This article describes radiolocation devices dedicated to the detection and tracking of small high-speed ballistic objects and multifunctional radars. This functionality is implemented by applying space search technology and adaptive algorithms for detection and tracking of air objects in parallel with classic search and tracking of objects in controlled airspace. This article presents examples of the construction of both types of devices produced by foreign companies and Polish industry. The following sections present methods for testing radars with the function of tracking small high-speed ballistic objects along with examples of results of observations of combat ammunition. We presented the issue of radars capable of detecting and tracking high-speed ballistic objects, as well as issues related to the specifics of research and testing of such devices at the conference Metro Aerospace 2019, in Turin. The presented issues were met with great interest from the conference participants and became a source of information for many people about radar devices manufactured by the Polish industry.This article expands the subject of the publication "Radars with the function of detecting and tracking artillery shells—selected methods of field testing", published in Metro AeroSpace 2018 proceedings [Despite continuous technological development, the role of classic artillery in a contemporary battlefield is not diminishing. If we observe this in relation to the conflicts conducted in recent years, it is easy to notice that most activities of infantry units take place under covering fire from lighter or heavier artillery. Both cases, which aim to destroy a detected enemy and protect our positions, still require using sufficient fire power to quickly and effectively incapacitate the enemy. The key to effective use of artillery is to quickly and precisely determine the coordinates of the position of targets and to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the conducted firing .In this area, modern technology offers the following two most popular solutions: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with optoelectronic observation sensors and specialized radiolocation devices intended for detecting, tracking, and calculating the trajectory parameters of high-speed ballistic objects . Both meWe present research methods and example results related to Polish radars developed for the needs of the Polish Armed Forces. From a scientific point of view, it would be desirable to present many technical parameters that characterize individual sensors and compare the effects of different sensors depending on the technical solutions used in them, but this is impossible because the detailed technical parameters and test results of these devices are secret.The latter part of this paper, aside from a short characterization of radiolocation devices intended for detecting and tracking high-speed ballistic objects, includes a presentation of testing methods used at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) for the purpose of field testing to check the most important parameters of such devices. The most frequently used verifications are as follows: minimum and maximum distances, minimum and maximum height, maximum elevation angle of detecting for a given type of detected object, and the accuracies of determining the points of origin (POO) and points of impact (POI) . The issue of detecting and tracking high-speed ballistic objects has been a significant challenge for radiolocation. Because these objects achieve high velocities and move at relatively small heights above the horizon, the device that ensures their effective detection and tracking must quickly scan the horizon  in order to immediately detect the flight object and track its flight path, i.e., observe space in a broad range of elevation angles with the radar beam . These capabilities have appeared along with the development of antennas with an electronically controlled pencil beam. Such antennas allow for very fast beam movement both in the azimuth and elevation planes. This searches the entire observation sector with an information refreshing time of less than 1 s. The algorithms for searching ballistic objects are usually optimized to search a narrow elevation sector right above the horizon. This allows for the optimal use of the radar’s time budget. Application of this method is possible because after detecting the echo, the radar automatically switches to the detection mode using additional lightings with a pencil beam, which obtains information about the high-speed ballistic object’s flight trajectory, optimized in terms of the ballistic calculations ,6. On thOne of the most popular examples of a radar intended for tracking high-speed ballistic objects and detecting launchers positions is ARTHUR   developeThe radar is a device characterized by high mobility, able to quickly and effectively move in a combat operations area. It operates in the C band 4 to 8 GHz) and possesses a flat passive antenna with electronic beam scanning in both planes. In elevation, the antenna beam is controlled by changing the probing signal’s frequency, whereas in the azimuth the control takes place using phase shifters [ GHz and The width of the azimuth sector in which the electronic beam scanning is conducted amounts to 90°. The radar’s antenna setting towards the selected direction is executed by its mechanical rotation. The radar detections are analyzed by an advanced software that determines the POO and POI coordinates with consideration of the terrain’s digital model and computation of commands for the co-operating military units. In order to execute the aforementioned functions, the radar must precisely determine its position in the terrain. This is done with the use of an advanced navigation system consisting of an inertial module and a GPS receiver .Other examples of radars intended for detecting high-speed ballistic objects and launcher positions include: AN/TPQ-37, AN/TPQ-47, and AN/TPQ-50 developed by Thales Raytheon Systems, COBRA (COunter Battery Radar)  developeRadars produced by Polish companies also detect and track small high-speed ballistic objects and determine the POO and POI. An example of a device especially dedicated for such tasks is the Radiolocation Artillery Reconnaissance Unit LIWIEC  Figure . It is eautomatic detection and tracking of high-speed ballistic objects;determination of the coordinates of launcher positions (single and grouped);automatic classification of flight object type and launcher position and type;determination of the POI coordinates;transmission of information to automated command and control systems.The LIWIEC radar can be used to protect important objects and support artillery operation in the following scope:The main advantage of this radar is that its operator can adapt space scanning algorithms to current needs, and, in addition, the automatic tracking system of detected objects can force more frequent scanning of new objects, which greatly accelerates the calculation of the ballistic trajectory of the tracked object. On the basis of the calculated trajectory, the radar identifies the type of detected object (including its launcher type) and accurately determines the POO and POI before the detected object reaches its target.Aside from small high-speed ballistic objects, the LIWIEC radar detects and tracks aircrafts, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and land-based mechanical vehicles .A different perspective on the problem of detecting small high-speed ballistic objects and especially mortars is applied in the SOŁA and BYSTRA radars. The radars are intended for air defense forces to control airspace in the area of land troops operations. Both devices search the airspace by mechanically rotating the antenna in the azimuth plane. The application of relatively high antenna rotation speeds (30 and 60 rpm) guarantee the ability to detect and track small high-speed ballistic objects with sufficient accuracy for the ballistic calculation algorithm to estimate the complete object trajectory based on the sample of over a dozen detections, and therefore determines the POO and POI with satisfactory accuracies. Especially good results of such a method for detection and tracking are achieved in relation to mortar .The SOŁA redeployment-capable radiolocation station  is a shoThe BYSTRA  is a mulElectronic control of the position of the antenna beam in the azimuth plane allows the system to automatically track air objects and generate re-scanning requests for newly detected objects in the same antenna rotation. This is a very important property of radar, which very quickly eliminates false ballistic trajectories based on the detection of passive or active interference.The SOŁA and BYSTRA radars are perfectly matched for covering and protecting important objects and areas because, during normal operation of controlling the airspace around the object, they additionally ensure the execution of the helicopter detection function, including hovering helicopters, as well as the detection and tracking of small high-speed ballistic objects including the POO and POI coordinates’ estimation. This functionality provides the personnel of the protected object early warning about the threat detected. expected values of the tested radar parameter;firing capabilities of the given launcher;available military trying area;safety zones military trying area;possibility of finding a proper place of radar operation in relation to launcher position and firing targets.The design and production of radars capable of detecting and tracking small high-speed ballistic objects and calculating their ballistic trajectory parameters requires developing specific research methods to objectively evaluate their technical parameters. Generally, such radars require conducting actual observations of shelling from many types of launchers. The planning of such tests requires simultaneous consideration of many various factors, including the following:In the case of conducting testing to verify a small high-speed ballistic object detection zone, mortar shelling is most often used. This means of launcher fires ballistic objects to both small and large heights, in a broad range of distances and does not require too large of a safety zone. The most difficult element in preparing the tests for the conditions of a specific trying area is most often finding a suitable place of operation for the tested radar. Usually, the area of firing means that location of launchers and field of fire on a trying area are imposed by the adopted safety zones, whereas the terrain outside of the tactical strips is covered by forest. For this reason, the location of equipment in the field can only approximately correspond to the theoretical assumptions. Prior to the small high-speed ballistic object detection, each radar undergoes testing with the use of unmanned or classical aircrafts equipped with GPS receivers that record their flight trajectory. The comparison of radar detections with the recorded flight trajectory determines the accuracy of estimation of the detected object’s coordinates . The sequence of testing analyzes the small high-speed ballistic object detection with consideration of the earlier designated estimation errors.In the case of verification of the minimum distance and minimum height of small high-speed ballistic objects detection and tracking, the mortar’s position must be located in the radar’s dead zone. The ballistic objects must be fired into the radar’s characteristic, at a small angle, so that the radar is capable of observing them continuously along the entire flight trajectory. Such a test requires realization of several dozen firings in order to evaluate the minimum ballistic objects detection distance and height in a statistical manner. The test sketch is presented below .The sketch of firings conducted for the purpose of this test is presented in The sketch of verification of the maximum height and distance of detection and tracking of mortars is presented in The firings conducted for the purpose of verifying the maximum detection height must feature a large angle of mortar barrel elevation, with simultaneous use of the maximum propelling charge. This type of firing does not ensure sufficient range. In practical testing, it is, therefore, necessary to conduct separate firings at the maximum flight altitude and at the maximum detection range. The last type of test requires setting the mortar’s barrel at an angle near 45°.Verification of the accuracy of determining the coordinates of launchers positions (POO) and points of impact (POI) of ballistic objects when the radar observes objects that are moving away. This method controls the execution of the firing task at much greater distances than by optical observation instrumentation. A radar deployed on an observation position far from the enemy is also more difficult to destroy than an observation UAV (unmanned air vehicle), which in order to evaluate the firing effectiveness must fly near the area of the shelled target, and thus can be easily destroyed by the enemy. The sketch of the method of executing the test is presented in In order to evaluate the radar’s POO estimation accuracy, the