The developments of modern science and technology have significantly promoted the progress of sports science. Advanced technological methods have been widely used in sports training, which has not only improved the scientific level of training but also promoted the continuous growth of sports technology and competition results. Competitive Wushu routine is an important part of Chinese Wushu. The development trend of competitive Wushu routine affects the development of the whole Wushu movement. To improve the training effect of the Wushu routine using artificial intelligence, this paper employed fuzzy information processing and feature extraction technology to analyze the visual features in the process of Wushu competition. The deep neural network-based region segmentation method was employed for implicit feature extraction to examine the shape, texture, and other image features of Wushu routines and improve the recognition performance. The proposed feature extraction model achieved the highest average accuracy of 93.98% accuracy as compared to other contemporary algorithms. Finally, the model was evaluated to validate the superior performance of the proposed method in improving the decision-making ability and effective instruction ability of the martial arts routine competition. Wushu, formed gradually in the course of historical development, is a kind of integration of multiethnic cultures and the common cultural wealth of mankind . It contThe appearance of the competitive Wushu routine , 7 is thAt present, Chinese Wushu has not been included in the Olympic Games , and theThis paper proposed a novel artificial intelligence-aided algorithm for Wushu routine competition decision-making based on feature fusionThe paper proposed a deep neural network region segmentation method for implicit feature extraction to analyze the shape, texture, and other image features of martial arts routines which can effectively improve the recognition performance of martial arts routines.In the context of the continuous development of society, people's ability to control society has been significantly improved, and competitive martial arts and Wushu have a broader space for development. The research on the macro development of competitive Wushu routine is more concentrated than that of Wushu one-way sports , 12. TheThe rest of this paper is organized as follows. Since the 1950s, competitive Wushu has gradually formed and developed based on traditional Wushu. Competitive Wushu is a modern competitive sport in China that is based on the rules of competition with routine and free Shushu as the two main activities. The competitive Wushu routine is formed after the integration of Chinese and Western sports culture which belongs to the modernization of Wushu. Scholars define the concept of “competitive Wushu” with respect to the formation, evolution, and development of the competitive Wushu routine .To reflect the changes in Wushu routines, athletes should have good strength, speed, agility, and flexibility. The extraction of images for different actions can effectively judge the completion quality of Wushu actions. To study the difficult images of Wushu, it is necessary to extract the prominent features of different Wushu images.With the rapid development of machine image recognition technology, the identification of Wushu actions has moved from an original method of artificial representation to advanced deep learning methods. Recently, with the expansion of video behavior and action recognition algorithms , it can A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a variant of deep learning algorithms and has a good expression of the two-dimensional features of the image. It can effectively combine the features of the previous moment to ensure that the network can understand the timing information. Since the video behavior can be viewed as a set of constant image sequences, a dual-stream network model architecture of CNN –18 combiThe first step in the video processing  of the WR = G = B, then color represents a grayscale color with a grayscale range of 0–255. Pixel in grayscale image stores brightness value in bytes, that is, grayscale value, one pixel corresponds to one byte. In the color image, the gray values of three gray images are used to express the brightness of the three components, and one gray image can be selected.fk is the gray value of the converted gray image at . The following equation represents the grayscale image after the weighted average of the three components of RGB:Gray image with basic color is white and black. Each image's brightness ranges from zero to hundred percent. Mostly, the color images are represented in the RGB model. If i, j), routine action image characteristics such as shape, texture, and image gray value of Iswk, the dataset to get the corresponding Wushu movement characteristics of visual components can be represented asc is the column number of the visual feature of martial arts routines and r is the three-dimensional points on the motion model. Combined with the two-dimensional color image reconstruction method, the distribution characteristic quantity of martial arts routine action visual pixel set was obtained. The visual image of martial arts routine action was processed using fuzzy fusion, and the action visual tracking [To achieve the Wushu movement visual image recognition based on feature extraction, the Wushu movement region segmentation method is applied using frame section scanning techniques, and a visual feature reconstruction model is developed. Assuming that Wushu movement visual image grayscale pixel sets are P(tracking  and recoTs is the location feature of the edge of the region. The watershed image segmentation algorithm is used to reconstruct the action of martial arts routines, and the dynamic feature decomposition model was established as follows:wmk is the edge feature component of the martial arts routine. Using mathematical morphology, the three-dimensional modal output of the visual reconstruction of the martial arts routine is obtained asThe edge feature segmentation method was employed to express and process the visual features of the Wushu Sanda whip movement, and the edge contour feature analysis model was developed. The edge feature extraction is used to isolate or extract the features of an object. Once the edges have been identified, we can analyze the image and identify the object. The visual distribution function of Wushu Sanda whip movement was calculated asThis section establishes an artificial intelligence –25 auxilTo test the application performance of this method in realizing the visual image recognition of martial arts routine movements, the simulation experiment analysis was carried out using Matlab 7. The experimental parameters are shown in ∗256. To test the recognition model, the selected images were divided into 5 groups in which each group was randomly selected to test the proposed model. Taking the abovementioned sample settings as the base for this experiment, examples of the visual images of martial arts routines are shown in The dataset used in this experiment was downloaded from the Internet. The dataset is comprised of a total of 8000 visual pictures of martial arts routines. From the given dataset, the low-quality images were eliminated and the high-quality 1700 images were selected for training the proposed model. All the images were converted into two-dimensional matrix format with area pixel distribution 256We confirmed the feature extraction ability of CNN Wushu routine action recognition through feature visualization. Taking the visual image of Wushu routine action in Figures α to avoid zero gradients. The model convergence effect is shown in The activation function is usually used to perform a nonlinear transformation on the output of the hidden layer of deep neural networks to improve the nonlinear expression ability of the whole network model. For several common activation functions, the ReLU function does not have the problem of gradient disappearance compared with the sigmoid function and tanh function, and its calculation is very simple. Therefore, most CNN adopts ReLU as the activation function. However, the way that the ReLU function directly takes zero on the negative interval makes it easy to transmit the zero gradients back in the process of backpropagation training, resulting in the weight not being updated, that is, the phenomenon of “neuron death” occurs. To solve this problem, ReLU's modified Leaky ReLU function multiplies the value of the negative interval by a very small coefficient As can be seen from Competitive Wushu is emerging as a product of the times and is also the artistic carrier of traditional culture China times, and competitive Wushu is a kind of performing arts, through a creative and routine performer to organize routine stylized martial arts action. This paper proposed an artificial intelligence auxiliary algorithm for martial arts routine competition decision-making based on feature fusion. We combined frame segment scanning technology to sample martial arts routine movement visual images and developed a Wushu routine movement feature extraction model. The proposed model achieved the highest recognition accuracy of 93.98% as compared to other feature extraction methods based on deep learning algorithms. The proposed model was evaluated to demonstrate the superior performance of the method in improving the decision-making and action effectiveness instruction ability of Wushu routine competition. In the future, we are planning to incorporate and compare other machine learning algorithms such as RNN and BNN.


In the original version of our article , the autCorrected authors list of this publication: Marya Anne von Wolff and Dietmar Stephan.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected.


