Testudines, being assessed the serum biochemistry profiles, and body and tail biometry of Trachemys scripta elegans and Trachemys dorbignyi bred in interaction in the semiarid region of the São Francisco river valley.This study aimed to assess fundamental biochemical values of healthy animals and to provide useful data on comparative physiologies of Serum biochemistry variables , and biometry values of the body (mass [body mass (BM)], maximum curvilinear length [carapace length (CL)], and width [carapace width (CW)] of the carapace, maximum curvilinear length [plastron length (PL)], and width [plastron width PW] of the plastron), and the tail  were measured after 24 h fasting.T. s. elegans displayed higher BM, CL, CW, PL, PW, AST, TP, albumin, and globulin values. T. dorbignyi displayed higher values of glucose, TLT, and PrCL. Variables aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total protein (TP) in T. s. elegans and glucose in T. dorbignyi explained most of the variance between the species and could serve to distinguish them.T. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi shall be explained by biometric variables, AST, TP, and glucose, which characterize interspecific differences. Our results point out terms of reference for these species bred in captivity in the semiarid region of Brazilian Northeastern region and serve as a model for the comparative intra- and inter-species physiology and as a base for the health assessment of these species.We conclude that most of the differences between  Trachemys scripta elegans is a native species from the south of USA, and Northern Mexico. In Brazil, it is considered as an exotic and invading species, being, at the same time, the most frequently commercialized as a “pet.” The illegal dissemination of the species is a problem that has been described in many countries, which includes it at the top of the 100 worst invasive species in the world ) and width (carapace width [CW]) maximums of carapace; and length (plastron length [PL]) and width (plastron width [PW]) maximums of plastron  and included aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine, urea, glucose, TP, total globulin, albumin, and albumin to globulin ratio (A/G ratio). The TP was measured by the modified biuret method and spectrophotometric reading at 550 nm. Albumin was determined by the modified bromocresol green method and spectrophotometric reading at 630 nm. Total globulin value was calculated by the difference between the values of these variables and, after this, the A/G ratio was calculated. Serum activities of AST and ALT were obtained by the modified Bowers & McComb method and UV/IFCC Kit for determination of total creatine kinase in serum sample, with spectrophotometric reading at 340 and 405 nm, respectively. Creatinine was assessed by end-point reaction using the enzymatic method and spectrophotometric reading at 546 nm. The glucose concentration was measured using the glucose liquiform® commercial kit .The biochemical analyses were carried using commercial kits (Labtestwww.cran.r-project.org).Descriptive analyses of the mean±standard error (SE) were performed. Student’s t-test (a=5%) was used to assess the differences among the results of the samples for the studied species. The F test to identify if the variances are homogeneous was performed before Student’s t-test. To establish the limits of each species for biochemical parameters, confidence intervals were constructed for the averages (a=5%). BiPlot analysis with principal components was used to determine which biochemical parameters are responsible for the greater explanation of the variance found, and thus to be able to differentiate the species. A radar chart was drawn to describe the biochemical profiles of the species graphically. Statistical analyses were performed using the software R 3.3.1. , confidence intervals, and differences between groups is reported in T. s. elegans displayed a larger size (p<0.05) in comparison with T. dorbignyi. In this last species, only the parameters TLT and PrCL were higher (p<0.05) than in the former. PoCL displayed no significant differences between the species  [T. dorbignyi seems to have suffered from the competition with T. s. elegans in relation to food sources and perhaps even hunting pressure, since it presented BM, CL, CW, PL, and PW values similar to those of males of the same species bred in the extreme south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul [T. s. elegans presents great adaptive capacity and invasive power, needing only standing water, a place for sunbathing, and a climate without extreme variations for its adaptation, as provided during this study.We suppose that regular supply and quality of food in captivity fostered the growth of  Brazil) . In conte do Sul . These rT. s. elegans were included in this interval, but they were higher than those of Caretta caretta [Chelonia mydas [T. dorbignyi, AST mean values were excluded of this interval and were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in T. s elegans. As both species were housed in the same environment and submitted to the same handling and feeding, we shall infer, the lower AST values in T. dorbignyi are due to interspecific differences.Analysis of the AST is not deemed to be a specific test, once it is found in all tissues in reptiles, with the highest concentration in liver and muscles. Its increase shall be observed in generalized diseases infectious and toxic hepatitis, biliary obstruction, cirrhosis and hepatic steatosis, hemolysis, selenium/Vitamin E deficiency, and intense muscular exercise . In sea  caretta ,22, and ia mydas . These dia mydas , and amoia mydas , such asT. s. elegans. It is believed that heat stress may have caused some tissue damage and increased the ALT levels [T. dorbignyi. The AST/ALT ratio in this species ranged from 0.87 to 0.94, suggesting the presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [T. s. elegans the AST/ALT ratio ranged from 6.82 to 13.89, which seems to be indicative of liver fibrosis [C. caretta [C. mydas [On the other side, ALT is a more specific marker of hepatic lesions. As being more concentrated in the hepatocytes than in other tissues, it is used in the control of hepatopathies, lung abscesses, and carbon compounds poisoning . The varT levels  in T. doepatitis . On the fibrosis . As comp caretta , and lowC. mydas .TLT and PoCL are relevant for the evaluation of sexual dimorphism in both studied species, being this measure in males higher and less, respectively, than in females . These cT. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi. High urea value shall be observed in case of high protein diet, or due to excretion renal rate or the conditions of the liver of the animals [Kinosternon scorpioides [C. caretta [C. mydas [T. s. elegans displayed a positive correlation between the concentration of urea and BM, TLT, and PrCL. In T. dorbignyi, urea concentration was positively correlated only to PrCL. This datum had never been described earlier in the literature. PrCL measurement is usually higher in males to ease the accommodation of the penis in the cranial portion of the tail, and to benefit its exposition and introduction inside of the female cloaca.Ureotelic species, such as reptiles, have the end product of nitrogen metabolism, uric acid instead of urea; thus, most reptiles present normal values for urea of <15 mg/dL . However animals . The mearpioides , but low caretta  and C. mC. mydas . T. s. eT. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi had similar mean creatinine concentrations, and in both, the values were lower than 1.0 mg/dL, as expected in reptiles [C. caretta [C. mydas [T. dorbignyi, we observed a positive correlation between creatinine concentration and muscular mass. This finding has been observed because plasma creatinine derived from the catabolism of the creatinine which is present in the muscular tissue, thus the concentration of plasma creatinine decreases in case of atrophy of the muscular tissue or associated diseases, or in case of prolonged or intense physical exercises. The significant positive correlation between creatinine and BM, CL, CW, PL, PW, and PoCL in T. dorbignyi allowed us to infer that the values of serum creatinine in females are higher than in males, as females of this species are larger [T. dorbignyi were in competition with T. s. elegans for food sources and/or suffering hunting pressure for them.reptiles , having reptiles . The mea caretta , and mucC. mydas . In T. de larger  and haveT. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi agree with the values considered normal in reptiles (3.0-8.0 mg/dL) [T. s. elegans could be associated with interspecific differences. The mean TP values observed in T. s. elegans were like those of K. scorpioides [C. caretta [T. dorbignyi presented mean values similar to those of C. caretta [Total serum protein (TP) values observed in both 0 mg/dL) . As bothrpioides  and high caretta ,22. T. d caretta ,22. Thes caretta .T. s. elegans, which presented concentrations slightly higher than those of C. caretta [C. mydas [T. dorbignyi was lower than that described in C. caretta [C. caretta [The main function of albumin produced in the liver is to stabilize the level of fluids inside the vessels. In healthy reptiles and mammals, albumin represents the main protein fraction . The ave caretta ,22 and lC. mydas . The con caretta ,22 and h caretta . The litT. s. elegans were significantly higher than in T. dorbignyi. These values were similar [C. caretta and lower than those of C mydas [T. s. elegans and in T. dorbignyi, globulin was higher than albumin so that the differences in the PT values reflected the variations occurred in this fraction, in agreement with previous findings [Globulin is determined from the difference between TP and albumin. When the concentration of globulin is high, it inhibits the synthesis of albumin in the liver to maintain the blood protein concentration constant, and, as a consequence, maintain the osmotic pressure constant. As observed with albumin and TP, the serum values of the globulin in  similar  or highe similar  than tho C mydas . In bothfindings . The posfindings .T. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi, which was similar to the results obtained in C. caretta [C. mydas [We observed no significant difference in A/G ratio between  caretta , slightl caretta  and sligC. mydas .T. dorbignyi displayed mean glucose values significantly higher than those of T. s. elegans, and higher than those of K. scorpioides [C. caretta [T. s. elegans  and T. dorbignyi  are representative of the general population of these species. The intervals we described in T. s. elegans are quite similar to those of C. mydas during rehabilitation  [T. dorbignyi (229.30-558.20 mg/dL), and in just 11% (3/28) of T. s. elegans (200.60-209.20 mg/dL). Similar ALT values in both the species ruled out the hypothesis of Type 2 DM, suggesting that the higher values of glucose we observed in T. dorbignyi could be associated with the differences in the metabolic response and stresses associated with the competition for foods, and hunting pressure caused by T. s. elegans.rpioides  and C. c caretta . Conside; 145.0) . The ser; 145.0) . Acute s; 145.0) ,31 and v; 145.0) . In thisT. s. elegans, AST and TP values were higher, with lower glucose levels, and in T. dorbignyi, AST and TP were lower, with higher levels of glucose. In turn, the radar chart of the biochemical profile (T. s. elegans and glucose in T. dorbignyi.The biplot analysis of the main component  highligh profile  highlighT. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi. This work is the first one on biochemical parameters for these two species bred in captivity in the semiarid Northeastern region of Brazil in an interaction situation. The biochemical variables AST, TP, and glucose explained most of the variability between the two species: Higher levels of AST and TP in T. s. elegans, and of glucose in T. dorbignyi. These values were influenced by biometric differences, interspecific metabolic response and, in the case of glucose, also by the stress caused by the invasive power and hunting pressure caused by T. s. elegans. The results of this research may serve as a model for the comparative physiology inside and among species and may serve as a base of study for these species. These findings may, therefore, be used to identify biochemical disturbances and to follow physiologic adaptations required to the animals to face environmental changes.The results of this study culminated with the establishment of reference intervals of serum biochemical variables for the species AG: Substantial contribution to the concept and design of the study; contribution to data collection, interpretation, and contribution to manuscript preparation and critical revision. VNS: Substantial contribution to data collection, and contribution to manuscript critical revision. MDF: Contribution to data collection and critical revision. MMQ; ACC; ICP: Substantial contribution to data collection and data analysis. FMC: Substantial contribution to the statistical data analysis and interpretation and critical revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