launcher position’s coordinates are measured with the use of a surveying GPS receiver from Spectra Precision, type Epoch 50 . Measurements are conducted in the differential mode with the use of data derived from the ASG-EUPOS network’s reference station. Such a measurement allows for achieving positioning accuracy of no less than 20 to 30 cm, and thereby assumes the measured coordinates as true coordinates. The coordinates obtained this way are then compared with the results of the POO estimation calculated by the tested radar. The estimation accuracy analysis is conducted in the UTM  rectangular coordinates system.The analysis of the POI coordinates estimation accuracy of the tested radar is conducted similarly to the POO accuracy analysis. However, it features an essential difficulty in the form of the necessity to find the particular impact points after the firing and to measure their positional coordinates using the GPS receiver. The measurement itself is conducted similarly as in the case of measuring the firing mean position with the use of the surveying differential Epoch 50 receiver.In order to find and identify the point of impact of each of the fired object, the firings must be executed in a special manner, i.e., subsequent objects must be fired not at the same target, but with a slight displacement, for example, 20 to 30 m left or right. Additionally, it is necessary to note the results of localizations conducted by military observers with the use of laser rangefinders. Such tests are always conducted by the polygon services in order to control compliance with safety conditions. The practice of field testing also shows that if the tested radar allows for stable tracking of the ballistic objects, it is necessary to note the estimated coordinates of particular POIs and use them to find particular points of impact. Such data can be entered into the manual GPS receiver and used in combination with the GO TO function to find the firing area and particular impact points in a relatively short time. During the searching of impact points, it is necessary to take special care, comply with the safety principles in force on the training area, and not take any actions without making arrangements with persons responsible for safety during the executed firings. Verification of the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the launcher position (POO) and the points of impact (POI) of ballistic objects when the radar observes objects that are moving towards it. The scheme of such verifications is presented in The observation of firings executed in the direction of the radar requires particularly careful planning. On one hand, the radar must be placed in a suitable position, free of any terrain obstacles in the observation sector, at a distance ensuring the ability to detect flying objects. On the other hand, the test safety conditions must be respected, which means that the radar must be located at a suitable distance from the impact zone and the point of maximum theoretical range of the tested launcher. The reconciliation of these conditions is sometimes difficult and requires strict cooperation of the testing team with the trying area services.The presented results of field testing are illustrative, and their aim is only to illustrate the specifics of particular tests. The detailed results of verifications of the tactical and technical parameters of particular devices are confidential and will not be published.GPS L1/L2/L2C/L5;GLONASS L1/L2.The basic measurement tool used in the polygon testing of radars is the surveying Epoch 50 GNSS receiver from Spectra Precision. The receiver interoperates with the Nomad type field controller, including the installed Survey Pro field measurement software. The receiver features 220 receiver channels and can operate with the use of the following signals:The Epoch 50 can operate in the following modes: autonomous, code differential, and phase differential. The differential modes can be realized in real time with the use of differential corrections from the local reference station (radio modem) or with the use of corrections sent via the Internet, for example, from the networks of the ASG-EUPOS reference stations. During field testing practice, the most common solution is the ability to record the measurements with a single receiver and their latter specification in the Spectra Precision Survey Office software. Such a specification only requires downloading from the ASG-EUPOS network of the files including the data recorded by the reference station located nearest to the testing location. The scheme of distribution of the reference stations available in the ASG-EUPOS network is presented in Research and testing of modern radars are complicated processes, both in technical and organizational terms. One of the dominant trends in radiolocation is the development of multifunctional radars. Such radars can detect and identify the following: aircrafts, helicopters, unmanned flying objects, and small high-speed ballistic objects. They require comprehensive knowledge of various fields of technology and a constant quest for new research methods from the research teams . In partTechnological progress in the field of radiolocation contributes not only to the improvement of the basic technical parameters of radars, forcing an increase in the accuracy of existing research and testing methods, but also leads to the creation of completely new functionalities .In this presentation of parameters, we are aware that this article leaves unsatisfied the specific properties and test results of individual devices, but this is impossible due to their final military application.


Intermittent claudication (IC) is the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease and is generally treated conservatively due to limited prognostic evidence to support early revascularisation in the individual patient. This approach may lead to the possible loss of opportunity of early revascularisation in patients who are more likely to deteriorate to critical limb ischaemia. The aim of this review is to evaluate the available literature related to the progression rate of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease.We conducted a systematic review of the literature in PubMed and MEDLINE, Cochrane library, Elsevier, Web of Science, CINAHL and Opengrey using relevant search terms to identify the progression rate of peripheral arterial disease in patients with claudication. Outcomes of interest were progression rate in terms of haemodynamic measurement and time to development of adverse outcomes. Two independent reviewers determined study eligibility and extracted descriptive, methodologic, and outcome data. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane recommendations for assessing risk of bias and was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Seven prospective cohort studies and one retrospective cohort study were identified and included in this review with the number of participants in each study ranging from 38 to 1244. Progression rate reports varied from a yearly decrease of 0.01 in ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) to a yearly decrease ABPI of 0.014 in 21% of participants. Quality of evidence ranged from low to moderate mostly due to limited allocation concealment at recruitment and survival selection bias.Progression of PAD in IC patients is probably underestimated in the literature due to study design issues. Predicting which patients with claudication are likely to deteriorate to critical limb ischaemia is difficult since there is a lack of evidence related to lower limb prognosis. Further research is required to enable early identification of patients at high risk of progressing to critical ischaemia and appropriate early revascularisation to reduce lower limb morbidity. Intermittent claudication (IC) is the first symptom of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is associated with significant functional impairment , 2. PatiSince it is expected that the majority of patients with IC will have a relatively benign lower limb prognosis, the recommended first-line treatment strategy is conservative treatment . This inIf those patients with claudication at high risk for deterioration to critical limb ischaemia could be identified before the onset of gangrene and tissue loss, early revascularisation could possibly reduce the risk of minor amputations, major amputations, local and systemic sepsis from ulcers and wet gangrene and mortality . InterveCurrently there are no predictive formulae that allow the clinician to estimate the level of risk of an individual patient with intermittent claudication to progress to critical limb ischaemia or the time scale in which this is likely to occur . For effIn order to develop predictive formulae for patient specific lower limb management for IC, detailed PAD progression data is crucial, however this is scarce, since the main focus of research has been coronary disease and stroke with less attention paid to the lower limb , 5.This paper evaluated the current evidence related to the progression rate of PAD in patients with IC which is essential for informed clinical decision making.This systematic review was conducted following recommendations from the Cochrane Collaboration . The stuThe search for potentially relevant articles was performed in PubMed and MEDLINE, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Elsevier (Embase and Sciencedirect), Web of Science and CINAHL. Reference lists of retrieved full-text articles were also cross-checked and OpenGrey database was searched for any relevant grey literature. The searches were performed without restrictions on publication date, or publication status. Search results were downloaded into a bibliographic software Refworks (ProQuest LLC).The inclusion criteria for the search strategy consisted of studies on humans and written in the English language. The search terms used for this literature search were identified after reading several publications related to the subject area and through conducting scoping searches. The terms were formulated by three experienced reviewers who have an interest in the subject area. Choice of terms was done independently and was finalised by the main researcher who eliminated duplicates but retained all the identified key words. The literature search sought to identify studies reporting the progression of PAD in patients with IC. Search terms included free text terms and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms related to  intermitAs recommended in the PRISMA statement , before Eligible articles needed to report on the natural history of patients with IC as a symptom of PAD, also documenting progression rate of the disease. Disease progression has been previously suggested to be detectable after twelve months , therefoPrimary endpoints were progression rate in terms of haemodynamic parameters (expressed as time for change in ankle and / or toe pressures) and adverse lower limb events . Secondary endpoints were identification of prognostic factors for the development of adverse lower limb events and for the progression of PAD in patients with IC.While prospective observational longitudinal cohort studies have the most suitable design to investigate the natural history of events , in thisTitles and abstracts of studies identified by the search strategy were assessed in terms of relevance to the study topic. Additional relevant references identified from the bibliography of the reviewed articles and those retrieved from the grey literature search, were also assessed. Full texts of selected articles were retrieved if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were reviewed by two investigators independently . A meta-analysis was planned if clinical homogeneity was observed. The process was pilot-tested on a selection of studies and refined where required. Disagreement between reviewers regarding the article relevance, inclusion or quality was discussed until agreement was reached.Methodological quality of each trial was evaluated systematically with the aid of the Cochrane handbook  and repoThe initial database search yielded a total of 793 potentially relevant papers and an additional paper was retrieved from grey literature search. These were processed as illustrated in Fig. Eight full-text articles met the selection criteria reporting temporal progression of PAD in patients with IC , 24–30. We identified 8 studies which evaluated the progression of PAD in patients with IC. Only two studies , 25 repoIn summary, the results of this study demonstrate that yearly haemodynamic decline in ABPI was reported in two study by 0.014  and 0.01The prognostic value of the reports presented in the selected studies is limited due to the quality of evidence of each trial. Overall the reviewers rated the quality of evidence for progression rate of PAD in patients with IC as low mainly owing to the possibility of serious risk of bias in these studies Table . For eviSelection bias, because of inadequate allocation concealment at recruitment stage was observed in four out of the seven studies reviewed , 25–27. Survival selection bias was evident in 6 –29 out oThe reporting of methodological detail about