Understand the most important interactions between inflammation and coagulation.Understand the mechanism(s) and role of NETs formation.Understand the pathophysiology of DIC.Understanding and knowledge of correctional treatment of different coagulopathies.There is now growing evidence for a crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation. In this session, Konstantin Stark report on the current evidence for a crosstalk between platelets and neutrophils. These cells are among the first responders to pathogens and perturbation of vascular integrity and the interplay triggers neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. NETs have many functions including providing a scaffold for platelet adhesion and enhanced platelet activation. Cheng-Hock Toh provides an update on the pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition characterized by severe and uncontrolled activation of coagulation that may lead to multiorgan failure secondary to thrombosis in the microvasculature and in medium sized vessels and also due to consumptive coagulopathy leading to bleeding. Novel aspects of pathophysiology include mechanisms of thrombin generation, cellular dysfunction in the microcirculation and the contribution of innate immunity and inflammation with NETs formation. Finally, Riitta Lassila discusses management of coagulopathies in a selection of severe inflammatory disorders.


Biological and engineering strategies for neural repair and recovery from neurotrauma continue to emerge at a rapid pace. Until recently, studies of the impact of neurotrauma and repair strategies on the reorganization of the central nervous system have focused on broadly defined circuits and pathways. Optogenetic modulation and recording methods now enable the interrogation of precisely defined neuronal populations in the brain and spinal cord, allowing unprecedented precision in electrophysiological and behavioral experiments. This mini-review summarizes the spectrum of light-based tools that are currently available to probe the properties and functions of well-defined neuronal subpopulations in the context of neurotrauma. In particular, we highlight the challenges to implement these tools in damaged and reorganizing tissues, and we discuss best practices to overcome these obstacles. Neurotrauma such as brain injuries, stroke, and spinal cord injury (SCI) scatter the finely organized network of circuits that produce behaviors, causing devastating cognitive and/or sensorimotor impairments. Many biological and engineering strategies seek to repair these circuits to enhance functional recovery from neurotrauma. Understanding the consequences of neurotrauma and the mechanisms underlying repair strategies requires tools to visualize the neuroanatomical and functional properties of circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Optogenetics has triggered a paradigm shift in the resolution of these evaluations. Traditionally, electrical stimulation and recording methods have been the main tools for studying broadly defined circuits and pathways.However, the results of these experiments are difficult to interpret, since these methods cannot distinguish between the various subpopulations of neurons that constitute the brain and spinal cord. Optogenetics leverages the expression of genetically engineered proteins to target specific neuronal subpopulations. These methods enable activation, silencing, and recording of neural activity with light in precisely-defined neurons, which is not possible with electricity-based methods . Using photostimulation of cortical neurons located in the vicinity of regions receiving repeated TBIs, it was possible to confirm that functional deficits correlate with reduced cerebral blood flow and the presence of astrogliosis  whose expression can be driven by distinct promoters (Madisen et al., Optogenetics has transformed the field of neuroscience. These methodologies have enabled unprecedented precision to interrogate the role and function of neurons within the realm of neurotrauma, albeit the implementation of these tools comes with a unique set of challenges. Harnessing the full power of these methods requires a careful design of experiments in a way that takes advantage of the specificity of the employed tools while controlling for potential side effects of both their expression and activation in the presence of existing tissue damage. While the current toolbox for optogenetic modulation and recording has expanded widely over the past decade, it continues to undergo rapid developments that promise the availability of more precise and less invasive methods for optical circuit interrogation.SC conceptualized and wrote the original draft and prepared the figure and table. SC and GC edited and revised the manuscript. GC supervised the work. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors GC.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The Journal and Authors retract the 12 March 2021 article cited above for the following reasons provided by the Authors:Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Oncology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agree to this retraction.


Antioxidant active food packaging can extend the shelf life of foods by retarding the rate of oxidation reactions of food components. Although significant advances in the design and development of polymeric packaging films loaded with antioxidants have been achieved over the last several decades, few of these films have successfully been translated from the laboratory to commercial applications. This article presents a snapshot of the latest advances in the design and applications of polymeric films for antioxidant active food packaging. It is hoped that this article will offer insights into the optimisation of the performance of polymeric films for food packaging purposes and will facilitate the translation of those polymeric films from the laboratory to commercial applications in the food industry. An. AnCaricWhile most of the active ingredients used in film development for antioxidant food packaging come from botanical sources, antioxidants obtained from animal sources have also been adopted. A good example is melanin, a ubiquitous biological pigment found widely in the eyes, hair, skin, and brain of living animals ,66. NatuInorganic agents have been used as antioxidants, too. ZnO nanoparticles are a good example of such antioxidants and have been adopted in food packaging as antimicrobial agents and as UV light absorbers ,69. The Food additives approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US for use as antioxidants have also been incorporated into the film matrix for antioxidant active food packaging. Representative examples include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tertiary butylated hydroquinone (TBHQ). These additives have been incorporated into polypropylene-based films and have been exploited for possible use in food protection . An incrMultiple steps are involved from the time a film is first designed to the time when the film is manufactured and used by end-users. Failure can occur at one of these many steps, which can compromise technology transfer ,74. For In addition, when the film is used in the food industry, it is expected to experience potentially remarkable variations in temperature and humidity during food processing and storage, or even tear and wear during rough handling. The extent of such variations is sometimes much larger than what the laboratory can imitate or predict. This is compounded by the fact that most of the studies on antioxidant active food packaging have only tested the antioxidant capacity of the film using chemical tests such as the DPPH assay and the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay. Even in studies that adopt food models to evaluate the performance of the film, the variety of food models used is limited. This hinders the technology transfer and industrial application of the reported film because the composition of the food, in fact, affects the rate of release of the antioxidant from the film, leading to variations in the efficiency of food protection based on antioxidant food packaging. This has been confirmed by a recent study , which eAntioxidant active food packaging can prolong the shelf life of foods by retarding the rate of oxidation reactions experienced by food components. As discussed in the sections above, significant advances in the design and development of packaging films loaded with a large diversity of antioxidants have been achieved over the last several decades, yet few challenges remain to be solved before antioxidant active food packaging films can be effectively translated from the laboratory into commercial applications. One challenge is the poor understanding of the interactions between antioxidants and other film components during film fabrication. The bulk properties of the film may change when antioxidants are added to the film. If the generation of the film involves the use of other additives such as plasticisers and colouring agents, the release kinetics of these additives may be changed, leading to the migration of these agents to food products and causing safety concern. For this, more studies are required to decipher and predict the interactions among different additives in a film so that films with better properties can be designed.The development of effective antioxidant active food packaging films is compounded by the difficulty of determining and optimising the amount and concentration distribution of the antioxidant in the packaging film. Uneven distribution or a suboptimal concentration of the antioxidant can hamper the efficiency of the film in food protection. Furthermore, the polymeric matrix of the film needs to be properly designed so that the release kinetics of the antioxidant match the kinetics of oxidation of food components. Over the years, various studies have been performed to apply mathematical models of mass transfer to examine the release kinetics of bioactive agents from the polymeric matrix; however, most of these studies have been performed by placing the matrix in a liquid environment ,78. The


Elucidation of the human genome has increased understanding of human body responses to drug administration . LikewisThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reinforced the urgent need to study the genetic differences among people with mild symptoms and those with complex responses to the disease . During Examples that illustrate the importance of understanding therapeutic effectiveness responses in target groups include the premature administration of hydroxychloroquine based on affect glycosylation of angiotensin converting enzyme-2, without information on genetic variability  and remdThe reservoirs of genetic material in biobanks in the United Kingdom  and evenBiobanks can hold genetic data for a significant percentage of an entire population . In EstoThere are ethical dilemmas involved with asking a donor to provide unique informed consent. This has, however, been improved with the development of the model of dynamic consent . Ethics Due to high population diversity, Latin America faces the challenge of addressing genetic variability in studies to improve pharmacological responses to therapeutics for diseases. The creation of biobanks, their strengthening, and collaboration among them, would be a fundamental contribution to obtain pharmacogenetic information and efficient therapeutic responses in Latin America.