T. gondii) infection and suicide are contradictory. This paper aimed to resolve this uncertainty by conducting a meta-analysis.Findings on the association between Toxoplasma gondii  higher than those without this infection. The test for publication bias was not statistically significant, which indicates the absence of likely publication bias.Out Of 150 initial studies, 15 were included in the meta-analysis. Odds of suicide in people with T. gondii infection is a potential risk factor for suicide. To reduce cases of suicide attributable to T. gondii infection, it is recommended to implement some measures to prevent and control the transmission of the disease.This study confirms that  Suicide, as one of the major health threats for humans, leads to more than 800,000 deaths globally each year, such that one person per second dies from suicide. Therefore, suicide accounts for 1.5% of all deaths [Many risk factors increase the risk of suicide. The mental disorders, misuse of drugs, mental states, cultural factors, family, and social and genetic conditions elevate the risk of suicide .Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most common parasites in humans. This parasite exists in approximately one-third of the world’s population and also more than 40 million people in the United States [T. gondii -contaminated food, vegetable, water, and muscle cysts present in undercooked meat and also congenital infection is the most common route of disease transmission [T. gondii in the skeletal muscle and brain tissue, leading to psychiatric complications [T. gondii infection may lead to changes in the behavior of its hosts [T. gondii infection may cause reduced Intelligence Quotient (IQ) [T. gondii infection affects the behavior of humans, such that recent clinical data demonstrate that T. gondii infection antibody may play a role in the pathophysiology of suicide. The studies documented that these elevated levels of cytokines are associated with depression and suicide [d States , 4. The smission –7. Infecsmission , 9. Thissmission –12. Moreications . The tacications . It has ts hosts , 4. It hent (IQ) , personaent (IQ) , and psyent (IQ) . T. gond suicide .T. gondii infection and suicide are not consistent. While some studies claim that there is no association between suicide and T. gondii infection [T. gondii infection and suicide, we may identify persons with an increased probability of suicide and thus find ways to prevent it.However, the results of the studies on the association of nfection , 19, somnfection . One of T. gondii infection with suicide and to evaluate whether T. gondii is associated with the risk of suicide or not.The present study aimed to provide a summary estimate for the association of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) tool was applied to conduct this study.The protocol was registered in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (No. 9710256386).T. gondii infection (as a predictor) and suicide (as outcome) in all age and sex groups of the population. In this process, we did not set any time limitation on the selection of the studies.Based on Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study type (PICOS) principles, we selected the analytical studies  that reported an association between Medline, ISI, and Scopus databases were searched to retrieve the related studies up to 25 March 2019. Moreover, we searched the reference list of the screened studies to find the missed studies.T. gondii  were used to construct a search strategy for each database. In Pubmed, we searched for studies using Mesh terms. In Scopus, the search was done on title, abstract, and keyword. In Web of Sciences, the studies were searched based on the topic.Two major keywords including suicide  AND T. gondii with a suicide. Two independent reviewers searched the databases and then screened the title, abstract, and full text of the studies to choose the relevant studies. The disagreement between the two reviewers was resolved by a third person.We selected those studies that assess the association of An EXCEL sheet was designed to extract the required data of the selected studies. The sheet included the name of the first author, year of publication, country of the study, age, sex, sample size, and effect size of the association.Newcastle and Ottawa statement (NOS) checklist was applied to assess the quality of the studies.Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) was determined as the effect size for this study.2 statistics and chi-square tests were used to assess the existence of heterogeneity among the studies.The final selected studies were included in the meta-analysis. A random-effect approach was used to combine the studies and produce one single estimate. IWe used Egger and Begg test to investigate publication bias in reporting the results.Figure T. gondii infection with a suicide, and eight studies did not find any significant relationships between T. gondii infection and suicide. By contrary, one study found a protective association between T. gondii and suicide.Table The strongest and the weakest associations were reported by Dickerson (2.41) and Okusaga (1.14), respectively.T. gondii infection and suicide was 1.43 , which is statistically significant  in assessing the existence of publication bias, indicating the absence of publication bias in the study.The Begg test was not statistically significant (2 test demonstrated a moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 0.71). Therefore, we used a random-effect model to perform the meta-analysis. In addition, Beg’s test was not significant, which indicate absence of publication bias (P = 0.26).Examining the degree of heterogeneity among studies using the IT. gondii infection with suicide using ecological studies. This study showed that after adjusting potential confounders, there is a significant association between seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and suicide rate among European countries [In the qualitative phase, one study assessed the association of ountries .T. gondii infection and suicide. Combining the results of 15 eligible studies, we confirmed that developing T. gondii infection may increase the risk of suicide by 43%. Therefore, individuals with T. gondii infection had higher probability to suicide than without T. gondii infection. Although, strength of the obtained risk in our study is not very substantial, it is a remarkable risk should be considered.In this paper, we presented the result of meta-analysis for the association of T. gondii infection with mood disorders such as schizophrenia [T. gondii is associated with mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, suicide attempt, depression, and other neuropsychiatric diseases [T. gondii with Suicide rates in women, it revealed that there is a positive association between rates of infection with T. gondii and suicide in 20 European countries and suicide is more common in women of postmenopausal age [The literature has been provided the evidence for existence of association of ophrenia , bipolarophrenia , 34 and ophrenia . In a rediseases . Moreoveusal age  .T. gondii infection with behavioral changes well. After proliferation of this protozoan parasite in different organs during the acute phase, the parasite preferentially forms cysts in the brain and establishes a chronic infection that is a balance among parasite’s evasion of the immune response and host immunity. Different cells of brain, such as neurons and astrocytes, can be infected. In laboratory surveys using non-brain cells have showed deep effects of the infection on gene expression of host cells, containing molecules that increase the immune response and those involved in signal transduction pathways, suggesting that similar effects could happen in infected cells of brain. T. gondii infection also appears to affect signaling pathways in the brain. Consequently, chronic infection reactivation with the parasite (rupture of cyst and proliferation of tachyzoites) in the brain may play a role in the onset of the disease [T. gondii act on suicide behavioral through two pathways: disturbance in dopamine synthesis and activation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) that reduce amount of serotonin in brain [T. gondii compared with those without a suicide [T. gondii antibodies and suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia, which is consistent with reports on associations between T. gondii and suicidal behavior in patients with mood disorders [T. gondii infection plays a role in the higher later occurrence of suicide in lifespan [T. gondii infection and suicide is reinforced by the relative tropism of T. gondii cysts in greater density in the amygdala nucleus or the frontal cortex, which are normally involved in regulating behavior [T. gondii and suicidal behavior. First, T. gondii induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines  by activating lymphocytes and macrophages [T. gondii [T. gondii, cytokines are produced, leading to an increase in the activity of enzymes kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO). In the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan, KMO and IDO are restricted. Tryptophan evacuation via the kynurenine pathway  limits the growth and spread of infection [The studies explained the mechanism of association of  disease . In factin brain . The stu suicide . Moreoveisorders , overallisorders , 31. T. behavior . The folrophages . Interfe. gondii . In respnfection . Moreovenfection . Changesnfection , 43. Finnfection , 44.T. gondii infection with suicide, especially on mechanisms of pathogenesis of T. gondii infection in suicidal behavior in required. Furthermore, updating the review articles about T. gondii infection and suicidal behavior without time and language limitations is suggested.In this study, we had several limitations. One major limitation of the present study is that we just included English language studies and overlooked non-English ones. Therefore, we cannot assess the effect of non-English studies on our results. Second, we included only studies had full text, and therefore, we excluded the studies without full text. However, it seems that more investigations on the association of T. gondii infection in a suicide. Therefore, considering the consequences and complications of T. gondii infection such as suicide, control, prevention, and its treatment, this parasitic infection must be highly considered.Despite the mentioned limitation, this study provides important clues to inform policy-makers about the serious role of T. gondii infection and a suicide. T. gondii significantly increases the risk of a suicide. Therefore, to reduce the risk of the suicide associated with T. gondii, it is recommended to take some measures to prevent and control of transmission of T. gondii.Our study is the first meta-analysis and systematic review to assess the association of


This corrigendum serves to recognise the contribution of Dr. Mark Lammers, who was erroneously not given authorship in the original version of the paper. Lammers. This corrigendum does not, however, alter the authorship of the species itself.In a recent publication , Dr. Mar


There are errors in the Competing Interests statement. The correct Competing Interests statement is as follows: C. Lamirel, N. Valin, J. Savatosky, A.-S. Alonso, J.-P. Vincensini, L. Salomon and I. Cochereau have no disclosures to report. F.-X. Lescure has received funding for lectures from Gilead Sciences and MSD France; and to travel to meetings from MSD France, Astellas and Eumedica. P. Girard has received support to travel to meetings and accommodations from Bayer and Leo Pharma. P.-M. Girard has received honoraria for participation on international advisory boards from Gilead, ViiV Healthcare and Abbvie, and honoraria for speaking engagements from Janssen and BMS. A. Moulignier has received research support from the Association Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS), funding for lectures from Biogen Idec and Norvartis, and to travel to meetings from Biogen Idec and Teva Pharma. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.


