Anoplophora glabripennis  and Demonax pseudonotabilis Gressitt & Rondon, 1970 are two commonly found longicorn beetles from China. However, the lack of sufficient molecular data hinders the understanding of their evolution and phylogenetic relationships with other species of Cerambycidae. This study sequenced and assembled the complete mitochondrial genomes of the two species using the next-generation sequencing method. The mitogenomes of A. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis are 15,622 bp and 15,527 bp in length, respectively. The mitochondrial gene content and gene order of A. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis are highly conserved with other sequenced longicorn beetles. The calculation of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates in PCGs indicated the existence of purifying selection in the two longicorn beetles. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the protein-coding gene sequences from available mitogenomes of Cerambycidae. The two species sequenced in this study are, respectively, grouped with their relatives from the same subfamily. The monophyly of Cerambycinae, Dorcasominae, Lamiinae, and Necydalinae was well-supported, whereas Lepturinae, Prioninae, and Spondylidinae were recovered as paraphyletic. Cersperidae . Larvae speridae ,8,9,10. speridae ,12.s.s. and s.l., as well as the subfamily and tribe-level relationship, remains debatable due to the high species richness and highly variable morphological characters [s.s. in most analyses and a polyphyletic Cerambycidae s.l. as well as the monophyletic subfamilies of Cerambycidae s.s. except for the paraphyletic Cerambycinae [s.s. to explore the higher-level phylogeny of Chrysomeloidea, especially Cerambycidae and allied families. However, their study could not support the monophyly of Cerambycidae s.s. and all its subfamilies. The two subfamilies, Necydalinae and Parandrinae, were considered as tribes Necydalini and Parandrini, respectively [The phylogeny and early evolution of Cerambycidae have been comprehensively reviewed by Haddad & Mckenna (2016) . The phyaracters ,14,15. Hs.l. in the NCBI database is out of proportion to the remarkable species richness of longicorn beetles, which is a major impediment to better understanding the classification and evolution of this ecologically and economically significant group of insects.The mitogenome is an informative molecular marker for taxonomic and evolutionary research and has become one of the most popular molecules used in current insect phylogenetic studies . The devA. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis [A. glabripennis (NC_008221) has been sequenced in a previous study [s.l. is constructed based on the newly sequenced as well as the known mitogenomic data to investigate the phylogenetic positions of the two newly sequenced species and provide more information for resolving the relationships within Cerambycidae s.l.To provide more genetic data for the longicorn beetles and investigate their phylogenetic relationships, this study sequenced and analyzed the mitogenomes of two commonly found longicorn beetles from China, otabilis ,22. Althus study , it is sus study . PhylogeA. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis were collected by Malaise traps set in the tea garden of Hongyan Town , Mingshan County, Ya’an City, Sichuan Province of China, in 2016. The specimens were identified based on the morphological characteristics under a light microscope and were deposited in Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (specimen voucher: SAASCO1 (A. glabripennis) and SAASCO2 (D. pseudonotabilis)). All experiments and procedures for this study complied with the current animal ethics guidelines and did not involve any protected animals. Adult specimens of A. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis, respectively. Over 97.8% of bases in the raw reads were regarded as correctly identified with an accuracy rate above 99%. The unpaired, short, and low-quality raw reads were filtered by fastp [A. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis, respectively.The total genomic DNA was extracted by E.Z.N.A. Tissue DNA Kit . At least 1 µg of purified DNA was used to construct the TruSeq DNA library with an insert size of 400 bp according to standard protocols. The library was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform  with paired-end reads of 2 × 150 bp. A total of 21,616,708 and 22,096,010 raw reads were obtained for by fastp  to obtaiA. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis were, respectively, mapped to the reference mitogenome of the previously sequenced A. glabripennis (NC_008221) [A. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers OP096420 and OP096419, respectively. Before the assembly, the high-quality reads were trimmed again using BBDuk with default settings implemented in Geneious Prime . The hig_008221)  and ampl_008221) , with thhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/, accessed on 9 August 2022). The location and secondary structures of the transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were predicted and visualized by MITOS. The mitogenome structure and GC skews were visualized by the CGView Server [Aoria nigripes  (Chrysomelidae) as the outgroup [The two mitogenomes were annotated in the MITOS web server . The resw Server . The nucw Server . The synoutgroup ,31. The outgroup . FEL (fioutgroup . Tandem outgroup . The steoutgroup .s.l. (A. nigripes (Chrysomelidae) was used as the outgroup [ND1, ND4, ND4L, and ND5; the other subset included the remaining 9 PCGs. IQ-Tree was used to perform the ML analysis under the edge-unlinked partition model for 5000 ultrafast bootstraps as well as the Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood-ratio test [The phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed based on the nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs derived from 186 mitogenomes of Cerambycidae s.l. . Overalloutgroup . The 13 outgroup , followeoutgroup . The besoutgroup . Phylogetio test ,40,41. Ttio test  with foutio test .A. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis are circular DNA molecules of 15,622 bp and 15,527 bp in length  based on samples from Hebei Province [Drosophila yakuba Burla, 1954 [The assembled complete mitogenomes of n length , respectn length . Due to Province . Both nela, 1954 ,44,45. AA. glabripennis mitogenome with a total of 29 bp in length, and the longest overlapping sequence (8 bp) was located between trnCys and trnTyr. In the D. pseudonotabilis mitogenome, there are 12 overlapping regions with a total of 21 bp in length, and the longest overlapping sequences were only 4 bp in length. The universally found 7 bp overlapping regions between ATP8 and ATP6, as well as NAD4 and NAD4L in Cerambycidae and many other insects [NAD4 and NAD4L in the A. glabripennis mitogenome, which might be resulted from the different annotation methods. In addition to the overlapping regions, multiple intergenic spacers are scattered throughout both mitogenomes  of A. glabripennis and four PCGs  of D. pseudonotabilis end with an incomplete stop codon T. These incomplete stop codons are considered to be caused by the post-transcriptional polyadenylation [The PCGs have identical arrangement and similar size between the two mitogenomes and also other cerambycids. Most PCGs of the two species start with the standard ATN start codons , whereas odon TTG , which wnylation  and can ATP8 of both mitogenomes has the highest A + T content among the 13 PCGs  values indicate the most frequently used codon is TTA (Leu) for both mitogenomes , which a 13 PCGs . The Ka/ 13 PCGs A. The ev species A. The re p ≤ 0.1 B. Nearlyon sites . trnGlu of both mitogenomes  gene and small ribosomal RNA (rrnS) gene are found in the conserved location between trnLeu1 and the control region  and another 7 more complicated stem-loop structures are predicted in the CR of A. glabripennis (D. pseudonotabilis (D. pseudonotabilis. Functions of these secondary structures are unclear.The control region (CR) is the longest non-coding area in the two mitogenomes  and is fof 82.1% . In the ripennis . There aotabilis . HoweverA. glabripennis and D. pseudonotabilis are reconstructed based on the combined mitochondrial gene set of 13 PCGs. The ML and BI analyses generated similar tree topology (s.s. is not well-supported in both ML and BI trees due to the inclusion of other families of Chrysomeloidea (s.l. based on either molecular or morphological datasets [s.s. is still one of the most debatable subjects in the phylogeny and evolution of Chrysomeloidea [The phylogenetic positions of topology . The phymeloidea , which imeloidea . The phydatasets ,55,56,57The monophyly of Cerambycinae, Dorcasominae, Lamiinae, and Necydalinae is well-supported in both ML and BI analyses . The subs.l. and s.s.; the relative relationship between Cerambycidae s.s., Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae, and Vesperidae; and the monophyly and relationship of subfamilies in Cerambycidae s.l., especially within Cerambycidae s.s. The incongruence between different molecular phylogenetic studies could be attributed to the usage of different molecular types, sample sizes, and analytical methods. The taxonomic misidentification of sequenced samples in online databases such as GenBank could also lead to bizarre tree topology, especially for those clades with few taxa. Most main clades of Cerambycidae s.l. still lack sufficient molecular data to clarify their phylogenetic positions. The sequencing of more mitogenomes, optimization of datasets and substitution models, and the supplement of nuclear genes are expected to improve the resolution of mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstruction of Cerambycidae s.l. in future works.Although numerous contributions have been made to explore the higher-level phylogeny of longhorn beetles, there are still some debatable points to be solved: the monophyly of Cerambycidae In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the mitogenomes of two longicorn beetles, which are important pests of cultivated ecosystems in China. The structure and content of the two mitogenomes are conserved in comparison to other sequenced mitogenomes of Cerambycidae, but the intraspecific mitogenomic variation is also detected. The monophyly of four subfamilies was supported by the phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of PCGs. The results provided basic genetic information for understanding the phylogeny and evolution of longicorn beetles.


