The sub-discipline of gerontologic biostatistics (GBS) was introduced in 2010 to emphasize the special challenges encountered in the design and analysis of research studies of older persons. These challenges center on the multifactorial nature of human aging, characterized by the parallel and progressive deterioration of diverse organ and cellular systems that eventually results in death. Ten years after the introduction of GBS, which initially focused on important aspects of design and analysis that ensure their statistical validity, we update how GBS has been enriched by evolving practices. We present individual sessions on three seminal developments in the practice of GBS: integration of data science and multiple streams of data, including those automated and or multidisciplinary in nature; enhanced methods of addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effects from health-related interventions for older patients; and how interactive visualization can help specific patients locate themselves along the continuum of individualized treatment effects. We conclude our presentation with a session that reviews three prominent trends in the validation of the heterogeneity inherent to the assessment of health among older adults. Reflecting this era of big gerontological data, we discuss several established modeling approaches for validation, the proliferation of signal intensive behavior phenotypes, and the deep characterization of phenotypes through OMICS studies and multimodal approaches. All talks discuss pitfalls and areas of future development and draw from published studies. We are submitting as an interest group collaborative panel submission between two interest groups: Epidemiology of Aging and Measurement, Statistics and Design.


This presentataion outlines the development of a post-membership masterclass programme in Perinatal Psychiatry, funded by Health Education England and delivered through the Royal College of Psychiatrists. The masterclass programme renges from 5-15 days and there are separate programmes for consultants, SAS doctors and senior trainees in psychiatry. The course is delivered by experts in the area and contains a mix of didactic teaching and small group work. The programme was developed to meet the workforce needs of rapidly expanding perinatal mental services throughout England. The programme also helps facilitate the needs of perinatal psychiatrists from Ireland and from the devolved nations of the UK .No significant relationships.


The COVID-19 pandemic has not impacted everyone equitably, including children . The objective of this study was to explore the association between school neighbourhood composition and kindergarten educator-reported barriers and concerns regarding children’s learning during the first wave of COVID-19 related school closures in Ontario, Canada.In the spring of 2020, we collected data from Ontario kindergarten educators in an online survey on their experiences and challenges with online learning during the first round of school closures. We asked educators whether they experienced a number of barriers to learning and concerns about returning to school in the Fall. We linked the educator responses to 2016 Canadian Census variables based on the school postal code. Poisson regression analyses were used to determine if there was an association between neighbourhood composition and the number of barriers and concerns reported by kindergarten educators.Educators  who taught at schools in neighbourhoods with lower median income reported a greater number of barriers to online learning  and concerns regarding the return to school in the fall of 2020 . Educators also reported a greater number of concerns regarding the return to the classroom in neighbourhoods with a greater proportion of single-parent families.Our study confirms that the educational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may not have been felt equitably even by kindergarten children, as educators teaching in schools in lower SES neighbourhoods reported both more barriers to online learning, and more concerns about returning to the classroom in September 2020.


Following the publication of the original article  the authThe correct author name, "David Lapidus", is included in the author list of this Correction, and has already been updated in the original article.


