Heteroptera), the data accumulated today on the number of testicular follicles and ovarioles in their gonads are summarized. In addition, data on the number and type (mesadenia/ectadenia) of accessory glands are given. The hemipteran suborder Heteroptera constitutes one of the most diverse groups of non-homometabolous (‘Hemimetabola’) insects, comprising more than 40,000 described species worldwide and approximately 100 families, classified into seven infraorders. Data are available for all infraorders; however, more than 90% of studied species belong to the largest and most evolutionarily derived infraorders Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha. In true bugs, in general, the number of follicles varies from one to nine (in a testis), and the number of ovarioles varies from two to 24 (in an ovary). Seven follicles per testis and seven ovarioles per ovary prevail being found in approximately 43.5% (307 species) and 24.4% (367 species) of studied species, respectively. Such a structure of testes and ovaries is considered an ancestral character state in the Heteroptera. In the evolution of this group, the number of follicles and ovarioles both increased and decreased, but the trend towards a decrease clearly prevailed.The structure of testes and ovaries can be described in its simplest form by the number of follicles and ovarioles they contain. Sixty-five years after the last review of the internal reproductive systems in true bugs ( Heteroptera (or true bugs) displays remarkable morphological variation and comprises more than 40,000 described species worldwide in ~ 100 families classified into seven infraorders including Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha. The majority of true bug species are herbivorous but some are predators and blood-suckers , he concluded that there is still very little data to make any generalizations. A huge contribution was made by Heteroptera have been published. In most cases, studies concern single species, and comparative data across multiple species of a group are few . Much valuable information on true bugs can be found in special monographic works devoted to the reproductive systems of insects in general  is given. In Figs Heteroptera families taken from Hemiptera, and that the data may provide additional information for understanding relationships between the higher taxa of true bugs.During the years that have passed since the aforementioned overviews, the number of species and higher taxa of true bugs studied in relation to testes and ovaries has almost tripled, and it seems appropriate to publish an updated list. In this review article, all the data available today, including new data on 140 species obtained by the authors, are summarized in two tables. Suppl. material Heteroptera in general  and of theInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research  of theBulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), and theZoological Institute (ZIN) of theRussian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.The current review article is part of a long-term research project dedicated to the study of true bugs, including the morphology of their reproductive system, cytogenetics, and evolution. The data we have obtained over years on the structure of testes and ovaries of true bugs in terms of the number of testicular follicles and ovarioles constitute at the present time a significant part of all such data currently available for the Our original data cover 140 species belonging to 30 families, six infraorders, and represent 13.8% of all data on the structure of the testes and ovaries of true bugs accumulated to date and presented in Suppl. material Micronectidae which are treated as a separate family due to distinct cytogenetic features  and ovarioles per ovary (hereafter p.o.) observed within a given family. Therefore, states were coded as polymorphic in cases of large variability of follicle and ovariole numbers within a given family. This was the case for large and comparatively well studied families lacking widely accepted phylogenetic resolution e.g., duviidae , there wte 3.6.1  with theEnicocephalomorpha , Dipsocoromorpha , Nepomorpha , Gerromorpha , Leptopodomorpha , Cimicomorpha , and Pentatomomorpha . Below we will comment on the available data for each infraorder, with emphasis on those families in which such data are more or less representative. Data on male accessory glands, their numbers, and origins (mesadenia/ectadenia), although provided in Suppl. material In this work, we have compiled ~ 1200 records of the numbers of testicular follicles and ovarioles in 1008 true bug species from across 63 families and seven infraorders, including Heteroptera  are of medical importance and hematophagous at all stages  tribes, males have two follicles p.t. The exceptions are two of the eleven studied species of the genus Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 (Anthocorini) having four ) and even 5–7  follicles p.t. Four species, Scoloposcelisobscurella  (Scolopini), Australmeidaderricki , the single studied member of Almeidini, and the two studied species (subgenera Proxylocoris and Arrostelus) of the genus Xylocoris Dufour, 1931 in the monotypic tribe Xylocorini, have seven follicles p.t. The females of six studied species  have seven ovarioles p.o.The family comprises more than 500 species with seven tribes . Data arCimex Linnaeus, 1758 (Cimicinae), have seven follicles p.t. and seven ovarioles p.o.The family consists of ~ 110 species and 24 genera in six recognized subfamilies . The thrJoppeicusparadoxus Putton, 1881. This relict family of non-specialized general predators feeding on small insects, has an obscure history of phylogenetic placement although sometimes regarded as related to the family Tingidae  have five or six ovarioles p.o. Five ovarioles are rarely observed in the Cimicomorpha  from the other tingid subfamily Tinginae.The family contains only one species, Tingidae . Thus, acomorpha  and its Anthocoridae and Lyctocoridae and formerly classified as a subfamily within the family Anthocoridae  campestris  has two follicles p.t. and seven ovarioles p.o., and the same structure of the ovaries was found in L.beneficus .A monotypic group of predominantly predaceous true bugs formerly classified, like the ocoridae . LyctocoMiridae  and Cylapinae (two), the deraeocorine tribe Hyaliodini (two), the phyline tribe Hallodapini (two), orthotyline tribes Coridromiini (one), and Nichomachini (one). However, available data for better studied taxa show a stable pattern of testis follicle numbers at the tribal and sometimes also subfamily levels. The modal numbers are briefly outlined below for each sufficiently studied subfamily.The variation of testis follicle number has been used as a potentially important character for the higher-level taxonomy and phylogeny of plant bugs by several authors including Miridae , and datDicyphini, a sister clade to the remaining bryocorines (Felisacini (two species examined). In two Dicyphini species, Tupiocorisrhododendri  and Dicyphus (Brachyceroea) annulatus , two follicles p.t. were found. The modal number of one was observed in the small tribe Bryocorini although Monalocorisfilicis  and M.americanus Wagner & Slater, 1952, respectively. Seven examined species of Monaloniini and the only examined Eccritotarsini species Stenopterocorislaticeps China, 1944 have either one or three follicles p.t. Females of the permanently parthenogenetic species Campyloneuravirgula  (Eccritotarsini) were found to have seven ovarioles p.o.In ocorines , the preOrthotylini have two follicles p.t. Only Cyrthorhinuscaricis  is an exception displaying testes with a single follicle each  shows no uniform pattern with a follicle number ranging from one to three.Forty-three examined species of the largest tribe cle each . In contPhylini have remarkably stable follicle number of three. Alternative structural variants found in several species, viz., Oncotylusviridiflavus  (four-five), Platyscytusdecempunctatus  (four to six), and Phylusmelanocephalus   may be treated as isolated cases of specialization  has two follicles p.t.). The same pattern applies for the tribes Cremnorrhini  and Nasocorini. The tribes Hallodapini and Semiini remain insufficiently studied, but also follow the pattern of three, as evidenced by the currently available data.Almost all species (28) of the large and diverse tribe lization . The modDeraeocorini. The testis follicle number ranges from one  to eight  and no apparent pattern for this tribe could be established at this point.Data on this subfamily are scarce and most examined deraeocorine species (17 of 19) belong to the tribe Mirini unequivocally have seven testis follicles (in 66 species). The exceptions are very few and include Garganusfusiformis  (two), Capsodesgothicus  (six), Neurocolpusjessiae Knight, 1934 (eight), and Poecilocapsuslineatus  (eight). Noteworthy, in three species , Leptopternadolabrata , Stenotusbinotatus ) testis follicle number varies from seven to eight in different specimens or even in a single specimen of the same species. Stenodemini, the second well examined tribe (18 species), which forms a sister clade to all other tribes of the family  to eight (Leptopterna spp.). Various authors documented contrastingly different numbers (3–7) for different species of the genus Stenodema Laporte, 1832.Being the best studied plant bug tribe (73 species examined), e family , also haBryocorinae, Cylapinae, Deraeocorinae, Mirinae, Orthotylinae, Isometopinae, and Phylinae. Most species have seven ovarioles p.o. . Other numbers, including eight , four (in one species), three (in one species), or 5–7 (in one species), occur sporadically in different subfamilies that have a modal number of seven.Data on the number of ovarioles are available for a total of 48 species and 17 genera from the subfamilies Prostemmatinae  and Nabinae (four tribes)  also have seven testis follicles. Available data suggest a remarkably stable follicle number of seven in these subfamilies. The only exception presently known in both Nabinae and Nabidae is Arachnocoristrinitatis Bergroth, 1916 (tribe Arachnocorini) which has three follicles p.t. but seven ovarioles p.o. All other studied species (16) from both subfamilies share the same pattern of seven ovarioles.A relatively small family of predaceous true bugs with more than 30 genera and ca. 400 species distributed in two subfamilies,  tribes) . In ProsPolycteninae and Hesperocteninae , have ovaries with two ovarioles