Bioengineered porous bone tissue materials based on additive manufacturing technology have gradually become a research hotspot in bone tissue-related bioengineering. Research on structural design, preparation and processing processes, and performance optimization has been carried out for this material, and further industrial translation and clinical applications have been implemented. However, based on previous studies, there is controversy in the academic community about characterizing the pore structure dimensions of porous materials, with problems in the definition logic and measurement method for specific parameters. In addition, there are significant differences in the specific morphological and functional concepts for the pore structure due to differences in defining the dimensional characterization parameters of the pore structure, leading to some conflicts in perceptions and discussions among researchers. To further clarify the definitions, measurements, and dimensional parameters of porous structures in bioengineered bone materials, this literature review analyzes different dimensional characterization parameters of pore structures of porous materials to provide a theoretical basis for unified definitions and the standardized use of parameters. Consideaterials . Howeveraterials . NeverthZ axis through the individual superposition of 2D point structures in the Z axis. This results in a complete 3D space morphology in the porous structures; thus, most printed porous structures have controlled, regular, and connected 3D space shapes The pore throat size is the maximum cross-sectional diameter of the penetration channel of the cells into the interior portion of the pore structure. It is the maximum internal tangent circle diameter in the 2D plane at the surface of the pore structure. It can be calculated using SEM or Micro-CT or other methods by directly measuring the internal tangent circle diameter or cross-sectional equivalent circle diameter under 2D conditions by selecting a specific plane or cross-section.2)The pore diameter is the maximum space diameter that can allow the cells to grow after entering the interior portion of the pore structure. It is the maximum internal tangential sphere diameter in the 3D spatial environment within the pore structure and can be measured by the rod or wall spacing equivalent to the pore diameter within the pore structure using SEM or Micro-CT or based on the reconstructed 3D model after Micro-CT scanning. The software simulation can be used to obtain its internal pore diameter distribution data. However, it is worth noting that the pore size distribution curve obtained in this way includes the pore throat size.We analyzed the origin and internal logic of different definition methods for the evolution of pore structure dimension characterization in bioengineered porous bone materials and proposed that it is more practical to characterize pore structure dimension by pore throat size and pore size together.1)The pore throat size, which is the size of the channel that characterizes the internal access of cells to the pore structure, directly determines whether the cells can enter the pore structure smoothly. It also determines the specific state of the circulation of body fluids between the internal and external shelf tissues of the pore structure, which influences the specific process of osteogenesis within the pore structure in the form of nutrient supply. At the same time, the morphology and size of the pore throat, as a direct morphological structure perceived by cells adhering to the surface of the pore structure, can also affect the specific functions of cell proliferation and differentiation by changing the cell adhesion status. However, this conclusion is limited to the cellular level and has not been confirmed in animal experiments.in vivo, mainly because the cellular experiments lack the complex physiological environment and the mechanical stimuli in vivo. The function of the pore size in vivo is to co-intervene with parameters such as pore shape and rod diameter in the elastic modulus of the material to change the distribution of stress stimuli within the porous scaffold and influence the osteogenic state within the pore structure.2)As a characterization of the size of the space in which cells can grow within the pore structure, the pore size also represents the pore structure dimensions. The function of pore size at the cellular level is similar to that of pore throat size in that it changes the cellular adhesion state through morphology and size, affecting the specific functions of cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the conclusions of such cellular-level studies are not fully consistent with the results of actual porous scaffold implantation At the same time, based on the joint definition of pore throat size and pore size, the specific functions and mechanisms of their respective roles in bioengineered porous bone materials were analyzed. The results showed that both pore throat size and pore size could affect the cell growth state and the final osteogenesis in porous scaffolds in different ways.etc. The root cause of these problems is the lack of in-depth research on the pore structure and the inability to clarify the specific mechanisms of osteogenesis, vascularization, and fibrogenesis within the pore structure of porous materials, which cannot be precisely controlled and regulated. This paper proposed the characterization of pore structure dimension by pore size and pore throat size by reviewing, summarizing, and unifying the specific definition and measurement methods of pore size and pore throat size. On this basis, the possible roles and mechanisms of specific parameters of pore structure dimension that influence osteogenesis within porous materials were proposed to provide further theoretical references for the subsequent in-depth studies of pore structure.Currently, bioengineered porous bone tissue materials and their related products are initially applied in the first line of clinical practice. However, there are still various problems, such as intraoperative sinking, non-fusion of bone graft, pseudo-joint formation, postoperative implant infection,


Our coarse-grained molecular dynamics (dissipative particle dynamics) simulations confirm the tentative explanation of the authors of the experimental study that the potent antimicrobial activity is a result of the entropically driven release of divalent ions  into bulk solution upon the electrostatic binding of β-peptides to the bacterial membrane. The study shows that in solutions containing cations Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and anions Cl−, the divalent cations preferentially concentrate close to the membrane and neutralize the negative charge. Upon the addition of positively charged oligomer chains , the oligomers electrostatically bind to the membrane replacing divalent ions, which are released into bulk solvent. Our simulations indicate that the entropy of small ions (which controls the behavior of synthetic polyelectrolyte solutions) plays an important role in this and also in other similar biologically important systems.This computer study was inspired by the experimental observation of Y. Qian et al. published in ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2018 that the short positively charged  Even though the phospholipid bilayers are relatively simple self-assemblies as compared with a number of other functional biological structures, they belong to the most important constructs in nature. They separate living cells from their surroundings and from each other, and simultaneously they intermediate the communication of cells with each other and with the outside world, which is essential for their life cycles and function, including proliferation and apoptosis.Phospholipid membranes are inevitable parts of the cells of all living creatures ranging from bacteria to mammals. Individual membranes slightly differ in their mission, function and structure, and the chemical composition and the architecture of the phospholipid molecules that form them also varies. The membranes are often decorated by specific substituents and oligomeric motifs. They host a number of important receptors and channels for passive and active transport of various compounds which secure the proper function of cells. Due to the importance of membranes for life on the Earth, they have been amply studied by biologists, chemists and physicists and the most important features of their behavior have been described in detail in a number of textbooks .Despite a broad variety of functional membranes, their self-assembly and structure are controlled by the same physicochemical principles. All of them are results of a spontaneous self-assembly of amphiphilic compounds in aqueous media, i.e., results of an enthalpically driven process minimizing the number of unfavorable contacts of hydrophobic groups with water. As explained by Nagarajan and others more than three decades ago ,3,4, entEscherichia coli (E. coli) which triggers the disruption of the inner membrane and kills the bacteria [E. coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on this surface-modified substrate. They found that the undesirable medical problems were considerably suppressed which they attributed to the generic (unspecific) effect of the entropically favorable release of fairly mobile calcium and magnesium ions in bulk solvent upon the electrostatic binding of cells to the oppositely charged brush of surface-tethered A few years ago, an interesting example of the effect of double charged calcium and magnesium ions on the function of cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria was published by Qian et al. . Inspireeptides, ,34,35,36bacteria  but the As the smart polymer-modified surfaces offer the advantageous treatment of the bacteria-generated medical problems, the paper by Qian attracted the interest of a number of research groups. In the last two years, it has been cited more then eighty times and it is futile to try to cite here all important studies; hence we mention only two relevant recent papers ,39. UnfoMotivated by the observations by Qian et al. and by their tentative explanation, we performed an extensive simulation study aimed at the reported behavior and at the proof of their working hypothesis. The goal of the study is not the accurate emulation of their experiments and reproduction of their results. They were obtained in biological systems under complex conditions and we cannot preclude that they were partly affected by specific effects. We aim at general principles of the behavior and investigate how much the electrostatic binding of multiply charged oligomers to the slightly charged membranes affects the distribution of monovalent and divalent ions in their immediate vicinity, which, in the case of positive results, supports the explanation proposed by Qian et al. While the effect of monovalent ions on the electrostatic binding of peptides at the phospholipid membrane has already been theoretically studied , to the In this study, we used the dissipative particle dynamics, DPD (a coarse-grained variant of the generic molecular dynamics method), developed by Hoogerbrugge and Koelman  and furtd Warren  addressei and j are “soft” and do not diverge at short distances i and j, Because the DPD approach employs effective forces acting between larger parts of the system (coarse-grained beads), the pair interactions between beads  studied . The sofk is the spring constant and i and T is the thermodynamic temperature) between 2 and 4, together with k and non-zero i and Flexible polymer chains are usually modeled as strings of coarse-grained particles connected by elastic springs emulating the covalent bonds. Most often the harmonic spring potential is used to describe the bond strength and elasticity:on force , the sofotential . In the otential . An inteotential  consistsGroot and Warren  mapped tIf some components of the studied system are electrically charged, the electrostatic interactions represent the third type of conservative forces that must be taken into account in DPD simulations. Explicit electrostatics was incorporated in the DPD method by Groot et al.  and by oq is the charge fraction, e is the electron charge and i and j is then given as:Several types of smearing, e.g., the linearly or exponentially decreasing charge density from the bead center, Gaussian density profile, etc., have been proposed and tested . We use  formula :(7)uijelAnalogously to our earlier studies ,56,57, tThe membrane-forming phospholipids are modeled as the amphiphilic double-tail surfactants containing two chains formed by six strongly hydrophobic beads connected via one medium hydrophobic bead to a hydrophilic bead see . The int tension  preventiThe analogues of The solvated monovalent positive ions  secures the formation of a compact continuous membrane of required physical properties (see the previous part) across the whole box oriented approximately perpendicular to four walls and parallel to the two remaining walls. Nevertheless, the membrane does not usually divide the box into two parts of the same volume. To simplify the evaluation of concentration profiles and other characteristics, the position of the basic simulation box was re-adjusted to receive almost equal volumes at both sides of the membrane.Second, we performed simulations in systems with added small cations and anions. We observed that the addition of ions to the membrane formed in the first step yields a virtually identical equilibrium membrane to that obtained by the simulation starting with a random mixture of all components. The former variant shortens the necessary re-equilibration period and improves the quality of simulation data. Therefore, we repeatedly added increasing amounts of uni-univalent and di-univalent salts at random at both sides of the equilibrated membrane and performed new simulation runs at several ion concentrations. We always added the same amounts of ions at each side of the membrane. Even though the periodic boundary conditions secure the motion of ions within the whole simulation box, the addition of equal amounts of ions at each side of the membrane non-negligibly accelerates the equilibration.Third, we performed the simulations with added positively charged oligomers (either 16 or 32). Based on the results of simulations of the membrane with added ions, we added the positively charged shorts chains into the box containing the equilibrium membrane and ions .The simulations of the ensemble of 1708 double-tailed lipids in the In r) is very low. In the next part of the study, we gradually added the mixtures containing (i) 50 NaThe next part addresses the competitive binding of univalent and divalent ions to the negatively charged membrane. The most important part of the study concerns the effect of positively charged soluble oligomer chains  negatively charged phospholipid bilayer membranes in solutions containing the mixtures of monovalent and divalent ions not only because they are double charged and their interaction at short distances is strong but because their mass is higher and their mobility and consequently their translational entropy are lower and hence their localization close to the membrane does not decrease the overall entropy of the system as much as that of the mobile monovalent ions.The ions compensating the membrane charge can by efficiently liberated and replaced by multiply charged oligomeric chains or by short polyelectrolytes, e.g., by short positively charged  by Qian . The binThe charged oligomer chains sticking firmly to the membrane cause a partial depletion of the concentration of inorganic ions in the water-membrane interfacial region, but they do not prevent the approach of some ions to the membrane surface at their elevated concentrations as witnessed by peaks in ion concentration close to the membrane surface, which partially diminish, but do not disappear. Our simulation results qualitatively agree with all experimental observations published by Qian et al. and corroborate their explanatory hypothesis. They contribute to studies aimed at the biological impact of bacteria ,34,35,36From the viewpoint of the DPD simulation method, the results generally confirm the numeric values of interaction parameters proposed by Shillcock et al.  for the


