Acoustic dyadic sensors (ADSs) are a new type of acoustic sensor with higher directivity than microphones and acoustic vector sensors, which has great application potential in the fields of sound source localization and noise cancellation. However, the high directivity of an ADS is seriously affected by the mismatches between its sensitive units. In this article, (1) a theoretical model of mixed mismatches was established based on the finite-difference approximation model of uniaxial acoustic particle velocity gradient and its ability to reflect the actual mismatches was proven by the comparison of theoretical and experimental directivity beam patterns of an actual ADS based on MEMS thermal particle velocity sensors. (2) Additionally, a quantitative analysis method based on directivity beam pattern was proposed to easily estimate the specific magnitude of the mismatches, which was proven to be useful for the design of ADSs to estimate the magnitudes of different mismatches of an actual ADS. (3) Moreover, a correction algorithm based on the theoretical model of mixed mismatches and quantitative analysis method was successfully demonstrated to correct several groups of simulated and measured beam patterns with mixed mismatches. Sound signal is a very important information resource, and accurate measurement of sound signal is of great value in daily life and industrial production fields. Measurement of directionality of sound field is to use the directivity of acoustic sensors or detection systems to obtain the sound signal in a certain direction, while the sound in other directions is regarded as noise and reduced to the minimum, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the acoustic detection system . AcoustiAccording to the Taylor series expansion theory of sound pressure , completDepending on the order of the measured physical quantity, there are several types of acoustic sensors. A scalar acoustic pressure sensor  is omnidirectional (directivity of order zero) and usually used as arrays to achieve directivity . An acouThe directivity index of an ADS with only one uniaxial acoustic particle velocity gradient channel  at its acoustic center. At present, the second-order physical quantities of sound field are usually measured using the finite-difference approximation method ,25,26,27According to the type of sensitive units, ADSs can be divided into two types: sound pressure type and particle velocity type. Sound pressure type ADSs, composed of APSs, measure the second-order sound pressure gradient after twice finite-difference approximation of sound pressure . ParticlFinite-difference approximation method is an approximate measurement method, which has measurement errors. The measurement error is greatly influenced by the consistency of the differential units. Therefore, the high directivity of an ADS is extremely dependent on the consistency of its sensitive units.When there is a mismatch between sensitive units, the measurement error of the second-order physical quantity at the acoustic center of the ADS increases , the dirBefore reducing the mismatch, it is necessary to understand the mismatch through analysis. According to the reported literatures ,4,23,25,Silvia  examinedAubauer et al.  reportedYang et al.  verifiedSun et al.  studied The above reported literatures have laid a foundation and provided ideas for analyzing the mismatch problem of sensitive units of ADSs. Different types of mismatches were put forward and analyzed which is helpful to improve the understanding of each type of mismatch. In addition, for reducing the mismatches to ensure the high directivity of ADSs, the multi-channel filtering approach proposed by Silvia  can helpA theoretical model of mixed mismatches is established to discuss and analyze the situation when all types of mismatches exist at the same time, which makes up for the lack of discussion and analysis of mixed mismatches in the reported literatures.A quantitative analysis method based on directivity beam pattern is proposed for analyzing the mismatches between the sensitive units of ADSs. It can help the designer of an ADS conveniently judge what type of mismatch exists in the designed sensor from the directivity beam pattern obtained from the experimental measurement, and easily estimate the specific magnitude of this type of mismatch, so as to better find the shortcomings in the original design scheme and improve it.A correction algorithm for the mismatches between sensitive units of ADSs is proposed, according to the theoretical model of mixed mismatches and the quantitative analysis method based on directivity beam pattern. It successfully corrects the directivity beam pattern with mixed mismatches obtained from simulation and experiment, which verifies the correctness and practicability of the theoretical model and the quantitative analysis method, and also provides a way for ADSs with mismatches to continue to play their high directivity advantages.However, the actual situation is complicated, and various types of mismatches may exist at the same time. Moreover, the above two methods to reduce the influence of mismatches do not make full use of the directivity beam pattern of the sensor, which can most intuitively show the sensor’s performance of pointing out the direction of sound propagation. Following are the important aspects of this study: In this section, the theoretical model of mixed mismatches is established based on the finite-difference approximation model of uniaxial acoustic particle velocity gradient. Then, the change in the directivity beam pattern of an ADS with only one type of mismatch is deduced based on the theoretical model of mixed mismatches, and the influence of various mismatches on directivity beam pattern of an ADS is summarized. Thereafter, the change in directivity beam pattern in the presence of mixed mismatches will be analyzed.x axis is As is shown in x axis components of the acoustic particle velocity of the two points with a spacing of For harmonic plane waves, the According to the finite-difference approximation method, when the spacing Equation :(3)∂vx∂xThe substitution of (1) and (2) into (3) gives,Equation (4) is the finite difference model of uniaxial acoustic particle velocity gradient. The acoustic particle velocity at the origin point mated as ,(5)vx≈pSimplifying Equations (4) and (5), and considering Equations (6) and (7) show that, at certain frequency (x axis components of particle velocity at the two points may deviate from Equations (1) and (2) due to the inconsistency of the two APVSs, even under the condition when x axis components of particle velocity at the two points in Consider an ADS using two actual acoustic particle velocity sensors (APVS) as its sensitive units to measure the particle velocity of the two points in For the ideal case, where Equation (10) is the theoretical model of mixed mismatches for the particle velocity gradient measured by a particle velocity type ADS with the particle velocity sensitive units are mismatched with each other. Equation (10) describes the estimated value of the acoustic particle velocity gradient at the acoustic center of the ADS when the amplitude, phase and axis of the two sensitive units are all mismatched. From Equation (10), the directivity beam pattern of the sensor can be obtained when there is only a single mismatch, so as to better show the influence of various types of mismatches on the directivity of the ADS.When only amplitude mismatch exists, When From When only phase mismatch exists, When As is shown in When only axial mismatch exists, When As illustrated in Summarizing the effects of the above mismatches on the directivity beam pattern of an ADS, we can get When there are two types of mismatches between two sensitive units at the same time, their normalized directivity beam patterns of the particle velocity gradient derived from Equation (10) are shown in From Comparing Equations (11) and (13), we can find that both amplitude mismatch and axial mismatch will have an impact on the amplitude of the measured particle velocity gradient, so there will be mutual coupling between amplitude mismatch and axial mismatch when they exist at the same time. This can be also seen from When all three types of mismatches between the two particle velocity sensitive units exist, the normalized directivity function of the particle velocity gradient derived from Equation (10) can be written as:The directivity beam patterns of the particle velocity gradient at the acoustic center of the ADS with combinations of different mismatch magnitudes are shown in It can be seen from In our previous work , we propTwo MEMS TAPVS chips can be used as particle velocity sensing units to form a particle velocity type ADS, as shown in The ADS’s 2D temperature distribution in As shown in The particle velocity gradient can be obtained by the difference between the outputs of two TAPVSs and its variation with the angle of sound incident direction From As mentioned in It can be understood from Therefore, we define the difference between the ratio of the ideal cosine squared beam pattern and the ratio of the beam pattern with amplitude mismatch As seen in Equation (15), for a certain When When When When From It can be also seen from We use the Difference of Axial Sensitivity (DAS) to quantitatively describe the asymmetry caused by the phase mismatch As seen in Equation (16), for a certain When When When When When From Therefore, we define the ratio of the normalized directivity function when the incident angle As seen in Equation (17), for a certain When When When When When From From the above analysis, we can see that, for a certain By using the three quantitative parameters in Here, we are going to use two actual ADSs as examples to illustrate the usage of this quantitative analysis method for mismatches between the sensitive units of an ADS based on directivity beam pattern. One ADS is shown in As seen in The deviation of the results shown in Calculate the ratio of the measured output data when the incident angle Calculate the difference between this ratio and the ratio of the ideal cosine squared beam pattern, which is similar to Equation (15).First, for amplitude mismatch, the actual Beam Width Increase (BWI) can be calculated by the following steps, which is also illustrated using Equation (18):For the measured beam pattern shown in Next, for phase mismatch, the actual Difference of Axial Sensitivity (DAS) can be calculated as follows:For the measured beam pattern shown in At last, for axial phase mismatch, the actual Ideal Axial Ratio (IAR) can be calculated as follows:For the measured beam pattern shown in The magnitude of each type of mismatch of the ADS from  can be eSubstituting the estimated As seen in Therefore, the designer of an ADS can use this quantitative analysis method to conveniently judge what type of mismatch exists in the designed sensor from the measured directivity beam pattern, and easily estimate the specific magnitude of this type of mismatch, and then use this estimation to help improve the original design scheme.In the actual development process of this kind of new acoustic sensor, the ADS, it is inevitable that the differential units will be mismatched; if we can continue to use them and ensure their high directivity to some extent, it will be of great significance. In this section, a correction algorithm for the mismatches between the sensitive units of ADSs will be proposed, and both simulation results and experimental results will be used to show the correction ability of the algorithm.According to the quantitative analysis method in Import and preprocess the experimental data. The preprocess is mainly to normalize the voltage data output from the experiment.Determine the quantitative parameters in Estimate the magnitude of the mismatches, Obtain the theoretical directivity beam pattern with such mismatches.Output the beam pattern after reducing the difference from the ideal shape.Following this idea, the correction algorithm can be divided into five steps:Step 1 is easy to understand. The implementation of Step 2–4 is shown in A program based on Mathematica has been developed to verify the correction ability of the algorithm according to the above algorithm steps.Several groups of different spacing As seen in Another ADS was developed, which is also a particle velocity type ADS based on MEMS thermal APVSs. The spacing The comparison of the directivity beam patterns of the three actual ADSs mentioned in this article before and after correction is shown in As seen in For a certain mismatch, the three quantitative parameters in The correction of simulation results and experimental results show the ability of the designed correction algorithm for mismatches. It verifies the correctness and practicability of the theoretical model and quantitative analysis method mentioned in In this article, the impact of different types of mismatches of the two sensitive units of an acoustic dyadic sensor (ADS), a new type of acoustic sensor with high directivity, on the directivity beam patterns were analyzed and discussed in detail from the perspectives of theory, simulation and experiment. A theoretical model of mixed mismatches was established based on the finite-difference approximation model of uniaxial acoustic particle velocity gradient. The change in directivity beam pattern of an ADS with only one type of mismatch was deduced based on the theoretical model of mixed mismatches. Additionally, the effects of various mismatches on the directivity beam pattern of an ADS was summarized: (1) the main effect of amplitude mismatch is to increase the beam width. (2) the main effect of phase mismatch is to create asymmetry. (3) the main effect of axial mismatch is to make the concave points bulge and sensitive axis direction deflected. After that, the change in directivity beam pattern in the presence of mixed mismatches was analyzed by providing the normalized directivity function and the directivity beam pattern. An actual ADS was demonstrated by using MEMS thermal acoustic particle velocity sensors as sensitive units. Additionally, the possible mismatches of the actual ADS can be qualitatively obtained by comparing the measured directivity beam patterns with the theoretical model of mixed mismatches. A quantitative analysis method based on directivity beam pattern was proposed to easily estimate the specific magnitude of the mismatches. Three quantitative parameters, Beam Width Increase (BWI), Difference of Axial Sensitivity (DAS) and Ideal Axial Ratio (IAR) were used or defined with equations based on the theoretical model of mixed mismatches proposed in this article. An actual ADS with spacing of 3.6 mm based on MEMS thermal APVS chips was developed to be used as an example to illustrate the usage of this quantitative analysis method. By using the three quantitative parameters, BWI, DAS and IAR, the magnitude of different types of mismatches, Lastly, a correction algorithm based on the theoretical model of mixed mismatches and quantitative analysis method proposed in this article, for the mismatches between sensitive units of ADSs, was successfully demonstrated to correct several groups of simulated and measured beam patterns with mixed mismatches. However, there are still differences between the correction beam patterns and the ideal cosine squared shape, especially for the correction of the measured results. Therefore, the correction algorithm proposed in this article is not optimal. From the experimental point of view, it may be because the position of the sensor is not completely fixed during the measurement process, and the test sound field is not a perfect plane wave. It might be improved by improving the fixture and testing in an anechoic chamber. From the point view of the algorithm, there are two possible ways to improve the algorithm in future research: (1) optimize or redefine the three quantitative parameters , so that they can represent the deviation of directivity beam patterns more accurately; and (2) find a more accurate method to define the difference between the theoretical beam pattern with mixed mismatches and the ideal cosine squared beam pattern.