aspects that threaten internal validity such as measurement precision of the tools used were often reported. Having reliable and valid instruments is one of the best ways of reducing measurement bias in epidemiologic research. However, reports of measurement quality due to the possibility of arterial calcification and hence reporting, were also neglected, with only one article  reportinThis systematic review is the first to evaluate the progression rate of PAD in individuals with IC in terms of haemodynamic assessments of the lower limb, since previous reviews largely focused on mortality or amputation risks . Data frThe underestimated risk to the limb in PAD patients has also been reported in a systematic review investigating the progression of PAD in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients within the context of amputation and mortality risk , 41. TheCurrent level of knowledge precludes the development of robust predictive formulae to identify the risk of haemodynamic deterioration in an individual patient. It is extremely likely that accurate prediction of patient specific risk of deterioration would lead to a paradigm shift in the management of patients with intermittent claudication. Delaying intervention until the patient has already developed critical ischaemia almost invariably means that more extensive occlusive disease has developed. The more complex and the more extensive the disease the more difficult and the riskier the intervention is and the lower the likelihood of success and long-term patency . FurtherThe poor design and reporting in the selected studies may have introduced bias and reduced the robustness of data , 43. TheThe limitations of this review are mainly related to the significant heterogeneity of data among the studies due to different outcome measures and study cohorts. Therefore, meta-analyses of the data could not be performed and only descriptive analysis of the studies was presented. Methodological quality of the included studies was rigorously assessed.Although efforts were made to carry out a thorough search of the literature, some studies may have been overlooked during the process.This paper highlights the need for further research to evaluate the progression rate of PAD in patients with IC. Data from registries which include complete consecutive patient cohorts and are protected from selection bias, are important to support such knowledge. Future studies should conceal allocation and pursue a high rate of follow-up, with a maximum of twelve-month interval between reviews in order to capture any haemodynamic change and reduce the risk of survival selection bias observed in studies with long interval periods and high attrition rates. Due to the calcification risk and possibility of artefactually elevated ABPIs, future studies need to include Doppler waveform and toe-brachial pressure analysis since these assessment modalities are less susceptible to arterial calcification and more likely to provide reliable haemodynamic data.This review has shown that the existing knowledge on the natural progression of intermittent claudication is limited to a small number of studies providing mostly low-quality evidence related to measurable haemodynamic progression rate. The inherent difficulties associated with ABPI as a surrogate measure of peripheral perfusion in patients with medial arterial calcification and the probable underestimated rate of reported progression of PAD have been highlighted. Consequently, international guidelines on the management of PAD are necessarily generic. Further research into the natural progression of the disease is required to enable the development of predictive formulae to guide patient specific management of the condition.


Thanks to its excellent spatial resolution and dynamic aspect, ultrasound of the shoulder allows an optimal evaluation of tendon, muscle and nerve’ structures in shoulder pain. Through this article and owing to inter-observer reproducibility, we will describe an ultrasound standardized protocol  in basic first ultrasounds . Nowadays the ultrasound in musculoskeletal imaging is an essential tool in patients’ diagnosis and therapeutic management. For years indeed spatial resolution of ultrasound has been increasing and to date dynamic ultrasound examination cannot be replaced by any type of imaging cross sections . Though At the posterior face of the sacpular region, the teres minor muscle, as the most distal part of the cuff is hardly isolately damaged. However it is often injured in massive rotator cuff tears and a key point in prosthetic replacement. The underlying teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles may be the site of post traumatic lesions in throwing sports. With the long head of the triceps, they can also cause pain in impingements of the Velpeau quadrilateral space, a crossing point of the axillary nerve.At the anterior face of the shoulder, uncommon lesions of the myotendinous junction of the supraspinatus, of the short head of the biceps and coracobrachialis mainly occur on violent trauma (skydiving). The musculocutaneous nerve can also be injured at its upper portion between the two sections of the coracobrachialis muscle as the pectoralis major that can be the site of multiple pathologies affecting both the enthesis and the musculotendinous junction.Over the cuff, the deltoid muscle is an significant abductor and shoulder stabilizer that may be injured with a large tendon rupture. It may also be a tendinopathy or myositis.In this article, we will thus successively observe the ultrasound methods of exploration of these less known musculotendinous shoulder structures, and then nervous structures such as axillary nerve and musculo cutaneous nerve also seldom explored.The aim of this issue is to try to standardize the ultrasound examination of the said-difficult shoulders to achieve a systematic review in case of basic first ultrasound examination.The teres minor inserts from the superior mid lateral scapula to the inferior posterior greater tubercle, just below the infraspinatus .The tendon is examined with the arm in abduction and external rotation (similar to the infraspinatus tendon examination). Analysis is performed arms along the body in internal rotation or hand onto the contralateral shoulder Figure . SagittaNo specific pathology of teres minor was reported though its precise exploration in posterior shoulder pain can give lots of information and helpful in case of pre prosthetic examination in extensive rotator cuff ruptures .The Teres Major originates from the anterolateral plane of the scapula with an oblique up, forward and outward direction. It lies into depth of the long head of the brachial triceps and is inserted onto the medial bicipital groove through a short tendon, common to the Latissimus Dorsi . At the Exploring the Teres Major can be with arm elevation, abduction and external rotation (like a waiter with his tray) to follow continuously from its origin to its scapular humeral insertion (without changing the exploration position so as to explore the axilla). However this position is uncomfortable and difficult to maintain for the patient. Two types of injury are mainly described: tendinous avulsions and acute  or subacute (golf) injuries of the myotendinous junction in young athletes .Sectional explorations seem easier to us:Sagittal medial cross section performed next to the lateral edge of the tip of the scapula allowing to distinguish the Teres Major from the Latissimus Dorsi , in neutral or external rotation Figure .Intermediate axial cross section performed in the axis of the long head of the Triceps Brachii covering the Teres Major muscle  Figure .Axial distal section of humeral insertion in external rotation of the thick portion of the Coracobrachialis, of the brachial artery below the sub scapularis and the Pectoralis Major. The myotendinous junction of the brachial biceps only needs to be located behind the insertion of the Pectoralis Major and the probe shift to the medial arm Figure .As adductor and medial rotator of the arm, it extends from the thoracolumbar spine T7 – L5) and the iliac crest twisting on itself to the bottom of the intertuberosity channel between the Pectoralis Major and Teres Major muscles  and their equivalent function. Clinical implications are mostly minimal: the Latissimus Dorsi is used as transfer in reconstruction surgery without major clinical consequences .As in Teres Major, the humeral insertion is ultrasound-guided through an anterior approach and the arm in external rotation Figure . Yet theThe Quadrilateral Space Syndrome is limited:Up by Teres Minor muscleDown by Teres Major muscleInside by the long portion of the Triceps muscleOutside by the medial part of the proximal humeral diaphysis Figure .Both the posterior circumflex artery and the axillary nerve are held inside. The axillary nerve belongs to the posterior bundle of the Brachial Plexus and provides motor innervation of the Deltoid and Teres Minor and sensory innervation of the stump of the shoulder. It goes from the subscapular muscle and the axillary artery to the Velpeau Quadrilateral Space 78.7To analyze and locate the Velpeau Quadrilateral Space, a posterior axial cross section centered onto the Triceps Brachii tendon with the arm along the body in internal rotation  is needed.The content analysis:A posterior sagittal cross section helps locating the infraspinatus and Teres Minor . The circumflex artery and the posterior axillary nerve are opposite the lower portion of Teres Minor in a small echoic fatty angle.Posterior axial section allows identifying the circumflex artery in an axial plane. Color Doppler can be useful to confirm the vascular origin Figure .The long head of the Triceps Brachii originates in the infra-glenoid fossa of a short tendon . The tenIn axial cross section, the tendon of the Triceps Brachii shows the lateral edge of the Velpeau Quadrilateral Space. Adjunct tendon bundles are not identifiable. The first layer shows the Teres Minor muscle and a small triangle with the fatty axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery. The dynamic maneuvers with tricipital contraction make the difference between the long head of the Triceps Brachii muscle of the underlying Teres Major Figure .At the myotendinous junction of the supra spinatus , an anterior tendinous complex and a posterior aponeurotic portion. This was analyzed in a conventional position, hand on the buttock with shoulder on retro drive through inside-out sagittal cross sections with a “comma” appearance. This may be the root of symptomatic myotendinous crack, responsible for posterior shoulder pain Figure  9]..9].The coracoid process (except in traumatic context of fracture in which ultrasound is in our experience a very simple and efficient examination) is the site of insertion on its lateral plane of the short head the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis with very few pathologies type tendinosis or crack. Calcifications with hydroxyapatite resorption can arise yet.On its medial plane the pectoralis minor inserts medially to the horizontal portion of the coracoid process, with no specific pathology.The ultrasound-guided exploration is performed in axial plane, arm in external rotation and then externally down to go on with the Biceps brachii and Coracobrachialis biceps muscles or internally to study the pectoralis minor Figures –13.The Musculocutaneous nerve originates from the lateral cord of the Brachial Plexus. It runs between the two heads of the Coracobrachialis muscle at the upper third of the arm. Then it arises front to the Brachialis muscle and back to the Biceps brachii muscle .Anteriorly to the elbow joint, it inclines laterally to the distal tendon of the Biceps Brachii with a semicircular-shape path. The nerve lies then on the deep slope of the cephalic vein.At the forearm, it becomes the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and pierce deep to the cephalic vein. Anatomic variations are possible. Its lesion is responsible for hypoesthesia of the lateral plane of the forearm .Exploration is done arms along the body with axial cross sections according to the elevator’s technique identifying the Coracobrachialis nerve that crosses back and forward Figure .As adductor, medial rotator and antepulsion of the arm, the Pectoralis Major consists of three portions converging to the bottom and side of the bicipital groove , sternal head (1/2 > sternum), Abdominal costo portion  ..2].A lesion is observed in 0.3% to 9.2% of rotator cuff tears, usually in its middle portion. After (massive) cuff rupture, two mechanisms may occur: ascension of the humeral head with subacromial impingement possibly leading to avulsion; Lateral subluxation of the humeral head causing an impingement between the greater tubercle and the deep surface of the myotendinous junction .In case of sports injuries, most of the lesions on anterior and middle portions of the Deltoid  Figure  13]. Ul. Ul13]. This standardized ultrasound-guided examination allows an optimal and reproducible study of resistant shoulder pain and first ultrasound-guided examinations unable to explain the patient’s symptomatology.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.