One Health (OH) is an integrated approach, formed inclusive of using multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. The increasing proximity between humans, livestock, and wildlife, and its role in the transmission dynamics of mycobacterial infections, necessitates an OH approach in the surveillance of zoonotic diseases. The challenge remains as humans, livestock, and wildlife share resources and interact at various interfaces. Therefore, this review explores the potential of the OH approach to understand the impact of mycobacterial infections in Tanzania in terms of lessons learnt and future perspectives.Available literature on OH and mycobacterial infections in Tanzania was searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles on mycobacterial infections in Tanzania, published between 1997 to 2017, were retrieved to explore the information on OH and mycobacterial infections.The studies conducted in Tanzania had have reported a wide diversity of mycobacterial species in humans and animals, which necessitates an OH approach in surveillance of diseases for better control of infectious agents and to safeguard the health of humans and animals. The close proximity between humans and animals increases the chances of inter-specific transmission of infectious pathogens, including drug-resistant mycobacteria. In an era where HIV co-infection is also the case, opportunistic infection by environmental non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), commonly known as mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) may further exacerbate the impact of drug resistance. NTM from various sources have greatest potential for diverse strains among which are resistant strains due to continued evolutional changes.A collaborative interdisciplinary approach among professionals could help in solving the threats posed by mycobacterial infections to public health, particularly by the spread of drug-resistant strains. The One Health (OH) concept is a recent iteration of the One Medicine concept that was first established in the 19th and 20th centuries using the term coined by Calvin W. Schwabe (1927–2006) . This isThe OH concept gained momentum in 2003 during the avian influenza pandemic threat HPAI-H5N1) that killed 339 people and caused a global economic loss of an estimated USD 20 billion . The lesN1 that kThis review seeks to address the mycobacterial infection and challenges associated with its control and diagnosis through One Health approach. Further, it highlights the disease situation, lesson learnt and future perspectives in the control and prevention of mycobacterial infection in Tanzania.Mycobacterium, consisting of more than 150 well-characterized species, infects both humans and animals [M. tuberculosis complex), comprising of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. canettii, M. africanum, M. pinnipedii, M. microti, M. caprae, (the dassie and the oryx bacillus), and the recently discovered M. mungi, are known to be causative agents of tuberculosis in animals and humans. However, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as environmental mycobacteria, have gained importance in recent years due to the emergence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Other mycobacterial species, including M. leprae, M. ulcerans, and M. paratuberculosis, also pose a threat to public health.Disease surveillance using the OH approach has recently been a subject of immense interest due to the emergence of infectious diseases that might be caused by close proximity between animals and humans. The genus  animals , 8. All  animals , 10. MycMycobacterium is based on its role as the causative agent of zoonotic diseases, including tuberculosis in animals (bovine tuberculosis) and humans. Katale et al. [The public health importance of the genus e et al.  tested te et al. . Recentle et al. , 13. Howe et al. .M. tuberculosis is primarily a human pathogen with a potential for infecting a wide range of hosts, including wild animals [M. tuberculosis strains isolated from humans revealed a variety of M. tuberculosis strains with the predominance of a few successful genotypes, namely, the Central-Asian-strain (CAS), T, Latin-American-Mediterranean (LAM) and East-African-Indian (EAI) families, indicating unlinked transmission chains [M. tuberculosis population, rather than from imported strains [M. tuberculosis strains in Tanzania seems to co-exist with variations depending on the location of the samples within Tanzania. In the Tanga region of northern Tanzania, the EAI and CAS family genotypes appear to be predominant [M. tuberculosis families, is dominated by the CAS family in Dar es Salaam. Other TB strains recorded were LAM (22%) and EAI (17%). Beijing and T-family genotypes, as well as importation of strains, were suggested to be a minor problem. Nevertheless, despite the dominance of the CAS strain in Dar es Salaam and Tanzania in general, there were variations in the TB strains within M. tuberculosis families [M. tuberculosis has been reported to be found in low proportion [ animals , 15 and  animals , 17. In n chains . These s strains . This sedominant . Furtherdominant  reportedfamilies . Althougoportion , 19, itsoportion , 22 and oportion . In addioportion . The chaoportion .M. tuberculosis at an accelerated rate [M. tuberculosis strains in different regions within Tanzania might be attributed to a cosmopolitan population with frequent migration and travel [Nearly all the TB strains identified all over the world have been isolated in East Africa , an indited rate , 26, 27.d travel , 20. Thid travel .M. bovis is a multi-host pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of hosts including humans [M. bovis infections in animals have been conducted using the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT) [M. bovis isolated from the human-animal interface areas indicated no clear evidence for recent cross-species transmission of M. bovis between humans, livestock, and wild animals in Tanzania [M. bovis isolates belonging to the SB0133 spoligotype isolated from wildlife had 45.2 and 96.8% spoligotype pattern agreement with novel SB2290 and SB2289 strains from indigenous cattle, respectively [M. bovis at the livestock-wildlife interface. This association could mean that wild animals acquire M. bovis infection from domestic animals rather than vice versa, as strains with more spacers are evolutionarily older than those with few spacers. Moreover, it was suggested that there was a spillback of M. bovis infection from wild animal reservoirs to livestock, or micro-evolutionary events of M. bovis in cattle populations in the ecosystem. It could also be argued that the observed genetic structure of M. bovis resulted from evolutionary events taking place in cattle populations outside the study area, possibly where the prevalence of the disease was higher and that the M. bovis strains were merely imported into cattle and wild animal populations in the Serengeti ecosystem [M. bovis infection due to occasional interactions such as sharing of pasture and water sources with livestock. Similarly, livestock could acquire infections from wild animals that may be reservoirs of certain transmissible diseases [g humans . Such brg humans . In Tanz (SCITT) , 31–35,  (SCITT) , and mol (SCITT) , 37, 38, (SCITT) . The moldiseases . In 2013M. gordonae, M. interjectum, M. intracelullare, M. sherrisii, M. avium. spp., and M. fortuitum have been found in humans [M. simiae, M. confluentis, M. neoaurum, M. nonchromogenicum, M. terrae, M. thermoresistibile, M. genavense, M. gilvum, M. intermedium, M. poriferae, M. spaghni, M. kansasii, M. gastri, M. indicus pranii, M. hibernae, M. engbaekii, M. septicum, M. arupense, M. peregrinum, M. moriokaense, M. palustre, M. goodie, M. gordonae, M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum, M. phlei, M. flavescens, and M. avium intracellulare have been isolated from indigenous cattle [M. lentiflavum and M. intracellulare have been reported in wildlife species [M. avium complex (MAC) were predominant in most of the countries, followed by M. gordonae and M. xenopi. Mwikuma et al. [M. intracellulare, which causes disease in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent subjects [M. bovis patients and 27 (41.5%) M. tuberculosis patients [M. sherrisii and M. avium complex sequevar M. avium complex-D have been diagnosed in HIV-infected patients in northern Tanzania [Previous studies conducted in Tanzania had have reported a variety of atypical mycobacteria in culture isolates from humans , 42 and n humans , 41, 46,s cattle , 41, 44  species  reporteda et al.  also fousubjects . The memsubjects . In nortpatients . It is wM. bovis has been isolated from human in cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis [M. bovis, and 27 (41.5%) M. tuberculosis [M. bovis isolate from cattle and five isolates from human, of which there was evidence of overlap between DNA fingerprints of M. bovis between cattle and human. However, the control and prevention of zoonotic infections including mycobacteria possess a challenge due to weak surveillance systems in our local settings attributed by lack of policies harmonization and limited resources for diseases control. Therefore, there is need for synergy of veterinary and medical policies in the control of tuberculosis in our local settings [In Tanzania, rculosis , 50, livrculosis , 37, 51 rculosis , signifyThe accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial species is complicated and an ongoing problem that has passed through a number of stages, from the testing of drug susceptibility in the mid–1980s, to use of nucleic-acid probes in the late 1980s, nucleic acid amplification (NAA) in the mid–1990s, and DNA sequencing at present . These nMycobacterium. In many countries, microscopic examination techniques help in the detection of M. tuberculosis, culture-based methods are the cornerstone for diagnosis of TB, and detection of drug resistant strains is the simplest method for the presumptive diagnosis of TB [Mycobacterium. Therefore, there is an urgent need for highly sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic techniques that can be performed at the point of care for the identification of M. tuberculosis and NTM disease. The WHO emphasizes TB disease to be resistant to pyrazinamide - one of the standard first-line medications used to treat TB with risk for patients being often misdiagnosed and receiving ineffective treatment being not uncommon. As such WHO proposes advocacy on developing strategies to improve food safety, developing capacity of the animal health sector to reduce the prevalence of TB in livestock and identification of key populations and risks pathways for transmission of zoonotic TB to break the chain of transmission [The conventional microscopic examination, culture, and drug susceptibility testing (DST) of sputum samples are the most common diagnostic techniques for the detection of the genus is of TB . Howeversmission . Some NTsmission . Timely smission . The recsmission . Howeversmission . Thus, ssmission .Infections with mycobacteria are subjected to other challenges, including co-infection with other pathogens, development of drug resistance, and increased incidences of NTM infections both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Global incidences of mycobacterial infections have increased in recent decades due to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic. Co-infection by HIV and TB accelerates the decline of immunological functions, leading to subsequent death if left untreated . HIV infDisease epidemics of zoonotic nature including other agents than mycobacteria, can better be controlled and managed through joint OH multidisplinary approach. This has been learnt in epidemics such as Anthrax, Ebola, rabies and Rift Valley fever outbreaks where various key player involvement is necessary to put the situation under custody. The prevention and control of infectious diseases depend on the early recognition of the causative agents and a prompt response. Recently, a number of initiatives to address the various aspects of infectious disease in humans and animals have been established in Tanzania. For example, the SACIDS has been a role model for the surveillance of a variety of infectious diseases, including mycobacterial infections. It is worth noting that other OH initiatives such as One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) and AfriqueOne have supported research activities that also focus on infectious diseases of humans and animals in Tanzania. Therefore, to advocate for the OH approach in disease surveillance, intersectoral collaboration among stakeholders, government sectors, and society are necessary to address the factors of health and well-being of humans and animals . In EastOur experience shows that the OH approach brings healthcare professionals to a common platform that could improve cooperation during the surveillance of diseases. This approach could facilitate the implementation of objectives of OH, through improvement of the status of the education system, administrative structures, and legislation . Thus, tIn conclusion, the zoonotic importance of mycobacterial infection and the possibility of co-infections with other pathogens highlights the need for collaborative efforts among professionals in terms of sharing of research and resources, to ensure cost-effective control of diseases. Therefore, it is important to establish consistent communication among professionals in order to undertake joint actions toward the prevention and control of emerging zoonotic diseases including mycobacterial infections. Moreover, universities and research institutions should take a lead to change the mindset of young scientists to reduce insularity when it comes to controlling of infectious diseases of public health importance. It is worth noting that synergy among medical, veterinary, and environmental professionals in the surveillance of diseases could reduce cost and improve information sharing. However, the main concern is whether these professionals are willing to work on a common platform, something that might necessitate a change of attitude in order to achieve the best outcome.


