Coevolution between pairs of antagonistic species is generally considered an endless "arms race" between attack and defense traits to counteract the adaptive responses of the other species.When more than two species are involved, diffuse coevolution of hosts and parasitoids could be asymmetric because consumers can choose their prey whereas preys do not choose their predator. This asymmetry may lead to differences in the rate of evolution of the antagonistic species in response to selection. The more long-standing the coevolution of a given pair of antagonistic populations, the higher should be the fitness advantage for the consumer. Therefore, the main prediction of the hypothesis is that the consumer trophic level is more likely to win the coevolution race.We propose testing the asymmetry hypothesis by focusing on the tritrophic system plant/aphid/aphid parasitoid. The analysis of the genetic variability in the virulence of several parasitoid populations and in the defenses of several aphid species or several clones of the same aphid species could be compared. Moreover, the analysis of the neutral population genetic structure of the parasitoid as a function of the aphid host, the plant host and geographic isolation may complement the detection of differences between host and parasitoid trophic specialization.Genetic structures induced by the arms race between antagonistic species may be disturbed by asymmetry in coevolution, producing neither rare genotype advantages nor coevolutionary hotspots. Thus this hypothesis profoundly changes our understanding of coevolution and may have important implications in terms of pest management. Coevolution is the result of reciprocal selective pressures exerted by interacting species. Many studies have been devoted to the hypothesis of an endless "arms race" between antagonistic species, in which each species develops escalating attack and defense traits to counteract the adaptive responses of the other species. In reference to Lewis Carroll's book "Through the Looking Glass", Van Valen  named thThe RQH was initially developed in the context of multiple species interactions, to account for the constant probability of species extinction. However, as modeling the coevolution of many species involves a number of difficulties, later studies based on the RQH have mostly been limited to interactions between pairs of species. From this restricted situation, two main predictions can be made: first, arms races induce an advantage of rare genotypes of which resistance or virulence is more efficient and thus, frequency-dependent fluctuations of resistance and virulence may be predicted. Second, a geographic view of the coevolutionary process suggests a dynamic mosaic structure, with local and temporary "hot spots" of antagonistic species coevolution .However, for plant-pathogen interactions  and for Nevertheless, the RQH continues to lie at the heart of the debate concerning the coevolution of antagonistic species, probably because of the lack of plausible alternative hypotheses. Although metapopulation structures or time lags between the responses of antagonistic species to selective pressures have been evoked as reasons for the lack of clear experimental evidence in favor of the RQH , the addAdaptive responses to selective pressures exerted by antagonistic organisms are not necessarily the same for the target species and the consumer species. There is a first level of potential evolutionary asymmetry between them because the failure of virulence for a consumer is a delay in fitness acquisition whereas the failure of defense for a prey is the loss of its entire fitness. Such a difference was underlined by Dawkins  noting AExtending the field of interest to interactions and coevolution between more than two species (i.e. diffuse coevolution) may offer new perspectives. Considering the reciprocal selective pressures exerted by many species leads us to take into account the specificity of virulence and resistance. Until now, few works have been devoted to this subject (but see ). HoweveA recent model described the evolution of resistance of one host subjected to the attacks of two types of parasitoids differing in their virulence and specificity (different genotypes of a species or different species) and the evolution of virulence of one parasitoid attacking two types of hosts differing in their resistance and specificity . The resThe asymmetry hypothesis (AH) may lead to differences in the rate of evolution of the antagonistic species in response to selection. For a specialist consumer capable of target choice, chosen targets constitute a more or less "constant environment". On the other hand, for a generalist defender, the diversified, facultative and fluctuating attacks by a set of enemies constitute a "variable environment". The constancy of the environment may lead to the faster adaptation of specialists (mostly consumers under AH) than of generalists (mostly targets under AH) . Thus, uDrosophila species to encapsulate parasitoid eggs. In this case, it can be also noted that the resistance trait is not specific  when virulence traits (reviewed in [The asymmetry hypothesis seems to fit well with numerous data concerning geographic structures published in the literature (reviewed in  but see iewed in ) are divLysiphlebus testaceipes and the aphid Aphis gossypii. To measure this variability, several populations of the parasitoid collected on different clones of the aphid will be confronted to different clones of this aphid. The different clones of the aphid will be confronted to the different parasitoid populations. This system that considers intra specific genetic variability for each trophic level will be used to evaluate the fitness of the consumers and of the targets in the different parasitoid /aphid combinations. An important point is that virulence will be estimated from the success rate of parasitism (i.e. the production of offspring) whereas defense will be estimated through the measure of the aphid fitness, i.e. the number of offspring produced by the aphid whatever the outcome of the parasitism (success or failure). Two key factors of the host fitness will be considered: 1) the host survival rate in case of parasitism failure ; and 2) the number of offspring produced by the host after parasitism: after a parasitoid's sting, the host may produce offspring until mummification in case of parasitoid embryo development or until a variable date in the case of parasitism failure. B- The analysis of the neutral population genetic structure of the parasitoid as a function of the aphid host, the plant host and geographic isolation. The specialization of L. testaceipes on different aphid clones can lead to a neutral genetic differentiation of the parasitoid as a function of the host and the plant because the reproduction of the parasitoid occurs soon after the emergence of the adults from their host. The genetic differentiation between populations of the parasitoid sampled from different aphid clones and from different plant species could be evaluated and compared to a putative effect of isolation by distance.We propose a dedicated test of the hypothesis of the specialization of the parasitoid virulence and the absence of specialization in the defense of the aphids, against the RQH. The study will focus on the tritrophic system plant/aphid/aphid parasitoid. Two complementary experimental approaches could be considered: A- The analysis of the genetic variability of virulence and defense of the parasitoid This test may allow local verification or rejection of the predictions of the AH . When performed several times on animals from diverse geographic origins, this should eventually allow rejection of the classical interpretation of RQH and the host spots theory of coevolution .The consequences of the asymmetry hypothesis are important. Genetic structures induced by the arms race between antagonistic species may be disturbed by asymmetry in coevolution, producing neither rare genotype advantages nor coevolutionary hotspots . HoweverThe AH cannot be applied to every situation. In the case of host-parasitoid associations, the high level of genetic variability in resistance observed within some local host populations ,21 is beAsymmetry may be suspected in cases involving successive trophic levels other than host-parasitoid associations, such as plant-insect or parasitoid-hyperparasitoid combinations, as soon as individuals of the upper trophic level can choose their target. However, random attacks, such as those due to plant pathogens, may favor more generalist traits of virulence, but the specificity of consumers, and therefore asymmetry, may be restored through indirect choices: pathogens transmitted by vectors may use or manipulate the specificity traits of the vector. Large sets of species interactions may thus lead to asymmetric coevolution.Acyrthosiphon pisum is parasitized by the hymenopteran Aphidius ervi and is specialized on different plant species. Hufbauer & Via [A. ervi than is the clover host population. If the association they studied dealt with two aphid and one parasitoid populations, under the AH, virulence specialization rather than resistance level variations can explain the observations: the parasitoid population is specialized on the clover host population, but keeps a partial virulence on the alfalfa aphid biotype. This suggests that short-term parasitoid specialization may be a key factor in biological control efficiency. For instance, consumers introduced to control a pest could rapidly specialize against non-target hosts.The AH may have consequences in terms of pest management. For instance, it is generally thought that variations in parasitism outcome result from a variability of host resistance due to the selection for higher resistance ,22. Howeer & Via  observeder & Via  also obsThe asymmetry hypothesis thus provides food for thought concerning diffuse coevolution and could be applied to domains beyond host-parasitoid coevolution. Similar thoughts may be applicable to the durability and efficiency of plant resistance or immunological responses to diseases transmitted by vectors. Its theoretical implications and its consequences in terms of population management are potentially important and remain unexplored.RQH: Red Queen HypothesisAH: Asymmetry HypothesisBoth authors have been involved in the elaboration of the hypothesis and the evaluation of its consequences, and in the drafting of the paper.


Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with an estimated 2.3 million breast cancer cases diagnosed annually. The outcome of breast cancer management varies widely across the globe which could be due to a multitude of factors. Hence, a blanket approach in standardisation of care across the world is neither practical nor feasible.To assess the extent and type of variability in breast cancer management across the globe and to do a gap analysis of patient care pathway.An online questionnaire survey and virtual consensus meeting was carried out amongst 31 experts from 25 countries in the field of breast cancer surgical management. The questionnaire was designed to understand the variability in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, and potential factors contributing to this heterogeneity.The questionnaire survey shows a wide variation in breast surgical training, diagnosis and treatment pathways for breast cancer patients. There are several factors such as socioeconomic status, patient culture and preferences, lack of national screening programmes and training, and paucity of resources, which are barriers to the consistent delivery of high-quality care in different parts of the world.On-line survey platforms distributed to global experts in breast cancer care can assess gaps in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer patients. This survey confirms the need for an in-depth gap analysis of patient care pathways and treatments to enable the development of personalised plans and policies to standardise high quality care. Incidence and mortality associated with breast cancer varies widely across the globe. There are several socioeconomic and population-based factors which contribute to this heterogeneity , 2. TherTo assess variability in breast cancer management across the globe and to do the gap analysis of patient care pathway.The initial members of Global Breast Hub organised a group of Prime members who are leading experts in Breast Surgery with the ability to reach most of the surgeons caring for breast cancer patients in their respective countries. An online questionnaire survey was distributed amongst 31 experts from 25 countries . This QuThe main results from the questionnaire were as follows:Majority of the members confirmed that they had a National Health Care System in their country (87%) and 68% had a National Cancer Registry  and 3. OGlobally the incidence, variability in treatment and financial burden of breast cancer is rising , 5. PartOur survey supports the literature that breast cancer screening availability varies globally as does technology available for screening . We idenThe questionnaire survey confirms a wide variation in both training and education as well as treatment protocols followed in different parts of the world. Availability of speciality breast training including oncoplastic breast surgery remains heterogenous and requires streamlining and closer collaboration globally . The useGlobal breast hub, using this survey platform, aims to identify global gaps in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment and work toward eliminating disparities in breast care by partnering with other global stakeholders whose mission is to improve education, allocate resources and change policy.Our survey amongst experts in the field of breast cancer surgery from six continents confirms significant variation in the availability of resources to diagnose and treat breast cancer across the globe. In addition, the survey confirms a lack of availability of structured training and a lack of expertise in some parts of the world. Our survey demonstrates the need for a tailored approach to address the knowledge gap and resource availability across the world to optimise breast cancer management and maximise survival and treatment outcomes.None.None to declare from any authors.


In the above mentioned publication, some of the authors' affiliations weren't correctly identified. The original article has been corrected and the proper representation of the authors and their affiliations is also published here.


A partitionable adaptive multilayer diffractive optical neural network is constructed to address setup issues in multilayer diffractive optical neural network systems and the difficulty of flexibly changing the number of layers and input data size. When the diffractive devices are partitioned properly, a multilayer diffractive optical neural network can be constructed quickly and flexibly without readjusting the optical path, and the number of optical devices, which increases linearly with the number of network layers, can be avoided while preventing the energy loss during propagation where the beam energy decays exponentially with the number of layers. This architecture can be extended to construct distinct optical neural networks for different diffraction devices in various spectral bands. The accuracy values of 89.1% and 81.0% are experimentally evaluated for MNIST database and MNIST fashion database and show that the classification performance of the proposed optical neural network reaches state-of-the-art levels. Deep learning is a machine learning method that predicts data by simulating multilayer artificial neural networks. Deep learning is widely used in various fields, including medicine ,2, commuThe use of optical systems to implement Fourier transform, correlation and convolution operations has long been valued by researchers  because Although there have been many excellent research studies on diffractive optical neural networks ,18,19,20Furthermore, the optical neural network should use a reasonable optical design to adaptively adjust to the size of the input and output data, thus improving the computational efficiency and speed.In this paper, we propose partitioning a multilayer optical neural network in planar space optical modulation device and photodetector device.This method addresses the shortcomings of previous multilayer diffractive optical neural networks, which face difficulties in flexibly changing the number of layers in the network and the size of the input data. This system can improve the computational efficiency of the diffractive optical neural network while reducing the number of optical devices and the difficulty in aligning the optical path. In addition, holograms are introduced to assist in calibrating the positions of the phase plate and output plane, and the nonlinear characteristics of the photodetector are used to realize a nonlinear activation function in the optical neural network.The model of the conventional digital fully connected neural network layer is shown in The output avefront . The calThe optical model shown in n layers of n diffractive optical systems in series. According to Equation ReLU, and the beam is incident on an amplitude-only spatial light modulator, which we denote as SLM 1 (UPOLabs HDSLM80R). SLM 2 (UPOLabs HDSLM80R Plus) is a phase-only spatial light modulator that is used to load the phase plane weights. The CMOS photodetector (Daheng MER2-2000-19U3M-L) acquires the intensity distribution of the light field modulated by the phase mask in the output plane. SLMs 1 and 2 have a resolution of The optical experimental verification system of the proposed partitionable optoelectronic hybrid diffraction optical neural network is shown in To ensure that the neuron nodes in the optical neural network are linked correctly, the positions of the main optical surfaces in the optical system shown in n method  and numez, and there is a rectangular hole aperture of size D in plane The implementation of multilayer networks in blocks in a plane requires that the interference between blocks in different network layers be analyzed. Due to the independence of light propagation, there is no interlayer interference in the free propagation process; thus, the analysis of the interference between blocks in different network layers needs to consider only the distribution and energy of the first-order diffraction between different blocks in the same plane. As shown in D in the phase and output planes, and the wavelength R can be calculated with Equation Rmax=The classification performance of the proposed partitionable and efficient multilayer diffractive optical neural network is validated with the Fashion-MNIST dataset  and the The loss function of the optical neural network in this paper is shown in To apply the proposed method, the output of the first partition of the CMOS sensor must be used as the input of the second partition of SLM1. Similarly, the output of the second partition of the CMOS sensor must be used as the input of the third partition of SLM1, and so on; therefore, we use a partitionable multilayer optical neural network refreshing strategy as shown in sequence diagram t is the computational delay of the diffractive optical neural network. In our experiments The specific details of the computational time consumption of our experimental diffractive optical neural network are shown in For diffractive optical neural networks with higher number of layers, our proposed diffractive optical neural network structure should be suitably extended to avoid excessive network computation delay. If the optical path structure as shown in Partitioning on spatial light modulators and CMOS detectors to implement multilayer diffractive optical neural networks requires concern for the size of the partition. We tested diffractive optical neural networks with phase mask of different resolutions and phase mask of different pixel sizes by simulation experiments. Equation , it can In this paper, we propose a partitionable and efficient multilayer diffractive optical neural network architecture. This model addresses a disadvantage of the D2NN network, in which it is difficult to flexibly change the number of layers and the scale of the input data, by partitioning the optical diffractive devices in a multilayer network. The greatest advantage of partitioned multiplexing is that this method can improve the utilization of diffractive devices and the computational efficiency of the whole network while reducing the number of optical devices and the difficulty of assembling and adjusting the optical system. In addition to the above advantages, the network model achieves a classification performance similar to mainstream diffractive optical neural networks. Because the framework is not limited to the visible spectrum and can easily be extended to other spectra, this system has great application value.