Background: The recent worldwide outbreak of Mpox virus infections has raised concern about the potential for nosocomial acquisition during handling of contaminated bedding or clothing. We conducted simulations to test the hypothesis that decontamination of bedding prior to handling could reduce the risk for contamination of personnel. Methods: We conducted a crossover trial to test the effectiveness of spraying contaminated bedding with a hydrogen peroxide disinfectant in reducing contamination of personnel during handling of the contaminated bedding. Bedding was contaminated on top and bottom surfaces with aerosolized bacteriophage MS2. Personnel (N = 10) wearing a cover gown and gloves removed the bedding from a patient bed and placed it into a hamper both with and without prior hydrogen peroxide spray decontamination. After handling the bedding, samples were collected to assess viral contamination of gloves, cover gown, neck or chest, and hands or wrists. Results: Contamination of the gloves and cover gown of personnel occurred frequently during handling of bedding and 20% of participants had contamination of their hands or wrists and neck after the simulation . Decontamination of the bedding reduced contamination of the gloves and eliminated contamination of the cover gown, hands or wrists, or neck. Conclusion: Decontamination of bedding prior to handling could be an effective strategy to reduce the risk for nosocomial acquisition of Mpox by healthcare personnel.Disclosures: None


Sir,The first successful IVF birth in 1978 laid the foundation for the selection of human embryos prior to their transfer into a uterus. The optimization of this selection process is viewed as crucial to counter the low success rates of IVF, which is considerably affected by the failure of the majority of the transferred embryos to implant. What originally started with non-invasive morphological quality assessment and morphokinetic analysis of embryos, progressed to aneuploidy screening and testing for single gene disorders on biopsied embryonic cells and has already reached the level of screening for polygenic conditions and traits (in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells generated from parental skin cells. Even functional stem cell-derived oocytes from male mice have already produced fertile offspring (in vitro derived oocytes and sperm to human reproductive medicine within the next few years (First, the approaches mentioned above can only reveal their true benefits if patients have a high number of embryos to choose from. In the future, the low number of natural oocytes matured upon hormone stimulation might be superseded by limitless quantities of gametes developed Second, as also highlighted by Without doubt, the convergence of these technologies will herald a new era of embryo selection in reproductive medicine with putative consequences for our idea of human origins. For the benefit of both patients and clinicians, its foreseeable clinical translation must be accompanied by an intensive ethical deliberation (