The most common causes of loss and diarrhea in rabbit farming are nutritional errors and coccidiosis. The infection can spread rapidly throughout a breeding area, reducing the rabbit population, and causing heavy losses. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the system of animal management on the extensity and intensity of infection by Eimeria of farmed rabbits, together with the effect of the sex, age, and breed of the rabbits themselves.The study included 91 rabbits  from eight domestic  farms from Poland. The prevalence and intensity of coccidial infection were determined by the Willis-Schlaf and McMaster coprological methods. The species were determined based on oocyst morphology: Their shape, color, form index, the presence or absence of micropyle and cap, and the presence or absence of residual, polar, and Stiedé bodies.Seven species of Eimeria were isolated from the tested rabbits: Eimeria magna, Eimeria media, Eimeria perforans, Eimeria stiedae, Eimeria coecicola, Eimeria exigua, and Eimeria irresidua. Most infections were found to be of relatively low intensity. No significant differences in the extensity of Eimeria protozoan infection were observed with regard to sex. However, rabbit age had a significant influence on the extensity of infection by E. magna and of Eimerian protozoans combined. The greatest extensity was observed in rabbits aged below 6 months. For all species of Eimeria, greater extensity was observed among rabbits kept in groups than individually. The system of rabbit management also had a significant influence on the intensity of infection. Those kept in groups demonstrated a significantly higher mean intensity of infection of E. magna and all Eimeria species combined than those kept individually.Our findings indicate that Eimeria protozoa are a common occurrence on small-scale rabbit farms. As coccidiosis treatment does not always give good results, prevention is very important in the fight against this disease. It is necessary to develop a new preventive paradigm that pays special attention to the factors that promote the spread and development of infection in domestic  farms from Poland. For example, it would be recommended to use large, dry, bright rooms with access to the sun, as these are conducive to preventing the occurrence of coccidia infections. Rabbits are commonly farmed for their meat or hides; however, both juvenile and adult rabbits are subject to invasive diseases and parasite infections. Both can have varying influences on the health of the rabbits and the cost-effectiveness of their farming, and are responsible for the greatest losses. The scale of the problem depends to a certain degree on the intensity of farming, with rabbits kept at high densities being more seriously affected than those kept individually ,2.Eimeria. Coccidiosis can occur in intestinal or hepatic forms, and can quickly spread, thanks to the direct and short developmental cycle of coccidians [Eimeria. Clinical coccidiosis is characterized by apathy, chronic, or acute diarrhea, dehydration and reduced weight gain due to poor food use and decreased appetite, often resulting in death [The most common causes of loss and diarrhea in rabbit farming are nutritional errors and coccidiosis; the latter of which is caused by protozoa of the genus ccidians . Young rin death . The infThe majority of rabbits kept commercially in Poland are reared on domestic  farms. However, as such fragmentation is typically more prone to biosecurity errors, such systems are at higher risk of the parasite infection. Hence, to minimize the threat of such infection, it is important to use correct biosecurity procedures and to design and implement appropriate prophylactic programs.Eimeria of farmed rabbits, together with the effect of the sex, age, and breed of the rabbits themselves.The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the system of animal management on the extensity and intensity of infection by The tests were performed on feces samples taken from farmed rabbits. Under Polish law, this study was exempt from the need to obtain Local Ethics Committee approval.The study was conducted from September to November 2019 and included 91 rabbits  from eight domestic  farms from Poland. The rabbits were kept in cages stored in the open air, under a roof or indoors. The floors of the cages consisted of wooden grates or welded mesh. The rabbits were fed farm fodder consisting of cereals , bran, dry roughage (hay), and root crops  as well as green fodder.Feces samples were collected from each animal. For this purpose, plastic sheets were placed under the floor of the cages. Individual fecal samples were collected in plastic bags, transported to the laboratory, and stored at 4°C until analysis.The prevalence and intensity of coccidial infection were determined by the Willis-Schlaf and McMaster coprological methods .2Cr2O7) [The species were determined based on oocyst morphology: Their shape, color, form index, the presence or absence of micropyle and cap, and the presence or absence of residual, and polar and Stiedé bodies. Identification was also performed based on their time of sporulation, facilitated in a wet chamber at 24-26°C in a 2.5% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate . The influence of selected factors  on the extensity of Eimeria were isolated from the tested rabbits: Eimeria magna, Eimeria media, Eimeria perforans, Eimeria stiedae, Eimeria coecicola, Eimeria exigua, and Eimeria irresidua. Detailed data on the extensity of the infection with regard to individual species of Eimeria are presented in Seven species of Eimeria protozoan infection were observed with regard to sex. However, rabbit age had a significant influence on the extensity of infection by E. magna  and of Eimerian protozoans combined . The greatest extensity was observed in rabbits aged below 6 months , E. media , E. exigua , and of all the protozoan combined . The highest extensity was observed in New Zealand White and French Lope rabbits, and the lowest in Vienna Blue and Californian White; however, this may be due to the low number of individuals of the latter two. The system of animal management had a significant influence on the extensity of infection by E. magna , E. media , E. stiedae , E. irresidua , and all protozoa combined . For all species of Eimeria, greater extensity was observed among rabbits kept in groups than individually  was found among the females, and E. coecicola infection among the males  (Significant differences in the mean intensity of  p=0.02) .E. magna and combined Eimeria infection. Both demonstrated significantly higher intensity (p≤0.05) among rabbits aged <6 months compared to those aged 6-12 months , while the New Zealand Whites displayed significantly higher intensity of infection for all Eimeria combined than the mixed breeds (p≤0.05). The Vienna Blue and California White specimens infected with E. stiedae, E. coecicola, or E. exigua were not included in the statistical analysis due to the very small number of specimens   .The conditions of animal management have a significant influence on the state of infection of farmed rabbits and the course of parasite infestation -9. ParasEimeria oocysts following stool examination. However, it is not unusual to identify a small number of oocysts in rabbit feces during the microscopic examination, and their presence does not confirm the presence of disease. In addition, number of oocysts excreted by the host is not always correlated with the presence of disease. This is due to the different pathogenicity of individual Eimeria species. The pace of coccidiosis depends primarily on the age of the animal and the virulence of the coccidia species. This is confirmed by our present observations, which revealed no clinical symptoms of disease in rabbits with high-intensity infections.A diagnosis of coccidiosis is confirmed by the presence of a very large number of E. stiedae was found in 16.48% of the tested rabbits and E. perforans in 29.67%. These species are particularly dangerous for rabbits. E. perforans is known to be responsible for intestinal coccidiosis, characterized by seizures, paralysis, and the subsequent death of the animal, while E. stiedae has been linked to hepatic coccidiosis which, in severe cases, damages the liver, and bile ducts, resulting in death [in death ,12.Eimeria combined was found to be 74.72%; however, some variation has been recorded in previous studies. Ilić et al. [Eimeria extensity of 50.65%, while Elshahawy and Elgoniemy [et al. [E. stiedae infection (3.34%). Similarly, Abdel-Baki and Al-Quraishy [Eimeria in a Saudi Arabian study, and Nosal et al. [The extensity of infection for all ć et al.  reportedlgoniemy  reported [et al.  reportedQuraishy  reportedl et al.  noted vaE. perforans and E. coecicola between male and female rabbits. These findings confirm those of Pakandl et al. [et al. [A significant difference was found in the infection intensity of l et al.  and Pape [et al. , who alsEimeria among sucking rabbits younger than 19 days. Coccidiosis typically affects younger rabbits aged 5-6 weeks, immediately after weaning, when the young rabbits possess low resistance to infection. The weaning phase is hence a critical period and may lead to significant losses. In addition, the strength of infection intensifies mainly during the perinatal period and before weaning, which is associated with a considerable decrease in immunity. Older rabbits are typically carriers of coccidians [et al. [The age of the rabbit also appears to have a significant influence on the extensity of infection in this study. The greatest extensity was found in rabbits under 6 months of age, and only occasional infection was observed among those aged <3 weeks. Pakandl and Hlásková  reportedccidians ,21-25. S [et al.  reportedEimeria infection, particularly E. magna, E. media, E. stiedae, and E. irresidua. Significantly greater extensity of infection was observed among rabbits kept in groups than those kept individually. In addition, the rabbits kept in group’s also demonstrated greater mean intensity of infection by E. magna, as well as by Eimeria in general. Similarly, Okumu et al. [et al. [Eimeria protozoans due to their short developmental cycle. Sadzikowski et al. [The system of management also has a significant influence on the extensity of u et al.  also rep [et al.  noted thi et al.  reportedE. magna and all Eimeria combined than those aged 6-12 months. This is probably due to the fact that different species of rabbit coccidia parasitize different sections of the intestine, and hence the immune response to infection may differ between them [E. perforans, E. media, and E. irresidua induce changes in the duodenum and jejunum, E. magna and E. intestinalis in the iliac gut, and E. flavescens in the cecum and colon. In rabbits, OPG values below 2000 oocysts per gram of feces are considered safe [E. intestinalis, E. flavescens, and E. stiedae as the most pathogenic species, E. magna, E. irresidua, and E. piriformis as pathogenic and E. perforans, E. coecicola, and E. media as the least pathogenic.Rabbits with age below 6 months demonstrated significantly higher mean intensity of infection by een them . E. perfred safe . Varga [red safe  listed EEimeria is resistant to changes in environmental conditions and disinfectants, which almost makes it impossible to completely eliminate them; therefore, cages and water and feed containers should also be regularly cleaned and disinfected, and the feces of rabbits should be regularly checked for the presence of parasites.On small-scale farms, coccidiosis can be controlled by the systematic replacement of litter, keeping cages dry, avoiding excessive density of rabbits, using age-rearing systems, as well as by maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity in the cages, and isolating sick individuals. However, Eimeria protozoa are a common occurrence on small-scale rabbit farms. As the coccidiosis treatment does not always give good results, prevention is very important in the fight against this disease. It is necessary to develop a new preventive paradigm that pays special attention to the factors that promote the spread and development of infection in this type of farm. For example, it would be recommended to use large, dry, and bright rooms with access to the sun, as these are conducive to preventing the occurrence of coccidia.Our findings indicate that BP designed the concept of research, performed the parasitological analysis, drafted the manuscript, analyzed, and interpreted data. AT designed the concept of research, drafted the manuscript, and revised the manuscript. RP designed the concept of research, performed the statistical analysis of all data. EJ designed the concept of research and coordinated the collection of the samples. PS, BS, and PSa collected the samples and data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Veterinary World remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.


