and Ca, for overall plant growth.N is the main food for plants as it is a constituent of protein and chlorophyll, which activates the photosynthesis process. N has the most significant role in various physiological processes, such as giving dark green color to plants, increasing the number of leaves, stems, and others. In addition, it influences rapid growth and increases the protein content of plants. This function greatly determines the quality of the h et al. , the cruThe dissolved P content is an indicator that determines the fertility level of the water. In this research location, the sea water was classified in the normal category due to the P level of 0.7-1.1%. This was also influenced by the condition of mangrove stands in the location. P typically appears in low concentrations in natural sea water due to a large amount of mobility, although the total phosphate concentration often ranges between 0.01 mg/L and >200 mg/L .A. marina leaves. P is essential for plant growth and is found in every living plant cell. It is involved in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division, and enlargement. The results showed that P is an important component of the photosynthetic process, systematically involved in the formation of sugars, oils, and starches that further aids in the conversion of solar to chemical energy, proper maturation of plants, and the ability to withstand stress. Moreover, ruminants require a large amount of P elements. The adequacy of P in ruminants is obtained from forage containing it. In addition, P plays a significant role in the development and metabolism of microorganisms in the rumen [P in soil, sea water, and mangrove plants vary in amounts, although not statistically significant. The P content in the soil is approximately 0.3%, 0.7-1.1% in sea water, and 0.1% in he rumen . Its defhe rumen .The Ca content in mangrove leaves ranged between 1% and 2%. The forage originating from South Pesisir regency contains the highest Ca content of 2.04%. This content is able to meet the Ca requirement of ruminants. Approximately 99% of the total Ca in the body functions as a structural component of bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is involved in vital functions, such as blood clotting, membrane permeability, neuromuscular stimulation, secretion of certain hormones, and activation of enzymes. The lack of Ca results in soft and weak bones and decreases growth and milk production . Ca and A. marina) ranged between 0.1% and 0.9%. This content is high and adequately meets the requirement of ruminants. The function of Mg, in general, includes cofactors of >300 enzymes that function in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism [The Mg content in mangrove leaves  as forage. The Zn content in forage was observed to range from 2.00 to 2.52 mg/g, whereas the Zn requirement for ruminants is 10-50 mg/kg. When there is a Zn deficiency status, the rumen microbial activity is not optimal. Therefore, the level of feed utilization will be lower, which in turn, will reduce livestock productivity [In general, the micromineral requirements of livestock are relatively varied. These levels will affect the quality of mangrove leaves (uctivity .Zn is an essential micromineral for growth, reproduction, immune system, gene expression, enzyme processes, performance, and health of livestock. FurtherA. marina mangrove leaves were not significantly different in each region, as it ranged between 0.4 and 0.8 ppm, whereas the Cu requirements for ruminant is 15-20 mg/kg. Cu is an essential micronutrient in all living organisms, from plants to mammals, and is needed in very small amounts. This element plays a significant role in various physiological functions of the hematological, nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, and immune systems [The Cu levels in  systems . Further systems .A. marina leaves. The Mn requirement for ruminants is 0.20-0.60 mg/kg. Mn from leaves originating from the South Coast is relatively high at 1.6 ppm. This content is sufficient to meet the Mn requirement of ruminants. According to Mousavi et al. [et al. [The Mn content ranged between 1.2 and 1.6 ppm in i et al.  stated t [et al. , its defA. marina leaves in each region was not significantly different at 0.4 ppm, since the normative Mo requirement in ruminants is <100 mg/kgThe Mo content of The Cl content in plants is sufficient to meet the requirements of ruminants, since it ranged between 0.5 and 0.7 ppm in leaves. Furthermore, the content in each region is not significantly different. Chloride is the main anion in the extracellular fluid, 80-85% are inorganic and 15-20% are organic. ChloridA. marina grows in extreme environments, where water and land experience ebbs and flows carrying various types of minerals. It is undeniable that plants will absorb non-essential minerals or even become toxic. From the analysis that has been performed, A. marina leaves in the coastal area of West Sumatra contain Hg at 0.04-0.08 ppm and Pb at 0.2 ppm. Meanwhile, heavy metal content in the leaves of each region was not significantly different. The content of Hg and Pb is relatively high in the soil, although it does not correlate with their solubility in water and absorption by A. marina plants. According to Kennady et al. [y et al. , the heay