Toxoplasma gondii infection in the central Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and the sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and housing characteristics associated with this infection in the general population in Matehuala City, San Luis Potosí.There is not previous report about the seroepidemiology of T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay “T. gondii IgG” kit . All sera with seroreactivity to T. gondii IgG were further tested for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies by a commercially available enzyme immunoassay “T. gondii IgM” kit .This cross-sectional study was performed from January to April 2018. In total, 636 subjects  were included. Anti-This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the General Hospital of the Health Services in Matehuala City, Mexico.T. gondii IgG antibodies. Twenty-two (40.7%) of these subjects positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were also positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies.Of the 636 subjects studied, 54 (8.5%) were positive for anti-T. gondii infection in general population in the northern Mexican city of Durango was found , and negatively associated with ham consumption . Other sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and housing characteristics were not associated with T. gondii infection. Consumption of goat meat has been associated with T. gondii seropositivity in Mexico. In a study of patients suffering from epilepsy in Durango City, a positive association between T. gondii seropositivity and consumption of goat meat was found (T. gondii seropositivity and ham consumption found in this study suggests that ham consumption was not an important contributing factor for infection in the population studied.In the current study, we searched for risk factors associated with as found . On the T. gondii infection in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, we reported a low seroprevalence of this infection in the general population in Matehuala City. Consumption of goat meat was an important factor associated with T. gondii infection in the population studied. Results may help in the design of optimal preventive measures against T. gondii infection.In this first study about the epidemiology of


Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus, both inhabit areas where La Crosse virus is found. Infection of Aedes albopictus by the parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis and Aedes triseriatus by the parasite Ascogregarina barretti can decrease a mosquito’s fitness, respectively. In particular, the decrease in fitness of Aedes albopictus occurs through the impact of Ascogregarina taiwanensis on female fecundity, larval development rate, and larval mortality and may impact its initial competitive advantage over Aedes triseriatus during invasion.Mosquitoes are vectors for diseases such as dengue, malaria and La Crosse virus that significantly impact the human population. When multiple mosquito species are present, the competition between species may alter population dynamics as well as disease spread. Two mosquito species, Aedes albopictus and triseriatus population dynamics and competition with a focus on when Aedes albopictus is new to an area. We build a compartmental model including competition between Aedes albopictus and triseriatus while under parasitism of the gregarine parasites. Using parameters based on the literature, we simulate the dynamics and analyze the equilibrium population proportion of the two species. We consider the presence of both parasites and potential dilution effects.We examine the effects of parasitism of gregarine parasites on Aedes albopictus will decrease the initial competitive advantage of the species over Aedes triseriatus and increase the survivorship of Aedes triseriatus. We find Aedes albopictus is better able to invade when there is more extreme parasitism of Aedes triseriatus. Furthermore, although the transient dynamics differ, dilution of the parasite density through uptake by both species does not alter the equilibrium population sizes of either species.We show that increased levels of parasitism in Mosquito population dynamics are affected by many factors, such as abiotic factors (e.g. temperature and humidity) and competition between mosquito species. This is especially true when multiple mosquito species are vying to live in the same area. Knowledge of how population dynamics are affected by gregarine parasites among competing species can inform future mosquito control efforts and help prevent the spread of vector-borne disease.  Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus, and the competition between them [La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV) can cause brain swelling and lead to severe neuroinvasive disease in children under 15 . While ieen them , 4. FemaAedes (Ae.) albopictus, also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is native to subtropical regions of southeast Asia and is a common vector of arboviruses such as Dengue fever virus, West Nile virus, and La Crosse encephalitis virus [Ae. albopictus in the USA was in Houston, Texas, in 1985 [Ae. albopictus has spread throughout the continental US and now occupies much of the southern and eastern US, stretching from Texas to New Jersey [Ae. albopictus is known for its ability to adapt to a range of climates and to be a strong competitor to other species that share larval habitats [Ae. albopictus [Ae. albopictus were infected with the La Crosse virus [is virus . The fir in 1985 , 8. Sinchabitats . In 2001bopictus . Fourteese virus .Ae. triseriatus, known as the eastern tree hole mosquito, is native to the eastern US. Ae triseriatus is the primary vector for the La Crosse virus [Ae. albopictus will bite both small mammals and humans, making it more likely to infect human’s than Ae. triseriatus, whose preference is for small mammals [se virus , 4, a pase virus , 3. Ae. Ae. albopictus is the superior competitor compared to Ae. triseriatus [Ae. triseriatus when a quarter of the mosquitoes present were Ae. albopictus and a 20% drop in Ae. triseriatus survival when half of the mosquitoes were Ae. albopictus. In Ho et al. [Ae. albopictus was not significantly altered by competition, the development time of Ae. triseriatus was increased when in a shared habitat with other Aedes species. Moreover, Ae. albopictus larvae inhibit egg hatching of other species such as Ae. triseriatus, while there is no significant inhibition on their own species [Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus was suggested [Ae. albopictus did much better in tires, but did worse than Ae. triseriatus in treeholes [Several laboratory studies have shown that seriatus –19. In Bseriatus , they sho et al. , the aut species . Howeverreeholes .Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus are parasitized by Ascogregarina (As.) taiwanensis and Ascogregarina (As.) barretti, respectively. Ascogregarina are intestinal protozoan parasites that inhabit the gut of the mosquito throughout its life cycle [Ae. albopictus are infected with As. taiwanensis [Ae. albopictus by As. taiwanensis lengthens larval development time for both male and female mosquitoes, reduces adult female fecundity, increases larval mortality, and reduces egg laying and hatching rates [Ae. albopictus was not significantly affected by As. taiwanensis [Ae. triseriatus, one study found 80% of their collected sites harbored As. barretti. Treeholes showed more infected sites than tires [Ae. triseriatus are infected [Ae. triseriatus when infected by As. barretti [As. barretti on Ae. triseriatus mortality. While As. barretti impacts the fitness of Ae. triseriatus, its effects are mostly dependent on resource availability [Ae. triseriatus development time is increased significantly, but with sufficient resources there is not a significant difference. Another study showed a significant difference in survival of Ae. triseriatus infected with As. barretti compared to those uninfected [fe cycle , 21. Thewanensis . Infecting rates , 23. Howwanensis . For Ae.an tires . In continfected . Developbarretti . Howeverbarretti  showed ninfected .Aedes population dynamics accounting for parasitism of Ae. albopictus by As. taiwanensis and Ae. triseriatus by As. barretti. Our model formulation encodes competition between the two species of Aedes using the Lokta-Volterra model, a basis for many inter-specific competition models [Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus [Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, there appears to be a lack of studies evaluating reproductive interference between Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus. Livdahl and Willey [Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus using a Lokta-Volterra model to explain how possible competition affects them in either tree holes or tires. This model was then extended to include La Crosse spread [Ae. albopictus in the recent resurgence of LACV.In this work, we build a mathematical model of n models –31 inclun models , 32–34. n models , a two-sbopictus . Howeverd Willey  comparedAedes mosquitoes individuals and does not occur from parent to offspring [The life cycle of gregarine parasites mimics that of their host: each stage of its development is analogous to a stage within mosquito development. See the inset in Fig. ffspring . Initialffspring , 38.Fig.Ae. albopictus habitats are unlikely to be contaminated with As. taiwanensis, new populations of Ae. albopictus can initially escape parasitism. This lack of parasite infection in newly established populations gives the mosquito a potential competitive advantage over Ae. triseriatus [Ae. albopictus will provide insight into the competition between the two mosquito species and subsequently help to deepen understanding of the spread of mosquito-borne infectious disease. In this study, we examine whether the parasitism of Ae. albopictus by As. taiwanensis decreases the mosquito’s competitive ability enough to alter the dynamics between the two Aedes mosquitoes. We build a compartmental model of the interactions of the two mosquito species and the effect of the parasites As. taiwanensis and As. barretti. We parameterize the model from published literature, simulate dynamics, investigate a wide parameter space, and examine the effects of parasitism.Since new seriatus , 22. KnoAe. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus  decreased fecundity, (ii) increased development time, and (iii) increased larval mortality. This provides a potential decrease in the competitive advantage of Ae. albopictus over the population of Ae. triseriatus as Ae. albopictus becomes established in a new area.We constructed a four-compartment model of mosquito population dynamics including larval and adult stages of both atus Eq. . We simperaction –42. We uAe. albopictus  was set at 60 as was used for a study performed in 200 ml of water [Ae. triseriatus, we set the proportion of females, Ae. albopictus showed less variation, The model includes four compartments: larval found in . The parmentclass2pt{minim per day , 46. Devbopictus , 47, 48.bopictus , 18. In nt rates , 47, 48,ectively , 50. The and 0.6 . In the Ae. albopictus on Ae. triseriatus , a proportion of < 0.01; in category (2), a proportion of 0.01 to 0.2; in category (3), a proportion between 0.2 and 0.4; in category (4), a proportion between 0.4 and 0.6; in category (5), a proportion between 0.6 and 0.8; in category (6), a proportion between 0.8 and 0.99; in category (7) a proportion > 0.99. We than did a sensitivity analysis on the parameters to account for uncertainty and variation in parameters by the partial rank correlation coefficient [We performed a parameter sweep by sampling ranges of the parameters using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) in Matlab . We condentclass1pt{minimafficient .Ae. albopictus, we focused on investigating the effects of the parasite. We repeated the LHS including the parasite parameters for Ae. albopictus. We also performed sensitivity analysis on the 100,000 samples, which included varied parasite effects. The mortality and fecundity parasite parameters were varied from 1 to 4, and the development time parasite parameter varied from 1 to 16, where a value of 1 meant the parasite has no effect and a value of 3 meant a three-fold increase of the associated parameter value. This means that mortality or development time is increased or fecundity is decreased compared to the value without parasitism.After sampling the space of the 12 parameters in the model in the absence of parasitism in Ae. albopictus parasite parameters with Ae. triseriatus fixed at either a high or low parasite effect. We compared effects on female fecundity, larval development rate, and larval mortality to see how these different combinations led to different outcomes in terms of the proportion Ae. albopictus in the final population. We extended the range of the parasite parameters so that all were varied from 1 to 10.To examine the varying effects of parasitism, all parameters were fixed as listed in Table Ae. japonicus and Ae. triseriatus there was a dilution effect on the amount of parasitism. Ae. japonicus decreased the number of As. barretti by consuming the parasite and not propagating it [p is the proportion of a species. We choose a linear function for simplicity. Notice that if A recent study by Westby et al.  showed tating it . We consy et al. , they seAe. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus both have minor effects of parasitism, both have more severe effects, and only one has a severe effect and the other minor effect. See Table We then consider four cases by choosing different maximum parameters for parasitism, Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus without parasitism. We consider two separate environments: tire and treehole. The difference between the two scenarios is the Lokta-Volterra competition parameters . Only 3.5% of the total 100,000 samples lead to categories in which Ae. triseriatus has a larger population than Ae. albopictus . A further 10.5% of the simulations fall into coexistence with approximately equal amounts of both species (category 4). For a small number of simulations (5%), Ae. albopictus completely eliminated Ae. triseriatus without parasitism (category 7), but the most common scenario was for Ae. albopictus to be the dominant species and strongly limit the population of Ae. triseriatus.To account for known variability in parameters, we examine dynamics across a broad parameter space using a LHS with the ranges indicated in Table y 6 Fig. a, where Ae. triseriatus, we find that there is a strong shift in scenarios to where Ae. albopictus is the dominant species  and 9.9% of situations lead to elimination of Ae. triseriatus (category 7). Ae. triseriatus only has a greater proportion than Ae. albopictus in approximately 1% of the parameters sampled.If we increase the effect of parasitism in ies Fig. c. In thiAe. albopictus in the dynamics, we greatly increase the parameter space where Ae. triseriatus is the dominant species. We use LHS but include the parameters for parasitism: Ae. triseriatus completely eliminates (category 1) Ae. albopictus in approximately 15.0% and 15.3% of the simulations for low and high Ae. triseriatus parasitism, respectively. However, in 30.7% and 24.4% of the simulations Ae. triseriatus is the dominant species , and the sum of all categories where Ae. albopictus will be the dominant species is reduced to 54.7% and 64.8%  with low and high parasitism for Ae. triseriatus, respectively. The total simulations with outcomes in categories 5, 6, and 7 are similar to the amount in only category 6 without Ae. albopictus parasitism. With parasitism of Ae. albopictus, category 6 still has the most outcomes, but the outcomes spread out. Overall, we see that without parasitism Ae. albopictus will be the dominant vector; however, once parasitism takes place Ae. triseriatus can become dominant.When we include the effects of parasitism for entclass1pt{minimaAe. triseriatus. Recall the difference between the two scenarios is the competition parameters . For Ae. triseriatus to be the dominant species, there must be very high effects of all three parasitism parameters affecting Ae. albopictus, regardless of Ae. triseriatus’ level of parasitism.In the tire scenario . When the effect of fecundity is set to 5 . Without any parasite effects on development time  for each parameter with respect to the final proportion of Ae. albopictus at 2000 days. In the case without parasitism, we find that all parameters have a significant impact on the model : death rate of adult Ae. albopictus, Ae. albopictus larval development time, Ae. triseriatus larval development time, Ae. albopictus; and death rate of adult Ae. triseriatus, In the case without parasitism, the parameter with the most influence  is the competition parameter Ae. albopictus. The death of adult Ae. albopictus, Ae. albopictus larval development time Ae. albopictus birth rate Ae. albopictus larvae all have a magnitude of PRCC values greater than When we introduce the parasitism parameters into the LHS, we see that the parasite’s effect on development time Ae. triseriatus, all parameters have a much lower effect, as indicated by the lower magnitude of the PRCC value. The parameter with the greatest magnitude PRCC (0.1666) is the Lokta-Volterra competition parameter Ae. triseriatus and no parasite effect on Ae. albopictus. In general, the trends of PRCC values for the parameters are similar to those with a low effect of parasitism on Ae. triseriatus. See Additional file When we consider the LHS with a high effect of parasitism on e PRCC 0.666 is thAe. albopictus larvae under dilution. We use this in our dilution formula Ae. albopictus starts with a high parasite effect. In this case, Ae. triseriatus initially has a greater population before Ae. albopictus becomes the dominant species.When we consider including dilution effects into parasitism, we find that the equilibrium values appear to be identical to the case without dilution. To ensure comparison of equivalent cases, we find the equilibrium proportion ium Fig. . In Fig.ium Fig. . While tAe. albopictus. From the system of equations, there are four possible equilibria: extinction of mosquitoes, competitive exclusion with each species type present, and coexistence. The equilibrium equations can be found in the Additional file Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus, respectively. These are given by:Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus. This is multiplied by the inverse of the adult death rate, i.e. the expected life span of an adult mosquito. Together, these terms are the total expected number of eggs a female will lay in her lifetime. The final term has the development rate . While Ae. triseriatus is the primary vector for the virus, evidence suggests that as Ae. albopictus becomes more established, it can transmit LACV just as effectively as Ae. triseriatus [Ae. albopictus often occurs in urban or para-urban settings, it can act as a bridge vector for LACV to the human population. While La Crosse encephalitis is not widespread across the US, it is one of the most common mosquito-borne pediatric diseases in the country [Evidence suggesting that endemic infection of seriatus , 12. Imp country . LACV inAe. albopictus by As. taiwanensis impacts its competition with Ae. triseriatus. Both Aedes mosquitoes are potentially competent vectors for a number of human arboviruses, and insight into the dynamics of these two species could help inform future disease mitigation efforts. Without parasitism due to As. taiwanensis, Ae. albopictus has a large and distinct competitive advantage over Ae. triseriatus in some environments. As Ae. albopictus is an often invasive generalist species, its domination over native Ae. triseriatus in the absence of mitigating effects, such as parasitism, is likely. Our results suggest that the competitive advantage of Ae. albopictus, in the absence of parasitism, is so great that if the species has even the slightest edge over Ae. triseriatus, it will dominate given enough time. From our parameter sweep, 86% of the scenarios resulted in Ae. albopictus being the dominant species, with few scenarios leading to Ae. triseriatus as the dominant species, under low parasitism on Ae. triseriatus. When we increase the effect of parasitism of Ae. triseriatus to a high level, Ae. albopictus is dominant in 94% of the scenarios. Even in treeholes where the competition effect from Ae. triseriatus is greater, Ae. albopictus remains the dominant species. This is consistent with previous results [Ae. albopictus by As. taiwanensis, we observe a decreased overall fitness of the species and negative effects on its competitive ability. Previous empirical results corroborate our findings [Ae. albopictus. The greatest effect is observed when there is a combined effect on female fecundity, larval development time, and larval mortality. As we increase the effects of the parasite parameters we see that the proportion of Ae. albopictus decreases and leads to elimination of Ae. albopictus when parasitism is extremely high.We aimed to determine the extent to which parasitism of  results , 16, 23.findings . To be cAdditional file 1. Equilibrium and supplementary figure.Additional file 2. Code.Additional file 3. Generated data.


AbstractTonatiasaurophila, includes three subspecies: Tonatiasaurophilasaurophila (known only from subfossil records in Jamaica), Tonatiasaurophilabakeri , and Tonatiasaurophilamaresi . The last two subspecies are an attractive example to test predictions about the historical role of the Andes in mammalian diversification. Based on morphological descriptions, morphometric analyses, and phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial gene Cyt-b and the nuclear exon RAG2, this study evaluates the intraspecific relationships within Tonatiasaurophila and the taxonomic status of the taxon. The three subspecies of T.saurophila are recognizable as full species: Tonatiabakeri, Tonatiamaresi, and Tonatiasaurophila. The latter is restricted to its type locality and possibly is extinct. Tonatiabakeri, in addition to being larger than T.maresi, is morphologically distinguishable by possessing an acute apex at the posterior edge of the skull, a well-developed clinoid process, and relatively robust mandibular condyles, and by lacking a diastema between the canine and the first lower premolar. The genetic distance between T.bakeri and T.maresi is 7.65%.The Stripe-headed Round-eared bat,  Tonatia Gray, 1827  includes two species: T.saurophila and T.bidens. This genus is widely distributed from the southern Mexico to northern Argentina and Paraguay  described Phyllostomachildreni, a species with similar characteristics to V.bidens, based on a single specimen without a precise location in South America. Concurrently, Lophostoma based on a specimen of L.silvicola collected in Bolivia, the only species he included in the genus  in two caves in Jamaica . Later, T.saurophila as a subspecies of Tonatiabidens. The synonymy of Lophostoma under Tonatia was not challenged until studies of G-banded karyotypes, allozymes, and albumin immunology ; T.saurophilabakeri, distributed from southern Mexico southward into South America to northern and western Colombia, northwestern Ecuador, and Venezuela (west and north of the Cordillera de Mérida); and T.saurophilamaresi distributed in Venezuela (east and south of the Cordillera de Mérida), the Guianas, northeastern Brazil, and along upper Amazon basin of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil , of which 31 were collected in localities west of the Andes, and 106 from localities east of the Andes  and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). Factorial points of these multivariate tests were graphically plotted in morphospace to show relationships between subspecies. All tests were done using the statistical software package PAST v. 1.0  and the Recombination Activating Gene (RAG2) were