Aerobiology covers both the ecological study of bioaerosols and the subsequent interaction in the natural and built environment but also the ultimate disposition in biological systems [It is simultaneously professionally humbling and an absolute pleasure to be associated with the launch of a new open access journal, with added emphasis in a scientific field as rich and diverse as aerobiology. The field of aerobiology encompasses the living microbiologically diverse world in our collective atmosphere, spanning to both the ecological phenomena and the anthropomorphic effects of a shared biology in the air. The conception of the Journal is intended to be unique amongst peer publications—the scope of  systems , with emThere is a strong argument to be made for an aerobiology Journal whose scope spans both ecological and human health. The microbiological diversity in what is transported in our collective atmosphere drives many processes in the ecology of the planet and how our ever-changing environment impacts human health. Identification and characterization of the changes associated with the airborne transport of bioaerosols provide touchstone data on the effects of climate change on the planetary environment , agriculAerobiology.The COVID-19 pandemic provides an idealized exemplar of how rapid dissemination of scientific information in specific areas of inquiry was needed in critical decision-making and ultimately adding and expanding academic knowledge of the subject matter. In the case of the world emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the recognition that the virus was indeed airborne was built upon data methods and critical thinking that decidedly fell within the field of aerobiology. It was only after the understanding that the emergent virus remains replication competent in aerosol suspensions that longer distance transmission was possible , galvaniAerobiology (ISSN 2813-5075) [Aerobiology, the journal will provide an essential venue for the healthy exchange of prevailing theory and associated discourse in this much understudied subject matter area. Aerobiology fills a void in current publications as the Journals scope spans both the life and health sciences, whereas other aerobiology-centric journals mainly cover life sciences. Those of us engaged in the curation of aerobiology data should care about the growth and vitality of this publication and ensure its success by contributing our work without delay. An exceptional group comprises the growing editorial board of Aerobiology, whose deep expertise spans numerous applied subjects in this exciting field of study. There is palpable excitement at the prospect of submission and review of submissions from a diverse group of engaged contributors throughout the scientific world community. I would like to thank everyone for their continued interest in the field of aerobiology, and I am looking forward to working towards making Aerobiology one of the marquee open access publications in the sciences.The Journal 13-5075)  holds gr


It is well established that the quality of mental health care and human rights mutually reinforcing. Until now, Georgian psychiatry is highly institutionalized, oriented towards medical treatment and suffers from a lack of recognition of the importance of the human rights concept.The purpose of the evaluation was to gather information on the current state of human rights and service quality in the inpatient mental health facilities throughout Georgia; pilot the WHO Quality rights toolkit as a major instrument to monitor mental health institutions within the country; develop recommendations for improvement of service care in psychiatric institutions and initiate changes based on the assessment results.All inpatient mental health facilities operating in the country were selected for the evaluation. The assessment team conducted visits in facilities in March – May, 2019. All visits were planned in advance. All five themes of WHO Quality rights tool were covered. Interviews, observation and documentation reviews were used during the assessment process.Infrastructure malfunction is linked to the lack of encouraging environment, with scarce of daily and social activities. Comprehensive, patient-oriented individual recovery plan has not been initiated throughout the country. Treatment is focused mainly on medication treatment aimed at reducing / removing psychotic symptoms and timely discharging patients or “calming them down“. Taking into consideration scarcity of community-based service alternatives, the patients frequently have no choice where to get the relevant service. In general, the patients are satisfied with how they are being treated. The challenge is the incidents of violence among the patients and ensuring relevant safety measures. Educational and employment programs for persons with mental disorders are not developed in the country.Based on the assessment findings recommendations for improvement of service care at mental health policy and institutional level were elaborated.Despite some improvements in developing community services the assessment revealed gaps in mental health care and lack of understanding of the concept of human rights. The instrument was sensitive to identify poor treatment and violation of rights but less sensitive in determining differences in existing services. It is discussed that an in-depth assessment using the specific theme of the tool can help develop specific recommendations.None Declared


An understanding of tooth morphology provides better insight and is an important foundation for providing successful endodontic and restorative treatment. It also provides a deeper evaluation and baseline for future prosthetic rehabilitation. Thestudy aimed to measure and characterizes mandibular molars using a normal divider and measurement scale using mandibular casts. Over 300 mandibular first molars were measured in dimensions including the buccolingual width, mesiodistal width, mesiobuccalheight, mid-buccal height, and distobuccal height; same were repeated with intra-oral scanners digitally. The mean and standard deviation of the measurements and the correlation to age and gender were calculated using SPSS software to fabricateimplant-specific strip crowns. The different ethnicity and diverse genetic mixture in the population of India provides a wide range of scope for evaluation of the difference, genetics has on the morphological heights and width of teeth. Implantology is a field of precision, theamount of skill and evaluation required in the field by the practitioner is a base for successful prosthetic rehabilitation. The success of an implant is determined by the precision in the placement, evaluation of the space available for prostheticrehabilitation, the amount of calibration required for the practitioner and the awareness of the dimensions of teeth they are replacing. ,2 A balaThis study  was condFor the fabrication of the casts, perforated stock trays were selected carefully for proper coverage of all the teeth, borders of the tray were evaluated for ideal sulcus depth. The impressions of the mandibular arches were made using putty and lightbody addition silicone following the manufacturer's instructions; impressions were then disinfected using a 2% glutaraldehyde solution for 5 minutes and were poured using type 4 dental stone. The cast was removed from the impressions after 30 mins. The baseof the cast was formed and provided a serial number for identification. ,16The patients were subjected to intra-oral scanning using 3shape software. The scanned cast was then transferred to 3shape software and measurements were done using 3shape software. The buccolingual and mesiobuccal width was measured and cross-verifiedwith the manual measurements of the same casts. The digital scan measurement and evaluation were done and correlated with the manual measurements. Similar to the manual method, mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, and distobuccal heights and buccolingual and mesiodistalwidth were measured and correlated against manual measurements, and the results were obtained. ,18The measurements were taken by a single operator. Each value was measured three times and a mean of the values was noted. All measurements were made using vernier calipers and calculated using a divider and scale for accuracy of the results and the samemeasurements were done using digital scans of the same cast and using 3shape software for individual measurements.,20Using these measurements, mean values were calculated. Three different sizes of mandibular molars were fabricated for different sizes of teeth for the south Indian population. Following that, the designing of strip crowns was done and STL(stereo lithography) files were made. The fabricated STL files were then 3-D printed using flexible resin and then used for the fabrication of temporary crowns. ,22SPSS software was used to calculate the mean age, buccolingual, mesiodistal width, and mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, and disto-buccal heights. The distribution of data  was analAfter evaluation of data using the SPSS software of both digital and manual methods, the software revealed no significant difference between the measurements done using manual and digital methods. Henceforth, the study was done using the manual methodas the base for further calculations.The mean of all dimensions calculated with standard deviation was correlated with age group and evaluated with the highest frequency distribution. Attempts have been made to reduce possible sources of error and bias. The limitation of the study is the small sample size and restriction to the mandibular first molar tooth particularly. The amount of human error has been reduced by making sure thecollection of data done by one operator. The margin of error of the instrument might be inherently present but it doesn't seem to affect the data at a larger scale. The results of the present study are generalizable to the South Indian population and SouthAsian populations. The sample collection for this study has been done from the general population presenting to the OPD of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A study repeated in the same population with a different sample should yield similarresults. Subjects with different ethnicities may yield different results.et al. showed the analysis of maxillary anterior teeth crown width-height ratios: a photographic, three dimensional, and standardized plaster model. The study analyzed width and height ratios of maxillary anteriorteeth at different crown levels using photography and models were constructed for width and height analysis. The study was limited by its design and included only teeth in the esthetic zone. Also, the ratios described in the study provided an idea about theratio of height and width. It did not take into consideration the variability of height and width and different places of the tooth. Also, fabrication of ratios meant the tooth was considered similar to a cuboid with uniform dimensions which is not the casemorphologically. This study henceforth includes dimensions of the teeth considering five different locations including both height and width of the crown. Also, the current study serves as a base for characterization of the tooth into three different sizeswhich helped in the fabrication of strip crowns for the development of temporary crowns serving as an ideal to lay down the base for the values received from the study. [In 2022, Naseer Ahmed e study. et al. in his article titled correlation between clinical parameters of crown and gingival morphology of anterior teeth and periodontal biotypes, included quantitative analysis of clinical parameters of crown andgingival morphology of maxillary anterior teeth. They also analyzed the correlation of these parameters with periodontal biotypes to provide objective standards for periodontal biotype diagnosis. The study has focused on the determination of crown heightand width and correlating it with the gingival biotype of the patient. It provides an insight into how the crown and gingival biotype is interlinked and hence the adaptation of the concept to evaluate the soft tissue formation around an implant when thedimensional accuracy of the temporary crowns is higher and can be evaluated which was the core of the current study. The insights of how the crown dimensions revealed the correlation between cervical gingival margins of mandibular anterior teeth on bothsides and how they are symmetrical and thin biotype accounts for small proportions. Gingival angle of 95.95 and papilla width of 10.01mm are the optimal cutoff values for characterization of individuals as thick biotypes. This data provides valuable insightfor practitioners to classify the gingival biotype of the patient and the expected results post-final prosthesis insertion in the oral cavity of the patient. But the study came with similar limitations that it focused only on anterior teeth and restrictedsample size. [In 2020, Xiao Jie Yin le size. et al. in his article titled comparison of maxillary anterior teeth crown ratio between genders in the Laotian population. It aimed to determine the distribution of facial types and to compare the crownwidth/length ratio of six maxillary anterior teeth between males and females in the Laotian population. The study characterized facial types and crown width and length ratio were taken. The study also focused only on anterior teeth and the ratios did notprovide specific variations in height and width through the mesiodistal length of the tooth. [In June 2015, Phonepaseuth e tooth. The studies mentioned above had restrictions to anterior teeth and the aesthetics concerns were limited to anterior tooth region. This study provides an insight to the esthetic needs of posterior teeth and a method to reduce the time involved intemporization of the teeth following implant. This study also takes into consideration the different techniques of impression making and that the difference in manual and digital methods was not significant when providing the measurements of mandibularfirst molar. It also helps in characterizing mandibular molars into small, medium and large for fabrication of temporary shells.The raw data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article and will be made available on request.This study revealed the data collected using manual and digital method as not having any significant difference and helps characterization of mandibular molars into three different sizes. Also age and gender plays a significant role in the size oftooth and morphology of the tooth.


