Plasmodium. Our analysis identifies three discrete malaria transmission systems related to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Brazilian coast, respectively. The Amazonian system accounts for 99% of all malaria cases in the country. It is largely due to autochthonous P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission by mosquitoes of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, primarily Anopheles darlingi. Whilst P. vivax transmission is widespread, P. falciparum transmission is restricted to hotspot areas mostly in the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is the major source of P. vivax exportation to the extra-Amazonian regions that are also affected by importation of P. falciparum from Africa. The Atlantic system comprises autochthonous P. vivax transmission typically by the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator of the Kerteszia subgenus. An. cruzii also transmits simian malaria parasites to humans. The third, widespread but geographically fragmented, system is found along the Brazilian coast and comprises P. vivax transmission mainly by An. aquasalis. We conclude that these geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems require specific strategies for effective disease control.Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We consider factors impacting on the malaria burden and transmission dynamics including the geographical occurrence of both autochthonous and imported infections, the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors and records of natural mosquito infections with  Between 2010 and 2015, there has been a significant worldwide drop in malaria clinical cases and mortality, reaching 21% and 31% in Africa and 29% and 37% in South America, respectively. Nonetheless, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 212 million estimated cases and 429,000 deaths in 2016, 90% of them in Africa, and 71% of them concerning children under the age of five [Brazil has a centenary history of fighting malaria. In 1905, the first antimalarial campaign was carried out in Brazil, during the construction of the port of Santos –5. DespiAn. arabiensis in Northeastern Brazil by boats arriving from Africa in the 1930s is held responsible for some 14,000 deaths in 1938–1939. At the time, An. arabiensis was not recognized as a separate species; and all the species comprising the, what is now known, An. gambiae sensu lato species complex were collectively called An. gambiae [The introduction of  gambiae . With ab gambiae –10. None gambiae ,11. ThisP. falciparum and P. vivax displayed similar rates, and the program soon led to reduction of P. falciparum cases, even though the total number of cases remained relatively high [After this period of decrease in the number of cases, new malaria outbreaks were recorded in the 1960s-70s . During ely high ,14,15.10P. vivax recrudescence [The last 30 years saw fluctuations in the number of malaria cases, with peaks of around 600,000 cases in 1998–2000 and 2004–2006 due to reasons that are not fully understood but thought to be linked to environmental changes, poor management of fish farming, human migration and descence ,8. This descence ,16–18. MMalaria is a serious public health problem in the Amazonian region where 99% of all cases are recorded . The higP. falciparum cases in these two States were as high as 75% of all P. falciparum cases in the country. Of these, about 60% were in the neighboring municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul (AC), Rodrigues Alves (AC), Mâncio Lima (AC), Atalaia do Norte (AM), Guajara (AM), Ipixuna (AM), Eirunepe (AM) and Benjamin Constant (AM)  and 2016 . Today, Cruzeiro do Sul alone accounts for about 30% of all P. falciparum cases in the country and together with its neighboring Rodrigues Alves and Mâncio Lima account for about 50% of all P. falciparum cases. Other P. falciparum hotspots are Porto Velho (RO), Itaituba (PA) and Anajas (PA) [In 2015–2016, the States of Amazonas and Acre together reported 60–70% of malaria cases in the Amazonian Region and the entire country. In particular, ant (AM) . Five ofjas (PA) .P. falciparum cases in the westernmost part of the Brazilian Amazon are poorly understood and thought to be multiple. The high disease transmission dynamics are thought to be affected by the extensive anthropogenic environmental changes in conjunction with the booming of fish farming in the region, which are likely to have extended the habitats and increased the density of vectors, rendering vector control tools insufficient. Human migration between municipalities, states and countries may also be an important factor and is analyzed later in this paper.The reasons for the persistently high and relatively increasing rates of P. falciparum is responsible for the majority of severe malaria cases and deaths, the greatest DALYs burden is inflicted by P. vivax that accounts for about 90% of all the cases in Brazil [P. vivax infections presents many challenges, owing to the P. vivax unique biological characteristics that include early blood stream production of gametocytes that are infectious to mosquitoes, low parasitaemia that can be undetectable by light microscopy, hypnozoites that can become active after months and sometimes years of latency, and asymptomatic infections that are common favoring the maintenance of the parasite reservoir. A recent study in Remansinho  revealed that 65% of the cases tested positive for P. vivax with PCR presented no malaria symptoms, while 54% of them could not be diagnosed by conventional microscopy [P. vivax parasitaemia and the presence of symptoms was observed. Considering that only microscopy-confirmed cases are treated, both asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic  cases are a major challenge that needs urgent attention.Even though n Brazil ,23. Contcroscopy . StrikinP. vivax, occur every year. These cases often show low parasitaemia of very short duration that cure spontaneously [IgM and IgG antibodies for P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum were detected among people with no obvious malaria symptoms, suggesting elevated exposure rates [P. falciparum and P. vivax was verified in healthy blood donors from the São Paulo State, which were associated with forest environment and fragmentation [Asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic cases are also a problem in States spanning the Atlantic rainforest, where atypical autochthonous cases, mostly diagnosed as aneously –29. In tre rates . Similarre rates –29. Addientation .P. vivax malaria, and to a lesser extent to P. falciparum that is restricted to short distance movement , and is related to poverty that forces families to move in search of work and better opportunities [Human population movement is a key challenge in tackling malaria transmission in Brazil. Whilst temporary movement, mostly associated with business, holidays or social visitations, could contribute to small-scale outbreaks in malaria-free areas, long-term and continuous migration can significantly contribute to the observed and stable malaria transmission dynamics. We propose that the latter is mostly associated with tunities .P. falciparum cases in Acre seen in the last decade. This pattern of malaria migration was followed by the States of Pará and Mato Grosso, the latter exporting about one fifth of all its cases, mostly to the State of Rondônia.Although the majority of malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon are autochthonous, case importation between States can provide important insights into disease transmission dynamics . BetweenP. falciparum hotspot . The same species are present in Southeastern States that are run by the Atlantic rainforest, and some are also found further south. Most of these species persist but are more scarcely detected in the Midwestern and the non-Amazonian Northeastern States, while other species of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus become more prevalent. Of the Anopheles subgenus, An. mattogrossensis, An. mediopunctatus and An. peryassui are also found in all the Amazonian States but Tocantins, with no or scarce detection in the remaining Northeastern and the Midwestern States. Some of the species persist in Southeastern and Southern States, again suggestive of their forest-related habitats. Species of the Kerteszia subgenus, especially An. bellator and An. cruzii, are widely distributed in Southeastern and Southern States but scarcely found in Amazonian States.The highest vector diversity is documented in the Amazonian and the Southeastern regions for both of the Plasmodium infection using ELISA detection of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), microscopy and/or PCR. Of these, 16 were of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, 7 of the Anopheles subgenus and 4 of the Kerteszia subgenus. The majority of mosquitoes for which the species of Plasmodium harbored was determined were found positive for more than one of the three human parasites circulating in Brazil, i.e. P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae  out of 37 of these mosquito species were tested positive to date for natural An. darlingi in the State of Acre where it is thought to be the primary vector, altogether reinforcing our view that malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon is poorly studied and understood.With regards to the geographical distribution of malaria-positive mosquitoes, 10 species were found in the States of Amapá and Pará, 9 in Amazonas and São Paulo, 7 in Espírito Santo, 6 in Rondônia, 5 in Roraima, 3 in Santa Catarina, 2 in Acre, 2 in Rio de Janeiro, 2 in Paraná, and 1 in each of Alagoas, Ceará, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe. To the best of our knowledge, no data is available for the remaining States, including the Amazonian States of Mato Grosso, where numerous autochthonous cases are recorded every year, and Tocantins, while the data for Acre and Maranhão are outdated. Characteristically, there is no report of infected An. darlingi is susceptible to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin, whereas An. marajoara displayed higher tolerance to these chemicals [Very little is also known about insecticide resistance among vector species. We were able to identify only a recent report for the State of Amapá demonstrating that hemicals .Nyssorhynchus subgenus, while species of the Anopheles subgenus play a lesser role, mostly confined to the State of Amazonas. The second, geographically more limited and epidemiologically of lesser significance system coincides with the Atlantic rainforest, where species of the Kerteszia subgenus appear to play an important but not the sole role. The third, less discernible, not continuous and mostly P. vivax transmission system can be identified as overlapping with the Brazilian coast, especially in the Northeastern and Southeastern territories. It is vectored by An. aquasalis of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, which breeds exclusively in brackish waters [In conclusion, when analyzed together with the malaria case incidents, these data reveal three discrete malaria transmission systems in Brazil . The firh waters –46. Thish waters . Below wAn. darlingi, which is highly anthropophilic with crepuscular biting activity usually extending throughout the night [An. darlingi populations with outdoor resting behavior [An. darlingi natural infection by Plasmodium mostly ranges from 0 to 10% but can reach over 20% depending on the area, year and season [The primary vector in the Amazonian rainforest is he night –50. It cbehavior . Immaturbehavior . Howeverbehavior . The detd season –57.An. darlingi is often found in greater abundance and higher proportion than any other species [An. darlingi abundance is seen between June and August, during the transition between the rainy and dry seasons [An. darlingi groups were found to be associated with different peak periods: the first in the rainy season and the second in dry environment [Across the Amazon,  species ,58. In A seasons . Howeverironment .An. darlingi, other Nyssorhynchus species also involved in the Amazon malaria transmission system are An. albitarsis s.l., An. braziliensis, An. nuneztovari s.l., An. oswaldoi s.l. and An. triannulatus s.l., which are mostly of local relevance. An. marajoara and An. janconnae, for example, which belong to the An. albitarsis s.l. complex [Plasmodium [Anopheles braziliensis, An. nuneztovari s.l, An. oswaldoi s.l. and An. triannulatus s.l. are present in most Amazonian States and considered as secondary vectors because they are mostly zoophilic and exophilic [Besides  complex , are conasmodium ,55,62,63xophilic –57,64–71Most autochthonous cases in the extra-Amazonian region in the period of 2007–2016 were recorded in the State of Espírito Santo (ca. 400 cases), corresponding to 60% of the State’s total number