NBTXR3 nanoparticle injection is a relatively novel radioenhancer for treatment of various cancers. CT scans following NBTXR3 injection of metastatic lymph nodes from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed in a small series of patients. The radioenhancing appears as hyperattenuating, with a mean attenuation of the injected material of 1516 HU. The material was found to leak beyond the margins of the tumor in some cases. NBTXR3 is a first-in-class radioenhancer composed of crystalline hafnium oxide nanoparticles functionalized by a negatively charged surface coating with a size centered on 50 nm. The nanoparticles augment the absorption of ionizing radiation, resulting in increased tumor cell death. Intratumoral injection of NBTXR3 followed by radiation therapy has been found to be feasible and safe for a variety of tumors, such as locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx and soft tissue sarcomas ,2,3. HowThis retrospective imaging review was performed under a prospective trial approved by the institutional review board. The patients included in this study had a diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that was recurrent in a previously irradiated field with limited therapeutic options. The patients were enrolled in a clinical trial of radiation therapy to the injected lymph node followed by initiation of anti-PD1 immunotherapy after completion of radiation (NCT03589339). NBTXR3 was supplied by Nanobiotix S.A. as a sterile aqueous suspension of nanoparticles composed of functionalized hafnium oxide crystallites. The injection volume of NBTXR3 was pre-specified per protocol and was determined by volume of the target lesion as assessed on diagnostic imaging and the injection was performed under ultrasound guidance. The initial soft tissue neck CT scans  obtained following NBTXR3 injection were reviewed by a board-certified head and neck radiologist with about 10 years of experience for the distribution of the injected material within or adjacent to the lesion. The extent of injected material with respect to the tumor volume was estimated visually based on the CT scans and expressed in quartile ranges. In addition, the attenuation of the injected material was measured using manually drawn circular regions of interest on two representative slices and reported as the mean of the two measurements.Four patients were identified that underwent NBTXR3 injection of metastatic lymph nodes from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with available post-injection CT scans . The CT This study shows that the injected NBTXR3 nanoparticle solutions are readily identifiable on CT at least up to several weeks following the injection. The material appears as markedly hyperattenuating deposits without significant beam-hardening artifact, which facilitates delineating the dispersion (coverage of the tumor volume) of the injected material. The hyperattenuating appearance is attributable to the hafnium oxide component, which has the desirable property of high X-ray attenuation for treatment purposes as a radioenhancer . This prBased on this series, the injected material typically displays irregular margins due to how it permeates the tissues. The presence of the radioenhancer material beyond the margins of the tumor is attributable to leakage from the tumor, presumably due to elevated pressures from the injection, which results in infiltration of the adjacent fat planes. Furthermore, the consistency of the tumor could impact the dispersion of the injected material. For example, the solid lesion demonstrated the most prominent leakage of the injected nanoparticles as compared to the necrotic tumors. Thus, this characteristic of the tumor should be considered when injecting the nanoparticles. It is possible that other features of the injected tumor, such as size and extracapsular spread, can lead to variations in the dispersion of NBTXR3, but this can be further studied via a larger cohort. It is also conceivable that the injected radioenhancers could spread through the regional lymphatic channels. Previous clinical studies have not commented on the presence of injected material beyond the tumor margins consistent with the reported safety profile. The presence of injected material beyond the tumor margins observed in this report did not have a negative impact on the safety or toxicity of the normal surrounding tissues. It has been suggested that as little as 10% of tumor volume injection in conjunction with radiotherapy is adequate for patients with soft tissue sarcomas [It is suspected that the attenuation of the injected nanoparticle solution remains elevated for a prolonged period given that the case imaged at 18 days after injection displayed similar Hounsfield units to the other cases imaged immediately after injection. However, longer-term studies can address the longevity of the imaging results for the nanoparticles. Further studies to assess the significance of variations in degree of tumor volume injected and dispersion of the injected material in terms of efficacy and complications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are currently ongoing.Intralesional NBTXR3 nanoparticle injections used as radioenhancers for the treatment of head and neck cancer lymph node metastases can be readily delineated on CT scans as hyperattenuating material. This property helps verify adequate delivery of the radioenhancers for subsequent therapy.