Pseudemys concinna in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome is constituted of 37 genes  genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes) and a noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mitochondrial genome showed that P. concinna has closer relationship with Chrysemys picta than Trachemys scripta elegans. This is the first case for complete mitochondrial genome from P. concinna in Korea, which will provide information for biogeographical studies and management plan for invasive species.The complete mitochondrial genome of  Pseudemys concinna, Le Conte 1830) is native to the central and eastern United States , Korea, and the total genomic DNA was extracted from the tail using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit  according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The extracted DNA sample was deposited at the Museum of Wildlife, located in Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, South Korea . The mitochondrial genome was analyzed using Illumina HiSeqXten platform , which was performed by Macrogen . Raw sequence data were checked by FastQC, and adaptor trimming and quality filtering were performed by Trimmomatic , and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a putative long non-coding control region. Twelve protein-coding genes, 14 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes are encoded in heavy strand, whereas one protein-coding gene (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6) and eight tRNA genes in light strand. The nucleotide composition of the P. concinna mitochondrial genome  is similar to that of T. scripta elegans Korea , Mauremys sinensis China , Mauremys reevesii Korea , and Chrysemys picta USA . The sequence of P. concinna has higher similarity with that of C. picta (93%) than other turtles including T. scripta elegans (90%), M. sinensis (81%), and M. reevesii (80%).The complete mitochondrial genome of P. concinna, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 species in the order Testudines were extracted from GenBank. To check the possibility of genetic disturbance by invasive species in Korean native species, we chose M. reevesii and P. sinensis as a native species and M. sinensis, M. temminckii, C. picta, and T. scripta as an invasive species (Song et al. P. concinna is closer with C. picta than T. scripta elegans. But P. concinna is separated from C. picta in the phylogenetic tree. These data provide information on the complete mitochondrial genome of P. concinna for the first time and can contribute to further studies on biodiversity and management of P. concinna which is an invasive species in many countries including Korea.To investigate the phylogenetic position of


Key featuresThe Green Blue Spaces (GBS) e-cohort includes 2.8 million UK adults (2008-19) and was established to quantify the impact of natural environments on mental health and wellbeing in Wales, UK.This is the first e-cohort with national household-level longitudinal environment metrics  for 1.4 million residences linked to longitudinal electronic health records (updated quarterly), with a subgroup of 5312 linked survey responses on visits to outdoor spaces and wellbeing.Baseline and follow-up information was extracted quarterly through electronic record linkage, including mental health service use and sociodemographic and economic characteristics.After almost 12 years’ follow-up, 0.7% were lost to follow-up due to migration out of Wales and were replaced with in-migration and those reaching the age of 16 years (25%), 9.9% died and 28% had at least one common mental health episode recorded with their general practitioner (GP).https://saildatabank.com/application-process/].The GBS e-cohort uses a controlled data-access model  for opportunities to collaborate with the original investigator team.This cohort is stored and maintained in the SAIL Databank at Swansea University, Swansea, UK. This is a controlled access cohort; all proposals to use SAIL data are subject to review by an independent Information Governance Review Panel. Where access is granted, it is gained through a privacy protecting safe haven and remote access system (SAIL Gateway). The cohort data will be available to external researchers for collaborative research projects after 2022. For further details about accessing the cohort, contact [saildatabank.com] and Sarah Rodgers [This cohort is based on routinely collected administrative, environment and survey data. All data will be anonymised into a secure databank, and therefore there will be no mechanism for informing potential cohort participants of possible benefits and known risks. The cohort received approval from an independent Information Governance Review Panel, an independent body consisting of membership from a range of government, regulatory and professional agencies. We obtained informed consent to use the linked and anonymised NSW data within the SAIL databank. All routinely collected anonymised data held in SAIL are exempt from consent due to the anonymised nature of the databank .See ‘Can I get hold of the data?’, above.IJE online.S.E.R. designed and led the development of the cohort. D.T. produced the analysis and cohort linkage and drafted the paper with R.G. R.F. and A.M. produced the exposure metrics and reviewed the paper. A.W. provided input on analytical strategy. F.R. and B.W. produced the analysis and linkage for individuals linked to NSW survey and reviewed the paper. R.L., G.S. and A.A. reviewed the paper. All authors contributed to cohort design through input to regular meetings. All authors reviewed the final submitted paper.The GBS and Mental Health in Wales cohort was developed as part of independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), project number 16/07/07, and the UK Prevention Research Partnership, GroundsWell (MR/V049704/1). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.dyac080_Supplementary_DataClick here for additional data file.


Physical fatigue caused by study and work hinders female Ph.D. candidates from participating in sports (p < 0.05). Some female Chinese Ph.D. candidates in a negative emotional state are unwilling to participate in sports (p < 0.01). Future research should formulate different types of sports intervention programs suitable for alleviating the anxiety of female Ph.D. candidates.Given that stress leads to more anxiety among female Ph.D. candidates, more attention should be paid to their healthy lifestyle options. Several studies have shown that there is a negative correlation between sports and anxiety. This study took female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety and sports participation as the research objects. A questionnaire entitled “Investigation on anxiety and sports of Ph.D. candidates” was used to explore the characteristics of anxiety in female Chinese Ph.D. candidates and to investigate the association between anxiety and sports in female Chinese Ph.D. candidates. A total of 588 Ph.D. candidates participated in the questionnaire survey. Some 21 invalid questionnaires were eliminated through the standard deviation of the items of the scale, and 567 valid questionnaires were finally obtained. The questionnaire survey was conducted online from 26 February to 15 March 2022, using the convenience sampling method. The results show that the anxiety level of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates is higher than that of male Ph.D. candidates and that the anxiety level of female Ph.D. candidates in a non-sports discipline is the highest. Weekly sports participation significantly lowers female Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety level ( In recent years, the stress faced by Ph.D. candidates has attracted widespread attention in academia. A number of studies have shown that long-term investment in academic research makes graduate students, especially Ph.D. candidates, six times more likely to experience anxiety or depression than the general public, ref.  Ph.D. caIn recent years, several studies have shown that the effect of sports is not limited to physical health but can also eliminate negative emotions and improve psychological adaptability . There iStudies show that Ph.D. candidates lack time and energy for leisure activities, including sports, due to their heavy learning schedules ,20. The In summary, sports play a role in alleviating anxiety. However, there has been little research and analysis of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ sports participation. In particular, there is a lack of in-depth studies on the relationship between sports and female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety. Based on this, this study took anxiety and sports participation among Chinese Ph.D. candidates as the research object. A questionnaire was used to explore the characteristics of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety and to reveal the association between female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety and sports. Consequently, this study proposes a hypothesis that there is a correlation between female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety and sports. Therefore, there are four aspects of this hypothesis to be addressed. The first question involves the investigation of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety. The second question relates to the comparison of different groups of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety characteristics. The third aspect deals with the analysis of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ sports participation characteristics. Finally, the assessment of the association between sports and female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety will be completed.The questionnaire survey was conducted online from 26 February to 15 March 2022. To make the research easier to implement, a convenience sampling method was used. To improve the accuracy of the convenience sampling method, 13 universities with relatively complete Ph.D. programs were selected for sampling. We selected the 13 universities according to the type of university, reputation for academic rigor, and the scale of Ph.D. programs. From the perspective of university types, all these universities have Ph.D. programs, and the disciplines include humanities and social sciences, natural sciences and engineering, and technical sciences. Each of the universities has a large number of Ph.D. candidates. In terms of academic rigor, they include first-class universities and ordinary universities, which helps to reflect the anxiety and sports characteristics of Ph.D. candidates at differently ranked universities. The inclusion criteria of Ph.D. candidates are the registered Ph.D. candidates from the 13 universities. This study obtained the informed consent of all Ph.D. candidates participating in the survey. The way to obtain informed consent is to point out in the directions for the questionnaire that “If you are willing to accept the survey, please complete the questionnaire”. Our research was approved by the Biological and medical ethics committee of Northeastern University. The approval number is No.: 2022-04-117. Finally, a total of 588 Ph.D. candidates participated in the questionnaire survey. To improve the quality of the questionnaire, we used the descriptive analysis method to analyze each item in the scale. We set the value of data greater than ±3 standard deviation as an abnormal value and deleted it. Finally, 21 invalid questionnaires were found and deleted, and 567 valid questionnaires were finally obtained.The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between anxiety and sports participation in female Chinese Ph.D. candidates. A questionnaire entitled “Investigation on anxiety and sports of Ph.D. candidates” was used to explore the characteristics of anxiety in female Chinese Ph.D. candidates and to assess the association between sports participation and anxiety. The instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, a sports participation questionnaire, and the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. The sociodemographic questionnaire and sports participation questionnaire were investigated by us. We compiled the questionnaire items by reading the literature and consulting experts. The sociodemographic questionnaire provided information on gender, age, marital status, motherhood, grade, and discipline. The sports participation questionnaire provided information on sports behavior, sports motivation, and influencing factors of sports. The items of the two questionnaires were verified by consulting experts. The Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to investigate the anxiety of female Ph.D. candidates. The STAI is a self-report questionnaire that assesses anxiety as a state and as a trait. The State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) consists of 20 items rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1  to 4 (“very much”). The Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI) consists of 20 items rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1  to 4 . Participants were asked to rate the statements according to how they currently feel (state) or how they feel in general (trait). Scores for both subscales have a range of 20–80. The SAI measures an individual’s transitory emotional response to a stressful situation. It evaluates the emotional response of worry, nervousness, tension, and feelings of apprehension related to how people feel “right now” in a stressful situation. The TAI measures an individual’s predisposition to anxiety determined by his/her personality and estimates how a person feels generally. The SAI and the TAI have well-established criterion, construct validity, and internal consistency reliability coefficients ,24. Li WThe main variables and their operationalization are summarized in SPSS 21.