of cases . A high An. aquasalis is present all along the Brazilian coast and may account in part for the autochthonous cases mentioned above. According to Coutinho [An. aquasalis mosquitoes captured in the State of Rio de Janeiro. This mosquito is also held responsible for the last large outbreak in the State of São Paulo in 1986, which occurred in the urban coastal area of Guarujá and resulted in 24 autochthonous cases.As mentioned above, Coutinho , an infeKerteszia subgenus are thought to be the main vectors. Bromeliad malaria is a term coined by Downs & Pittendrigh [An. cruzii and An. bellator, are found. This, combined with the high rates of imported malaria cases from Amazonian States and Africa, make such areas potential hotspots for seasonal outbreaks.In recent years, the majority of cases in these areas were associated with the Atlantic rainforest, where mosquitoes of the tendrigh  to descrtendrigh –76, becatendrigh . DespiteAn. cruzii is also a natural vector of the simian malaria parasites, P. simium and P. brasilianum [An. cruzii is held responsible for transmission of simian malaria to humans in or near fragments of the Atlantic forest. For years, simian Plasmodium species were thought to routinely infect humans and lead to infections of low parasitaemia that cure spontaneously [P. brasilianum and P. malariae, and between P. simium and P. vivax are thought to have led to misdiagnosis between simian and human malaria. Indeed, using molecular markers, Brasil et al. [P. simium in the State of Rio de Janeiro in 2015 and 2016, which were originally diagnosed as P. vivax.Besides being a vector of human malaria, silianum ,65,77–79aneously . Extensil et al.  identifiThere are three geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems in Brazil, each maintained by different mosquito vectors and having different eco-epidemiological characteristics, thus requiring tailored control strategies.An. darlingi. The second, less prominent but stable system is associated with the Atlantic rainforest and involves the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator. The third, less discernible system, responsible for alarming P. vivax outbreaks, is found along the Brazilian coast and involves An. aquasalis.The first and most important system is related to the Amazon rainforest and primarily involves 99% of malaria cases in Brazil are recorded in the Amazon rainforest transmission system, affecting mostly the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is poorly studied and understood.P. vivax malaria remains the leading infection, the presence of P. falciparum malaria hotspots requires special attention. The most prominent hotspot involves the westernmost municipalities of Acre and Amazonas.While Human migration is thought to have a major influence on malaria transmission dynamics throughout Brazil.P. falciparum cases from Peru. The latter may contribute to the P. falciparum hotspot referred to above.High incidence of malaria case importation is detected between Amazonian states but also from neighboring South American countries, particularly P. vivax imported from the Brazilian Amazon whereas Africa is the main origin of cases in states where P. falciparum is the majorly imported parasite.In the extra-Amazonian region, malaria is mostly due to Importation of malaria parasites from Africa may represent an epidemiologically relevant route for the reintroduction of chloroquine-resistance.


In the original article we neglected to indicate that both Dr. Nada Alaaeddine and Dr. Jean Luc Davignon contributed equally to this work.Author Contributionstatement, which appears below:A correction has also been made to the “SS designed the study, performed experimental work, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. NA and J-LD designed the study, interpreted the data, and critically revised the manuscript. EC, ArC, and AlC provided SF samples. OE and KD performed experimental work. BR, YD, and VT-S interpreted the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. NA and J-LD contributed equally to this work and both head their corresponding labs.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


There was an error in the Funding statement. The correct version is:This study was funded with grant UL-2010-4667 from the Dutch Cancer Society and with an unrestricted grant from Merck, Sharpe & Dohme (MSD). P.G.G., A.G.E. and S.M. are researchers employed by MSD. They have contributed to this study by critical appraisal of the data and the manuscript and by sharing expert opinion. Furthermore, MSD had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.


Annals of the ACTM, in the previous year. The Award had been established in honor of Emeritus Professor John M Goldsmid, who was the Inaugural Editor of the Annals, from 2002–2008. He was also ACTM President 1998–2000 and was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the College in 2001. The award now continues to be presented in the College's new official publication, Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. For many years, The Australasian College of Tropical Medicine (ACTM) has awarded the John M Goldsmid Award for the best paper published in its official journal, the We are pleased to announce the “John M Goldsmid Award” for 2018. Nominations, chosen from all papers published in 2016–2017, were made by the Editorial Board. Following review by the Editorial Board, the three top-voted articles as follows, have each won the “John M Goldsmid Award” for 2018:Amal K. Mitra and Anthony R. MawsonNeglected Tropical Diseases: Epidemiology and Global BurdenTrop. Med. Infect. Dis.2017, 2, 36. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2030036https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/2/3/36Sarah L. Smiley, Andrew Curtis, and Joseph P. KiwangoUsing Spatial Video to Analyze and Map the Water-Fetching Path in Challenging Environments: A Case Study of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.2017, 2, 8; doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2020008https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/2/2/8Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.2017, 2, 5; doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2020005https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/2/2/5Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease and the scientific research field. On behalf of the Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Editorial Board and the College, we would like to congratulate these teams for their excellent work. The winners of the 1st prize will receive a cash honorarium of 500 CHF. All the authors will be each offered the privilege of publishing a paper free of charge in open access format in Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, after the usual peer-review procedure. A certificate will be given to each of the Award recipients.We believe that these three exceptional papers make valuable contributions to Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, and to thank the Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Editorial Board for voting and helping with this “John M Goldsmid Award”.We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the nominated research groups of the above exceptional papers for their contributions to Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease are committed to meeting the needs of the science community by providing useful and timely reviews of all manuscripts submitted and providing an open access journal for your results. Please consider submitting your work to Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, and we look forward to announcing your paper as a Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Best Paper in the future.The Editorial Board and Editorial Staff at Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Editorial Board


AbstractEremobatesdocolora Brookhart and Muma, E.scaber (Kraepelin), and Hemerotrechadenticulata Muma. It is expected that as many as four additional species may be found in Canada. Only one Barcode Index Number is currently known from Canadian specimens.The Solfugae fauna of Canada includes three known species:  Solifugae, commonly known as camel spiders, wind scorpions, or sun spiders, is a relatively small order with over 1100 described species, about 200 of which occur in North America  and Hemerotrechadenticulata Muma from British Columbia, have been recorded from Canada, all in the family Eremobatidae (E.gladiolus Muma and Holmberg and Buckle (1982)PageBreak added E.pallipes (Say), E.scaber (Kraepelin) and the genera Eremochelis and Hemerotrecha from Canada. Subsequently, E.gladiolus was synonymized with E.scaber by E.pallipes and Eremochelis was based on misidentification.The arachnid order  America . The ordobatidae   System from British Columbia, represented by one Barcode Index Number (BIN) Table . These sSolifugae are best adapted to desert and semi-desert environments and are not well adapted to cold or temperate regions , has been reported from a high elevation site (3670 m) in Chile (The low species diversity of this order of arachnids in Canada can be attributed to the lack of suitable habitats and climatic conditions in these northern latitudes for a group adapted to dry, warm, xeric conditions with open, sandy soils . Solifug regions , althougin Chile . Future


Last autumn, Moscow geneticists had the pleasure to meet Helen Muller, daughter of Professor Hermann Joseph Muller, American geneticist, educator, and Nobel laureate, best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (X-ray mutagenesis). In search of materials for a book that she is writing about her father, Helen Muller visited the institutions of Russian Academy of Sciences, associated with the presence of H.J. Muller in Moscow in the 1930s.Drosophila Fallén, 1823 to Russia. In February 1933, H.J. Muller was elected foreign corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, succeeding the honorary membership of T.H. Morgan in 1932 (www.ras.ru), also at the instigation of N.I. Vavilov.The scientific career of Hermann J. Muller (1890–1967) began in Columbia University, New York under the supervision of one of the founders of cytogenetics, E.B. Wilson. Muller remained as a postgraduate in the same university through 1912–1916, and in 1918–1920 became an assistant of T.H. Morgan, whose theory of chromosomal heredity  they expFor four fruitful years Hermann J. Muller worked at the Institute of Genetics, founded by N.I. Vavilov in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg , and moved with his Laboratory of Genes and Mutagenesis to Moscow in 1934. His colleagues were M.L. Bel’govsky, A.A. Prokofieva-Bel’govskaya, Y.J. Kerkis, N.N. Medvedev, K.V. Kosikov and others, well-known Soviet geneticists. Together with his scientific successes, during the last two years of his work in the USSR, Muller devoted much effort to the public defence of the chromosome theory of heredity from the anti-genetic attacks of T. Lysenko. As a consequence of this opposition to Lysenko, H.J. Muller was forced to leave USSR in 1937.www.ras.ru) in recent times (1990). In the 1960s, the rehabilitation of the name of N.I. Vavilov should be proceeded in different ways, including the naming of the new academic Institute of General Genetics, situated close to where Vavilov used to work (www.vigg.ru).Two places related to Hermann J. Muller’s work in Moscow were visited by his daughter last Autumn. Muller’s lab was situated in a building, which continues to be part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The old building at number 33 Leninsky Avenue is that one from which academician Nikolai I. Vavilov departed for his last expedition in 1940 and never returned. In protest against the expulsion of N.I. Vavilov, Hermann Muller, already a Nobel laureate (1946), refused membership of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Muller’s name was, however, added to the Academy (http://vigg.ru/istorija-instituta/muzei-ni-vavilova/). On 27 September 2018 Helen Muller gave a lecture at the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, at Leninsky Avenue, 33 (http://sev-in.ru/ru/node/804) in the same conference hall familiar to both Vavilov and Muller (Fig. Helen Muller, emeritus Professor of Sociology from the University of New Mexico, visited the N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics and memorial museum with portraits of Vavilov’s collaborators, including, of course, H.J. Muller (