The diagnosis of intellectual disability (ID) alone does not predict the level of required care, functional outcomes or limitations in social and occupational participation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a taxonomy of health and health-related domains. It provides a common language and framework for describing the level of functioning of a person within their unique environment. Furthermore, it helps to describe health problems of a person in line with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).Introducing the ICF taxonomy exemplary in the care of individuals with ID and mental health problems in Germany.Comparison of the ICF’s comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to assess an individual’s level of functioning and care in relation to assessing the needs of persons with ID based on clinical experience.The ICF provides a standardised assessment instrument to determine individual functional needs for the care, rehabilitation and societal integration of individuals with disabilities, which is a statutory requirement in many European countries.Using the ICF for the assessment and management of patients with chronic health conditions, mental disorders and ID can help to accurately define individual therapeutic goals and monitor functional outcomes. A comprehensive narrative description of the patient’s functional status and clinical needs is comparatively time-consuming, requires greater effort by the assessing clinician and carries a higher risk of omission of pertinent functional domains; furthermore, a single ICF item confers little additional benefit to the patient in terms of the treatment or care they subsequently receive.No significant relationships.


MBRP has become an established treatment in the field of addiction, but implementing the program in an outpatient setting remains a challenge.We investigated the feasibility of MBRP in an naturalistic outpatient setting and the effect of mindfulness on underlying factors of addiction.All patients treated between 2015 and 2019 in the MBRP program at Brugmann University Hospital and Addiction Center Enaden were eligible to participate. Patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire about underlying factors of SUD in the domains of pleasure, emotion regulation, stress, relationship with others and relationship with oneself as well as the effect of the completed training on these factors.Of the 147(74 F) recruited patients; 32 patients completed the questionnaire. The study population differed in terms of substance  as well in their aims towards the substance . Participation of at least 4 of the 8 sessions was 63 % and overall satisfaction of patients was high. We found a positive effect of mindfulness on all of the underlying factors for SUD. Underlying factors of SUD, as well as the effect of mindfulness on these factors showed strong individual variation. The most frequently observed negative effect was acute craving; 1 patient became acute suicidal.MBRP is feasible and has a clinical relevant impact on underlying factors of SUD. Negative effects were also observed and should be carefully monitored.No significant relationships.


This work presents an overview of the latest results and new data on the optical response from spherical CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) obtained using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). SERS is based on the enhancement of the phonon response from nanoobjects such as molecules or inorganic nanostructures placed on metal nanostructured substrates with a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). A drastic SERS enhancement for optical phonons in semiconductor nanostructures can be achieved by a proper choice of the plasmonic substrate, for which the LSPR energy coincides with the laser excitation energy. The resonant enhancement of the optical response makes it possible to detect mono- and submonolayer coatings of CdSe NCs. The combination of Raman scattering with atomic force microscopy (AFM) using a metallized probe represents the basis of TERS from semiconductor nanostructures and makes it possible to investigate their phonon properties with nanoscale spatial resolution. Gap-mode TERS provides further enhancement of Raman scattering by optical phonon modes of CdSe NCs with nanometer spatial resolution due to the highly localized electric field in the gap between the metal AFM tip and a plasmonic substrate and opens new pathways for the optical characterization of single semiconductor nanostructures and for revealing details of their phonon spectrum at the nanometer scale. Th. Th−1 ismers  TERS tip. Gap-mode TERS images of CdSe NCs on the Au nanodisk array were obtained for an array period of 150 nm and a size of the Au nanodisks of 100 nm as determined from the AFM image a. The coThe computational electrodynamic model made it possible to tune the nanodisk plasmon energy as close as possible to the energies of the CdSe NC exciton and the laser excitation. This approach allows performing TERS mapping and achieving a resonant enhancement of the gap-mode TERS response.2 monolayer between the NC and the cantilevers. The monolayer coating protects the NCs from possible mechanical shear and allows a TERS imaging of a single CdSe NC to be performed.However, there is a significant challenge for TERS mapping in the semicontact mode. During TERS mapping, the cantilever can randomly capture CdSe NC from the sample surface, making the TERS map blurry. The solution to this problem was the use of an intermediate protective layer of a MoS2 monolayer TEM and SEM experiments. SERS by optical phonons in CdSe NCs on the Au nanodisk arrays was found to be resonantly dependent on the Au nanodisk size and the laser excitation energy. The correlation between size dependence of the LSPR energy of Au nanodisk arrays and SERS enhancement maximum was established. This correlation together with SERS anisotropy observed for Au dimers evidences the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism of the SERS effect. SERS by optical phonons in CdSe NCs deposited on single Au dimers reveals a variation of the phonon peak frequency from one dimer to another that indicates that quasi-single NC phonon spectra are obtained.SERS and TERS are becoming powerful methods of studying optical phonons of CdSe semiconductor NCs. By adjusting the energy of the laser radiation, the plasmon energy, and the electronic transition in the NC, it is possible to achieve resonance conditions for the SERS and TERS experiments. The methods make it possible to study phonons and determine the NC size of single NCs. Using single dimers, we experimentally demonstrate the shift of the LO CdSe mode due to the size selective Raman scattering for NCs with different sizes. Gap-mode TERS imaging enable us to visualize a single CdSe NC located in the vicinity of Au nanocluster and to deliver information on the NC phonon spectrum. Consequently, SERS and TERS methods allow the detection of low concentrations of material on a nanometer scale, down to a single NC.


To the Editor:The authors reported no conflicts of interest.Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.The ,With great interest we read the study by Schaefer and colleauges,,In addition to VA-ECMO itself, the type of surgery performed is also important when discussing the cause of stroke; left-side valve surgery using prosthesis or patients with reduced ejection fraction would have a greater chance of developing an intracardiac embolic source.


Following the publication of this article , similarSimilarities included the following figures which appear to partially overlap, despite being published in different articles and representing different conditions:Lanes 2–3 of the GAPDH panel in Fig 3D of , and lanPLOS ONE did not receive responses to the queries regarding these concerns by the end of the original deadline and extension.Although the corresponding author initially replied to acknowledge receipt of our message, PLOS ONE Editors retract this article [The unresolved concerns call into question the validity and provenance of the reported results and the adherence of this article to the PLOS Authorship policy. Therefore, the  article .All authors did not comment on the retraction decision, did not respond directly or could not be reached.