UNESCO, less than 30% of researchers worldwide are women. The field of translational pharmacology is also impacted in several other ways, including the underrepresentation of female experimental animals in preclinical research  as the therapeutic target for Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP), a pathological condition caused by the hyperactive cold-induced vasoconstriction that is more prevalent in females than males. The authors proposed a pathway in how activation of GPER upregulates the expression of vascular alpha 2C-adrenoceptors (α2C-AR).The contribution from Yang et al. discussed the role of melatonin in the development and the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The authors provided an overview of research findings regarding the correlation between the level of serum melatonin and bone mass, and the effect of melatonin on bone remodeling for promoting osteogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis. As bone mass loss is one of the chief health concerns for the menopause population, this review brought an insightful perspective on utilizing melatonin as an alternative treatment strategy for postmenopausal osteoporosis.The literature review by van de Vyver et al., the researchers established an experimental protocol to investigate pharmacokinetic processes of brain uptake of a 195 kDa monoclonal antibody EGFRvIII-TCB in healthy rats after intravenous (IV) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. The findings of this study may facilitate cross compound comparison, which the authors demonstrated by comparing EGFRvIII-TCB with two other tool compounds.In the original article from Arip et al. provided an oversight of the known resistances in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites and the remaining traditional treatment options including a discussion of the limitation of the current therapeutic approaches. The authors also presented an overview of several plant-based compounds, their mechanism of action and the potential in tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We hope that readers of this article can benefit from the authors’ knowledge in understanding the feasibility of utilizing plant-based metabolites and generate new ideas for research to tackle this global concern.The literature review by Huang et al. investigated the effect of two Chinese medicines, chitosan and danshen, on obstructed fallopian tubes, which is one of the main causes for reduced fertility among women. Chitosan is a non-toxic extract from the shells of marine creatures and danshen comes from the dried roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. This study showed that the effective constituent of chitosan and danshen injection was stable, effective at preventing tubal re-obstruction and increased pregnancy rates.The study by We, as an editorial team, sincerely appreciate the authors’ willingness and enthusiasm to contribute their research stories to this topic. It is our hope that the number of female researchers will continue to grow in the future and that the research community will invest more effort in conditions impacting women.


The significance of tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity is increasingly becoming recognized as playing an essential role in tumorigenesis and malignant biological behaviors. Dr. Hanahan D  presentsOf note, inter-patient molecular heterogeneity has hampered the clinical practice of an expanding variety of targeted therapies and personalizing their prescriptions. An inter-patient molecular heterogeneity investigation using genomic and transcriptomic data for 4890 tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas database showed that the repertoires of molecular targets of the clinical recommendations for accepted drugs were not congruent with the gene mutation patterns of different cancer types . Enhancevia copy number and cluster mutations , Science and Health Joint Research Project of Chongqing Municipality (2020GDRC013).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The last two decades have seen the timeliness of studying the connection between suicides and drunkennessTo evaluate the significance of suicidal risk factors in patients who had committed suicides while being under the effect of alcohol so as to be able to forecast suicidal risks and prevent suicides within this groupThe authors have carried out an analysis of medical documentation of suicides committed in the Sverdlovsk region. The data on suicides has been taken from forensic expertise acts. The following factors have been taken into account: age, gender, social status of suicide victim, supplementary somatic pathology, and concentration of alcohol in the victim’s bloodAlcoholic addiction is a behavioral indicator of suicidal risk. The level of suicidal activity in persons with the syndrome of alcoholic addiction is much higher than within the general populace. The age of 25-49 is the peak of suicidal attempts among patients with chronic alcoholism. Genuine suicides prevail during the first stage of chronic alcoholism. The patients are inclined to demonstrate pathological suicidal reactions to social misplacement that show themselves in the form of conflicts within the family and at work. In addition to genuine suicidal attempts made by males in the state of abstinenceThe results received confirm the role of the alcoholic factor in the formation of suicidal behavior and have the aim of elaborating new forms and methods to help prevent suicides committed in the state of alcoholic drunkennessNo significant relationships.