AbstractCopepoda recorded in different regions in Ecuador  is here provided. We revised all published records, critically evaluated the validity of each taxon and provided short taxonomic and biogeographical remarks for each one. A total of 27 taxa have been reported, including species and records at the generic level only. The species and taxa identified only up to the generic level belong to five families and 14 genera. The Cyclopoida is the most diverse group with 16 records belonging to species (or identified to the generic level only) and eight genera, followed by the Harpacticoida with six species, one identification to the generic level only, and four genera, and Calanoida with four species belonging to two genera. A total of 18 taxa are recorded for the Andes. Six have been recorded in the Amazon, two are recorded for the coastal region, and six for the Galapagos. One species is shared between the Amazon and the Andes. One species is shared between the coastal region and the Amazon. Seventeen are only reported from the Andes and four are only reported from the Amazon. At the current status of the knowledge, any attempt to analyze and generalize distributional patterns of copepods in Ecuador is premature due to the scarcity of available information, and evidently there is an urgent need for more extensive field collections. A few working hypothesis for future studies are identified.An annotated checklist of the free-living freshwater  Copepoda from the Neotropical region are those by th century , Canthocamptidae (109), Diaptomidae (82), and Parastenocarididae (65) (approximate number of species is within parentheses). The calanoid and cyclopoid fauna is relatively well known for the Neotropical region. As for the Harpacticoida, despite recent advances in taxonomy and zoogeography of the Parastenocarididae  and to the inclusion of Ecuador as a hotspot of biodiversity for plant and vertebrate species . Here we adopt the classifications of Poecilostomatoida families within Cyclopoida.The list of the copepods of continental Ecuador and Galapagos Islands compiled herein is based on literature data, including theses and taxonomic and ecological publications. The current valid species names and combinations are mostly based on The geographic distribution of the freshwater taxa within the country is described by dividing continental Ecuador into three subregions  and eight genera, followed by the Harpacticoida with six species, one identification to the generic level only, and four genera, and Calanoida with four species belonging to two genera  campaneri (Bryocamptus from a lake in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Attheyella (Chapuisiella) fuhrmanni   broiensis Reid, 1994. According to Bryocamptus do not occur south of the northern limit of the Eocene-Miocene submergence of Central America. Zealand , and a sampaneri , from Ce Janeiro  are a mid, 1914) . BryocamDistribution. Collected from lagoons of the islands of Santa Cruz and Floreana, Galapagos Archipelago. Distribution. Andes (C.deitersiecuadorianus).Remarks. Originally described from Ecuador. Length of males reaching 620 μm long, females 750 μm long. Asymmetry is observed in the armature of the female P5 basoendopod. Both males and females show variability in the armature of the antennal exopodite. In males, P3exp-3 may be variable in armature. C.deitersi  has been recorded from Ecuador (C.deitersiecuadorianus), Venezuela  is lower than in Cuba (10) and Brazil (9), but higher than in Suriname (2) and Argentina (2). However, these data are not the result of extensive research and sampling of all biomes and environments. Thus, we cannot draw any biogeographical pattern from this study. Only one species is known from each of the following Neotropical countries: Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru and Paraguay. The French islands Bonaire and Martinique are also inhabited by one species each.” Groundwater, benthic habitats of high Andean lakes, and aquatic habitats within rainforests are potential habitats for harpacticoid copepods and particularly for Elaphoidella Chappuis, 1929. Other still poorly investigated biotopes are phytotelmata and semiterrestrial habitats, which would no doubt yield new species of copepods (According to copepods .Distribution. Andes (surroundings of Antisana volcano >3000 m a.s.l.) ( a.s.l.) .Remarks.Acanthocyclops Kiefer, 1927 specimens from Ecuador possessed a spine formula of the “vernalis type” (2.3.3.3). However, two, three, three, and three spines on the terminal exopodal segments on P1 to P4, respectively, may occur in both A.robustus and A.vernalis Fischer, 1853, which are currently considered distinct from one another.Acanthocyclopsrobustus is supposedly restricted to the northern Holarctic region  and A.skottsbergi Lindberg, 1949 for which the generic affinities of which are still under debate. However, a few species ,which are apparently closely related to the A.vernalis-robustus group, have been described from Mexico  and Honduras ; the geographic distribution is still poorly understood of these species . The occurrence of Acanthocyclops in South America may raise intriguing questions of the taxonomic identity and evolutionary origin of these taxa.The genus is most diversified in the northern temperate region. So far reported from South America, there are only two species, here not including the southern South American Distribution. Coastal ., Russia , needs r, Russia , and allDistribution. Coastal and Amazon   .Remarks. The species range is likely restricted to South America. Mesocyclopsmeridianus , which was described from San Bernardino, Paraguay, is morphologically highly similar to M.pseudomeridianus Defaye & Dussart, 1988 , M.brasilianus Kiefer, 1933 , M.varius Dussart, 1987 , and M.meridionalis Dussart & Frutos, 1985   with old or scarce original material to resolve possible synonymies. The meridianus-brasilianus-pseudomeridianus lineage (=? M.meridianus) and the venezolanus-varius lineage (=? M.venezolanus) differ from each other in the shape of the lateral arms of the seminal receptacle (M.meridianus and M.brasilianus to be distinct species and put M.varius and M.venezolanus in synonymy with M.brasilianus.gentina) . Some olus-clade  is conficeptacle . GutiérrM.aspericornis  but excludes M.ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957, which is a supposedly recently introduced species. More extensive sampling will likely reveal more species in Ecuador.The genus is distributed worldwide and is represented by 13 native species in South America, most of which (10 of 13) are endemic to the continent. This number included Distribution.Metacyclops are the dominant cyclopoid taxa in glacial lakes in the tropical Andes ; M.leptopustotaensis Reid, Arevalo & Fukushima, 1990 ; and M.leptopusvenezolanus Kiefer, 1956 . The latter subspecies was considered by M.mendocinus rather than a lineage within M.leptopus. For more comments on the taxonomic relationships of M.leptopus, see M.mendocinus. of Peru , 1927. CDistribution.Originally described from northern and western Argentina (Jujuy and Mendoza Provinces) , this spRemarks. The remote mid-Atlantic islands of the Azores harbour a subspecies, M.mendocinusinsularis Defaye & Dussart, 1991, which suggests that this species has good capacity for dispersal. Metacyclopsmendocinus, along with M.leptopus, belongs to a group of species that are predominantly Neotropical in distribution. They share the 12-segmented state of the antennule and two terminal spines on the terminal endopodal segment of P4  and members of the M.leptopus-complex . M.mendocinus appears to be eurytopic, while M.leptopus apparently inhabits relatively pristine lakes at mostly high altitudes. Accordingly, the records from Andean Ecuador might refer to M.leptopus rather than M.mendocinus (nt of P4 . The relndocinus .Distribution.Microcyclops sp. (“probably a native species”), inhabiting temporary freshwater pools in Isla Santa Cruz, tortoise reserve (120 m a.s.l) in the Galapagos Archipelago. Species of Microcyclops were the dominant Cyclopoida in glacial lakes in the tropical Andes  and Amazon   .Remarks. This species was originally described from Santa Lucia, Southern Uruguay. M.alius is a junior synonym of M.dubitabilis  . In a revision of the American Microcyclops, M.dubitabilis (Kiefer 1934) , see M.dubitabilis stretches from Florida Keys, USA   .Remarks. The type locality is Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil , temporary pools, 120 m a.s.l. , which has as its type locality Regensburg, Germany, is a nomen dubium, and its use should be avoided   . The ideDistribution. Andes . The general distribution of this species is poorly understood. Records from Mexico are instead another species  in the American Eucyclops.Distribution. Amazon   .Remarks.Macrocyclopsalbidus s. s. is considered to be cosmopolitan (but see Karanovic and Krajicek 2012) and have been reported from several countries in South America, including Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, possibly Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela . Macrocyclopsalbidusprincipalis is endemic to the Brazilian Amazon, Venezuela, and Colombia .Remarks. This is one of the few truly cosmopolitan species in the Cyclopidae , the Azores in the Atlantic, Crozet and Amsterdam islands in the southern Indian Ocean, and Tahiti and Easter Island in the Pacific .Remarks. The valid name is P.hardingi for the Paracyclops originally described by Paracyclopsfimbriatusandinus Lindberg, 1957 is a junior homonym of P.andinus Kiefer, 1957, and P.hardingi was proposed as a replacement name  and Lake Huampucocha (Junín) , as well as from various water bodies near Lake Titicaca   .Remarks.Ergasilidae are parasitic copepods, parasitizing mainly freshwater sometimes marine coastal fish. The overwhelming majority of the South American ergasilid species (69 of 75) are known from Brazil . Boeckellaoccidentalisintermedia, yet neither Distribution. Amazon  and N.nordestinus  that they could be considered as variations of a single polymorphic species. However, this subspecies is currently considered to be a valid taxon . Having examined only 38 crustacean samples, Our knowledge on the free-living freshwater copepod fauna from continental Ecuador and Galapagos Archipelago, in comparison to other countries in tropical South America, is relatively recent and rather limited. Countries with ecosystem diversity similar to that occurring in Ecuador have their biodiversity much better documented. For example, a checklist of the free-living copepods of the continental waters of Colombia  reportedCopepoda. The recommendations of Cladocera, including specimens suitable for molecular studies, also hold true for the copepods. From among the four lake provinces [Paramo, Andean , Amazonia, and coastal plains and Andean foothills; Ecuador is a region with high species richness and high rates of endemism . DussartA taxonomic and zoogeographic revision of the inland water copepods of Ecuador, using both morphological and genetic information, might allow us to test of some major questions of copepod biogeography and evolution Table . To date


Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos include Nardostachys jatamansi and N. chinensis. Traditionally, the two plants have been used to treat many diseases. Because of their special aroma, they are also commonly used in the food and cosmetics industry. Recently, N. jatamansi and N. chinensis have been overexploited due to their economic importance, resulting in a sharp decline in their wild resources. Predicting potential distributions of the genus Nardostachys under different climate scenarios and understanding its preferred habitat are of great significance for their conservation, artificial cultivation, and assessment of their value.The medicinal plants of Nardostachys under current and future climatic conditions based on two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s. These data were used to study the effects of climate variables.The Maxent model was used to predict the potential geographical distributions of the genus N. chinensis presents a relatively stable growth compared to N. jatamansi. In addition, precipitation plays a crucial role in modeling the effects of climate change on the genus Nardostachys. This study provides theoretical guidance for the cultivation of N. chinensis.The results show that the potential distribution of the two species will increase, thus more suitable habitats will be present in China. The suitable habitat for  Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos include Nardostachys jatamansi and N. chinensis   .Fritillaria cirrhosa, Lilium nepalense, Phellodendron amurense Rupr, and Atractylodes lancea , Specimen Resources Sharing Platform for Education (http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (https://www.gbif.org/). The literature used was open-source and available worldwide. In the absence of specific geographical coordinate records, Google Earth 7.0 was utilized to find the approximate latitude and longitude according to the described geographical location. After duplicate and invalid records were removed, the sampling points of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis were 183 and 60, respectively. We obtained sampling points from the specimen database and literature, and