The N to O photoisomerization pathways and absorption properties of the various stable and metastable species have been computed, providing a simple rationalization of the photoconversion trend in this series of complexes. The dramatic decrease of the N to O photoisomerization efficiency going from the first to the last complex is mainly attributed to an increase of the photoproduct absorption at the irradiation wavelength, rather than a change in the photoisomerization pathways.Ruthenium nitrosyl complexes are fascinating versatile photoactive molecules that can either undergo NO linkage photoisomerization or NO photorelease. The photochromic response of three ruthenium mononitrosyl complexes,  Our results unambiguously point towards an increasing absorption of the isonitrosyl photoproduct at the irradiation wavelength used to trigger the N→O linkage photoisomerization to explain the decrease of the photoconversion yield going from


Action is needed to face the global threat arising from inconsistent rainfall, rise in temperature, and salinization of farm lands which may be the product of climate change. As crops are adversely affected, man and animals may face famine. Plants are severely affected by abiotic stress , which impairs yield and results in loss to farmers and to the nation at large. However, microbes have been shown to be of great help in the fight against abiotic stress, via their biological activities at the rhizosphere of plants. The external application of chemical substances such as glycine betaine, proline, and nutrients has helped in sustaining plant growth and productive ability. In this review, we tried to understand the part played by bioinoculants in aiding plants to resist the negative consequences arising from abiotic stress and to suggest better practices that will be of help in today’s farming systems. The fact that absolute protection and sustainability of plant yield under stress challenges has not been achieved by microbes, nutrients, nor the addition of chemicals (osmo-protectants) alone suggests that studies should focus on the integration of these units  into a strategy for achieving a complete tolerance to abiotic stress. Also, other species of microbes capable of shielding plant from stress, boosting yield and growth, providing nutrients, and protecting the plants from harmful invading pathogens should be sought. The unpredictability of the hydrological cycle has posed a serious challenge to farmers, horticulturists, and to the global community, concerning its effect in meeting food needs of mankind and animals. The number of people to be fed is constantly increasing and food supplies are not meeting the demand.In order to increase the quantity and quality of crops grown, agriculturists have intensified the use of open and ground water sources for irrigation purposes, which has a corresponding salinization implication.However, the use of bioinoculants (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) has been of great help in combating this abiotic-climate-induced change that limits the overall performance of plants under stress  introduction of beneficial chemical substances as supplement has been used to improve resilience, yield, and tolerance of plants to the toxicity of these stress-imposed conditions, such as the application of caffeic acid  oxide and increased atmospheric heat , and salinity issues. The biotechnological application of microbes may address the rising problem and ensure sustainability in the provision of food for all. In addition, the use of biofuels in automobiles as well as the practice of afforestation should be encouraged to help cut down on greenhouse gas accumulation for effective control of climate change. The use of electric automobiles should also be incentivized.Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are those indispensable microbes possessing the unique abilities of supporting directly and indirectly the wellbeing of plants. These microbes, in order to survive in the rhizosphere, expanded their biological activities that influence the survival and growth of plants Babalola .2− solubilizing enzyme  in many parts of the world. The gradual delay or low level of rainfall due to the influence of climate adjustment to manmade activities is affecting the biotic aspect of the ecosystem particularly green plants which are the primary and major producers of food upon which all life forms depend for meeting their daily nutritional needs.The effect of drought is obvious, yet the microbes domiciled at the root zone of plants, known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, have proven to contribute to the tolerance and quick adaptation and adjustment of plants to drought stress Table  via suppThe survival and enhanced influence of endophytic microbes toward poplar adaptation to water stress, for example, revealed that the presence of these organisms aided the physiological wellbeing of the plant and enabled it to tolerate water scarcity in the soil. The result showed 28% increase in biomass (shoot and roots) as against the control , which stimulate growth and the resultant stress annulment for better performance of the plant.In line with the survival-induced strategy, the endophytes will produce a poly-sugar substance known as trehalose, capable of protecting biologically produced compounds and molecules from breakdown during water induced osmotic tension  to tolerate drought as well as salt disturbances  capable of destroying pathogen/invaders of plants and encourages plants to tolerate abiotic stresses as well as living organisms inducing stress on plants. It could be regarded as a plant growth-promoting bacteria and is widely studied by researchers  for their nutrition  which was able to hydroxylate the substrate putrescine  in the presence of coenzyme (FAD and NADPH). The hydroxamate is a crucial part in siderophore synthesis. It is responsible for binding to irons and other metallic elements in the rhizosphere . The drought interfered with chlorophyll Aspalathus linearis) was subjected to drought condition via withholding of water supply to the plant. This led to an observable effect on the photosynthetic rate of the plant by 40% reduction as well as 61% reduction in stomatal conductance, as a consequences of continuous closure of stomata to maintain intracellular water content and cut down on water loss from the leaves. This is one of the strategies plants adopt to increase their efficiency in the use of water during drought stress periods. Drought-induced closure of stomata has a direct connection with the reduction in plant assimilation and fixation of carbon (IV) oxide from the atmosphere. Inadequate supply of water directly impedes the process of photosynthesis in plants. Preferential development and growth of underground plant parts (roots) to shoot parts of the plant undergoing stress was also observed, which enabled the plant to absorb more water from the inner layer of the earth . This consequently makes the plant more dependent on the available nitrogen in the soil  could be a good measure in reducing water stress on rice plants. Potassium nutrient applied at a concentration of 120 kg per hectare was able to increase rice yield and the index of its harvest within 15 days of water scarcity  greatly encouraged the resistance of soybean to drought stress and decreased its detrimental effect on the formation of nodules by the microbe  at the 10th day to 15th day of stress, while the root biomass or dry weight/root growth increased (by 100.96%). This means that drought promotes the accumulation of nutrient and photosynthetic products at the root and stimulates its growth and development to maintain balance, adjustment, and sustainability of plant physiological adaptation to the stress problem. Soybean species (SJ-4) possessing unique genetic/physiological characteristics performed better than others under drought stress and should be the crop of choice for drought-predominant locations  in the leaves of tomato plant and increased value of the relative water content of the leaves of the plant confer resistance to drought by tomato plant. Proline is responsible for sustaining the movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration in response to concentration gradient between the plant and its environment. It helps the plant maintain its turgor intracellular pressure by facilitating movement of available water from the soil into the root of the plant  undergoing drought stress helped to offset the effect of drought on the plant by 20% compared to the untreated control which showed a decrease in dry matter of the plant by 54 and 56% on the photosynthesis retardation of the plant under drought stress  for dissolution and absorption of solubilized POThe presence of mycorrhizal fungi adds further surface area for water and nutrient acquisition, thereby making the plant more resilient and tolerant to the climate change-induced stress. This notwithstanding, they also partake in structure building, arrangement, and improvement of soil for proper aeration and migration of water together with nutrients in the soil, making the soil healthy and fertile  can produce organic acid  and will be able to mineralize or solubilize P via ionic interaction of the charged