each.The family currently comprises 32 species belonging to five genera and two subfamilies, cteninae . The femReduviidae are the second largest family of true bugs  is described as “fewer than 7”; however, a figure in the original paper  and Bobbavilliersi Wygodzinsky, 1966 (Metapterini) were reported to have two and five follicles p.t., respectively. Within Harpactorinae (28 species studied), unusual testis follicle numbers were reported for Polididusarmatissimus Stål, 1859 with nine follicles p.t., Nagusta sp. (eight), and Repiptataurus  for which two follicles p.t. were tentatively given. In P.armatissimus, the structure of the testis was shown to be complex: the follicles form two groups, one consisting of seven long and wide follicles and the other consisting of two smaller follicles , eight species of the subfamily Reduviinae, 19 species of the Harpactorinae as well as for Phymata sp. from the Phymatinae complex, a sister group to the remaining “higher” reduviids. The number of ovarioles p.o. is seven in most species; however, some species have six (one species), three (two species), or eight (five species) ovarioles p.o. The available data suggest, thus, a high level of family stability in terms of both traits.The testis comprising seven follicles are suggested to be an ancestral trait for the duviidae . This teThaumastocorinae (21 species) and the Xylastodorinae (10 species) including nine recent and one described from the Dominican amber , but differ in the number of ovarioles p.o., which is three in T.australicus Kirkaldy, 1908 and two in T.peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé, 2006. In Xylastodorinae, two species studied in the genera Discocoris Kormilev, 1955 and Proxylastodoris Heiss & Popov, 2002 are similar in having three ovarioles p.o.The family comprises more than 30 species and six genera in two subfamilies, the an amber . Data arTinginae (~ 2500 species in 300 genera) and two smaller subfamilies, Cantacaderinae and Vianadinae (Tinginae (21 species), Cantacaderinae (three), and Vianadinae (one). Within the Cantacaderinae, Cantacaderquadricornis  and C.quinquecostatus  were shown to have one and two follicles p.t., respectively. In the last of these species, females have ovaries with five ovarioles each, and the same structure of the ovaries is characteristic of C.lethierryi Scott, 1874. All studied species of the Tinginae (21 in ten genera) share consistent testis composition, with two follicles p.t. Fourteen species (ten genera) studied in terms of the ovaries have seven ovarioles; however, Corythuchamarmorata  has five ovarioles p.o. The only studied species from the subfamily Vianaidinae, Anommatocoriscoleopteratus , has testes with a “bilobed follicle” each , and in the genus Cimex (Cimicidae); two follicles p.t. is the modal state in the family Anthocoridae, the subfamily Orthotylinae (Miridae) and the subfamily Tinginae (Tingidae); one follicle p.t. is the modal state in the tribe Dicyphini (Miridae). Data are scarcer on the ovariole numbers; however, in general, a pattern of seven ovarioles p.o. clearly predominates.In studied Dipsocoromorpha or minute litter bugs comprises ~ 430 species from 70 genera that are classified into six morphologically distinct families  coleoptratus  displays seven follicles p.t., and C. (Xylonannus) sp. has six ovarioles p.o.This small cosmopolitan family, historically treated as a subfamily of the Cryptostemma Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835 (two species), Alpagut Kıyak, 1995 (one), and Pachycoleus Fieber, 1860 (one), males have three follicles p.t. Females have five ovarioles p.o. in three studied Cryptostemma species while three ovarioles p.o. in Pachycoleuspusillimus .This cosmopolitan family was recently redefined to contain three genera and ca.30 species with many more awaiting descriptions . Data onHypselosomatinae. Males of Hypselosomahickmani Wygodzinsky, 1959 and Pateenapolymitarior Hill, 1980 have one follicle p.t., and females of Hypselosoma sp. have four ovarioles p.o.This family, which is the largest family of the infraorder, comprises approximately 355 species, 56 genera, and two subfamilies . Data arDipsocoromorpha may have seven, three or one follicle p.t., the number three being characteristic of Dipsocoridae and the number one for Schizopteridae. Females may have four, five or six ovarioles p.o. It is worth noting the stability of the number of ovarioles in the genus Cryptostemma (three p.o.).In general, data are available for 12 species (seven genera), which is only 2.8% of the global diversity of the infraorder. Males of Aenictopecheidae  and Enicocephalidae  . Although the authors did not study the number of follicles, they described a testis as voluminous, suggesting that it consists of more than a single follicle. In two species of the Enicocephalidae, Hoplitocorislewisi Distant 1903 and Stenopiratesjaponicus  , females have five ovarioles p.o.Unique-headed bugs comprise only two small families, amilies) , 2002. Eromorpha , a sisteeroptera , or rendromorpha . Data onHermatobatidae, Macroveliidae, and Paraphrynoveliidae).This infraorder of predatory, semiaquatic bugs, most of which live on the surface of the water or amongst floating plants, comprises more than 2100 species in 160 genera, eight families and five superfamilies . Data onVeliidae , Halobatinae , Hermatobatinae (one species), Ptilomerinae (one species), Rhagadotarsinae , and Rheumatobatinae (one species). The number of follicles p.t. is two in all species of the Gerrinae, while males of Rheumatobatescrassifemurcrassifemur Esaki, 1926 (Rheumatobatinae) have one follicle p.t. Available data on the number of ovarioles demonstrate a highly stable pattern of four for all taxa .The family comprises at least 750 species and 71 genera in eight subfamilies and represents the second largest group of the infraorder in numbers of genera and species after the Veliidae . Data arHebrinae only, in which both studied species, Hebrus (Hebrusella) ruficeps Thomson, 1871 and H. (Hebrus) pusillus , have two follicles p.t. These species and additionally H. (Hebrus) nipponicus Horváth, 1929 have five ovarioles p.o.The family comprises 220 species and eight genera in two subfamilies . Data arHydrometrastagnorum  (Hydrometrinae) have long and fusiform testes, each with supposedly one follicle. Females have seven ovarioles p.o. in each of the four studied species of the genus Hydrometra Latreille, 1797.The family comprises at least 126 species and seven genera in three subfamilies . AccordiMesoveliinae, Mesoveliafurcata Mulsant & Rey, 1852 has one follicle p.t. and seven ovarioles p.o. Two more species of this genus were reported to have the same structure of the ovaries.The family comprises ~ 50 species and 12 genera in two subfamilies and is considered a sister group to all other families of the infraorder . In the Haloveliinae , Microveliinae , Rhagoveliinae , and Veliinae . All four riffle bug species studied in relation to the structure of the testes, two in the genus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 (Rhagoveliinae) and two others in the genus Velia Latreille, 1804 (Veliinae), have one follicle p.t. The number of ovarioles is also stable and equal to four in all studied species of the Microveliinae and in Strongyloveliaformosa Esaki, 1924 from the Haloveliinae, although another species of this subfamily, Haloveliaseptentrionalis Esaki, 1924, has two ovarioles p.o.The family comprises more than 970 species and 60 genera in six subfamilies and thus represents the largest family of the infraorder . Data arGerromorpha, males may have one or two follicles p.t., and females may have two, four, five, or seven ovarioles p.o. Available data for the taxa in which more data is available demonstrate a stable pattern of the follicle number  or of the ovariole number .In 43 studied species (in 21 genera) of the infraorder Saldidae and Leptopodidae, both of worldwide distribution, and two rare and highly endemic families, the Omaniidae with four species in two genera, and monotypic Aepophilidae (The infraorder (shore bugs) comprises ca. 380 species in 42 genera and four extant families, including two larger philidae .Aepophilusbonnairei Signoret, 1879 that has seven follicles p.t. in males.This enigmatic taxon encompasses a single species, Saldula Van Duzee, 1914, S.arenicola  and S.saltatoria , have seven follicles p.t., whereas Halosaldalateralis  has four follicles p.t. Seven ovarioles p.o. were found in Macrosaldulascotica  and Saldulaarenicola .The family comprises ~ 335 species in 29 genera. Two studied species of the genus Leptopodomorpha , males have seven or four follicles p.t. in four and one species, respectively. Note that the first number occurs in both explored families, and the same number of ovarioles p.o. is found in females of two studied species in two genera of shore bugs.In five studied species of Nepomorpha or water bugs is one of the most specialized groups of heteropterans, with most of its species spending the entire life cycle within the water. It comprises more than 2300 species arranged in 140 genera and 13 families (Diaprepocoridae and Potamocoridae) families.The infraorder families . Data onAphelocheirus Westwood, 1833 , males have four follicles p.t. and five ovarioles p.o., and the same structure of the ovaries was found in three more species of the genus.The family comprises at least 78 species in the only genus od, 1833 . In A.aeBelostomatinae , and three species of the subfamily Lethocerinae . All five studied Belostoma species have five follicles p.t., whereas the only studied Diplonychus species, D.rusticus , has seven follicles p.t. In Lethocerusindicus , testes consist of five follicles each, and in L.patruelis , the number of follicles p.t. is questionable (five or four). Females of the four studied species in the genera Belostoma (one species), Diplonychus (one), Adebus (one), and Lethocerus (one) have five ovarioles p.o.The family comprises ca. 160 species and 11 genera in three subfamilies . PresentCorixinae and the only representative of the subfamily Cymatinae, Cymatiacoleoptrata . All studied Corixinae species from the genera Sigara Fabricius, 1775 (two species), Cenocorixa Hungerford, 1948 (one) and Corixa Geoffroy, 1762 (one) have seven follicles p.t., whereas male C.coleoptrata has five follicles p.t. The ovaries in all studied species  consist of seven ovarioles each.The family comprises 607 species and 35 genera in four subfamilies . Data onOchteroidea  have two follicles