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. The frequency analysis was used to analyze the individual characteristics and sports characteristics of Ph.D. candidates. A correlation test was used to analyze the individual characteristics and sports characteristics related to the anxiety of Ph.D. candidates. A regression test was used to analyze the independent variables related to Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety. Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety was measured by a comparison test to analyze the independent variables with linear correlation with candidates’ anxiety and the effects of marital status and motherhood on that anxiety.A total of 567 Ph.D. candidates were included in this study, including 247 male Ph.D. candidates and 320 female Ph.D. candidates. Some 56.44% of the Ph.D. candidates were between 26 and 30 years old, and 22.93% of them were between 31 and 35 years old. The proportion of unmarried Ph.D. candidates was higher than that of married Ph.D. candidates, which was 68.78%. The proportion of childless Ph.D. candidates was higher than that of Ph.D. candidates with children, and its proportion was 80.07%. The grade distribution of Ph.D. candidates was relatively uniform. In terms of disciplines, 35.63% of them came from physical education, and other disciplines were evenly distributed. The basic information of samples is shown in The Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety scores in different groups are shown in p values. To further analyze the impacts of marital status and motherhood on Ph.D. candidates, we took the individual characteristics and sports characteristics related to their anxiety as covariates to investigate the impacts of marital status and motherhood on their anxiety . The resThe proportion of overall female Ph.D. candidates who often participate in sports is 29%. The proportion of their participation in sports 1–2 times a week is 47%, and 24% of them never participate in sports a. The duThe anxiety of female Ph.D. candidates is related to their sports participation . Figure p value of the negative emotion of state anxiety is less than 0.05, which indicates that there are significant differences in the motivation of regulating emotions among the negative emotions of different state anxiety. The p value of the positive emotion of female Ph.D. candidates’ state anxiety in a non-sports discipline is less than 0.05, which means that there is a significant difference in the motivation of strengthening body among different positive emotions of state anxiety. The p value of positive and negative emotions of trait anxiety is less than 0.01, which means that there are extremely significant differences in strengthening body motivation among different trait anxiety emotions.Through correlation analysis, we found that the anxiety level of female Ph.D. candidates was related to their motivation to regulate emotions. Female Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety level correlated with emotional regulation motivation is high, but it is not significant. p value of the two influencing factors are both less than 0.05, which means that there are significant differences in the two influencing factors among different anxieties.Through correlation analysis, we found that learning leads to physical fatigue in female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ and makes them unwilling to participate in sports. Some of the female Chinese Ph.D. candidates in a negative emotional state are not interested in anything, significantly affecting their anxiety level. Specifically, candidates who are physically tired and in negative emotions due to learning are unwilling to participate in sports. At the same time, their negative emotion level is high. This study found that female Chinese Ph.D. candidates’ trait anxiety level is higher than that of male Ph.D. candidates, which is consistent with the previous research results. According to the anxiety theory, anxiety is related to a disorder in individual emotion regulation and cognitive control. Studies have shown that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression  and all The results also indicated that grade has a significant effect on the anxiety of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates. Performing experiments, writing a doctoral thesis, and publishing doctoral qualification papers require considerable time, energy, and financial resources . With thThe anxiety level of married and female Chinese Ph.D. candidates with children is significantly higher than that of unmarried and childless ones. However, this result is not seen in male Ph.D. candidates. Previous studies have shown that the stress of female Ph.D. candidates is related to the role conflict caused by women’s multiple identities . While wMost importantly, this study found that weekly sports participation frequency and the duration of the participation lower anxiety levels. Those who participate in sports 5–6 times a week have the highest positive emotion and the lowest negative emotion. It is consistent with the results of many previous studies ,12,32,33Regulating emotions is the main sports motivations of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates. Emotions of Ph.D. candidates may be accompanied by caution, complaints, meditation, nervousness, and worry . It may Finally, it has been shown that physical fatigue caused by learning and working is the main factor hindering female Chinese Ph.D. candidates from participating in sports. Some of the female Chinese Ph.D. candidates in negative emotional states are unwilling to participate in sports, and their anxiety level is high. Research has shown that participating in projects and publishing papers occupy most of a Ph.D. candidates’ daily life and are the main pressure during their learning career ,37,38,39The strengths of this study are that statistical analysis is appropriate to access a wide sample of Chinese Ph.D. candidates. The results clearly show that the anxiety level of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates is higher than that of male Ph.D. candidates, and the anxiety level of female Chinese Ph.D. candidates in a non-sports discipline is the highest. In particular, the study provides quantified evidence of how sports participation lowers anxiety in female Chinese Ph.D. candidates, weekly sports participation significantly lowers anxiety level and physical fatigue caused by learning and working. It is this fatigue that is the main factor hindering female Chinese Ph.D. candidates from participating in sports.Limitations of this study include the sampling and the use of only a self-report measure to evaluate anxiety. First, all participants were recruited from 13 universities in China, and the convenient sampling method was adopted to conduct the questionnaire survey, which may inevitably lead to the concentration of Ph.D. candidates in certain areas. Thus, lack of diverse backgrounds means these findings cannot be representative of all Ph.D. candidates in China. Second, the self-report scale has its own defects in that everyone may have their own response style. For example, some Ph.D. candidates like to use the extreme option “Very much” to describe their currently feelings, while some like to boast of rationality and objectivity, and always only choose the middle option “Moderately”. Fortunately, the STAI has designed reverse scoring items to control statistics, so future research suggests adding a rating scale or measuring at different time points.This study agrees with the previous studies that sports can decrease anxiety. Future research should formulate different types of sports intervention schemes suitable for alleviating female Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety. In addition, it is also important to research the mitigation mechanism of different sports intervention schemes on female Ph.D. candidates’ anxiety.


Central venous pressure (CVP) falls below supine levels upon entering weightlessness, but the reason for this has been debated. A commonly presented explanation for this reduction is that intrathoracic pressure falls dramatically in weightlessness , 2. In tThis explanation has problems. Although upright esophageal balloon measurements may reflect intrathoracic pressure accurately, supine measurements do not –5. In thIn the seminal study on weightlessness and intrathoracic pressure by Videbaek and colleagues , esophagThe problem with this conclusion, however, is that no allowance was made for the weight of the tissues that cause supine esophageal pressure to differ from intrathoracic pressure. Some authors suggest reducing measured supine balloon pressure by 3.7 mmHg to compensate . When thAn alternative explanation for the reduced CVP in weightlessness is that the removal of gravitational forces removes both hydrostatic forces within vessels and the pressures produced by the weight of tissues on the outside of blood vessels . Tissue Obesity leads to increased tissue pressures and so may also provide a way to understand the spaceflight results. De Divitiss et al.  performeNumerical modeling also offers a way to estimate the effects of removing tissue compressive forces. Removing those forces is not possible on Earth but can be simulated. We developed a multicompartment, lumped-parameter, numerical circulatory model that incorporates tissue-weight generated compressive forces exerted on vessels, as well as venous and arterial hydrostatic gradients . The modIn sum, available evidence does not support changes in intrathoracic pressure as the primary mechanism for decreased CVP in space below supine values, although it may contribute. The more likely cause is that the removal of hydrostatic gradients and tissue compressive forces throughout the body leads to a reduction in mean circulatory filling pressure, which is reflected in reductions of both central and peripheral venous pressures. The increased stroke volume and cardiac output that occur despite the lower venous pressures are likely due to changes in cardiac compliance also produced by the removal of gravity . It is, Nevertheless, this hypothesis has implications for understanding some of the unique effects of weightlessness. The spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome, for example, is sometimes thought to result from increased venous pressures in the head. If weightlessness is leading to a generalized reduction in venous pressures throughout the body, it is hard to postulate how head veins could sustain locally increased venous pressures. Instead, theories to explain SANS that take the likely reduction in venous pressures into account are needed .The development of the numerical models was supported by Grant CA03401 from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NCC 9–58 and by NASA EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement NNX13AD35A.No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.J.C.B. conceived and designed research; J.C.B. and M.L. analyzed data; J.C.B. and M.L. interpreted results of experiments; J.C.B. and M.L. prepared figures; J.C.B. drafted manuscript; J.C.B. and M.L. edited and revised manuscript; J.C.B. and M.L. approved final version of manuscript.