The Journal retracts the 26 March 2021 article cited above for the following reasons provided by the Authors:Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Oncology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agreed to this retraction.


While observations in neurobiology provide inspiration for methods in artificial intelligence and machine learning—most famously, in the development of artificial neural networks  —the recFeltgen and Daunizeau. Their focus is on refinement of the estimation procedure for drift-diffusion models  inference; through the perspective of Bayesian filtering (prospective) and smoothing (prospective and retrospective). The authors propose a middle ground between the two by limiting the number of past time-steps over which retrospective inference is performed—curtailing the computational cost accrued in modeling long sequences—and demonstrate the success of the resulting scheme on a probabilistic reversal learning task.Temporal sequences of this sort are central to two other contributions to this Research Topic. Safron provides a broad overview of active inference and its relationship to other influential theories of brain and consciousness, including the global neuronal workspace theory (Gershman adds an interesting novel perspective to this through proposing a generative adversarial theory of brain function. This is based upon the widely used deep learning networks of the same name (Gershman highlights how human brain architectures could support the generative and discriminative parts of such networks.At a more conceptual level, e theory  and intee theory . Gershmaame name . GeneratLeptourgos and Corlett and Mehltretter et al. The former set out a theory for the distortions in the sense of agency experienced by some people with schizophrenia. They do so through assuming the brain makes use of two distinct predictive hierarchies that deal with the feeling of, and the judgment of, agency, respectively. This dual hierarchy allows them to incorporate features of prominent theories of passivity phenomena (Mehltretter et al. take a different perspective on computational psychiatry and make use of deep learning methods in feature selection to predict remission of symptoms in patients taking antidepressants. Their focus is on the important challenge of interpretability for such analyses.A key area of application for theoretical neurobiology is in computational psychiatry . This inhenomena . MehltreThe papers outlined above offer a snapshot of the exciting work at the interface of neuroscience and probabilistic reasoning and the enduring symbiotic relationship between the two fields.


This paper reviews recent advances regarding land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associatedwith the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its climatic impacts. Thermal forcing over the TPinteracts strongly with that over the Iranian Plateau, forming a coupled heating systemthat elevates the tropopause, generates a monsoonal meridional circulation over South Asiaand creates conditions of large-scale ascent favorable for Asian summer monsoondevelopment. TP heating leads to intensification and westward extension (northwardmovement) of the South Asian High , and exertsstrong impacts on upstream climate variations from North Atlantic to West Asia. It alsoaffects oceanic circulation and buoyancy fields via atmospheric stationary wave trains andair–sea interaction processes, contributing to formation of the Atlantic MeridionalOverturning Circulation. The TP thermal state and atmospheric–oceanic conditions arehighly interactive and Asian summer monsoon variability is controlled synergistically byinternal TP variability and external forcing factors. Itsdynamic blocking effect in winter leads to division of the impinging westerly flow intonorthern and southern branches, which merge on the lee side of the plateau to form thestrong East Asian jet stream downstream )o et al.  found th )et al. found thIt is noteworthy that the relationship between TP thermal forcing and global and regionalSSTAs exhibits strong seasonality. In early spring, the general circulation over the TP andAsian monsoon regions is still in the winter state and the AHS over the TP is influencedmainly by the mid–high-latitude circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. After the onset ofthe Southeast Asian monsoon in early May, accompanied by weakening and northward retreat ofthe westerly jet stream, the relationship between the tropical oceans, especially the IndianOcean, and the TP diabatic heating shows a more intimate interconnection. Specifically, theIndian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) can significantly affect the heating condition of the TP byaltering the local meridional circulation and suppressing or enhancing ascent over the TP. In termThe interannual variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) is controlled byatmospheric internal variability and external forcing. Through data diagnosis and numericalsimulations, the relative importance of the thermal forcing of the TP and the first leadingmode of the Indian Ocean SSTA, that is the IOBM, with regard to the interannual variabilityof the EASM circulation was investigated .ResultsDespite the recent advances in studies of the thermal status of the TP and of its climateimpacts, many unknowns and challenges remain.It has been demonstrated that the elevated thermal status of the TIPS exerts significantimpact on atmospheric circulations and the global climate, particularly the maintenance ofthe ASM. However, mechanisms for generation and maintenance of the monsoon can be differentfrom that responsible for its variation on different timescales. Given the existence of boththe land–sea thermal contrast and the thermal forcing of large-scale orography in thecurrent climate system, the relative contributions to monsoon variability of the mechanicalforcing of the TP versus its thermal forcing and of the remote effects versus the localthermal impacts remain unclear and require further study.Improved understanding of the thermal status of the TP and of its climate impact is helpfulfor enhancing the skill of climate prediction. Knowledge of clouds and their role in TPclimate variations remains limited because of the sparse observations before the 1970s.Since 2006, with the launch of the CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites, the vertical structureof clouds and their radiative effects over the TP have been the focus of considerableresearch interest ,131. HowThe previously sparse distribution of meteorological observation stations over the TIP areameant information for quantification of the land–air coupling processes over the TP wasinsufficient. The Chinese Meteorological Administration, together with the provinces nearthe plateau, has now provided 2 billion Yuan (RMB) to construct an improved observationnetwork over the TP comprising more than 6000 automatic weather stations before 2023. Thisnetwork is expected to lead to marked improvement in our understanding of the coupledland–air processes and the thermal features of the TP, as well as their variations.Correlation diagnosis, statistical analysis and numerical modeling have all been usedwidely to reveal the impacts of TP forcing on downstream circulation and climate, whilstdynamic approaches are helpful for improved understanding of these impacts. From thepotential vorticity–diabatic heating (PV-Q) perspective, it is known that the strong diurnalchange in surface heating of the TP in summer significantly influences the land–air couplingand provides favorable background conditions for the genesis of a plateau vortex during thenight . In wintMany African and European regions are highly populated and the regional ecosystems andenvironments are susceptible to global climate change; therefore, better understanding ofthe impact of the TP on its upstream climate is very important because of the strong linkbetween the TP and its upstream regions. Although previous studies have demonstratednumerous changes in the upstream climate that appear linked to the conditions of the TP, thephysical processes through which the plateau might exert its influence remain unclear. Forexample, in the mid–high latitudes, the rotational portion of atmospheric motion is dominantand forcing, such as that derived from the TP, usually generates wave-train patterns.Therefore, it is important to consider whether the changes in TP conditions directly ‘block’the eastward propagating signals causing variations of the upstream climate, or generatesignals that propagate eastward  across the North Pacific and NorthAmerica to affect regions to the west of the plateau. Future investigations are needed toprovide answers to the many related important questions.Understanding the modulation of the TP on air–sea interaction is challenging in the studyof climate dynamics. Despite encouraging progress in exploration of the interactions betweenthe TP and global oceans, various important issues remain unaddressed. For example, it willbe important to determine how such modulation influences the variability of the ASM and theENSO–monsoon relationship. Moreover, the question of whether the melting of Arctic sea iceis related to continuous weakening of the TP heat source is of fundamental importance. Inaddition, further investigation is required to establish the optimal method for measuringthe relative importance of external forcing  to the variability of the TP heat source against its self-sustainedvariability.