The Norwich Patellar Instability (NPI) score is a tool for evaluating the impact of patellofemoral instability on joint function. It has not been translated or culturally adapted for the Brazilian population before. This study had the aims of translating and culturally adapting the NPI score for use in Brazilian Portuguese and subsequently assessing its validity for this population.Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study conducted at the State Public Servants’ Institute of São Paulo, Brazil. Sixty patients of both sexes (aged 16-40 years) with diagnoses of patellar dislocation were recruited. The translation and cultural adaptation were undertaken through translation into Brazilian Portuguese and back-translation to English by an independent translator. Face validity was assessed by a committee of experts and by 20 patients. Concurrent validity was assessed through comparing the Brazilian Portuguese NPI score with the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Lysholm knee score and the Kujala patellofemoral disorder score among the other 40 patients. Correlation analysis between the three scores was performed using Pearson correlation coefficients with significance levels of P < 0.05.The Brazilian Portuguese version of the NPI score showed moderate correlation with the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Lysholm score  and Kujala score . The Brazilian Portuguese version of the NPI score is a validated tool for assessing patient-reported patellar instability for the Brazilian population. It mainly affects young individuals of both sexes, with predominance in females. It accounts for approximately 3% of all injuries involving the knee joint.,,Treatment for patellofemoral instability may be surgical or conservative, depending on the number of episodes of dislocation and anatomical risk factors. No consensus has been reached regarding which method is better, in terms of function, quality of life and number of recurrences.,,,except the NPI score have been translated and culturally adapted for the Brazilian population. The NPI score shows moderate inverse correlation with the Kujala patellofemoral disorder score and the Lysholm knee score  and has high internal consistency .Outcome measurements can be used to determine functional performance and to aid in decision-making on treatment options. Currently, the outcome measurements that are used for assessing people with knee disorders include the Fulkerson patellofemoral score,Since the NPI score has not been translated or culturally adapted for the Brazilian population, and since this is the only score specifically designed for individuals with patellofemoral instability, the aims of the present study were firstly to translate and culturally adapt the NPI score for use in Brazilian Portuguese and secondly to assess its validity for the Brazilian population.This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the State Public Servants’ Institute of São Paulo on August 16, 2018 . All participants signed an informed consent form or an assent form, depending on their age.The translation and cultural adaptation of the NPI score followed the procedure proposed by Price et al.The NPI score consists of 19 questions relating to the perception of instability among subjects with histories of patellofemoral instability in sports and activities of daily life. It is scored from 0 (slightest sensation of instability) to 250 (greatest sensation of instability). The Brazilian Portuguese version consists of two parts: the first is the patient-completed questionnaire , and theSixty participants  were recruited from an orthopedic specialty outpatient clinic at the State Public Servants’ Institute of São Paulo. All consecutive patients admitted were invited until we had 60 participants, and they had the same cultural/social background. Eligible participants were required to have a documented episode of unilateral or bilateral patellar dislocation. All participants were required to present with two of the following clinical signs of patellofemoral instability: positive apprehension test, tenderness of the medial retinaculum on palpation or reported patellar instability on rotation or knee extension activities. Participants were excluded if they had previously experienced meniscal, cruciate or collateral ligament injury of the knee, history of hip, knee or ankle osteoarthritis, and if they reported a previous lower limb fracture or had undergone spinal or lower limb surgery irrespective of the surgical indication.The pre-final version of the Brazilian Portuguese NPI score was piloted with 20 individuals of the 60 participants who had been diagnosed with patellar dislocation. This was used to evaluate their understanding of each item of the score. Once the Brazilian Portuguese NPI score version had been developed, the other 40participants with patellar dislocation were invited to the next phase of the study, to assess the concurrent validity of the score. Theparticipants filled out the questionnaire in person and without any assistance.Concurrent validity was assessed by comparing the NPI score with the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Lysholm knee scoreThe descriptive data were represented by the mean (with standard deviation). The assumption of normality was evaluated through visual inspection of the histogram and using the Shapiro-Wilk test. This showed that symmetrical distribution was present for all the data analyzed. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the NPI score, Lysholm knee scoreThe 40 participants with atraumatic patellar dislocation who participated in the validation process answered all the items of the questionnaires. Their demographic characteristics and score results are presented in The Brazilian version of the NPI score showed moderate correlation with the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Lysholm knee scoreThis study demonstrated the translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the NPI score for use in the Brazilian population and its correlation with the Brazilian versions of the Lysholm knee score and the Kujala patellofemoral disorder score.,,The translation and cultural adaptation of the NPI score followed the procedure proposed by Price et al.,,The Kujala patellofemoral disorder scoreDevelopment of the NPIThe results obtained from the present study regarding validation were similar to the findings previously reportedAlthough the cohorts used in the two studies were different , the results regarding validity were very similar. This suggests that the NPI score can be used for both conservatively and surgically managed patellar instability patients.The most notable limitation of this study was that the responsiveness of the NPI score, i.e. the capability of the instrument to detect changes in the progression of a disease,Based on the findings from the present study, the Brazilian Portuguese version of the NPI score was satisfactorily translated. It proved to be a valid tool for use in research and clinical practice, in following up patients with patellofemoral instability.The NPI score has now been translated and culturally adapted and has been demonstrated to have validity for use in Brazilian Portuguese. Following this, the NPI score may now be considered for use within clinical and research practice, to aid in assessment and decision-making for individuals with patellofemoral instability.