People with borderline personality disorder are at higher risk of repeating suicidal behavior. At the same time, numerous publications have demonstrated the relationship between cocaine dependence and suicide attempts of repetition.Review the relationship between cocaine addiction, borderline personality disorder and repeated suicide attempts. Present through a clinical case the effectiveness of a comprehensive and multidisciplinary therapeutic plan with different mental health devices.To review the psychopathological evolution of a patient with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder; dependence to the cocaine; Harmful alcohol consumption and suicidal behavior from the beginning of follow-up in mental health services to the present. Review the existing scientific evidence on the relationship between cocaine addiction and repeated suicide attempts. Analyze the eficacy of the different treatments available.This is a longitudinal and retrospective study of the psychiatric history and evolution of a clinical case since the implementation of an individualized therapeutic program and the favorable results obtained. Intensive outpatient follow-up was carried out for high suicide risk and hospitalization in a psychiatric hospitalization unit, day care centre and therapeutic community.At present, the patient remains in abstinence with remission of suicidal ideation. The literature has shown the usefulness of intensive mental health follow-up programs to achieve remission of suicidal ideation and maintain abstinence from illegal substances.No significant relationships.


Remote sensing image fusion is a fundamental issue in the field of remote sensing. In this paper, we propose a remote sensing image fusion method based on optimal scale morphological convolutional neural networks (CNN) using the principle of entropy from information theory. We use an attentional CNN to fuse the optimal cartoon and texture components of the original images to obtain a high-resolution multispectral image. We obtain the cartoon and texture components using sparse decomposition-morphological component analysis (MCA) with an optimal threshold value determined by calculating the information entropy of the fused image. In the sparse decomposition process, the local discrete cosine transform dictionary and the curvelet transform dictionary compose the MCA dictionary. We sparsely decompose the original remote sensing images into a texture component and a cartoon component at an optimal scale using the information entropy to control the dictionary parameter. Experimental results show that the remote sensing image fusion method proposed in this paper can effectively retain the information of the original image, improve the spatial resolution and spectral fidelity, and provide a new idea for image fusion from the perspective of multi-morphological deep learning. Due to the limitations of satellite technology, most remote sensing images can only be panchromatic (PAN) images and low-resolution multispectral (LRMS) images of the same area. The goal of remote sensing image fusion is to fuse the spectral information of LRMS images and the spatial information of PAN images to generate a remote sensing image with both high spatial resolution and high spectral resolution . ClassicThe popular convolutional neural networks (CNN) method can learn the correlation between PAN images and LRMS images because of its excellent nonlinear expression and achieves better fusion results than traditional remote sensing image fusion methods ,6. ThereMorphological component analysis (MCA), proposed by J. Starck et al. ,11, has Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method combining the sparse decomposition-multi-scale MCA method and CNN for remote sensing image fusion, with optimal scale determined by information entropy. We use MCA to sparsely decompose the original images and acquire the texture components and cartoon components at multi-scale. Considering the variability of the different components of the image, we use information entropy to calculate the threshold of the decomposition parameters. This facilitates the extraction of the different components at the optimal scale and effectively acquires more detail from the image. We use the spectral and spatial information of the LRMS and PAN images, respectively, to input the cartoon component of the LRMS remote sensing image and the texture component of the PAN image into an attentional CNN for fusion. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. We represent an image as Assuming that the remote sensing image contains only the texture component Similarly, for a remote sensing image According to the above model, for any remote sensing image To better retain fused image information, we analysis the morphological components of the PAN image with a single channel and the MS image with three channels, obtaining the texture components of the PAN image and cartoon components of the MS image. Equations (4) and (5) show the sparse decomposition of the PAN image and MS image, respectively:The existing MCA method uses a single scale , while hDifferent MCA decomposition parameters represent different scales, and different scales also represent different resolutions. As shown in As shown in Information entropy reflects the amount of information contained in an image at a certain position ,17. The In our previous work , we assution (6) . The relThe ideal fusion goal of image Based on the above analysis, assuming that The information entropy Selective visual attention enables humans to quickly locate salient objects in complex visual scenes, inspiring the development of algorithms based on human attention mechanisms . In the The proposed method is mainly composed of three parts, including MCA, feature extraction and feature fusion respectively. Firstly, the PAN image and the MS image are decomposed by MCA, the multi-scale texture components of PAN image and the multi-scale cartoon components of LRMS image are obtained. The spectral and spatial information are preserved while the redundancy and noise are removed. As shown in A The joint LDCT dictionary The threshold values of the parameters are calculated using the information entropy of the fused image from Step 3 to select the best extraction scale for the cartoon component The optimal-scale cartoon component In the fusion network, Let In the fusion network, the fusion results of the previous layer are referred to in the convolution operation of each layer. For each pixel in the final fused image, we can choose to increase the size of its convolution kernel or use a deeper network model to expand the area of its corresponding pixel in the original image to improve the fusion ability of the network model.n. To solve the fusion function We use a regression model to train the fusion function: Adam’s algorithm , an adapTo assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on four sets of remote sensing images with different topographical areas. The first set of experimental data a,b is obWe use CC reflects the correlation between two images, and a larger correlation parameter indicates more similarity between two images.Among them, RMSE is the difference between the pixel values of the fused image and the reference image. The ideal value of RMSE is 0.h and l represent the resolution of PAN image and MS image respectively. L is the number of bands. The spectral and spatial quality of the fused image is evaluated using the ERGAS algorithm.PSNR reflects the degree of noise and distortion level of the image.The high value of PSNR indicates that the fused image is closer to the reference image and therefor of higher quality.C represents the number of bands. P indicates the PAN image. Q denotes the Q-index.For the third and fourth groups of experiments, we use the following three common objective evaluation indexes to evaluate the experimental results: quality without reference (QNR) index , and twoectively .(18)Dλ=The experimental results compare our proposed approach with Brovey , GS 28]28], IHS In this paper, we propose a remote sensing image fusion method using morphological convolutional neural networks with information entropy for optimal scale. Our method extracts the texture and cartoon components of remote sensing images at multi-scale using MCA and selects the best scale using information entropy theory. The spectral and spatial information of the input image is fully utilized while avoiding information loss. In the network design stage, we obtain the final fusion result using an attentional convolutional neural network to retain source image information while enhancing the extraction of the input image details. We provide an experimental analysis on different types of data acquired from different satellites to demonstrate that our method better maintains the spectral information and obtains richer spatial details than existing fusion methods.In future work, we will keep using the idea of MCA combined with deep learning to apply this work not only to MS image and PAN image fusion. Our scheme can be improved by continuing to refine the network structure to apply hyperspectral image and MS image fusion or hyperspectral image and PAN image fusion.