In recent years, the sanitization of environments, devices, and objects has become mandatory to improve human and environmental safety, in addition to individual protection and prevention measures. International studies considered ozone one of the most useful and easy sanitization methods for indoor environments, especially hospital environments that require adequate levels of disinfection. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the microclimate influence on sanitizing procedure for indoor settings with ozone, to prevent infections and ensure the safe use of the environments. The concentration of ozone was measured during sanitization treatment and estimation of microorganisms’ survival on the air and different contaminated plates after the sanitization operations were performed. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the microbial count that always fell below the threshold value in different conditions of distance, temperature, and relative humidity. In the last year, a new worldwide emergency introduced the requirement of new disinfection and sanitation procedures to optimize the quality of care and work safety in professional environments  for the sanification of the environments. These data can be used for reducing ozone concentration although assuring safe disinfection under different conditions.


Thermal drift of nano-computed tomography (CT) adversely affects the accurate reconstruction of objects. However, feature-based reference scan correction methods are sometimes unstable for images with similar texture and low contrast. In this study, based on the geometric position of features and the structural similarity (SSIM) of projections, a rough-to-refined rigid alignment method is proposed to align the projection. Using the proposed method, the thermal drift artifacts in reconstructed slices are reduced. Firstly, the initial features are obtained by speeded up robust features (SURF). Then, the outliers are roughly eliminated by the geometric position of global features. The features are refined by the SSIM between the main and reference projections. Subsequently, the SSIM between the neighborhood images of features are used to relocate the features. Finally, the new features are used to align the projections. The two-dimensional (2D) transmission imaging experiments reveal that the proposed method provides more accurate and robust results than the random sample consensus (RANSAC) and locality preserving matching (LPM) methods. For three-dimensional (3D) imaging correction, the proposed method is compared with the commonly used enhanced correlation coefficient (ECC) method and single-step discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm. The results reveal that proposed method can retain the details more faithfully. Computed tomography (CT), which is a nondestructive technique to obtain structural information inside objects, is widely used in cultural relic detection, life sciences, and other industrial applications . HoweverThe projection alignment method based on short reference scan was proposed by Sasov  in 2008.At present, there are three common methods to align the main projection with respect to the reference projection: intensity based method, frequency domain based method, and feature based method. The intensity based method constructs the similarity measure through the gray scale of projection and calculates the extreme value of the similarity measure by using the optimization algorithm to get the translation parameters. Evangelidis et al.  proposedThe feature based method uses the similarity constraint of position and direction of the feature points extracted by local descriptors to align the projections, such as scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) , speededIn this study, a method based on outlier elimination and position adjustment is proposed to align the main projection by the reference projection for reducing or even eliminating the thermal drift artifact of nano-CT. The proposed method can effectively eliminate outliers with high accuracy. Further, an elimination model of outliers based on the geometric position of features and structural similarity (SSIM)  of projeThe rest of this paper is organized as follows. The reference projections are acquired with a larger rotation step after obtaining the main projections. The proposed method is used to calculate the drifts between the main and the reference projections. The drift of main projection without reference projection is estimated by cubic spline interpolation of adjacent drift.The workflow of the proposed method is shown in The alignment model of main projection and reference projection is considered as a rigid transformation model since drift is a slowly varying translation process .(1)[xmaSURF is a fast and robust feature description method which consists of two main parts: feature generation and matching. The purpose of feature generation is to determine feature point locations and descriptors. Matching is achieved by the Euclidean distance of the feature points.It is assumed that the matching feature point sets have been extracted by SURF. The feature point sets of the main and reference projections are denoted by ightness  due to tightness . The outThe proposed elimination strategy includes rough elimination and refined elimination. The purpose of rough elimination is to identify and eliminate obvious outliers for accelerating the operational efficiency of refined elimination.First, the feature points Then, the feature angle is considered to identify the outliers. If the matching relationship of the feature points is accurate, the feature angles However, it is difficult to satisfy Equation (3) due to the difference in brightness and noise distribution between the main projection and reference projection. The difference between the feature angle of To obtain the optimal solution of Equation (4), the feature angle similarity function It is extremely difficult to directly set the upper and lower limits of the feature angle, so the feature point offset limit Then, the rough elimination strategy of outliers can be expressed asIn The SSIM is used to further refine the features. Each pair of feature points provides a guide to align the projection through the alignment vector To improve the robustness of refined elimination, the SSIM threshold ASIM is used to eliminate the outliers in the SURF initial feature points. The complete procedure is summarized in The location of feature points may not be calculated accurately by SURF due to the influence of brightness and gray distribution of projected image. The position adjustment method based on SSIM provides accurate position of feature points. In the main projection and reference projection, image blocks SSIM is used for feature point relocation. The relocation process is summarized in The features directly affect the calculation of drift. There are three parameters in the proposed algorithm: the feature point offset limit In the nano-CT scanning experiment, the time difference between the main and reference projections is long. Three 2D transmission imaging experiments are set up to evaluate the influence of brightness, noise level, and initial feature number on the alignment accuracy. To evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method for high-precision matching between the main projection and the reference projection, the SURF, RANSAC, and LPM are used as comparison methods.All the data used in the experiment are obtained from the nano-CT in Henan Imaging and Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory. To consider the difference in correction accuracy caused by different gray distributions and shapes, four groups of actual scan data are selected for testing. The samples and exposure time are listed in Firstly, the alignment effect under different lighting conditions is tested. The interval time of image pairs is shown in Secondly, the number of initial features is considered to test the effect on accuracy. The samples in Finally, the robustness of ASIM is tested. The sample projection pairs of the first and second rows in To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method in 3D reconstruction, the method is applied to the 3D imaging experiment of an electronic component and cabbage seed. The relevant scanning parameters are listed in the RMSE), drift calculation error, precision, and accuracy are used to evaluate the effect of different methods on the elimination of feature points.The root mean square error  of image is too low, the original feature matching fails, so the feature elimination and point adjustment can also fail. In the future, we hope to further optimize the feature matching strategy to maintain the robustness of the algorithm.