COI) sequences was developed for identification of five members of the Barbirostris Complex which occur in Thailand: Anopheles barbirostris s.s., An. dissidens, An. saeungae, An. wejchoochotei and An. barbirostris species A3. Anopheles campestris was not included in the assay due to the lack of unequivocal sequences. Allele-specific primers were designed for specific nucleotide segments of COI sequences of each species. Mismatch method and addition of long GC tail were applied for some primers. The assay provided products of 706 bp for An. barbirostris s.s., 238 bp for An. dissidens, 611 bp for An. saeungae, 502 bp for An. wejchoochotei and 365 bp for An. barbirostris A3. The assay was tested using 111 wild-caught female mosquitoes from Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia (Sulawesi) and Thailand. The results of the multiplex PCR were in complete agreement with COI sequencing; however, one of three specimens from Bhutan and all 11 specimens from Indonesia were not amplifiable by the assay due to their distinct COI sequences. This, together with the distinct rDNA sequences of these specimens, suggests the presence of at least two additional new species in the Barbirostris Complex.A multiplex-PCR assay based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp, a member of the Myzorhynchus Series of the subgenus Anopheles Meigen, was formally described in 1884 from a single female collected in eastern Java, Indonesia .Anopheles campestris, first described from specimens collected in Rantau Panjang, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia . The species . An. barCOI sequences is a reliable assay for identification of five of the six species of the Barbirostris Complex, i.e., An. barbirostris s.s., An. dissidens, An. saeungae, An. wejchoochotei and An. barbirostris species A3. In places like Thailand where An. campestris may be rare or absent, our multiplex-PCR assay is unlikely to be compromised. Further, as the two putative new species in Bhutan and Sulawesi based on distinct COI sequences were not amplified by our allele-specific primers, their presence would not compromise the validity of the test for identification of the five species for which it is designed. When applying the test to specimens from a new location, it would be advisable to do some initial DNA sequencing to make sure that only these five species are present. In some countries where the five species do not occur, modifications of the assay should be performed to detect those species that are present. However, it is understood that unrecognised species may not produce a PCR product in electrophoresis; hence, further collections, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses are required in these cases.The multiplex PCR based on


Agrilus mali Matsumura, and the poplar pest A. fleischeri Obenberger are studied and analyzed. Based on the examination of museum collections and literature sources, the diagnostic characters to distinguish both species from their congeners are discussed, the comprehensive databases of records of the exact collecting sites are compiled, and detailed maps of their ranges are generated. Occurrence of A. mali in Japan is not confirmed. Outbreak sites of A. mali in Xinjiang most likely represent the newly forming invasion areas; their proximity to the wild apple stands in the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan is a direct threat to Kazakhstan and adjacent countries. Sites damaged by A. fleischeri in Liaoning are situated within its native range; the outbreaks were likely triggered by the switch from indigenous to introduced poplars. The results of the study will facilitate the correct identification and monitoring of the pests in case of their findings in new areas.Knowledge of the diagnostic features and native ranges of invasive pests is vital for their correct identification and monitoring. In this regard, the diagnostic characters and geographical ranges of two potentially invasive Asian buprestid species: the quarantine apple tree pest, Agrilus mali Matsumura, and the poplar pest A. fleischeri Obenberger. Based on the examination of museum collections and literature sources, we compiled comprehensive databases of records of the exact collecting sites for both species and generated detailed maps of their ranges. There are 51 documented localities for A. mali in the Russian Far East and East Siberia, Mongolia, China, and the Korean peninsula, and there are 53 documented localities for A. fleischeri in the Far East and Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and Japan. No evidence of the presence of A. mali in Japan was found. Outbreak sites of A. mali in Xinjiang in the 2000s most likely represent the newly forming invasion areas; their proximity to the wild apple stands in the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan is a direct threat to Kazakhstan and adjacent countries. Sites damaged by A. fleischeri in Liaoning are situated within its native range; the outbreaks were likely triggered by the switch from indigenous to introduced poplars. This situation is similar to the early stages of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) invasion.Our goal is to analyze the known geographical ranges and diagnostic features of two potentially invasive Asian buprestid species: the quarantine apple tree pest,  Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888, into North America [Agrilus Curtis, 1825 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae) [Agrilus anxius Gory, 1841, is a quarantine pest included on the A1 quarantine list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization  [Agrilus, two Asian species with high outbreak and range expansion potential also attract particular attention: the quarantine pest of apple and some other fruit trees, an apple buprestid Agrilus mali Matsumura, 1924, and the poplar pest A. fleischeri Obenberger, 1925 [Agrilus mali is on the quarantine lists of the Russian Federation, Eurasian Economic Union [Agrilus fleischeri is on the A2 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests [Knowledge of the native range of invasive pests is vital for their monitoring, understanding their biology, modeling potential invasive distribution, and searching for natural enemies for biological control programs ,2,3. Fol America ,5,6 and  America ,8,9, therilinae) , which p France) . Among rer, 1925 ,13,14. Aic Union , and EPPic Union . Agrilusne pests .Agrilus mali was originally described as a destructive pest of cultivated apple trees in Korea [A. mali was introduced in the Ili River valley  from Shandong via apple seedlings and later caused extensive tree mortality in the wild apple  Roem.) forests in the Tien Shan Mountains [Malus sieversii is a wild apple tree species native to Central Asia and distributed in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Northwestern China. It is regarded as a key ancestor of the domestic apple tree [A. mali has killed millions of wild apple trees and infested more than 80% of the total area of wild apple forests in the Ili valley [A. mali in Japan [in Korea , and thein Korea , with biountains ,20,21,22ple tree ,13,22. Sin Japan ,13,23,24Agrilus fleischeri is also native to Asia but its known range is much more extensive than that of A. mali and includes West Siberia and East Kazakhstan [A. fleischeri is frequently cited as a subspecies of the well-known European poplar pest A. ater  [A. fleischeri caused severe damage in poplar tree plantations, especially the nonindigenous cultivar P. nigra var. italica in the Liaoning province of China [zakhstan ,25. In Rs, 1767) . Recentlof China .A. mali and A. fleischeri can be regarded as potential invaders posing a real threat to native and cultivated woody host plants not only within but also outside their native ranges. To develop preventive measures against their further distribution, to model possible mechanisms of invasion, and to identify effective measures of control, including biological control agents, it is necessary first to study the native ranges of potential invaders. The knowledge of diagnostic features is also crucial for the timely identification of the potential invaders.Thus, Agrilus species, we compiled databases comprising 51 localities of A. mali and 53 localities of A. fleischeri in East Eurasia, totaling 104 documented localities . Additional information on the documented localities of A. mali and A. fleischeri was compiled from the personal communications of collection curators [The sources of information were mainly the specimens deposited in the collections of the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences  and the National Museum  , from the Russian Far East, China, and Japan , and we also consulted with Japanese buprestid expert Tahakaru Hattori [To confirm or exclude the presence of ications ,13,23,24 Hattori .Terminology used in the morphological descriptions follows that reported in ,45.jenissejensis Obenberger, 1924.Synonym: Sinuatiagrilus Alexeev, 1998; sinuatus