group in these molecules. These solubilizers of P play a part in the enrichment of soil fertility and supporting plant nutritional requirements irrespective of the prevailing bioavailability or non-bioavailability of the nutrient in the soil. Though the level of available P can determine the function of the microbes as it relates to solubilization of P, the higher the available nutrients, the less the quest to solubilize already immobilized phosphorus and vice versa. Microbes are the key players in the replenishment of P in the soil , on the other hand, possess the ability of protecting a legume (Medicago truncatula) from senescence of the leaves under drought stress  Keyvan . ObviousThe test plants survived the water stress by employing an adjustment in the osmotic behavior of their root systems leading to the accumulation of solutes such as proline in their cells to maintain the cell structure and function during water scarcity. This adjustment in osmosis to sustain the turgidity of the plant cells directly influences the escalation level of photosynthesis and tissue growth of plant during drought stress  aided the tolerance of cowpea plant to water scarcity stress and boosted the quality of NO3− (nitrate) and amino acid (proline) in the inoculated plant  and water-deficient (dry farming) systems with a mixture of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer in an integrated fertilization practice encouraged the plant to efficiently adapt to the water-deficient condition and accumulate both macro- and micronutrients in the tissues of the plant compared to the use of chemical fertilizer alone. The application of bioinoculants and mineral fertilizer to a plant growing in a water-limiting environment is more Table  effectivAzotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescence together with phosphorus fertilizer, and was able to boost the inorganic P content of the plant (soybean) growing under insufficient and abundant water content of the soil. The N content of the leaves and root of the soybean plant were increased by 6 and 8% under water stress condition. The absorption of phosphorus in the soybean plant under the influence of bioinoculant increased by 16% .The deleterious nature of sodium chloride and other salt compounds on the growth and development of plants particularly in inducing water limitation stress and uncontrollable negative stomata closure cannot be overemphasized. This necessitates the application of an attenuation strategy to cancel the effect of salt on crops.Pseudomonas and endomycorrhizae on cowpea plant undergoing salt-induced stress showed a decrease in the mycorrhizal infection of the plant. Treatment of 6000 ppm sodium chloride in the presence of the fungi and bacteria increased the carotenoid concentration (0.449 mg/g). Also, osmolytes (proline and sugars) increased in the presence of endomycorrhizae inoculation in the plant. Irrigation with tap water in the midst of endomycorrhizae and Pseudomonas fluorescens gave higher fresh and dry weight, pod length, seed number, and protein content of the cowpea plant , enhancing survival within the presence of these limited resources by aggregating in masses  of cells at both living and non-living surfaces present at the root environment and contributing indirectly to tolerance ability of the plant to stress  contributed to maize salt tolerance by enhancing its chlorophyll production level via colonizing and interacting with the plant roots. It also aids in the exclusion of sodium from the plant root, and stimulates the production of sugars and antioxidant within the tissues of the maize plant  under the study at salt concentration as high as 6% and possess the capability of phytohormone (IAA) production together with fungicidal enzyme production that contributes to the growth, protection, and tolerance of the plant to biotic and abiotic stress  on salt-stressed wheat plants has resulted in adequate adaptation of two wheat plant species to salt-influenced stress and improved its yield  subjected to salt stress, the plant was able to maintain its chlorophyll composition and tissue components. Mo being a unique player (cofactor) in cellular enzyme biosynthesis and activities enhanced the formation of chlorophyll and maintenance of adequate cellular function  as an additive to plants facing salinity stress. When molybdenum was applied to a bean plant  from Kutch Desert has a unique strain of bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis strain A2), which solubilized phosphate, produced indole acetic acid, siderophore etc., and contributed to 31% groundnut height and 43% biomass increment of the plant and 24 and 28% rise when grown in 50 mM sodium chloride supplemented soil  tolerate salt stress. The applied caffeic acid stimulated the NO (nitric oxide) composition of the nodules, which has a direct relationship with the induction of cyclic guanine monophosphate responsible for controlling reactive oxygen radicals produced in the stressed plant. Caffeic acid helps to shield nitrogenase enzyme and leghemoglobin of the soybean root nodules from the destructive effect of sodium and chloride ions, thereby adding to the growth of the plant by enabling the symbionts to fix nitrogen adequately to meet plant nitrogen requirements. Caffeic acid has also been implicated in chlorosis suppression of treated plants undergoing salinity-induced stress  were also decreased by the inhibitory effect of the high salt concentration in the plant environment. Protein content of the plant was also affected as observed in the appearance and disappearance of protein bands in the plant samples analyzed  capable of producing plant hormone (IAA) at the rhizosphere of inoculated cotton plant subjected to salt stress completely averted salinity stress on cotton plant  that resulted in the increase in seed germination (15.40%), growth, and overall tolerance of cotton to salinity stress  possessing the survival ability of changing its membrane phospholipid composition when subjected to stress condition and also producing indole acetic acid, siderophores, deaminase enzyme, and utilization of nitrate happens to improve the growth (root and shoot) of groundnut plant subjected to salt stress better than a well-known classified Bradyrhizobium sp. (C145) accepted as a suitable groundnut inoculant by the Argentine INTA organization. The organism also performed better in the production of biofilm than Bradyrhizobium and recorded high tolerance to 300 mmol sodium chloride and higher temperature , collectively regarded as bokashi, have proven to be effective in shielding Mandarin tree (citrus plant) from salt stress and improving its productivity, and the nutritional content of the fruit, and also in enhancing the rhizosphere microbial community count and population  and a consortium of microbes known as “Kocuria erythromyxa EY43 and Staphylococcus kloosii EY37 were found to be very potent in increasing strawberry plant growth, chlorophyll, mineral content, and fruit yield. The organism was able to inhibit the absorption of toxic ions (sodium and chloride ions) from the plant rhizosphere making a salinity-sensitive strawberry plant insensitive and tolerant to the condition of salt stress  with applied jasmonic acid synergistically improved the overall tolerance of tomato plants (wild type and mutant species) to salinity. The combined applied microbe–jasmonic acid enhanced root and shoot growth of the plant, brought about proper regulation of glutathione content of the plant, and enabled it overcome the detrimental effects of salinity. It was noted that the microbial-jasmonate treatment lowered the intracellular abscisic acid level of the plants  from salt stress better than the well-known microbes exhibiting excellent characteristics of plant growth promotion such as Microbacterium natoriense and Pseudomonas brassicacearum  isolated from the plant (Moringa peregrina) bark possesses high indole acetic acid production capacity and ACC-deaminase was able to improve the growth and development of tomato plant seedlings  responsible for degrading the plant product known as aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the precursor of the plant hormone (ethylene) (Adams and Yang Mesorhizobium MBD26 and Rhizobacteria RHD 18) with an observed nodulation capacity of 49 nodules per plant, 201 mg weight of nodules, 12.28 mg per plant nitrogen, and a rise in 31.2% of the above the soil plant part dry weight (shoot dry weight). The result was further increased to 53 nodules and 116.9% grain produced, with N2 level spanning between 9.59 and 27.36 mg per plant investigated  necessary for the production of ethylene. This helped to limit the action of this hormone  and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) also constitute a problem to crops. They are implicated in the formation of alkaline soil that results in elevated soil pH and interferes with the bioavailability of phosphorus, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc resulting in induced nutrient deficiency and osmotic stress capable of interfering with the proper biological function of the plant  could aid greatly in ensuring continuous and efficient agricultural practices that will manage the stress and boost the yield of crops.