amplified and sequenced for this study. The following primer pairs were used for the Cyt-b gene: forward primer glo7L and reverse primer glo6H, and for RAG2: forward primer RAG2-F1 and reverse primer RAG2-R1. Thermal profile for the Cyt-b PCR followed RAG2, PCR followed Tissue samples from 15 specimens stored in the protocol , modifiehttps://www.geneious.com), and aligned using the ClustalW tool. We calculated interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances using software MEGA v. 7.0 (BI) the best substitution models for Cyt-b were: first position K80+G, second position HKY+I and third position GTR+I. For RAG2 they were: first and second position HKY+G and for third position K80+G, while for the Maximum Likelihood Analysis (ML) substitution model used was GTR. The ML analysis was conducted using RAXML  in Tracer, with ESS > 200 considered as satisfactory and plotting the –ln L per generation. After analyzing convergence, chain mixing, and sampling, the first 1000 trees sampled were discarded as “burn-in”. The remaining trees were used to obtain a consensus tree by 50% majority rule. To evaluate the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of our Tonatia samples, several phyllostomines were selected as outgroup (Table www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank).Sequences were edited using Geneious R11  share similar morphometric characteristics that separate them from specimens from Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil and individuals from eastern foothills of the mountain range in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Tonatiasaurophilamaresi), which form morphometrically independent groups . CCL, GLS, CIL, MTRL, MANDL, and ZB are variables that contribute the most in discriminating these two subspecies  from a dorsal view of the skull, the posterior edge of the cranial cavity in ess Fig. ; (2) in eri Fig. ; (3) in ger Fig. ; and,  nested within the clade of T.s.maresi. The exon RAG2 topology for T.s.maresi did not record these two clades. The sample FN641681 identified as P.discolor (Costa Rica) is located within the clade of T.s.bakeri  and east of the Andes (T.s.maresi) is 7.65% ± 0.65. The clades of T.s.bakeri and T.bidens exhibit a genetic differentiation of 13.66% ± 1.12, and the clades of T.s.maresi and T.bidens differ by 13.52% ± 1.02  exhibit values between 3.51% and 5.88% , collected in 1919–1920 by H. E. Anthony  in “Wallingford Roadside Cave, Balaclava, St. Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, British West Indies.” The specimen is a partial mandible from the cave deposits.Adult, sex undetermined. Deposited at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH 147207), collected in 1919–1920 by H. E. Anthony  from the same locality as the holotype. A second partial mandible from cave deposits.Adult, sex undetermined. Deposited at the American Museum of Natural History , collected in 1919–1920 by H. E. Anthony from Dairy Cave, Dry Harbour, St. Ann Parish, Jamaica. Fragments of rostra only (no lower jaws). The type series and this material are the only specimens available of T.saurophila.Adults, sex undetermined. Individuals of undetermined sex, deposited at the American Museum of Natural History  includes the entire rostrum, except the extreme anterior end, almost the entire hard palate, and the roots of the teeth except the incisors. Also, the anterior border of the orbit rises obliquely to join the dorsal border. This subfossil also has a slightly bulbous forehead and the presence of an anterior lobe on the last premolar.The holotype is a partial mandible. The mandible is comprised of the entire dentary bone except for the end of the angular process. All three molars are present along with the last premolar. Complete dental formula of the mandible can be determined from alveoli. There are two small roots, a large canine root and a single small incisor root in front of the last premolar. Also, the coronoid is moderately high. The last premolar is anteriorly squared and therefore the middle premolar is relatively larger . The subMeasurements of the holotype taken by Tonatiasaurophila is smaller than any other species within the genus. Tonatiasaurophila differs from Tonatiabidens in having the axis of the talonid of m3 running not obliquely in a lingual-labial direction but straight anteroposteriorly, in having a somewhat more bulbous forehead, and in possessing a well-developed posterior lobe on the last premolar . Herein, we recognize T.bakeri and T.maresi as full species, and support that T.saurophila be considered as an extinct monotypic entity, as only subfossil specimens have been recorded in 1920, and there have been no new records since then.In 1951, Koopman and Williams considered the fragmentary subfossil material found in the Jamaican caves as a new species. Then, Taxon classificationAnimaliaChiropteraPhyllostomidaeWilliams, Willig & Reid, 1995654527AF-33FC-5FD4-A370-97258F312F55TonatiasaurophilabakeriTK22573. No paratypes were designated by Adult male, deposited at the Museum of Texas Tech University (TTU 39120), collected on 31 January 1983 by R. J. Baker , 6 km SW of Cana, Darién, Panama, 1200 m. Prepared as skin and skull by M. S. Hafner. Karyotype reference number Tonatiabakeri is distributed from southeastern Mexico southward into South America to northwestern Ecuador, northern Colombia, and northern Venezuela (west and north of Cordillera de Mérida). The southernmost records of the species are located in the Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador . The hairs on the top of head have white tips forming a pale stripe between the ears. Ventral pelage is paler than dorsal pelage; hairs are fawn with lighter tips, but around the throat the fur has a lighter and more uniform color. Dorsal and ventral pelage is dense. Dorsal hairs are longer (12.0 mm) than ventral hairs (5.0 mm). The proximal third of the forearm is covered by short hair , as well as base of the thumbs and proximal side of the feet. The proximal ventral margins of the uropatagium and wing membranes have sparse short hair. The skull of the holotype is complete and in perfect condition, presenting a well-defined sagittal crest.Tonatiabakeri and T.maresi differ from T.bidens in the presence of a clear line of short fur on the top of the head between ears, a secondary process in the mastoid that partially obscures the base of the bulla (unique within subfamily Phyllostominae), a larger gap between lower canines, a lower crowded appearance of the premolars, and a narrower postorbital constriction. Tonatiabakeri differs from T.maresi in its narrower breadth across the lower incisors , collected on 12 July 1969 by R. J. Baker  in Blanchisseuse, Trinidad and Tobago. Prepared as skin, skull, and partial postcranial skeleton by S. L. Williams. No paratypes were designated by Tonatiamaresi is restricted to South America. It occurs in Venezuela (east and south of Cordillera de Mérida), the Guianas, northeastern Brazil, and along the upper Amazon basin of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, as well as in the South American islands of Trinidad and Tobago . The hairs on the shoulder have white tips and, like the hairs behind the ears and around the base of the neck, present a white base (tricolored). The hairs on the top of head have white tips forming a pale stripe between the ears. Ventral pelage is grayer, and paler, than the dorsal hair and has white tips. The throat region has a uniformly colored hair. The body is densely furred, with the dorsal hairs longer (12.0 mm) than the ventral hairs (5.5 mm). The forearm presents shorter hairs on the proximal half of its length, with the ventral surface being more densely furred. Short, sparse hairs occur on the inner margins of the ventral surfaces of the uropatagium and the wing membranes; short hairs also occur on the thumbs and feet. The skull of holotype is complete, and in perfect condition.Tonatiamaresi are smaller than those of T.bakeri and T.bidens. Additionally, T.maresi can be distinguished from T.bakeri by its wider breadth across the lower incisors  were found in specimens of Tonatia in the Reserva Natural La Palmita, Department of Casanare, in the Colombian Llanos. This locality occurs within the range of T.maresi  and Anoura (Glossophaginae) is estimated to have occurred 22 Ma ago , especially in the Northern Andes  to colonize Central America and some Caribbean islands, including Jamaica  have been identified as T.maresi on the basis of their morphometric characteristics. Morphometric differences were found between subfossil samples of T.saurophila and specimens of T.bakeri and T.maresi . For example, in T.saurophila the mandibular toothrow length and the coronoid height are smaller than in T.bakeri and T.maresi. These facts support the recognition of Tonatiasaurophila (formerly classified as T.saurophilasaurophila) as a full extinct species, with a distribution restricted to Jamaica.Despite numerous bat surveys throughout the West Indies in recent years, no new records of In the Neotropics, more studies on the richness, distribution, and conservation status of the species are urgently needed. Diversity of better-known groups should be studied continuously and consistently, given increasing rates of habitat loss and global climate change. In bats, some of the recently described species were formerly recognized and treated as synonyms or subspecies until extensive mammal collections reviews showed that they were indeed different species . The conT.bakeri and T.maresi to the species category, the genus Tonatia now includes three extant species, including T.bidens, and one extinct species.With the elevation of


The contribution of smaller herbaria has been steadily growing over the last few years due to cost reduction, usage of platforms and solutions developed by the leaders. A web-resource the Moscow Digital Herbarium  and 39,448 specimens have fully-captured label transcriptions (61.6%). Based on these data, we give a detailed overview of the collections including spatial, temporal and taxonomic description of the dataset. The official name of the collection is the Skvortsov Herbarium of the Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences (acronym MHA). In 2020, the Herbarium was named after the well-known Russian botanist Alexey Konstantinovich Skvortsov (1920–2008), who was the scientific supervisor of the MHA Herbarium for 36 years.2 in the newly-constructed main lab building. A group headed by V.N. Voroshilov formed the herbarium staff. Upon formal establishment, the MHA Herbarium received an almost complete set of exsiccates “Herbarium of the Flora of the USSR” from the Komarov Botanical Institute (Leningrad) and all botanical collections from the Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology (Moscow), including duplicates of important Moscow collections by D.P. Syreyshchikov, the first curator of the Moscow University Herbarium. These initial holdings were supplemented by the collections from Voronezh and Moscow Oblasts by V.N. Voroshilov, B.M. Kulkov and V.A. Shtamm .The location of the herbarium in the center of European Russia obliges us to create a regional herbarium” . SkvortsSome Russian-language references describe the main milestones in the history of the MHA Herbarium . As of J2) in the main lab building of the Garden. Duplicates and unmounted backlog are stored in several rooms (120 m2) at Botanicheskaya Street, 33-4 within a ten minute walk from the main building. The Herbarium of bryophytes is also stored at Botanicheskaya Street, 33-4 in several rooms (180 m2).The Herbarium of vascular plants is located in two halls . There are eight curators and researchers, a mounter and three employees who are digitising and filing the specimens. The staff members conduct field research across Russia in Tver, Tula, Kaluga, Belgorod, Rostov, Saratov, Volgograd, Orenburg Oblasts, Kalmykia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Stavropol Krai, Yakutia etc. The total duration of expeditions is ca. 240 person-days per year. Fresh