p.t., and the same testis structure is typical for Nerthraterrestris  from the subfamily Nerthrinae. Females of Nerthramacrothorax  have five ovarioles p.o.The family comprises at least 111 species and three genera from two subfamilies and belong to the secondarily terrestrial superfamily teroidea . Data arPleidae .The family comprises more than 170 species  and is cPleidae . HelotreMicronecta Kirkaldy, 1897 (Micronectinae), in which males were reported to have two follicles p.t.The family comprises 150 species and five genera in two subfamilies . Data arLimnocoris Stål, 1860 (Limnocorinae), Pelocoris Stål, 1876, and Ilyocoris Stål, 1861 (Naucorinae) have seven follicles p.t. Various authors reported different numbers of ovarioles (seven or five) p.o. for Ilyocoriscimicoides .The family comprises ~ 420 species and 43 genera in six subfamilies . All thrRanatra Fabricius, 1790 (Ranatrinae) and Nepa Linnaeus, 1758 (Nepinae). Nepacinerea Linnaeus, 1758 have five follicles p.t., whereas males of R.fusca Palisot de Beauvois, 1820 and R.linearis  have six and five follicles p.t., respectively. Among seven species with known structure of ovaries, all four Ranatra spp. share five ovarioles p.o., whereas two species of the genus Laccotrephes Stål, 1866 (Nepinae), L.japonensis Scott, 1874 and L.maculatus , have five and four ovarioles p.o., respectively.The family comprises 268 species and 15 genera from two subfamilies . Data onNotonectinae and Anisopinae  consist of seven ovarioles each.The family comprises ~ 400 species and 11 genera in two subfamilies, isopinae . Data arNepomorpha, which returned to a terrestrial way of life. Most authors consider Ochteridae as a sister group to the Gelastocoridae , shares two follicles p.t. with studied gelastocorids (see above), but has seven ovarioles p.o.The family comprises at least 68 species and belongs to the lineage of the aquatic ae e.g., . The onlPleaminutissima Leach, 1817 have four follicles p.t., and females have four ovarioles p.o. The same structure of the ovaries is characteristic of Parapleaindistinguenda  and P.japonica .The family comprises ~ 40 species in three genera . Males oNepomorpha species, males may have testes with different numbers of follicles , and females have ovaries with different numbers of ovarioles . The numbers seven, five and two are most common, being found in 32%, 29% and 26% of studied species, respectively. In females, ovaries with five and seven ovarioles occur in 52% and 45% of studied species, respectively. Available data for relatively more fully studied taxa show a stable pattern of the follicle number at the generic level, e.g., five in Belostoma and two in Micronecta Kirkaldy, 1897, as well as at the subfamily level (seven in Corixinae), and it seems also at the family level (two in Gelastocoridae and Micronectidae). The ovariole numbers appear to show a stable pattern in some families . However, only 50 species (in 25 genera) have been studied in the infraorder in general, i.e., ~ 2% of the global diversity of the group, which is, of course, too small to draw any conclusions.In studied Aradoidea, Idiostoloidea, Coreoidea, Lygaeoidea, Pyrrhocoroidea, and Pentatomoidea .The family comprises approximately 1900 species, more than 230 genera, and eight subfamilies . Data onProsympiestinae. In two studied species of the genus Prosympiestus Bergroth, 1894, males have six follicles p.t. and females have six ovarioles p.o.Carventinae. Data are available for the genera Carventus Stål, 1865 (two species), Euricoris Kormilev, 1957 (two species), and Paracarventus Kormilev, 1964 (one species). Both testes and ovaries have the same range of numbers, three, four, or five, in each case the numbers of follicles and ovarioles coinciding in the same species.Calisiinae. In Calisiushackeri Kormilev, 1958, males have two follicles p.t. and females have six ovarioles p.o.Aneurinae. Data are available for the genera Aneurus Curtis, 1825 (six species) and Paraneurus Jacobs 1986 (one species). Both genera are characterized by a stable pattern of five follicles p.t. and five ovarioles p.o., with the only exception of A. (Aneurus) laevis  having six follicles p.t. For Aneurus (Aneurodes) avenius  four and five ovarioles are reported by different authors.Coreinae and Pseudophloeinae. The first is distinguished by the high stability of the structure of the testes and ovaries having seven follicles p.t. in all 16 studied species in 14 genera and the same number of ovarioles p.o. in all 16 studied species in nine genera. In the second subfamily, Coriomerishirticornis  also has seven ovarioles p.o., although Ceraleptuslividus Stein, 1858 has six follicles p.t.The family comprises more than 2570 extant species described in four subfamilies and 37 tribes . Data arRhopalinae and the Serinethinae ), whereas another species ) has five follicles p.t.In the sole genus of the family, Artheneinae, while Dilompinae and Nothochrominae remain monotypic , Gampsocorinae , and Metacanthinae . There is one follicle p.t. in the two latter subfamilies and two, but sometimes one, in the Berytinae. The number of ovarioles is seven p.o. in all but one species studied. These species represent all three subfamilies and the only exception is Gampsocorisviridiventris  (Gampsocorinae), which has six ovarioles p.o. although another species of the same genus, G.culicinus Seidenstücker, 1948, has seven.This worldwide family comprises ~ 37 genera and 174 species in three subfamilies . Data arBlissus Burmeister, 1835 spp., Macropesraja Distant, 1909 and Iphicratesspinicaput . However, seven follicles p.t. were also frequently observed across some studied taxa, e.g., Ischnodemus spp., Macropesobnubilus , Iphicratesspathus Slater, 1961, and Heinsiusexplicatus Distant, 1901, and four follicles were documented for Caveleriussaccharivorus . The number of ovarioles is either seven or six and appears to correspond to the number of follicles in males of a given species. Caveleriussaccharivorus  forms the only exception, having six ovarioles but four follicles.This family of strongly flattened and sap sucking lygeoids has a worldwide distribution and currently contains more than 400 species belonging to ca. 50 genera . No suprCyminae and Ontiscinae , males have four follicles p.t. (five species) and females have seven ovarioles p.o. (two species). Males of Henestarishalophilus  (Henestarinae) have seven follicles p.t. and females have seven ovarioles p.o.This family comprises 27 genera and ~ 280 species in five subfamilies . In the Heterogaster Schilling, 1829 and Platyplaxsalviae  have seven follicles p.t., and females of two studied Heterogaster spp. have seven ovarioles p.o.This small family currently consists of 23 genera and at least 105 species , four ofIschnorhynchinae , Lygaeinae , and Orsillinae . Except for Paranysiusfraterculus  (Orsillinae) having two follicles p.t., the number of follicles and ovarioles in seed bugs equals seven .The family comprises 107 genera and more than 970 species in three subfamilies . Data arChauliopsfallax Scott, 1874 (Chauliopinae), females have five ovarioles p.o.The family comprises more than 40 described species and three genera in two subfamilies . In the Ninomimusflavipes  have five follicles p.t., and the females of Ninusinsignis Stål, 1860 have five ovarioles p.o.Five genera and 14 species are recognized in this small pantropical group . Among tThis worldwide distributed family contains slightly less than 150 species from 27 genera not arranged into subfamilies or tribes . All stuPachygrontinae and Teracriinae  resulting in seven ovarioles p.o. in each case.With more than 80 species arranged in 14 genera, this predominantly tropical and subtropical taxon clusters into two subfamilies, acriinae . AvailabPiesmatinae and Psamminae , that has been observed to have four or six ovarioles p.o.This small but nonetheless worldwide distributed group contains less than 50 species arranged in six genera and two morphologically and ecologically distinct subfamilies, samminae . While tPlinthisinae and Rhyparochrominae, the latter with 14 tribes (Rhyparochrominae (six tribes). The number of ovarioles p.o. is seven in all studied species, whereas the number of follicles p.t. is either two (in Antillocorini and Drymini), three or five (in different genera of Myodochini), or seven , seven clearly prevailing in the family.The family comprises more than 2000 species in two subfamilies, 4 tribes . Data arAcanthosomatinae. The number of follicles may be seven , four (one species) or six (one species), and both last numbers occur in the genus Rhopalimorpha Dallas, 1851 . The number of ovarioles is seven in the majority (seven) of species. The genus Elasmucha Stål, 1864 is of interest showing seven ovarioles in E.graminea  while unusually high numbers, 17 and even 24, in five other species.The family comprises more than 50 genera and more than 280 species in three subfamilies . Data onCephalocteinae, Cydninae, Parastrachiinae, Sehirinae, and Thyreocorinae. In all species studied in the subfamilies Cydninae  and Sehirinae , testes consist each of seven follicles. Fourteen species  were studied with respect to the ovaries, and twelve of them have seven ovarioles p.o.; however, Stibaropus sp.  and Chilocorisconfusus Horváth, 1919 (Cydninae) have four and five ovarioles p.o., respectively.The family comprises more than 1180 species in ca. 145 genera worldwide, arranged in nine subfamilies . Data arCoridiusjanus  (Dinidorinae) consist of seven follicles and seven ovarioles, respectively, and the same structure of the ovaries is found in Megynemumgracilicorne Dallas, 1851 (Megymeninae).The family comprises ~ 100 species in 16 genera and two subfamilies , and the structure of ovaries is studied in females of 57 species in 41 genera . The number of follicles varies from three to eight, but seven follicles appear to be the most frequent state being found in each subfamily and in most studied species and genera. The observed numbers of ovarioles were three, four, six, or seven and, like in the case of the number of follicles, seven ovarioles p.o. is the most common pattern found in more than two thirds of species and genera studied in this regard . Other numbers were observed in 14 species only. Nine of these species belong to the genera Eysarcoris Hahn, 1834 and Eurydema Laporte de Castelnau, 1833 , for which the characteristic number is six. For some species, different authors reported different numbers for the same species, for example, six and seven for Eysarcorisventralis  