In this review article we will discuss the acute hypertensive response in the context of acute ischemic stroke and present the latest evidence-based concepts of the significance and management of the hemodynamic response in acute ischemic stroke.Acute hypertensive response is considered a common hemodynamic physiologic response in the early setting of an acute ischemic stroke. The significance of the acute hypertensive response is not entirely well understood. However, in certain types of acute ischemic strokes, the systemic elevation of the blood pressure helps to maintain the collateral blood flow in the penumbral ischemic tissue. The magnitude of the elevation of the systemic blood pressure that contributes to the maintenance of the collateral flow is not well established. The overcorrection of this physiologic hemodynamic response before an effective vessel recanalization takes place can carry a negative impact in the final clinical outcome. The significance of the persistence of the acute hypertensive response after an effective vessel recanalization is poorly understood, and it may negatively affect the final outcome due to reperfusion injury.Acute hypertensive response is considered a common hemodynamic reaction of the cardiovascular system in the context of an acute ischemic stroke. The reaction is particularly common in acute brain embolic occlusion of large intracranial vessels. Its early management before, during, and immediately after arterial reperfusion has a repercussion in the final fate of the ischemic tissue and the clinical outcome. Blood pressure is usually elevated in the acute phase of all types of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. This acute hypertensive (presumably physiologic) response is common in the early phase of acute ischemic stroke. Approximately two-third of the ischemic strokes present with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure . The sigAfter an acute occlusion of a major intracranial artery, the cerebral tissue is able to sense a decrease in the interstitial oxygen tension . The resThe acute hypertensive response observed in the acute phase of ischemic stroke is self-limiting, and it tends to decline over the course of the next several days and return to the premorbid baseline levels. In embolic strokes, this tends to happen at the same time when spontaneous recanalization occurs. Mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion can shorten this period, and it is not uncommon to observe a dramatic reduction of the systolic blood pressure after the vessel is recanalized. On the contrary, in cases of ineffective vessel recanalization, the acute hypertensive response may persist for several days.Sudden and aggressive reduction of the blood pressure is deleterious across all types of ischemic strokes. This is also true in intracerebral hemorrhage. In the case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, two different randomized clinical trials showed a tendency for reduction in the hematoma expansion with early and moderate reduction of the hypertensive response , 6. HoweLess than one-third of acute ischemic stroke can present without elevation of the blood pressure, and some of the can present with low blood pressure level. Subjects presenting with acute ischemic stroke and lack of acute hypertensive response can harbor other cardiovascular comorbidities including concomitant congestive heart failure and severe aortic and mitral valvular disease. These patients are well known to face worse outcomes in spite of the successful acute interventions. In a recent secondary analysis of the Head Positioning in acute Stroke Trial (HeadPoST), patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting initially with low blood pressure, defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure less than 70 mmHg, had an increased risk of death or dependency  compared with patients presenting with acute hypertensive physiologic response [Acute ischemic stroke patients presenting with an acute physiologic hypertensive response represent the majority of the cases. For the subset of patients arriving with the first 3–4½ h after the symptoms onset guidelines recommend to maintain the systolic blood pressure below 185 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure below 105 mmHg. The original studies that tested the effectiveness of intravenous r-tPA for acute ischemic stroke used these blood pressure thresholds to reduce the risk of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation that could potently offset the benefit of the thrombolytic treatment. However, this trials did not assess a specific blood pressure target for the lower limit of the goal. A U-shaped association between the initial blood pressure and the final unfavorable outcome in acute ischemic stroke was demonstrated in several observational studies. The extremes (low blood pressure and excessively elevated blood pressure) range are associated with worse outcome, and the best outcomes appear to be present with a modest initial hypertension. However, none of these observational studies were able to prove causality. Two large registries of intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke reported the association between hypertension and the risk of the symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation . In bothLarge vessel occlusion is perhaps the subtype of acute ischemic stroke in which the relevance of the acute hypertensive response and its adequate management are of great significance in the final outcome. The acute hypertensive response is noticeable immediately after the embolic occlusion of a proximal intracranial artery. This instantaneous systemic hemodynamic physiologic response is key for the maintenance of the retrograde leptomeningeal collateral circulation. It is also responsible of the initial minimal neurological deficit present in patient with acute large vessel occlusions presenting and low NIHSS score  or even with a complete resolution of the clinical symptoms (transient ischemic attack). However, this could be a precarious situation, and it is calculated that approximately 20 to 40% of this subjects will deteriorate their neurologic condition during the subsequent 24–72 h. In this context, arterial hypotension (spontaneous or induced) well known to be obviously deleterious for the final fate of the penumbral tissue and finally the clinical outcome. Spontaneous hypotension can be seen in subjects with large vessel occlusion and concomitant cardiac disease that impairs the stroke volume. Iatrogenic systemic hypotension can be seen in patients with large vessel occlusion that undergo to mechanical thrombectomy under general anesthesia. During the induction of general anesthesia, the inhaled volatile anesthetics can cause inappropriate lowering of the systolic and mean arterial blood pressure that can overcorrect the acute hypertensive physiologic response. In a retrospective study of 371 patients that underwent to mechanical thrombectomy under general anesthesia, a linear association between arterial hypotension and worse outcome was demonstrated . Even a Successful endovascular recanalization in large vessel occlusion is the most important predictor of subsequent successful clinical outcome at 90 days. A successful recanalization implies an almost complete or complete reperfusion of the occluded vessel, defined as TICI  2b or higher Fig.  score. TA successful recanalization is commonly associated with spontaneous regression and disappearance of the acute hypertensive physiologic response. The lack of spontaneous resolution of the acute hypertensive response after a successful recanalization has been correlated with worse neurologic outcome in several observational studies. The reason behind the persistence of arterial hypertension in spite of successful recanalization is probably multifactorial. Uncontrolled premorbid hypertension might explain some cases but also the fast progression to ischemia in spite of early and effective vessel recanalization is also suspected. In this last circumstance, the ischemic gliovascular tissue might continue sending a signal that keeps the sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system into the cardiovascular system. Post-operative arterial hypertension in patients that underwent to a successful recanalization has been correlated with higher chances of hemorrhagic transformation.The impact of blood pressure levels within the first 24 h after mechanical thrombectomy on the clinical outcome was reported in a recent retrospective study that included 700 patients with large vessel occlusion that underwent to mechanical thrombectomy . The stuAreas of hyperatenuation in the brain parenchyma  represent regions of the brain tissue with broken brain blood barrier due to established ischemia after mechanical thrombectomy. This area of hyperatenuation is more prone to hemorrhagic transformation after effective recanalization. In a retrospective study of a prospectively collected cohort of the consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients due to large vessel occlusion that underwent to a successful mechanical thrombectomy, 50% of the subjects exhibited areas of the hyperatenuation in the post-procedure non contrast CT . In thisUntil further evidence from randomized clinical trials are available, it appears prudent to try to correct the persistence of an acute hypertensive response after a successful mechanical thrombectomy to avoid hemorrhagic reperfusion injury. This is particularly important in subjects with early signs of established ischemia as evidenced by areas of hyperatenuation in the immediate post-operative non contrast CT of the head. Based on the best current evidence, the systolic blood pressure should range between 140 and 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg after successful thrombectomy. Caution should be applied with subjects with history of premorbid of arterial hypertension. The control of the blood pressure should start in the Cath lab immediately after the clot is removed. We suggest the placement of an invasive arterial line to facilitate a continuous and accurate blood pressure monitoring for at least 24–72 h as well as to facilitate the accurate titration of the doses of the intravenous short-acting vasodilators. If the Cath lab has the capability to perform flat panel detector-computerized tomography of the head, we do suggest to acquire the information of hypertanuated areas of the brain parenchyma to better identify subjects with higher risk of the reperfusion injury and implement therapeutic measurements (including blood pressure control) to improve the final clinical and neurologic outcome (Fig. Acute hypertensive response is considered a physiologic hemodynamic reaction of the cardiovascular system that is commonly seen in patient with acute ischemic stroke. The lack of presence of this physiologic hemodynamic response or its iatrogenic over correction has a negative impact in the final neurologic outcome, particularly in subject with large vessel occlusion before recanalization. The persistence of the hypertensive response after effective recanalization appears to negatively affect the final outcome, and the cautious lowering of the blood pressure to a safer range appears to be reasonable.


The Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) Act in South Korea was enacted in 2008 to improve the quality of life of older adults by promoting better health and to mitigate the burden of care on family members. In 2014, the Enforcement Decree for the LTCI Act was revised to broaden criteria for eligible recipients of LTCI-related services and care. This policy analysis seeks to explore the political circumstances under which the Act was formed and how social environmental factors had evolved to revise the LTCI Act using a multiple streams policy analysis framework. A combination of factors influenced the status of LTCI policy agenda, including shifts in aged demographic structure and increasing medical expenditures. From the Korean National Dementia Plan, a pilot project of dementia care was conducting to prove the efficiency of dementia care service. While the Korean Senior Citizens Association (KSCA) was less successful gaining press attention around dementia care, the presidential election and candidates’ election pledges were key factors to suddenly open the opportunity to extend the recipients for dementia care. The process through which the LTCI Act was revised and expanded showed the importance of the political environment associated with the election. Based on the recognition of LTIC policy agenda and already testing the efficiency of dementia care services, the election leaded to revision of LTCI Act and it quickly diffused by the new administration. From the revision of LTCI, international policymakers and scholars should recognize how the political events might use the policy for older adutls.


Discovering a composite of measures of executive function/working memory predicted everyday medication adherence among older adults, led to the development of a behavioral intervention, the Multifaceted Prospective Memory Intervention (MPMI) to improve hypertension medication adherence. The intervention resulted in a 35% improvement in adherence compared to an active education and attention control condition. However, adherence slowly declined over an additional five months of adherence monitoring without the presence of interventionists in the home. We proposed that the use of technology might help individuals maintain the prospective memory strategies, resulting in sustained adherence. An interdisciplinary team was formed to translate the behavioral intervention to technology, resulting in the first version of the MEDSReM system. In this presentation we describe the evolution of the project, from the components of the successful MPMI to the design and initial testing of MEDSReM. These efforts provide general insights about translating interventions into technology tools.


The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the symptoms of overactive bladder syndrome are varied. Thus, despite the current guidelines are organized in steps for treatment , based oThe use of electrical stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder has been proposed for several years , and hasAlthough proposed for several years, the effectiveness of bladder training on symptoms of overactive bladder is still poorly studied in the literature  as the aIn the present prospective randomized trial , the aut


N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor) initially purified from an in vitro reconstitution of Golgi membranes  needs to be transported around the cell by the help of motor molecules such as kinesins and dyneins. These molecular machines use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate processive and efficient distribution of cargo and their carriers along the microtubule network of the cell. A set of comprehensive reviews from Schiavon et al. discuss previous work on mitochondria intracellular transport and provide an example where impaired mobility of mitochondria may be playing a central role in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, a neurodegenerative disorder. Additionally, Sneeggen et al. describe how the role of intracellular trafficking in cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and invasion contributes to the regulation of energy consumption and metabolism during cancer progression. Lastly, Tavares et al. delineate the capacity of the HIV-1 virus to hijack key machinery of the intracellular pathway in order to ensure efficient viral replication and survival in the host.Finally, this Research Topic includes three insightful articles that put the role of intracellular trafficking in the context of disease. Altogether, these contributions should give the reader an updated view of different aspects of the intracellular traffic field and a glimpse on the future directions of research in each sub-field. We hope the reader can also find the gaps and the many still unanswered questions in the field while navigating through this Research Topic: how is the motor molecules' activity regulated during development and disease progression? What is the next technology that will thrust this field into the next century of discovery? At the molecular level, how do we modulate cargo localization through targeting strategies, and in doing so, influence the adaptive requirements of a cell? How can we prevent future public health crises by manipulating the host-microorganism energy supply and demand flux? How can we generate a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular machinery of protein trafficking? The dysregulation of the machinery involved in controlling intracellular traffic is frequently associated with diseases that include cancer, developmental and degenerative diseases, and multiple immunity disorders, highlighting the urgency of unraveling the mechanisms that regulate the movement of cargo inside the cell.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.AH was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2017-88766-R and PID2020-119132GB-I00). DCG was funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship awarded from the Wellcome Trust/Royal Society (Grant No. 210481).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The Journal and Authors retract the 5 November 2019 article cited above for the following reasons provided by the Authors:Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Oncology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agree to this retraction.


By means of virtual reconstructions obtained from the data provided by the different Multislice Computed Venotomographies (MCVT)  performeSixtty-four detector Phillips Multislice tomograph and process the data using IntelliSpace Portal .Discussion and conclusions: The knowledge of the venous anatomy, through virtual representations, allow to understand the collateral circulation and its patterns in cases of obstruction of the Superior Vena Cava [The collateral circulation network chosen depended mainly on whether or not the Azygous vein was compromised and the time of evolution of the obstruction . From thena Cava .


The training course for the training of highly specialized interviewers for the IV SCAI study was developed within the EU-Menu program of EFSA; the implementation of the innovative training model was carried out with the support of the Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity Knowledge Hub (DEDIPAC) project, as part of the Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life (HDHL), which for Italy was led by the IRILD consortium Research support infrastructures to promote an active lifestyle and a healthy diet.The authors thank Dr. Gaetana Ferri  for her enthusiastic support and Dr. Elisabetta Lupotto (CREA Food and Nutrition) for her supportive commitment. Our immense gratitude goes to all participants for their great and competent commitment in completing the IV SCAI 3 months−9 years old individuals: Rosaria Amabile, Cristina Baggio, The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The current Research Topic focused on the implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications in the field of genetics, genomics, and transcriptomics of red blood cell defects. This is an important issue in the current scientific scenario either in the clinical/diagnostic or in research settings. Indeed, the widespread use of these technologies has already modified the approaches to diagnosis and research for red blood cell disorders   within Karaosmanoglu et al. investigated the transcriptomic profile of three different cell types of bone marrow resident cells isolated from patients affected by DBA related to RPS19 and CECR1 mutations. The authors observed increased expression of genes associated with both cellular stress and immune response. Interestingly, they also suggested that the gene expression profile reflecting cellular stress and cytokine response in proerythroblasts may be associated with increased inflammation in the bone marrow niche. This observation agrees with previous studies suggesting a specific contribution of TNF-α in the inhibition of erythroid differentiation and in the pathogenesis of ribosomal stress observed in DBA.From the research perspective, the use of NGS applications allowed both identifying new causative genes associated to red blood cell defects as well as understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders. Within this Research Topic, the study by The importance and the advantages of NGS are easily understandable. However, despite the extensive employment of this technique in routine laboratory practice, some considerations on its limitations and/or disadvantages should be done. A major limitation of NGS genome analysis remains the data processing steps and the assessment of the pathogenicity of identified genetic variants  (Roy and Babbs, flox/flox mice with a transgenic mouse strain that expresses the Cre-recombinase under regulation of the endogenous erythropoietin receptor promoter. The resulting CdanEryΔ mice die in-utero at mid-gestation from severe anemia with very low numbers of circulating erythroblast. Of note CdanEryΔ model displays severe aberrations of primitive erythropoiesis and erythroblasts exhibit the pathognomonic morphological features described in individuals with CDA I, suggesting that CDAN1 is required for primitive erythropoiesis.The study by This collection of articles related to the study of genetics, genomics, and transcriptomics of red blood cell defect highlighted the actual and future direction of the diagnosis and research in this field. Although these conditions are rare, the study of their pathogenetic mechanism could shed light on new mechanisms that can be shared with other conditions affecting larger populations.AI, RR, and IA wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Older adults from racial/ethnic backgrounds as well as those from rural areas experience a disproportionate burden of physical and mental health risk factors. Given the prevalence of comorbid physical and mental health conditions in later life, the inadequacies of current treatment approaches for averting years living with disability, the disparities in access to the health care delivery system , and the workforce shortages to meet the mental and physical health needs of racial/ethnic and rural populations, development and testing of innovative strategies to address these disparities are of great public health significance and have the potential to change practice. This session will illustrate how four different interventions are being used to address mental and physical health needs in Latino and rural-dwelling older adults with the goal of reducing and ultimately eliminating disparities in these populations. Particular attention will be paid to the use of non-traditional interventions . Results of clinical research studies will be presented alongside clinical case presentations. This integrated focus highlights the importance of adapting research interventions to real-world clinical settings.