collections by the employees form 70% of new accessions. Other accessions come from exchange, gifts and old backlog.Recent digitisation activities in Moscow and Eastern European sections allow us to detail the list of collectors, the time and place of their work, the number of the collected specimens and their taxonomic composition.1. Moscow section holds 49,621 specimens and covers two subjects of the Russian Federation—the City of Moscow and Moscow Oblast. The section is completely imaged and curated as a separate unit due to the geographical location of the Herbarium and high intensity of field research in the area.2. Eastern European section covers plant collections from European Russia, the Urals, the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Western Kazakhstan . The section does not include Moscow Region, the Caucasus and the Crimea. Today, the section contains 101,034 specimens, incl. 14,288 imaged specimens (14.1%). Thus, statistics on taxonomic and temporal coverage, collectors and collection dates for this section are based on a 14-percent sample that covers pteridophytes, conifers and most monocots."Flora of Moscow" Information System on Moscow Digital Herbarium web-platform (research project #19-34-70018).The MHA Herbarium holds vast collections from the Moscow metropolitan area (City of Moscow and Moscow Oblast) collected in the last 70 years, whereas the Moscow University Herbarium (MW) holdings are fairly evenly distributed in time over a period of 200 years. Altogether, MW and MHA have 130,000+ specimens from the Moscow Region, which make it the most densely-sampled territory across Russia. The idea of the research proposal was to digitise and precisely georeference this large dataset for proper understanding of changes in the flora around the City of Moscow through time and space. From March to October 2019, the MHA Herbarium team imaged 49.7K herbarium specimens of vascular plants at 600 dpi using Microtek 1600 Object Scan. In the next few months, 78.6% of them were georeferenced.Further, the MHA Herbarium published online 15K images of its Eastern European collections (imaged earlier in 2017-2018), which are especially strong in the semi-arid flora of the Lower Volga Region. The MHA Herbarium collections are fully available in GBIF, Moscow Digital Herbarium and newly-established "Flora of Moscow" website (https://moscow.depo.msu.ru). At the moment, MHA Herbarium is the second largest imaged herbarium of Russia.To schedule and perform the digitisation of the MHA Herbarium, we used five key stages by pre-digitisation curation and staging,specimen image capture,specimen image processing,electronic data capture,georeferencing specimen data.1. Pre-digitisation curation and stagingThe section curator reviews all incoming physical accessions for meeting the basic requirements of the herbarium specimen. A specimen should be a high-quality dried plant  with a label bearing identification, collection site, habitat, collection date and collector. After that, unmounted new material is frozen at a temperature of –30°C for 14 days as a quarantine procedure against specific herbarium pests and then mounted. New collections are counted  right after mounting. Sorting and incorporation of new material takes place once a year, usually in the autumn-winter period. Right before imaging, pre-ordered self-adhesive barcodes with an acronym and a seven-digit number (e.g. MHA 0 002 094) were attached to the herbarium sheet.Eastern European section. In December 2017, with the purchase of a specialised scanner Microtek ObjectScan 1600, we began the imaging of vascular plants in the MHA Herbarium. Since the specimens from European Russia and adjacent states constitute the largest and most used section of the Herbarium, we decided to start imaging from this section. If there were two or more taxa on a single sheet, they were remounted on separate sheets.Moscow section. From March to October 2019, the Moscow section of the Herbarium was imaged in line with the work under the RFBR grant "Information system Flora of Moscow on the platform of the Moscow Digital Herbarium" (under A.P. Seregin). The imaging of the Eastern European section was suspended for this time. Within the framework of the project, N.M. Reshetnikova (MHA Herbarium) and S.R. Mayorov (Moscow University) thoroughly revised the taxonomy of all Moscow specimens. After that, we checked the nomenclature on the folders and corrected it against the accepted backbone.2. Specimen image captureSpecimens were imaged in accordance with international standards with a resolution of 600 dpi and a colour checker (24 colours). After scanning, each image was automatically renamed according to the barcode served as an unique identifier. In total, 14,274 specimens of the Eastern European section were digitised in 2017–2018. Imaged Eastern European collections at that time were stored on external discs without online access.The Moscow section was scanned more intensively under the time limit from March to October 2019. Every day, two to three operators worked on the single scanner in shifts. For each shift lasting four to five hours, 140–160 specimens were digitised. Thus, 300–400 specimens were imaged per day per scanner. In total, the herbarium team imaged 49,621 specimens within eight months and completed the mission.During the imaging, we encountered a number of minor issues:Some specimens have large plants covering partly or fully the label text. The specimens were imaged as they are, whereas the labels will be captured not from the image, but from the physical specimen later.Sometimes two different species were mounted on a single sheet. In such cases, if possible, the specimens were remounted on to two sheets. If the remounting was impossible or impractical, the single sheet was scanned, but the image was duplicated and each file was assigned an additional digit ("-1" or "-2") to facilitate unique identifiers for each species.Labels of a larger size widely used in the exsiccates "Herbarium of the flora of the USSR" were often folded during mounting. We tried to remount such labels to make text fully available on images, but in some cases, the label partly covered the plant.In some cases, two or more parts of the same large plant were mounted on several sheets bearing a single label and further notes like “sheet #2”, “sheet #3” etc. These sheets were initially inserted into the cupboards after being fastened with a removable paper clip. However, they have been mixed over time with other specimens, so now it is impossible to trace the correct label for these multiple “sheets #2”.3. Specimen image processingWhile scanning, the operator started a new directory for every species and named it against a folder name. Before uploading the images into the Moscow Digital Herbarium, the structure of the directories was converted into a table of metadata. Thus, for each accession, the initial metadata included ID (barcode identifier), taxon name from folder without taxonomic authors and the geographic code of the area.Catalogue of Life (CoL), from which the complete accepted name, synonymy and hierarchical list of supraspecific taxa were downloaded for every entry.The taxon name, according to the protocols of the Moscow Digital Herbarium, was automatically matched with the latest version of the Publication of images with brief metadata is a powerful tool for rapid online access to the scanned herbarium collections. This approach was largely used in Paris where the largest herbarium of the world was imaged and published online . SimilarAfter online publication of the Moscow Region specimens in the Moscow Digital Herbarium and GBIF, other sections of the MHA Herbarium will undergo the same procedure. Thus, to date, 64008 images of specimens of vascular plants from the MHA Herbarium are available online.4. Electronic data captureAfter online publication of the images and associated brief metadata, we link the records with existing full-label data capture of 7,087 specimens of the Moscow section (14.3%) made earlier by T.G. Nosova and I.A. Kravtsov in the form of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. For the remaining 42,534 specimens, the operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium entered mandatory metadata—the collection date, the first collector, curatorial area and coordinates (if present on the label).Similarly, a table with full-label data capture for 11,716 specimens from Eastern Europe (82% of the scanned ones) made by E.A. Karakina and B.L. Oshovskaya was uploaded as well. For the remaining 2,572 specimens, the operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium and employees of the Garden entered additional mandatory metadata.Thus, the minimum obligatory set of metadata available for all digitised specimens of the MHA Herbarium in this dataset include barcode ID, complete taxonomic information, collection date, the first collector, curatorial area and geographical coordinates (if available on the label). Additionally, 18,803 specimens had full-text inscriptions of labels (29.4%) due to earlier efforts.the GBIF contract (2019) made full-text transcriptions of 4,617 specimens from the City of Moscow and Moscow Oblast.Further full-text data capture was carried out by the operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium for specimens collected within the City of Moscow . An operator entered the label data from the scanned image into an Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with 30 standard fields (including some pre-filled ones to avoid mistakes). Additionally, a commercial partner under After data entry, the scientific supervisor of the Moscow Digital Herbarium checked the spreadsheets for technical issues by a set of automatic, semi-automatic and manual operations. The IT-team, using the data migrator programme, then converted data from the Excel spreadsheet to the PostgreSQL database of the Moscow Digital Herbarium for further data storing and retrieving. This stage also includes some automatic checks of data consistency.As of May 2020, the full text of labels has been entered for 39,448 specimens of the MHA Herbarium (61.6% of the imaged ones)—27,783 specimens of the Moscow section and 11,665 specimens of the Eastern European section. Full-text label transcriptions help to optimise the further georeferencing by combining labels with identical text into groups.5. Georeferencing specimen dataThe operators of the Moscow Digital Herbarium and the Garden employees carried out manual georeferencing with further implementation of the ISTRA system , several lines of the code being written in JAVA. This code is integrated into the Moscow Digital Herbarium and unavailable as a stand-alone product.The first algorithm of the ISTRA system combines the specimens into the groups according to the matching of the captured label text. In this case, there are two options for combining—complete matching mode and letters-only mode. The results do not differ in accuracy from the manual georeferencing. The second algorithm of the ISTRA system forms the specimen groups according to the matching of three fields—collection date, collector’s surname and curatorial area. Within the walking-day route, the standard georeferencing accuracy in most cases does not exceed 5 km. Further data refinement will help us to replace automatic georeferencing with the more accurate manual one.In both cases, the operator inserts the coordinates manually and the system sets the coordinates automatically for all specimens of the group. The first algorithm takes precedence over the second one. In all cases, we save the log file and note the georeferencing method in the form of the standard disclaimers:captured from the label;set manually by the operator;set automatically by matching of the label text;set automatically by matching of the collection date and collector.Yandex.Maps, Google Maps, Wikimapia, SAS.Planet etc.) for modern specimens, whereas historic collections are georeferenced using the libraries of scanned maps  following the principle “collection date = map date”. Coordinate precision (rounded to 100 m) is set and stored for each manual georeferenced point.Manual georeferencing is carried out using standard e-cartographic libraries (Complete georeferencing of the specimens from the City of Moscow was a key task in 2020 for the Moscow University team (according to the Moscow project), whereas employees of the MHA Herbarium georeferenced specimens from Moscow Oblast and Eastern Europe (starting with the most prolific collectors). In total, 50,324 specimen have been georeferenced (74%), including 49,732 specimens from Russia.For 7,414 specimens, the coordinates were taken from the label (14.7% of the number of georeferenced ones), for 10,849 specimens (21.6%), they were set manually and for 32,061 specimens (63.7%), they were calculated automatically using the ISTRA system.The Eastern European section of the MHA Herbarium has its focus on European Russia Table . The mosMoscow Region forms its own section in the MHA Herbarium. This is due to the location of the Garden in the City of Moscow. One of the initial missions of the Herbarium was precise documentation of the local flora, including long-term observations of both native and alien plants. Based on these materials, standard flora and checklists were published by the Garden staff in collaboration with Moscow University .The Lower Volga Region was one of the focus areas for A.K. Skvortsov, his graduate students and the Herbarium employees. This activity resulted in the published volumes of the “Flora of the Lower Volga” . The CenGeographical coordinates for the dataset frame are given below.44.5 and 77 Latitude; 19.5 and 69.5 Longitude.The dataset covers vascular plants of Eastern Europe, both native and alien species. There are also some specimens of cultivated plants, especially from the Moscow Region. The Moscow section is completely digitised and can provide figures on the taxonomic representation of the MHA Herbarium collections, whereas 14% of the the Eastern European section has been digitised and, therefore, information on its taxonomic composition only shows which families have been digitised so far.The Plant List (TPL), superseded shortly by Plants of the World Online (POWO). A similar approach was subsequently used before imaging of the Eastern European holdings with some deviations emerging from either the standard regional flora or new taxonomic monographs  currently enumerates 2,363 taxa of vascular plants, including both wild and unintentionally-introduced plants  were imaged. In addition, the genus Crataegus (Rosaceae) was digitised out of sequence.PLEASE FILL IN TRAIT INFORMATION HEREThe Moscow and East European sections of the MHA Herbarium were launched in the second half of the 20th century and collections continue to grow in the 21st century. The mean year of collection for the digitised specimens of the entire MHA Herbarium is 1976. The mean collection date shows in which regions the Herbarium was currently active and from which areas, in particular, there is fresh material for DNA studies or adequate collections of recently-spreading alien species. From the majority of regions, new collections have come evenly since the foundation of the MHA Herbarium. They have an average collection date of 1975–1978 Table .In recent decades, collections came mainly from four Regions—Rostov Oblast, Lower Volga Region, Central Region  and Central Forest-Steppe Region (mainly Belgorod Oblast). These are the places of the fieldwork of the current Herbarium employees, as well as the above-mentioned expeditions across the Lower Volga Region of the 1990s. On the contrary, there have been no significant accessions from Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, as well as some regions of European Russia in recent decades.1. Moscow section. In this section, 49,550 specimens have collection date after 1890. Their temporal distribution over decades is given in Fig. The peak of 1920s resulted from the transfer of earlier collections by D.P. Syreishchikov. The original collections of the Moscow section of the MHA Herbarium dated back to the period 1945–2018 with two peaks of major accessions—1960s and 1980s.In the 1960s, the main collections came from V.A. Shtamm , A.K. Skvortsov , V.V. Makarov , G.P. Rysina (831), E.I. Kurchenko (549), A.P. Khokhryakov (445), A.A. Nekrasov (356), E.E. Gogina (181), V.S. Drozdova (153) and N.K. Shvedchikova (143). This was the time of active studies of the native flora and the publication of the standard guide by In the 1980s, the most important Moscow collections were gathered by the MHA Herbarium employees M.S. Ignatov , V.D. Bochkin , V.V. Makarov , A.N. Shvetsov (577) and A.K. Skvortsov (512). Lesser contributions were made by V.B. Kuvaev (391), L.A. Deistfeldt (117), N.V. Kostyleva (108), A.E. Matsenko (91) and A.V. Shcherbakov (65). In this period, intensive studies of the alien flora of the Moscow Region resulted in the checklist by 2. Eastern European section2.1. Lower Volga Region. At the moment, 3,244 specimens from this Region have been digitised so far. We assume that the total volume of collections from the Lower Volga is 23,170+ specimens. Figures given below are based on 3,145 digitised specimens (14% of the collection volume) having a collection date after 1890. Their temporal distribution over decades is given in Fig. Notable collections from the Lower Volga began to arrive in the mid-1970s, but the peak of the major accessions stretched over the 1980s and 1990s. Especially large collections were made in 1982, 1986, 1989–1990 and 1993–1994.In the 1980s, the major collections came from N.B. Belyanina (2500 estimated number of specimens/350 digitized), V.D. Bochkin (990/139), V.A. Sagalaev (670/94) and G.Yu. Klinkova (460/64). In the 1990s, the most important collections from the Lower Volga were accessed from V.A. Sagalaev , G.Yu. Klinkova , V.D. Bochkin , I.A. Shantser (830/116), A.K. Skvortsov (790/110) and S.R. Mayorov (230/41). These figures are based on the senior collectors mentioned in the labels, but in 1993, a top-record year, an expedition supported by the U.S. National Geographic Society collected at least 5,100 specimens (716 digitised) during a many-month trip across the Lower Volga Region and Western Kazakhstan performed by V.A. Sagalaev, G.Yu. Klinkova, I.A. Shantser, V.D. Bochkin, A.K. Skvortsov, M.Yu. Polonskaya, M.V. Kostina, V.V. Dzhanaeva and others.2.2. Other Eastern European regions. Amongst other Eastern European collections, the most noticeable are those from the Central Region  , the Central Forest-steppe Region   and the Northern Region . Their temporal distribution over decades is given in Fig. Central Region have two peaks—in the 1970s  and in 2000–2010s . In the 1970s, the main collections were received from V.V. Makarov (820 estimated number of specimens/115 digitised) and A.K. Skvortsov (290/41) and in the 2000–2010s from N.M. Reshetnikova , A.P. Seregin (940/132), A.V. Krylov (740/104) and A.A. Shmytov (320/45). The most sampled area is Kaluga Oblast which has been intensively studied by the Herbarium staff. This resulted in the publication of the standard regional flora  and in the 2000s . In the 1960s, the main collections were acquired from V.V. Makarov , A.P. Khokhryakov (330/46) and A.K. Skvortsov (230/32) and in the 2000s from N.M. Reshetnikova , A.K. Mamontov (790/110) and A.P. Seregin (340/47).The collections from the Northern Region are distributed more evenly across decades. Two peaks can be noted—in the 1950s—1960s  and in the 1980s . In the 1950–1960s, the main collections came from A.K. Skvortsov (850 estimated number of specimens/119 digitised), V.I. Sobolevsky (460/64), A.P. Khokhryakov (290/41) and in the 1980s from Konovalova (350/49), Smirnova (340/48) and Proskuryakova (340/47).Accessions from the Otherhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The licence covers images of the herbarium specimens deposited in https://plant.depo.msu.ru/ and available in GBIF, as well as their metadata.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 Licence .The staff collected later accessions directly from the Garden (Ostankino in Moscow) and various areas across the Moscow Oblast – V.N. Voroshilov (1940–1950s), T.N. Evtyukhova (1940s), V.A. Shtamm (1940–1960s), G.P. Rysina (1960s) and B.M. Kulkov (1940–1950s). The donations of V.I. Sobolevsky (1950s), A.A. Nekrasov (1950–1960s), A.I. Manin (1960–1970s), A.P. Khokhryakov (1950–1960s) and others from different areas of the Moscow Region enriched the section as well.In 1970–1990s, V.V. Makarov, M.S. Ignatov, A.N. Shvetsov, V.D. Bochkin, E.E. Gogina, and A.E. Matsenko made the largest collections across the Moscow Region due to the research missions of the Garden employees devoted to rare and endangered plant species, audit and organisation of the protected areas with a focus on the districts west of Moscow.The Garden staff also intensively studied the alien flora of the Moscow Region. This resulted in the special collections by A.K. Skvortsov, V.V. Makarov, M.S. Ignatov and A.N. Shvetsov, expanded later by V.D. Bochkin assisted by S.R. Mayorov, Yu.A. Nasimovich and Yu.K. Vinogradova. Their collections became the basis of monographic reviews on the alien flora of the Moscow Region .E.I. Kurchenko (Serpukhov District), N.M. Reshetnikova (Ruza District), V.B. Kuvaev (Znamenskoye near Moscow), Yu.A. Nasimovich with L.A. Deystfeldt  donated their collections from the Moscow Region (Skvortsov and Belyanina 2005). In the last decade, K.Yu. Teplov transferred large collections of rare plants from the locations across the Region.2. Eastern European section. The collection consists mainly of specimens which the Garden staff collected during field trips since the 1950s. Initially, herbarium vouchers accompanied living plants and seeds collected in the wild for the displays of the Garden. This documentation activity was later supplemented by extensive floristic and taxonomic studies, conservation research and monitoring of alien species.2.1. Lower Volga Region. The flora of the southeast of European Russia is the most fully represented regional flora of the Eastern European section. The Region known as Lower Volga includes Volgograd, Astrakhan and Saratov Oblasts and the Republic of Kalmykia. This is a predominantly semi-arid steppe region. The list of collectors includes 136 surnames . In 2010s, the collection activities were continued by N.Yu. Stepanova assisted by A.V. Kuvaev (Severtsov Institute) and I.N. Safronova (Komarov Institute) during their floristic studies of the Kuma-Manych depression and the Caspian Lowland.A vast amount of material helped to critically assess the current state of the flora of the southeast of European Russia and with the publication of two volumes of the “Flora of the Lower Volga” . The thi2.2. Other areas. The MHA Herbarium covers all regions of Eastern Europe within the former USSR with varying degree of completion. Table Moscow Digital Herbarium is available online  and graduate student A.K. Mamontov . Collections by V.N. Voroshilov (Voronezh Oblast), V.V. Makarov (Tambov Oblast) and A.P. Khokhryakov (Penza Oblast) should also be acknowledged.A large number of specimens from the Western Region (Smolensk and Bryansk Oblasts) were also made mainly by the herbarium staff . Yu.E. Alekseev from Moscow University donated his collections from Bryansk Oblast as a gift.Collections from the Central Region are associated with lengthy floristic studies by N.M. Reshetnikova in Kaluga Oblast expanded significantly by A.K. Krylov by the study of alien plants , A.P. Khokhryakov and M.T. Mazurenko (Bashkiria). A.K. Skvortsov also collected a lot in the 1950s in the Denezhkin Kamen Reserve (Sverdlovsk Oblast) and Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk Oblast).Major collections from the Important collections from other areas include:Northern Region—A.K. Skvortsov , T.M. Smirnova , M.S. Ignatov ;Rostov Oblast—N.Yu. Stepanova (Kumo-Manch Depression and adjacent areas);Western Siberia—A.K. Skvortsov ;Lithuania and the North-Ukrainian Region—V.V. Makarov.