TOSPEAK had been disrupted in the family. TOSPEAK emerged de novo in an ancestor of extant primates across a 540 kb region of the genome with a pre-existing highly conserved long-range laryngeal enhancer for a neighbouring bone morphogenetic protein gene GDF6. We used transgenic mouse modelling to identify two additional GDF6 long-range enhancers within TOSPEAK that regulate GDF6 expression in the wrist. Disruption of TOSPEAK in the affected family blocked the transcription of TOSPEAK across the 3 GDF6 enhancers in association with a reduction in GDF6 expression and retrograde development of the larynx and wrist. Furthermore, we describe how TOSPEAK developed a human-specific promoter through the expansion of a penta-nucleotide direct repeat that first emerged de novo in the promoter of TOSPEAK in gibbon. This repeat subsequently expanded incrementally in higher hominids to form an overlapping series of Sp1/KLF transcription factor consensus binding sites in human that correlated with incremental increases in the promoter strength of TOSPEAK with human having the strongest promoter. Our research indicates a dual evolutionary role for the incremental increases in TOSPEAK transcriptional interference of GDF6 enhancers in the incremental evolutionary development of the wrist and larynx in hominids and the human capacity to speak and their retrogression with the reduction of TOSPEAK transcription in the affected family.The human capacity to speak is fundamental to our advanced intellectual, technological and social development. Yet so very little is known regarding the evolutionary genetics of speech or its relationship with the broader aspects of evolutionary development in primates. In this study, we describe a large family with evolutionary retrograde development of the larynx and wrist. The family presented with severe speech impairment and incremental retrograde elongations of the pisiform in the wrist that limited wrist rotation from 180° to 90° as in primitive primates. To our surprise, we found that a previously unknown primate-specific gene  The breath-taking utility of the human vocal apparatus allows for thoughts and information encoded by language to be communicated through speech. The larynx and tongue are the primary organs of speech. In early infancy the human larynx and tongue have a more superior position as in non-hominoid mammals, from where they gradually descend during postnatal development starting from ~3–4 months of age ,3,4,5,6 Concurrent with the phylogenetic descent and reconfiguration of the larynx in hominoids was another pivotal evolutionary development of the skeleton in hominoids that involved reconfiguration of the radio-ulnar joint of the wrist dramatically increasing the angle of wrist rotation enabling brachiation ,8. The eTOSPEAK which evolved a human-specific promoter. We report a speech impaired family with disruption of TOSPEAK associated with the retrograde descent, growth, morphology and flexibility of the larynx concordant with retrograde increases in the length of the pisiform that severely limit wrist rotation. Affected family members displayed an amazing incremental series of elongations of the pisiform that represent the inverse (retrogression) of those incremental reductions in the length of the pisiform that had occurred during the progressive evolution of the wrist in hominoids  and compared with either 1 ug of the parent pGL3-basic vector or with the Firefly luciferase reporter gene. Expression constructs were cotransfected with 10 ng of pHRG-B Renilla luciferase control plasmid to normalise transfection efficiency as described elsewhere . N. NTOSPEAprimates  and no Gd family  and GDF6 reduced A 12,13],13TOSPEATOSPEAK that blocked its transcription across long-range enhancers for the neighbouring GDF6 bone morphogenetic protein gene which regulate the transcription of GDF6 in the developing larynx and wrist .TOSPEAK was found to be a tale of two parts with one part highly variable (discussed above) and the other part perfectly conserved in all of the primates tested. With regard to the latter, that part of the proximal core promoter adjoining the transcription start site of TOSPEAK (+2 to −18) was perfectly conserved between all of the primates tested and as such was the only fully conserved 20 nucleotide string found in the entire promoter and mature transcript(s) of TOSPEAK combined. The exclusive conservation of only this 20-nucleotide string indicated evolutionary pressure to maintain TOSPEAK transcription. Indeed, we found TOSPEAK transcription was conserved in all primates tested. In contrast, the transcripts of TOSPEAK were not conserved between primates having been derived from a primate-specific long non-coding transcription unit (lncRNA gene) with weak conservation of exon structure and sequence. Moreover, TOSPEAK transcripts were all short and enriched with stop codons with no evidence of a protein coding domain. Therefore, in contrast to the perfect conservation of the transcription start site and proximal core promoter of TOSPEAK, and the conservation of TOSPEAK transcription in primates, the short and poorly conserved transcripts of TOSPEAK were not conserved in any meaningful way and were therefore judged highly unlikely to have an important role in the evolution of the primates. This conservation of TOSPEAK transcription but not the sequence or structure of the TOSPEAK transcripts ultimately led us to question regarding the function of TOSPEAK transcription in primates and how this might be related to the reduction in GDF6 expression in the speech impaired family?The de novo emergence and evolution of the core promoter of BMP genes like GDF6 during development are known to be regulated by tissue-specific enhancers and that these patterns of expression correlate with BMP regulation of skeletal morphogenesis .,29.28,29Increased flexibility of the hyoid thyroid ligament permitted phylogenetic descent of the larynx thus removing hyoid cartilage constraints on the flexibility and utility of the larynx and the tongue in hominids .Increased flexibility of the larynx and tongue increased their utility and the capacity to speak.TOSPEAK/GDF6 gene complex coupled the incremental molecular and structural evolution of both the larynx and wrist with the capacity for speech and wrist rotation (brachiation), respectively  which ultimately led to a reduction in GDF6 expression at those sites which in turn caused an increase in the ossification and reduced flexibility of those structures regulated by the GDF6 enhancers. This in turn retarded the postnatal descent of the thyroid cartilage which reduced the flexibility and utility of the larynx causing severe speech impairment in the affected family  [The findings of this study indicate an important role for connexus . Interesne 2022) ,35,36,37


The journal retracts the 17 June 2022 article cited above.Following publication, undisclosed competing interests were brought to our attention, which undermined the objective editorial assessment of the article during the peer review process.Frontiers conducted a post-publication assessment of the article, including consulting with independent expertise, which concluded that the article does not meet the standards of publication of Frontiers in Psychology.This retraction was approved by the Field Chief Editor of Frontiers in Psychology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors did not agree with this retraction.


Communication is fundamental to integrate individual functions into complex systems, whether it be in communities, organisms, or cellular related interactions. Consistent with this, communication has provided the bases for the progress of civilizations as well as for the increasing complexity observed through the evolutionary process . In highJannaway and Scallan).The circulatory system is a complex network in which the arterial and venous circulations are directly connected through the capillaries. Coordination of the complementary work of the arterial and venous systems is essential for the long-term function of the cardiovascular system ; howeverMussbacher et al.).In addition of the complementary work of arterial, venous and lymphatic vasculature, vascular function also relies on the communication among cells circulating in the blood stream in dynamic coordination with the changes in the vessel wall observed at vascular microenvironments’ level . In this2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus  and a signaling pathway that is initiated by the opening of Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa) of small (SKCa) and intermediate (IKCa) conductance in endothelial cells and leads to smooth muscle cell hyperpolarization . However, ion channels can also be involved in the progress of the endothelial dysfunction observed in cardiovascular-related pathophysiological conditions, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and ageing; as explained by Goto and Kitazono (Goto and Kitazano), who highlight the participation of endothelial transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel in the endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors.Homeostasis of each cell of the organism relies on the fine regulation of blood flow supply according to the changes in the metabolic demand of the tissues. Therefore, variations in cell activity must be paralleled by coordinated modifications in the diameter of resistance arteries controlling the distribution of local blood flow to the tissues . The magpparatus . The levtor tone . Therebyrization . TherefoVillar-Fincheira et al.). Likewise, the integrity of the endothelial layer lining the luminal surface of the vessels must be preserved to keep a proper vascular function .The arterial system is a complex network in which, at least, two functionally different vascular segments that must work in concert can be recognized: the conduit and resistance arteries . Althougfunction  and, intWe understand that these fine articles will provide the reader with an appealing Volume II of the Cell Communication in Vascular Biology.


Family caregivers are the glue holding together the delivery and financing of long-term care. Replacing family care with paid care would cost roughly $470 billion each year. But family caregivers are struggling. They face many challenges – most notably the financial stress and the need for services and supports. Other challenges include lack of respite care, need for caregiver training, and lack of access to quality paid workforce. In order to address these challenges, Congress authorized the RAISE Family Caregiving Advisory Council. The RAISE  Family Caregivers Act directs the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop a national family caregiver strategy. This session presents the findings of two years of focus groups and interviews with family caregivers and hundreds of stakeholder organizations that support them, providing concrete input to the Biden administration on how to deliver on the broad objectives of the RAISE Act.


The prevalence of children with overweight and obesity is increasing. General practitioners in Denmark follow children throughout early childhood via the preventive child health examinations. These examinations are offered to all children from birth to the age of five. Thus, the general practitioners have a unique opportunity for early tracing and identification of overweight and obesity, but the impact of the examinations are not examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between attending preventive child health examinations and the risk of overweight and obesity at the age of six both for the total pediatric population and within groups of vulnerable children such as children of parents with low educational level or low household income.A population-based birth cohort study was conducted including all Danish children born from 2000-2012 using the Danish nationwide registers. Data included information on child participation in preventive health examinations at general practice, height and weight at the age of six, and parental information on socioeconomic factors.The analyses included 801,444 children. Attending preventive child health examinations were not associated with a lower risk of overweight at the age of six. A lower risk of obesity was seen in children attending the examinations, both in the general population  and within vulnerable groups , low household income . The risk of obesity was greater in the vulnerable groups than in the not-vulnerable groups.Attending preventive child health examinations were associated with a lower risk of obesity at the age of six, but not overweight. This was seen for both the general pediatric population and within vulnerable groups. The lowest risk of obesity was seen in the not-vulnerable groups.• The results indicated that attending preventive child health examinations in general practice reduced the risk of obesity at the age of six, but not the risk of overweight.• The lowest risk of obesity was seen in the not-vulnerable groups attending the preventive child health examinations in general practice.