This study explores the manifestation of Buddhism's conception in underlying entrepreneurial performance. The study is a qualitative research approach with a development direction that comes from successful Buddhist small business entrepreneurs in Bekasi, Indonesia. The interpretive paradigm is used to interpret social life in the reality of successful Buddhist small business entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial performance. Data collection using in-depth interviews with Buddhist small business entrepreneurs in an open-ended format. Data analysis was done in many stages, including domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, component analysis, and theme analysis. The findings indicate that religion acts as an institution that legitimizes the formation of entrepreneurial performance. The performance of Buddhist small business entrepreneurs is manifest in their management of economic or material achievements, and their religious observance in a broad socio-economic context in the relationship of three aspects of human life, namely the individual, social, and environmental, as a form of entrepreneurial practice based on Buddhist values. This research reveals the embodiment of social responsibility for small business Buddhist entrepreneurs which is reflected in entrepreneurial performance through the manifestation of religious values. The findings provide theoretical relevance in institutional theory. Entrepreneurial performance is closely related to religious values. The linkages that lead to the application of religious beliefs and practices in business have benefits that shape organizational culture and identity , and the Noble Eightfold Path. The themes revealed in this study have implications as a form of measuring entrepreneurial success on a personal basis and the values that underlie the performance of Buddhist small business entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial performance emphasizes achieving social welfare, moderating the implementation of entrepreneurship wisely, and maximizing the use of internal entrepreneurial results.The findings of this study reveal and provide an understanding of the role of Buddhism in exploring and interpreting the meaning of entrepreneurial performance in the context of personal business success. There is a similar understanding of each essence of experience conveyed by the informants regarding the role of Buddhist values in underlying entrepreneurial performance, namely Sabbe Satta Bhavantu Sukhitattā through the application of appropriate entrepreneurial practices for the attainment of self-happiness by not harming other beings with the application of virtue. The concept of achieving entrepreneurial performance implies that the material achievements obtained from entrepreneurial performance provide benefits for social welfare, not an obsession with oneself that causes suffering. The economic model in Buddhism provides meaning to small business Buddhist entrepreneurs that the achievement of entrepreneurship is not solely directed at the maximum accumulation of wealth, but also pays attention to the process or method of obtaining and utilizing it. Buddhism ensures that wealth leads to the development of a potential quality of life .“Sabbe Sattā Bhavantu Sukhitattā owns the meaning of developing loving-kindness or Metta for all living beings .“Middle Way of Buddhism, small business Buddhist entrepreneurs reflectively direct entrepreneurial attainment to a life that is balanced with material pursuits through ethical considerations and beneficence in the three aspects of life. Small business Buddhist entrepreneurs focus on the long-term orientation of achieving entrepreneurial performance for quality of life. The self-reflection that emerges from the internalization of the balanced perspective provides direction for small business Buddhist entrepreneurs to consider the impact of entrepreneurial decisions on long-term entrepreneurial performance.With a balanced perspective, Buddhist small business entrepreneurs seize an internal direction and ability to recognize entrepreneurial desires or ambitions that lead to suffering. Through the principles of the Buddhist small business entrepreneurs render priority to long-term oriented strategic entrepreneurial decisions with a tendency to avoid short-term entrepreneurial decisions that are oriented toward material pursuits, by full careful consideration of cause and effect also ethical-moral weight. The perspective of balance or the Middle Way reflects the character of small business Buddhist entrepreneurs' decision-making which is based on a sense of ownership and responsibility for the inherent consequences of each entrepreneurial decision.Right Livelihood, Buddhist small business entrepreneurs prevail in the Buddhist view of economics, which is the achievement of goals for a good personal, social, and environmental life , enjoying wealth (bhoga-sukha), and being free from debt (anana-sukha). Anana Sukha's perspective is interpreted as a form of freedom from the burden of suffering and self-happiness which is manifested in the measurement of entrepreneurial performance. The interpretation of the manifestation of religious values provides an understanding of the magnitude of the role of religion in entrepreneurship. The Buddhist small business entrepreneur Ferry stated the following:The narrative of the experience of Buddhist small business entrepreneurs reveals the meaning of achieving entrepreneurial performance with the happiness of being free from debt. Buddhist small business entrepreneurs are in a position that can harness the material achievements resulting from entrepreneurial performance. In the  Obadia,  by livinSuccess in entrepreneurship for me if I am able to meet the needs of life without being in debt. I don't want to have a nice and luxurious house from the results of my business but have a business debt to the bank.” (Ferry).“Success in entrepreneurship does not focus on maximizing the financial side but on the acquisition of wealth that is ethical, not detrimental, and able to use internal business results without having the burden of debt. Understanding the concept of acquiring wealth forms an understanding of the implementation of entrepreneurship without any elements of exploitation, ethics and does not become a burden that disturbs the balance in other aspects of life. Small business Buddhist entrepreneurs use internal business results appropriately for entrepreneurial development without any ties to external funding. Buddhism focuses on this relationship through the understanding that benefiting and sharing with others can only be done with the wealth gained  in the Buddhist perspective implies that entrepreneurial financial achievement is a resource for creating benefits for three aspects of life in the form of achieving general welfare and developing the quality of life of Buddhist small business entrepreneurs.Proposition 5: The use of wealth (The Noble Eightfold Path (Right Livelihood) in the perspective of Buddhism underlies the meaning of achieving entrepreneurial performance in Buddhist small business entrepreneurs, namely forming and practicing entrepreneurship by obtaining material or wealth achievements in accordance with the conception of Right Livelihood to realize the attainment of prosperity and harmony in balance.Proposition 5.31: Based on a partial and holistic study of the theme of the role of Buddhism in entrepreneurial performance, a model for the role of Buddhism in underlying entrepreneurial performance is developed. The model framework is visualized in The findings of this study reveal the construction of a contingency framework embodied by Buddhist small business entrepreneurs in the perspective of entrepreneurial performance. Religion manifests its institutionalization process through normative, cognitive, and regulatory aspects in institutional activities that occur because of the actualized role of Buddhist small business entrepreneurs. The actualization is realized by Buddhist small business entrepreneurs in the perspective of entrepreneurial performance which illustrates that religion shapes the social context through its role at the individual level. Small business Buddhist entrepreneurs embody the construction of their entrepreneurial performance through the general cultural-institutional arguments approach. The findings of this study can be taken into consideration in making local government policies in formulating policies for fostering small-scale entrepreneurship by observing the harmony of religious values and norms. The limitation of this study is that it only discusses the issue from the angle of one religious value; further research can combine inter-religious values to observe the phenomenon of Buddhist small business entrepreneurs from the wider perspective of entrepreneurial performance.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.LM conceived of the presented idea. SS and LM developed the theory and performed the computations. DH verified the analytical methods. NI encouraged LM to investigate topic and supervised the findings of this work. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Detecting and responding to objects near the body in peripersonal space is essential for successful interactions with the environment. Presently, we lack knowledge about the neural coding of the distance of sounds relative to the head, or about the proprioceptive coding of 3-dimensional positions of objects relative to the body. Neural coding of nearby objects is an important subject for neuroscience, and there is a great need to advance knowledge about how sensory and motor systems mediate peripersonal behavior. The present Research Topic drew investigators' attention to the sensory and sensorimotor mechanisms underlying both the perception of objects, and the performance of actions near the body, and to facilitate efforts toward making progress in this area.We assembled seven original studies and one review article that address various aspects of the Research Topic. This expands the current literature on the sensory and sensorimotor mechanisms underlying behaviors dealing with objects and stimuli near the body.Hug et al. This study is a welcome addition to the present topic areas because it engaged multisensory systems  and sensorimotor processes. The participants who could actively explore the sound source improved their distance judgements whereas the performance of those whose arms were guided by the experimenter were less accurate than the active group.Effects of active and guided exploration for a sound source on the perceived distance in peripersonal space . The relative contributions of the sensory systems in dynamic head-trunk orientation situations are more complicated and less studied than in static situations. The authors addressed the gap in knowledge in the horizontal (yaw) dimension. The results suggest that cervical proprioception is the primary determinant of perceived head-trunk orientation, but that either visual or vestibular information can provide additional information to improve head-trunk orientation accuracy.Phataraphruk et al. reasoned that initial arm posture would affect execution noise and reach accuracy, and that this would be more prominent when vision was unavailable. Indeed, the size and shape of the distributions of reach responses were determined by more complex interactions involving initial arm posture. Thus, these results provide insight into the multifactorial and multisensory aspects of human reaching behavior.Although human reaching behaviors to nearby objects are typically accurate, errors can arise from the initial encoding of the hand or goal location (sensory), the transformation of sensory signals into motor commands (planning), or the movements themselves (execution). Hsiao et al.. They used virtual-reality methods to manipulate the visual feedback of hand position as people moved. In the study, the real and virtual positions of the hand drifted apart gradually. Participants often made movements according to a combination of the visual and bodily information. Sometimes they became aware of the discrepancy and other times not. They found that small discrepancies were often unnoticed, yet could still affect movement. Larger discrepancies were more often noticed, and participants re-calibrated their movements.How the brain integrates information from the eyes and body is the fundamental neuroscience problem tackled by Reed et al.. Under divided attention, a visual cue presented before a target led to smaller visual-evoked potentials when either the hand or a neutral block was near the target compared to far away. When participants were cued to focus their attention on one side of space, the anchoring effects of the hand or block were not observed. These results raise new questions about how hand location influences visual processing, and about when and where in the brain these effects occur.When we place our hand near an object, is our attention allocated automatically to that object? This question is addressed by Kuroda et al. used a combination of virtual reality and stationary cycling to investigate the visual and proprioceptive contributions to the perception of a passable width during self-motion. The authors replicated previous findings by showing that participants perception of a passable width narrowed as perceived self-motion speed increased. The authors found that optic flow altered judgments of passable width even if participants were not pedaling. The results suggest that visual information about perceived self-motion may contribute more than proprioception to perceptual judgments of passable width.Lohse et al. reviewed the interactions between the auditory and somatosensory systems, and between the auditory and the motor systems. The review highlights “the importance of considering both multisensory context and movement-related activity in order to understand how the auditory cortex operates during natural behaviors”.There is a continued need for further research in the areas of multisensory and sensorimotor processes that mediate peripersonal-space behavior. For example, the proprioceptive mechanisms that underlie coding of 3-dimensional coordinates of an object near the body and those of body parts remain to be identified, and how the motor and proprioceptive systems jointly utilize such 3-dimensional information in planning and executing movements of body parts to reach and grasp the target object has yet to be determined. Of additional interest is how information from multiple sensory modalities is combined and weighted to account for differences in the capabilities of each modality. For example, when a salient nearby object is behind, vision is not available. Thus, auditory and vibrotactile detection of such invisible objects would be of vital importance to an organism.DK drafted the editorial including summaries of two articles. NH commented on the draft and provided summaries of two articles. GM commented on the draft and provided summaries of one article. PZ commented on the draft and provided summaries of three articles. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Although the study of midlife has increased in recent years, it still lags behind study of life at the extremes of age. As a key threshold stage in the lifespan, our understanding can be enhanced by exploration of novelists and composers whose most substantive work began to be produced in midlife. This presentation will draw off the works of midlife works of composers who also composed into later life - Giussepe Verdi, Richard Strauss and Johannes Brahms - from the concert proposed by the Indianapolis Symphony during GSA 2022, as well as reflecting on the works of Anita Brookner as representative of other novelists and poets whose work and careers came to prominence in midlife.


A full-scale model for predicting low-velocity impact (LVI) damage and compression after impact (CAI) strength was established based on a subroutine of the material constitutive relationship and the cohesive elements. The dynamic responses of the laminate under impact load and damage propagation under a compressive load were presented. The influences of impact energy and ply thickness on the impact damage and the CAI strength were predicted. The predicted results were compared with the experimental ones. It is shown that the predicted value of the CAI strength is in good agreement with the experimental result. As the impact energy reaches a certain value, the CAI strength no longer decreases with the increase in the impact energy. Decreasing the ply thickness can effectively improve the damage resistance and CAI strength. One of the advantages of composite laminates is that different fiber-reinforced materials and design angles can be selected according to the load requirements of various structures, which provides greater freedom for the structural design and ply scheme optimization. However, the obvious anisotropy and low inter-laminar strength characteristics of the composites can also lead to multiple failure modes of structures, including fiber breakage, resin cracking ,2 and deThe impact damage and residual strength of composite laminates have attracted lots of attention. A lot of related works have been published, and experimental testing is one of the most direct and effective research methods. Using an experimental method, Sergii  investig4s sub-laminate scaled laminates can be predicted accurately, and the maximum error is 10%. Yang An impact damage prediction model of the composite laminate was established to calculate the response under the impact load. According to the ASTM D 7136 standard, the kinetic energy of the impactor was implemented using the initial velocity, and the impact energy was set at 30 J. The damage states of typical interfaces are shown in The laminate state at the end of impact was used as the initial condition of the compression simulation. The failure state of the fiber, matrix and delamination at the beginning of compression was defined by field variables. Considering the storage space and computing efficiency of the computer, it was impossible to simulate the compression loading rate under real experimental conditions. The loading rate needs to be increased to ensure that the calculation time is within an acceptable range, and the enforced displacement loading rate used in this research was 50 mm/s.The selection of the damage criterion affects the prediction of the in-plane properties of the composite plies, and then, it affects the prediction of structural failure process and final damage state. The influences of the damage criteria on the prediction results of the impact damage and the CAI strength were studied through the FEM that was established in this paper. The 3D Hashin criterion is shown in The composite structures may be subjected to different impact energies, which will cause the bearing capacity of the composite structures to decline by different degrees. To study the influence of impact energy on CAI strength of the composite materials, the impact damage and CAI strengths under impact energies of 10, 20, 40 and 50 J were compared with the result of the test using 30 J. The impact damage of the composite laminate was calculated, and According to To further explain the above phenomenon, Raman  shows thTo further analyze the mechanism of the effect of the single ply thickness on the CAI strengths, The comparison of contact forces and energy absorption with different single ply thicknesses are shown in An FEM for predicting the impact damage and CAI strength of composite laminates was established. The whole analysis process of the impact damage and CAI strength was conducted using the FEM. The predicted CAI strength of the composite laminate was compared with the experimental one. The influences of impact energy, damage criterion and single ply thickness on the impact damage area and CAI strength were investigated. Four important results emerging from the research are as follows:The damage zone of the fiber breakage and matrix cracking caused by the impact is approximately circular.The predicted CAI value is in good agreement with the experimental one, and the error is 4.7%.The CAI strength decreases as impact energy increases from 10 to 30 J. After the impact energy exceeds 30 J, the CAI strength remains basically unchanged.Decreasing the single ply thickness can effectively improve the damage resistance and CAI strength of the composite laminates. When the single ply thickness decreases to 0.04 mm, the CAI strength increases by 22.4%.