Contracaecum rudolphii (s.l.) complex are habitual endoparasites of cormorants of the Phalacrocoracidae family, worldwide. In Europe, the two species, C. rudolphii sp. A and C. rudolphii sp. B, have been identified. However, information regarding the occurrence and distribution of these anisakids in cormorants from Spain is scarce. In the present study, 20 specimens of the European Shag, Ph. aristotelis desmarestii, from the western Mediterranean Spanish marine coast were parasitologically analyzed for the presence of nematodes. All hosts were found parasitized with Contracaecum specimens . A representative subsample was genetically identified as C. rudolphii sp. A by sequence analysis of the mtDNA cox2 gene and the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of the rDNA. This represents the first report of C. rudolphii sp. A from the Spanish Mediterranean waters. Population genetic analysis was performed including other C. rudolphii sp. A specimens from the west Sardinian and the Tyrrhenian Sea. At the intraspecific level, a significant genetic differentiation  between the metapopulation from the Spanish Mediterranean coast and that from the Sardinian waters was observed; whereas, no differentiation was found between metapopulations of the parasite from the Spanish and the Tyrrhenian Italian coast. The findings highly support the hypothesis of the adaptation of the life cycle of C. rudolphii sp. A in brackish and marine ecosystems. Furthermore, the results on the population genetics of C. rudolphii sp. A suggest the possible role of the migration routes of wintering populations of cormorants in the Mediterranean Sea in influencing the parasite genetic structure.Sibling species of the  Contracaecum Raillet and Henry, 1912 includes species maturing in pinnipeds and waterbirds worldwide, representing the most diverse group of the family Anisakidae  species complex has its most habitual definitive hosts in cormorants belonging to the genus Phalacrocorax  (C. rudolphii sp. A and C. rudolphii sp. B (Ph. carbo sinensis. Regarding other sibling species so far included in the C. rudolphii (s.l.) complex, C. rudolphii sp. C has been detected in Ph. auritus from Florida  , 14, 15.ii sp. B , 15–17.  Florida . In Aust. varius . Moreoveectively , 9; C. crgentina ; and C. rgentina .Phalacrocorax aristotelis, is a cormorant species commonly found along European marine coasts, mainly observed on rocky seasides and islands. Its nesting habitat in Spain includes a wide range of inaccessible sites on the coast, such as cavities, fissures, and cliff ledges. It is generally sedentary, being the individuals faithful to their first breeding area . In the Mediterranean Sea, C. rudolphii sp. A has been identified in Ph. aristotelis from the east coast of Sardinia ; and (2) investigate the population genetic structure of the parasite species in the western Mediterranean Sea areas.The aim of the present study was to (1) identify genetically nematodes of the genus Ph. aristotelis desmarestii collected during the years 2019–2021 from the Catalan-Spanish waters, in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. The collecting sites of the cormorants are grouped in three different areas, corresponding to the northern (Costa Brava), the central (Maresme coast), and the southern (Costa Daurada) regions of the Catalan coast, as shown in A parasitological survey was performed on 20 individuals of Contracaecum, 28 from the Costa Brava, 26 from the Costa Daurada, and 21 from the Maresme coast. A minimum of at least two specimens from each cormorant individual was selected for DNA extraction, which was performed using the Quick-DNA Midiprep Plus Kit . Direct sequence analysis of the two genes, i.e., the mtDNA cox2 and the ITS region of the rDNA, was carried out on each nematode specimen. The mitochondrial cox2 gene was amplified using 211F and 210R primers, with a hybridization temperature of 46°C  using MrBayes software  of several marine localities of the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy. In particular, they were from the Orbetello lagoon, the estuary of the Fiora and Marta rivers, and the Tarquinia salterns. In addition, sequences of the mtDNA cox2 of the same parasite species, available in GenBank, reported from Ph. c. sinensis of the western Sardinian coast [see Amor et al. (Nh), number of private haplotypes (Nuh) nucleotide diversity (π), haplotype diversity (Hd), average number of differences (K), and number of polymorphic sites (S). Spatial analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and analysis of the estimation of Fst values were conducted on the genetic datasets inferred from the populations of C. rudolphii sp. A from the distinct sampling areas with ARLEQUIN version 3.5 with 1,000 permutations, establishing the level of significance to a P < 0.05 , preadults, and adults of C. rudolphii (s.l.). All cormorants were found to be parasitized with nematode specimens , being the parasites found in the stomach and along the esophagus of the hosts.The parasitological analysis of the cox2 and ITS rDNA regions, respectively. The mtDNA cox2 and the ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA sequences analysis of the C. rudolphii (s.l.) specimens allowed us to identify all the nematode specimens as C. rudolphii sp. A, including 33 adults, 21 preadults, and 21 larvae. DNA sequences from mtDNA cox2 and ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA regions were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers OP690535-40 (mtDNA cox2), OP677791-96 (ITS1 region of rDNA), and OP677785-90 (ITS2 region of rDNA). Indeed, the Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic tree, based on mtDNA cox2 sequences . This clade was clearly distinct from the other two clades obtained for the other sibling species, C. rudolphii sp. B and C. rudolphii sp. F, reported in Ph. carbo and P. occidentalis, respectively. Similarly, sequences of the other Contracaecum species included in the tree, parasitizing fish-eating bird hosts of the genera Phalacrocorax and Pelicanus, were grouped into distinct and well-supported clades  (accession number EU678869). This clade was phylogenetically distinct in comparison with the other six clades obtained for each sibling species, i.e., C. rudolphii sp. B, C. rudolphii sp. C, C. rudolphii sp. D, C. rudolphii sp. E, and C. rudolphii sp. F, as well as for the other Contracaecum species, from hosts of the Phalacrocorax and the Pelicanus genera  and TVM+G (G = 0.3353) for mtDNA equences , indicatd clades . In the d clades  indicates genera .C. rudolphii sp. A from the western Mediterranean localities here considered was expressed among populations while 96.31% was observed within populations. Because no significant intraspecific genetic variation was found among specimens from the Catalan-Spanish coast analyzed in the present work, they were considered as a single population. Estimates of genetic differentiation among C. rudolphii sp. A population of the three analyzed areas from the west Mediterranean, i.e., the Spanish Catalan, the Tyrrhenian, and the Sardinian coasts, inferred from the Fst value and their P-values, are shown in C. rudolphii sp. A metapopulations from the Sardinian coast compared to those from the Spanish region examined here . Similarly, significant Fst values were found between C. rudolphii sp. A populations from the Sardinian and Tyrrhenian coasts . In contrast, no significant genetic differentiation was observed between the populations from the Mediterranean Spanish coast  and the Tyrrhenian one . The haplotype parsimony network (TCS) analysis, inferred from cox2 mtDNA of C. rudolphii sp. A, revealed a star-like tree as shown in K = 5.807). The haplotype diversity (Hd) was high in all three populations, with values ranging between 0.969 and 0.986.The hierarchical gene diversity analysis by AMOVA indicated that 3.69% of the genetic variation of Contracaecum species included in the C. rudolphii (s.l.) complex have been identified as parasitizing cormorants, worldwide. In the present study, we report the first genetic identification of C. rudolphii sp. A in the European Shag, Ph. aristotelis desmarestii, from the western Mediterranean Spanish coasts.Several cox2 gene and the ITS rDNA region allowed the specific identification of all the nematode samples studied. The genetic identification of the sibling species of the C. rudolphii (s.l.) complex is important in order to understand their ecology and geographical distribution, but also the phylogenetic relationship among them. Both BI phylogenetic trees, based on the mtDNA cox2 gene locus and the ITS1 and ITS2 of the rDNA region, respectively, have shown that the C. rudolphii sp. A specimens were genetically distinct from the other species of the C. rudolphii (s.l.) complex, including sequences of C. rudolphii sp. B, C. rudolphii sp. C, C. rudolphii sp. D, C. rudolphii sp. E, and C. rudolphii sp. F  complex  shown by the parasite species in this area  should be considered, the existence of a population of Ph. carbo living during the winter season in Sardinia, which could have a different breeding area in comparison with those populations of Ph. carbo wintering in the Spanish and Tyrrhenian areas, might explain the parasite genetic differentiation observed in the present study. In support of this hypothesis, a higher presence through Sardinia has been observed in some Ph. carbo populations during its migration routes , not shared with the other populations, despite the lower number of specimens analyzed, which is in accordance with the estimation of Fst values herein obtained. In addition, the most frequent haplotypes observed in Anisakis spp.  observed in the present study from the analyzed cormorant specimens is in accordance with that previously reported by Abollo et al.  can be found in the article/ supplementary material.Ethical review and approval was not required for the animal study because the cormorants used in the present study were found dead and no permit and/or ethical consideration were needed.MC, CT, and JB performed a cormorant necropsy and the collection and morphological identification of parasites. XR-G, MP, and SM contributed to the design of the study, performed molecular and phylogenetic analyses of selected parasites, and wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the manuscript revision, and read and approved the submitted version.


The spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) occurs in some long-duration astronauts and includes ocular changes such as globe flattening and optic disk edema –3. This This hypothesis had problems. Elevated head venous pressures should increase not only ICP but also intraocular pressure (IOP). Consistently increased IOP in space compared with supine measurements has not been seen . Also, sThe reduced venous pressures could be explained by the removal of tissue compressive forces , 10. TheEliminating tissue compressive forces is not possible on Earth but can be simulated using numerical modeling. We developed a multicompartment, lumped-parameter, numerical model of the cranial circulation to develop hypotheses for SANS . The modTo determine whether the relationship between IOP and body weight had experimental support, we reviewed published studies for the relationship between IOP and body weight . This reback of eye) and the ICP at the back of the eye (ICPback of eye). The difference between these two pressures is the transmural pressure across the back of the eye (IOPback of eye–ICPback of eye). A reduced transmural pressure promotes eye shortening, whereas an increase would promote lengthening. The shaded arrows represent the hydrostatic gradients within the eye and the head, respectively. An important observation is that supine ICPback of eye is less than the mean ICP in the head because of hydrostatic gradients.To reconcile these seemingly disparate findings we did a theoretical analysis of the hydrostatic pressure changes likely to occur in the head with weightlessness. back of eye is slightly reduced from what it was supine. ICPback of eye, however, increases. The combined outcome is that transmural pressure could be decreased (which shortens the eye) due to the removal of hydrostatic gradients alone. Even if the mean ICP and IOP in the center of the eye and the head are both decreased in weightlessness compared with the supine value, the transmural pressure could still be decreased. This could explain the paradox of increased SANS risk despite reduced venous pressures compared with supine.A remaining question is why SANS would develop in those with higher preflight body weights. A potential answer comes from lower body negative pressure (LBNP) simulations with the numerical model . LBNP reThis leads to the following potential hypothesis. In weightlessness, the removal of hydrostatic gradients reduces transmural pressure at the back of the eye. This effect is more pronounced in those who weigh more because they experience a larger reduction in venous pressure, and therefore greater reductions in transmural pressure, compared with those who weigh less. Also, since the usual postural and diurnal changes in CVP do not occur in space, these changes are persistent and unchanging. Over time, the persistently reduced transmural pressure across the back of the eye causes ocular remodeling and leads to the signs and symptoms of SANS.This theory fits the available data and has practical implications. It incorporates the reduction in venous pressures in space as well as the observation that preflight body weight is associated with SANS. The modeling results also suggest that LBNP may not be a good countermeasure for SANS. It could reduce IOP more than ICP and lead to a worsening of the transmural pressure gradient across the back of the eye. Gx centrifugation, which recreates hydrostatic gradients, might be a countermeasure to study instead.The theory has limitations. Nevertheless, this analysis strongly suggests that body weight and IOP are important to measure consistently in astronauts.The development of the numerical models was supported by grant CA03401 from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NCC 9–58 and by NASA EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement NNX13AD35A.No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.J.C.B. conceived and designed research; J.C.B., M.L., S.D.P., V.A.-L., and A.M.F. analyzed data; J.C.B., M.L., S.D.P., V.A.-L., and A.M.F. interpreted results of experiments; J.C.B. and M.L. prepared figures; J.C.B. drafted manuscript; J.C.B., M.L., S.D.P., V.A.-L., and A.M.F. edited and revised manuscript; J.C.B., M.L., S.D.P., V.A.-L., and A.M.F. approved final version of manuscript.


Correction: Environ Health 20, 90 (2021)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00771-6Following publication of their original article , the autERRATUM:The BMC Competing Interests Policy states: “…A competing interest exists when the authors’ interpretation of data or presentation of information may be influenced by, or may be perceived to be influenced by, their personal or financial relationship with other people or organizations.” At the time of publication in 2021, our team of nine co-authors interpreted the BMC Policy as not requiring declaration of any real or perceived competing interest. Since then, however, the authors decided that any past role for which professional activities or payments were involved ought to have been stated, for the sake of greater transparency. We submit the following as an ERRATUM under the topic of Competing Interests:S. A., L. A. B., and D.M., three of the team of nine authors, declare that they had, and continue to have, no competing financial or non-financial interests.The remaining six co-authors declare as follows:C. L. S. is retired and unfunded since 2013. In the recent past, he served, for about three years prior to 2013, as an expert witness in asbestos tort actions and a diacetyl case on behalf of plaintiffs, the monies from which went into a University of Alberta-managed research account. As a professional legacy, he bankrolled the International Network for Epidemiology in Policy (INEP) (2011–2016) as a voluntary professional society in the hope that it might become self-sustaining in the pursuit of science in the public interest. He has endorsed amicus briefs in support of plaintiffs in asbestos litigation. His doctoral thesis, in the early 1980s, was funded by the Exxon Corporation.S. K. has no financial competing interests. She was the Founder and CEO of Epidemiology International. She has served, until 2016, as an expert witness in toxic tort and pharmaceutical tort litigation on behalf of plaintiffs. Payment for such work was made to her company, Epidemiology International. Epidemiology International has also performed work under contract for industry, pharmaceutical companies, the U.S. federal and state governments, and patient advocacy groups.J.P.R.-B. was invited, between 2015 and 2019, ad honorem, to provide his expert opinion in the Colombian Senate in support of a national asbestos ban that had been proposed, a ban that was finally approved in 2019.J. B. S. is employed by the Natural Resources Defense Council, a U.S.-based environmental non-profit group that engages in public advocacy, lobbying, and litigation to expand protections for the environment and public health and to enforce existing environmental laws regulating toxic chemicals, including some of the chemicals identified in this manuscript. This work receives partial funding from Deer Creek Foundation, and Passport Foundation.M. G. retired in 2014 and has not done paid consulting work on any environmentally related issue since that time. His last paid consulting work was prior to about 2010. He wrote scientific papers and served as an expert on hexavalent chromium clean-up and was deposed by the principal responsible parties fighting a state-ordered cleanup of major hexavalent chromium contamination. The research and deposition were part of his academic job description, and no fees were paid directly to him.C.F.C. has, from time to time, been sought after to serve on science advisory panels and governmental agencies to emphasize issues concerning science in the law. He has participated in various amicus briefs with no compensation. From about 2009, he wrote reports and consulted on scientific reasoning for a few law firms for pay, but he did not testify except in one Daubert hearing before a judge.Our collective goal is transparency in the pursuit of truth through the advancement of science in the public interest.


Play activity has been studied from a scientific point of view relatively recently. Until the middle of the twentieth century, any games were considered only as a way of leisure and/or a tool for transmitting cultural experiences.The research is aimed at studying play activity as a factor of mental development of a child.The method of work is a bibliographic analysis.In psychology, the interest in the role of games in the psychological development of a child is primarily associated with the works of Z. Freud, J. Piaget, L.S. Vygotsky, D.B. Elkonin, who showed the importance of children’s imitation games: role-playing, directing, event-based (classification of E.O. Smirnova).Since the 90s of the XX century, this hobby is becoming ever more common. At first, modern board games were created by adults for adults, and then there appeared board games specially designed for adults to play with children (family games) and for playing children’s groups.Most of the board games popular with parents belong to the German school. Such games are characterized by relatively simple rules, a short or medium duration of the game, no direct confrontation between players and a low randomness in the course of the game .German-style board games develop children’s communication skills, voluntary activity, abstract and formal-logical thinking, symbolic function, attention, the ability to cooperate (in cooperative games), imagination, and many games develop the child’s outlook and enrich the ideas about the world around and options for social interaction.No significant relationships.