This paper investigates the influences of nonperiodic rainbow resonators on the vibration attenuation of two-dimensional metamaterial plates. Rainbow metamaterial plates composed of thin host plates and nonperiodic stepped resonators are considered and compared with periodic metamaterial plates. The metamaterial plates are modelled with the finite element modelling method and verified by the plane wave expansion method. It was found that the rainbow metamaterial plates with spatially varying resonators possess broader vibration attenuation bands than the periodic metamaterial plate with the same host plates and total mass. The extension of attenuation bands was found not to be attributed to the extended bandgaps for the two-dimensional metamaterial plates, as is generally believed for a one-dimensional metamaterial beam. The complete local resonance bandgap of the metamaterial plates is separated to discrete bandgaps by the modes of nonperiodic resonators. Although the additional modes stop the formation of integrated bandgaps, the vibration of the plate is much smaller than that of resonators at these modal frequencies, the rainbow metamaterial plates could have a distinct vibration attenuation at these modal frequencies and achieve broader integrated attenuation bands as a result. The present paper could offer a new idea for the development of plate structures with broadband vibration attenuation by introducing non-periodicity. Metamaterials are artificial structures with extraordinary properties that cannot be found in naturally occurring materials. Metamaterials were first described in the area of electromagnetic wave control ,2,3. ManL = nλ/2, where L is the structure periodicity dimension, and λ is the wavelength of the propagating waves. The occurrence of Bragg-type bandgaps requires the structure periodicity dimensions to be comparable to the wavelength of the propagating waves; therefore, it is difficult to achieve Bragg-type bandgaps at low frequencies. By contrast, the local resonance bandgaps are formed by the resonance of oscillators attached to or embedded in host structures. The periodicity dimensions of the structures could thus be much smaller than the wavelength of propagating waves.One of the most important features of elasto-acoustic metamaterials is the existence of bandgaps, within which the propagation of waves is prohibited or greatly attenuated to required levels. The bandgaps can be generated by two mechanisms, Bragg scattering and local resonance. Bragg scattering bandgaps occur with The existence of local resonance bandgaps enables the metamaterials to have a great potential for the vibration attenuation at low frequencies. However, the widths of local resonance bandgaps are limited at low frequencies, which challenges the practical application of metamaterials. The elasto-acoustic metamaterials are originally periodic structures; “rainbow” metamaterials with nonperiodic units that can adjust the band structures were found to be capable of enhancing the vibration attenuation in recent research. Zhu et al.  and WangThe abovementioned rainbow structures were centered on 1D metamaterial beams or multi-dimensional phononic crystals. To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing papers have investigated the influences of nonperiodic rainbow resonators on 2D metamaterial plates. Plates are the fundamental elements of many engineering structures; metamaterial plates with effective broadband vibration attenuation have potential for applications with a demand for low-frequency vibration control, such as cabin walls, ceilings and floors of airplanes, trains and other vehicles, machines, etc. The development of plate structures with broadband low-frequency vibration attenuation could therefore be critical for both industry and academics.Metamaterial plates with rainbow stepped resonators are first proposed in the present paper for the purpose of obtaining broader vibration attenuation bands. The masses of oscillators are spatially varying in two directions. The dispersion spectrums and frequency response functions (FRFs) of rainbow metamaterial plates are compared with those of a periodic structure of the same host plate and total mass. The mechanisms of the attenuation band extension are also revealed through the analysis of mode shapes. The present paper is structured as follow: Metamaterial plates with stepped resonators are considered in the present paper as shown in sonators a, whereasonators b. It shoNotably, it should be stressed that we focused on the flexural vibration of the metamaterial plate; only anti-symmetric (A mode) Lamb waves existed in the plate due to the thin layer assumption, and the resonators also oscillated in a normal direction to the plate with only the out-of-plane resonance modes being considered.The dispersion spectrum and FRFs of the metamaterial plates were calculated by FE models. The host plates and stepped oscillators were treated as an integrated solid part modelled by the Solid Mechanics module of COMSOL Multiphysics. The plates and resonators were set as the Linear Elastic Material domains in the FE models.The plane wave expansion method that can calculate the dispersion curves of periodic structures was employed in the present study to verify the FE models. The plane wave expansion method has been validated to effectively evaluate the band structures of metamaterials and phononic crystals ,60,61.Given that the thickness of the host plate was much smaller than its width and length, the displacement of the metamaterial plates and oscillating mass are given as (1)D∂2∂xDue to the periodicity of the metamaterial plate, the displacement of the plate can be written as ,(3)w1r=Substitution of Equations (3)–(5) into Equations (1) and (2) yields,SinceSubstitution of Equations (8) and (7) into Equation (6) yields,To solve the above equation, the infinite summation needs to be truncated. Assuming The wavenumbers could be solved with a given angular frequency and azimuth angle. The band structures of the periodic metamaterial plate can thus be obtained with the calculated wavenumbers.The dispersion curves of two periodic metamaterial plates estimated by the FE models are compared with that obtained by the analytical model in It can be seen from In order to exhibit the influences of the rainbow resonators and reveal the underlying mechanisms, the dynamic properties of periodic and rainbow metamaterial plates with the same host plates, springs and total resonator mass are calculated and compared in this section. The materials and unit dimensions of the metamaterial plates were the same as that mentioned in Two rainbow metamaterial plates with linearly and sinusoidally varying resonator masses are considered in this section. Linear and sinusoidal distributions were employed as they are the most common nonperiodic distributions and other more complex distributions can easily be generated based on the piles of these two distributions . It shouThe two rainbow metamaterial plates with linearly varying and sinusoidally varying resonators have resonator mass distributions asSupposing that the finite metamaterial plates are subjected to an excitation force at one point of the host plates, the transmissibility values The transmissibility values and dispersion curves of the periodic metamaterial plate are shown in The influences of resonator numbers on the transmissibility of the plate are explored in As is known, the dynamic properties of plate structures are greatly influenced by their boundary conditions. The influences of plate boundary conditions on the transmissibility of the metamaterial plates are also revealed in this section. The transmissibility values and dispersion curves of the rainbow metamaterial plate with linearly varying resonators are shown in Similar findings could be obtained based on the dispersion spectrum and transmissibility of the rainbow metamaterial plate with sinusoidally varying resonators as shown in The vibration attenuation of 2D rainbow metamaterial plates with spatially varying stepped resonators was investigated in the present paper. By comparing the dispersion spectrum and transmissibility of the two rainbow metamaterial plates with those of the periodic metamaterial plate, it was found that rainbow resonators could lead to wider vibration attenuation bands compared with periodic resonators. Although the additional mode shapes of the rainbow resonators could break the complete bandgap of the periodic metamaterial plate in to isolated narrower bandgaps, the vibration amplitude of the host plates was much smaller compared with that of the vibrating resonators at these modal frequencies, i.e., the vibration of the host plates was still largely reduced by the resonators. Extended integrated vibration attenuation bands were therefore formed regardless of the separated narrower bandgaps.The idea of broadening the attenuation band by non-periodicity proposed in the present paper could be instructive for future researchers to design more plate structures with better vibration attenuation. The investigated plane single-layered metamaterial plate could also be easily extended to plane and curved single-layered or multilayered plate structures for wider applications.