all the specimens collected in the specimen database are wild. In accordance with the requirements of the Maxent software, the distribution records of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis were organized into .csv format files including the species name and distribution point longitude and latitude, with the east and north latitudes positive and the west and south latitudes negative.Occurrence records of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis. Refer to other literature, 19 bioclimatic variables with 2.5-min resolution of the current conditions and future conditions (2050s and 2070s) were downloaded from the WorldClim-Global Climate Data (http://worldclim.org/)  . The 2.5im.org/) . These vim.org/) . The 19 im.org/) .https://github.com/mrmaxent/Maxent/blob/master/ArchivedReleases/3.3.3k/maxent.jar). Maxent was used to predict the current and future potential distributions of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis based on the occurrence records and climate data. The logical output (results are expressed in terms of probability) was selected to assess the likelihood of the presence of a species in each grid cell. A total of 25% of the occurrence records were chosen as the test set, and the remaining parameters were the default settings  of N. jatamansi under the RCP2.6 emission scenario will continue to grow. However, the range of suitable areas under the RCP8.5 emission scenario was significantly reduced and was significantly lower than the current level. The results showed that the climate-suitable area decreased in the 2070s under the RCP8.5 climate scenario compared to the current period.By 2070, the area of suitable habitats for N. chinensis under RCP2.6 also continued to increase, relative to the 2050s and the present. Suitable areas of N. chinensis under RCP8.5 still increased compared to the present. However, suitable areas of N. chinensis under RCP8.5 decreased from the 2050s.Suitable areas of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis were simulated by the Maxent model, which automatically predicted the contribution percentage of each variable to the forecasted results. N. jatamansi and N. chinensis in their current distribution range. Among them, precipitation of the driest period (Bio14) was the largest contributing factor when modeling the distributions of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis.A total of 19 bioclimatic variables from the BIOCLIM climate dataset were used as the background environmental data, such as temperature and rainfall. These variables are comprehensive conclusions and quantitative descriptions of the climatic environment in the regions containing the targeted species. The potential distributions of N. chinensis , precipitation of the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation of the driest period (Bio14) were the main variables in the simulation of hinensis . Howeveratamansi .N. jatamansi and N. chinensis. Response curves indicated the correlation between the environmental variables used for prediction and the probability of the presence of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis. In N. jatamansi and N. chinensis. The distribution probability of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis increased with the increase of variable value. After exceeding this peak, the distribution probability decreased with the increase of the value for environmental factors, indicating that N. jatamansi and N. chinensis have some adaptability to these variables. When the probability is greater than 0.5, the corresponding ecological factor value is more suitable for the growth of the plant.N. chinensis and 0–10 mm for N. jatamansi. The optimum range of precipitation of the driest month is very narrow, indicating that N. jatamansi and N. chinensis were sensitive to precipitation.The prediction showed that the best ranges for these indicators were precipitation of the driest month, one to five mm for 2 concentration, and the changes in certain climatic resources changed the dynamics and balance of different species, thereby affecting their productivity , the density of N. jatamansi has increased significantly with altitude was revealed on a west-facing slope. And the north and west-facing slopes in the alpine zone of this region are broadly considered as the shady areas with low light and high moisture (valerian species (N. jatamansi and N. chinensis compared to temperature and other environmental variables.According to the results of above forecase, we can conclude that precipitation of the driest period is the most important environmental factor affecting the growth of moisture . The adv species . These rN. jatamansi and N. chinensis were sensitive to precipitation. Thus, this showed that research on water management should be strengthened for future cultivation practices.The analysis for the response curves showed that the probability of species presence changed as a result of the dominant environmental variables. The results indicated that Nardostachys species and prediction of their potential distributions under current and future climate conditions are reliable. Considering the effects of climate change, N. chinensis is more suitable for cultivation. In addition, precipitation of the driest period is an important factor in the impact of climate change on N. jatamansi and N. chinensis. It is of great significance to study the impact of climate change on the genus Nardostachys to predict their potential distribution in the future for the protection, sustainable use, and value assessment of these biological resources. It is essential to conduct future studies on the effect of watering of N. chinensis for developing effective techniques to cultivate N. chinensis. The study will provide references for the cultivation planning and resource utilization of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis.The results of this Maxent simulation of climate change impacts on the distribution of two


Toxoplasma gondii as a food-borne pathogen, the infection of it in food animals has relation with human toxoplasmosis, but the trends and epidemiological features of T. gondii infections in food animals are rarely studied in China. The aimed of this study was to assess the epidemiology and risks of T. gondii in sheep, goats, swines, chickens, yaks, cattle and humans from 2000 to 2017 and to explore prevention and control strategies. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infections in food animals is 23.7% , which is significantly higher than that in humans  (P < 0.0001). Compared the prevalence of T. gondii infections in animals and humans sampled from 2000 to 2010, it was significantly increased in the period 2011 to 2017 (P < 0.0001). Compared the food animals from non-Yangtze River, animals from regions of the Yangtze River have high seroprevalence rates for T. gondii (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, samples from the western to eastern regions of the Yellow River showed an increase in seroprevalence for T. gondii (P < 0.0001). It was speculated that T. gondii oocysts may be transmitted by water and annual precipitation possible help the oocyst spread and retain accessible for potential hosts. Effective prevention and control strategies are including water filtration or water boiling, inactivating oocysts from feline’s feces, monitoring birds and rodents. Chinese 1 (ToxoDB#9) is the predominant genotype in food animals from China. Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common zoonoses around the world, affecting warm-blooded animals, including humans  to 7.9% (2001–2004)   and humans with T. gondii infection, mainly focusing on epidemiological data such as seroprevalence, risk factors, and genotypes in order to provide suggestions on the prevention and control of this foodborne pathogen.Raw or undercooked meat consumption is significantly associated with human fections . This is01–2004) , 2011. T90–2010) . Pan et T. gondii were collected (2000–2017). The references were obtained from Baidu Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang, VIP Chinese Journal Database, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The literature includes criteria were published in English and Chinese, the seroprevalence of T. gondii reports was limited to the detection of specific anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G in serum. The criteria used to exclude the reviewed studies and duplicated reports in the same research group, incomplete original data and the reports published before 2000.All the data about food animals and human with Toxoplasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G in serum is currently the most widely used method of detecting T. gondii in China, which include indirect hemagglutination (IHA), enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), modified agglutination test (MAT), latex agglutination test (LAT), and test paper. However, there were few studies compared the sensitivity and specificity of serologic assays for T. gondii in different hosts and serological detection methods. Apparent seroprevalence was used to estimate the epidemiological regularity of T. gondii infection. The results only represent rough estimates of T. gondii infection in China.Serological detection of specific anti-T. gondii seroprevalence with geographic locations and years. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Graphs were generated using Graph Pad Prism 7.0 software .To further show epidemiological regularity with geographical differences in China, the country was divided into seven geographical areas. Statistical analysis was performed by the GraphPad Prism 4.0 software . The data were analyzed by the Chi-square test to determine the association between T. gondii, which spread oocysts by fecal excretion . The seroprevalence for T. gondii in sheep has been estimated to be 11.8% , which is lower than that in other countries (Supplementary Table S1).Sheep and goats are highly susceptible to d humans . Based od humans , an epidountries  . Figure 1 shows that sheep from eastern coastal locations have the highest prevalence rates, higher than that of sheep from the west part  (Supplementary Table S2). The altitude of eastern coastal provinces is lower than western provinces, and most rivers flow from west to east, into the sea. A previous survey suggested that T. gondii oocysts could thus be transported via freshwater runoff into the ocean , where pork may be eschewed for religious or economic reasons. Mutton is the main ingredient of hotpot, wherein the meat is frozen, sliced, and boiled 3 s to 2 min for eating. No reports describing that hotpot could effectively inactivate T. gondii were identified.ii cysts . TherefoToxoplasma gondii could cause abortion and neonatal mortality in goats , which is higher than that of sheep . In East China, mutton mainly comes from sheep, and very little breeding for goats, so there were few available reports on the prevalence of T. gondii in goat from East China. The seroprevalence rates for T. gondii infection in goats from south-west of China was higher than other parts . Compared the prevalence of T. gondii infection in goats sampled from 2000 to 2010 , the prevalence rate was decreased from 2011 to 2017  . Gender, season, age, geographical origin, the presence of cats, hygiene, and abortion history are risks for T. gondii infections in goats. Goat meat and milk contaminated T. gondii may have potential threaten for healthy consumers.in goats . Althoughe world , investiT. gondii was isolated from retail pork samples  (Supplementary Table S4). The prevalence of T. gondii varies widely among sample sources. Overall, the infection of T. gondii in swine from free-ranging and animal hospitals is higher than that of farms and slaughterhouses . The pigs from Chongqing were the most severely infected with T. gondii, whereas those from Sichuan, Guizhou provinces showed moderate degrees of infection . In general, the level of T. gondii infection in most areas of China is moderate and may be related to the presence of cats and dogs, the size of farm, age, breeding density, and insects, the frequency of scavenging, and management and transport of pigs , it was significantly increased in the period of 2011–2017  . This may be related to the increased number of cats and the underestimate of T. gondii oocysts in the environment.The overall seroprevalence for ountries . Furtherf values . Neverthf values , and lowf values  and Canaf values . In ChinT. gondii strains have been isolated from chickens  in free-ranging chicken, 6.3%  in caged chickens, and overall prevalence in chickens of 19 provinces is 12.8%  (Supplementary Table S5). The epidemiological data of T. gondii are presented in Figure 1. In general, the level of T. gondii infection in most areas of China is slight and may be related to the source of chickens; the prevalence of T. gondii