et al. .Pb and Hg are toxic metals that have negative effects on livestock, even when consumed in small amounts. These metals inhibit the growth, productivity, and reproducibility of livestock and even cause death. Cows and sheep, which consume grass containing Pb at 5 mg/kg dry weight of grass/day, did not show any symptoms. However, pregnant ewes, which consumed grass containing Pb 30 mg/kg dry weight of grass/day for a long period of time, showed symptoms of poisoning, especially in conditions of starvation .A. marina leaves in the three sampling locations had shown a significant difference (Avicennia in the Pariaman area was the highest compared with plants in other locations, reaching 24.51 mg GAE. Meanwhile, in the Padang and South Pesisir areas, plants share the same tendency and potential. Polyphenols are secondary metabolite compounds produced by plants to protect them from external disturbances. The high amounts of polyphenols observed in the Pariaman area were due to the growth of A. marina in the area, which often occurs due to storms and human touch.The total phenol and tannin contents of fference . The numThe content of secondary metabolites in plants is influenced by the environment, such as altitude, rainfall, and temperature. The influence of environmental factors interacts with genetic factors in the expression of secondary metabolites. Therefore, the production and excretion of secondary metabolites are influenced by temperature, light, soil, microorganisms, and nutritional status. Furthermore, secondary metabolite contents vary, depending on time and location. It is also related to variations in climatic and soil conditions, such as air, soil temperature, and soil moisture.A. marina leaf samples extracted in the Padang and Pariaman areas was not significantly different at 4.24% and 4.092%, respectively; meanwhile, in the South Pesisir area, the tannin content was lower at 1.40%. The tannin content of A. marina leaves was still within tolerance limits for ruminants. Furthermore, tannins present in certain amounts will provide a positive value in increasing the digestibility of feed. Tannins are secondary metabolites synthesized and found in plants. They are classified as polyphenolic compounds with the ability to form complex compounds with other macromolecules. They also interact with proteins derived from feed, thereby reducing their availability for rumen microorganisms [The tannin content of rganisms . TherefoA. marina leaves. Based on this study A. marina leaves contain complete minerals as forages for ruminant feed.This study showed that the minerals content of the soil in several mangrove areas of West Sumatra have a positive correlation with the minerals composition of GY, NJ, SS, BS, and RWWS: Formulated experimental design and experimental work at laboratory. GY: Drafted the manuscript and did data analysis under the guidance of NJ, SS, and BS. All the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.


The highest number of cases are found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Paracoccidioides conidia and mycelia are found in soil and transmitted by inhalation.c fungus . It grow


Solenopsis saevissima and S.invicta are the most common fire ants. Nests are founded in areasunder anthropic interference like urban or rural areas, but S.invicta is found preferentially in those with the greatestanthropic interference. However, we do not know the rates at which they exist inanthropized areas next to high density of native vegetation. Areas with 60 to90% of native Atlantic Forest were selected to verify the occurrence of bothspecies in rural and urban areas. We investigated the molecular diversity andapplied the reconstruction of the ancestral state analysis for each species. Atotal of 186 nests were analyzed and we found that the two species had the sameproportion in the urban area. However, S. saevissima had ahigher rate of prevalence in the rural area, in addition to having a greaternumber of haplotypes and ancestry associated with this type of habitat for theregion. S. invicta had the same number of haplotypes in bothrural and urban regions, and less haplotypic diversity. We conclude thatS. saevissima is a species typically associated with ruralareas and S. invicta, although present, is not dominant inurban areas.In South America,  Solenopsis (Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) has 196 species, in additionto 22 subspecies   , crops (ostilis) and urbaostilis) . Fire anostilis) , crops(ostilis)  and alsoostilis) . Farmers invicta. In addi sectors . In Braz sectors .S. saevissima and S. invicta arethe most common fire ants  for eachspecies.The use of land for different purposes alters the landscape structure, as e.g., byloss of biotic and abiotic resources. That can affect ant communities , benefithabitats , we expec Forest . This ca2), where nests were collected every 20 meters. Classificationof rural and urban areas is in accordance with the Brazilian Institute ofGeography and Statistics  as anoutgroup. The Ape and Phytools packages  to each tip of our topologies. The‘equal rates’ (ER) model and the ‘all different rates’ (ARD) model were comparedwith the likelihood ratio test (LRT)  to deterst (LRT) .Throughst (LRT) we generS.saevissima have the head subquadrate to weakly ovate, lack