The classic approach for cochlear implant surgery includes mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomy. The middle cranial fossa approach is a proven alternative, but it has been used only sporadically and inconsistently in cochlear implantation.To describe a new approach to expose the basal turn of the cochlea in cochlear implant surgery through the middle cranial fossa.Fifty temporal bones were dissected in this anatomic study of the temporal bone. Cochleostomies were performed through the middle cranial fossa approach in the most superficial portion of the basal turn of the cochlea, using the meatal plane and the superior petrous sinus as landmarks. The lateral wall of the internal acoustic canal was dissected after the petrous apex had been drilled and stripped. The dissected wall of the inner acoustic canal was followed longitudinally to the cochleostomy.Only the superficial portion of the basal turn of the cochlea was opened in the fifty temporal bones included in this study. The exposure of the basal turn of the cochlea allowed the visualization of the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, which enabled the array to be easily inserted through the scala tympani.The proposed approach is simple to use and provides sufficient exposure of the basal turn of the cochlea. The classic approach for cochlear implant (CI) surgery includes mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomyThe middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach is a proven, valuable approach, although it has been used only sporadically in CI surgery without much procedural standardization to handle cases with ossified cochleae, chronic suppurative otitis media, or inner ear dysplasiaThe anatomy of the human temporal bone is regarded as highly complex, with nerve and vascular structures closely intertwined and often separated by a few millimeters. The literature on alternative surgical approaches to the cochlea is extremely limited, while the exact tridimensional topography of the cochlea inside the petrous bone has been scarcely studied. Although variants to CI surgery have been described, challenges pertaining to the anatomy of the site still abound when the classic transmastoid approach cannot be elected.This study aimed to produce a detailed description of a new approach to cochlear implant surgery via the MCF which allows for the precise location of the basal turn of the cochlea.This exploratory anatomy study was held at the Surgical Skills in Otorhinolaryngology Lab of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMUSP). It was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee of the FMUSP, under research protocol # 309/11.Fifty temporal bones of adult cadavers of both genders preserved in formaldehyde were used in this study. The included bone specimens had adequate squamous and petrous portions, as well as the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa.The anatomic landmarks used were the superior petrosal sinus, the stripped petrous apex, the lateral surface of the meatal plane followed on the petrous apex from its more proximal portion (in reference to the projection of the acoustic pore), and the greater superficial petrosal nerve  and 2. TThe temporal bones were placed in the position in which they would be seen during surgery using the MCF approach. Surgery was performed in accordance with the steps described below:Exposure of the lateral-superior petrous portion of the temporal bone by detaching the dura mater until the middle meningeal artery was identified.Visualization of the MCF floor and identification of the greater superficial petrosal nerve, arcuate eminence, and superior petrosal sinus. Medial drilling of the petrous apex toward the meatal plane area, adjacently to the superior petrosal sinus and anteriorly to the acoustic pore.Identification of the dura mater of the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) by transparency.Drilling along the greater axis of the IAM until its lateral extremity is identified and, right in front of it, until the more superficial portion of the basal turn of the cochlea is found and opened.Cochleostomy with a 1 mm diamond tip drill .Visualization of the osseous spiral lamina separating the scala tympani and scala vestibuli.Placement of a dummy array through the scala tympani, oriented in the direction of the arcuate eminence.The superficial part of the basal turn of the cochlea was easily found through this approach in all 50 temporal bones. The exposure of the basal turn of the cochlea allowed the visualization of the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. Thus, the array could be easily placed through the scala tympani.The placement of the dummy CI array was documented through temporal bone computerized tomography scans , and 5.FMany authors have reported variations in the anatomy of the MCF likely to be related to differences in aeration of the temporal boneHouse & SheltonThe meatal plane approach published by FischGarcia-Ibañez & Garcia-Ibañeztegmen tympani.Bento et al.Jackler & GladstoneFew authors have looked into the projections and anatomic relations of the cochlea while approaching the turns of the cochleaA review published by Colletti et al.As seen on the CT scans, the array reached almost the entire length of the cochlea, with only a few millimeters remaining between the round window and the cochleostomy. The stimulation of the middle and apical portions of the cochlea by the implant involves more nerve interactions than the stimulation by the array of the basal turn of the cochleaIn all 50 temporal bones included in this study, only the superior part of the basal turn of the cochlea was uncovered. Exposure of the basal turn of the cochlea  allowed the visualization of the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. The placement of the cochlear implant through the scala tympani oriented in the direction of the arcuate eminence was significantly eased. Even though this study was performed on specimens of temporal bone removed from the skull, the MCF approach has been reproduced in cadavers in surgery-like conditions. A bone window measuring 3 × 4 cm was produced on the squamous part of the temporal bone and the temporal lobe was retracted without leading to any additional difficulty accessing the basal turn of the cochlea or placing the dummy array.Exposure of part of the petrous apex requires more retraction of the temporal lobe and often calls for obliteration of the middle meningeal arteryThe approach described in this paper appears to be simpler and more reliable in locating the cochlea. It also ensures sufficient exposure of the basal portion of the cochlea while avoiding injury to other structures. The basal turn of the cochlea is located immediately below the MCF floor and can be easily accessed by drilling the bone lateral to the meatal plane, without posing harm to vital structures, once in this path there is only aerated bone. It is also possible to visualize the osseous spiral lamina and place the CI array through the scala tympani, reaching almost the entire length of the organ of Corti.The approach described in this paper simplifies the cochleostomy procedure and the placement of the array. When performed through the MCF approach, cochlear implant surgery takes less time, reduces the occurrence of surgical trauma, and mitigates postoperative complications. Additionally, facial nerve damage is avoided, as this approach does not require the stripping of any portion of the facial nerve, as seen in other popular procedures.