Abutilon fruticosum is one of the endemic plants with high medicinal and economic value in Saudi Arabia and belongs to the family Malvaceae. However, the plastome sequence and phylogenetic position have not been reported until this study. In this research, the complete chloroplast genome of A. fruticosum was sequenced and assembled, and comparative and phylogenetic analyses within the Malvaceae family were conducted. The chloroplast genome (cp genome) has a circular and quadripartite structure with a total length of 160,357 bp and contains 114 unique genes . The repeat analyses indicate that all the types of repeats  were present in the genome, with palindromic occurring more frequently. A total number of 212 microsatellites were identified in the plastome, of which the majority are mononucleotides. Comparative analyses with other species of Malvaceae indicate a high level of resemblance in gene content and structural organization and a significant level of variation in the position of genes in single copy and inverted repeat borders. The analyses also reveal variable hotspots in the genomes that can serve as barcodes and tools for inferring phylogenetic relationships in the family: the regions include trnH-psbA, trnK-rps16, psbI-trnS, atpH-atpI, trnT-trnL, matK, ycf1 and ndhH. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that A. fruticosum is closely related to Althaea officinalis, which disagrees with the previous systematic position of the species. This study provides insights into the systematic position of A. fruticosum and valuable resources for further phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the species and the Malvaceae family to resolve ambiguous issues within the taxa. Abutilon Mill. [Abutilon fruticosum is reported to have medicinal values; all parts of the plant are used in the treatment of various ailments including ulcers, leprosy, inflammation of the bladder, piles, bronchitis, rheumatism and jaundice [Abutilon and the family Malvaceae has not been reported. According to the available literature, there has been no study that tried to address the phylogenetic position of the species at any taxonomic level where the species belong. As the plant is of medicinal and economic importance, there is a need to report its plastome sequence for conservation purposes, for authentication and to resolve its systematic position.The genus on Mill. ,2, whoseon Mill. , is conson Mill. ,5, with on Mill. . The syson Mill. ; hence, on Mill. . Memberson Mill. . In addion Mill. . The plaon Mill. ,11,12. Ajaundice ,13,14. Tjaundice . DespiteAbutilon belongs, is one of the largest families of angiosperm. It comprises ca. 4225 identified species distributed in 244 genera [Gossypium, Abelmoschus, Hibiscus, Firmiana, Bombax, Theobroma, Craigia and Talipariti.The family Malvaceae , to which 4 genera ,16. UntiGenetic information is a reliable source of understanding evolutionary relationships among species at various taxonomic levels . The genetic information in the chloroplast genome contains sufficient information for comparative analysis and studies of species diversification because of the presence of functional genes which have a vital role in plant cells . The chlAbutilon fruticosum were obtained for the first time using Illumina sequencing technology, and the complete chloroplast genome was assembled using NOVOPlasty3.8.1. The features of the cp genomes were analyzed and compared with other Malvaceae species to provide resources for identification and evolutionary, phylogenetic and population genetics studies of the taxon.Here, the whole genome data of A. fruticosum has a circular and quadripartite structure with a total length of 160,357 bp. The plastome has four distinct regions which are a small single copy (SSC), a large single copy (LSC) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) which separates the SSC and LSC  were present in the plastome of A. fruticosum (A. fruticosum. The majority of the repeats were between 20 and 29 bp (87.75%) in size, followed by 30–39 bp (8.16%) and 50–59 bp (4.08%) long repeats. In the first location, the intergenic spacer harbored 61.22% of the repeats. The tRNA contained four repeats (8.16%), and eight repeats (16.32%) were located in the protein-coding genes. The length of repeated sequences in the A. fruticosum chloroplast genome ranged from 10 to 69 bp, analogously to the other angiosperm plants [Malva parviflora has the highest number of palindromic repeats (25), while Sida szechuensis has the lowest with 17. A. fruticosum and M. parviflora have the same number of forward repeats—21 for each of them. T. populnea has the highest number of reverse repeats (9), while M. parviflora has the lowest (3). Complement repeats were found to be the least numerous types of repeat across the genome in A. fruticosum, in S. szechuensis and in M. parviflora, occurring once. In the plastome of T. populnea, there were three complement repeats.The program REPuter was used to identify long repeat sequences present in the uticosum . The anauticosum . In totam plants ,42,43. IA. fruticosum in this study (There were short repeats of nucleotide series (1–6 bp) that were dispersed through the whole genome called microsatellites (SSRs). These short repeats in the plastid genome were passed from a single parent. As a result, they are used as molecular indicators in developmental studies such as genetic diversity and also contribute to the recognition of species ,45,46. Ais study . The majis study . Poly-A is study . The intis study .E. attenuatus and A. paniculata had the highest number of mononucleotides with 107 and 104, respectively. Pentanucleotides were not found in the plastome of B. prionitis, E. attenuatus, A. knappiae, B. ciliaris and R. breedlovei, while hexanucleotides were only present in B. prionitis, R. breedlovei and A. knappiae.The rate of occurrence of SSRs among the plastomes of the five species of Malvaceae was compared ; the comA. fruticosum as a reference. The alignment showed that the genomes are highly conserved with some degree of variation. The coding regions are more conserved than the non-coding regions and the inverted repeat regions are more conserved than the single copy regions  (M. parviflora) to 163,121 bp (A. esculentus). The genes rps19, rpl2 and trnH were located at the junctions LSC–IR and SSC–IR of the compared cp genomes with the exception of A. esculentus. The cp genome of A. fruticosum is different from the other cp genomes by having the ndhF gene in the reverse strand and in the junction of SSC and IRa. The ycf1 gene is located on the SSC–IRa border in the A. esculentus, M. Parviflora, S. szechuensis and T. populnea cp genomes and extends into IRa with 959 bp in A. esculentus. The cp genome of A. esculentus is unique by having the rpl16 gene on the LSC–IRb border and the rps3 gene on the Ira–LSC border. The cp genome of S. szechuensis has the smallest IR region, at 25,288 bp, while A. esculentus has the longest, at 28,009 bp. The ndhF gene is found on the IRb–SSC border of A. esculentus, S. szechuensis and T. populnea.Generally, angiosperms retain the structure and size of the chloroplast genome ; howeveropulnea) . The lenpetD of A. fruticosum vs. T. populnea, psaI of A. fruticosum vs. S. szechuensis and rps12 of A. fruticosum vs. T. populnea, A. fruticosum vs. S. szechuensis and A. fruticosum vs. T. populnea  and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions and the dN/dS ratio were calculated using DNAsp among the plastome of six species of Malvaceae to detect whether the 80 shared protein-coding genes were under selective pressure. The results show that the dN/dS ratio is less than 1 in almost all of the paired genes except populnea . This inpopulnea . Some ofA. fruticosum in the family, the complete plastome sequences of 10 species belonging to Malvoideae were downloaded from the GenBank database. In addition, two species, C. yunnanensis  and Bombax ceiba , used as an outgroup, were also downloaded from GenBank. The downloaded cp genomes and the plastome of A. fruticosum were aligned using MAFFT. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Bayesian inference approach. The results reveal . A similar tree was obtained in a previous study using ITS [A. fruticosum is closely related and sister to A. officinalis. This result is incongruent with the earlier systematic position of A. fruticosum and S. szechuensis. Previous studies [Abutilon was placed in Malveae together with Malva and Sida by various researchers [Abutilon , Malva , Sida  and Altheae ; Hutchinson, later revised Abutilon , Malva and Altheae . Here, my results disagree with all the previous tribal positions of the genera. The tree showed that Abutilon is closely related to Altheae (with strong support) and Sida, which was reported as a sister to Abutilon, is in a different clade. Additionally, Malva and Altheae are also in different clades but were included in the same subtribe by previous classification. Based on the result in this study, I proposed the exclusion of Altheae from the tribe Malvae and its placement in Abututileae. Comparative analysis in this study A total amount of 1.0 μg DNA was used as an input material for the DNA sample preparations. Sequencing libraries were generated using the NEBNext DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina following the manufacturer’s recommendations. The genomic DNA was randomly fragmented into 350 bp long sequences. The raw reads were filtered to get the clean reads (5 Gb) using PRINSEQlite v0.20.4  and werehttp://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/) [Genes were annotated using DOGMA  . The poscan-SE/) . The circan-SE/) .The relative synonymous codon usage values (RSCU), base composition and codon usage were computed using MEGA 6.0. Possible RNA editing sites present in the protein-coding genes of the cp genome of Malvaceae species were determined using PREP suite  with 0.8Abutilon fruticosum chloroplast genome using the online software MIcroSAtellite (MISA) [https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer) [Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the e (MISA)  with thereputer)  with defA. fruticosum as a reference in the Shuffle-LAGAN mode [The complete chloroplast genomes of six species of Malvaceae were compared with the program mVISTA  using thGAN mode . The borA. fruticosum was compared with the cp genome of M. parviflora, S. szchuensis, T. populnea and A. officinalis.DNAsp v5.10.01  was usedCraigia yunnanensis (Tilioideae) and Bombax ceiba (Bombacoideae), were downloaded from GenBank. The downloaded sequences were aligned with the sequenced cp genome of A. fruticosum using MAFFT v.7 [The complete chloroplast genomes of eleven Malvoideae and two species, AFFT v.7 . The datAFFT v.7 . jModelTAFFT v.7  was used


Ayyaz et al.  have repAyyaz et al. have reported various important actions that were taken whilst setting up the COVID-19 facility in the prison such as temporary stoppage of the admissions of new prisoners, testing of inmates and staff for COVID-19, caring for prisoners who were COVID-19 positive and taking preventative measures such as providing sanitizers for handwashing and contact tracing to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection amongst prisoners, staff and visitors to the prison and providing healthcare to the prisoners who had COVID-19 [The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in little more than 23 million confirmed cases and about 0.8 million deaths globally, as of 24th August 2020 . These pIt is therefore imperative to prioritise the most vulnerable people in COVID-19 testing and healthcare provision during the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides prisoners, there are many other vulnerable people such as patients with longterm conditions and elderly in care homes, people in shelter homes / houses, orphanages and similar other dwellings, mental health patients in psychiatric centres and mental health institutions and hospitals, and refugees and displaced people in camps and detention centres. These disadvantaged and vulnerable people must need special attention and priority in testing for COVID-19 and providing them necessary healthcare onsite is also imperative.Not commissioned, Editor reviewed.No fundingNot applicable because this is a commentary on an article published in the Ann Med Surg.Not applicable because this is a commentary on an article published in the Ann Med Surg.1. Name of the registry: N/A.2. Unique Identifying number or registration ID: N/A.3. Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): N/A.Study conception, planning and design; All authors.Literature identification and review: S.G.S. Shah.Manuscript drafting: S.G.S. Shah.Manuscript review and intellectual input: S.F.H. Shah and S. Awais.The Guarantor is the one or more people who accept full responsibility for the work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish. Please note that providing a guarantor is compulsory.Syed Ghulam Sarwar Shah (S.G.S. Shah)Authors declared no conflict of interest.