Buckled graphene has potential applications in energy harvest, storage, conversion, and hydrogen storage. The investigation and quantification analysis of the random porosity in buckled graphene not only contributes to the performance reliability evaluation, but it also provides important references for artificial functionalization. This paper proposes a stochastic finite element model to quantify the randomly distributed porosities in pristine graphene. The Monte Carlo stochastic sampling process is combined with finite element computation to simulate the mechanical property of buckled graphene. Different boundary conditions are considered, and the corresponding results are compared. The impacts of random porosities on the buckling patterns are recorded and analyzed. Based on the large sampling space provided by the stochastic finite element model, the discrepancies caused by the number of random porosities are discussed. The possibility of strengthening effects in critical buckling stress is tracked in the large sampling space. The distinguishable interval ranges of probability density distribution for the relative variation of the critical buckling stress prove the promising potential of artificial control by the atomic vacancy amounts. In addition, the approximated Gaussian density distribution of critical buckling stress demonstrates the stochastic sampling efficiency by the Monte Carlo method and the artificial controllability of porous graphene. The results of this work provide new ideas for understanding the random porosities in buckled graphene and provide a basis for artificial functionalization through porosity controlling. Buckling is one of the most common phenomena in low-dimensional nanomaterials. Generally, buckling induces delamination , instabiThe causes of bucking in graphene vary . BendingFor the porosities or the local atomic vacancy defects in graphene, the conventional and analytical deterministic models have a shortcoming in the random distribution quantification and computational cost . As mentCompared with molecular dynamics, the finite element model of graphene has competitive merits in computational costs of buckling analysis, especially for the tremendous stochastic sampling procedures . MoreoveIn this paper, a stochastic finite element model is proposed for the efficient quantification and propagation of the random porosities in buckled graphene. The main contents include the graphene geometrical characterization, method description, and result discussion. The buckling patterns of porous graphene are provided and compared under different boundary conditions. Based on the huge sampling space provided by the stochastic finite element model, the discrepancies caused by the numbers of random porosities are discussed. The work provides an important reference for the exploration of buckled graphene in energy harvest, hydrogen storage, and artificial functionalization.The carbon atoms in graphene are combined with the solid covalent bonds to form the periodic honeycomb lattice, which results in extraordinary material and mechanical properties. In order to describe the special periodic microstructure, the beam element is used to simplify the carbon covalent bonds in the finite element model. The corresponding material and geometrical parameters are settled according to the specific values reported in the literature ,31.P), aN) is a deterministic value. The number of the vacancy defect atoms P and aN.In addition, the percentage of random porosities  is settled as in nditions , the in-In addition, the boundary condition (B3) in the third case is more complicated than that in B1 and B2. As presented in Furthermore, the implementation program and numerical computation are performed by the integration of Matlab (Version 2020a) and ANSYS (Version 14.5) commercial software. The corresponding parameter definition, parameter value assignment, and Monte Carlo stochastic sampling are completed under the Matlab programming environment. ANSYS parameter design language (APDL) is used to create the finite element model for porous graphene and perform mechanical computation for elastic buckling. The flowchart of the stochastic finite element model by the combination of Monte Carlo stochastic sampling with the finite element computation is shown in In The critical buckling stress is the key factor in controlling the elastic recycling process efficiently . The eigIn order to compare the impacts of boundary conditions, the buckling patterns of both the porous graphene and the pristine graphene under different boundary conditions are presented in Under the third and fourth boundary conditions, the effects of random porosities in the buckling patterns are more apparent than those under the above-mentioned two boundary conditions. In The buckling patterns provide the deformation shape of porous graphene under compressive loads. For the hydrogen storage and energy harvest by the porous graphene, besides the buckling patterns, the critical buckling stress is the key factor to operate and control the process. The critical buckling stress is the compressive load at which the structure suddenly buckles or loses stability. Therefore, the critical buckling stress calculation for porous graphene needs further exploration. On the other hand, the randomly distributed porosities inevitably exist in the graphene sheets and nanoribbons with the current research and manufacturing technologies. The discrepancies caused by the numbers of random porosities are also essential to be analyzed and discussed.In order to further analyze the effects of random porosities in buckled graphene, the randomly distributed porosities in graphene are propagated by the repeated Monte Carlo stochastic sampling procedure. Different percentages of random porosities and boundary conditions are performed in the stochastic finite element model. The percentages of random porosities propagated in graphene are 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5%, respectively, and they are represented by P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5.In general, the atomic vacancies lead to the reduction of critical buckling stress compared with that for the pristine graphene under all four boundary conditions, since the mean of the relative value is less than one as in x and y axes are dimensionless units. The x-axis is relevant to the percent of atomic vacancy defects; the y axis corresponds to the relative value between the results of porous graphene and pristine graphene. In Furthermore, the fluctuation levels of the critical buckling stress caused by the location randomness of atomic vacancy defects are also computed by comparison with the pristine graphene. In According to the computational results of the stochastic finite element model, the specific situations caused by the location distribution of atomic vacancies are also tracked. As presented in In order to more precisely analyze the random porosities in the buckled graphene, the probability density distribution of the bucking critical stress under different boundary conditions is computed and presented in The differences in the probability density distribution of the relative variation for critical buckling stress are also presented in In addition, the shapes of the probability density distribution in The buckling patterns and critical stress of porous graphene are sensitive to boundary conditions.The randomly distributed atomic vacancy defects in porous graphene destroy the regularity and symmetry of buckling patterns.The possibility of strengthening effects in critical buckling stress is tracked under the first, third, and fourth boundary conditions.The distinguishable interval ranges of probability density distribution for the relative variation of the critical buckling stress prove the promising potential of artificial control by the atomic vacancy amounts.It is a potentially feasible method to improve the hydrogen storage and release performance by the adaptation and change in the boundary condition of the porous graphene.The approximated Gaussian density distribution of critical buckling stress demonstrates the stochastic sampling efficiency by the Monte Carlo method and the artificial controllability of porous graphene.The results of this work provide new ideas for understanding the random porosities in buckled graphene and provide a basis for energy harvest, hydrogen storage, and artificial functionalization.This paper proposes an efficient numerical model for the random porosity quantification and propagation in pristine graphene. Based on the huge sampling space of the stochastic finite element model, the following points can be concluded:


Following the publication of this article , concernThe University of California, Davis confirmed that author DPW admitted to manipulation of the data underlying the results presented in Figs 6 and 7.PLOS Genetics Editors issue this Expression of Concern to notify readers of the above issues.The authors are working with PLOS to try and address these issues. Meanwhile, the


This study provides a detailed, in-depth analysis of the anatomy, topography, and branching patterns of the meningeal arteries in dromedary camels, a subject that has not previously been thoroughly studied in animals, providing insight into the intricate biological adaptations that allow them to survive in harsh environments. By precisely examining 20 heads obtained from freshly slaughtered dromedaries, we revealed the origins and topologies of the rostral, middle, and caudal meningeal arteries using advanced casting techniques for precise rendering. Our findings indicate that the rostral meningeal artery derives from the external ethmoidal artery and primarily supplies the rostrodorsal region of the frontal lobe. The middle meningeal artery provides blood to approximately two-thirds of the brain meninges. The caudal meningeal artery is derived from the occipital artery and supplies the meninges covering the cerebellum, caudal part of the falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli. Significantly, our study revealed the presence of accessory branches originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile, a finding not previously described in the existing literature. These branches supply the meninges of the frontal and lateral regions of the frontal lobes. This novel study advances our understanding of the meningeal arteries in dromedaries and has significant implications for advancements in veterinary neuroscience. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for an improved understanding of the anatomy and vascularization of these arteries in various animal species. Camels are exceptional animals with a remarkable adaptability to harsh environmental conditions, exhibiting adaptations that extend specifically to the blood supply to the brain8. Several studies have focused on the neuroanatomy of this animal. However, the meningeal arteries of camels have received limited attention and a thorough understanding of their distribution and branching patterns is lacking. Investigating the structure and function of meningeal arteries in camels can help us better understand the biological mechanisms that enable them to survive in such extreme conditions.The meningeal arteries play a crucial role in supplying all three layers of the meninges and partially contribute to the blood supply to the central nervous system3.The meninges are the three membrane layers that cover and protect the central nervous system from trauma by acting as shock absorbers. They stabilize the brain and prevent it from moving around the skull while supporting blood vessels, nerves, and cerebrospinal fluid9. In addition to supplying blood to adjacent skull structures, meningeal arteries have few anastomoses with the cerebral arteries.Generally, there are three main meningeal arteries: the rostral, middle, and caudal. The rostral meningeal artery supplies the rostral region of the brain, whereas the middle meningeal artery primarily supplies the lateral and basal regions. The caudal meningeal artery provides blood to the caudal brain regions. These arteries originate from different sources and have different entry locations into the cerebral cavity depending on the species and individual anatomical variations. The branches of the meningeal arteries rise between the dura mater and periosteum of the cranial bone, supplying both structures10. The meningeal arteries are particularly sensitive to cranial lesions. The caudal meningeal artery is particularly susceptible to cranial injuries because of its unique anatomical position and proximity to the temporal bone region11. Several clinical complications have been associated with meningeal artery involvement, including epidural hematomas12, aneurysms13, and fistulas14. Understanding the topography of the meningeal artery is essential before performing surgical procedures at the base of the skull. Studying the anatomy of the meningeal arteries in camels can contribute valuable information to the field of comparative anatomy, which is crucial for understanding the evolutionary processes of the central nervous system and its vasculature across different animal species, and holds significant importance for potentially enhancing research related to various neurological conditions in humans15.The middle meningeal artery is the largest of these three arteries in humans, and knowledge of its anatomical position and branches is significant in radiology and surgical procedures18. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a detailed description of all three meningeal arteries in dromedaries.While no studies have focused on describing the meningeal arteries in animals, some studies have mentioned the role of the middle meningeal artery in forming the rostral mirabile rete structure but did not discuss the branching pattern of this arteryThis study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy, topography, branching patterns of the meningeal arteries, and anastomoses with other cerebral arteries in dromedaries. By employing advanced casting techniques, we attempted to provide a more accurate and detailed three-dimensional description and elucidate the finer arterial branches of the meningeal arteries that might be overlooked using traditional dissection methods.Our results revealed that the meningeal arteries with diverse origins penetrate the camel skull through distinct foramina, move between the dura mater and bone, and give rise to several branches that supply blood to different regions of the meninges. These arteries are primarily classified into three types: the rostral, middle, and caudal meningeal arteries Figs. , and 3.FThe rostral meningeal artery is derived from the external ethmoidal artery as it passes through the multiple ethmoid foramina Fig. . In turnWe observed variations in the origins of the middle meningeal artery. Our examination revealed that the middle meningeal artery emerged from the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM) in most of the studied samples Fig. . The midThree additional samples revealed the existence of an artery that emerged from the medial side of the maxillary artery, ascended dorsomedially, crossed the lateral region of the tympanic bullae, and entered the cranium through the foramen ovale. In these three samples, the middle meningeal artery entered the cranium, split into several branches, and contributed to the caudal root of the RERM before releasing several branches that supplied the meninges.The rostral branch had a wider region of supply than the caudal branch in all studied samples Fig. . The rosThe caudal branch of the middle meningeal artery traveled caudally along the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It extends to the lower margin of the parietal bone, where its terminal branches continue to move backward toward the transverse fissure between the cerebrum and the cerebellum Fig. . These bThe caudal meningeal artery originates from the occipital arteries and enters the cranial cavity via the mastoid foramen Figs.  and 7. TAfter entering the mastoid foramen, the caudal meningeal artery sends a thick branch Fig.  that supIn addition to the rostral, middle, and caudal meningeal branches, our observations revealed the presence of supplemental accessory branches arising directly from the RERM Figs.  and 5. T19, who reported that the rostral meningeal artery is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery that supplies the trigonum olfactorium and anterior part of the dura mater. Despite the lack of comprehensive investigations on the origin and course of the rostral meningeal arteries in animals, some studies have suggested that the rostral meningeal arteries may be involved in the development of the rete in goats20 and arterial circles in dogs3. In goats, three or four rostral meningeal arteries arise from the maxillary artery anterior to the ophthalmic artery and enter the cranium through the foramen orbito-rotundum20. According to Parkash and Jain20, a network of three to four rostral meningeal arteries, two to three middle meningeal arteries, the caudal meningeal artery, and the cerebrospinal artery join the RERM in goats. In dogs, the rostral meningeal artery travels dorsally through the dura at the caudal margin of the cribriform plate, moves through the inner layer of the frontal bone, and anastomoses rostrally with the middle meningeal artery to form an arterial circle on the lateral wall of the cribriform plate. In dogs, many smaller branches leave the arterial circle and reunite to create an ethmoidal rete3.