The study aims to determine the wear intensity of selected milling chuck assembly surfaces covered with a protective DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coating, used on the production line for elements of selected lockstitch machines, and to analyze the stress distributions in the object fixed with such a chuck for the characteristic load systems of this object during its processing. A model of the workpiece was developed using the finite element method. The boundary conditions, including the load and the method of clamping the workpiece, resulted from the parameters of the milling process and the geometric configuration of the milling chuck. Stress distributions in the workpiece for specific milling parameters and for various configurations of the milling chuck holding the workpiece are included in the article. The model experimental studies of wear were conducted in the contact zone between two surfaces covered with DLC: one on the element of the milling chuck pressing the workpiece and the other on the eccentric cams of this holder. The obtained wear values and shapes for the worn surfaces are also shown. The wear intensities for the steel plunger fins modelling swivel arm of the holder were by an order higher than those of corresponding steel shaft shoulders modelling eccentric cam of the holder. The linear wear intensities for these mating components may be expressed in terms of a function of average contact pressure and sliding speed in a corresponding contact zone. The indentation of eccentric cam into mating surface of the swivel arm of the holder increased nonlinearly with the enhancement of number of cycles of the eccentric cam. The sewing process of various materials in the form of fabrics or knitted fabrics is used in many industries, including fashion (clothes) ,2,3, medThe aim of the present study is to investigate the intensity of wear of selected milling chuck assembly surfaces covered with a protective diamond-like coating (DLC), used on the production line for elements of selected lockstitch machines, and to analyze the stress distributions in the object fixed with such a chuck for the characteristic load systems of this object during its processing. This workpiece was the bobbin case of the first of the possible types of lockstitches including one needle (straight) and double needle (zigzag) . Figure During operation, the sewing machines can be noisy. Beran et al.  experimeThe structure of the proper stitch obtained by lockstitch was presented in .The manufacturing process of sewing machines with various degrees of shape complication requires the use of various technologies, including casting and machining. The latter is realized with the use of 3 and 5-axis CNC  milling machines.Such a design of the machined surfaces has a positive effect on the repeatability of the positions of the actuators attached to them, the bases of sensors of the sewing machine mechanisms, both in relation to the reference databases of the machine tool, and such attached elements in relation to each other. Lockstitch machines with complex structures equipped with electronic devices are used to produce automotive airbags.During processing, the bobbin case is pressed to the bottom fixing surfaces of the milling chuck by various components of such a chuck. Realization of such components has evolved with the design on the chuck. The latter version utilized the eccentricity, pressing a hinged plate holding the workpiece. The eccentricity and hinged plate were the integral components of the chuck. All surfaces of such components were covered by DLC layers. Multiple pressing and releasing of the eccentric with this plate took place under conditions of changing load and slip values, leading to wear of their mating surfaces. The value of this wear and the shape of the worn zones were determined because of the experimental tests conducted in the model of such contact under load and slip conditions close to reality. The obtained wear results in the model were used to estimate the contact wear of the mating surfaces of the actual milling chuck, covered with a DLC protective layer.During the machining process of the bobbin case positioned in the milling chuck, the stress distribution occurs, affected by the milling parameters and geometric parameters of the milling chuck and the method of positioning the workpiece in it. Using the finite element method (FEM), a model of the bobbin case was elaborated. The boundary conditions, including the load and the method of clamping the workpiece, resulted from the parameters of the milling process and the geometric configuration of the milling chuck. The analysis of the stress distribution was assumed to be in steady state conditions, under mean values of cutting forces in the contact of the cutter and the machined surface along whole machined surfaces.Nowadays, the application of DLC coatings is very wide, particularly for various elements made of steel, from which components of the milling chuck analyzed were made. Rajak et al.  noticed Using ion beam technology, Aisenberg and Chabot  obtainedThe DLC layers are widely applied for various surface-protective solutions ,27,28,29DLC coatings can be either doped: W-DLC ,31,32,33Tuszynski et al.  noticed The doped-DLC coatings exhibited higher resistance to wear, good adhesion with the substrate, increased electrical conductivity, and weakened compressive internal stresses during deposition ,41,42,43Interestingly, the DLC layers were found chemically inert ,44,45. The mechanical and tribological properties of DLC films are highly influenced by the ratio of sp2 to sp3 hybridized carbon bonds and hydrogen content ,47. The According to , the DLCAccording to , dependi−8 mm3N−1m−1, while keeping low friction coefficient (0.005–0.5) The feed per tooth tion (1) .(1)fz=VThe determined values of Specific cutting resistance2N/mm][The specific cutting resistance tion (2) .(2)kc=F2].Peripheral componentN];2N−1].Watrin et al.  proposedIn the present study, it was assumed that the linear wear intensity k1 and k2—the wear intensity factor for the plunger fin and the shaft shoulder, respectively [Pa−2];Moreover, it was assumed that the linear wear intensity may depend on the slip velocity, and the function describing this relationship has the form described by Equation (17). When selecting the form of the function −2];−2s2];−1s].The wear intensity factor 3⋅s−1];−1];3];2];Considering Equations (16)–(18), the dependence between the factor The mass wear P profile on the unit for roughness measurement. The obtained profiles were registered and the position of a front plane of the P profile. The axial position of the P profile. The area between the assumed position of the top plane of P profile line recorded at a length corresponding to the The volumetric wear Based on the obtained wear intensity factors for DLC coated steel of both the shaft shoulder and the steel plunger, the number of cycles of opening and closing the milling chunk can be estimated until decrease of the maximal vertical distance It was assumed that the change The wear intensity factors This section contains results of loading of the bobbin case and of swivel arm. The results of wear of elements of the model of the eccentric cam mating with the swivel arm are also presented. Additionally, the calculated number of cycles of opening and closing of the milling chunk until reaching the limit value of the force pressing the bobbin case during its milling was estimated.The obtained values of normal contact pressure in the contact zone between the swivel arm and the bobbin case as a function of average finite element size is presented in The resulting values of normal contact pressure in two contact zones between the swivel arm and the bobbin case for the average FE relative size equal to 0.015 and two values of the The resulting values of von Mises stresses in the bobbin case loading by cutting torque for two cases of cutters and relative to them, two values of the normal force The resulting values of normal contact pressure in the contact zone between eccentric and the segment of swivel arm as a function of average finite element size are presented in The resulting values of normal contact pressure in two contact zones between eccentric and the segment of swivel arm for the average FE relative size equal to 0.02 and two values of the The corresponding values of the total indentation depth The obtained views of the sample worn initially DLC covered surfaces of steel shaft shoulders after the mating with the front planes of steel plunger fins are shown in P profile registered. The red area represents the corresponding cross-section of a removed material.With the step decreasing radius of shaft shoulders, the mean contact pressure values in the relating contact zones between a shaft shoulder and the mating lunger fin enhanced in a step manner. It was due to the same force generated by the spring and loading such contact zones. That was accompanied by the step decrease of slide velocity, as the regime of the angle rotating speed of the shaft was the same. Additionally, the abrasive wear distance decreased in a step manner, respectively. The level of the abrasive removal of the fragments of the DLC protective coatings deposited on the front plane of the steel piston fin and the surface of the steel shaft shoulder was more clearly visible for the higher values of the mean contact pressure in relating contact zones. For the shaft shoulders with two consecutively lowest diameters, the whole DLC protective coatings were practically removed. Interestingly, the accompanying decrease in sliding velocity seemed to less influence the intensity of abrasive removal of the mentioned DLC protective coatings than the increase in contact pressures. Along the axis of the shaft, the profiles of the worn cylindrical surfaces were measured for consecutive shaft shoulders A, B, C, and D, respectively. The obtained courses of such a profile are shown in The average volumetric wear values for the shaft shoulders are presented in The masses of initial and worn plungers, their mass wear, and volumetric wear are shown in From the obtained values of volumetric wear of shaft shoulders, their linear wear intensity average values were estimated and are presented in Such values were expressed as a function of sliding speed for shaft shoulders with four cuts and are presented in From the obtained values of volumetric wear of plunger fins, the linear wear intensity average values were estimated and are presented in The corresponding values of wear of plunger fin expressed as a function of sliding speed for plunger fins are shown in P profiles only by about 3% for the case of the shaft shoulder with two cuts. Simultaneously, the average linear wear intensity of the plunger fin material approximated by the function of sliding speed differed from the average linear wear intensity of the plunger fin material determined based on measured values of mass wear only by about 6% for the case of the plunger fin mating with the shaft shoulder with two cuts. The loading force, number of cycles, and sliding speed for the case of this shaft shoulder significantly differed from those for the shaft shoulder with four cuts made. Therefore, to some extent, such observation confirms the correctness of the obtained mathematical model for the linear wear intensity characterizing the abrasive wear process of the rotating shaft initially covered with a DLC layer mating with the plunger fin front plane also initially covered with a DLC layer. Such an abrasive wear process proceeded under the conditions of additional impact wear resulting from small dynamic deflections of the tensioned spring affecting the load of the plunger fin front plane.It is interesting that the average linear wear intensity of shaft shoulder approximated by the function of sliding speed differed from the average linear wear intensity of the shaft shoulder determined based on measured values of wear from registered 2 N−1] described by Ejtehadi et al. [The values of the wear coefficient i et al. , as citei et al. , and of n et al.  for shafi et al. , as citei et al. , were eqi et al.  for the The indentation The intensity of the abrasive removal of the fragments of the DLC protective coatings deposited on the front plane of the steel plunger fin and the surface of the steel shaft shoulder of cooperating friction with each other under the conditions of non-lubricated contact was higher in the case of higher mean contact pressures. The accompanying reduction in sliding velocity had a lesser effect on the intensity of abrasive wear than the increase in contact pressures.2 for the sliding speed in contact zone below 0.03 m/s.The wear intensities for the plunger fins analyzed were by an order higher than those of corresponding shaft shoulders being below 0.00025 1/PaThe linear wear intensities for the plunger fins and the corresponding shaft shoulder may be expressed in terms of a quadratic function of average contact pressure and the polynomial sliding speed in a corresponding contact zone. The forms of the functions of sliding speed were presented in The indentation of eccentric cam into mating surface of the swivel arm increased nonlinearly with the increase of number of cycles of the eccentric cam.The use of DLC layer on both the cylindrical cams of the eccentric and the mating surface of swivel arm of the milling chunk provide the needed value of force pressing the milling bobbin case to the milling chunk support only for fifty numbers of opening and closing of the milling chunk. It is necessary to apply the harder protective layer on the surface of the milling chunk, which is more resistive to abrasive wear than the DLC one. The harder protective layer can be obtained using, for example, plasma nitriding process.The conducted tests were under dry conditions and low sliding speed values below 0.03 m/s and contact pressure. Therefore, further investigations can be carried out for lubrication with various lubricants and for higher values of sliding speed and contact pressure in contact zone between mating surfaces of elements made of steel. From the obtained results some conclusions can be made:


In our paper, there were some concerns of representative images of cell invasion and Western blot assays. During the preparation of representative images, cell invasion images of Control and TGF-β1 of Figure Given the experimental accuracy, we repeated the Western blot assay of Figure All authors have agreed to the erratum. We feel regretful for not detecting these mistakes before publication and sincerely apologize for our mistakes and any inconvenience this might have caused. After correction, the figure legends of these figures were not influenced. The corrected figures are as follows.