species-group Jendek, Grebennikov, 2011.Taxonomic position: subgenus Diagnosis. Body A: lengthA. mali to distinguish it from other members of subgenus Sinuatiagrilus (sinuatus species-group) are the presence of three pairs of tomentose spots on elytra and an aedeagus structure. Additionally, it differs from A. sinuatus (Olivier) . Compared with A. sachalinensis Obenberger, it differs based on its smaller size and the presence of white tomentose spots on elytra. Compared with A. zhelochovtsevi Alexeev, it differs based on the presence of tomentose spots on elytra and an absolutely different aedeagus structure.Comparison. The most important diagnostic characteristics of Olivier) F–J, whicA. zhelochovtsevi is a synonym of A. sinuatus sachalinensis. However, in our opinion, supported by comparison of male genital structures and external morphological characteristics, A. zhelochovtsevi, A. sinuatus, and A. sachalinensis belong to three different species, and subgenus Sinuatiagrilus needs a taxonomic revision.Note. According to Jendek ,46, A. zMalus spp.; M. domestica Borkh., M. pumila Mill., Pyrus sp. (Rosaceae) [Malus spectabilis (Aiton) Borkh., M. prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh., M. asiatica var. rinki (Koidz.) H. Ohle, M. baccata (L.) Borkh, Sorbus sp., Prunus sp. (cherry), Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae), Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. (Rubiaceae) [Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem.  [Juglans and Salix are erroneous [Emmenopterys require verification. Data for Sorbus can refer to A. mendax Mannerheim, 1837.Host plants: osaceae) ; Malus sbiaceae) ; Malus sduction) ,13,49. Rrroneous ; referenGeneral distribution. Russia , Mongolia, China , North Korea, and South Korea .A. mali is widely distributed throughout continental East Asia, from the Russian Far East  and the Korean Peninsula  on the east to East Siberia , which is the northern part of the range; Central Mongolia  and Gansu Province of China on the west, and Sichuan province on the south. However, there are no documented localities or records from Japan. We could not find the exact localities of A. mali within some administrative units of Russia (Khabarovskii Krai) and China  although A. mali was reported from these territories [Documented distribution. As can be seen from the map compiled from 51 documented localities and records from literature sources ; Table 1ritories ,46.kochi Théry, 1942; fleischeri kurosawai Obenberger, 1940; fleischeri nipponicola Kurosawa, 1963; tscherepanovi Stepanov, 1954.Synonyms: Uragrilus Semenov, 1935; spinipennis species-group Jendek and Grebennikov, 2011.Taxonomic position: subgenus Diagnosis. Body A: lengthA. fleischeri is very similar to European poplar pest A. ater  , blackish coloration with white tomentose spots, presence of pygidial process, male genital structures, and some other characteristics [Comparison. In habitus, s, 1767) F–J. It w species ,46. Agrieristics ,24.Populus laurifolia Ledeb., P. sieboldii Miq., Salix schwerinii E.L. Wolf  (synopsis) [Populus davidiana Dode, P. nigra var. italica Munchh. (introduced) [Host plants: ynopsis) ; Populusroduced) .General distribution ; Table 2A. fleischeri is much more extensive than that of A. mali (A. fleischeri within Amurskaya Oblast and Buryatia Republic (Russia), North Korea, and South Korea although it was reported in these territories [Documented distribution. The range of  A. mali . It exteritories ,46.A. fleischeri comes close but does not overlap with the range of European A. ater. The latter is distributed throughout almost all of Europe but its eastern limits are still poorly known. According to the materials in ZIN, the easternmost locations of this species are situated in Northwest Kazakhstan , Orenburgskaya Oblast, and near Irgizla in Bashkortostan, Russia. It can be assumed that the eastern boundaries of the A. ater range are the Ural Range and the Ural River. The identification of the specimen from North Kazakhstan [A. fleischeri than A. ater based on the findings of the first in closely situated Tyumenskaya Oblast of Russia [Note. In the westernmost part, the range of zakhstan  needs vef Russia .A. mali in the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region of China, in which massive outbreaks in the wild apple, Malus sieversii, were observed [A. mali in the Korean Peninsula fit its native range well, which contradicts the hypothesis that it was introduced there together with the apple seedlings from Liaoning province of China [The numerous documented localities of observed ,13,20,22of China .A. mali in Japan as some sources report [We failed to find any evidence confirming the occurrence of s report ,13,23,24A. mali in the Ili River valley in the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region of China to the indigenous stands of M. sieversii in the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan means a direct threat to the forest resources of the adjacent Kazakhstan and the other countries of Central Asia.The proximity of the invasion hotspot of A. fleischeri in the Liaoning province of China [Populus davidiana) to introduced  poplars with a subsequent outbreak is more likely than invasion or range expansion. The current situation with A. fleischeri is rather similar to the early stages of the invasion of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. First, it switched from the indigenous host on the cultivated nonresistant American ashes in Eastern China and the Russian Far East [Outbreak sites of of China  are situFar East ,51, servFar East  and the Far East ,54.Agrilus mali and A. fleischeri, are compiled based on the documented records for 51 and 53 localities, correspondingly.Distributional maps for two potentially invasive buprestid species, A. mali, is distributed over the continental East Asia from the Russian Far East, Northeast China, and the Korean Peninsula to Mongolia and Eastern Siberia; however, its occurrence in Japan is not confirmed.A dangerous quarantine pest of wild and cultivated apple trees, A. mali on Malus sieversii in Xinjiang likely represent a newly forming invasion area, which indicates the expansion of its range; their proximity to the wild apple stands in the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan is a direct threat to Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries.Massive outbreak sites of Agrilus fleischeri is more widely distributed in the Russian Far East and Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and Japan than was assumed earlier; its westernmost limits come close but do not overlap with the range of the closely related European poplar pest A. ater.A. fleischeri in Liaoning (China) are situated within its range; the local switch from indigenous to introduced poplars is the most likely reason for the outbreak. Thus, there is no reason to claim an expansion of its native range. The situation is similar to the early stages of emerald ash borer invasion and A. fleischeri should be monitored as a potential invasion threat.Outbreak sites of


Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-019-13300-4, published online 21 November 2019.Correction to: The original version of this Article omitted from the author list the 4th and 5th authors, Grant Cox and Ross Mitchell, who were both at Curtin University. Consequently, the corrected version of the Acknowledgements removes the following from the original version: ‘and Ross Mitchell’. In addition, the following was added to the Author Contributions: ‘G.M.C. and R.M. were involved in an early attempt of this study.’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Evaniidae from India have not been studied in depth and hosts of many species are unknown. Out of 31 world genera, only five genera  are reported from India. Based on the collection deposited in the Hymenoptera section of Zoological Survey of India , here we are describing a new species of the genus Zeuxevania.Taxonomy and diversity of Zeuxevaniahubenisp. nov. is described, based on a female specimen collected from Kadaludi Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, India. The new species is compared with Z.curvicarinata (Cameron), as well as Z.kasauliensis (Muzaffer) and a key to Indian species, based on females, is provided. The type specimen is deposited in the National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.A new evaniid species  Zeuxevania was erected by Evaniadinarica Schletterer, 1886 as its type species. Two genera, Parevania and Papatuka were recently treated as junior synonyms of Zeuxevania  evenly distributed; nucha not elevated.Legs  . In comparison with Z.kasauliensis .Cameron) , but difuliensis , it diff


Ma HY and Jia J performed the experiments. Ma HY and Jia J analyzed the data. Wang C, Zhao LL, Sun Y and Li WH contributed analysis tools. Guo HQ and Zhao H provided critical inputs on design, analysis, and interpretation of the study. All the authors had access to the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.