and Nezaraviridula . In Bagrada (Bagrada) hilaris , different numbers of ovarioles were observed in different ovaries of the same specimen.This third largest true bug family comprises almost 5 000 species in ca. 940 genera distributed in nine subfamilies including tarsinae . Data onDiscocephalinae, Edessinae, and Pentatominae  and six  ovarioles p.o.The family comprises ~ 530 species in 56 genera . The onlOdontotarsinae , Pachycorinae (one species), and Scutellerinae . All species have seven follicles p.t. (six species studied) and seven ovarioles p.o. (six species studied).The family comprises ~ 80 genera and 500 described species worldwide . Data arCyclogastrideanigromarginalis Reuter, 1884 , has seven follicles p.t. and seven ovarioles p.o.The family comprises three subfamilies, 49 genera and ~ 235 species worldwide . The onlUrostylis Westwood, 1837 and in Urochelaluteovaria Distant, 1881, females have seven ovarioles p.o.The family comprises four genera and ca. 80 species . No dataPhysopeltinae, Physopeltagutta  has seven follicles p.t. and seven ovarioles p.o.The family comprises ~ 200 species in two subfamilies worldwide. In the subfamily Pyrrhocorinae; all examined species have seven follicles p.t. and seven ovarioles p.o. The only exception is Dysdercus (Paradysdercus) koenigii  with a variable number of 5–7 follicles p.t.The family comprises more than 300 species worldwide in at least 30 genera and two subfamilies. Data are available for 11 species in four genera of the subfamily Pentatomomorpha species studied, males may have 3–8 follicles p.t., and females 3–7 ovarioles p.o., except the genus Elasmucha (Acanthosomatidae) in which a unique diversity (7–24 ovarioles p.o.) has been reported for the five studied species. The number seven is characteristic for some higher taxa studied in relation to the structure of the testes and ovaries . The exception is the family Aradidae for which this number seems to not be characteristic of either the ovaries or the testes, with seven being only reported for the ovaries of Aradus (Aradus) pictus Baerensprung, 1859. In some families , the number seven is typical for the ovaries but not for the testes, which consist either of two follicles (in the first two families) or of one follicle (in the third family).In Heteroptera  respectively. Approximately 40% of species have seven follicles p.t. and ~ 68% of species have seven ovarioles p.o. Numbers exceeding this modal value are rare; the exception is eight follicles in the genus Deraeocoris Kirschbaum, 1855 (Miridae), in which almost half of the studied species have this number. Lower numbers, on the other hand, are quite common; moreover, sometimes they characterize taxa of high rank. In the families Miridae, Pentatomidae, and Reduviidae, for which there is relatively much data, a variety of numbers is observed. It is most pronounced in the Miridae in which data on testes and ovaries are available for 220 and 48 species, respectively. Although the number of ovarioles in most mirid species is seven, the number of follicles varies widely, from one to eight (except five), the number seven and lower numbers (1–3) occurring with almost equal frequency. Some other families, e.g., Anthocoridae, Aradidae, Belostomatidae, Berytidae, Gerridae, Oxycarenidae, and Tingidae, usually have low numbers of follicles. Noteworthy is also the family Aradidae, in which ovarioles vary in number, with numbers below the modal predominating. However, there is still very little data for all these families.In this study, we analyzed the number of follicles in testes of 705 species  and the number of ovarioles in ovaries of 504 species  across all seven major lineages of the suborder Pentatomomorpha and all its superfamilies except Aradoidea, Cimicomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, and Nepomorpha. This is consistent with the fact that seven follicles p.t. were documented in the majority of studied species across Heteroptera , which is usually considered as a sister group to Heteroptera both on morphological , Cimicomorpha , Leptopodomorpha, Gerromorpha, and Nepomorpha. The infraorders Enicocephalomorpha and Dipsocorimorpha form an exception, with five ovarioles p.o. recovered for each of them as an ancestral state.Reconstruction of an ancestral state for ovaries Fig.  indicateHeteroptera in general.Summing up, the number of seven appears to be an ancestral state for both testes and ovaries of true bugs. It is still retained in many lineages but may increase or decrease in separate groups. The trend towards decreasing the number of follicles and ovarioles undoubtedly prevailed in the evolution of the suborder


Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-022-33018-0, published online 17 September 2022Correction to: The original version of this article contained errors in Fig. 2, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.In the original version of Fig. 2, PCC values were missing from panels a, b and axes labels were missing from panels c, d. The correct version of Fig. 2 is:which replaces the previous incorrect version:In the original version of Fig. 4, the contents of the leftmost column in panel a were missing. The correct version of Fig. 4 is:which replaces the previous incorrect version:In the original version of Fig. 5, several legends as well as plot and axes labels were missing or incomplete and the order of panels did not match the descriptions in the figure caption. The correct version of Fig. 5 is:which replaces the previous incorrect version:This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Vaccination falls within the scope of practice of a pharmacist and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has seen an increase in pharmacies providing vaccination services. These vaccines are not without risk of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. The available guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis include the administration of intravenous (IV) fluids. However, IV administration does not fall within the scope of practice of a pharmacist. A gap was identified in the availability of guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis without the use of IV fluid administration.This review aimed to address this gap by describing the mechanisms of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis and developing an algorithm to assist pharmacy personnel to manage these within the scope of practice.The authors used the recommendations for developing guidelines.The availability of anaphylaxis guidelines and clinical studies catering for anaphylaxis and allergy management by pharmacists was deficient, thus the review modified the available management guidelines to align the management of allergy and anaphylaxis within the scope of a pharmacist. The items required for the management were also identified and listed as items that form part of the emergency tray in the pharmacy.The review designed algorithms based on the available literature to assist pharmacy personnel to manage allergy and anaphylaxis within the relevant scope of practice. The review also lists the equipment needed for an emergency tray.This review serves to offer guidance for the management of allergy and anaphylaxis in a pharmacy setting. On 16 August 2021, Business for South Africa (B4SA) listed at least 790 private sector businesses, including both independent community pharmacies and corporate pharmacy chains, accepting eligible persons for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine , a non-selective adrenoreceptor agonist, is critical for the management of anaphylaxis Terrie . PharmacCurrently, available protocols and guidelines related to acute allergy and anaphylaxis recommend the administration of specific (case-based) therapies, such as oxygen, antihistamine, epinephrine , glucocorticosteroids, resuscitation fluids (e.g. Ringers lactate), antacids (e.g. ranitidine/cimetidine), glucagon and bronchodilators   of the University of the Witwatersrand (reference number R14/49), South Africa.Allergic reactions may present with any of the following symptoms: urticaria/hives , angioedema, rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchospasm and/or wheezing  – tachycardia, hypotension, hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), syncope (loss of consciousness), incontinence and dizziness/vertigo.Source: Campbell, R.L., Li, J.T., Nicklas, R.A. & Sadosty, A.T., 2014, ‘Emergency department diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis: A practice parameter’, Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 113, 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.007; Cardona, V., Ansotegui, I.J., Ebisawa, M., El-Gamal, Y., Rivas, M.F., Fineman, S. et al., 2020, ‘World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020’, World Allergy Organization Journal 13(10), 100472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472; Ewan, P., Dugué, P., Mirakian, R., Dixon, T., Harper, J. & Nasser, S., 2010, ‘BSACI guidelines for the investigation of suspected anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia’, Clinical & Experimental Allergy 40, 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03404.x; Oswalt, M.L. & Kemp, S.F., 2007, ‘Anaphylaxis: Office management and prevention’, Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 27(2), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2007.03.004; Shaker, M.S., Wallace, D.V., Golden, D.B., Oppenheimer, J., Bernstein, J.A., Campbell, R.L. et al., 2020, ‘Anaphylaxis – A 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis’, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 145, 1082–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.017; Simons, F.E.R., 2006, ‘Anaphylaxis, killer allergy: Long-term management in the community’, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.002; Simons, F.E.R., 2010, ‘Anaphylaxis’, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, S161–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.981In general, skin and mucosal signs and symptoms occur in 90% of episodes, while respiratory signs and symptoms occur in 85% of episodes  permit issued by the Director General of Health is permitted to manage anaphylaxis. According to the Bill of Rights, chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, section 11, ‘Everyone has the right to life’, which makes it imperative for all community pharmacists to be trained in managing anaphylaxis.There should be easy access to the emergency medicines required