We aim to determine the proportion of infants entering care in Wales via the two primary legal routes  Act 2014, and section 31 of the Children Act 1989), and associations between mode of entry and infant characteristics and outcomes.This is a longitudinal cohort study using routinely collected data held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. We will link the Looked After Children dataset with family justice (Cafcass Cymru) data on section 31 proceedings, to explore pathways through the care and family justice systems for infants aged <1 year entering care in Wales between 2012 and 2019. We will follow up each child for two years from the date of their entry into care to track legal outcomes  and placement outcomes .Descriptive statistics will include frequencies and proportions of infants who initially enter the care system via voluntary arrangements (section 76) and care proceedings (section 31), by age, year, local authority, and category of need. We will describe the proportion and characteristics of those with voluntary arrangements who later become the subject of care proceedings, and the distribution of final legal orders and placement types by initial route of entry to care. We will use funnel plots to investigate variation between local authorities. We will use linear regression to test for statistically significant differences in the proportions of infants entering care via the two different routes over time, and chi-square tests to investigate associations between mode of entry and infant characteristics and outcomes.There is limited information on the care journeys of children in Wales at the individual level. This study will help us to understand the patterns of use of voluntary arrangements for infants over time, the proportion subsequently involved in section 31 applications and the impact on outcomes for children.


The long-lasting effects of trauma on mental health and the cumulative effect during the lifetime is one of the great interest in research and applied psychology. However, the effect of cumulative trauma in combination with cognitive biases, such as cognitive rigidity , on the severity of depression has not been tested yet.The aim of this study was to analyse these variables, while considering for differential gender effects on a sample of patients with the diagnosis of depressive disorder.A total sample of 177 patients (137 women) were assessed using the Cumulative Trauma Scale. Cognitive rigidity was measured with the Repertory Grid Technique and severity of depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory.indicated that high levels of cognitive rigidity and high frequency of perceived negative cumulative trauma predicted depressive symptoms; while high frequency of perceived positive trauma did not predict depressive symptoms. Moreover, gender did not explain variability of depression, and its interaction with frequency of perceived trauma was not significant.Overall, traumatic cumulative trauma frequency and its negative appraisal are key to the understanding the severity of depression but also cognitive rigidity seemed to be a relevant factor to consider. Thus, these results highlight the need to focus on traumatic and cognitive aspects to increase the efficacy of psychological interventions in depression.No significant relationships.


Over the last decades, the prevalence of sleep disorders has been reported to have substantially increased globally . A varieNutrition and sleep medicine” various research groups provided evidence of the relation between dietary factors and sleep features from observational studies, further explored by additional studies on genetic biomarkers, while a mechanistic overview of the scientific literature contributed to summarize and better understand the retrieved associations. In the study of Sutanto et al., the authors aimed to investigate the relationship between protein intake and sleep quality in 104 healthy subjects between the age of 50 and 75 years old; the results showed that sleep duration was positively associated with dietary tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratio, with significant results specific to plant tryptophan. Other two studies investigated dietary parameters and sleep quality in school children; the study of Shih et al. analyzed data from the Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan involving 2,628 participants showing that those consuming more high-sugar sweetened beverages exhibited shorter sleep durations on school days and >2 h of sleep debt than those reporting low intake; the study from Ramirez-Contreras et al. was instead conducted on 588 children aged 5–12 years revealing an association of regular fish and vegetable consumption with the advance of the midpoint of sleep and fish and daily fruit consumption with fewer sleep disturbances, while the daily consumption of sweets and candy and having pasta or rice >5 times/week were significantly associated with a decrease in sleep duration. Two studies used genetic biomarkers from the UK Biobank to investigate the relation between dietary factors and sleep outcomes: the study of Zou et al. showed that genetically predicted short sleep duration is a potential causal risk factor for hyperuricemia for women but has little effect onmen; the study of Tang et al. reported that genetically increased triglyceride levels have independent causal effects on risk of sleep apnea. Finally, the study of Benton et al. summarized the evidence from the scientific literature on the role of carbohydrates on sleep features, emphasizing two major hypotheses for their potential benefits, including the increase in the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, where it is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin (hence resulting in improved sleep), but also the emerging role of glucose-sensing neurons associated with the sleep-wake cycle in the hypothalamus, which may be affected by the carbohydrate-induced changes in the level of blood glucose.In this Research Topic entitled “In conclusion, this Research Topic provided an interesting update of current evidence on the relationship between diet and sleep features. Nonetheless, the topic investigated needs further attention in future research while more preclinical studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the observed relation.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.


According to this manuscript, the median period from hernia repair to diagnosis of mesh migration was 60 months,Even if the mesh has not migrated into the bladder, adhesion of the repair site of the hernia and the bladder occasionally makes it quite difficult to expand the Retzius cavity and perform laparoscopic pelvic surgeries , and vice versa. Hence, it is important for urologists and general surgeons to share the possible negative effects of inguinal and pelvic surgeries and develop joint strategies.The author declares no conflict of interest.


The number of refugees has reached unprecedented levels with approximately 24.6 million people fleeing persecution, including war and other forms of organized violence . RefugeeOn February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, leading the United Nations High Commissioner’s Refugee Council (UNHRC) to declare a Level 3 state of emergency (highest level) . The conThe war in Ukraine has shed light on multiple forms of racism—the belief that certain people are inferior because of their skin color . First, Citizenship and belonging remain debated concepts. The racism experienced by refugees of color during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine further complicates POC’s conceptualizations of belonging to Western societies. The racist treatment experienced by refugees of color at different borders constitutes a crack in the Western unity against the Russian regime. Racial tensions at European borders highlighted once again the unfairness of certain Western ideologies and policies. If the West can achieve unity in the face of violence, why then is that same compassion not extended to non-White refugees? The treatment of refugees of color has impacted the remaining faith of POC in Western democracies . The morSome may think that discussions on the inhumane treatment of refugees of color can wait until after the war in Ukraine has ended. However, human lives are at risk every second and no refugee should be denied basic rights because of interactions between their identities and others’ ideological beliefs. In addition, experiences of racism within Ukrainian borders not only impacts the health of thousands of refugees of color, but also POC in Western countries. Solidarity movements are occurring in Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States among POC communities in direct support of refugees of color . We shou