Nosema ceranae is a worldwide distributed midgut parasite of western honey bees, leading to dwindling colonies and their collapse. As a treatment, only fumagillin is available, causing issues like resistance and hampered bee physiology. This study aimed to evaluate ApiHerb® and Api-Bioxal® as treatments against N. ceranae. The efficacy was tested using two qPCR methods based on the 16S rRNA and Hsp70 genes. In addition, these methods were compared for their aptitude for the quantification of the infection. For this, 19 colonies were selected based on the presence of N. ceranae infections. The colonies were divided into three groups: treated with ApiHerb, Api-Bioxal with previous queen caging and an untreated control. All colonies were sampled pre- and post-treatment. The bees were analyzed individually and in duplicate with both qPCR methods. All bees in the pre-treatment tested positive for N. ceranae. Both treatments reduced the abundance of N. ceranae, but ApiHerb also decreased the prevalence of infected bees. Analysis with the 16S rRNA method resulted in several orders of magnitude more copies than analysis with the Hsp70 method. We conclude that both products are suitable candidates for N. ceranae treatment. From our analysis, the qPCR method based on the Hsp70 gene results as more apt for the exact quantification of N. ceranae as is needed for the development of veterinary medicinal products. Apis mellifera) caused by Nosema ceranae , it is likely that garlic is the major ingredient responsible for the ApiHerb effect detected on the intestinal microflora of the honey bees.The quantitative ApiHerb composition is patent-protected and, therefore, it has not been disclosed. However, the label reports, in decreasing order, dextrose, garlic  and efficiency ,37. The equences . The flufication . In addie nature . These rHsp70 is a single-coding gene in a highly conserved region of the N. ceranae genome, which results in accurate quantification [Hsp70 gene, therefore, seems more appropriate for the evaluation of efficacy against N. ceranae. On the other hand, fication ,55. In tN. ceranae with sustainable methods. The products used in this study, however, were not developed for the treatment of N. ceranae. For an extension of use, further research is necessary. In a first step, a scientifically based optimization of parameters like the concentration of active substances, treatment period, and posology is still needed. Studies are needed to elucidate the mode of action against N. ceranae of oxalic acid as well as the compounds in ApiHerb.Despite the wide-spread use of fumagillin in many places, we demonstrate that it is possible to efficiently control an emergent pathogen like Varroa destructor [Given the increasing importance of Nosemosis Type C worldwide, safe veterinary medicinal products to control this disease become urgent. In this context, standardizing the protocols with a guideline for the development of these products is an evident requirement. Until now, such a guideline only exists for the registration of treatments against the parasitic mite structor . With ho


Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a ubiquitous and opportunistic microorganism and is considered one of the most significant pathogens that produce chronic colonization and infection of the lower respiratory tract, especially in people with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and bronchiectasis. From a microbiological viewpoint, the presence and persistence of P. aeruginosa over time are characterized by adaptation within the host that precludes any rapid, devastating injury to the host. Moreover, this microorganism usually develops antibiotic resistance, which is accelerated in chronic infections especially in those situations where the frequent use of antimicrobials facilitates the selection of “hypermutator P. aeruginosa strain”. This phenomenon has been observed in people with bronchiectasis, CF, and the “exacerbator” COPD phenotype. From a clinical point of view, a chronic bronchial infection of P. aeruginosa has been related to more severity and poor prognosis in people with CF, bronchiectasis, and probably in COPD, but little is known on the effect of this microorganism infection in people with asthma. The relationship between the impact and treatment of P. aeruginosa infection in people with airway diseases emerges as an important future challenge and it is the most important objective of this review. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a ubiquitous and opportunistic microorganism that represents the paradigm of chronic bacterial infections, where pathogens weaken a host’s defenses and adapt and evolve in order to persist  has been reported ,9,18,20. decline . People ctively) . Similarg people . However in FEV1 . In contioration .P. aeruginosa, the degree of dyspnea, poorer lung function, the number of exacerbations, bronchial hyperreactivity, greater structural damage, daily bronchorrhea, respiratory insufficiency, and symptoms of anxiety and depression [P. aeruginosa had a quality of life 18.2 points higher than those without [P. aeruginosa have presented higher scores for anxiety [Quality of life is a very important parameter in the evaluation of the overall impact of bronchiectasis ,166 and,pression ,166,167. without . A highe without . Similar anxiety .P. aeruginosa, and some functional parameters were factors independently associated with mortality [A multi-variant study by Loebinger et al. was one of the first to evaluate factors that influence the survival of people with bronchiectasis. It included 91 adults with a follow-up of 13 years and found that age, quality of life, CBI by ortality . Howeverortality .P. aeruginosa was confirmed in Finch’s review [P. aeruginosa. The overall odds ratio for CBI by P. aeruginosa was 2.95 . The nature of this type of study does, however, preclude any control of all the confounding factors involved, due to the heterogeneity of the design of the studies that it covered.The poor prognosis associated with CBI by s review , where tP. aeruginosa in 2596 bronchiectasis adults (15% with CBI by PA) in 10 centers in Europe and Israel, with 5 years of follow-up. These authors showed that CBI by P. aeruginosa is not independently associated with mortality unless it is also associated with two or more exacerbations.Araujo et al.  analyzedP. aeruginosa for prognosis has been reflected in the three multidimensional scores that have been validated to assess the severity of bronchiectasis and predict both exacerbations and mortality: the FACED [P. aeruginosa as a prognostic item, with a score ranging from 1 point in FACED (0–7) and E-FACED (0–9) to 3 points in BSI (0–26).The importance of CBI by he FACED , E-FACEDhe FACED , and BSIhe FACED . All thrP. aeruginosa has also been associated with radiological progression. One study by Park that included 155 people with bronchiectasis with a follow-up of over 5 years observed radiological deterioration, as quantified by the Bhalla score for computerized axial tomography. The multi-variant analysis showed the factors involved to be a lower BMI and isolations of P. aeruginosa [CBI by ruginosa .P. aeruginosa, and the number of hospitalizations. Patients with CBI by P. aeruginosa gave rise to mean annual costs roughly as high as those derived from those with severe bronchiectasis (8654.40 €) [People with bronchiectasis engender high healthcare costs, which, according to a Spanish multi-center study by De la Rosa , are ind54.40 €) .P. aeruginosa [Increased local and systemic inflammation is related to the bacterial load in people with bronchiectasis, but it is independent of this load in those with ruginosa .P. aeruginosa has a significant impact on people with bronchiectasis, owing to its prevalence and clinical consequences, as well as its microbiological characteristics. It features as an item on multidimensional prognostic scores and constitutes a phenotype in its own right. More studies based on data from patient registries and biological markers are required, however, to clarify the involvement of P. aeruginosa in the natural history of bronchiectasis.In conclusion, CBI by P. aeruginosa comprising the administration of systemic antibiotics followed by inhaled colistin  [PA isolations have a negative impact on a non-CF bronchiectasis patient ,135,171 ter, UK)  reportedP. aeruginosa [Despite the limited amount of data available, the main clinical guidelines recommend the use of inhaled antibiotics for treating an initial infection by ruginosa ,13.P. aeruginosa, inhaled tobramycin has achieved a temporary eradication in some cases [As regards CBI by me cases ,180,181 me cases ,179,180,me cases ,181, a dme cases . A contrme cases  found reP. aeruginosa), reported a slower decline in lung function and improvements in the quality of life, without any reduction in the rate of hospitalizations. Another small, uncontrolled retrospective study [The first published study on colistin, in 18 people  . It obseed study  showed aP. aeruginosa, the geographical locations in countries with distinct cultures and health systems, the varying times and proportions of people with macrolides, the absence of reliable methods for measuring adherence to treatment, and differences in the definitions of exacerbation, in the numbers of previous exacerbations, and in the antibiotic schedules and nebulization systems.The combination of colistin and tobramycin has been associated with shorter hospital stays and a need for antibiotic treatments, as opposed to monotherapy . StudiesP. aeruginosa suggest that there are reasonable grounds for their use, and accordingly this is recommended in the main guidelines [Although the clinical benefits of inhaled antibiotics have not been as consistent in bronchiectasis as they have been in CF, the general consensus is that the negative repercussions and high prevalence of idelines ,155.P. aeruginosa accounts for 4–15% of all the PPM capable of inducing CBI in COPD [P. aeruginosa, multiple courses of systemic antibiotics or steroids, more advanced disease, bronchiectasis, current smoking habit, and a previous stay in an intensive care unit [P. aeruginosa and poor outcomes in people with COPD is more controversial. Jacobs et al. prospectively studied 181 people with COPD, 40% of whom had PA isolation. Both the first isolation and multiple isolations of P. aeruginosa were linked to higher mortality [P. aeruginosa is not associated with higher mortality in people with COPD. As regards exacerbations, Rosell et al. [P. aeruginosa was associated with a greater number and severity of exacerbations, regardless of the bacterial load. However, Murphy et al. [P. aeruginosa  was associated with an increased incidence of exacerbations. More recently, Eklöf et al. [P. aeruginosa, and they found that P. aeruginosa strongly and independently predicted an increased risk of hospitalization and all-cause death. However, some of the analyses of the exacerbations and mortality related to P. aeruginosa obtained their microbiological samples during an exacerbation period [Cross-sectional studies have shown that  in COPD ,194. Mulare unit ,197,198.ortality  concludel et al. , after py et al.  concluden period ,207,208.P. aeruginosa is a marker of disease severity or a cause of exacerbations and rapid deterioration in people with COPD. Although there is still no clear answer to this question, Martinez-Solano et al. [P. aeruginosa found in COPD has a frequent turnover of different clones distinct from that found in CF , with the mucoid form being most frequent.One of the most interesting debates at the moment is whether o et al.  have proo et al. , which sA better understanding of the influence of PA infection on COPD morbidity and mortality in outpatients, and the experience gained from treating both bronchiectasis and CF, would help us to implement specific therapies and new procedures for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of PA infection in people with COPD.P. aeruginosa in bronchiectasis and people with COPD but only a few have evaluated the isolation of bacterial pathogens in the respiratory secretions of people with asthma. People with severe asthma can present both bronchiectasis and CBI by various pathogens, but they are often not subjected to a microbiological study, thereby complicating the management of their disease and hindering a successful therapy [P. aeruginosa the development of bronchiectasis. People with coexisting bronchiectasis and asthma tend to be older, with a longer duration of asthma, greater airway inflammation and functional decline, more frequent exacerbations and, therefore, greater disease severity [Many studies have been published on CBI by  therapy ,211. In severity ,218,219.severity . The respiratory microbiome has been shown to play an important role in the response of people with asthma response to treatment. A study by Durack et al. observed that people who responded badly to inhaled corticoids had greater dysbiosis in the respiratory microbiome, while those who responded favorably had a respiratory microbiome similar to that of healthy controls .P. aeruginosa also proved to be a predictor of mortality (OR: 1.67 1.35–2.06). Dimakou et