for the management of anaphylaxis. The contents of the emergency tray should routinely be verified as part of the standard operational procedures for expiry dates, integrity of packaging and consumables. Other equipment should be validated as per the recommendation from the manufacturer. A recommendation is to carry out drills in the workplace to ensure that immediate action is possible in case of an emergency because of anaphylaxis. Up-to-date emergency contact details of ambulance services and nearby referral facilities should be available. Valid certification for the provision of first aid, basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) should be maintained and renewed.An allergy generally requires the administration of an antihistamine such as promethazine hydrochloride. If the patient is asthmatic, salbutamol should be administered 6–10 puffs via spacer  close at hand in case of progression of symptoms and the patient should be monitored closely for signs of severe reaction, for at least 15 min  injection of epinephrine at the earliest opportunity, followed by epinephrine by IM or IV injection as needed.Placement of the patient in the supine position with the lower extremities elevated, unless there is prominent upper airway swelling which will prompt the patient to remain upright (and often leaning forward). If the patient is vomiting, placement of the patient semi-recumbent position with lower extremities elevated.Ensure that supplemental oxygen is utilised.Volume russification with IV fluids and if the patient is normotensive, isotonic (0.9%) saline should be infused at a rate of 125 mL/h to maintain venous access. In normotensive children, isotonic saline should be infused at an appropriate maintenance rate for weight to maintain venous access (only if personnel that can administer IV fluids is available).In a pharmacy setting the following should be adhered to regarding the management of anaphylaxis  IM should be administered in the mid-outer aspect of the thigh .Placement of the patient in the supine position with the lower extremities elevated, unless there is prominent upper airway swelling which will prompt the patient to remain upright (and often leaning forward). If the patient is vomiting, placement of the patient semi-recumbent position with lower extremities elevated. Place pregnant patients on their left side.Supplemental oxygen .Monitoring blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as monitoring of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, is required for the duration of the episode.For a pregnant woman experiencing anaphylaxis, place the patient on her left side while providing a high flow rate of oxygen. Monitor her blood pressure, and if possible, perform foetal monitoring (Campbell & Kelso ® as mechanisms to report AEFI’s. Step-by-step assistance is available on the SAHPRA (Theoretically, all AEFIs, including those that resolve spontaneously or are of minor clinical significance and those that are unexpected, undocumented, serious and severe should be reported (World Health Organization e SAHPRA  website.This review serves to offer guidance for the management of allergy and anaphylaxis in a pharmacy setting. Immunisation in a pharmacy setting is increasing and it is likely that pharmacists will encounter patients with anaphylaxis. Future research needs to focus on re-assessing the scope, training and education of a pharmacist to include venipuncture and simulation-based training in the management of anaphylaxis for pharmacists and pharmacy students. Based on the findings of this review, it is recommended that pharmacists prioritise contacting an ambulance once it is identified that the patient is experiencing anaphylaxis. Focus needs to be kept on symptomatically managing the anaphylaxis until the ambulance arrives. As a result of IV administration not being within the scope of practice of a pharmacist, it is recommended that the patients’ legs be elevated to assist with the drop in blood pressure.The guidance provided should assist pharmacy personnel to manage allergy and anaphylaxis within the relevant scope of practice. The contents of the emergency tray should be regularly inspected, and personnel should be aware of the prompt intervention required to manage allergy and anaphylaxis within the scope of practice in order to reduce the risk of death.


Thishttps://www.rcsb.org/) is used to obtain models of MHC molecules and then HEPEDOCK 2.0 is used to predict the possibility of MHC-peptide complexes and provide multiple docking models . That is, 3D atomic models were building from different stringing arrangements and iterative structural assembly simulations according to amino acid sequences, and then the models are optimized by MD. MD is a computer simulation method which is employed in various engineering and science disciplines to calculate motion and equilibrium of each individual atom or molecule. It can be used to explore conformational space, and is often the method of choice for large molecules such as proteins. Recently, due to the continuous development of MD, molecular models and docking are closer to the real response  cell epitopes and promoting cytotoxicity  generatedtoxicity . On the toxicity . Most cltoxicity , leadingtoxicity  or the atoxicity  to autoaT-cell (CD8 + and CD4 + T-cell) epitopes and B-cell epitopes are the material basis of adaptive immune responses as allure to most of studies. However, few has addressed the association among them so far. It is well known that CD4+ T cells, as helper cells, promote both killer T cells and B cells and then strengthen humoral and cellular immunity . ObeyingThe above renders multiple “integration” ideas. 2in silico under the precondition for immunology principles will be critical issues to be addressed. In this opinion, the “integration” tenet was first put forward, dedicated to compensating for inherent deficiencies in current algorithms and simulating the realistic immune response model. It provided a novel train of thought for peptide-based immunotherapy in silico against infection, neoplasms and autoimmune diseases, and would by all odds promote the development and progress of the bioinformatics discipline.The evolution of epitope-based vaccines is one of the most promising developments arising from bioinformatics-based research , and theConceptualization: DJ, BS, and KY. Methodology: DJ, BS, and JZ. Formal analysis: SB and DJ. Investigation: BS, DJ, and YoW. Resources, DJ, and KY. Writing—original draft preparation: BS and JZ. Writing—review and editing: DJ, JZ, ZL, MX, and YoW. Peer discussion: YoW, CL, LC, and YuW. Visualization, BS, JZ, ZL, and MX. Supervision, DJ and KY. Project administration, DJ and KY. Funding acquisition: DJ and KY. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


The Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Award Lecture will feature an address by the 2021 Baltes Award recipient, Laura B. Zahodne, PhD, of the University of Michigan. This session will also include the presentation of the 2022 Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Award to recipient Eric S. Kim, PhD, of the University of British Columbia. The Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Foundation Award in Behavioral and Social Gerontology recognizes outstanding early-career contributions in behavioral and social gerontology. The award is generously funded by the Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes Foundation.


Dear editor,Picornaviridae family, is the primary cause of the highly contagious and crippling disease polio which primarily affects children under the age of five. It attacks the neurological system and results in paralysis or even death. Since it has no cure, immunisation is the only way to escape lifelong paralysis [The poliovirus, a species of Enterovirus C of the aralysis . There earalysis . As of 2aralysis . Pakistaaralysis . Pakistaaralysis . Howeveraralysis . This isIn Pakistan, all the cases reported in 2022 are from the southern part of the northwestern province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP). This province shares a border with Afghanistan, the only other polio-endemic country. This area includes the districts of North Waziristan and Laki Marwat with case counts of 13 and 1 in 2022 respectively . In 2020N/A.No source of funding to declare.Muhammad Hashir Nazir and Muhammad Ahmad: Performed data analysis and participated in writing the letter. Muhammad Umer: Participated in data analysis. Saleha Azeem: Reviewing the letter.Name of the registry:N/A.Unique Identifying number or registration ID:N/A.Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): N/A.Muhammad Ahmad.Muhammad Hashir Nazir.N/A.No conflict of interest to declare.


India has reported 82 cases of kids below five years of age and 26 children in the age group of 1–9 years with Tomato flu in Kerala and Bhubaneswar respectfully as of August 21st, 2022 . AnotherAs viral infections are widespread in children, they are most affected, however if it is not controlled and prevented, it might lead to negative effects on adults as well .Like othIts major symptoms, which include a high fever, rashes, and excruciating joint pain, are similar to those of chikungunya . Tomato To stop the virus transmission, isolation must be used for five to seven days after the beginning of symptoms. The ideal method of prevention is maintaining good hygiene, sanitising the immediate area, and keeping the sick kid from exchanging objects, garments, food, or any other objects with other children who are not ill.The most efficient and cost-efficient methods for safeguarding the general population against viral infections, particularly in children, the elderly, and those with impaired immune systems, are drug repurposing and vaccination. For the time being, there are no antiviral medications or vaccines available to treat or prevent tomato flu. Long term follow up is needed to better understand the morphology of the virus and potential treatment plans.NA.None.MK: designed the study. MK,SG,SD: made the first draft. MK and SG: updated theManuscript. MK, SG and SD: reviewed the final draft and edited final. All authors have critically reviewed and approved the final draft and are responsible for the content and similarity index of the manuscript.NA.1.Name of the registry: N/A2.Unique Identifying number or registration ID: N/A3.Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will bechecked): N/ANA.Not commissioned, externally peer reviewed.None.


Entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes are globally distributed soil organisms capable of infecting and killing a vast variety of insects. Therefore, these organisms are frequently used as biocontrol agents in insect pest management. Both entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes share the soil environment and thus can infest and compete for the same insect host; however, natural co-infections are rarely found due to the cryptic soil environment. Our current knowledge on their interactions within hosts mainly comes from laboratory experiments. Because of the recent trend of combining biocontrol agents to increase their efficacy, many studies have focused on the co-application of different species of EPF and EPNs against various insect pests with variable outcomes ranging from synergistic effects and additive effects to antagonism. In addition, the effect on the development and reproduction of each pathogen varies from normal reproduction to exclusion, and generally the outcomes of the interactions are dependent on pathogen and host species, pathogen doses, and the timing of infection. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the interactions of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes within an insect host and to estimate the possible effects of the interactions on natural pathogen populations and on their use in biocontrol. Steinernema Travassos (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) are obligate and lethal parasites of insects [Heterorhabditis, and invade the haemocoel through the mid-gut wall and release bacteria; these bacteria provide nutrients and inhibit the growth of other microrgnaisms establishing suitable conditions for nematode reproduction. The associated bacteria multiply rapidly causing septicemia and host’s death after 24–48 h, during which time the nematodes feed on the bacteria and reproduce in the cadaver [Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the genera  insects ,2. Their cadaver .Metarhizium Sorokin, and Beauveria Vuill. are the best known entomopathogenic fungi. These organisms usually attach to the external body of insects by conidia adhering to the host’s cuticle. Under the right temperature and humidity conditions, these spores germinate, grow as hyphae, and colonize the insect’s body. After a few days (4–7), the insect is usually killed, especially by fungal toxins, and new spores are formed in or on the insect (sporulation), ready to be spread in the environment [Entomopathogenic fungi, mainly Ascomycetes, are regularly found infecting insects in the environment, especially in the soil. The species of the genera few days –7, the iThe combined use of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and nematodes (EPNs) is considered an interesting and effective approach in microbial pest control. The studies conducted so far have focused mainly on the combined use of both groups of biological control agents to increase their insecticidal efficacy under laboratory conditions ,7,8,9,10Steinernema ichnusae Tarasco, Mracek, Nguyen, and Triggiani (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Beauveria bassiana s.s. (sensu stricto)  Vuill.  in the samples from an oak forest in Sardinia, Italy.Both entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are pathogens/parasites with a broad host range ,13,14,15In response to competition, parasites and pathogens exhibit a diverse array of strategies that improve their chances of growth or reproduction over competitors . During Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) were repelled from the insects infected with B. bassiana s.l. (sensu lato). Similarly, in dual infection with the fungus Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) , the invasion rate of Steinernema feltiae Bovien (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) was lower in comparison with the nematode-only application [One of the common modes of adaptation by nematodes to entomopathogenic fungi involves the avoidance of competition, and this has been demonstrated by Barbercheck and Kaya . In theilication . NeverthB. bassiana s.l. in Galleria mellonella L.  was inhibited in dual infection with S. feltiae, if the nematodes were applied simultaneously or 12 h after the fungus. The authors suggested that the main cause of inhibition was the bacterial symbiont of S. feltiae, Xenorhabdus bovienii. Since then, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria have been shown to produce many compounds with an antifungal activity. For instance, hydroxy–stilbenes (isopropylstilbene) produced by Photorhabdus luminescens effectively suppressed fungal human pathogens Aspergillus flavus Link , Aspergillus fumigates Fresenius , Botrytis cinerea Pers , Candida tropicalis Berkhout , and Cryptococcus neoformans (San Felice) Vuill  [Xenorhabdus nematophila produces antifungal PAX peptides that suppress serious plant and human fungal pathogens. Similarly, the secondary metabolites of Xenorhabdus budapestensis and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii suppress plant pathogenic fungus Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan  [X. szentirmaii proved effective against four plant-pathogenic fungi, Monilinia fructicola, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Fusarium oxysporum [X. szentirmaii.Once the nematodes enter the fungus-infested insects, strong competition for resources occurs. Barbercheck and Kaya  have shollaceae) . Gualtiellaceae)  demonstrporacae) . The metxysporum . Cimen exysporum  identifiXenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria were found to be effective during the competition of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi within insect hosts. For instance, X. nematophila inhibited the growth of B. bassiana s.l. on agar plates [Photorhabdus luminescens inhibited the growth and conidial production of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin, B. bassiana s.l., Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch , and C. fumosorosea [Xenorhabdus bovienii inhibited the growth of B. bassiana s.s.The secondary metabolites of r plates . In anotosorosea . Similarosorosea  demonstrM. anisopliae s.l. inhibited the growth of P. luminescens and Xenorhabdus poinarii. Similarly, fungal extracts from B. bassiana s.s. impaired the growth of X. bovienii [During dual infections with entomopathogenic fungi, numerous studies recorded negative effects on the nematodes as well ,18,27. Nbovienii .Metarhizium brunneum (Petch)  produces volatile organic compounds that are highly toxic to the infective juveniles (IJs) of the EPN, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and H. bacteriophora, and these compounds can shape the interaction of these pathogens in the rhizosphere. These findings suggest that the interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes also occur outside the host.Recently, Hummadi et al.  revealedB. bassiana s.l. and nematodes, and the fungus was detrimental to the development of S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis  (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) when applied to the insect more than 48 h before nematodes [B. bassiana s.l. develops exclusively. Such an exclusion could be attributed to indirect interactions related to competition for the same host resources [M. anisopliae s.l. applied 2 days before H. bacteriophora decreased nematode reproduction [Both entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi possess numerous adaptations for competition with each other. Barbercheck and Kaya  observedematodes . Barbercematodes  hypothesesources . Similaroduction .Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson, and Klein (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema glaseri Steiner (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) was totally detrimental for the reproduction of M. anisopliae s.l. Interestingly, Shaurub et al. [Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and H. bacteriophora were recorded in Spodoptera littoralis  (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) previously exposed to B. bassiana s.s. Interestingly, Molina et al. [M. anisopliae s.l. totally inhibited the reproduction of H. bacteriophora even when applied simultaneously with the nematodes, and reduced nematode reproduction when applied after the nematodes. This observation suggests that the fungus directly interacts with the nematodes via the production of metabolites that are toxic to symbiotic bacteria or nematodes. Toxicity to bacteria is more probable, as the crude extract of M. anisopliae s.l. was found to be toxic to bacteria, while it had no toxic effects on H. megidis and S. glaseri even at the highest concentration [In simultaneous applications, nematodes usually outcompete the fungus . Ansari b et al.  observeda et al.  observedntration .H. bacteriophora and H. megidis with B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s., no southern masked chafer white grub, Cyclocephala lurida Bland (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) showed both fungal sporulation and nematode development. On the other hand, Tarasco et al. [S. ichnusae and B. bassiana s.s. developed in G. mellonella. The authors described that both pathogens started the infection process in different parts of the host body and further developed in these defined spaces and competed in the haemocoel to conquer every available space. Therefore, the reproduction of both pathogens within one host is obviously possible, but this phenomenon is likely very rare.As mentioned above, Barbercheck and Kaya  observedo et al.  observedIt can be concluded that the interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are very competitive and, in general, the nematodes appear to be stronger competitors due to their faster infestation and development inside the host. Nevertheless, in particular pathogen species and strain combinations, the outcome can be different.As was demonstrated above, the relationship between entomopathogenic fungi and the nematodes is mostly antagonistic, where one or both competitors are negatively affected. Nevertheless, the effect of dual pathogen infection can have an additive or synergistic effect on host mortality and can be used to increase the effectiveness of both pathogens in biological control. Ansari et al.  suggesteIt is generally accepted that the efficacy of pest control agents can be improved by their combination . AccordiM. anisopliae s.l., which, in combination with a Spinosad product provided synergistic control of exotic wireworms Agriotes lineatus L. and Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) [Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) [The efficacy of biocontrol agents can be enhanced by their combination with chemical insecticides, as has been shown for the entomopathogenic fungus teridae) . A similionidae) . This stThe efficacy of biocontrol agents can be improved by their combination with another biocontrol agent ,43 and tB. brongniartii with two EPNs S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora against the white grubs Ectinohoplia rufipes (Motschulsky) and Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse) in golf courses in Korea. Interestingly, combining B. brongniartii with S. carpocapsae resulted in a significant increase in grub mortality over the application of the fungus alone or in comparison with the application of both nematodes S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora. In their study, Choo et al. [In one of the first studies addressing the combination of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, Choo et al.  evaluateo et al.  used onlM. anisopliae s.l. and the entomopathogenic nematodes H. megidis and S. glaseri during co-application against third-instar white grub, Hoplia philanthus Füessly, and the authors also assessed different timings for pathogen application. In general, the combination of the fungus with nematodes increased insect mortality and the effect was either additive or synergistic, depending on the dosage and timing of the application, as a stronger synergistic effect was apparent in the insect that had been exposed to M. anisopliae s.l. at least 3 or 4 weeks before the nematodes. This highlights the important effect of the timing of application.Ansari et al.  studied M. anisopliae s.l. was tested in the field conditions for the control of H. philanthus in combination with the commercial formulation of entomopathogenic nematode H. bacteriophora (Nema-green®), and their performance was compared with single pathogen applications and with the chemical insecticide chlorpyrifos [H. philanthus larvae. From an economical point of view, the use of similarly effective organophosphate and carbamate insecticides is cheaper, but has inherent negative non-target effects.The same fungus rpyrifos . The comH. bacteriophora and Steinernema yirgalemense Nguyen et al. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and three entomopathogenic fungal isolates of M. anisopliae s.l. were applied against the barley chafer grub, Coptognathus curtipennis Faimaire, in simultaneous and sequential combinations [M. anisopliae s.l. weeks before the addition of nematodes. Obviously, the combined use of M. anisopliae s.l. with nematodes may offer an integrated approach to increase the efficacy of EPN for C. curtipennis control.Two entomopathogenic nematodes, inations . The autH. bacteriophora and H. megidis with entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s. in the laboratory and greenhouse experiments against the third instar southern masked chafer white grubs, Cyclocephala lurida Bland. In laboratory experiments, additive interactions were found between H. megidis and B. bassiana s.s., and between H. bacteriophora and B. bassiana s.s. or M. anisopliae s.s. in most combinations, while few treatments showed synergism or antagonism. Surprisingly, there was no effect regarding different timings of pathogen applications. In the greenhouse, an additive or synergistic interaction was found between H. bacteriophora and B. bassiana s.s. or M. anisopliae s.s. in different formulations, again, both in simultaneous applications and when the nematodes were applied 4 weeks after the fungi. Based on the data, the authors stress that the combination of nematodes and fungi may achieve an effect comparable or superior to an imidacloprid insecticide for the curative control of Cyclocephala lurida, and recommend the need for more virulent fungal strains to achieve a stronger interaction with the nematodes.Wu et al.  combinedM. brunneum with entomopathogenic nematodes was also tested for the control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabricius [H. bacteriophora, S. feltiae, and Steinernema kraussei Steiner (Rhabitida: Steinernematidae) provided increased control of the pest in both the laboratory and greenhouse. The highest control was achieved with the nematodes S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, applied 1–2 weeks after the fungus, which showed the highest synergistic effect. Interestingly, for the application of S. kraussei, the synergistic effect was present when the nematode was applied simultaneously with the fungus, suggesting the species-specific outcome of the interaction. The greenhouse tests suggested that both M. brunneum and the nematodes can be used at significantly lower rates and still provide good control of black vine weevil larvae, while being cost-effective. Therefore, the tested system was deemed to be an economically feasible approach for black vine weevil larval control. In the following study [M. brunneum and a cold tolerant strain of S. kraussei, which resulted in 100% control of the overwintering pest and the interaction was synergistic in the first trial, but when the trial was repeated, the results were additive. This discrepancy was attributed to the fact that in another trial, M. brunneum had already caused a high larval mortality, which did not leave enough room for further significant improvement from the addition of nematodes.The combination of the insect-pathogenic fungus abricius . The comng study , the oveB. bassiana s.l., M. anisopliae s.l., and C. fumosorosea and nematodes Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar, and David (Rhabditida: Hetrorhabditidae) or S. carpocapsae was evaluated for the control of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), larvae [C. fumosorosea with the nematodes always resulted in antagonism, while the result of the interaction of two other fungi depended on the nematode species. The interactions between H. indica and B. bassiana s.l. were antagonistic, whereas the interactions between H. indica and M. anisopliae s.l. were additive. Interactions between S. carpocapsae and B. bassiana s.l. or M. anisopliae s.l. differed depending on the application rate. Based on these results, the authors concluded that the tested pathogen combinations were not likely to improve the suppression of C. caryae larvae in comparison with the single application of the pathogen with greatest virulence. Furthermore, the results highlighted the effect of the pathogen species and the application rate on the final outcome of the interaction.The combined effects of different fungal species of , larvae . No syneM. anisopliae s.s. fungus and S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Steinernema sp., and H. bacteriophora against the larvae of Curculio nucum L.; however, there was neither a synergistic nor antagonistic effect of te pathogen combination on the C. nucum larval mortality. The lack of increase in mortality after the joint application was attributed to the fact that fungi alone caused only a low mortality compared with the nematodes alone (22% to 53%), and the effect of fungus in the joint application was diminished due to competition with the nematodes. These results thus suggest that the combination of EPF with EPN is not likely to improve the suppression of C. nucum larvae.Batalla-Carrera et al.  evaluateRhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, were targeted by the combination of the fungi B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s. with the nematode H. bacteriophora [H. bacteriophora combined with B. bassiana s.s. in comparison with the combination with M. anisopliae s.s. Furthermore, 1–2-week delay in nematode application after the fungus enhanced the efficacy, and generally, combined applications were more effective in early R. ferrugineus instars, showing the importance of the stage of the target pest. Overall, the results encouraged the authors to recommend the integration of the delayed application of H. bacteriophora after the application of B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s. in order to achieve successful control of the red palm weevil.Larval instars of the red palm weevil, riophora . In combHylobius abietis L., a major forest pest in northern Europe, was treated through the joint application of the nematodes, S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi Stock, Griffin, and Burnell (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) with entomopathogenic fungi  [H. abietis adult emergence. The effect of the bioagent combination was only additive, with no synergistic action observed. Similarly, no synergy was found in the combination of the fungi M. brunneum, B. bassiana s.s., and Beauveria caledonica Bissett and Widden  and nematodes S. carpocapsae and H. downesi against the same pest, H. abietis [H. abietis populations, and suppression by the mixture did not surpass suppression by EPNs alone. It is likely that the lack of synergy could be because a high mortality caused by the EPNs alone did not leave enough room for improvement by the addition of the fungus. Based on these results, the combination of the tested EPF strains was not recommended, as there would be a need for more effective fungal strains.The large pine weevil ae s.s.)  that wer abietis . While tLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Hussein et al. [C. fumosorosea with the nematode S. feltiae and recorded an increased efficiency against immature stages of L. decemlineata compared with a single biocontrol agent application. The best results were obtained when the nematodes were applied simultaneously with the fungus in comparison with delayed application, which, surprisingly, resulted in an antagonistic effect. Both agents applied alone caused a high pest mortality, and to achieve a synergistic effect, the agents would have to be applied at lower rates. Recently, pupae of the Colorado potato beetle (L. decemlineata) were treated with several strains of another fungus, B. bassiana s.s., in combination with the nematodes S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, also resulting in a higher pupal mortality in comparison with single pathogen application [To date, the only chrysomelid pest that has been targeted by the combination of the fungi and nematodes is the Colorado potato beetle, n et al.  evaluatelication . Similarlication , the morH. bacteriophora and fungus B. bassiana s.l. had an additive effect, causing a higher level of mortality in the larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). However, no such increase was observed with S. carpocapsae, which confirms the effect of pathogen species on the outcome of the interaction.Many lepidopteran insects are among the important agricultural pests, and thus a considerable number of studies were performed to evaluate the joint use of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes. In one of the pioneer studies on the interaction of these pathogens, Barbercheck and Kaya  demonstrS. riobrave and H. bacteriophora with the fungus B. bassiana s.s., on the last instars of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, S. littoralis. All pathogens were applied at the LC25 level, either simultaneously or sequentially, and the synergistic interaction was observed among the different entomopathogen pairings, suggesting that the combination of these entomopathogens could improve the control of S. littoralis.Shaurub et al.  evaluateDiatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was exposed to the nematode H. bacteriophora nematode in combination with several strains of M. anisopliae s.l. of different virulence to the D. saccharalis [The sugarcane stalk borer, charalis . InteresH. bacteriophora with the fungi M. anisopliae s.s. and B. bassiana s.s. on the larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xyllostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), was evaluated in laboratory experiments [H. bacteriophora and fungi B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s. against P. xylostella was evaluated also both in greenhouse and field conditions [H. bacteriophora and M. anisopliae s.s. The results confirm that the combined use of fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes is an efficient alternative to control diamondback moth.The effect of the dual application of the nematode eriments . The effnditions . CombineSteinernema yirgalemense Nguyen et al. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the fungus Metarhizium pinghaense Q.T. Chen and H.L. Guo  were found to act synergistically in the control of soil-dwelling life stages of the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of citrus plants in South Africa [H. noenieputensis Malan, Knoetze, and Tiedt (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and M. pinghaense applied simultaneously, and Steinernema jeffreyense Malan, Knoetze, and Tiedt (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) applied 24 h post-fungal application, resulted in antagonistic interactions. This, again, highlights the strongly pathogen species-specific outcome of the interaction. Overall, the study shows the potential of EPN and EPF combination for the control of T. leucotreta in citrus orchards in South Africa, which should be further investigated.In a recent study, the nematode h Africa . InteresB. bassiana s.s., M. brunneum s.s., Cordyceps javanica , Samson and Hywel-Jones , and C. fumosorosea were tested in combination with nematodes S. carpocapsae and S. riobrave against the pupae of Rhagoletis pomonella  (Diptera: Tephritidae) [R. pomonella populations. However, only a combination of S. riobrave with C. javanica was significantly more virulent than the EPN-only treatments, highlighting the need for proper screening including more EPN and EPF species in order to detect the most efficacious combination. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated, for the first time, that dipteran insect pests can be successfully targeted through the combination of fungi and nematodes.Four species of EPF, ritidae) . The autBactrocera zonata (Saunders) and B. dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) by exposing the larvae, pupae, and pharate adults to B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s. in combination with H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae in laboratory, glasshouse, and field cage conditions [B. bassiana s.s. was more effective in mixed treatments than M. anisopliae s.s. In laboratory tests, many combinations resulted in a synergistic effect, while the interactions in the soil pots, glasshouse, and in the field were mostly additive. Based on the results, similarly to R. pomonella [Bactrocera could be successfully targeted through the combination of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes.Another research work evaluated the effects of the combination of fungi and nematodes on fruit flies using nditions . Interesomonella , fruit fH. bacteriophora and S. feltiae with the fungi B. bassiana s.s. and M. anisopliae s.s. resulted in a greater mortality of the onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) compared with a single application of each agent, with a prominent additive interaction observed [T. tabaci.In a recent study, the joint application of the nematodes observed . The fieFrankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in which the soil predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus Berlese (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and the plant-inhabiting mites Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) collected and transported the conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana s.s. directly from a commercial rearing substrate.Various invertebrates can effectively transmit fungal spores in the environment and increase the chances of their encounters with the insect hosts. This phenomenon received attention because of its potential as biocontrol. The first studies focused on the use of pollinating insects ,59,60, aC. fumosorosea. The authors assessed the dispersal of both the conidia and blastospores of C. fumosorosea by entomopathogenic nematodes S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora. The dissemination was studied in agar plates with sand barriers and glass tubes filled with soil in order to simulate the effect of environmental heterogeneity. In agar plates, the dissemination was the highest on clean agar, while the presence of silver sand barriers reduced spore dissemination. Both nematodes dispersed fungal spores through the tubes, with H. bacteriophora being more efficient. The authors suggested differences in the presence and persistence of second-stage cuticles or a different foraging behavior of the nematodes could explain this difference. The nematode second stage cuticle was found to be of great importance for spore transmission, as after its removal, the transmission dropped to negligible values. As the authors hypothesized, corrugated and frequently disrupted second stage cuticle probably increases the opportunity for the adhesion of spores that can consequently be transported over a longer distance in the soil environment. In general, blastospores were disseminated more efficiently in comparison with the conidia, which was attributed to the fact that hydrophilic blastospores could better adhere to the nematode cuticle in comparison with the hydrophobic conidia. In general, this study showed a good potential for EPNs to spread EPF spores in the environment.Recently, Nermuť et al.  studied H. bacteriophora was the most effective at transmission through the soil filled tube, mimicking the conditions deeper in the soil, whereas the soil surface dwelling [S. carpocapsae was the most effective in the soil column system that was more similar to the soil surface. The experiments with various adhesives showed that sunflower seed oil enhanced spore adhesion to the nematode cuticle and increased spore distribution for all of the tested nematode strains. These findings indicate the potential use of adhesives in pest management to enhance the nematode dissemination of EPF spores, and further research on adhesives optimization, as well as the mechanisms of spore adhesion to the nematode cuticle, may be of importance in the future.The study of  focused dwelling  “ambusheThe combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes has received increasing attention over the last decades, with many studies appearing from the last few years. Overall, most studies recorded an additive or synergistic effect, while only a small part observed an antagonistic effect . SimilarH. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae and the fungi B. bassiana s.l. and M. anisopliae s.l. (L. decemlineata revealed that there are both highly virulent and almost nonvirulent strains of the nematode S. feltiae [B. bassiana s.s. [The existing research on the joint application of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes included ca 7 fungal species and 10 nematode species, with most of the studies using the nematodes iae s.l. . Clearly feltiae  and the ana s.s. . TherefoIt is generally accepted that the timing of the pathogen application had an important effect on the effectiveness of the combined application of the fungi with nematodes, and the effect of the timing can also be pathogen species specific. On the other hand, some studies found no difference between the simultaneous and sequential application of the pathogens. To conclude, the effect of timing is important but very variable, and a general conclusion cannot be made. Therefore, both simultaneous and sequential pathogen application should be compared for each pest–pathogen combination.P. xyllostella [To date, most of the research focused on the larval stages of scarabaeids, curculionids, or some lepidopterans. Entomopathogenic nematodes are most often used against soil dwelling insect stages , as theilostella ,53. NeveIn conclusion, the combined application of nematodes and fungi in biocontrol is a promising strategy that could improve on the environmentally safe control methods of many insect pests. The decisive factor will always be the economic viability, but it could be stimulated by growing public concern about the environmental impact of traditional insecticides, as well as the development of pesticide-resistant pathogens.


This paper is dedicated to the discussion of applications of carbon material in electrochemistry. The paper starts with a general discussion on electrochemical doping. Then, investigations by spectroelectrochemistry are discussed. The Raman spectroscopy experiments in different electrolyte solutions are considered. This includes aqueous solutions and acetonitrile and ionic fluids. The investigation of carbon nanotubes on different substrates is considered. The optical absorption experiments in different electrolyte solutions and substrate materials are discussed. The chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes is considered. Finally, the application of carbon materials and chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes in batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and nanoelectronic devices is presented. Carbon nanotubes include single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with unique properties ,2 and muA high current carrying capacity, long cycling stability, excellent electrical conductance, and good capability in rapid charge and discharge make SWCNTs electrodes possible, leading to a high performance . The electrochemical doping allows for the alteration of the doping level ,111,112.In 1999, the first example of electrochemical doping appeared . The metThe aim of this review is to summarize the reports on the investigations of the electrochemical properties of carbon material. In For voltamperometry, it is important that the MWCNTs do not destroy under electrochemical charging. MWCNTs are stable up to a ~±2 eV applied potential. This allows for one to use them for voltamperometry measurements. Measurements are conducted at different scan rates. The data present the dependence of the voltage on the capacity. The insertion of the electrolyte happens. For MWCNTs, a capacity of up to ~1000 mAh/g was observed. irr (from 460 to 1080 mAh/g) were obtained. The authors plotted the dependence of Cirr on the mesopore volume, which showed the linear behavior [In Ref. , the elebehavior .irr are extremely high. It is believed that one factor that makes the value of Cirr is the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. irr data versus the mesopore volume. The authors of Ref.  plotted In Ref. , the volThe electrochemical experiments are combined with Raman spectroscopy and optical absorption spectroscopy. Yet, other methods are possible.To present the method, in the spectroelectrochemical technique, SWCNTs serve as a working electrode. The spectrum is measured under an applied potential. The spectra obtained at different applied voltages are plotted for comparison and tracing changes.Historically, the first experiment on the electrochemical doping of SWCNTs was performed in 1999 . In thisIn Ref. , the aut−1. In the G-band, there is the peak of the tangential modes (TM) at 1590 cm−1. The authors of Ref.  investigIn Ref. , the potThus, the spectroelectrochemistry technique is a modern, useful, and powerful method based on the Raman spectroscopy method. The substances for electrodes should be stable in electrolyte solutions, and they should not destroy under applied voltages. Raman maps are plotted using the obtained data; they are the dependence of the Raman peak position on an applied voltage. In Raman maps of carbon nanotubes, the modifications of the electronic properties are observed.The optical absorption spectroscopy was first combined with electrochemical charging in the year 2000 . Indium-In Ref. , electroIn Ref. , the in There is a large field of work on chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes. It was shown that metal halogenide-filled SWCNTs with a decreased ,159,160 The covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes was made with fluorination. This method is performed with different chemicals and synthesis parameters ,185,186.In Ref. , the covIn Ref. , the out3  a mixture of BrF3 and Br2 at room temperature, and (3) radio frequency CF4 plasma. 2 at 200 °C [In Ref. , DWCNTs t 200 °C .In Ref. , the covGas sorption on carbon nanotubes is possible. It can be reversible depending on the experimental conditions ,188. ThiMany studies were dedicated to the substitution of carbon atoms of carbon nanotubes by other atoms. The electronic properties depend on the type and concentration of the doping atoms . The firIn Ref. , nitrogeIn The intercalation of carbon nanotube bundles means incorporating simple substances and chemical compounds to the space between nanotubes in the bundles. The intercalation with p- and n-dopants was demonstrated. The electronic properties of SWCNTs were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques ,236,237.OAS spectroscopy is used to identify the charge transfer in filled SWCNTs ,180,181.Raman spectroscopy is used to identify the charge transfer and electronic and vibronic properties of filled SWCNTs ,184,185.XPS is used to identify the direction and value of the Fermi level shift of the filled SWCNTs ,180,181.Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) was applied to analyze the local interactions between encapsulated substances and SWCNTs ,180,181.The schematics of the modification of the electronic properties of filled SWCNTs are shown in The electrochemical doping of materials can find applications ,243,244 In Ref. , SWCNT fThe authors of Ref.  made hig2SO4 and 6 M KOH electrolytes. In Ref. , the nit−1 and the log(i)–log(v) plots  plots b obtaineIn Ref. , anneale−1 [In Ref. , the ele−1 .−1 show a nearly rectangular shape. In Ref. , the eleIn Ref. , the eleThe filled nanotubes show great promise in many areas ,253 and