The article presented a survey data on work environment predictors and productivity of selected academic staff of selected public universities in Southern, Nigeria. The study adopted a quantitative approach with a survey research design to establish the major determinants of work environments in the selected public universities. Data was analysed with the use of structural equation modelling and the field data set is made widely accessible to enable critical or a more comprehensive investigation. The findings identified meaningful work and growth opportunities as predictive factors for maximizing productivity in the sampled institutions. Specification tableValue of data●The data can be used by government and other stakeholders to make decisions that in the long-run would lead to maximum productivity in our tertiary institutions.●The data can be used to advise government on the importance of healthy work environments and how it can be beneficial to the overall productivity of the institutions.●The data provides information on how different work environment attributes can interact effectively to enhance productivity and sustaining greater commitment.1Creating healthy work environment has become an important success factor in any competitive and demanding environments such as the educational sector. The study is quantitative in nature and data were retrieved from staff and management of the sampled institutions. The use of semi structured questionnaire was adopted to elicit information from selected respondents. The use of questionnaire was relevant because the sample was large enough to accommodate statistical analysis and integrate the socio-demographic and work environment variables. An extensive list of items in the questionnaire was developed to understand the nature and the type of work environments provided by the sampled institutions. Work Environment was measured using items adapted from previous studies The variables considered include: the extent of meaningful work, degree of physical work-milieu, trust leadership, growth opportunities and the levels of supportive management . The retTo support the measurement model, the use of structural equation modelling (SEM) was adopted to explain the relationship between sets of observed and latent variables . The conA comparative analysis of the selected public (state) universities was also capture as presented in 2Of the 250 copies of questionnaire distributed, 224 responses were received, resulting in a response rate of 89.6%. Academic staff of selected five public universities , South-west, were represented in this study. The use of questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data on the assessment of work environments and productivity among University academic staff. Participants were requested to respond to items in a self-administered, quick-answer, structured (close-ended) and unstructured (open-ended) copies of questionnaire. Primary data were collected using questionnaire.The choice of using questionnaire for collecting data from the cross section of the sampled population depend on the variables that were measured, the source and the resources available. The collection of data for this study was achieved by requesting and obtaining relevant data provided directly by the staff of the sampled firms to maximise timeliness and data accuracy. The researchers established and maintained good relationships with the sampled respondents in order to obtain a good response rate. In order to maximise return rates, the items in the questionnaire were designed to be as simple and clear as possible, with targeted sections and questions. The questionnaire contained structured questions (with multiple choice and open-ended questions) which were used to encourage respondents to reply at length and choose their own focus to some extent.Data collection for this study involved a combination of different activities. The first step was to recruit and train Field Assistant to administer the questionnaire alongside the researchers. Five (5) people were recruited and trained on questionnaire administration and other social issues associated with it. They (the research assistant) were also trained to understand the study questionnaire, the processes necessary for successful administration, their allotment in the administration, how to solve probable challenges they may encounter. The training was to ensure that all assistant had a thorough understanding of the concept, the place, the people and the instrument before proceeding into the field.The responses from multiple choice and open-ended questions were thematized to facilitate clearly identifiable database entry and analysis. The data collected were extracted and converted into electronic format and subsequently coded by assigning numerical values to the responses. The study indicated a meaningful relationship between work environments and productivity among academic staff of the selected institutions. The collected data were coded and analysed using SPSS version 22. Data was analysed applying descriptive (bar chart) and inferential statistical tests such as structural equation modelling (SEM). Importantly, the study participants were academic staff of the sampled public universities; participants have worked with the institution(s) for a minimum period of 3 years and finally, participants were accessible as at the time of the survey and interviews. The researchers ensured that respondents were well informed about the background and the purpose of this research and they were kept abreast with the participation process. Respondents were offered the opportunity to stay anonymous and their responses were treated confidentially.


Local spread patterns of malignant tumors follow permissive tissue territories, i.e., cancer fields, as shown for cervical and vulvar carcinoma. The cancer fields are associated in reverse order to the mature derivatives of the morphogenetic fields instrumental in the stepwise development of the tissue from which the tumor arose. This suggests that cancer progression may be linked to morphogenesis by inversion of the cellular bauplan sequence. Successive attractor transitions caused by proliferation-associated constraints of topobiological information processing are proposed for both morphogenesis and cancer. In morphogenesis these transitions sequentially activate bauplans with increasing complexity at decreasing plasticity restricting the permissive territories of the progenitor cell populations. Somatic mutations leading to cell proliferation in domains normally reserved for differentiation trigger the inverse cascade of bauplan changes that increase topobiological plasticity at decreased complexity and stepwise enlarge the permissive territory of neoplastic cells consistent with the clinical manifestations of cancer. The order provided by the sequence of attractor transitions and the defined topography of the permissive territories can be exploited for more accurate tumor staging and for locoregional tumor treatment either by surgery or radiotherapy with higher curative potential. Most cancer researchers accept a model of oncogenesis that is based on the principle of random variation and selection. Following a neo-Darwinian concept random genomic mutations selected for reproductive fitness within the ecosystem of the cell's microenvironment transform normal cells into cancer cells. Sequential additional mutations drive their malignant progression by clonal expansion to the invasive and metastatic phenotypes . A stochin vitro , functional multipopulation units (organs) and, finally, organisms. All stable states, from the levels of living cell to living organism represent attractors in the corresponding state spaces of the cell's genetic regulatory network established by evolution , 16. Insbauplan, a layer of the cell's genetic regulatory network as self-organizing complex system stabilized by dynamical attractors. The German term bauplan was introduced into the field of embryology initially to describe archetypical body plans of different species  and physical phenomena  and to respond with programmed activities such as proliferation, migration, aggregation, differentiation, quiescence, apoptosis, etc. to assemble tissue structures. Simultaneously, the cells produce topobiological information by themselves generating collectively the morphogenetic field.We assume that morphogenesis is executed by cell populations with a hierarchical sequence of a common  species . The bauormation  presenteBesides the bauplan, the cell's genetic regulatory network determines at different other layers biological features such as metabolism and energy production which are also relevant for morphogenesis. All layers interact with each other but only the bauplan is considered here. Each bauplan can be characterized by two features: (i) complexity of topobiological information that is processed and (ii) plasticity enabling cells to adapt their bauplans to the topobiological information provided by the morphogenetic fields of abutting cell populations. Bauplan changes due to chromatin reorganization that enhance the complexity of topobiological information processing simultaneously decrease its plasticity or adaptability. A totipotent early blastomere cell at the lowest level of morphogenetic hierarchy is characterized by maximum bauplan plasticity, i.e., all potential bauplans inherent in the cell's genome can be realized by interaction with the corresponding microenvironments. Yet, the complexity of topobiological information processing of the totipotent cell is minimal involving mainly physical interactions . The aduDuring morphogenesis the proliferation of the cells increases the topobiological information to be processed by enhancing signals through an increase of cellular surfaces, extracellular matrix and gradients of soluble molecules as well as mechano-transduction that force the cells to respond and thus provides progressive constraints to the system driving its attractor toward instability. At the point of instability bifurcation into new attractors with higher complexity of information processing at decreased plasticity occurs , 22. Eacmorphogenetic metafield. Due to the plasticity of chromatin organization that enables embryonic cells to change their bauplan when facing the morphogenetic fields of the abutting populations, the interactive domain of an embryonic cell type includes the morphogenetic field of its own population and those of the abutting cell populations. This extended territory is termed here ontogenetic tree. The ontogenetic trees for the human cervix uteri (as subcompartment of the Müllerian system) and of the vulva from the phylotypic stage to maturity are shown in ontogenetic anatomic maps. The tissue structures established within the morphogenetic field of a reference cell population during development can be followed morphologically and placed hierarchically into an in situ. Distinct genetic alterations leading to a gain of function of oncogenes and loss of function of tumor suppressor genes are known for long as so called “driver” mutations genetic alterations increasing overall cell proliferation and perturbing the terminal bauplan of the affected clonogenic cell enabling cell divisions at domains normally restricted to differentiation. For epithelial cancers this manifestation is microscopically observable in dysplasia/carcinoma utations . ContinuAs the mature tissue derivatives of the hierarchical morphogenetic (meta-)fields can be determined and expressed in ontogenetic anatomical maps for each tissue of interest, the cancer fields obeying to the reverse hierarchy are morphologically distinct and represent an element of order in the malignant process. The cancer fields for carcinoma of the cervix and the vulva (middle subcompartment) are demonstrated with Associations between morphogenesis and cancer spread have also been demonstrated for malignancies such as carcinoma of the rectum , pancreaThe association between development and malignant disease has been proposed for long dating back to the beginnings of cellular pathology in the nineteenth century and has given rise to many embryology-based cancer theories –37. Modein vivo or in vitro  cells and in cancer cells of the corresponding ontogenetic stage. Although methods to study genome organization with high resolution  have been developed  this appClinically, the construction of ontogenetic trees guided by the morphology of human embryonic and fetal development and their translation into ontogenetic anatomical maps could be accomplished for any tissue from which cancers originate. Ontogenetic tumor staging and cancer field resections as successfully established for the treatment of colorectal, cervical, and vulvar cancer , 40, 41 MH developed the theory of cancer progression by inverse morphogenesis. MH and UB devised the scenario of epigenomic transitions from the scope of self-organizing complex systems. Both authors wrote the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Recent interest in the generation of neural lineages by differentiation of embryonic stem cells arises from the opportunities represented by a developmentally normal, unlimited source of material that can be manipulated genetically with precision. Several experimental approaches, which differ conceptually, in the route of differentiation and the characteristics of the resulting cell population have been reported. In this review we undertake a comparative analysis of these approaches and their suitability for experimental investigation or implantation.