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively outline the complex topologies and origins of all meningeal arteries in dromedaries. Owing to the lack of thorough investigations in this field, the precise definition and identification of these structures were challenging. While some studies have touched upon the role of the middle meningeal arteries in the formation of the RERM, extensive exploration of this and other meningeal arteries has not been the subject of any prior research or descriptive studies in animals. The meningeal arteries comprise arterial branches that extend between the dura mater and the bone, supplying both structures. We found that the rostral meningeal artery is derived from the external ethmoidal artery as it passes through multiple ethmoid foramina. This finding is in contrast to those described by Kanan21. Our findings in camels confirm that the supply of the middle meningeal artery is widespread. Zguigal2 reported that the middle meningeal artery shares a trunk with the rostral tympanic artery, arising from the inferior alveolar artery.Among the three meningeal arteries, the middle meningeal artery has the most extensive supply region, providing blood to approximately two-thirds of the meninges in the brain22 found that the maxillary artery of camels releases the alveolar, buccal, and middle meningeal arteries. In comparison, our study found that the middle meningeal artery arose from the RERM and, in one case, the rostral branch of the middle meningeal artery was derived from the rostral branches of the maxillary artery.In contrast, Badawi et al.24. In canines, the middle meningeal artery separates from the dorsal surface of the maxillary artery when entering the alar canal3. According to O'Brien et al.25, the middle meningeal artery in cattle and giraffes originates from the rostral auricular artery before entering the temporal meatus through the retro-articular foramen and supplies the caudolateral aspect of the meninges. According to studies by Zguigal2 and Kieltyka-Kurc et al.5, the middle meningeal artery enters the cranium through the oval foramen parallel to the mandibular nerve and then gives off numerous branches to supply the meninges in camels.In cats and lions, the middle meningeal artery originates from the posteromedial wall of the maxillary artery, passes through the oval foramen to enter the cranial cavity, and runs posteromedial along the posterior margin of the rete7. The contribution of the middle meningeal artery to the RERM has been emphasized in animals such as giraffes, cattle, goats, dog, and cats25. Several studies have addressed the significance of the RERM, a network of anastomosing arteries found exclusively in artiodactyls and carnivores30. The RERM pools blood from different arteries and acts as a reservoir for the afferent blood. RERM is believed to reduce cerebral blood pressure from afferent arteries32. The RERM also maintains a lower brain blood temperature by dissipating heat from warm arterial blood34. Our findings suggest that meningeal arteries emerging from the RERM may have a significant thermoregulatory function in camels. The rostral ethmoidal rete mirabile is an important anatomical feature situated within the venous sinus inside the camel's cranial cavity. This sinus plays an essential role in receiving cooler arterial blood from veins in the regions surrounding the eyes, forehead, and nasal cavities. This arriving blood is notably cooler than the blood within the RERM itself. This unique setup results in the cooling of the arterial blood contained in the rete mirabile before it is directed to supply the brain. Our research lends strong support to the idea that this mechanism contributes to maintaining the brain at a lower temperature than the rest of the body36. This difference in temperature is enhanced by the cooling effect of the middle meningeal artery which originates from the RERM. This cooling process in the region supplied by the middle meningeal artery plays a crucial role in the overall thermal regulation of the camel's brain. This suggests that these arteries are part of the cerebral cooling system that is crucial for preserving brain function in extreme environments, and act as vital components in maintaining the brain's thermal balance. Evans and De Lahunta3 found that the middle meningeal artery in dogs exits the ramus anastomoticus and runs along the calvaria's vascular groove, splitting into rostral and caudal branches. Our study found that camels exhibited similar branching patterns, with the rostral branch of the middle meningeal artery supplying the meninges covering the parietal and temporal lobes, and the caudal branch of the artery supplying the meninges covering the occipital lobe across all examined specimens. Additionally, our study revealed that camels have accessory meningeal branches that emerge directly from the rete and primarily supply the meninges covering the ventral and lateral aspects of the frontal lobe.The middle meningeal arteries contribute to the caudal root of the RERM in camels2, the caudal meningeal artery is the terminal branch of the caudal auricular artery, originating from the external carotid artery. Tayeb37 reported that the caudal meningeal artery is the terminal branch of the auriculomeningeal artery and the only collateral branch of the external carotid artery. According to Benkoukous38, the external carotid artery gives rise to the common trunk of the caudal auricular and caudal meningeal arteries in camels. In our study, we observed that, except for one sample, the caudal meningeal artery consistently originated from the occipital artery and entered the cranial cavity through the mastoid foramen. In this exception, the caudal meningeal artery originated from the condylar artery, which is usually a branch of the occipital artery in the camel. This is similar to the observation made by O’Brien et al.25 in giraffes, where the large caudal meningeal artery arises from the occipital artery and enters the skull via the mastoid foramen, and a small caudal meningeal artery departs rostrally from the condylar artery. The caudal meningeal arteries in dogs branch off the occipital branch along the nuchal crest of the occipital bone, branching into the dura of the dorsocaudal cranial cavity through the mastoid foramen and supplying some branches to the tentorium cerebelli just dorsal to the petrosal part of the temporal bone3. In horses, the occipital artery supplies blood to the nuchal region, caudal meninges, middle and inner ears39.The caudal meningeal arteries are branches of the occipital artery that enter the cranial cavity via the mastoid foramen. According to ZguigalIn conclusion, this study is the first to comprehensively describe the origins and courses of all meningeal arteries in dromedaries, filling a significant gap in the existing animal literature. Notably, the referenced information on the meningeal arteries was not the focus of the cited studies. This indicates a lack of dedicated research on this specific topic and highlights the novelty of our research in filling this substantial gap. This study identified often overlooked arterial sources in the meninges, such as the additional accessory branches emerging directly from the RERM and supplying most of the meninges of the frontal lobes. We were able to account for variations owing to the substantial sample size. The origin and course of camel meningeal arteries suggest their essential role in efficient brain cooling mechanisms, explaining their ability to survive in extremely harsh environments. Understanding the detailed anatomy of meningeal artery branching patterns in dromedaries is essential for both veterinary practitioners and researchers. This information can help in the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological conditions in dromedaries, ensuring the optimal health and well-being of these animals. Further research in this field can contribute to advancements in veterinary medicine and enhance our understanding of the intricate circulatory system in dromedaries, emphasizing the uniqueness of their anatomical structure.5.This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Research Ethics Committee of United Arab Emirates University. In this study, we injected various casting materials into the right and left common carotid arteries of 20 freshly slaughtered male Omani dromedaries (2–6 years old) obtained from Al Ain City Municipality Camel Slaughterhouses, as described in our previous studiesWe injected liquid polyurethane resin (Polytek EasyFlo 60) into the common carotid arteries of 10 dromedary heads, and red latex neoprene  into the remaining 10 heads. Owing to the flexibility of latex, specimens injected with latex were dissected to remove the camel brains, including their meninges, from the cranial cavity while maintaining intact arteries. We used the resin-injected specimens to create three-dimensional models of the meningeal arteries within the cranial cavity after removing the brain using a high-pressure washer. This method was used to remove brain tissue without damaging the resin-cast fillings. High-resolution photographs of all the dissected specimens were captured using a Sony camera with a resolution of 42 megapixels.