Endometriosis of the rectus abdominis muscle is an extremely rare form of extrapelvic localization of the disease. It is usually iatrogenic and develops after caesarean section or gynecological surgery. Preoperative diagnosis is very difficult and a challenge for gynecologists and surgeons; thus, the diagnosis is histological. The treatment of choice consists of wide local excision of the lesion on healthy margins. We cite a case of isolated endometriosis in the rectus abdominis muscles in a 46-year-old patient with a previous caesarean section, the diagnosis of which was made randomly when performing abdominal total hysterectomy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Histological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis. Simultaneously, the surgical specimen of the uterus and ovaries was free of endometriosis. Postoperatively, the patient mentioned discharge of her symptoms. No further therapeutic intervention was deemed necessary, as it was considered that a complete resection of the endometrial tissue implantation from the muscles of abdominal wall was performed. The present case report lay emphasis on the significant difficulties involved in the preoperative diagnosis of endometriosis of the rectus abdominis muscle. Concurrently, it is pointed out that, despite its rarity, individual extrapelvic endometriosis located in the rectus abdominis muscle should be included among other pathological entities in the differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain in women of reproductive age, who gave birth by caesarean section or underwent gynecological surgery with abdominal or laparoscopic access. It was  century . Endomet century  and is m century . It is u century . In thisPatient information: a 46-year-old reproductive patient, with a medical history of one caesarean section and a known presence of multiple and small uterine fibroids, visited the outpatient gynecological practice for pain in the lower abdomen for about ten years. The personal medical history of the patient was free. No problems were found from the urinary or gastrointestinal tract, to which chronic pelvic pain could be attributed. In addition to performing appendectomy at a young age, our patient had not undergone any other surgery.Clinical findings: the patient described the onset of pain about 7 months after performing a caesarean section with a Pfannenstiel incision. Gradually, she reported a progressive deterioration of her condition. The pain described by the patient, initially as a feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen, over the last one to two years has become of increasing intensity. Sometimes the pain may have been more intense during the days of menstruation, but usually the patient described non-intermittent pain in the lower abdomen of approximately the same intensity every day. The clinical examination did not reveal any palpable mass or other type of damage to the abdominal wall.Diagnostic assessment: the findings from ultrasound scan, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen were compatible with the presence of uterine fibroids. The levels of cancer antigen 125 in the blood serum were within the normal range.Therapeutic intervention: based on preoperative evaluation, chronic pelvic pain was attributed to the presence of uterine fibroids. After informing the patient and her relatives in more detail regarding the therapeutic approach of the disease, it was decided to perform abdominal total hysterectomy. Intraoperatively, in the rectus abdominis muscles and slightly above the level of the pubic symphysis, infiltration of the muscular wall was found by a hard-textured flat mass, in length 4-5 cm, the surface of which was solidly adhering to the parietal peritoneum. A wide resection of the lesion was performed, including bilaterally a widespread part of the wall of the rectus abdominis muscles and the matted peritoneum (ritoneum . The plaritoneum . HistoloFollow-up and outcomes: postoperatively, the patient mentioned relief of her symptoms. No further therapeutic pharmaceutical intervention was recommended, as it was considered that the endometriotic foci was completely resected from the abdominal wall.Informed consent: this was sought and obtained from the patient. Anonymity was maintained for confidentiality.Abdominal wall endometriosis is one of the rarest extrapelvic forms of endometrial disease. It is usually iatrogenic and develops after caesarean section or open or laparoscopy surgeries for the treatment of gynecological diseases . The lesDespite the great development that has been achieved in recent years in imaging techniques, preoperative diagnosis is difficult and a challenge for gynecologists and surgeons. The diagnosis is usually made late and accidentally during gynecological surgery or postoperatively. Diagnosis is confirmed after histological examination of the surgical preparation . The cycUltrasound is a first line tool in diagnostics approach to extrapelvic endometriosis. With abdominal ultrasound can be detected, intramuscular endometriosis in the anterior abdominal wall, the characteristics of which may vary from a completely solid mass or a mix echogenic mass with solid and cystic elements . Also, tThe treatment of endometriosis of the rectus abdominis muscle requires surgery. The treatment of choice is wide local resection of the lesion on sound boundaries. The local exclusion of the lesion that can be done under ultrasound monitoring  is usualPreoperative diagnosis of extrapelvic endometriosis with individual localization in abdominal muscles is a challenge in daily clinical practice. Despite the rarity of endometrial lesion in the muscular abdominal wall, the significant increase of the percentage of caesarean sections observed in recent years is necessary the inclusion of this rare extrapelvic form of endometriosis in the differential diagnosis between all the painful masses of the abdominal wall, thus allowing the early diagnosis and avoidance unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Early diagnosis and selection of the most appropriate therapeutic manipulations are judged currently necessary in order to minimize the risk of recurrence and to avoid the possibility of malignant recurrence of the disease.


Living organisms have never been solitary individuals and symbiotic relationships are challenging our very conception of the individual. Symbiosis, initially defined as a living together of different organisms  represenChlamydomonas reinhardtii and diverse ascomycete fungi that provide nitrogen to the algae  which challenges the long-held paradigm of dominance of cyanobacteria interactions with microalgae over NCDs and brings the first hints on how heterotrophic proteobacteria thrive in surface waters and oxygenated areas  genomes of Dinoflagellates Symbodinium, essential symbionts of corals. Their in silico analyses demonstrate that a scalable k-mer approach largely agrees with the phylogenetic signal inferred from the LSU rDNA sequence. The combination of genomic and experimental data sometimes allows us to hypothesize about the metabolic bases of coexistence, as in the case of coexistence between Roseovarius and the green alga Ostreococcus tauri, where the bacterial genomes encodes the metabolic pathway to produce the vitamins needed by the microalgae . This study reports a stable coexistence maintaining the microalgae and the bacterium over several years, unlike the dynamic associations reported between Dinoroseobacter shibae and the microalgae Prorocebtrum minimum (Emiliania huxleyi (The articles included in this Research Topic provide a view of how symbiotic interactions can help bypass environmental stresses such as in  minimum , or Sulf huxleyi .in silico and experimental approaches, and many novel insights into species interactions, their ecology and evolution are expected in the near future.The field of symbiosis in aquatic habitats is expanding quickly with both All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.