infections in most free-ranging chickens is higher than that of caged chicken. Compared the prevalence of T. gondii infections in chickens sampled from 2000 to 2010 , the prevalence rate was decreased dramatically in the period of 2011–2017   , which may be related to improved management and intensive farming.The estimated seroprevalence for Bos grunniens) is a long-haired bovid that is distributed in the Himalayan region of south-central Asia. China has 1.3 million yaks in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which include wild yak and domestic yak, accounting for 90% of the world’s yak population  and 13.5%  respectively from China’s 20 Provinces . The overall prevalence of the T. gondii was 10.6%  in cattle from China, which is lower than that reported in Estonia 16.8% (743/3991) (P < 0.001) (P = 0.5723)  , and sim 0.5723) .T. gondii and good hosts for N. caninum, T. gondii infections could cause abortion, resulting in substantial economic losses and an increased potential in transmission to other animals and humans . For 2000–2017, the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in Chinese is 8.2%  , which is relatively lower than that of France (61.0%), Brazil (84.5%), United States (38.0%), and India (24.0%) , low level of education, non-Han people, eating raw and undercooked meat were the most important risk factors. In addition, the prevalence of human T. gondii infection increased from West China to East China, which coincides with the incidence of T. gondii infection in food animals. Further, consistent with that in food animals, compared the prevalence of T. gondii infections in human from 2000 to 2010 , the seroprevalence rate for human T. gondii infection significantly increased in the period of 2011–2017 , , which may be related to changes in eating habits , increased proportion of meat in people’s diet, and the increased number of pet cats in the past few decades. A recent review of T. gondii infections in China also showed the same trend ( (24.0%) . The preme trend .T. gondii infection in food animals from China was subclinical. Cases reports with evidence of toxoplasmosis were only found in swine  were derived from the cats  were characterized (Supplementary Table S8). Four genotypes have been identified in China, ToxoDB#9 (Chinese1) was the predominant genotype (78.57%), and ToxoDB#9 T. gondii also appears in Colombia , it was showed East–West genotype gradient of Chinese 1. The geographical distribution of T. gondii genotypes may reflect that the continuum with West China for East China and the circulation of strains though Silk Road or maritime coastal road. More epidemiological studies are required to confirm this hypothesis and to clarify the route of propagation of T. gondii genotypes in China.Information on the genotypes of st China . The atyancestor . AccordiToxoplasma gondii is responsible for 20.7% of foodborne deaths due to known infectious agents , which include 31 provinces (Supplementary Table S9). The Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl River are three of the longest rivers in China and thus are the most important water source for the Chinese. The Yellow River runs from west to east, and the food animals from these regions showed increased seroprevalence for T. gondii. Compared the prevalence of T. gondii infection in food animals from Yellow River upstream , the seroprevalence rate for T. gondii infection were increased in food animals from Yellow River midstream  and downstream  (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, during 2000–2010 annual accumulated, Yellow River downstream region maximum, minimum and average precipitation  was higher than midstream region  and upstream region . .s agents . The disT. gondii than non-Yangtze River regions , and much prefer Yellow River regions   and Pearl River regions  . Moreover, food animals from Pearl River regions have higher seroprevalence for T. gondii than Yellow River regions . During 2000–2010 annual accumulated, Pearl River region maximum, minimum and average precipitation  was higher than Yangtze River region  and Yellow River region . . Results suggested that T. gondii oocysts may be transmitted by water, and annual precipitation possible help the oocyst spread and retain accessible for potential hosts, which in turn has fueled efforts in designing prevention and control strategies, including water filtration or water boiling, inactivating oocysts from felines, and monitoring birds and rodents.The Yangtze runs from the west to the east across central China, and food animals from these regions  have higher seroprevalence for T. gondii infection from food animals and humans was showed and analyzed, the sensitivity and specificity of serologic assays in different hosts and different serological detection methods were not evaluated. In order to get a clearer picture of the true prevalence of T. gondii infection in China, apparent seroprevalence need proceed by Bayesian statistics for all unknown parameters  in the future  and humans from China, and showing the epidemiological distribution of T. gondii. The predominant genotype of T. gondii in food animals from China is Chinese 1 (ToxoDB#9). The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infections in food animals is 23.7%, which is three times of that in humans. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infections in animals and humans was significantly increased in the period of 2011–2017 when compared with data from 2000 to 2010 (P < 0.0001). Further, food animals from regions of the Yangtze River have higher seroprevalence rates for T. gondii than ones from non-Yangtze River (P < 0.0001), suggesting T. gondii oocysts may be transmitted by water and annual precipitation possible help the oocyst spread and retain accessible for potential hosts. This suggestion was confirmed by data within the Yellow River regions, where an increasing trend in seroprevalence for T. gondii (P < 0.0001) was found from upstream western to midstream and downstream eastern regions. Therefore, effective prevention and control strategies are proposed to include water filtration or water boiling, inactivating oocysts from feline’s feces, monitoring birds and rodents.YY conceived and designed the review. HD and YY drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript, critically reviewed the draft, and approved the final version of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Mining is the extraction of materials of economic importance from the earth. It is an important source of employment and economic development. However, mining activities can impact on biodiversity, the environment, and human health, mainly through the emission of large quantities of heavy metals. Our objective was to investigate the impacts of gold mining on the Balochistan gerbil, a rodent that inhabits the natural environments of Saudi Arabia. Our results demonstrate the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, in Arabian boxthorn plants, and in the different tissues of the gerbils. In addition, the gerbils exhibited liver, kidney, and lung injury associated with decreased antioxidants. These data may be of public interest and may call attention to the evaluation of the impacts of gold mining on the environment and nearby communities.Gerbillus nanus, in relation to organ dysfunction and redox imbalance. Soil samples, Lycium shawii, and G. nanus were collected from a site near a mining plant, and a control site. Soil and L. shawii samples from the mining site showed significantly higher cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V) levels. Hepatic, renal, and pulmonary Cd, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Fe, As, and V concentrations were significantly higher in G. nanus from the mining site. Markers of liver and kidney function were elevated in serum, and several histological manifestations were observed in the liver, kidney, and lung of G. nanus from the mining site. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels increased, and glutathione and antioxidant enzymes decreased in the liver and kidney of G. nanus. In conclusion, mining practices trigger tissue damage and oxidative stress in G. nanus that live close to the mining site. These findings can represent a scientific basis for evaluating the environmental and health impacts of mining on nearby communities.Mining can impact the environment, biodiversity, and human health through direct and indirect practices. This study investigated the effects of gold mining on  Mining refers to the extraction of geological materials such as minerals, coal, limestone, and other materials of economic interest from the earth. Mining activities include both small- and large-scale activities, and have a significant contribution to economic growth and development. However, mining activities can impact the environmental and social systems, living standards, health, and traditional practices of nearby communities ,2,3. EroThe widespread contamination of the environment with heavy metals (HMs) is one of the main consequences of mining . Owing tGerbillus nanus) in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). G. nanus belongs to the murid subfamily Gerbillinae [Given the hazardous impact of mining, and the resulting HM waste on the environment, society, and health, we investigated the effect of mining on the Balochistan gerbil . This city is one of the large governorates in Saudi Arabia, and hence selected for the study.Site 1 (Mining): Located 500 m away from the gold mine, between E45° 05′ and N23° 47′.Site 2 (Control): Located 20,000 m away from the gold mine, between E45° 06′ and N23° 36′.The investigated gold mine site is located southwest of Al-Quway’iyah city. The samples were collected from two sites, as follows :Site 1 (n = 8) and Lycium shawii (Arabian boxthorn) (n = 8) were collected from both sites for the determination of HMs. Eight G. nanus were collected from each site with the help of specific rodent traps and transferred to the laboratory. The animals were sacrificed under anesthesia, and blood and tissue samples were collected for analysis. The protocol and procedures were approved by the institutional animal ethics committee of King Saud University (No. KSU-20165).Samples of the soil at 20 cm depth .The concentrations of HMs were determined in the soil, Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, and uric acid were measured using Biomerieux  reagent kits, following the manufacturer’s instructions.Samples from the liver and kidney were homogenized in phosphate buffered saline (10% w/v) and centrifuged, and the supernatant was used for the assays. Malondialdehyde (MDA) , nitric G. nanus were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for paraffin embedding. 5 μm sections were cut, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and examined using a light microscope.Samples from the kidneys, liver, and lungs of t-test, and a p value <0.05 was considered significant.Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7  and expressed as means ± standard error of means (SEM). All statistical comparisons were performed using p < 0.05) at the mining site, when compared with the control site  when compared with the corresponding control site animals  in G. nanus from the mining site , NO, and cellular antioxidants in the liver and kidney. G. nanus from the mining site showed a remarkable increase of hepatic (p < 0.001) and renal (p < 0.01) LPO (p < 0.01) in G. nanus from the mining site  LPO A. Similaing site B. When cG. nanus, with an emphasis on HM accumulation and redox imbalance. To evaluate the emission and distribution of HMs at the mining site, we determined the concentrations of Pb, V, Cu, As, Zn, Cd, Fe, and Hg in soil, L. shawii samples, and different organs of G. nanus. Pb, V, Cu, As, Cd, and Hg were increased in both the collected samples of soil and L. shawii. Fe and Zn concentrations were not significantly increased in soil and L. shawii, respectively. These findings show the effect of mining on the soil profile, as well as on plants growing in the areas nearby.This study evaluated the impact of mining activities in Al-Quway’iyah, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) on G. nanus. Besides their environmental impact, these HMs have proven to be a major threat to the body and its proper functioning [G. nanus were observed. These hazardous effects are directly connected to the accumulation of HMs in different tissues of G. nanus.Despite their negative impact on the ecosystem and adverse health effects, exposure to HMs continues to increase in many regions . Here, Pctioning . AccordiPb contamination [G. nanus from the mining site. The accumulation of Pb in the liver and kidney elevated transaminases, ALP, and renal function markers, along with the histopathological changes indicated by the injury of liver and kidney tissues. In this context, in vivo studies have demonstrated