Despite the importance of healthcare acceptability, the public health community has yet to agree on its explicit definition and conceptual framework. We explored different definitions and conceptual frameworks of healthcare acceptability, and identified commonalities in order to develop an integrated definition and conceptual framework of healthcare acceptability.We applied qualitative thematic content analysis on research articles that attempted to define healthcare acceptability. We searched online databases and purposefully selected relevant articles that we imported into ATLAS.ti 8.4 for deductive and inductive analysis which continued until there were no new information emerging from selected documents (data saturation).Our analysis of the literature affirmed that healthcare acceptability remains poorly defined; limiting its application in public health. We proposed a practical definition attempting to fill identified gaps. We defined acceptability as a “multi-construct concept describing the nonlinear cumulative combination in parts or in whole of the fit between the expected and experienced healthcare from the patient, provider or healthcare systems and policy perspectives in a given context.”We presented and described a workable definition and framework of healthcare acceptability that can be applied to different actors including patients, healthcare providers, researchers, managers or policy makers. Acceptability of healthcare is gaining momentum in the literature and is evolving as an emerging discipline of public healthAcceptability of healthcare is a complex and many-sided concept describing appropriateness of healthcareGiven the broad meaning of terms associated with human interactions and perceptions, the concept of acceptability in healthcare remains poorly definedWe conducted a qualitative thematic content analysis on identified articles on acceptability of healthcareFollowing retrieval of purposively selected research articles in line with the developed search strategy, we imported them into ATLAS.ti 8.4 for analysis. We deductively and inductively coded and categorised the themes related to definitions and frameworks of healthcare acceptabilityTo ensure the validity, the researchers discussed the preliminary coding system developed by the principal investigator; they revised it until a final coding system was adopted10. The researchers also assessed the intra-coding reliability for the first ten coded documents and there was a perfect agreement (100%) in length and location for the relevant codesThe results of this study were based on a selection of 174 published articles after which the analysis did not show any new information (data saturation). There were six main themes emerging from the documents analysed including: (1) acceptability within the context of access to healthcare, (2) complexity of acceptability,, (3) context of acceptability, (4) semantic domains of acceptability, (5) definition of acceptability and (6) conceptual framework of acceptability.The concept of access to healthcare was introduced in healthcare literature around the early 1970sIt was beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the definition of access to healthcare and different conceptual frameworks, but it was important to note that many authors widely recognised acceptability as one of the dimensions of accessSome authors have referred to acceptability of healthcare as a unitary construct2 without clearly integrating the different elements or constructs of acceptability1. Other authors have used terms such as acceptance, satisfaction, feasibility, enjoyment and uptake as proxies for acceptabilityInitial publication proposed acceptability as a complex concept describing the best fit between the healthcare expectations of the patient and the healthcare systemMost of the articles we analysed emphasised that acceptability of healthcare could only be interpreted effectively if the context was considered1–6. However, the context of acceptability was not clearly described in most of the analysed studies. The analysed articles showed that the context of acceptability goes beyond the setting and population, embracing the content, scope and focus of acceptability. Nevertheless, most of the studies grappled to define the scope and focus of healthcare acceptability. Researchers used one of two theories to define the scope of acceptability of healthcare; acceptability was either referred to as a unitary or a multi-construct conceptThe concept of acceptability of healthcare is broad5 and encompasses components with overlapping meaningsWe analysed multiple definitions of acceptability in the literature and they all appeared to describe different aspects within the continuum of acceptability Many authors have agreed that one of the best ways of approaching acceptability is from patients, healthcare providers or healthcare system managers or policy makers' perspectivesBuilding on existing literature and having explored the context as well as the basic theories helping to unpack the complexity and semantic domains of acceptability, we proposed a more practical and comprehensive definition of acceptability. We defined acceptability as ‘a multi-construct concept describing nonlinear cumulative combination in parts or in whole of expected and experienced degree of healthcare from patient, provider or healthcare systems and policy perspectives in a given context.'The articles in this analysis did not offer a shared framework of acceptabilityThe suggested approach to our conceptual framework is based on five essential features: (1) context, (2) basic theories, (3) dependent variables, (4) independent variables and (5) applications of acceptability in public health. Context of acceptability consists of the setting, population, content, scope and focus. The basic theories that can be used to generate a shared understanding of acceptability include demand-supply sides, best-fit, mutual exclusivity, complex phenomenon, stakeholder analysis and actor-network. It should be noted that the full description of these theories does not fall within the scope of this article.Dependent variables include a set of components that define acceptability of healthcare. The focus of acceptability either from patient, provider or healthcare system manager or policy maker viewpoints should guide the selection of relevant components. At the level of dependent variables, the researchers can only conduct descriptive analysisIndependent variables include factors that are not part of the definition of acceptability but can or have proved to have significant impact on it either positively or negatively7. Independent variables consist of predictor variables associated with acceptability of healthcareWith regard to applications of acceptability in public health, we designed a flexible and adaptable framework to various contexts. The essential added value of this framework is to clarify the description of acceptability of healthcare from the perspectives of the patient, provider or healthcare system manager and policy maker. In addition, the proposed framework clarifies the notion of dependent and independent variables that can guide and help wih the current confusion in literature. Furthermore, this framework provides practical and targeted application for assessing acceptability from component (micro) or unitary, construct (meso) or multi-component or dimension (macro) or multi-construct levels.In this paper, we presented a coherent definition of healthcare acceptability, which we converted into a conceptual framework. We considered acceptability within the context of access and, as a multi-construct, complex concept. Our analysis confirmed that imprecise definitions of acceptability and lack of a coherent conceptual framework have hindered the application of healthcare acceptability in healthcare systems and policyOur findings agreed with other publications describing acceptability as a dimension of access to healthcareThe findings from this analysis supported the claim of acceptability of healthcare as a multi-construct conceptThis paper was aligned with the description of acceptability as a multi-level complex concept5. Usually there are too little data describing the levels of complexity or acceptability leading to inconsistent definitions. This article added to existing literature in describing the semantic domains of acceptability corresponding to their level of complexity. The semantic domains include ‘dimension' corresponding to the highest or macro level of acceptability, 'construct’ corresponding to medium or meso level of acceptability and ‘component’ corresponding the lowest or micro level of acceptability. The results obtained concur with previous publication advocating for the mutual exclusivity of the healthcare acceptability constructs where no component is categorised under more than one constructOur findings agreed with other studies which declared a lack of clear-cut definition of acceptabilityThe results from this study confirmed the lack of shared interpretation of acceptability frameworks reported in the published literatureThis paper proposes a workable definition of healthcare acceptability considering perspectives from patients, healthcare providers and healthcare system managers or policymakers. Drawing on existing literature, we suggested a definition of acceptability as ‘a multi-construct concept describing nonlinear cumulative combination in parts or in whole of expected and experienced degree of healthcare from patient, provider or healthcare systems and policy perspectives in a given context.’ The paper also describes a new and comprehensive conceptual framework applicable to healthcare acceptability through quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods in public health research and practice. We recommend further studies in order to validate and widely adopt the suggested definition and conceptual framework. Nevertheless, we believe this paper provides substantial information contributing toward forging consensus on the concept of acceptability definition and its framework among public health researchers and practitioners.