In recent years, multiscale modelling approach has begun to receive an overwhelming appreciation as an appropriate technique to characterize the complexity of infectious disease systems. In this study, we develop an embedded multiscale model of paratuberculosis in ruminants at host level that integrates the within-host scale and the between-host. A key feature of embedded multiscale models developed at host level of organization of an infectious disease system is that the within-host scale and the between-host scale influence each other in a reciprocal  way through superinfection, that is, through repeated infection before the host recovers from the initial infectious episode. This key feature is demonstrated in this study through a multiscale model of paratuberculosis in ruminants. The results of this study, through numerical analysis of the multiscale model, show that superinfection influences the dynamics of paratuberculosis only at the start of the infection, while the MAP bacteria replication continuously influences paratuberculosis dynamics throughout the infection until the host recovers from the initial infectious episode. This is largely because the replication of MAP bacteria at the within-host scale sustains the dynamics of paratuberculosis at this scale domain. We further use the embedded multiscale model developed in this study to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of paratuberculosis health interventions that influence the disease dynamics at different scales from efficacy data. In the field of mathematical biology, we are beginning to witness an overwhelming appreciation of multiscale modelling in studying infectious disease systems dynamics  ) to denote the percentage reductions of R0 when the two health measures are implemented. Therefore, the percentage reductions of the two health measures of PTB disease dynamics are calculated using the following expression:e = v = d = 0.1, comparative effectiveness at medium efficacy level (CEM-eff) which is taken to be e = v = d = 0.4, and comparative effectiveness at high efficacy level (CEH-eff) which is taken to be e = v = d = 0.8 using each of the basic reproductive number of the multiscale model system (R0). The results of the comparative effectiveness of the PTB health intervention strategies and their respective combinations are tabulated in The ranking of the percentage reductions of these two health interventions of PTB disease dynamics ranges from 1 to 8 based on the different combinations of the PTB health interventions. In the ranking, 1 corresponds to the highest comparative effectiveness, and 8 corresponds to the lowest comparative effectiveness. In this study, we use a notation  followed by the combinations of the killing of the within-host MAP bacteria effect and vaccination effect, while the combination of environmental-hygiene management effect and vaccination effect has a much lower comparative effectiveness and ranking the fifth when each individual intervention is assumed to have the same efficacy value. Therefore, a treatment that cures an infected ruminant with PTB infection complement with the good sanitation and hygiene practices of farmers is considerable good for the ruminant population in the herd because they reduce the risk of PTB transmission among the ruminantsR0 with an increase in efficacy from low level of 10% to moderate level of 40% and high level of 80%Finally, we considered the comparative effectiveness of the PTB interventions when all the components of the two PTB interventions (EHM and MBPT) are implemented together. We note from the results that this combination has the highest comparative effectiveness than any of the other combination interventions considered in this study for all efficacy levels . Therefore, a joint introduction of environmentally management, vaccination, and drug therapy can lead to a more considerable percentage reduction of The main innovation of this study is the development of an embedded multiscale modelling framework that enables investigation of the role of superinfection plays in paratuberculosis (PTB) disease dynamics of in ruminants. Unlike hybrid multiscale models (HMSMs), our multiscale model uses pathogen load as a common metric for infectiousness and disease transmission potential across the microscale and the macroscale. In HMSMs such as in , 22, patR0 indicate that the variation of the within-host scale parameters in particular the decay rate of the within-host MAP bacteria population have significant affect disease dynamics in the ruminant population. Therefore, considering that there are no drugs for PTB infection, the results of sensitivity analysis reveal that the development of a drug that kills and restricts replication of MAP bacteria at the within-host scale would have beneficial effect on the reduction of the transmission risk of the disease among the ruminants at between-host scale. We further used the multiscale model to assess the comparative effectiveness of two PTB health interventions which are (i) environmental-hygiene management (EHM) and medical-based preventive and treatment (MBPT). The comparative effectiveness results show that administration of drug treatments that kill MAP bacteria at individual ruminant level has a higher comparative effectiveness than other two PTB health interventions . The results also show that employing all PTB control measures could lead to a more considerable reduction of the disease at the start of infection. The embedded multiscale model developed in this study provides new insight into the role that superinfection plays on the dynamics of environmental disease systems with obligate pathogens that cannot replicate outside the host. The embedded multiscale model in this article also provides a better understanding about the reciprocal influence between the replication of pathogen load at within-host scale and transmission at between-host scale. We were also able to identify, through the sensitivity analysis of the basic reproductive number and the numerical simulations of the multiscale model, the key target parameters for eliminating paratuberculosis infection in ruminants. Although this study was focused on PTB infection in ruminants, the multiscale modeling framework itself is general enough and is applicable to guide control and elimination of many other environmentally transmitted diseases with obligate pathogens beyond the specific case study of PTB disease system.In this study, we established that superinfection of the ruminant does not significantly alter the total pathogen load within an infected ruminant. Collectively, the numerical results in this study establish that once the infection has successfully established at the within-host scale the replication of MAP bacteria sustains PTB disease dynamics. Further, the results of sensitivity analysis of


The Journal retract the 6 April 2021 article cited above for the following reasons:Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Oncology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors did not agree to this retraction.


ABSTRACT IMPACT: Impaired neuromuscular control could lead to the failure in activation and deactivation of the target muscles in a timely manner, with the concurrence of activities of non-targeted muscles. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Stroke leads to impaired capacity to manipulate objects with the hand in terms of timing and strength of grasp. The influence of abnormal coupling across more proximal arm muscles post stroke on the failure in normal functioning of finger flexor muscle activity is of interest to investigate. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We have recruited 12 participants with stroke hemiparesis in the sub-acute or chronic stage. Motor impairment of the arm was assessed using electromyography (EMG) and the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (FMUE) assessment. Participants were requested to flex and relax the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints against motorized resistance in response to audible tones to determine timing and strength during flexion. They were asked to flex maximally, as quickly as possible, in response to the first of a pair of tones, and relax as quickly as possible after the second tone. Delays in initiation and termination were evaluated using EMG responses versus a predefined threshold. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate greater delays in grasp initiation as well as in grasp termination in participants with a greater extent of abnormal coupling across more proximal muscles of the upper extremity in comparison to participants with a less extent, using the results of the FMUE assessment. Also it is expected that participants with a greater extent of the flexion synergy produce a less extent of force generation. The EMG results will show that activities of more proximal arm muscles precede the initiation of MCP flexion and their activity termination precedes that of MCP flexion, significantly more in participants with a greater extent of the flexion synergy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The flexion synergy over the arm following stroke affects the timing and strength of hand grasp. Impaired neuromuscular control could lead to the failure in activation and deactivation of the target muscles in a timely manner, with the concurrence of activities of non-targeted muscles.


The journal retracts the 13 January 2020 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the data in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers' policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agree to this retraction.


The lockdowns and stimulus programmes that governments have adopted to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic crisis have affected the distribution of income and production within and between countries. Considering both, current evidence indicates that the EU-wide and global inequality of disposable income did not change dramatically in 2020. However, the unequal impact on the wealth and health of people is likely to worsen income inequality in the future.