both hepato- and nephrotoxicity in rodents exposed to low concentrations of Pb [G. nanus, demonstrating an oxidative stress status. Furthermore, Pb concentration was increased in the lungs of G. nanus, which showed dilation of alveoli, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and congestions. The relationship between lung injury and Pb accumulation was supported by the findings of Li et al., who demonstrated increased Pb concentration in the lungs of rats following exposure to atmospheric fine particulate matter [Pb, Cd, As, and Hg were demonstrated to be common HM pollutants produced through various human activities, including mining, and are all hazardous to human health. Pb is a highly toxic HM whose widespread use has resulted in health problems as well as environmental contamination. It has been estimated that 540,000 deaths per year, particularly in developing countries, occur due to mination  and thatmination . The mosmination , and thins of Pb ,33,34. Tns of Pb . It can ns of Pb . In addins of Pb . Accordie matter .L. shawii samples from the mining site. In addition, Cd concentrations were increased in different tissues of G. nanus, and its accumulation was associated with oxidative stress, hepato-/nephrotoxicity, and lung injury. Although the exact mechanisms of Cd toxicity have not been fully elucidated, the role of oxidative stress has been well-acknowledged. Cd produces hydrogen peroxide, which acts as a source of free radicals generated via Fenton reaction [G. nanus from the mining site, and was a result of the binding of Cd with the thiol groups of these enzymes [G. nanus showed lung injury associated with elevated Cd concentrations. The potential of Cd to provoke pulmonary toxicity has been supported by studies reporting bronchial and pulmonary irritation, transient bronchial inflammation [Cd is a highly toxic, nonessential HM and a serious environmental pollutant. When released into the environment, Cd can remain for several decades in the soil and sediment because of its lack of degradability ,40. It hreaction . Its toxreaction ,44. Uponreaction . Within reaction . Cd bindreaction . The act enzymes . In addi enzymes . The obs enzymes . Furtherammation , diminisammation , and priammation  followinL. shawii, and different tissues of G. nanus collected from the mining site. As is extensively available in different forms and possesses toxic and carcinogenic effects [G. nanus has a role in the observed oxidative stress and hepato-/nephrotoxicity. Recent reports have shown As-induced hepatic, renal, and pulmonary manifestations in experimental animals [Mining is one of the major sources of As and Hg pollution. Accordingly, As and Hg were found in high concentrations in the soil,  effects . The tox effects . The tox effects . Therefo animals ,56,57.G. nanus contributes, at least in part, to liver and kidney injury and redox imbalance.Hg is a well-known HM pollutant, and its toxicity is commonly responsible for acute HM poisoning. Although neurotoxicity is the most common effect of Hg and methylmercury, which induces LPO and cell death , it can L. shawii, and different tissues of G. nanus from the mining site. V is an environmental pollutant that possesses hazardous effects, and the inhalation of vanadium pentoxide dust has caused occupational toxicity [G. nanus that live close to the mining site.V, Cu, Zn, and Fe were the other HMs shown to accumulate in the soil, toxicity . Liver itoxicity , and inhtoxicity ,64. Cu etoxicity . Zn is atoxicity . Iron istoxicity , as welltoxicity  and nephtoxicity . TherefoL. shawii from the mining site, which demonstrates the negative environmental impact of mining. G. nanus living at the mining site exhibit hepato- and nephrotoxicity, and lung manifestations. The deleterious effects of mining activities on G. nanus were associated with oxidative stress and the depletion of antioxidants. These results demonstrate the environmental and health impacts of mining and can provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effects of mining on nearby communities.These findings highlight the hazardous effects of mining activities on soil, plants, and animals. HM concentrations were higher in the soil and


Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes are the three most common species of terrestrial hermit crab. Because the mechanisms that contribute to the sympatry of these three species of crab have not been identified, this study investigated the three most likely explanations: niche differences, competition, and predation. The results showed that the three species displayed niche differences in terms of seasonal activity, habitat, utilization of shells, and food preference, suggesting that competition for resources is avoided. The habitat of terrestrial hermit crabs in Taiwan is closely associated with that of humans. Our study helps improve our understanding of the ecology of terrestrial hermit crabs and their conservation.Terrestrial hermit crabs play a significant role in coastal ecology. For example, as seed dispersers and debris scavengers in coastal forests, they accelerate the decomposition of organic substances. In the Indo-Pacific Ocean,  Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes, regarding (1) ecological niche differences , (2) ecological niche overlap and competition for resources, and (3) ecological niche overlap and predation.Terrestrial hermit crabs are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. They play major roles in ecosystems and substantially contribute to nutrient cycling and seed dispersal in coastal forests , 2. TerrC. rugosus, C. brevimanus, C. cavipes, C. violascens, and C. purpureus [C. rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes are abundant in Taiwan and distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean.In Taiwan, five species of terrestrial hermit crab have been recorded: urpureus , 7–9, buClibanarius digueti and Paguristes perrieri differ, resulting in foraging niche differences and sympatric survival in the same habitat [Coenobita clypeatus has a competitive relationship with ants regarding food, but because of temporal variation in foraging activity and complementary foraging strategies, competition was limited [For hermit crabs, niche differences may relate to habitat, shell type, diet, or seasonal activity. If no niche differences occur, the crabs must compete for resources. Although distance from shore and elevation may be independent, because further distance from the sea does not necessarily mean higher elevation , our stu habitat . Morriso limited .Pagurus hirsutiusculus in comparison with areas where empty shells were not placed [Shells are in limited supply but are indispensable to the basic survival of hermit crabs. During the process of growth, hermit crabs continue to change shells to suit their body size. The main functions of hermit crab shells are 1) to prevent loss of water; 2) to protect against predatory attacks; and 3) to provide enough room to hold the eggs of female crabs –19. Plact placed . This int placed , 22. Sevt placed , 23–25, t placed .C. rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes). We expected that differences between the species regarding seasonal activity, habitat preference, availability and type of shells, and food preferences would all to some extent contribute to the sympatry of these species.The aim of our study therefore was to investigate the sympatric mechanisms for three species of terrestrial hermit crab . The authority, Kenting National Park Headquarter, responsible for protected area of land or sea, as well as concerned with protection of wildlife. We confirmed that the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.C. rugosus, C. brevimanus, C. cavipes, C. violascens and Birgus latro. The survey methods used for the preliminary investigation were sampling and measurement of crabs that had been caught and collected. The survey locations were: (A) Houwan, (B) Qingwashi, and (C) Gangkou, located in the east, west, and south, respectively . It has a tropical climate and is rich in uplifted coral reef, tropical rainforest, coastal forest, and sand beaches, and is habitat for ectively .Rice bran was used to lure and catch the crabs. In preparation for this, raw rice bran was fired at a low heat for about five minutes until it became fragrant . Before Species investigations were conducted at the three locations once during 1st-3rd of April, 8th-10th of July, 6th-9th of October in 2017, and 29th-31st of January in 2018. Percentages by season and species were then used to explore whether temporal niche differences was observed, using the following equation for each species: The quantity of catch for the season/the total quantity of catch throughout the year x 100%. The Chi-squared test was used to ascertain whether different species showed differences in seasonal activity.After measuring the latitude and longitude of each sample site, the data were imported into Google Maps to calculate the distance between traps. The Chi-squared test was then used to ascertain whether different species showed niche differences in terms of their habitat (distance from the sea shore and elevation).The mature animals differ in body size between species, which may be one reason to select different species of shells. Such differences may be displayed earlier in development and we therefore, for this comparison, selected crabs in sizes in the range of overlap between the three species of 0.7–1.3cm. Only individual hermit crabs whose shells fitted their entire body well, without any soft tissues exposed and able to close the opening with their chelae, were used for this analysis. The species of shell used by the crabs were determined. The Kruskal-Wallis was then used to assess differences in preferences between the three crab species of similar body size for shells of the same Family. Additionally, shell width as a measure of shell size was included in Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests to determine whether the three species displayed significant differences regarding their preferences for shell size in the same body size of three species .We used a field experiment to test preference for food. The experimental steps were as follows:Cololabis saira) and banana were used as the experimental treatment following Burggren and McMahon (1988) [Fish . The numbers of C. rugosus and C. brevimanus also differed significantly, and C. rugosus was closer to the shore . The numbers for C. cavipes and C. brevimanus did not differ significantly  , 988, C. r = 0.08) .C. rugosus and C. cavipes were significantly different as well  and C. rugosus was closer to the sea shore. The same applied to C. rugosus and C. brevimanus, and again C. rugosus was significantly closer to the sea shore . At this distance, the numbers of C. cavipes and C. brevimanus were significantly different as well   . TherefoWe can see the distribution of three terrestrial hermit crab species in terms of distance from the shore in Shells are vital for terrestrial hermit crabs, because they protect the soft tissues of the animal. This study also explored if different terrestrial hermit crab species with bodies of the same size range showed niche differences in terms of shells and suitable opening sizes. The shells carried by individual hermit crabs as well as the relationship between body size and shell were analyzed to determine each species’ preferred family of shells.C. rugosus preferred the shells of Family Muricidae and Neritidae; C. cavipes preferred the shells of Family Achatinidae and Ampullariidae; and C. brevimanus preferred the shells of Family Babyloniidae and Turbinidae  and the freshwater mollusk like Apple Snail . Possible reasons for this are that large shell widths in marine snail species are uncommon, or that C. cavipes dwells predominantly on land and can only obtain terrestrial mollusk shells.Regarding shell selection, the mollusk shell preferences of the three terrestrial hermit crabs differed as follows: rbinidae . The resC. cavipes and C. rugosu, followed by C. brevimanus.Significant differences existed between crab species and preference for shell species . The three species of crabs also preferred significantly different shell width  of the three species of crab differ in size when comparing crabs with the same overall body size . The cheC. rugosus and C. cavipes exhibited no difference in food preference ; nor was there any difference between C. rugosus and C. brevimanus . However, differences existed between C. brevimanus and C. cavipes in that C. brevimanus preferred fish while C. cavipes preferred fruit   . We can C. brevimanus preying on C. rugosus Click here for additional data file.S2 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S3 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S4 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S5 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.