Luffa cylindrica–Semen cassiae in soil contaminated with medium amounts of arsenic (As) was studied using field (91.60 mg kg−1) and pot (83.34 mg kg−1) experiments. The field experiments showed that intercropping significantly increased the yield per plant of L. cylindrica by 27.36%, while the yield per plant of S. cassiae decreased by 21.66%; however, this difference was not significant. Intercropping reduced the concentration of As in all organs of L. cylindrica but increased the concentration of As in all parts of S. cassiae. The accumulation of As per plant of L. cylindrica was reduced by 20.72%, while that in a single plant of S. cassiae was increased by 201.93%. In addition, the concentration of As in the fruit of these two crops in these two planting modes was low enough to meet the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB2762-2017). In addition, the land equivalent ratio and As metal removal equivalent ratio of the intercropping mode was 1.03 and 2.34, indicating that the intercropping mode had advantages in land use and As removal. In the pot experiment, the biomass and As concentration of L. cylindrica and S. cassiae were roughly consistent with those in the field experiment. During the sampling period, intercropping reduced the concentration of As in the rhizosphere soil solution of L. cylindrica by 3.1–23.77%, while it increased the concentration of As in the rhizosphere soil solution of S. cassiae by 13.30–59.40%. The changes in pH and redox potential were also closely related to the content of water-soluble As in the rhizosphere environment, which affects the absorption of As by plants. In general, the L. cylindrica–S. cassiae intercropping system is a planting mode that can effectively treat soil that is moderately contaminated with As and remove it from the soil to an extent.In recent years, research on the safe utilization and green remediation of contaminated soil by intercropping has become common. In this study, the growth of an intercropping system of  Pteris vittata [Pteris cretica [Adiantum capillus-Veneris [In recent years, the use of many herbicides, preservatives, and smelting and mining operations have led to arsenic (As) pollution in a large amount of soil in China ,2. Accor vittata , Pteris  cretica  and Adia-Veneris  have bee-Veneris ,9. HowevPisum sativum-Hordeum vulgare intercropping system [Solanum tuberosum-Phaseolus lunatus intercropping system [Oryza sativa L.) grains can be reduced to below the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB2762-2017) when the rice was intercropped with aquatic vegetables. Wan et al. [Morus alba L.) with Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.) resulted in white mulberry leaves that can meet the national feed standards. Ma et al. [P. vittata and maize (Zea mays L.) is an ideal planting mode for remediating As in the soil. In addition, intercropping Eleocharis acutangula with Typha domingensis can remove barium from soil [Paspalum plicatulum–Axonopus affinis [Lolium perenne–vine plants [Intercropping is a common planting method that can fully utilize water, heat, light, and other natural resources ,11,12. Sg system , Solanumg system , and corg system . In termg system  found thn et al.  showed ta et al.  also fouGB2762-20 when the affinis  and Lolie plants  are alsoLuffa cylindrica) is a common cash crop and practical vegetable in southern China. It is the primary economic source of some farmers in the region, who rely on farming for their livelihood. Wang et al. [L. cylindrica with Sedum plumbizincicola affected the absorption of cadmium by Luffa. However, few people have studied the absorption of As by L. cylindrica when it is planted on land contaminated with As. S. cassiae is a common medicinal crop in southern China. Currently, research on S. cassiae primarily focuses on the determination and analysis of aflatoxins [S. cassiae exceeds the standard.Luffa  intercropping with S. cassiae would reduce the content of As in L. cylindrica; (2) intercropping with L. cylindrica would promote the absorption of As by S. cassiae to an extent; and (3) this intercropping system would primarily affect the absorption of As by L. cylindrica and S. cassiae by changing the concentration of water soluble As in the rhizosphere environment of plants.At present, the research on whether lindrica , thus prL. cylindrica, compared with monoculture system, the intercropping mode significantly increased the biomass of L. cylindrica stems and leaves by 88.10% and 32.64%, respectively, (p < 0.05) compared with the monoculture system (L. cylindrica per plant in the intercropping mode was 27.36% higher than that in the monocropping mode (p < 0.05).For e system . The yieS. cassiae by 31.50% (p < 0.05), while the biomass of other parts of S. cassiae in the two planting systems had no significant differences. Compared with the monoculture mode, the per ha yield of L. cylindrica and S. cassiae in the intercropping mode significantly decreased (p < 0.05), which was caused by the significant decrease in the number of plants planted in the intercropping mode.Intercropping significantly reduced the stem biomass of L. cylindrica and S. cassiae has advantages in yield and land use.In addition, the LER of this intercropping mode was 1.03. This also proved that the intercropping of L. cylindrica by 22.78%, 31.38%, and 50.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). In the intercropping system, the BCA per plant and per ha of L. cylindrica significantly decreased compared with the monocropping system by 20.72% and 60.42%, respectively (p < 0.05).As shown in S. cassiae compared with those in the monoculture system, which increased by 166.50%, 344.44%, 645.45% and 416.67%, respectively (p < 0.05). The BCA per plant of S. cassiae in the intercropping system was 201.93% higher than that in the monoculture system (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the BCA per ha of S. cassiae in the two planting systems.Intercropping significantly increased the concentrations of As in the roots, leaves, pods, and fruit of L. cylindrica and S. cassiae has apparent advantages in the removal of heavy metals.In addition, the value of the MRER of the intercropping system reached 2.34. This also proved that the intercropping of L. cylindrica increased in the intercropping system compared with the monoculture system, but only the increase in the fruit biomass was significantly different, which increased by 59.04% compared with the monoculture mode (p < 0.05)  a.S. cassiae significantly reduced the biomass of roots, stems, and leaves by 20.70%, 45.73%, and 42.19%, respectively (p < 0.05), compared with the monoculture mode   c. The dint level b,d.L. cylindrica, the pH of the rhizosphere soil solution in the monoculture system decreased from 5.78 to 4.16, while that in the intercropping system decreased from 5.19 to 3.97 during the entire sampling period , the farmland soil in this area is moderately polluted with As.The field experiment was located in Xinjiang Town, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China , which is close to the Dabaoshan Mine. For a long time, wastewater from Dabaoshan Mine has been used for irrigation in this area, resulting in soil contaminated with As in this area. According to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources , the soi−1 of total As, 2.27 g kg−1 of total N, 0.92 g kg−1 of total P, 21.56 g kg−1 of total K, 16.52 mg kg−1 of total C, and 21.99 g kg−1 of organic matter.We collected soil contaminated with As using hoes and soil samplers  and used a soil layer of 0–20 cm from contaminated farmland near the field experiment for the pot experiments . The soil in this area had also been irrigated by wastewater from the Dabaoshan mine for a long time. We used rectangular pots for the pot experiments (48 cm long × 24.2 cm wide × 17.5 cm high). The soil samples collected in the field were naturally dried and were then screened to ensure that the soil particle size was approximately 2 mm. They were then placed inside the pots (6.5 kg per pot). The basic physical and chemical properties of the soil for pot experiments were as follows: pH 5.45, 83.34 mg kgL. cylindrica were provided by the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , and the seeds of S. cassiae were of conventional varieties.In both experiments, the seeds of L. cylindrica monoculture, S. cassiae monoculture, and L. cylindrica intercropped with S. cassiae. Each plot in the monoculture treatments contained four rows of plants with a total of 20 plants, and the spacing between rows and between plants were 40 cm. In the intercropping treatments, two lines of L. cylindrica and two lines of S. cassiae were planted in each plot, and the spacing between rows and between plants were 40 cm. The specific planting method is shown in In the field experiment, the experimental area was divided into 2 × 2 m plots with an interval of 1.5 m between the plots to avoid the interaction between different treatments. The plot division and planting selection were completely random, and each treatment was repeated three times. The treatments included L. cylindrica monoculture. Two Luffa plants were planted in each pot, and the plants were spaced 25 cm apart; (2) S. cassiae monoculture. Two S. cassiae plants were planted in each pot, and the plants were spaced 25 cm apart; and (3) intercropping of L. cylindrica and S. cassiae. Two L. cylindrica plants and two S. cassiae plants were planted in each pot. The specific planting method is shown in The pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of an ecological farm at South China Agricultural University . There were three treatments in the pot experiments: (1) L. cylindrica was divided into four parts, including the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit. For the collection of plant roots, the complete roots and soil around them should be taken out as much as possible when sampling, and then the roots should be carefully separated from the soil around them by using tools such as a fine brush. Place the separated roots in water for careful cleaning to remove the residual soil on the root surface. During the cleaning process, try to keep the roots floating, and pick out all roots after washing to avoid the loss of roots. After washing and drying with tap water, the fresh weight of each part was weighed. The plant sample was then placed in an electric blast dryer  and was dried at 105 °C for 30 min; it was further dried to achieve a constant weight at 70 °C. S. cassiae was divided into five parts, including the roots, stems, leaves, pods, and fruit, and the samples were treated in the same manner as those of L. cylindrica. In this study, the biomass of the fruit of both plants was expressed in fresh weight, and the biomass of the other parts was expressed in dry weight. The biomass and yield of plants per ha was then calculated.After samples of these two plants in the field and pot experiments were harvested, 3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [The dried plant samples were ground into powder using a stainless steel mill and were then digested by microwave digestion  using a mixed solution of nitric acid (HNOe (H2O2) ,27,28. TAfter the rhizosphere soil solution was removed, its pH and Eh values were measured using a pH meter  and Eh meter , respectively. The soil solution was then passed through a 2 mm filter membrane, and the pH was adjusted to <2 with 5% HCl. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (ZAF-3100) was used to measure the As concentration in the soil solution. This method was that same as that used for the plants.P (mg kg−1) and BP (g) in this formula represent the As content and relevant biomass of each organ of L. cylindrica  and S. cassiae .The BCA value can be used to evaluate the ability of plants to absorb heavy metals in contaminated soil ,27 In ouThe LER is an index that can be used to evaluate whether the intercropping system has a particle yield advantage . The speL. cylindrica and S. cassiae in the intercropping mode, respectively, and L. cylindrica and S. cassiae in the monocrop mode, respectively, in kg. If the LER > 1, it means that this intercropping mode has a good land use effect. Furthermore, the intercropping mode has little value in land use when its LER less than 1 [The s than 1 ,29,30.The MRER is an index that can be used to evaluate whether the intercropping system can remove heavy metals from contaminated soil. In this study, the MRER was used to evaluate whether this intercropping system can remove As in soil contaminated with the element ,30. It iL. cylindrica and S. cassiae in the intercropping mode, respectively, and L. cylindrica and S. cassiae in the monoculture mode, respectively.p < 0.05. All figures were generated using Origin 2022b software .All analyses of data were conducted using SPSS 20.0 software . Differences in the means among treatments were analyzed using the least significant difference method at L. cylindrica in the intercropping system increased, particularly in yield. This could be because S. cassiae is a legume and can promote the transfer of nitrogen to non-leguminous plants [L. cylindrica in the intercropping system had a richer source of nutrients. Similar conclusions have been drawn in the research by Tang et al. [S. cassiae showed the opposite trend, and the biomass from intercropping was smaller than that of the monoculture. This could be because L. cylindrica has a larger biomass and resource competitive advantage, which is similar to the research of Kang et al. [L. cylindrica is much larger than that of S. cassiae, so L. cylindrica has a greater root competitive advantage and has a wider growth space when intercropping with S. cassiae, which also leads to the increase of L. cylindrica biomass and the significant decrease of S. cassiae biomass in the intercropping system. It should be noted that although the yield of S. cassiae in the intercropping mode decreased compared with that of the monocropping mode, the difference was not significant. Therefore, the LER of this intercropping system is slightly greater than 1.0, which is a planting mode that can efficiently utilize land contaminated with As to a certain extent, which is similar to the conclusions drawn by Wan et al. [The results of the field and pot experiments showed that compared with the monoculture system, the biomass of each part of s plants . Thus, Lg et al. . Howeverg et al. . In the n et al.  and Kangn et al. .L. cylindrica–S. cassiae intercropping system can significantly reduce the concentration of As in all parts of L. cylindrica as intercropping with S. cassiae restricts the transfer of As from the belowground to the aboveground of L. cylindrica, which can also reduce the risk of As exposure to an extent; a similar phenomenon has been noted in a study by Mensah et al. [L. cylindrica fruit in these two planting systems  met the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB2762-2017) (0.5 mg kg−1). This is because melon crops generally have a relatively weak ability to absorb heavy metals. Ma et al. [Pteris vittata L.–maize intercropping conditions satisfied foods standard for As concentration. Although the biomass of S. cassiae had decreased in the intercropping system, the concentration of As in each part of S. cassiae had increased. This indicated that S. cassiae is better able to become enriched with As than L. cylindrica. In addition, the As concentration of S. cassiae fruits in the two planting systems  also met the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB2762-2017) (2 mg kg−1). After referring to the As content threshold of polished rice (0.2 mg kg−1) stipulated by the FAO [L. cylindrica can be safely eaten; however, the As concentration of S. cassiae fruits exceeds this particular threshold. Therefore, for the application of this type of intercropping in the world, we advise that the fruit of L. cylindrica is safely usable for food, and the fruit of S. cassiae should be used as raw materials for making pillows or other products, so as to ensure that this intercropping system can produce certain economic benefits while removing As in the soil, and has better popularization.Our results show that the h et al. . In addia et al.  also fou the FAO , we founManihot esculenta L. Crantz)–peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) (MRER = 1.25) [Sesbania (MRER = 1.11) [It is worth noting that the MRER of this intercropping system reached 2.34, which has a very clear advantage for removing heavy metals. Therefore, the fruits of the two plants produced by this intercropping system have economic benefits, and this intercropping model can remove As from contaminated land to some extent. This is economically beneficial and has popular appeal; it is superior to some intercropping systems, such as rice–aquatic vegetables , cassava = 1.25) , or rice = 1.11) .L. cylindrica under intercropping was lower than that under monocropping, which indicated that intercropping reduces the bioavailability of As in the rhizosphere environment of L. cylindrica [L. cylindrica showed a downward and upward trend, respectively, indicating that the pH and Eh were closely related to the content of As in the rhizosphere soil solution [L. cylindrica of this variety has a large biomass and the decline of pH in this study is not significant, this change will not have a significant negative impact on the growth of L. cylindrica.By extracting the rhizosphere soil solution and measuring the content of As in the soil solution, the influence of intercropping on the availability of As in the soil can be explored to further explain the potential risk of As in the soil environment ,36. In tlindrica . Under isolution . With thsolution . On the solution  or cadmisolution  and may solution . HoweverS. cassiae in different planting systems was opposite to that shown in the L. cylindrica rhizosphere soil solution because the increase in pH value and decrease in Eh value affected the mobilization of As in the soil [S. cassiae absorbs more As from the soil. This result can also provide a theoretical basis for improving the phytoremediation of soil pollution [The trend of As concentration, pH, and Eh in the rhizosphere soil solution of the soil  and promthe soil ,45. Therollution .L. cylindrica and S. cassiae as an agronomic measure to achieve safe production and soil remediation to some extent in soil that is contaminated with medium concentrations of As. The results showed that the fruit of L. cylindrica and S. cassiae in the monoculture system and intercropping system could meet the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB2762-2017), but whether it can be popularized worldwide still needs further research. In general, this intercropping mode can realize the effective utilization of As-contaminated soil and produce certain economic value, and it has obvious advantages in removing As from the soil. The pot experiment showed that the intercropping system primarily regulated the absorption of As by L. cylindrica and S. cassiae by changing the pH, Eh, and water-soluble As content of the rhizosphere environment. Future research should explore the specific mechanism of As absorption by this intercropping system to L. cylindrica and S. cassiae through the determination of different forms of As in the rhizosphere environment and other relevant indicators. Such research is underway.This study explored the feasibility of intercropping


The diversity of thrips from olive trees in Algeria is unknown. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, thrip species have caused economic damage to the olive yield in the region of Biskra throughout the history of this crop, although the thrips pest species was unknown. To solve this question, we studied the thrips composition of one olive orchard over three years and the seasonal abundance of the species responsible of the damage of the olives in relation to the phenologic development of the olive treeNeohydatothripsamygdali in relation to environmental variations in Biskra province between 2018 and 2020. The olive orchard chosen for this study is located at the Experimental Station of the Technical Institute for the Development of Saharan Agriculture (ITDAS) in El Outaya . Five trees were sampled each week, and thrips were collected by shaking 20 twigs (4 twigs per tree). Identification of thrips species was based on morphological characters of adults. Microscopic observation of the collected thrips specimens made it possible to report nine thrips species. Among them, four are reported for the first time in Algeria. Three taxa, namely Haplothrips tritici, Neohydatothrips amygdali, and Frankliniella occidentalis constituted the eudominant groups, representing 28.65%, 27.98%, and 23.39% of total specimens collected during the study, respectively. Thrips injury appeared as scaring and silvering of the fruit. The most abundant species was H. tritici, but N. amygdali was most common in the last two years of the survey. The influence of phenological stages of olive trees on the total number of H. tritici and F. occidentalis was significant. The highest numbers were recorded in flowering stage. The highest number of N. amygdali had two peaks: April (2020) and May , as well as September (2020) and October , when temperatures fluctuated between 20 °C and 30 °C. N. amygdali was totally absent during the other months (in winter and summer). During the three years of investigation, N. amygdali reproduced by thelytoky, with only females present.This study was conducted to determine Thysanoptera species composition associated with olive trees, fruit injury, fluctuations in the abundance of the most phytophagous species relative to the phenological stages of the olive tree, and the temporal variations in the species  In Algeria, the olive tree is a major element of the agricultural economy. Its geographical position in the Mediterranean basin offers it an ideal climate for better quantitative and qualitative production. With more than 35 million olive trees, Algeria produces an average of one million tons of olives per year . In the Liothrips oleae (Costa) has been cited among olive pests in Spain . However, Rassool et al. [N. amygdali in Saudi Arabia on Acacia seyal [Fabales: Fabaceae] and A. ehrenbergiana [Fabales: Fabaceae]. The sex-ratio index is very important in the study of the biotic potential of a population. It is also important for understanding the causes and consequences in the differences in population structures and mating systems [Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, H. errans, Scirtothrips longipennis, and Leucothrips nigripennis. Males of these species are very rare, if ever recorded [Wolbachia is responsible for this reversible thelytoky, and they reported that the elimination of this bacterium by antibiotics or by high temperature induces the production of males. This was recently been proven by Kumm and Moritz [H. haemorrhoidalis [During the three years of study, the populations of y Minaei  in Iran l et al.  collecte systems . Predomi systems . Thysano systems ,42,43,44 systems ,46. Mostrecorded . Stoutharecorded  and Arakrecorded  confirmed Moritz . In othehoidalis .A. collaris, F. megalops, and H. andresi as predator, as well as N. amygdali as phytophagous. Relative abundance allows us to classify these species in five groups. The most abundant species, constituting the eudominant group, wer: H. tritici, N. amygdali, and F. occidentalis. Phenological stages of the olive tree are likely to be an important factor affecting the population dynamics of H. tritici, N. amygdali, and F. occidentalis. Higher abundances of H. tritici and F. occidentalis were observed in the flowering stage of olive trees. Although this stage did not attract N. amygdali, the fruit growth stage caused its appearance and abundance. A reappearance of N. amygdali was recorded when the fruit reached full development. Monitoring of the seasonal abundance of N. amygdali on olive trees revealed significant variations. Two population peaks were observed, with infestation of the olive trees beginning in April, with important activity in May (spring) and October (autumn). Thrips were present in the field when temperatures were close to 25 °C, but no presence of thrips was recorded when temperatures rose above 30 °C. The presence of frequent and numerous N. amygdali immature stages confirmed olive trees as important host plants for this species. Finally, all populations of N. amygdali collected were represented only by females. Further studies should focus on the reason for the absence of males of N.amygdali on olive trees. According to the data and field observations obtained during this study, the presence of phytophagous thrips caused injury to olive fruits, but additional tests and statistical analysis are required to determine the species responsible for the injury and to establish a correlation between the abundance of thrips and their level of damage.Thrips species were represented by nine species in an olive grove in Biskra region during 2018, 2019, and 2020. Among them, four species were recorded for the first time in Algeria:


Mangifera laurina, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera indica, Mangifera odorata, Mangifera caesia, and Mangifera foetida were prepared. This study aimed to determine the biological efficacy of several Mangifera leaf extracts on the mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquito and the inhibition of egg hatching.To develop an environmentally friendly alternative to mosquito larvicides for vegetables, leaf extracts of Mangifera essential oil was evaluated against the third instar larvae of A. aegypti at concentrations of 1500, 2000, 3000, and 5000 ppm using the World Health Organization protocol. After Probit analysis, the 48 h LC50 and LC90 values of the essential oils were determined. The inhibitory effect on egg hatching was also tested at 160, 320, 480, and 640 ppm.Extraction was performed in an organic solvent (methanol) using a Soxhlet extractor. The larvicidal potential of six leaves of Mangifera species had excellent larvicidal activity and inhibitory activity against A. aegypti egg hatching. The LC50/LC90 values were: M. casturi, 241/1964 ppm; M. laurina, 2739/4035 ppm; and M. caesia, 1831/2618 ppm. The inhibitory effect on hatching was 78% for M. foetida, 70% for M. caesia, and 59% for M. casturi.The extraction of essential oils from several Mangifera species for use as larvicides and inhibitors of egg hatching; thus, they have the potential to control A. aegypti in the early stages of development.The test results indicate the potential of some  Aedes aegypti Linn. is known as the main vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya fever worldwide. This mosquito can be found in tropical and subtropical climates worldwide and is generally found in urban and semi-urban areas [The mosquito an areas . The numan areas . Anotheran areas , and thean areas .One of the larval controls that have been applied in the community is the use of chemical insecticides, namely, synthetic larvicides. Although synthetic larvicides have been used since 1976, any insecticides are harmful to humans because the ingredients contain synthetic compounds and are dangerous when the appropriate dose is exceeded . The useMangifera is the name of a genus in the Mango tribe (or Anacardiaceae). It comprises approximately 35–40 types of mangoes that are spread throughout tropical Asia, especially in the biogeographical area of Malaysia [Mangifera indica, has been grown in production gardens in various tropical regions. The island of Borneo has the highest number of species, approximately 31, so it is estimated to be a center of species diversity [Malaysia . One speiversity .Mangifera casturi) and Binjai plant (Mangifera caesia) are typical plants of Kalimantan that are easy to find [M. indica L. (Anacardiaceae) with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide and found that they were effective against larvae of R. microplus, Hyalomma anatolicum, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus; the LC50 values were 28.56, 33.17, 23.81, 5.84, and 4.34 mg/L, respectively [M. indica leaves were antimicrobial  and biolarvicidal in raw fruit [Kalimantan Mango , Kasturi Folium (M. casturi), Mangga Folium (M. indica), Kuwini Folium (Mangifera odorata), Binjai Folium (M. caesia), and Hambawang Folium (Mangifera foetida).Hampalam Folium , at an altitude of 75–100 m above sea level. Clean mature leaves were collected and taken to the College of Health, Darul Azhar, for processing and identification, and voucher specimens were kept at the Palangka Raya University: Herbarium CIMTROP.A. aegypti used in this study came from the colony laboratory, cultured at room temperature (25–28°C) under a 12 h light: 12 h dark in the insectarium of the Entomology Laboratory, Health Research and Development Agency, Tanah Bumbu Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. The population used is the third and fourth instar larvae collected using a pipette. The eggs used were from hatching on the same day and in good condition and were examined with a dissecting microscope at a magnification of 10×.The larvae and eggs of M. laurina, M. casturi, M. indica, M. odorata, M. caesia, and M. foetida) was performed using a maceration method, in which the material is soaked in methanol for 3 × 24 h and occasionally stirred until liquid extract is obtained. Furthermore, the liquid extract is evaporated until the crude extract is obtained.The extraction of each plant , with four replicate measurements were taken. The larval testing experiment used a plastic container with a total volume 150 mL and introduced extract and water. Observations were made at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 360, 720, 1440, and 2880 min.In total, 4375 After exposure for 48 h, larval mortality was recorded. The controls used were one part acetone in water, 1% ethanol in water, and water only. For the positive control, the mosquito larvicide Abate 1SG  was used.A. aegypti eggs used in the test came from laboratory colonies, bred at room temperature (25–28°C) in an insectarium at the Insectarium of the Entomology Laboratory of the Indonesian Institute for Soil Research and Development. Freshly laid eggs on paper strips were observed under a stereomicroscope for survival. Then, 20–30 viable eggs were placed for each stock solution concentration. The viable eggs were exposed to different soluble crude ethanol extract doses and the soluble ethyl acetate, hexane, and water fractions. The test was performed four times with concentrations of 160, 320, 480, and 640 ppm. Negative control cups containing 1% acetone in water, 1% ethanol in water, and water alone were stored separately. Egg hatchability at 72 h post-treatment was observed, and the data were recorded.The ovicidal activity was determined by measuring egg hatchability. 50 and LC90 with a 95% confidence level were presented. The percentage of egg hatchability at each dose was calculated by dividing the number of eggs hatched by the total number of eggs inserted, multiplied by 100. The average hatchability at each dose was calculated, including the standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether there was a significant difference in the mean hatchability between the different doses.The percentage of larval mortality was calculated by dividing the number of dead and inactive larvae by the total number of larvae that were tested multiplied by 100. Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows software were used for data analysis. The Pearson fit test was used to determine whether Probit’s model adequately fit the data provided by the experiment. LCMangifera leaf extracts on the killing and hatchability of A. aegypti after 48 h of exposure in larvae and 72 h in eggs is presented in M. casturi has better efficacy at a concentration of 2000 ppm, compared with M. caesia and M. laurina at 5000 ppm. Likewise, for the hatching rate of eggs, the ability to inhibit hatching was accompanied by an increase in concentration. M. odorata, M. laurina, and M. indica showed stronger inhibition, that is, only 36% and 47% of eggs hatched, respectively, whereas M. foetida was only able to inhibit approximately 89%  and primary and secondary forests [M. casturi is a species endemic to Borneo [M. casturi contains essential oils containing terpenoids, steroids, and saponins [ forests . M. casto Borneo , and itssaponins . Kasturisaponins . Severalsaponins .50 and LC90 concentrations were found for M. casturi at 241 and 1964 ppm, M. caesia at 1831 and 2618 ppm, and M. laurina at 2739 and 4035 ppm (50 value of a substance, the higher the activity in killing experimental animals. Because of these substances, lower concentrations are needed to kill experimental animals over the same time period [M. caesia and M. laurina could kill up to 100% larvae at a concentration of 5000 ppm. Both species are known to contain saponins, tannins, phenolics, and flavonoids. Tannins are toxic to insects and these compounds bind to proteins in the salivary glands and reduce the activity of digestive enzymes, reducing the rate of growth and nutritional disturbances [et al. [Eclipta prostrate, Hemidesmus indices, and Gymnema sylvestre caused the death of C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Saponins are detergent-like substances that can damage the membrane, which will disrupt the lipid layer of the epicuticle and disrupt the endocuticular protein layer so that toxic compounds can easily enter into the larvae body [Sapindus mukorossi stem, fruit extract of Cestrum nocturne, and leaf extract of Cestrum diurnum at 60 ppm resulted in 100% mortality of A. aegypti.The lowest LC4035 ppm . The lowe period . This sturbances . This di [et al.  in 2008;vae body  reportedM. odorata, M. laurina, and M. indica resulted in strong egg hatching inhibitory activity and enhanced the larvicidal activity of the essential oils of M. odorata, M. laurina, and M. indica. Another similar study on Cassia fistula with methanol as a solvent can also be used as an egg hatching inhibitor [et al. [Concerning the effect on egg hatchability, leaf extracts of nhibitor . In our  [et al.  have sho [et al.  or by pe [et al. . The mec [et al. .M. casturi, M. caesia, and M. laurina had the ability to act as a larvacide and M. odorata, M. laurina, and M. indica inhibited the hatching of A. aegypti eggs. Various compounds are responsible for the biological activity of this essential oil. These compounds can jointly or individually contribute to producing larvicidal activity and inhibiting egg hatching [Cinnamomum impressicostatum exhibits antibacterial [This study found that the essential oils of the leaves of hatching . One plaacterial , antifunacterial , insectiacterial , and laracterial  activityM. casturi, M. caesia, M. laurina, M. odorata, and M. laurina was shown to be capable of controlling dengue vectors, especially at the egg and pre-adult stages. It should be noted that the availability of plants that are easy to find and the availability of leaves every year add value to this plant extract. Therefore, this plant extract can be applied for integrated vector control. Further studies on side effects and the effects of the plant on non-target organisms, alongside field evaluations, should be performed.The activity of extracts of NM: Conception of the study, extraction of simplicia, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. MRR: Conception of the study, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. DS: Extraction of simplicia, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. MRSP, NR, and BPA: Drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.