Architects that specialize in designing cultural centers have often been accused of providing spaces that become obsolete in the coming years. This is because as technology and time changes, requirements also change, necessitating new arrangement of spaces. Very few of the spaces provided in cultural centers can however be adapted to other uses. This has affected the sustainability of those spaces. These data present the perceptions of users on the need for, and the features that enhance flexibility in cultural centers. The data were obtained from a questionnaire survey of users of the three (3) cultural centers in Nigeria. The survey was conducted between October and November 2017. The data may facilitate the evidence-based approaches to facilitate improved built environment and will be useful to built environment professionals, policy makers and design researchers. Specifications TableValue of the data•Descriptive statistics were used in the presentation of the dataset which if analyzed will help reveal the factors that affects the use of cultural centers and features that can enhance flexibility in the use of cultural center spaces.•The data could be used in development of design standards in the design of cultural buildings.•The data could be used as bases for comparison of flexibility of spaces in cultural center in different countries.•The data can directly help building design professionals take appropriate decisions in the design of cultural center in Nigeria.•The dataset can be useful to the government and private developers as a guide in addressing the issue of flexibility in design of other cultural center and similar buildings taking into consideration the users׳ perception.•The work is a major improvement over 1The data were drawn out of survey of three (3) cultural centers in South West, Nigeria. The data instrument for the study is the questionnaire containing both open and close-ended questions with each variable measured on the Likert-like five-point scale. Forty-six out of fifty questionnaires administered for the users of the selected cultural center were returned. The data were collected between October and November 2017. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Frequencies and mean score rankings were carried out. 2A survey of users of three (3) cultural centers was carried out in South West, Nigeria. The cultural centers investigated are June 12 cultural center, Ogun State, National Theatre, Lagos State and Oyo Cultural center, Oyo state. Studies A sample of the questionnaire used is presented as


Mazzeo and collegues from Sao Paulo - Brazil shows in a very interesting paper the morphologic and structural changes of renal parenchyma during the clamping of the renal pedicle. Partial nephrectomy  is considered the gold standard for treating localized renal tumors -6. Warm en bloc) clamping was used, the 30 minutes of warm ischemia caused a decrease in the number of glomeruli.Previous studies shows that the swine is the most adequate model for comparison to human kidney anatomy and physiology , 9. TradIn the present paper the authors shows that the number of renal parenchymal lesions derived from ischemia is associated with the duration of the insult, but a interesting result was the significant difference between the types of clamping, and the group with clamping of artery and vein presented a lower frequency of injuries than the group with only the renal artery clamping.According the results of this experimental study during a partial nephrectomy, the en bloc clamping for warm ischemia should be favored over only the renal artery clamping to minimize renal injury after partial nephrectomies, but more studies will be necessary in the future to confirm these results.


The notion of default mode network (DMN) and the dual process theory of thought, topics within different cognitive neuroscience and psychology subfields, have attracted considerable attention and been extensively studied in the past decade. The former originated from experimental evidence on the brain function obtained when an individual is not involved in a specific task, and recent research suggests that the DMN plays a role in mental and neurological disorders  is spontaneously active during periods of “passivity”  between the two ideas. DMN function could be better identified using the well-structured corpus of the dual-process theory of thought, while the DMN could constitute a potential neural basis for use in the dual process theory, thus creating a bridge between the psychology of thinking and neuroscience.GG and FG equally contributed to all phases of the development of the manuscript including conception, literature review, and writing.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Hip fractures impact > 300,000 US older adults yearly resulting in 70,000 deaths and are expected to gain in numbers with the rising population. Residents of skilled nursing facilities are among the highest at risk of sustaining hip fractures due to increased risk of falls and frailty. These most vulnerable stand to experience the most serious results of hip fracture with > 50% resulting in total dependency and/or death. Care providers are focused on providing an environment of safety with implementation of traditionally utilized fall prevention measures. Unfortunately, the maintenance of safety in this high-risk population often comes at the price of limiting independent mobility. The utilization of passive hip protector padding for those recognized as being at high risk of hip fracture can decrease the risk of hip fracture by 82%; however, challenges to adherence of hip protectors limit the effectiveness of this widely utilized measure. Emerging technology in the form of a smart belt was evaluated in a skilled nursing setting to offer insight into efficacy and user adherence. The smart belt is capable of sensing when the wearer is experiencing a motion that would likely result in a fall onto the hip, deploy an anatomically conforming airbag and alert caregivers that a fall has occurred. The embedding of the hip protection technology into care planning led to daily patient utilization totaling over 3000 hours. Specific findings of the user derived motion and experience will be articulated through case studies and illustration of the technology captured motion data.


Service-learning (SL) is a contested field of knowledge and issues of sustainability and scholarship have been raised about it. The South African Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC) has provided policy documents to guide higher education institutions (HEIs) in the facilitation of SL institutionalisation in their academic programmes. An implementation framework was therefore needed to institutionalise the necessary epistemological shifts advocated in the national SL policy guidelines.This article is based on the findings of a doctoral thesis that aimed at developing an SL implementation framework for the School of Nursing (SoN) at the University of the Western Cape (UWC).Mixed methods were used during the first four phases of the design and development intervention research model developed by Rothman and Thomas.The SL implementation framework that was developed during Phase 3 specified the intervention elements to address the gaps that had been identified by the core findings of Phases 1 and 2. Four intervention elements were specified for the SL implementation framework. The first intervention element focused on the assessment of readiness for SL institutionalisation. The development of SL capacity and SL scholarship was regarded as the pivotal intervention element for three of the elements: the development of a contextual SL definition, an SL pedagogical model, and a monitoring and evaluation system for SL institutionalisation.The SL implementation framework satisfies the goals of SL institutionalisation, namely to develop a common language and a set of principles to guide practice, and to ensure the allocation of resources in order to facilitate the SL teaching methodology. The contextualised SL definition that was formulated for the SoN contributes to the SL operationalisation discourse at the HEI. ButinThe institutionalisation of SL in the academic programmes of South African HEIs is guided by the policy documents of the Higher Education Quality Committee HEQC :9–10 revThe latest institutional audit by the HEQC suggests that the strategic objectives of the UWC in relation to CE and SL implementation strategies need to be reviewed (CHE 2008:19). Likewise, the SoN at the UWC has had an obligation to formalise a framework for institutionalising SL in its nursing programme in order to encapsulate the mission of the UWC as an engaged institution and to facilitate the necessary epistemological amendments Julie :1832 advThe aim was to develop an SL implementation framework for the SoN at the UWC.Engagement: The partnership between the knowledge and resources of a university and the expertise of the public and private sectors enriches scholarship, research and creative activity; enhances the curriculum, teaching and learning; prepares educated, engaged citizens; strengthens democratic values and civic responsibility; addresses critical societal issues, and contributes to the public good  has been conceptualised as an engaged pedagogy that integrates theory with relevant community service projects. The SL assignments and group discussions have been designed to facilitate a more reflective approach towards greater integration of the contents of the psychiatric mental health nursing and gender-based violence modules with social responsiveness within nursing as an overarching discipline  integration of engagement into operations; (2) forging partnerships as the overarching framework; (3) renewing and redefining discovery and scholarship; (4) integrating engagement into teaching and learning; (5) recruiting and supporting new champions, and (6) creating radical institutional change  develop a common language, (2) compile a set of principles to guide practice and (3) ensure the allocation of resources to facilitate the SL teaching methodology HEQC :138. TheThe intervention study met all the prescribed ethical procedures of the UWC and received ethical clearance from the Senate Ethics Committee, project registration number 11/1/37 Julie :1836.Limited success was achieved with the building of an authentic community of practice amongst the SL teaching team during the piloting phase of the SL pedagogical model.The developed implementation framework needs to be implemented and evaluated as the next steps to complete the Design & Development Intervention Research. The SL definition that was developed for the school should be regarded as a work in progress, since it was developed before the 11 nurse educators completed the accredited SL short course in 2013. Therefore, this preliminary SL definition will be further refined by a master's degree nurse educator student who is prepared to take up the challenge.This study addresses the gap identified that most HEIs in South Africa fail to establish a standard practice for SL within the formalised systems of their respective academic programmes. The SL implementation framework of this study specifies the intervention elements (change strategies) needed to bridge the gaps that have been identified by the core findings of Phases 1 and 2. The design phase thus includes change intervention elements aimed at bridging the prevailing theory-practice gap that emanated from the conceptual confusion relating to (1) differentiating between SL and other forms of community engagement curricular activities, (2) addressing the lack of knowledge of the national SL policy guidelines by involving the academic staff and clinical supervisors in SL capacity building and SL scholarship, (3) developing an SL pedagogical model for the SoN by providing concrete implementation guidelines to embed SL pedagogy in undergraduate nursing modules that are amenable to this pedagogy , and (4) formulating SL institutionalisation criteria for the nursing programme at the SoN in accordance with the SL quality indicators of the HEQC.