The journal retracts the 2022 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the contributions of the authors of the article. Our investigation, conducted in accordance with Frontiers policies, confirmed a serious breach of our authorship policies and of publication ethics; the article is therefore retracted.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Immunology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors do not agree to this retraction.


Delirium tremens is one of the most serious complications associated with alcohol withdrawal. It affects a percentage of 5 to 20% of users and is not related to the duration of consumption nor to the quantities taken. An early diagnosis will facilitate a quick treatment without putting at risk the vital prognosis.Our objective is to identify the different indicators mentioned in the existing literature and to compare these to the clinical and paraclinical data of our patientsWe present through clinical vignettes, the cases of two patients hospitalized in our department of addictology for a cure of alcohol withdrawal and who presented an episode of delirium tremens.everal clinical and paraclinical parameters have been linked to statistically significant differences in the published reports related to this subject. Thrombocytopenia remains the common element between the different publications and was the case in our two patients.Clinically, the presence of a previous episode of delirium or seizure during withdrawal , as well as tachycardia (>100 bpm) and low number of quit attempts were significantly related to the occurrence of delirium tremens. The majority of the predictors identified were paraclinical and included: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, elevated ALT and homocyctein levels, low pyridoxine levels, and the presence of structural brain damage.the literature on predictors of delirium tremens remains poor. more studies are needed to confirm the data already mentionedNone Declared


Coercion in psychiatric wards may improve the safety of patients and surroundings, on the other hand, its use affects compliance and satisfaction with treatment. In Poland the coercive measures are strictly regulated by The Mental Health Act (1994). Most of published studies refers to the coercion only during hospitalisation.Assessment of the extent of coercive measures in psychiatric emergency room and evaluation of the relationships between the use of direct coercion and selected demographic-clinical factors.This study was conducted at the Bielanski Hospital in Warsaw on all the patients admitted to the psychiatric ward over one year. The extent of coercion in the psychiatric emergency room, demographic and clinical data were collected. Patients were assessed in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) prior to admission. Patients’ sociodemographic and clinical factors were tested in a multivariate logistic regression model.In the study 318 patients were included. Coercion of some form in the psychiatric emergency room was used in 29% of cases: admission without consent in 22% of cases and direct coercion  in 7%. Use of direct coercion in the psychiatric emergency room was associated with BPRS scoring: positively with severity of disorientation symptoms and negatively with severity of depression symptoms. Suicide attempts in the past were discovered to reduce the risk of being a subject of coercive measures. We found no demographic data associated in any way with coercion use.Coercion in psychiatric emergency room was related to patients’ mental state and their past medical history. There is no evidence of coercive measures misuse towards any demographic group.None Declared


The Covid-19 pandemic has brought many changes to everyday life of adolescents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of restrictions due to Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of adolescents: changes in everyday life that can potentially have an impact on their mental health, the prevalence and worsening of social anxiety symptoms and consequent depression symptomsTo evaluate the impact of restrictions due to Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of adolescents: changes in everyday life that can potentially have an impact on their mental health, the prevalence and worsening of social anxiety symptoms and consequent depression symptomsAnonymised questionnaires were used to collect the data. They were given to the patients staying in the department of psychiatry of Children’s Clinical University Hospital in Riga, Jugla as well as to some adolescents visiting child psychiatrist in outpatient settings from January till the end of April, 2022. The following personal data were collected - age, gender, family status - as well as information about different factors affecting the mental health of adolescents during the pandemic: how often they spent time with friends, whether or not they have lost any friends, distance learning, seeking help from mental health professionals, quality of sleep and a chance to receive emotional support. Patients also filled Liebowitz social anxiety scale and PHQ-9: modified for adolescents’ depression scale.Restrictions due to pandemic mostly affect the participants negatively, promoting the worsening of social anxiety symptoms in 42% of the respondents with positive results of the Liebowitz scale. Statistically significant connection between social anxiety and depression symptoms was found. During the pandemic most of the patients were more often seeking professional help. Patients with worsening social anxiety symptoms were found to have statistically significant connection to losing friends during the pandemic. Most of the recipients with already diagnosed social anxiety were given this diagnosis during the pandemic (67% of the cases).The restrictions due to Covid – 19 pandemics negatively affect adolescents including those with social anxiety, promoting the worsening of symptoms as well as prevalence of depression symptoms in these individuals. The results suggest that coping strategies must be implemented in order to decrease the consequences of the pandemic on adolescents.None Declared


Mammaliicoccus sciuri DNA instead of Trueperella pyogenes. The conclusions reported in the article are no longer supported by the analyses; therefore, the article has been retracted.Following publication, the authors contacted the Editorial Office to request the retraction of the cited article, stating that further analysis of phage vB-ApyS-JF1 sequencing data discovered contamination with This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers of Microbiology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agree to this retraction.


The debut was in September 2021 with a hospitalization in the Brief-acute hospitalization unit due to florid psychotic clinic-He consumed several drugs in his twenties  and was diagnosed of HIV at the age of 29. He abandoned the use of drugs after the diagnoses and keep good adherence to the antiretroviral treatment (Abacavir + Lamivudine +Efavirenz).At the age of 46 (January 2020), he was successfully transplanted a kidney. Afterwards, he started taking inmunosupresor medication to avoid transplant rejectionAt the few months of the transplant and the beginning of the inmusosupresor medication, the patient became more irascible with moments of remarkable disinhibition and progressive abandon of the work obligations.In January of 2021, he got divorced after months of difficulties with his wife, married 28 years before, due to the mentioned problems as well as moments of bizarre and disorganized conducts and suspicion towards his wife with probable delusional jealousy. He, therefore, lost his job, hose and marriage and started taking drugs again after 17 years of abstinence.He was hospitalized in e Brief Acute Inpatient Unit in September 2021 with distrustful and hypervigilant attitude- He was suffering from delusional ideation of harm and persecution with high distress and emotional repercussion. He also presented disorganized conduct and probable auditory hallucinations. He was positive to amphetamines and cocaine After 3 days without consuming; there was no remission of the clinic.Discussing the association between the initiation of inmunsupresor medication and the beggining of psychotic clinicFirst psychotic episode (FEP) has a likely consequence of the initiation and maintenance of Tacrolimus -due to a kidney transplant- with the concomitant abuse of amphetamines and cocaine as a trigger factor.The psychotic clinic progressively remitted in one week after the administration of 3 mg/day of risperidone.The antiretroviral treatment was changed due to the poor adherence during the disorganization period. The tacrolimus was not removed because of the good response to the neuroleptic and the risk of transplant rejectionThe patient started with prodromic symptoms of psychosis at the time he began with the inmunosupresor medication. Progresively, the psychotic clinic worsen wit the consequence of a biographical break with the consequence of a divorce, therlost of work and home and a drug relapse.There is evidence of the association between psychotic episodes in people with no psychiatric history and the inmunosupresor medication for the kidney transplant . This case remarks the need of an exhaustive medical anamnesis in the diagnosis of psychiatric pathologies.None Declared