AbstractLeucosoleniidae, Leucosoleniaqingdaoensissp. nov., is described. This new species was collected in a scallop-breeding pond from the Yellow Sea and preserved in 75% ethanol. This sponge consists of a dense reticulation of ascon tubes, with the surface minutely hispid and the consistency soft and fragile.A new species of Leucosolenia reported from the Pacific Ocean are also made.Spiculation of the new species consists of diactines, which are smooth, straight or sometimes slightly curved, triactines of two types, and tetractines with short and curved apical actines; spiculation also slightly overlaps and is somewhat irregularly assembled. Together these form a thin layer of skeleton, with a small number of cells, which results in a transparent, white sponge. As a typical asconoid feature, all internal cavities of the sponge are lined with choanocytes, and there is no fully developed inhalant system. Comparisons with other  Leucosoleniidae is characterised by a branched and rarely anastomosed cormus and asconoid aquiferous system; there is neither a common cortex nor a delimited inhalant or exhalant aquiferous system  were reported from the Japanese waters . Leucosoleniamacquariensis Dendy, 1918 was reported from the west coast of Macquarie Island; L.australis Brøndsted, 1931 was reported from Comau Fjord; L.albatrossi Hôzawa, 1918 was reported from Copper Island and the Komandorski Islands; L.echinata Kirk, 1893 and L.rosea Kirk, 1896 were reported from New Zealand; L.lucasi Dendy, 1891 was reported from Port Phillip Heads, Australia; L.nautilia Laubenfels, 1930 was reported from California, USA; and L.feuerlandica Tanita, 1942 was reported from Tierra del Fuego, South America. The Leucosolenia species reported from the coasts of Japan account for most species. The type specimens of new species were found in the Yellow Sea, very close to Japan.The localities of the 15 known species of Marine Biological Museum of the Institute of Oceanology in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, China.The specimens were collected in a scallop-breeding pond from the Yellow Sea and were preserved in 75% ethanol. Two specimens were deposited in the For examination of the spicules, a small piece of specimen was cut and placed in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube to which 1000 µL of sodium hypochlorite solution was added . The mixSEM) was performed with a Hitachi S3400N. Preserved spicules for SEM were adhered to stubs with double-sided carbon conductive tape and coverslip. After dehydration, the spicules were coated with gold in a Hitachi MC1000 (LOPES 2018).Scanning Electron Microscopy  with a micrometric eyepiece. The length from the tip to the base and the thickness at the base of each actine were measured. The reported numbers refer to the range of measurements for each spicule type. Photographs were taken with a stereomicroscope (Zeiss Stemi 2000-c) and an optical microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ni-U) equipped with a digital camera to evaluate difference between the length of the unpaired and paired actines of each type of triactine. For comparison with the new species, we only selected those species of Calcaronea Bidder, 1898Subclass Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958Order Leucosoleniidae Minchin, 1900Family Leucosolenia Bowerbank, 1864Genus Taxon classificationAnimaliaLeucosolenidaLeucosoleniidae2214C588-8741-5B07-8578-D62F623CBE67http://zoobank.org/F0C1D83E-3940-4D4C-B0BB-60A379ED507DHolotype: MBM181606, scallop-breeding pond on southeastern Shandong Peninsula, China, June 1988, 0–0.3 m depth, collected by Shue Li, 35°58'N, 120°11'E. Paratype: MBM181476, Zhonggang, Qingdao, China, 7 June 1984, 0–0.6 m depth, 36°06'N, 120°21'E.Qingdao, Yellow Sea.The name is derived from the type locality, Qingdao, China.The sponge is arborescent, consisting of many thin-walled tubes, which are copiously ramified but never anastomosed. The sponge occurs as growth form. The oscula are terminal on erect tubes. The color of the sponge is white after being preserved in alcohol and in vivo. The external walls of the tubes are hairy, with diactines protruding at right or oblique angles from the body; the surface is minutely hispid, and the consistency is soft and fragile. The holotype measures 21.32 × 3.38 mm (height × width). The wall of the sponge body is very thin, and there is no fully developed inhalant system, the gap between the skeleton and the cell on the wall arrange evenly Fig. ; only a The skeleton consists of multifarious diactines, sagittal triactines of two types, sagittal tetractines with bent apical actines and triactine-like basal actines; together these form the wall of the ascon-type sponge body.In the apical osculum Fig. , there aIn the sponge body Fig. , the triIn the root-like structures Fig. , the arrBy observing the sponge tissue taken from different parts, it is clear that as the diameter of the tubes decreases, the contents of small diactines and small triactines increase. This observation can suggest that in the growth zone spiculogenesis is more intense.Diactines. There is only one type of diactine  exhibit only regular (equiangular and equiradiate) spicules. This characteristic does not fit the description of Leucosolenia, L.qingdaoensis sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from the 12 species of Leucosolenia reported from the Pacific Ocean. The skeletal compositions of these species are shown in Table Three species described by Tanita (L.ventosa and L.rosea, there is no record of diactines, and in L.mollis and L.nautilia, there are two types of diactines. The triactines of L.ventosa are 2–8 times thicker than those in the new species; the triactines of L.rosea are 10–35 times thicker than in the new species; and L.mollis only has one type of triactine and all rays being nearly equally thick. The diactines of L.nautilia are extremely large, with a length of 1 mm and a thickness of 20 µm (L.nautilia differs from the new species by having only one type of triactine.The new species exhibits one type of diactine. In of 20 µm , while iL.albatrossi and the new species is obvious. The diactines of L.albatrossi are club-shaped, while the diactines of the new species are spindle-shaped.The difference between L.macquariensis, L.tenera, and L.eleanor. The new species have two types of sagittal triactines, while L.macquariensis and L.tenera only have one type of sagittal triactine, with rays of approximately equal length. Leucosoleniaeleanor have both sagittal and regular triactines.The sagittal triactines of the new species distinguish it from L.feuerlandica, is distinct from that species. Additionally, the triactines of the new species are sagittal, and the actines straight or undulated. However, the triactines of L.feuerlandica are pseudoderm sagittal and are tripod-shaped.The new species, with slender and long diactines, the longest diactines 5 times longer than those of Leucosoleniaechinata, L.lucasi, and L.qingdaoensis sp. nov. have many features in common, including their body shape, colour in alcohol, general arrangement, shape of diactines, and apical ray, but they show important differences in the shape of their triactines. The new species has two types of triactines; L.lucasi and L.echinata only have one type of triactine. The triactines of L.lucasi are sagittal, but the three angles are roughly equal; the triactines of L.echinata are generally regular, and frequently slightly sagittal, with the oral angle largest and the basal ray longest.