al. [P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae. All the people with pathogens in their sputum had bronchiectasis, and this group was also taking more antibiotics than the group without bronchiectasis. Mao et al. [P. aeruginosa in the respiratory secretions of 19.7% of the 214 adults under study . Zhang et al. [P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The presence of positive cultures was associated with a longer duration of asthma and exacerbations in the previous year. Overall, few studies have evaluated bacterial isolations in the sputum of people with asthma. One study undertaken by Sánchez-Muñoz et al.  analyzedu et al.  studied o et al.  investigg et al.  studied Padilla et al.  studied P. aeruginosa in 19%. The presence of bronchiectasis and the use of high doses of corticoids to treat ABPA  were the factors that predisposed these people to respiratory infections. Another study by Tomomatsu et al. [P. aeruginosa and a further 6 (24%) CBI by atypical microbacteria. They all received treatment with moderate or high doses of inhaled corticoids, and two-thirds of them also received systemic corticoids. However, no other reports of such a high prevalence of concomitant infection in people with asthma and ABPA have been published outside Japan. This could be because the people were more elderly and the appearance of ABPA later in life made them more vulnerable to chronic respiratory infections.The isolation of bacteria in the respiratory secretions of people with asthma has also been associated with the presence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) . A studyu et al.  evaluateIn short, few studies to date have investigated the isolations of bacterial pathogens in the sputum of people with asthma. There have been increasing reports, however, of bronchiectasis in these adults, mainly in elderly people with long-term asthma and poorer control of the disease, as well as a weaker functional state. Analysis of the presence of bacterial pathogens in these adults’ sputum could be a worthwhile field of exploration for improving the management and evolution of their disease.P. aeruginosa and chronic respiratory diseases (particularly COPD and non-CF bronchiectasis) has answered some questions, but these publications have also opened up new issues that need to be tackled in the coming years [P. aeruginosa is merely a marker of the severity of non-CF bronchiectasis and COPD, or whether it causes an increase in the number of exacerbations. If the latter is the case, then early treatment could prevent these exacerbations and improve the prognosis. We also do not know whether their poor prognosis is necessarily mediated by the presence of exacerbations, or whether it is worsened by CBI by P. aeruginosa when people present few exacerbations, or none at all. An answer to this question could also open up possibilities of early treatment for people with CBI since at the moment some guidelines recommend that CBI should only be treated in the presence of exacerbations. Another point that has yet to be clarified is whether CBI by P. aeruginosa in people with COPD has the same clinical, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, regardless of any association with bronchiectasis.The progressive increase in studies on the relationship between ng years . Large-sWith respect to asthma, we need to establish whether the concept of CBI is applicable here, as this would involve stronger symptoms and a poorer clinical evolution. If this was the case, it would, therefore, be necessary to define the patient phenotype, or degree of asthma severity, that would mark the threshold for conducting studies aimed at diagnosing CBI.P. aeruginosa by people with bronchiectasis and COPD in hospital settings [P. aeruginosa will present a better or worse prognosis or a higher or lower number of exacerbations. Ideally, these biomarkers should also enable us to determine the effectiveness of treatment for exacerbations. Advances of this kind would allow us to introduce personalized management of adults with CBI.Furthermore, in the light of the growing threat of CBI by resistant bacteria, healthcare administration needs to take into account the possibility of transmission of settings , as has settings ,229. Thesettings ,155. SimFinally, further studies are required to determine whether the progressive development and standardization of techniques for identifying the pulmonary microbiome  can impr


Phloeotribus rhododactylus feeds mainly on the shrub Cytisus scoparius. Other host plants include Spartium junceum, Cytisus sp., Ulex europaeus, Calicotome sp., Coronilla emeroides, Genista florida, Adenocarpus complicatus, and Ficus carica. Phloeotribus rhododactylus seems to have a stable range that is centred in Western Europe and extends to Eastern Europe. Its abundance is highest in Western Europe and decreases to the east, which coincides with the distribution of the host tree, Cytisus scoparius. Even though Cytisus scoparius is an invasive plant in agricultural and natural ecosystems out of Europe, Phloeotribus rhododactylus has not been found in any of the areas invaded by Cytisus scoparius.The abundance of bark beetles is generally explained by resource-related parameters. The bark beetle Phloeotribus rhododactylus feeds mainly on the shrub Cytisus scoparius. The range of P. rhododactylus extends from Spain in the south to southern Sweden, Denmark, and Scotland in the north. Its range to the east extends to Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary, but single localities are known further east in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece. It is clear that the range of the beetle matches that of its main host. C. scoparius is adapted to Mediterranean and coastal climates, and its range is limited by low winter temperatures. P. rhododactylus is, therefore, rare in Central Europe. It infests either individuals of C. scoparius that have been damaged by mammalian herbivores or snow or that are drought-stressed. Although C. scoparius is an invasive plant in agricultural and natural ecosystems, P. rhododactylus has not been found in any of the areas where C. scoparius has invaded.The bark beetle  Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) includes both bark and ambrosia beetles and represents species of major economic and ecological importance in forests worldwide ,2. Most Although weakened trees  are highly attractive to Scolytinae, healthy trees are rarely attacked , and lesThe absolute majority of Scolytinae beetles perforate the bark of trees and dig galleries near the cambium, but bark and ambrosia beetles differ in their feeding strategies. Bark beetles are mostly monophagous or oligophagous species that feed directly on phloem tissues , whereas ambrosia beetles are polyphagous species that feed on fungi that they introduce and cultivate in their galleries  and on xylem ,9,10,11.Phloeotribus rhododactylus  because information on its hosts was lacking [Scolytinae have been studied more than any other group of forest insects, but most investigations have been restricted to only a few pest species; see . The abu lacking .Phloeotribus rhododactylus feeds mainly on the shrub Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link, 1822. Other host plants include Spartium junceum L., 1753; Cytisus sp., Ulex europaeus L., 1753; Calicotome sp.; Coronilla emeroides Boiss. & Spruner, 1843; Genista florida L., 1759; Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) J. Gay ex Gren. & Godr., 1848; and Ficus carica L., 1753 [. This bark beetle was previously reported to occur mainly in Western Europe and, to a lesser degree, in Central Europe, where its occurrence diminishes to the east [C. scoparius is known to occur in most areas in Central Europe, P. rhododactylus has been considered rare in Central Europe [L., 1753 ,16,17. Tthe east . Althougl Europe . P. rhododactylus in Europe and to determine whether it remains rare in the Czech Republic. The objectives of the current study were to summarize the occurrence of Phloeotribus rhododactylus feeds under the bark of the branches of Cytisus scoparius, Spartium junceum, and other shrubs. The larval corridors are long and sparse. It has only one generation per year. It flies in May, the larvae mature during the summer, and new beetles hatch at the end of the summer. The new beetles remain where they hatch for an extended period of maturation feeding and then overwinter [www.cnspg.cz/mince/index.php).erwinter . The exiP. rhododactylus. The spriroacetal, (E)-conophthorin, which has previously been reported from Hylesinus varius  [Taphrorychus bicolor  [P. rhododactylus. The antennae of P. rhododactylus, however, provided no clues about P. rhododactylus pheromones due to experimental difficulties with antennal preparation [Little is known about the pheromone communication of s, 1775)  and Tapht, 1793) , was ideparation .Phloeotribus rhododactylus may be a vector of the fungus Geosmithia langdonii , although the latter authors studied only one specimen of the beetle [e beetle .Geosmithia sp. is a yeast and is found much less frequently in bark beetles in comparison with other yeasts or ophiostomatoid fungi [Geosmithia sp. is also able to produce enzymes that can degrade lignocellulose-like substances [id fungi . Geosmitbstances . The yeabstances ,27. At tbstances . In contbstances .Overall, yeasts are important to bark beetles; i.e., they affect beetle competitiveness and production of semiochemicals, serve as a food supplement, and influence the distribution of microorganisms that can affect the beetles in the subcortical environment ,31. YeasCytisus scoparius, the common broom or Scotch broom, is a perennial leguminous shrub native to all Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East [C. scoparius typically grow to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) tall, rarely to 4 m (13 ft), with main stems up to 5 cm (2.0 in) thick, rarely 10 cm (3.9 in). The shrubs have green shoots with small deciduous trifoliate leaves 5–15 mm long, and in spring and summer, they are covered in profuse golden yellow flowers 20–30 mm from top to bottom and 15–20-mm wide.dle East . Plants This species is adapted to Mediterranean and coastal climates, and its range is limited by cold winter temperatures. Especially the seeds, seedlings, and young shoots are sensitive to frost, but adult plants are hardier, and branches affected by freezing temperatures regenerate quickly ,40,41.C. scoparius is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils at low altitudes, tolerating very acidic soil conditions [C. scoparius is an invasive plant in agricultural and natural ecosystems. In France, it is often considered an occupying species that preferentially colonizes abandoned pastures [nditions . In somenditions . Over sopastures .P. rhododactylus has been already known in Western and Central Europe for a long time. In most countries, the first records date back to the 1950s, and only in few countries has it been reported later in the second part of the 20th century  in the south and to southern Sweden, Denmark, and Scotland in the north. The range to the east extends to Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary, but single localities are known further to the east in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece . Although C. scoparius is found almost everywhere, its distribution is uneven, and the sizes (areas) of the stands are not known. We suspect that large areas of C. scoparius, especially large areas that are near other large areas, have an increased probability of containing P. rhododactylus. The absence of large stands of C. scoparius in eastern Czech Republic probably explains the absence of P. rhododactylus in that part of the country (J. Holuša observ.).C. scoparius branches in each of the 15 localities in which C. scoparius occupied more than 0.1 ha. P. rhododactylus occurrence was determined based on the presence of galleries , in 2020, the first author inspected more than 10 weakened or dead alleries A and exialleries B. Rods wcalities D at altin region . Under sn region ,101.Phloeotribus rhododactylus seems to have a stable range that is centred in Western Europe and extends to Eastern Europe. Its abundance is highest in Western Europe and decreases to the east, which coincides with the distribution of the host tree, C. scoparius. P. rhododactylus is a rare species in Central Europe. It occupies trees or shrubs that have been damaged or that are drought-stressed. It is possible that weak pheromone communication and weak interactions with fungi also contribute to its rare occurrence.P. rhododactylus can apparently be explained by resource-related parameters.As is the case for abundance of most bark beetles , the abu


The lecture will be given by the2019 Baltes Award recipient, Allison Bielak, PhD, FGSA, of Colorado State University. The recipient of the2020 Baltes Award is William J. Chopik, PhD. The Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Foundation Award in Behavioral and Social Gerontology recognizes outstanding early-career contributions in behavioral and social gerontology. The award is generously funded by the Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Foundation.