The leading cause of blindness in inherited and age-related retinal degeneration (RD) is the death of retinal photoreceptors such as rods and cones. The most prevalent form of RD is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which affects the macula resulting in an irreversible loss of vision. The other is a heterogenous group of inherited disorders known as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) caused by the progressive loss of photoreceptors. Several approaches have been developed in recent years to artificially stimulate the remaining retinal neurons using optogenetics, retinal prostheses, and chemical photoswitches. However, the outcome of these strategies has been limited. The success of these treatments relies on the morphology, physiology, and proper functioning of the remaining intact structures in the downstream visual pathway. It is not completely understood what all alterations occur in the visual cortex during RD. In this review, I will discuss the known information in the literature about morphological and functional changes that occur in the visual cortex in rodents and humans during RD. The aim is to highlight the changes in the visual cortex that will be helpful for developing tools and strategies directed toward the restoration of high-resolution vision in patients with visual impairment. To achieve successful therapeutic intervention in RD, the structures downstream of the retina  should remain intact. Long-term sensory deprivation resulting from degenerating retina is associated with potential changes in the cortical circuit posing significant constraints on the success of RD treatment. Therefore, it is important to understand the consequences of RD on the state of the visual cortex for the successful implementation of restorative techniques. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the morphological and physiological changes in the visual cortex from various rodent and human studies.The retina is a light-sensitive tissue layer at the back of the eye equipped with the necessary machinery to process light information to create an informative image of the external world. During retinal degeneration (RD) the retina undergoes deterioration with the consequent death of photoreceptors such as rods and cones. The progressive loss of receptors and loss of vision has a greater impact on daily life such as not being able to recognize faces, read and find objects. The most common form of RD is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with vision loss in the elderly population. A recent report on numerous population-based studies indicates the emerging global burden arising with the increase in the number of people suffering from AMD from 196 million in 2020 to 288 million in 2040 , the extent of pattern-vision degeneration was demonstrated using a short pulse of bright white light and gratings of different spatial frequencies (patterns)  did not show any significant alterations in response to spatial-temporal variations in luminance contrast change. Overall these results indicate the diminished capacity of discriminating stimuli under different contrast conditions and adaptation of the visual system to environmental contrast  evaluated the changes in the electrophysiological properties of the V1 such as orientation selectivity, spatial, and temporal frequency tuning and receptive field size. Degenerated rats had diminished orientation selectivity mostly in the lower layers of the cortex (layers V-VI) with better responses only at lower spatial and temporal frequencies. The size of the receptive field was smaller compared to normal seeing rats  was used as a measure to determine the efficacy of information transmission between visual stimulus and neuronal activity  for processing visual information and conscious visual perception. During RD the retina undergoes a profound increase in spontaneous activity as a result of increased glutamate concentration, and altered synaptic input due to the death of photoreceptors . Visual stimulation in these affected individuals shows decreased activity of the visual cortex and elevated activity in a few associative areas outside the visual field responsible for eye coordination such as frontal and supplementary eye fields, prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulci, and parietal lobule  but not at higher contrasts. The authors hypothesized that the observed differences between low and high contrast could be due to different processing streams (parvocellular and magnocellular) with different functional properties contributing to this effect. The results are in line with previous studies in rodents and corroborate the fact that degeneration affects the functioning of the cortex in a wider manner. Recent studies in rodents and humans show that the adult brain has the ability to undergo short-term plasticity to adapt to visual changes  , Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India (Grant: RJF/2019/000040), and the Core Research Grant (CRG) of SERB, DST (CRG/2021/003472).The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Understanding the externalities of transportation networks in the process of the agglomeration and diffusion of production factors has theoretical and practical significance for the coordinated development of China's economic growth in urban agglomerations. Therefore, the social network analysis method is introduced in this paper with the case of the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration to analyze the characteristics of the traffic connection network of the production factor flow within this urban agglomeration, and subsequently, an econometric panel model is adopted to quantitatively analyze the effect of the connection network on the economic growth of the urban agglomeration. The results show that (1) the traffic connection of the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration has network characteristics typical of a “small world”. Although the connections between cities are gradually strengthening, the regional differences are obvious, showing a core–edge pattern of eastern agglomeration and western sparseness. (2) Among the network nodes, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities have obvious agglomeration and diffusion effects, stabilizing economic growth while driving the development of surrounding cities. The "polarization effect" in Chongqing and Chengdu has significantly increased, and the accumulation of factors mainly meets their own economic development but has not yet spread. (3) The Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration's transportation network influences the region’s economic growth through the structural effect, as it strengthens the economic ties between cities, and through the action of resource factors, as the network represents the aggregation and diffusion path of factor flow. (4) Due to the different traffic connections and industrial structures across the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration, the factor flow of each suburban agglomeration has a differentiated impact on the regional economic growth under the traffic connection network. Therefore, to realize the coordinated economic development of the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration, it is necessary to "adjust measures to local conditions" and formulate accurate and precise policies. These urban agglomerations have become the hinterland of China's highly concentrated economic activities. The formation of urban agglomerations depends on a high degree of interconnection between urban transportation networks, but the impact of developed transportation networks on the economic growth of urban agglomerations has two sides2: the radiation effect and the polarization effect3. The “radiation effect” means that traffic reduces the transaction costs of production factors, accelerates the flow of labor and resources within and between urban agglomerations, and causes developed areas to have a driving effect on the economic development of surrounding areas4. The polarization effect means that the transportation network intensifies the polarized allocation of the internal elements of urban agglomeration, leading to the agglomeration of production resources in the central city in the network, resulting in the unbalanced spatial allocation of elements and further widening the economic gap between the central city and the surrounding cities5. Strengthening the "radiation effect" of traffic networks on the economic growth of urban agglomerations and reducing the "polarization effect" are the key issues in the process of realizing the integrated development of urban agglomerations.Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has gradually formed urban agglomerations such as the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Pearl River Delta, which have become the important growth poles of China's economy and reshaped the spatial pattern of economic development6. The greatest advantage of the development of an urban cluster economy is the formation of scale economies through the cooperation of industries among cities, resulting in the effect of "1 + 1 > 2". However, at present, many urban agglomerations have a "center-periphery" spatial structure, which leads to economic inequality8. A large number of studies have analyzed the causes of inequality in urban agglomerations from the perspectives of traffic network structure9, urban competitiveness10, regional industrial competition12, and social relations13. Since the self-organization process of urban agglomerations depends on large-scale transportation infrastructure investment, the influence of transportation networks on the economic growth of urban agglomerations has been widely discussed.An urban agglomeration is a group of cities with compact spatial organization, close economic ties and high degree of urbanization and integration, which is based on a developed transportation and communication network14 and from the unequal gravity between nodes and factors13. This is mainly related to two research fields: first, exploring the optimization direction of network structure from the perspective of improving the efficiency or fairness of network configuration; and second, finding a reference from research on the relationship between factor mobility and economic growth. The former research mostly focuses on the congestion and efficiency loss caused by the imperfect network structure, thus proposing the construction scheme of future networks16. The latter regards the transportation network as an exogenous environment and then discusses how to make decisions to maximize the benefits in the existing network19. In fact, these two kinds of studies together constitute a system of solutions to alleviate the economic inequality in the network. However, the investment in transportation infrastructure is irreversible, and the existing network structure is difficult to change. It takes a long time and large investment to improve resource allocation from the perspective of network structure optimization. Therefore, to achieve equitable economic growth of urban agglomerations, the construction of regional coordination mechanisms in the network should be considered. This requires a deep understanding of the internal relationship among the traffic network, factor flow and economic growth of urban agglomerations.Inequality in the network comes from the polarized allocation of factors by network structuresBased on the above discussion, this paper attempts to answer the following three questions: First, how can the urban correlation strength on the traffic network be described from the perspective of factor flow? Second, how does the transportation network affect the economic development of urban agglomerations? Third, what measures should be taken by local governments in an urban agglomeration to promote the coordinated development within the agglomeration?The specific research contents and objectives are outlined as follows: Taking China's Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration as the research object and using the measurement method of urban flow intensity, the study depicts the traffic connection network, which includes factor flow, economic connection and geographical space abstraction. Then, the social network analysis method is used to analyze the overall and local characteristics of the transportation network from the two dimensions of network structure and network nodes to reveal the influence path of urban agglomeration traffic-related networks on resource allocation and economic growth. Finally, regression analysis is used to identify the key factors of the economic growth of urban agglomerations under network constraints. Based on the results, we put forward some suggestions for the coordinated development of urban agglomerations.The contributions are as follows: (1) As a case study, from the perspective of the traffic network and factor flow, we put forward suggestions for the coordinated development of the regional economy in the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration and similar urban agglomerations. (2) In a wider sense, the construction of a generalized traffic connection network including factor flow, economic connection and geographical distance provides a new research method to reveal the internal power driving the economic growth of urban agglomerations, which provides a reference for related research.20. However, the agglomeration and diffusion of resources flowing between urban agglomerations are complex, frequent and multidirectional, covering the transfer and exchange of many elements, such as people, logistics, and information flow, among cities. Obviously, GDP and population reflect the development level of the urban economy, but they lack a description of the path and intensity of multidimensional factor transfer and cannot describe the state of agglomeration and radiation in the process of factor flow. Therefore, this paper chooses the intensity of urban flow as the "quality" of the economy to express the overall development level of cities in urban agglomerations, which not only reveals the constant exchange of material and energy between cities but also more clearly depicts the characteristic that the transportation network supports the communication between cities22. Considering that the transportation network of urban agglomerations is mainly composed of roads and rails, so the volume of freight and passengers objectively reflects the flow forms of production factors among urban agglomerations, the traffic network correlation value is finally obtained:22 for the specific algorithm of the above two variables. Gravity models often use GDP and population as the "quality" to describe the relationship between different economies23. These three indicators can reflect the scale and efficiency of the factor flow within the urban agglomeration when applied to the analysis of the urban agglomeration traffic network structure, thus revealing the supporting role of the network for the coordinated economic growth among cities.On the basis of constructing a traffic correlation matrix by a gravity model, social network analysis (SNA) can be used to analyze the traffic correlation network structure. Common indicators of overall network structure include network density, clustering coefficient and characteristic path length. Among them, network density measures the closeness of the connection between cities. The greater the density is, the more ways to exchange information between cities and the more efficient the communication. The clustering coefficient reflects the node degree and node aggregation in the network, and aggregation means that the probability of community formation increases. The average shortest path indicates the rate and average cost of element flow in the network. The smaller the average path is, the less time it takes for element flow and the lower the transportation cost24. Centrality includes degree centrality (in-degree and out-degree), betweenness centrality and closeness centrality. The higher the degree centrality is, the more connections the city has with other cities in the traffic spatial correlation network, and the more central the city is in the network. Betweenness degree measures the ability of nodes as mediators, which indicates the extent to which the city can control the traffic exchanges between other cities. The closeness centrality describes the degree to which a city in the network approaches the center in the transportation network and reflects the center-edge structure. The closer a city is to the central node, the stronger its role in resource allocation in the network.This paper analyzes the network structure characteristics of each node through centrality and reveal the central position of node cities in the network structureThis paper focuses on verifying the structural effect of the traffic connection network structure in urban agglomerations, so it tries to analyze the mechanism by which the structural effect of the traffic connection network structure influences the economic growth of urban agglomerations from the two dimensions of the overall structural effect and individual structural effect of the traffic connection network.25 as the explained variable  on economic growth, which is the embodiment of China's major strategic decision to integrate economically into Eurasia.For the Beibu Gulf City Group and Chang-Zhu-Tan-Chuan-Yu City Group, after adding the influencing factors of the transportation network , the transportation-related network has a positive impact, but the industrial structure, urbanization rate and the coefficient of foreign investment have decreased because the construction of the transportation network in these subcity groups is not enough to promote effective factor flow. On the other hand, there is irrational resource allocation in these urban agglomerations, and the industrial structure between cities tends to be homogeneous, which hinders the economic growth of the urban agglomerations. Moreover, under the influence of the transportation network, the urbanization rate accelerates the impact on the economic growth of urban agglomerations, and weakens the impact of FDI on economic growth. This is because the population and resource elements can achieve the goal of economic growth without more foreign investment under the agglomeration and diffusion effect between cities, relying on the path of the transportation network and taking the rational distribution of urban industries as the premise. Therefore, for these two urban agglomerations, we should continue to adjust the urban industrial structure on the basis of clarifying urban functions, promoting communication between noncentral cities and central cities, improving the transportation network, accelerating the pace of noncore  cities’ integration into the core circle, and building a multicenter and multifunctional urban system with core cities  as the mainstay and other cities as the auxiliaries.Compared with other urban agglomerations, there is a highly negative correlation between the industrial structure of the secondary and tertiary industries on the west coast of the straits (v and v) and the economic development within urban agglomerations, which shows that the process of enhancing and upgrading the industrial structure of urban agglomerations cannot effectively promote economic growth. This is due to the blind pursuit of the upgrading of industrial structure along with the neglect of the rationalization of the industrial structure of urban agglomerations. In the model of urban flow intensity combined with the previous analysis, in the urban agglomeration on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait, the urban flow intensity of each city is much lower than that of other cities, which shows that the industries in the urban agglomeration are not closely connected, and the flow of resource elements among cities is not frequent. The development of Guangxi, Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in the urban agglomeration on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait is relatively slow, and there are complex policy barriers between provinces and cities, which leads to the homogenization of industries among cities in the formed industrial clusters and makes cities more competitive than cooperative. Therefore, compared with other urban agglomerations, the urban agglomerations on the west side of the Taiwan Strait need to consider how to rationalize the upgrading of industrial structure. They should give full play to the intermediary role of central node cities, such as Nanning, Kunming and Chengdu, establish a multicore urban agglomeration network, adjust the rational division of labor among different cities by relying on their abundant natural resources, establish a complementary mechanism of urban functions, and improve the efficiency of the spatial aggregation and diffusion of elements to deepen the economic ties between urban agglomerations on the west side of the Taiwan Strait and other urban agglomerations and ensure healthy economic development in urban agglomerations.Comparing the aggregation and diffusion effects of factor flows in different urban agglomerations under the structure of the traffic correlation network and finding effective solutions to achieve regionally coordinated growth under the premise of individual growth are the focus of this paper.The overall structure of the transportation network of the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration has obvious characteristics of a small world network, showing a typical center-edge structure and gradually evolving to a multicenter transportation network. The density and aggregation coefficient of the network are increasing year by year, and the number of isolated cities in the network is decreasing, which means that the communication between cities in the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration is becoming closer. The reduction in the shortest path of information transmission and factor flow between cities and the reduction in transaction costs can promote the frequent flow and transmission efficiency of resource factors in urban networks. From the analysis of the characteristics of a single network structure, the aggregation and diffusion of resource elements in the transportation network of the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration lead to significant differences in the development of urban nodes.The increase in network density and the network aggregation coefficient and the decrease in the characteristic path of the traffic-related network in the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration can effectively promote the economic ties among cities in a city group. This shows that the improvement in the individual traffic network structure enables more node cities to effectively support the aggregation and diffusion of elements and act as bridges of element transmission, resulting in more frequent exchange of elements among cities and promoting the economic growth of urban agglomerations. In addition, the improvement in transportation network connectivity has stimulated the vitality of regional industry and investment, indirectly promoting economic growth. However, the impact of the transportation network on economic growth also shows regional heterogeneity, which depends on whether the internal industrial structure layout of suburban agglomerations can reasonably absorb resource elements to achieve cooperation rather than competition and whether the degree of transportation links between cities can maximize the efficiency of factor flow.This paper analyzes the spatial evolution pattern and network characteristics of the transportation network of the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration and studies the influence of the transportation network on the economic growth of the urban agglomeration. The main conclusion is as follows:From the perspective of urban agglomerations as a whole, mega-urban agglomerations contain a large number of urban individuals with different resource endowments and development patterns. Transportation is a physical bridge to promote information exchange and industrial cooperation among these cities and finally form integrated development. Therefore, it is a priority to further strengthen the construction of transportation infrastructure in mega-city groups. Of course, this kind of investment is not extensive, so we should give full consideration to the position of cities in urban agglomerations and make appropriate investments. For example, marginal cities need to increase investment in urban transportation infrastructure, rationalize the industrial layout, make effective use of the intermediary role of surrounding semicore cities, and strengthen ties with core cities. Moreover, cooperation between local governments is a necessary supporting measure to lower the administrative barriers between cities and avoid the hidden obstacles of local protectionism to the factor flow.From the perspective of internal suburban agglomerations in the Pan Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration, the intercity transportation network has become complete, and the industrial layout has gradually reached a high quality. The factor aggregation effect is obvious enough, and increased aggregation may support intercity diffusion, the export of surplus factors and practical experience and economic development in the surrounding areas. For the Beibu Gulf and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan-Sichuan-Chongqing Urban Agglomerations, the internal industrial layout is more reasonable. The government should pay more attention to strengthening the communication between noncentral cities and central cities, improving the transportation network, and speeding up the process of integrating noncore  cities into the core circles. For the urban agglomerations on the west side of the straits, we should give full play to the intermediary role of Nanning, Kunming and Chengdu, establish a multicore urban agglomeration network, and improve the efficiency of the spatial aggregation and diffusion of elements to deepen the economic ties between the urban agglomerations on the west side of the straits and other urban agglomerations and realize the coordinated development of the internal economy of the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration.The above conclusions yield the following policy implications:Finally, our research mainly analyzes the influence of traffic networks on economic growth across the whole urban agglomeration, but we have not paid attention to the heterogeneous structure of the network and the specific differences in internal development modes in different regions. In addition, we have not revealed the internal mechanism by which the traffic network affects economic growth. This can be achieved with more detailed research and case analysis in the future.