This work explores the role of knowledge claims and uncertainty in the public dispute over the causes and solutions to nonpoint-driven overfertilization of the Mar Menor lagoon (Spain). Drawing on relational uncertainty theory, we combine the analysis of narratives and of uncertainty. Our results show two increasingly polarized narratives that deviate in the causes for nutrient enrichment and the type of solutions seen as effective, all of which relate to contested visions on agricultural sustainability. Several interconnected uncertainties are mobilized to dispute the centrality of agriculture as a driver for eutrophication and to confront strategies that may hamper productivity. Yet, both narratives rest on a logic of dissent that strongly relies on divergent knowledge to provide legitimacy, ultimately reinforcing contestation. Transforming the ongoing polarization dynamics may require different inter- and transdisciplinary approaches that focus on sharing rather than assigning responsibility and that unpack rather than disregard existing uncertainties.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-023-01846-z. Recent insights from social and interdisciplinary science discuss eutrophication as a ‘wicked’ hydro-social issue . Intense local struggles reacting to episodes of anoxia and death of aquatic species have recently boosted the visibility of this environmental conflict and questioned the legitimacy of formal scientific advice to policy making. As we write this article, this Mediterranean lagoon became the first European ecosystem with formal legal rights thanks to a citizen-led initiative approved by Spanish authorities.2 coastal lagoon located in the Spanish Region of Murcia, host of emblematic and endangered aquatic species (see case description in the Appendix). Over five decades, the Mar Menor has been influenced by a variety of pressures from important socioeconomic changes in the area, namely, touristic promotion, rapid urbanization of the coastline, fabrication of sand beaches, expansion of ports and canals with the Mediterranean for navigation and a major transformation of the inland agricultural activity. Triggered by the construction of the Tajo-Segura water transfer, the area shifted from a structure based on family agriculture of mostly rainfed crops and cattle to a much larger area based on intensive vegetable production for exportation to European countries . The distinction between these two forms of uncertainty is however situation specific. In the context of nonpoint pollution driven eutrophication, the variegated sources of nutrients may fall under incomplete knowledge if there is technical, legal and cultural possibility of tracking down leakages. However, it may well be that the number of sources is too vast to monitor, or that it is so complex that it is impossible to be measured, thereby becoming unpredictable  that 1) actively produce knowledge about the eutrophication of the Mar Menor and (2) are echoed by local and social media, thereby contributing to public debates. The data gathering and analysis process was organized in several iterative steps , identifying both news and actors related to knowledge generation. In parallel, we selected the three most read regional newspapers with different ideological orientations  and revised over 200 articles containing knowledge claims about the Mar Menor eutrophication, all published during 2021. Finally, we reviewed the minutes from meetings of the Mar Menor Scientific CommitteeSA1 in the Appendix): scientific papers (3), PhD dissertations (1), scientific reports (12), reports from environmental (4) and agricultural (1) organizations, reports from public and private consultancies (3), transcripts from experts talks (5) and policy documents (3). Dates of publication range from 2013 to October 2021 when the ‘Framework on Priority Actions on the Mar Menor’ from the Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition was released. The final list of publicly relevant knowledge holders (institutions and organizations) is shown in Table SA2 in the Appendix.Selection of literature. The previous process gave us a preliminary overview of the main knowledge and uncertainty claims as well as their related controversies in public media. It also provided an initial list of knowledge holders together with key literature that was collected from public websites and scientific journals. From this preliminary sample, we selected those studies that explicitly addressed a comprehensive analysis of the eutrophication problem, considering its causes and pointing at potential solutions. As the analysis advanced and we gained a deeper understanding of the main controversies, we expanded the list of knowledge holders and the sample of literature in order to include standpoints from the agricultural sector. After the third eutrophic crisis started in August 2021, new public controversies emerged together with explanatory reports and policies. We included three new documents to cover the episode. The selected literature sample includes 32 documents . The final outputs of this process are four double-entry matrices, one per controversial theme, with claims classified by type of uncertainty and by analytical domain (see an example in Table A4 in the Appendix). The cascades template  was used to display each set of interconnected uncertainties across the different domains of the social-technical-environmental system.Analysis of uncertainty. Following the above described cascades methodology . The succession and superpositions of plans and figures of protection had not yet manifested in visible changes for the ecosystem. One discussed reason for this stagnation is that the question of who is responsible for action is part of the controversy. If solutions come in hand of managing the aquifer by extracting and denitrifying groundwater, then the Segura river basin district and the Spanish Government are the responsible public bodies. If they are tied to the management of nutrients through fertilization practices, then it is the Regional Government of Murcia in charge. The idea of a drastic change in agricultural productivity is at odds with the regional alignment in defense of agricultural sustainability. If political stall is underpinned by contestation over the causes and solutions to the eutrophication problem, then the existence of uncertainties over those causes and solutions can only reinforce controversies and delay action Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.


We present the case of a 78-year-old man with multiple somatic pathologies and associated depressive symptoms, under treatment with Citalopram 10mg, who was admitted due to cholangitis secondary to biliary prosthetic obstruction.Empirical antibiotic treatment with Meropenem and Linezolid was started, along with an increase in the dose of Citalopram to 20mg due to mood worsening. The patient begins with symptoms consisting of complex and polymorphic visual hallucinosis, without any affective or behavioral repercussions. He does not present another semiology of the psychotic sphere.To highlight the importance of knowing the different interactions and adverse effects of drugs for good clinical management.We collected the complete medical history of our patient and we carried out a review of the interactions and adverse effects described with the antibiotic drug Linezolid.As the onset of hallucinations was temporarily correlated with the use of medications, drug-induced hallucinations were suspected, resolving completely after 2 days after withdrawal of Linezolid treatment.Linezolid is a nonselective inhibitor of MAO A and B, preventing the destruction of monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine. It has dopaminergic properties that may enhance the central nervous system effects of anticholinergics and co-prescription with serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome.This case highlights the importance of taking into account drug interactions and adverse effects to reduce the risk of drug induced symptoms and optimize their management.The increase in resistance to antibiotic treatment allows us to anticipate that the use of Linezolid will increase in the coming years, and it is important to know its mechanism of action given the interactions with psychotropic drugs that we use in our usual clinical practiceNone Declared


Cloninger divides personality into temperament and character, proposing that temperament is innate and character is shaped by environment. With the development of noninvasive methods for measuring central nervous system activity, there have been many attempts to test personality theories using neuroscientific research methods. Thus, the use of neuroscience to examine existing theories of personality will enable a review of these theories and may lead to the formulation of new theories of personality.The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological factors underlying temperament and personality development in healthy adults by analyzing neural networks in the brain using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.The study was conducted after obtaining prior approval from the Ethics Committee of Kanazawa Medical University. Eighty-one healthy subjects who consented to the study after explaining the purpose and methods were imaged with a 3T MRI scanner in the resting state, and statistical image analysis was performed using the CONN toolbox. Personality and temperament were assessed using the temperament personality test based on Cloninger’s 7-dimensional model of personality.Five types of neural networks were extracted by independent component analysis, including Salience, Default mode, and Language. Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the functional connectivity of the networks and temperament/personality traits.We were able to observe the functional connectivity of representative neural networks from the data of healthy subjects, suggesting that individual differences in the degree of functional connectivity of neural networks may be related to the individual characteristics of temperament and personality of the subjects.None Declared


The value of pharmacological antidepressants have been contested since they were first introduced in the 1960s, but the points of contention have varied over time. This session will examine and critically discuss some of the concerns that are commonly voiced today, with particular emphasis on the evaluation of efficacy. The session will cover topics such as the utility of dichotomized outcome measures  and whether the use of these measures risk inflating apparent efficacy, whether antidepressant effect sizes are too small to be clinically meaningful, and whether there is individual variability in the response to pharmacological antidepressants.F. Hieronymus Speakers bureau of: I have received speaker’s fees from Janssen and H Lundbeck.