Age-dependent declines in muscle function are observed across species. The loss of mobility resulting from the decline in muscle function represents an important health issue and a key determinant of quality of life for the elderly. It is believed that changes in the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction are important contributors to the observed declines in motor function with increased age. Numerous studies indicate that the aging muscle is an important contributor to the deterioration of the neuromuscular junction but the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the degeneration of the synapse remain incompletely described. Importantly, growing data from both animal models and humans indicate that exercise can rejuvenate the neuromuscular junction and improve motor function. In this review we will focus on the role of muscle-derived neurotrophin signaling in the rejuvenation of the aged neuromuscular junction in response to exercise. Research over the past two decades has uncovered novel roles of skeletal muscle beyond its contractile function. Today skeletal muscle is recognized as a major endocrine organ with the capacity to secrete signals and act on distal targets such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, brain and endothelium. In response to environmental or dietary challenges, as well as to organelle and metabolic dysfunctions, the skeletal muscle secretes signals in the form of myokines, myometabolites, neurotrophins and other muscle-derived signals to help maintain the metabolic and physiological homeostasis of the organism 1345Drosophila larval NMJ. During the initial ~100 hours of larval development, the surface area of the muscle increases nearly 100-fold, which results in a large reduction in the electrical resistance of the muscle making the muscle harder to depolarize. Despite this change in the muscle, the depolarization of the muscle by the motor neuron is precisely maintained throughout development to insure normal larval motility. To maintain the consistent depolarization of the muscle, the presynaptic nerve terminal releases increasing amounts of neurotransmitter. To facilitate the increase in neurotransmission, the larval NMJ grows by increasing the number of boutons at the synapse 10-fold during developmental growth (Note: Boutons are morphometric structures of the Drosophila NMJ that is commonly used as a quantitative measure of synapse size) During development the increase in muscle size due to fiber growth results in a change in the resistance of the growing muscle fiber to the depolarizing input of the motor neuron. This change in the electrical properties requires a precise concomitant change in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic nerve terminal to maintain faithful depolarization of the muscle. The mechanism coupling muscle growth and synaptic input is the production of muscle-derived retrograde trophic signaling that supports the growth of the synaptic innervation. A beautiful example of this coupling is observed during the development of the The preciseness of the adjustments in neurotransmitter release during larval growth suggests that the presynaptic nerve terminal is being informed about the increasing size of the muscle. This possibility proposes a signal originating from the muscle that instructs the motor neuron, and the nerve terminal, about the size of the growing muscle. Support for this model was provided by Goodman and colleagues who showed in a series of experiments that muscle-derived bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Glass bottom boat (Gbb) and the presynaptic type II BMP receptor Wishful-thinking (Wit) function in a retrograde genetic pathway required for normal synapse growth; and the lack of either leads to a smaller than normal synapse with reduced neurotransmission 9At the mammalian NMJ, a number of neurotrophins (NTs) have been shown to be required for proper development of the NMJ 56121314151617181820In vitro and in vivo treatment with BDNF, GDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 potentiates both the spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter at the NMJ 24252627252+ channel activation leading to enhanced Ca2+ influx into the nerve terminal 2+ influx by muscle-derived retrograde signaling has also been demonstrated at the Drosophila larval NMJ in response to genetic or pharmacologic reduction in the sensitivity of the muscle to neurotransmitter, supporting that calcium influx into the presynaptic nerve terminal represents a conserved mechanism of retrograde control of presynaptic neurotransmitter release 330In addition to effects on NMJ morphology, several studies have revealed potent effects of NTs on neurotransmission at the NMJ 622One of the most remarkable properties of the NMJ is its ability to maintain normal function in the face of physical stresses such as extended periods of increased physical activity. During increased physical activity, the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic nerve terminal must be sufficient for each contraction without exhausting the store of synaptic vesicles. A number of studies have demonstrated that both endurance and resistance training stimulate extensive morphological adaptations of the presynaptic nerve terminal of the NMJ. Examinations of the NMJ morphology of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), plantaris and gluteus maximus muscles in both mice and rats revealed that strenuous physical training induces NMJ hypertrophy leading to an increase in the degree and length of nerve terminal branching 3233343534Figure 1B).The changes observed at the NMJ in response to increased physical activity suggest the existence of an exercise-induced muscle-derived retrograde signal(s) that can modify the morphological and functional properties of the NMJ to adapt to the demands on neurotransmitter release. To that end, several studies have demonstrated elevated BDNF, GDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 levels in skeletal muscles post involuntary and voluntary exercise 38394041424343Figure 1A) 464748495051525345555759th to the 10th decade of life The progressive declines in skeletal muscle mass, referred to as sarcopenia, and muscle strength are broadly observed in mammals and represents one of the first hallmarks of aging. Numerous studies in rodent models have demonstrated that the loss of motor function with age is accompanied with changes in the structural integrity of the NMJ Drosophila larval NMJ requires TOR signaling within the muscle, a known cellular signaling system important for adaptive responses to aging 7234556264747576Figure 1A). Thus, the critical signal for the homeostatic increase in neurotransmission is not observed during aging. Furthermore, synaptic homeostasis in Drosophila requires the presynaptic Ephexin receptor Drosophila reveals that mutations in the ephexin gene do not block the increase in neurotransmission observed during aging The observation of substantial NMJ remodeling during aging suggested the possibility that neurotransmission might be compromised during aging. But nearly all studies in both mice and flies have reported increased release of neurotransmitter from aged NMJs compared to young NMJs 345456626364656667686970Drosophila is one of 13 muscle groups required for the extension of the adult proboscis during feeding 80818283Another possibility is that the age-dependent increase in neurotransmission observed at the NMJ is in response to declining muscle function. The CM9 muscle group in NT-3, NT-4, and BDNF85868788GDNF increases expression during aging 90trkB gene (encoding the receptor for BDNF and NT-4) the NT-4 KO mouse 86Figure 1B) 4693Given the important role of muscle-derived neurotrophin signaling on NMJ structure and function, it seems possible that changes in muscle-derived neurotrophin signaling during aging are responsible for the changes in synapse function and morphology. Although there is paucity of data surrounding NT expression during aging, there are studies showing that neurotrophin gene expression in muscles declines with age, including Figure 1C). For example, the increase in muscle contraction is predicted to result in an increase in the ratios of AMP:ATP and ADP:ATP leading to the activation of AMP Kinase (AMPK) 96Figure 1C). It is currently unknown if this signaling system is responsible for the increases in NT expression in muscle observed after exercise. Interestingly, PGC-1α has been shown to be required for the increase in expression of the myokine ENDC5, which is cleaved and secreted as irisin from the muscle after exercise Currently it is unknown how muscle activity might increase NT gene expression. It is established that increased physical activity activates a number of important signaling systems within the muscle resulting in a change in muscle metabolism and cellular physiology to meet the demands of increased activity 2+ levels. In the muscle, this increase in calcium is known to activate CamKII leading to the phosphorylation and activation of the CREB transcription factor 100102103104106107It is also known that the increase in contraction will lead to an increase in cytosolic CaIt’s important to consider how aging affects these exercise-related signaling systems and whether this plays a role in the changes in NT expression with age. The effects of oxidative stress on cellular physiology have been extensively reviewed 11011111211111211311411511611784NT-3, NT-4, and BDNF genes all decline during aging, except for GDNF which has been reported to increase with age 858687888990Recall that expression of


Objectives. This study investigates how social participation of the aging population is associated with the community capacity, measured by the number of amenities and organizations within the community. Method. Using nationally representative survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011), this study examines the availability of community amenities and organizations in rural and urban areas, and investigates the associations between community capacity and social participation among the middle aged and older Chinese using multilevel analysis. Results. The results of this study indicate that both community amenities and community organizations are positively associated with the social participation of the middle-aged and older Chinese. Additionally, the association between community organizations and the frequency of formal social participation is stronger among urban communities than rural ones, even after controlling for the individual-level socioeconomic status and health conditions. Conclusion. This study highlights the importance of building the community capacity by developing community-based grassroots organizations to promote the social engagement and participation of the aging population.


The pyramidal lobe is a thyroid tissue of embryologic origin. It is situated in the pretracheal region between the isthmus and the hyoid bone. The high incidence of 65.7% of patients undergoing thyroidectomy suggests that pyramidal lobe is a common component of the thyroid gland rather than an uncommon anatomic variation . Double A 58-year-old woman presented to our clinic with signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Biochemical analysis confirmed thyrotoxicosis. Ultrasonographic examination and thyroid nuclear scan revealed solid, hot, autonomous, hyperactive multiple nodules in both lobes. The diagnosis was toxic multinodular goiter. Before the surgery, written informed consent was obtained from the patient for both surgical management and scientific publication. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy. Full dissection of the lateral lobes was performed, and both the lateral lobes were mobilized medially after completing the surgical dissection. The anterior cervical region between the isthmus and the hyoid bone was completely dissected for identifying the presence of any thyroid tissue. Two different pyramidal lobes, rare anatomic variations that originated from the junction points of the isthmus with the right and the left lobes of the gland, were observed. Both the pyramidal lobes were completely dissected from the isthmus up to the hyoid bone. The thyroid gland, including the two pyramidal lobes, was completely excised to achieve total thyroidectomy. Pathological examination of the thyroidectomy specimen revealed two large pyramidal lobes . WrittenCompleteness of thyroidectomy has great relevance for both autoimmune and malignant diseases. Remnant tissue after surgical operation may complicate the proper treatment of such diseases and the sensitive postoperative follow-up of patients. Based on its high incidence, the pyramidal lobe is considered as a normal component of the thyroid gland that may be affected by the diseases that affect the rest of the thyroid parenchyma and uncommonly harbor malignant disease . AnatomiThe incidence of pyramidal lobe is significantly higher in thyroidectomy cases. In fact, surgeons generally find a single pyramidal lobe. Conversely, the presence of double pyramidal lobes is extremely rare, and we could find only three previous cases in the English literature ,4,5. AllThe presence of pyramidal lobe is a typical example of an anatomic variation of the thyroid. The presence of two pyramidal lobes is an extremely rare occurrence that may affect the completeness of thyroidectomy. Various locations of the base of pyramidal lobe generally require careful dissection of both the pretracheal and the prelaryngeal regions from the upper border of the isthmus up to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage in most of the patients and sometimes up to the hyoid bone. Therefore, the anterior cervical region has to be dissected carefully during surgery so that no residual thyroid tissue remains.