Euphoniaaffinis at the genetic, morphological, and ecological levels. Three subspecies have been described: E.affinisgodmani, distributed in the Pacific slope from southern Sonora to Guerrero; E.affinisaffinis, from Oaxaca, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula to Costa Rica; and E.affinisolmecorum from Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi east to northern Chiapas (not recognized by some authors). A multilocus analysis was performed using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. These analyses suggest two genetic lineages: E.godmani and E.affinis, which diverged between 1.34 and 4.3 My, a period in which the ice ages and global cooling fragmented the tropical forests throughout the Neotropics. To analyze morphometric variations, six morphometric measurements were taken, and the Wilcoxon Test was applied to look for sexual dimorphism and differences between the lineages. Behavioral information was included, by performing vocalization analysis which showed significant differences in the temporal characteristics of calls. Finally, Ecological Niche Models were estimated with MaxEnt, and then compared using the method of Broennimann. These analyses showed that the lineage distributed in western Mexico (E.godmani) has a more restricted niche than the eastern lineage (E.affinis) and thus we rejected the hypotheses of niche equivalence and similarity. Based on the combined evidence from genetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data, it is concluded that E.affinis (with E.olmecorum as its synonym) and E.godmani represent two independent evolutionary lineages.The integration of genetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological information in the analysis of species boundaries has increased, allowing integrative systematics that better reflect the evolutionary history of biological groups. In this context, the goal of this study was to recognize independent evolutionary lineages within  The integration of genetic, morphological, ecological, and behavioral data in systematic studies provides information on the evolutionary history of species and their populations, allowing a better assessment of species limits , as wellAOU (American Ornithology Union) and the IOC World Bird List .Species limits on birds have been studied using different approaches, including the use of morphological characters , coloratDNA sequences have been useful to complement morphological and geographical information. Phylogenetics, molecular clocks, diversification rates, genetic populations and coalescence analyses have documented that geological complexity, heterogeneity of the environment, and climatic oscillations may have influenced patterns of genetic diversity, demography and divergence within species . On the Euphoniaaffinis is a member of the family Fringillidae, subfamily Euphoniinae . In Mexico, the species is distributed along both slopes, from Sonora in the west and San Luis Potosi in the east, south to Central America (AOU 1998). Euphoniaaffinisgodmani Brewster, 1889 is endemic to western Mexico and is distributed from Sonora to central Guerrero. Euphoniaaffinisaffinis Lesson, 1842 is distributed from eastern San Luis Potosi, southeastern Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Puebla and north-southwestern Oaxaca and the Yucatan Peninsula to Honduras, and on the Pacific Coast of Central America from Nicaragua to northwestern Costa Rica. The morphological characteristics that distinguish both subspecies are the subcaudal covert feathers, which are white in E.affinisgodmani and yellow in E.affinisaffinis in both males and females . Currently, there are no studies of intraspecific limits for the species described in Euphoniinae. However, there is morphological and biogeographic evidence that the number of species is underestimated, with several species having wide ranges of distribution and more than one morphotype. Also, E.xanthogaster of similar magnitude to that between recognized species. Taken together, these observations indicate that species limits studies in Euphoniinae are needed.honiinae . Euphonirinitiis . Like al America : fig. 1. Chiapas ; howeverEuphoniaaffinis using four types of characters, multilocus genetic data, morphometric data, behavioral, and environmental niches. Based on the allopatric distribution of subspecies E.a.affinis  and E.a.godmani (West of Mexico), as well as in the distinctive character of subcaudal feathers, we expect to recognize at least two independent evolutionary lineages that can be proposed to elevate at the species level.In the present work, we applied integrative taxonomy to identify the independent evolutionary lineages within Euphoniaaffinis subspecies using multilocus genetic data. 2) Associate the genetic variation and divergence times with historical geographic processes and barriers. 3) Describe the pattern of morphometric, behavioral, and environmental variation in Euphoniaaffinis, and associate it with genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships. Hence, our hypothesis is that multiple independent evolutionary lineages exist within the Euphoniaaffinis complex, and our objective is to define them with the integration of multilocus genetic data, morphometric, behavioral, and environmental data. Furthermore, we discuss a potential promotion of those lineages to species status.Our goals were to: 1) obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis for Euphoniaaffinisaffinis and four from E.affinisgodmani; for the outgroup we obtained one tissue sample from Chlorophoniaoccipitalis, two from Euphoniachlorotica, one from E.luteicapilla and one from Haemorhousmexicanus  following the manufacturer’s protocol. We amplified five molecular markers: one mitochondrial ND2  and four nuclear genes ODC .Genomic DNA was isolated using the Qiagen DNeasyBI), using a partitioned dataset including the four nucleotide genes ODC, MUSK, GAPDH, and BRM; ND2 was partitioned by codon position  nucleotide diversities (π), and Fst. Genetic distances were obtained with MEGA 5  with TRACER v1.6  using Beast v1.8 . As poinCER v1.6 . FinallyCER v1.6 , we did CER v1.6 .https://github.com/almamelisa/Euphonia-affinis-complex): Museo de Zoología Alfonso L. Herrera (UNAM), Colección Nacional de Aves-Instituto de Biología (UNAM), Moore Laboratory of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Louisiana Museum of Natural History, Academy of Natural Sciences, Museum of Comparative Zoology, and Delaware Museum of Natural History. The morphometric measurements , bill width (BW), bill depth , wing chord , tarsus length (TL), and tail length . All measurements were taken only by the first author to avoid bias in the process using a dial caliper with a precision of 0.1 mm, except for tail length, which was taken with a millimeter ruler and in three independent events. To obtain our final data set we averaged the three independent events for every measure. Since both our molecular phylogenetic results and our analysis of the previously proposed plumage color differences do not provide evidence of E.affinisolmecorum as an independent evolutionary lineage, we decided to analyze morphometric variation, vocalization, and ecological niche only between E.affinisaffinis and E.affinisgodmani.Six morphometric measurements of 355 specimens  were taken from the following collections , so we evaluated these variables differences between the lineages in a separated way for males and females with the Unpaired Two-Samples Wilcoxon Test. The rest of the variables were evaluated jointly for both sexes and also with the Wilcoxon test. With the previous arrangement, we also did a Principal Component Analysis based on the correlation matrix with the R package Factominer (Lê and Husson 2008). Graphs were generated in R package Factorextra (Kassambara and Mundt 2016). All the scripts and input data are in https://github.com/almamelisa/Euphonia-affinis-complex.The normality was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality in R . Since, Euphoniaaffinis calls from the Xeno-Canto  open access database. We used only call recordings in which the subspecies was identified and in which Euphonia was identified as the foreground species. We visualized and measured spectrograms of these recordings using the Raven Pro 1.6 software . We visually inspected the spectrograms, and from each recording we selected one call section that did not overlap with any background vocalizations or other sounds. In recordings where more than one call variant occurred , we selected one of the most frequent type. The most common call type for this species consists of a short series (2 to 4 notes) of whistled notes with decreasing pitch. Since recording conditions were not standardized, we only took frequency and duration measurements, which are not heavily affected by distance. We measured low and high frequencies (LowFreq and HiFreq), change in frequency (DeltaF), duration of call (DeltaT), number of notes (Notes) and emission rate . All measured variables were rescaled by log transforming them.We obtained 19 recordings of PCA) to explore the relation between the two groups in multivariate space. All the scripts and input data are in https://github.com/almamelisa/Euphonia-affinis-complex.Unpaired Two-Samples Wilcoxon Test were carried out on individual variables to test for differences between the two groups. We also performed a principal component analysis  for each evolutionary lineage herein identified, we plotted the record points onto the biogeographic provinces of the Neotropical region , the parameters were 0.05 proportions of omission, 50 random points percentage and 500 iterations. Also, in MaxEnt, we made four models projections one in the M area of each lineage and the remaining three were made to obtain the paleodistribution; we projected the ENM in the last maximum glacial period  considering two general circular models: MIROC-ESM (Hasumim and Emori 2004) and CCSM  in the web tool Niche Tool Box  and the other comprised samples from eastern Mexico and Central America (E.affinisaffinis and E.affinisolmecorum)  Fig. . The sisE.affinisgodmani and 10 that included samples of E.affinisaffinis and E.affinisolmecorum separated by 77 permutations. ND2 had the highest total haplotypic diversity , during the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene , the split between Carduelinae and Euphoniinae was 12.9 Mya , the Euphoniinae origen was 8.5 Mya , and Carduelinae diverged 8.1 Mya  while our point of calibration was 17.1104 Mya with a 95% HPD , WC (Wing Chord), and BD (Bill Depth) , BL (Bill Length), and BW (Bill width) we found significant differences between both groups . On the other hand, we found that the emission rate of E.a.affinis is much lower than that of E.a.godmani, on average 2.9 notes/s versus 5.09 notes/s. These differences are statistically significant . The first two Principal Components together explain 78.75% of variance. The first PC separates both groups unambiguously , this indicates a good fit of ENM’s. According to the Jackknife test and contribution variables obtained by MaxEnt, the most important variable for E.affinisaffinis model was BIO 15 , and the variable BIO8 (mean temperature of wettest quarter) for E.affinisgodmani. We present the ENM predictions in four levels in Fig. E.affinisgodmani has a limited ability to predict its ecological niche in the geographic areas where E.affinisaffinis is distributed, while E.affinisaffinis projected its ecological niche on a large geographic area of distribution for E.affinisgodmani.Our models obtained a high mean value for AUC (Area Under the Curve) ratio values and statistically significant, 1.68 for E.affinisaffinis showing a reduction in their environmental suitability along the present distribution, with predictions in areas like the Yucatan Peninsula and the western coast of Mexico with a gap at the western coast of the Tehuantepec Isthmus, unlike Present predictions where Central America has only small patches with predictions for E.affinisaffinis , for both lineages, the areas with high environmental suitability increased with respect to LGM, for E.affinisaffinis it including the western Yucatan Peninsula, the Central western Mexican coast, and the Tehuantepec Isthmus to the western coast of Central America. For E.affinisgodmani, the prediction areas are the West Mexican coast and the western Yucatan Peninsula.The third part is the projection of the models in Last Glacial Maximum conditions , for nis Fig. . For E.PCA exhibit a large niche of E.a.affinis, while E.a.godmani exhibits an ecological niche compaction. A total variance of 83.67% is explained for the three principal components, with 41.04% for PC1, 29.886% for PC2 and 12.733% for PC3 . In contrast, the niche similarity test between E.affinisaffinis and E.affinisgodmani shows that they are less similar than expected by chance stat. nov.F037708E-FA1B-51D7-A987-9399E74EE2D5TanagraaffinisRev. Zool. 5: 175. Lesson 1842, TanagraaffinisaffinisCooper Ornithol. Soc. Pac. Coast Avifauna 33: 298. ; Miller et al. 1957, EuphoniaaffinisaffinisOcc. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State. Univ. 59: 3. ; Dickerman, 1981, EuphoniaaffinisolmecorumOcc. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State. Univ. 59: 4, syn. nov. Dickerman, 1981, Males. Yellow forehead, back black with bluish to violet glow, black throat, yellow from chest to belly, yellow subcaudal coverts feathers . MorphomFemales. Forehead olive-yellow and gray, olive-green back. The throat is olive-yellow, with a yellow belly, subcaudal coverts feathers also in yellow . MorphomThrough Gulf slope of Mexico from Nuevo Leon, S Tamaulipas and E San Luis Potosí to N Chiapas, Yucatan Peninsula, E of Guatemala, Belize to N Honduras; in the Pacific slope from W Oaxaca, Mexico to NW Costa Rica .Taxon classificationAnimaliaPasseriformesFringillidaeBrewster 1889stat. nov.574F8B5D-3A64-5496-B4C2-24678FB5532DEuphoniagodmaniAuk 6: 90. Brewster, 1889, TanagraaffinisgodmaniCooper Ornithol. Soc. Pac. Coast Avifauna 33: 298. ; Miller et al. 1957, EuphoniaaffinisgodmaniOcc. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State. Univ. 59: 1. ; Dickerman, 1981, E.affinis with white undertail coverts feathers . E.godmani, and yellow undertail coverts in E.affinis, E.affinisolmecorum proposed by E.affinis.We provide molecular, morphological, behavioral, and environmental niche evidence supporting the existence of two evolutionary lineages within the E.affinis complex at species level. The first is the reciprocal monophyly between E.affinis and E.godmani found in the multilocus analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear genes, where the samples of E.affinisolmecorum are included into E.affinis. These results agree with the proposals by Ridgway and Friedman (1901) and the taxonomic proposal of Euphonia species close to the E.affinis complex .Our analysis revealed significant differences between E.godmani and E.affinis while we found that there is little divergence in spectral structure or frequency measurements. E.godmani emits call notes at a significantly faster rate than E.affinis. Many bird species are highly sensitive to temporal cues in recognizing conspecific vocalizations , which suggests that while call structure and frequency in this complex has been conserved, variation in tempo could be an important cue in conspecific recognition.Our results show that there are significant differences in the temporal characteristics of calls between Euphoniaaffinis and E.godmani represent two different lineages with no significant conservatism in their ecological niches (west vs. east). The env-PCA, also, showed a larger ENM for affinisE , respect to E.godmani, also the western lineage has a limited ability to predict its ENM in the geographic area of E.affinis. The western coast of Mexico is characterized by a highly contrasting dry season vs. a wet season over the year, this characteristic is unique with respect to the eastern tropical area, so E.godmani has become restricted to these conditions. These results are similar to other taxa with sister lineages distributed along the Pacific and Atlantic slopes in Mesoamerican . It is interesting that E.godmani shows a reduction in ecological niche, while E.affinis presents a broader ecological niche. That may suggest a scenario where E.godmani was able to invade the western area of Mexico, and, in the absence of ecological competition from other Euphonias, it adapted and specialized to the floristic resources, as well as to the temperature and precipitation conditions of the area. While E.affinis conserved a broader ecological niche, as reflected in its geographical distribution, allowed it to explore more regions and resources, even in the presence of different species of Euphoniinae.E.godmani (western Mexico) and E.affinis  occurred ~ 2.6 Mya (1.5–4.0 Mya HPD 95%), a range between the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. During the Pliocene, the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt finished emerging, which made the Pacific Slope drier than the Atlantic slope, due to the hillside effect . Additionally, the drier conditions were favored by meteorological phenomena that made the Pacific coast warmer than the Atlantic coast in the northern hemisphere (Becerra 2005E.affinis and the origin of dry forests. The first evidence is the age of 2.6 Mya when the West and East lineages diverged during the late Pliocene, which coincides with the establishment of dry forests in Western Mexico. The other evidence is the adaptation and restriction of the environmental niche of E.a.godmani to the environmental conditions of Western Mexico. Other biogeographic events of Mesoamerica that shaped the biota were the closure of the Isthmus of Panama during the late Pliocene and the orographic changes in the Atlantic slope by the last raise of Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre Oriental. However, the Atlantic Slope shows a wide mosaic of environments and ecosystems (E.a.affinis.Lineage divergence between misphere . These eosystems , in contE.affinis, probably due to isolation events and environmental adaptations, which in turn could accentuate the present differences in morphological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological characteristics previously described.In addition to the consequences of the orographic changes of the Pliocene, during the Late Pliocene, global and continuous cooling periods were frequent, and during the Pleistocene the climatic oscillations were defined by glacial and interglacial periods . During Euphoniaaffinis species complex and understand the speciation process (E.a.affinis and E.a.godmani and we found a similar pattern in morphometrics, vocalizations, as well as in ecological niche data. So, we can conclude that our data support the consideration of E.affinis and E.godmani as two species.We incorporated different kinds of information to help us identify lineages within the  process . We have


Anita Saxena was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author contributions statement appears below.The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.ST, AG, NP, and AS research idea and study design. MK and AM data acquisition. ST, MK, AG, and NP data analysis/interpretation. ST, CE, and MK important intellectual content during manuscript drafting. Each author have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, accepted personal accountability for the author's own contributions, and agrees to ensure that questions pertaining to the accuracy or integrity of any portion of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.


Betulatatewakiana, a dwarf birch distributed in Hokkaido of northern Japan, is an endemic species or a synonym of B.ovalifolia broadly distributed in northeast Asia. The endemic hypothesis is based on the idea that B.tatewakiana is diploid while B.ovalifolia is tetraploid and that they are separated based on the ploidy level; however, no chromosome data have actually been published before. Resolving the taxonomic problem is crucial also in judging the conservation priority of B.tatewakiana in a global perspective. Our chromosome observation revealed that B.tatewakiana is tetraploid as well as B.ovalifolia. We also conducted morphological observations and clarified that B.tatewakiana is morphologically identical to B.ovalifolia in white hairs and dense resinous glands respectively on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, in which they differ from closely related species in the same section Fruticosae. We conclude that the hypothesis that B.tatewakiana is a Hokkaido endemic based on the ploidy level is not supported and that B.tatewakiana should be merged with B.ovalifolia.It has been controversial whether  Betulaovalifolia Rupr. is a dwarf birch found in wetlands , the chromosome observations were made with plants grown from seeds collected in Sarabetsu mire and Olga in Russian Far East. However, the materials were not mentioned in B.tatewakiana and B.ovalifolia. Thus, no published information exists about the ploidy level of B.tatewakiana and B.ovalifolia based on chromosome observations.The taxonomic problem of omosomes  and has omosomes . On the traploid . AshburnB.tatewakiana, we focused on the confusion about the ploidy level, because this is the cause of the taxonomic controversy. We conducted chromosome observation and determined the ploidy level. We also conducted morphological observations of B.tatewakiana. Regarding B.ovalifolia, there are two closely related species in the same section Fruticosae, i.e., B.humilis Schrank and B.fruticosa Pall. Betulaovalifolia is distinguished from the two species by white hairs on the adaxial leaf surface (vs. glabrous in B.humilis and B.fruticosa) and by densely resinous glands on the abaxial leaf surface (vs. lack of glands in B.humilis)  . In prevido Fig. . As a reido Fig. . Open dil levels . WhetherB.tatewakiana from six and five individuals from Sarabetsu and Nishibetsu mires in Hokkaido, Japan; seeds of B.ovalifolia were collected from one individual in Sikhote–Alin Nature Reserve in Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East  in the herbarium of Hokkaido University Museum (SAPS) and our collections of 51 and 45 plants from Sarabetsu and Nishibetsu mires, that were deposited in the herbarium of Hokkaido University Botanic Garden (SAPT)  and 3 individuals had ca. 56 chromosomes . In B.tatewakiana from Nishibetsu mire, 4 individuals had 56 chromosomes  and 1 individual had ca. 56 chromosomes (Yuki Shiotani 27). In B.ovalifolia from Primorsky Krai, 1 individual had 56 chromosomes (Koh Nakamura 14198).Somatic chromosomes at metaphase were approximately 1.0 µm long in both ana Fig.  and B.olia Fig. . The cenB.tatewakiana has white hairs and dense resinous glands respectively on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface  and ca. 56 (four samples) chromosomes . For this reason, B.tatewakiana is highly likely to be tetraploid. Our chromosome count of B.ovalifolia was 2n = 56. This is consistent with the flow cytometric study that suggested that B.ovalifolia from the Asian continent is tetraploid B.tatewakiana M.Ohki & S.Watan., J. Jap. Bot. 34: 329 (1959). Type: Japan, Hokkaido, Sarabetsu village: 18 August 1958, H. Suzuki and M. Ohki, s.n. ≡ Type. Russia. Khabarovsk region: Mandshuria, 25 July 1855, R. Maack, s.n. Betulatatewakiana is recognized as a synonym of B.ovalifolia as discussed above, and thereby it is not a Japanese endemic species. Hereafter, the Hokkaido populations are called B.ovalifolia. Because B.ovalifolia is broadly distributed in northeast Asia, i.e., Russian Far East, northeast China, North Korea, and northern Japan, the conservation priority of the species may not be high in a global perspective. On the other hand, the Hokkaido populations represent the only island populations disjunct from continental populations. The species had likely moved southward during glacial periods and retreated northward in warmer periods, and the Hokkaido populations are considered to be relict populations (B.ovalifolia is distributed only in Sarabetsu and Nishibetsu mires and deserves conservation as national resource. On the other hand, if there exists gene flow among Hokkaido and continental populations, effective conservation should be planned considering genetic connectivity with populations abroad. Population genetics of B.ovalifolia in northeast Asia for conservation is the topic of our future investigation.ulations . The Hok


GYG1) cause an adult‐onset polyglucosan body myopathy. We report here a patient presenting with late‐onset distal myopathy. We wish to highlight this rare clinical phenotype of GYG1‐related myopathy and the histological clues leading to its diagnosis.Mutations in glycogenin‐1 ( PGBM can stem from mutations in GYG1 is also expressed in cardiac muscle, and cardiomyopathy has occasionally been reported in GSD XV, with or without skeletal muscle involvement.Age of onset of GSD XV varies widely, ranging from childhood to the 70s.2S. N., J. T., D. P., and K. T. declare that they have no conflict of interest. M. M. receives compensation as associate editor of Neurology Genetics.Stefan Nicolau: Data collection and writing of the first draft of the manuscript. Jennifer A. Tracy, David J. Pisapia, Kurenai Tanji: Biopsy interpretation and critical review of the manuscript. Margherita Milone: Data collection, supervision and critical review of the manuscript; serves as guarantor for this article, accepts full responsibility for the work and the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.


In this paper, we study a novel deterministic and stochastic SIR epidemic model with vertical transmission and media coverage. For the deterministic model, we give the basic reproduction number  To the best of our knowledge, vaccination is one of the most effective ways to treat and prevent diseases. It has been used to restrain diseases such as tetanus, diphtheria, rubella, mumps, pertussis, measles, hepatitis B and influenza . For insi et al.  presentee et al.  discuss ate see –17). In . In \docate . Denote Throughout this paper, we let There is a unique solutionof model . We . We 40])