Damping performance of the plates with constrained layer damping (CLD) treatment mainly depends on the layout of CLD material and the material physical properties of the viscoelastic damping layer. This paper develops a concurrent topology optimization methodology for maximizing the modal loss factor (MLF) of plates with CLD treatment. At the macro scale, the damping layer is composed of 3D periodic unit cells (PUC) of cellular viscoelastic damping materials. At the micro scale, due to the deformation of viscoelastic damping material affected by the base and constrained layers, the representative volume element (RVE) considering a rigid skin effect is used to improve the accuracy of the effective constitutive matrix of the viscoelastic damping material. Maximizing the MLFs of CLD plates is employed as the design objectives in optimization procedure. The sensitivities with respect to macrodesign variables are formulated using the adjoint vector method while considering the contribution of eigenvectors, while the influence of macroeigenvectors is ignored to improve the computational efficiency in the mesosensitivity analysis. The macro and meso scales design variables are simultaneously updated using the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) to find concurrently optimal configurations of constrained and viscoelastic damping layers at the macro scale and viscoelastic damping materials at the micro scale. Two rectangular plates with different boundary conditions are presented to validate the optimization procedure and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed concurrent topology optimization approach. The effects of optimization objectives and volume fractions on the design results are investigated. The results indicate that the optimized layouts of the macrostructure are dependent on the objective mode and the volume fraction on the meso scale. The optimized designs on the meso scale are mainly related to the objective mode. By varying the volume fraction on the macro scale, the optimized designs on the meso scale are different only in their detailed size, which is reflected in the values of the equivalent constitutive matrices. Viscoelastic damping materials are often used to reduce the vibration and noise radiation of plate and shell structures. In particular, constrained layer damping (CLD) treatment has the advantages of simple implementation, low cost and high damping capability, and it has been widely used in the automobile, aviation, aerospace and naval industries . To desiThe topology optimization method was originally developed to find the optimized structural layout under given constraints . The modMeanwhile, optimizing the distribution of viscoelastic damping materials to minimize vibration response and sound radiation has received attention from many scholars. Zhang and Kang  optimizeSince the physical properties of the viscoelastic damping layer have a great influence on the damping performance, there is a great desire to optimize the microstructures of the damping layer with desirable properties . SigmundHowever, the above works concerning the topology optimization of viscoelastic damping material are concentrated on a one-scale design problem. With the development of optimization algorithms dealing with large-scale optimization problems , the ideAt present, the concurrent topology optimization of viscoelastic damping structures is still limited. Zhang et al.  presenteThe purpose of this work is to develop a concurrent topology optimization method for maximizing MLF of plates with CLD treatment. The plates with CLD treatment dissipate vibration energy through transverse shear strains induced in the viscoelastic damping layer, and the effective transverse shear moduli are the main focus. Therefore, it is assumed that the macrostructure of the damping layer is composed of the 3D periodic unit cells (PUC). The representative volume element (RVE) considering a rigid skin effect is used to improve the accuracy of the effective constitutive matrix of the viscoelastic damping material. A mathematical optimization model is established while maximizing MLF as the design objective. The sensitivities with respect to macrodesign variables are formulated using the adjoint vector method while considering the contribution of eigenvectors, while the influence of macroeigenvectors is ignored to improve the computational efficiency in the mesosensitivity analysis. The macro and meso scales design variables are simultaneously updated using the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) to find concurrently optimal configurations of constrained and viscoelastic damping layers at the macro scale and viscoelastic damping materials at the micro scale. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.The diagrammatic drawing in As illustrated in An eight-node hexahedron element was used to establish the finite element model of the RVE. The nine components of the equivalent elasticity matrix were obtained by solving nine different static analyses for the finite element model of the RVE. Boundary conditions of the RVE can influence the effective constitutive matrix . AccordiThe arbitrarily imposed averaged strains are expressed as follows:i-th load case can be obtained as follows:e-th element, respectively; i-th load case, and The total strain density energy corresponding to the From the first six load cases in From the last three load cases in e-th element.The effective density of the RVE was evaluated through the following relationshipIt was assumed that the damping characteristic of the viscoelastic damping material is expressed as follows:In the analysis of a structure with the CLD treatment by using the finite element method, the momentum equation for the free vibration of the structure is written as follows:i-th element stiffness matrices; i-th element mass matrices; the superscripts The global mass and stiffness matrices can be expressed as followsAccording to the Modal Strain Energy (MSE) method, the MLF The objective of the CLD treatment is to dissipate the vibrational energy, which can be improved by maximizing the MLF. The concurrent optimization problem regarding the macro and meso scales can be formulated as follows:i-th element in the RVE can be written as follows:j-th element in the RVE. In order to achieve a clear design layout, the penalization method was applied. Based on the Rational Approximation of Material Properties (RAMP) model , the masOn the macro scale, the design region is composed of a constrained layer and a viscoelastic damping layer. Using the same interpolation scheme, the mass and stiffness matrices can be interpolated as follows:The sensitivity of the objective function in Equation (11) with respect to the design variables in the macrostructure can be expressed as follows:r-th mode.The sensitivity of the objective function with respect to the design variables e design . The adjThe sensitivity of To remove the implicit derivatives of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues, the adjoint variables should satisfy the following equationsThe adjoint variables The derivatives of the global stiffness and mass matrices with respect to the design variables For sensitivity analysis on the meso scale, the sensitivity of the eigenvectors with respect to design variables The sensitivities of the global stiffness matrices with respect to the design variables Considering the components of the equivalent constitutive matrix expressed as Equations (4) and (5), the total strain density energy defined in Equation (3) and the material interpolation proposed in Equation (12), the sensitivity of the components of the equivalent constitutive matrix with respect to the design variables on the meso scale can be formulated as follows(1)Define the design domain and initialize the design variables on both scales;(2)Establish the finite element model of the RVE and calculate the effective complex matrix and density of the viscoelastic damping materials by using the RVE with a rigid skin effect;(3)Establish the finite element model on the macro scale and obtain the MLFs based on the Modal Strain Energy Method;(4)Calculate the sensitivities of the objective function with respect to the design variables on both the macro and meso scales. To circumvent the checkerboard and mesh-dependency problems, a mesh-independence filter scheme  was empl(5)Update the design variables on both scales by using MMA; and(6)Check the convergence of the result. If the change in the objective function of twenty successive iterations is less than Once the sensitivity information was obtained, the MMA was used to update the design variables on both the macro and meso scales. The proposed concurrent topology optimization process for maximizing the MLF of PCLD structures is shown in The unit cell of the viscoelastic damping material is shown in ormation . Hence, A rectangular plate with four edges clamped is shown in The initial designs for RVE had a uniform distribution with a given volume fraction The penalty factor Two other optimization objectives are discussed here, namely, maximizing the second MLF (Objective 2) and maximizing the sum of the first two MLFs (Objective 3). The volume fractions were also A harmonic excitation force In this section, the effect of the volume fraction on the optimization results is investigated. Two optimization objectives were maximizing the first MLF and the second MLF, respectively. For each optimization objective, three combinations of k-th  MLF, the k-th MLF is maximum and the resonance peak at the k-th eigenmode was the minimum. In the case of maximizing the sum of the first two MLFs, though the MLF and resonance peak in the k-th eigenmode showed inferior results which maximized the k-th MLF, the optimized design obtained a better equilibrium in the first two modes.In order to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed concurrent topology optimization method, another rectangular plate with a different boundary condition is studied in this section. The rectangular plate with two short edges clamped is shown in In this section, the optimization objectives and volume fractions were the same as the cases in A concurrent topology optimization approach is proposed here for the multi-scale design of a CLD plate to maximize the MLF. The equivalent constitutive matrix of viscoelastic damping material was calculated using the RVE with a rigid skin effect and was taken into account in the finite element analysis of the macrostructure of the CLD plate. The sensitivity calculation was performed on both macro and meso scales. The MMA was used to update the design variables on two scales and the optimized design was obtained. The numerical examples are presented using the proposed concurrent topology optimization approach to multiscale systems.k-th MLF, the k-th MLF is maximum and the resonance peak at the k-th eigenmode was the minimum. In the case of maximizing the sum of the first two MLFs, the optimized design obtained a better equilibrium in the first two modes. The proposed concurrent topology optimization method can provide an effective means to optimize the structural damping of the CLD structure and produce optimal layouts on both the macro and meso scales. The proposed concurrent topology optimization method is a good choice for the optimization of the structural damping of CLD structure and producing optimal layout on both scales.By analyzing the influence of the penalty factor in the RAMP model on optimization results, an appropriate penalty factor was chosen. The effects of optimization objectives and volume fractions on the design results were investigated. The results indicated that the optimized layouts of the macrostructure were dependent on the objective mode and volume fraction on the meso scale. The optimized designs on the meso scale were mainly related to the objective mode. When varying the volume fraction on the macro scale, the optimized designs on the meso scale were different only in their detailed size, which were reflected in the values of the equivalent constitutive matrices. When maximizing the


The Hox genes have attracted the interest of scientist for decades. Their organization in genetic clusters, their ordered chromosomal alignment and the correlation of this disposition with the evolutionary conserved gene expression along the anteroposterior axis have excited the curiosity of researchers and prompted countless investigations. Hox proteins have also been studied as examples of transcription factors that activate particular genes at certain positions. The present Research Topic Mechanisms of Hox-Driven Patterning and Morphogenesis gathers a series of reviews and original articles on Hox expression and function in different model organisms.Drosophila cuticle due to mutations in Bithorax Complex (BX-C) genes. Subsequent studies revealed that Hox genes are expressed and required also in muscles or nervous system. Two reviews focus on the role of Hox genes in these tissues. The manuscript by Poliacikova et al. reviews the role of Hox genes in the different steps of muscle specification in Drosophila and vertebrates. The authors describe Hox activity in somatic/skeletal, cardiac and visceral muscle development, explain the cooperation of Hox proteins with muscle-specific proteins and explain the role of these genes in neuromuscular circuits. These neuromuscular networks are detailed in the work of Joshi et al. They report muscle-motoneuron circuits in Drosophila and how these impact on development and behavior. The authors first summarize Hox role in specification of the central nervous system and then review recent advances in Hox determination of motoneuron morphology and physiology, focusing in two larval behaviors, locomotion and feeding, and two adult ones, egg-laying and self-righting.The seminal work of Ed Lewis characterized transformations in the Li et al. demonstrates a role for Hox5 in adults. In a conditional triple mutant Hoxa5/Hoxb5/Hoxc5, in which Hox5 function is eliminated in the mesenchyme of adult mice, the investigators observed elimination of the elastin matrix, change in alveolar structures and an emphysema-like phenotype.Although it is well established that Hox genes are required during development, recent studies have uncovered a Hox function in adults, as described in the above review. The original article by Mitchel et al.,) the activity of Hoxa5 in the development of the mouse sternum is analyzed. The authors first characterize in detail the origin and development of this structure. Then, they show Hoxa5 expression and requirement in the presternum, demonstrate the coordinated activity of other Hox genes in the formation of this structure and discuss the evolutionary implications of such function. In the second original article, by Howard et al., it is demonstrated that high levels of Hoxb5b in a restricted time window expand zebrafish neural crest cell number, increase the expression of the vagal neural crest cell markers foxd3 and phox2bb, and extend the number of enteric neural progenitors; however, these progenitors do not expand later on to make enteric neurons along the gut. To explain the early expansion of neural crest cells but the later reduction of neurons, the authors argue that it can be due to the dynamic expression of Hox cofactors of the TALE family or to insufficiently timed signals needed for the continuous expansion and differentiation.Two other research articles also unveil Hox5 function. In one of them  deals with the role of Hox gene duplication and divergence in the development of morphology and in the emergence of new features in vertebrates. The authors discuss Hox gene duplication in evolution, showing examples of conservation and divergence of gene function, and explaining the role of the different domains of Hox proteins in the acquisition of specificity. They conclude that new specificity of Hox function can be achieved with just a few aminoacid changes in conserved regions and through interactions with proteins of the PBC class.The relationship between Hox gene function and evolution, originally proposed by Ed Lewis, is addressed in two reviews. In the first one, by Cain and Gebelein discuss how the activity of different Hox proteins can determine the development of distinct structures by specific DNA binding and activation of particular genes. They summarize recent genomic and interactome data revealing how Hox proteins differ in the way they can bind closed chromatin, showing that some of them need PBC cofactors as pioneer factors. Then, they explain how the interaction of Hox proteins with cofactors and collaborators impinges on the way Hox proteins activate or repress gene expression, illustrating this differential Hox activity with the Drosophila Abdominal-A protein.Hajirnis and Mishra discuss Hox organization and function. They first describe dispersion and clustering of Hox genes in different species, and then review the ordered disposition of cis-regulatory modules in the BX-C, and the opening of the BX-C chromatin, with emphasis on the organization of the Abdominal-B gene. They also review Hox function away from their traditional role of specifying particular structures and finally stress the importance of controlling Hox levels of expression by presenting examples of how increasing Hox protein levels can lead to cancer.Finally, the comprehensive review by