of medianfrontal streak, complete mandibular costulae, mesonotum is weakly convex in lateralview, and post-petiole in posterior view is higher than wide, with transverselyrugose sculpture only in the lower portion and surface in the upper portion issmooth shiny . The remaining haplotypes were found to beexclusive to a particular habitat, as can be seen in S. invicta and was found as in urban and ruralhabitat, it still presented quite distinct of the other S. invictahaplotypes recovered in the present study. This H_12 haplotype has already beenidentified in previous studies in S. invicta in Mississippi, USA(access code EU352608), as well as in Argentina (access code JN808817). More studiestargeting different genes may contribute more to understanding the evolutionaryhistory of Solenopsis, in particular about this H_12 haplotype. The network analysis facilitates the visualization of the two distinct species andtheir haplotypes explored in this study at different habitats . Solenop andH_8 . For S. S. invicta and S.saevissima occur at different frequencies in urban and rural habitats.In the rural area S. invicta was registered less occurrence ofnests  = 3.29; p = 0.0005; S. saevissima. In the urban area,these species have the same occurrence of nests  = 1.3458; p =0.1784; We then analyzed whether In order to proceed with the ancestral state reconstruction analyses, we first testedthe best evolutionary model for our data. Therefore, likelihood ratio testing (LRT)showed that the best model that fits our data was the ARD .This ARD model considers that the rate transitions in each state are different, compared to the ER model  see .S. saevissimafor the studied region has a 90% probability of having a rural origin , while S. invicta 53% rural and 47% urban. The redarrows in S. saevissima and S. invicta there weremultiple transitions from rural to urban environment with a special emphasis on alineage of S. saevissima that once acquired the status of urban,remained urban practically throughout the clade, with only a few exceptions. Thisshows that there may be a specialization of this lineage of S.saevissima for urban habitat, despite the great majority of therecovered diversity being associated with the rural environment analysis. Our ASR results shows that the ancestor of ironment . The anaironment .S.saevissima and S. invicta) in urban and rural habitatsnext to fragments of the Atlantic Forest   see . The preion) see  and DNA  workers , andpre workers . Our resS. saevissima and S. invictaare present in both areas, however, we show that the frequency of occurrence is notthe same. The non-dominance of S. invicta is likely related to thecharacteristics of urbanization [e.g., the presence of more native vegetation andgrass on the soil surface  and Cuiabá   , with exBrazil) . In addiBrazil) , 2017,uribution. Our sturibution and, at ribution.Solenophabitats .S. invicta to expand its territory. Analyses ofgenetic diversity of populations of S. invicta ,S. invicta recovered in this study showed lower geneticdiversity, which is consistent with previous studies (S.invicta is expanding to the region, but with a pattern consistent witha bottleneck introduction and its subsequent spread. A similar pattern was observedfor S. invicta populations in Taiwan, and USA where studies alsofound evidence of recent introduction associated with molecular signatures ofgenetic bottlenecks (In contrast,  studies . Additiotlenecks ,. S.saevissima is very likely to have a rural ancestor, which is expectedsince it is native to the region. And even with all the associated diversity,S. saevissima in general continues to present a greaterprobability of being associated with rural habitat (S. invicta presented a probability of 53% rural and 47% urbanof its habitat ancestral state. However, although one lineage specialized in ruralfirst, another lineage specialized in urban, and this seems to be the most common.These data explain in light of the evolutionary process of ancestry why S.saevissima seems to be more propitiate to rural habitat and S.invicta seems to be more successful in an urban environment, thuscorroborating several other studies prior to this one (In addition, our reconstruction of the ancestral state results shows that  habitat , except this one . AlthougS.saevissima is more characteristic of rural environments with greaterhaplotypic diversity. In the urban environment, S. invicta is notcharacterized as the dominant species, dividing the foraging territory withS. saevissima. Our work is the first to investigate theancestral state of urban and rural habitats of both S. saevissimaand S. invicta species in the Atlantic Forest Dominion region inthe evolutionary context. Thus, the present work adds important information thatserves as a subsidy for the protection of S. saevissima, which isthe species native to the region, according to our results. The maintenance ofvegetation in urban areas can be a good mechanism to prevent the advancement ofS. invicta in the region. As the study areas belong to theBrazilian Atlantic Domain, our results, in a more comprehensive way, can help publicpolicy programs aimed at the conservation of this biome. Our results show that the most common species of fire ants in Brazil are not found inequal amounts in urban and rural habitats. We show that