The in-situ health condition of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforced structures has become an important topic, which can reflect the structural performance of the retrofitted structures and judge the design theory. An optical fiber-based structural health monitoring technique is thus suggested. To check the effectiveness of the proposed method, experimental testing on smart CFRP reinforced steel beams under impact action has been performed, and the dynamic response of the structure has been measured by the packaged FBG sensors attached to the surface of the beam and the FBG sensors inserted in the CFRP plates. Time and frequency domain analysis has been conducted to check the structural feature of the structures and the performance of the installed sensors. Results indicate that the packaged Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors show better sensing performance than the bare FBG sensors in perceiving the impact response of the beam. The sensors embedded in the CFRP plate show good measurement accuracy in sensing the external excitation and can replace the surface-attached FBG sensors. The dynamic performance of the reinforced structures subjected to the impact action can be straightforwardly read from the signals of FBG sensors. The larger impact energies bring about stronger impact signals. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have been extensively used in strengthening projects due to their high strength, lightweight, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility. CFRP-reinforced structures have become the commonly used structural type in engineering ,2,3. ImpConsiderable research has contributed to exploring the dynamic performance of CFRP reinforced structures . ZanardoDue to the superior advantages of absolute measurement, anti-electromagnetic interference, good geometrical shape-versatility, high precision, compact size, lightweight, convenient multiplexing, and integration of sensing network over other sensors ,22,23,24Given the analysis above, the dynamic response of steel beam retrofitted by smart CFRP plates under impact action has been explored by the surface-attached packaged Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors and the FBG sensors inserted in the CFRP plates. Impact testing with different impact energies has been performed to check the performance of the reinforced structures. Time and frequency domain analysis has been conducted to assess the performance of the structures and the sensors. Based on the data analysis, a few suggestions on the sensor design and the reinforced structures have been provided.2, and the length of the beam is 1600 mm. The material properties of the steel beam obey the standard GB/T 11263-2017. Packaged FBG sensors and bare FBG sensors have been attached to the surface of the smart CFRP reinforced steel beam, and the layout is shown in To explore the dynamic response of CFRP reinforced steel beams under impact action, a testing sample installed with various kinds of FBG sensors has been fabricated. The testing sample consists of one I-steel beam reinforced by a smart CFRP plate. The cross section of the I-steel beam is 125 × 125 mmAll the FBG sensors have been connected to FBG interrogator si255 produced by Micron Optics (MOI), which has a sampling frequency of 5 kHz and a wavelength resolution of 1 pm. The impact action is provided by the free falling of steel balls with different diameters at different heights. Fixed constraints have been applied to the two ends of the beam by means of clamps. Four heights  and four weights of steel balls  have been tried in the testing, and the cases for the impact action are shown in It has been found from the wavelength incremental diagrams that the FBG signals under various impact conditions have similar waveforms. Similar to the time domain analysis of the measured signals on the web, it has been found from the wavelength incremental diagrams that the FBG signals under various impact conditions have similar waveforms. Wavelength increment diagrams of the embedded FBG of the CFRP plates under various impact conditions have similar waveforms. Time domain analysis shows that the FBG sensor can accurately monitor the dynamic response signal. To identify the dynamic characteristics of the CFRP reinforced steel beam under the impact action, frequency domain analysis is further required ,29. BecaThe equation for power spectrum estimation by the periodogram method is shown in Equation (3):It is found from the power spectrum that the impact signals of P-FBGb (FBGs in series: 1–6) on the beam bottom are less pronounced in either impact condition. The reason may be that the packaged sensor has not been well attached to the CFRP reinforced beam due to the poor installation quality. Another sensor P-FBGbb (FBGs in series: 1–6) also located at the beam bottom shows good sensitivity to the impact signal. Therefore, the frequency domain analysis of the measured signal on the beam bottom will focus on P-FBGb2, P-FBGbb (FBGs in series: 1–6) and B-FBGb.It can be seen from the power spectrum that the peak value of the high-frequency component of the FBG sensors embedded in the CFRP plate is extremely insignificant and difficult to identify due to the influence of the DC component of the FBG signal in the frequency domain. It can be seen from the power spectrum that when the impact energy is small, the peaks of the high-frequency component of the FBG sensors embedded in the CFRP plate or externally attached to the surface of the CFRP plate are extremely inconspicuous. It can lead to difficult identification and then the case with the largest impact energy is selected for analysis. To develop effective health monitoring techniques for identifying the dynamic response of CFRP reinforced structures, impact testing of steel beam retrofitted with smart CFRP plates has been performed. Time and frequency domain analysis has been conducted to assess the dynamic performance of the reinforced structures and the sensitivity of the installed FBG sensors. Through the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:(1) The amplitude of the wavelength increments of the FBG on the web increases with the growth of the impact energy, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed monitoring techniques. The CFRP reinforced steel beam shows good impact resistance during the impact testing, and no defect or damage has been identified from the time and domain analysis.(2) The packaged FBG sensor is more effective than the bare FBG sensor in monitoring the external excitation-induced dynamic response of the CFRP reinforced steel beam, which is different from the static case. The FBG sensors embedded in the CFRP plate can replace the sensors attached to the surface of the CFRP plate to perceive the impact response.(3) The peak values of the power spectrum at different impact energies vary. The peak frequencies transformed from the signals of FBG sensors attached on the web at each impact condition are basically identical . The peak frequencies transformed from the signals of FBG sensors attached to the beam bottom at each impact condition are basically the same . The slight difference can be attributed to the noise disturbance.(4) The sensor used for temperature measurement cannot be embedded in the structure with a hollow pipe, which is different from the static case. For the temperature compensation of structures under dynamic load, it is suggested that the sensor merely for temperature measurement should be around the structure to avoid the possible vibration-induced dynamic deformation.