Panax ginseng. We used bibliometrics to analyze 3974 papers collected from the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection database during 1959–2016. The number of publications showed a steady growth before 2000 and exponentially increased in stage III . Research on P. ginseng was conducted in 64 countries, mainly in Asia; in particular, 41% and 28% of the publications were from South Korea and China, respectively. The institutions from South Korea and China had high publication output and close cooperation and provided the majority of financial support. All top 10 authors and four of the top 20 journals in terms of number of publications originated from South Korea. The leading research subjects were pharmacology (39%), plant science (26%), and integrative complementary medicine (19%). The hotspot of P. ginseng research transformed from basic science to application, and multidisciplinary sciences will play a substantial role in the future. This study provides a comprehensive analysis to elucidate the global distribution, collaboration patterns, and research trends in the P. ginseng domain.This article aims to understand the global and longitudinal trends of research on  Panax ginseng is a perennial herb that belongs to the Araliaceae family and is distributed in 35 countries, mainly in Asia, particularly South Korea and China [P. ginseng has been used as traditional medicine because of its heart-protective [P. ginseng has exponentially increased; more than 3400 articles, including 242 reviews, have focused on P. ginseng. However, few studies on P. ginseng employed bibliometrics analysis. In 2010, Kim [P. ginseng research from the global and longitudinal perspectives is crucial.nd China . Since aotective , anticanotective . Since tP. ginseng research, which is a complex and multidisciplinary research field evolving rapidly since 2000.Bibliometrics analysis can be used to delineate development trend of an academic research domain, explore current research emphasis and hotspot, and predict future research focus and achievement ,7. This P. ginseng between 1959 and 2016. This paper aims to reveal the intellectual landscape of P. ginseng and identify cooperation patterns, significant authors and papers, and emerging trends.In this study, we perform a bibliometric analysis of global research on TM Core Collection database. “Panax ginseng” was chosen as the search topic, and the retrieval time span was set to 1900 to 2016. A total of 3974 records were obtained between 1959 and 2016. Every bibliographic record in SCI contains the author, title, source, abstract, keywords, and cited references of a study.Data were retrieved from the Web of ScienceA total of 64 countries, 9612 authors, 999 journals, 6609 keywords, and 13 languages were counted by HistCite software, a tool used for literature and statistical analyses. The original records were visually analyzed using the information visualization software CiteSpace V, which was invented by Dr. Chen Chaomei from the Drexel University. CiteSpace is the most advanced and distinctive information visualization tool that can reveal the intellectual landscape and detect recent emerging trends.P. ginseng generally increases annually. Since 1959, when German scientist PETKOV W [P. ginseng, 3974 papers were published until 2016. Based on the number of publications, the past 60 years can be preliminarily divided into three stages, namely, stage I, 1959–1979; stage II, 1980–1999; and stage III, 2000–2016. Stage I (1959–1979) was considered the budding period, when less than 10 papers were published annually. Stage II (1980–1999), also known as the development period, began in 1980, when the number of annual publications reached 10. Stage III (2000–2016) or the boom period is the phase when an increased number of scholars began to focus on P. ginseng research.PETKOV W ,9 starteAccording to publication category b, the 39P. ginseng research was conducted in 64 countries. In the first tier, South Korea ranked first in terms of research output by contributing 1632 articles (41.1%), and China ranked second with 1191 publications (27.5%). In the second tier, 396 papers originated from the USA and 381 papers from Japan. In the third tier, India, UK, Canada, and Russia published 127, 109, and 79 papers, respectively.Based on the heat map of the geographical distribution of research countries a, Asia, P. ginseng during these years. Scholars from Saudi Arabia started showing interest in ginseng research from 2013 and contributed 13 publications.Burst detection is a computational technique used to identify abrupt changes in events and other types of information . A burstAs shown in P. ginseng research. Of these organizations, eight originated from South Korea and two, namely, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Jilin University, were from China. Similarly, the top 10 sponsor organizations comprised 70% Korean institutions and 30% Chinese institutions . The National Natural Science Foundation of China funded for 263 papers, accounting for almost half of the articles funded by the top 10 sponsor organizations.P. ginseng research individually rather than cooperating with other institutions.TM Core Collection was assigned with one or more subjects. A total of 120 unique subject categories were found ,” published in Nature on 1980 had an impact factor of over 40.P. ginseng worldwide showed a high growth between 1959 and 2016 and surged since 2000. Asia, especially South Korea and China, are the most active countries on P. ginseng research because this herb is mainly distributed in these countries . The amounts of P. ginseng produced in China and South Korea account for more than 55% and 34% of the total world output [P. ginseng research all originate from South Korea and China. Hence, these two countries provide stronger financial support for P. ginseng research than the other countries. However, Japan greatly contributed to study of P. ginseng during 1973–2001. Saudi Arabia showed great interest in P. ginseng research since 2013, and most of the publications from this country are related to ginseng extracts.The number of research on The global cooperation pattern of different institutions is as important as the research output. Generally, institutions in South Korea and China have the highest number of publications and closest cooperation worldwide. Institutions from Japan, Russia, and UK exhibit less cooperation with the other countries. The USA belongs to the top publishing country but does not appear in the cooperation network . This fiP. ginseng and published 41% of the total articles obtained. Korean authors, namely, KIM DH and KIM SH, submitted many publications and had high citations. In particular, KIM SH had burst during 2009–2016 and will become an important scholar in the P. ginseng domain in the near future.Korean scholars conducted numerous studies on P. ginseng research. China has abundant resources, a large number of research funding support, and high cooperativeness with other countries and thus exhibits high potential on P. ginseng research.China ranks second in terms of the quantity of publications. However, no institution on China belonged to the top 10 highest publishing journals. China still needs to improve the quality of P. ginseng research. Pharmacology, pharmacy, plant sciences, chemistry, integrative & complementary, biochemistry and molecular biology are the leading disciplines. Chemistry is the core discipline, which connects many other disciplines. Plant sciences are closely linked to integrative & complementary medicine, which have close cooperation with chemistry and medicine. Interestingly, chemistry is a bridge between these important subjects, like pharmacology & pharmacy, chemistry and medicinal. P. ginseng research. According to the clustering results of topics, numerous scientists focused on ginseng root, extracts, and cells that including cell activity, induction of ginseng cells and treatment of cells. At a fine-grained level, keywords with high frequency of occurrence indicate hotspots, such as ginsenoside, rat, cell, extract, expression, in vitro, and apoptosis. Inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, compound k, and metabolite have the strongest burst since 2000. Therefore, these keywords will be the central concern of P. ginseng research in the near future. By analyzing disciplines, topics and key words, it's not difficult to find that the future study of P. ginseng may be biased towards clinical research and application, such as clinical neurology, toxicology and polymer science. Ginseng root, extracts  and treatment of inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease would continue to be the research hotspots.TM Core Collection database of P. ginseng research during 1959–2016. The research output showed a steady growth, and Asia, especially South Korea and China, was the most active area. A close collaboration was found between these countries. Our study reveals the intellectual landscape and detects emerging topics and trends. This study can help people who are unfamiliar with the active area of P. ginseng research to elucidate the global situation and overall structure of this domain. This paper also provides research hotspots, structured knowledge, and emerging trends with regard to P. ginseng research.We utilized the visualization software CiteSpace to analyze the bibliographic data collected from the Web of Science


AbstractFrankliniella are almost all originally from the New World. Although eleven species in this genus have been listed from China before, only seven species here are recognised. The records of F.pallida and F.tritici from China are rejected as inadequately supported, F.hainanensis is a new synonym of F.schultzei, and F.zizaniophila is now considered a member of the genus Iridothrips. An identification key for the seven species is provided here, two of them are widespread across the Palearctic (F.intonsa and F.tenuicornis), one is presumably Oriental (F.lilivora), and four are introduced from the Americas .Species of the genus  Frankliniella is one of the most species-rich genera of Thysanoptera, with 238 species listed currently .In China, the Western Flower Thrips, iculture , both foiculture . Originaiculture . A recenliniella , but thiliniella . Severalom China , but it F.schultzei, one species described from Hainan as F.hainanensis is here recognised as a synonym of that widespread tropical pest species. A further difference from the checklist provided by F.zizaniophila is now considered a species of Iridothrips  was recorded from China  and ANIC . Observations were made with a Nikon Eclipse 80i phase contrast microscope, and the illustrations taken through a Leica DM 2500 microscope with DIC illumination using Automontage software, although Figure Nomenclatural details for all taxa mentioned in this paper are available in Remarks. Native to Central America and the Caribbean where it is one of the most common flower-thrips, this species has been studied in tropical areas in China from Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan as well as Taiwan  and Korea (Frankliniella species by the anterior position of the mesonotal median setae, and the position of the metanotal median setae behind the anterior margin (Fig. nd Korea . There agin Fig. .Remarks. Originally from the western parts of North America, it is now widespread across temperate parts of the world (occidentalis is also known to function as a predator of spider mites on leaves (he world . It caushe world . Althougn leaves . In Chinn leaves . The spen leaves , mainly n leaves , and a wn leaves . It is nn leaves . The darn leaves , while pn leaves . A furthn leaves .Remarks. Commonly known as the Tomato Thrips, this species has probably been transported by human trade in plants for many years. As a result, its country of origin remains unclear, and could have been either South America or Africa. A species from China, F.hainanensis (schultzei according to its original descriptions and illustrations, which was also indicated by hainanensis and confirmed that it is a new synonym of schultzei. A further species described from Taiwan, F.gossypii (schultzei by schultzei shares with occidentalis the remarkable ability to act as a predator of leaf mites (nanensis  might begossypii , was recaf mites . The speaf mites , but molaf mites .Remarks. This is one of the few species of Frankliniella that breeds on grasses, including cereal crops, and is one of the main pests that feed on young leaves of Zeamays in northern China (rn China , b. It orn China , and in rn China  require rn China . MoreoveRemarks. This yellow species is closely associated with crops of Zeamays, on which it is reported to be a virus vector in addition to causing feeding damage to young leaves (Poaceae. It is widespread in tropical areas around the world, and in China is reported from Hainan and Taiwan. In most parts of the world it is easy to recognise from other pale coloured Frankliniella species by the presence of one or two discal setae on the second abdominal sternite (Fig. g leaves . It presite Fig. .