Fear of falling (FOF) is prevalent among older adults. While the concept has been conceptually defined and factors associated with FOF has been extensively explored in nursing and other health sciences, the experience of this fear is often overlooked. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the phenomena of FOF using the rich descriptions elicited from four (Nf4) older adults. The meaning of these experiences was then interpreted in conjunction with the known and emergent FOF body of literature. Each participant was interviewed twice using videoconferencing as part of a larger study exploring the lived experience of being at risk for falling in the hospital. A total of eight interview transcripts were analyzed using van Manen’s interpretive phenomenological methodology. The philosophical underpinning of this study is the philosophy of caring in nursing outlined by Kari Martinsen. Three major interpretive themes emerged: Loss of Self, Part of my Existence, and Remaining Safe Within the Boundaries of Fear. These themes describe how FOF is the fear of being suspended in time and space and losing connection with oneself both physically and mentally during a fall. The fear becomes a part of one’s existence, ranging from worry to all-consuming panic, and the body becomes unpredictable. FOF means living within invisible boundaries of fear, where feelings of helplessness, uselessness, and isolation are common. Relationships with others can both temper and ignite the FOF, and caregivers must understand the meaning of this experience to improve support of older adults in managing this overwhelming experience.


Reply to the Editor:The author reported no conflicts of interest.Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.The ,,Over the past few decades, a wide variety of risk-stratification systems have been investigated and developed to quantify the perioperative risk of patients who undergo cardiac surgery.Taken together, while the risk prediction is undoubtedly important for clinical decision-making in individual patients, it should be considered as a model undergoing development that combines clinical judgment with new and established risk factors.


The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system are involved in maintaining organism homeostasis . PhysicaIn conclusion, the collection of the 10th Anniversary of Cells: Advances in Cellular Immunology focuses on some hot topics and novel advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of autoimmune response. Indeed, when the cellular processes and molecular mechanisms involved are better clarified, novel designed drugs highly specific for suitable target molecules allow physicians to efficiently treat autoimmune diseases, avoiding the use of unspecific immunosuppressive molecules. On the other hand, preventing the break that leads to autoimmunity will help to reestablish the anti-tumor immune response.


The modality of assessment used at a University Clinical Practice in Brazil is interventive psychodiagnosis in which the active participation of children and families is considered. Orientation is given following the input provided by children and their parents.Evaluating the use of an electronic form to be fulfilled during the observation of a child’s play in psychological session.A child at the age of 5yrs 4m was brought for psychological assessment with the complaint of aggressiveness and irritability. His parents answered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL -1 1/12 5 yrs) and the Psychology interns had to observe the child’s play and fulfill an electronic form in which the choice of toys and plays, motricity, creativity, symbolic abilities, frustration tolerance, adequation with reality were verified.The results of CBCL indicated that the child was within the clinical range regarding anxiety and depression along with somatic complaints. The indicators observed in the electronic form such as rigidity in the modality of play, the lack of adequate ability of impersonating in role-playing, the difficulty of using creativity during play unless he was guided by peers or the Psychology interns and the constant anguish of separating himself from his parents were crucial for parents’ orientation. The psychological treatment lasted five months and benefited from the information obtained through the form once the symptoms of irritability and aggressiveness were reduced.This modality of assessment can be instructional for parents and may also reduce financial and time costs once provides specific indicators to observe during play.


The test was applied by the therapists Differential Assessment of Autism and Other Developmental Disorders (DAADD)Among the 22 children participating in the research, 20 did not score the item apraxia. Only two children were referred with apraxia and twelve had receptive language and pre-academic skills proportional to their age. Of 22 participants, only three were overly excited for verbal productions.The analyzes of data suggests that the occurrence of CAS in children with ASD is low and underlying the disorder.


Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT) to measure retinal thickness is the current method to observe neurological impairment in neurodegenerative diseases [1] and in mental disorders [2] due to the composition of the retina itself as an anatomic extension of the brain.There can be found some factors to improve the resilience like the years of study.Our aim is to evaluate cognitive and clinical impairment in Bipolar Disorder and see the correlation to the retinal thinning.Twenty-seven patients diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder were assessed in the context of the FINEXT programme (3). Selective attention, executive functions and verbal memory were measured among other variables. Using the OCT technique, we measured the thickness of the ppRNFL, the RFNL, GCL and IPL layers in the macula in both eyes through several radial segments. Partial correlations were performed with Bonferroni correction (p≤0.006) adjusted for age and academic status except for the variable years of study which was adjusted for age.Significant direct correlations were observed between:- The study-years and the thickness of the retina in the NO and RFNL. -Selective attention and GCL and RFNL layers. -Executive function and the GCL and IPL.We can observe some preliminar results showing a significant correlation between some layers of the retina, upper segments more frequently, and the outcomes of the neurocognitive assessment. We can see a relationship as well between years of study and the thickness of the Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer in the retina and optic nerve head, the axons of the neurons in the eye.No significant relationships.