In order to improve the accuracy and adaptability of the Angle control of the aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding synchronous motors, the high precision Angle adaptive control method of the aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding synchronous motors is studied. The structure and function of lifting mechanism in automatic lifting and boarding device of aircraft platform are analyzed. The mathematical equation of synchronous motor in automatic lifting and boarding device is established in a coordinate system, the ideal transmission ratio of synchronous motor angle is calculated, and the PID control law is designed according to the transmission ratio. Finally, the high precision Angle adaptive control of the synchronous motor of the aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding device is realized by using the control rate. The simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly and accurately realize the angular position control of the research object, and the control error is within ± 0.15rd, which has high adaptability. The lifting system in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is related to the safety of passengers and automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform2. It is a key part of automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform. It is an equipment with high requirements for safety and practicability3. Once the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of the aircraft platform has problems, it will cause the elevator and adjustment plate to appear undesired vibration, and even cause the aircraft to lose control.. The lifting system in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is controlled by synchronous motor4. The lifting system in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is controlled by controlling the angle of synchronous motor to realize the application function of automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform.The automatic landing and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is an airport facility connecting the aircraft and the waiting room to facilitate passengers to enter and leave the cabin. It plays an important role in fast, improving passengers' boarding experience and reducing airport labor costs5. The angle positioning can quickly determine the speed and position of rotor6. The high-precision angle positioning of synchronous motor has the advantages of high efficiency and fast dynamic response. With the development of synchronous motor, synchronous motor is widely used, which can be used in some blowers, high-power compressors and other devices, which can save mechanical speed-up devices. High-precision angle positioning of synchronous motor can not only improve operation efficiency, but also save energy7, so the high-precision angle adaptive positioning method of synchronous motor has become a research hotspot.In the mechanical field, synchronous motor has been widely used in industry, national defense, manufacturing and other fields due to its advantages of high power density, small volume and high operation efficiency8. The controller was designed based on the emotion learning and decision-making mechanism in the brain through emotion clues and sensory input, which can accurately track the speed and d-axis stator current reference, but this control method leads to poor operation stability of synchronous reluctance motor. The error of reverse operation is large.Petkar and Kumar et al. studied the predictive control method driven by three-level open winding permanent magnet synchronous motor based on computational effective model9. For the open winding permanent magnet synchronous motor powered by three-level inverter, it will produce small torque and stator flux fluctuation. However, the calculation time required for predictive control variables is very long. The maximum four voltage vectors are used to replace the 19 voltage vectors in the traditional three-level model to predict the current control, which reduces the number of predictions and the calculation time of predictions. However, this method has poor connectivity between electronic signals and mechanical models, so it is difficult to ensure that the computer simulation results match the actual data. Tornello and Scarcella studied the combined method of rotor position estimation and temperature monitoring in sensorless synchronous reluctance motor drive10, estimated the rotor position of synchronous motor by processing the voltage induced in thermistor box, and directly used this method to build sensorless controller or improve the performance of traditional model-based sensorless control system. The disadvantage of this method is that the calculation intensity is very large, high computing equipment needs to be configured, and the operation speed and the response speed of the algorithm are very slow.Daryabeigi and Mirzaei studied the enhanced emotion and speed deviation control method of synchronous reluctance motor driverIn view of the problems existing in the above literature, a high-precision Angle adaptive control simulation method was proposed for the synchronous motor of aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding equipment, the structure of aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding equipment was designed, the shaft components of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform were analyzed, and the Angle modeling of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform was completed. In this paper, the ideal transmission ratio of synchronous motor angle of automatic platform lifting and boarding device is calculated, and the association rule algorithm and PID technology are introduced into it. The PID control law is used to control the synchronous motor of aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding equipment.In the structure of automatic lifting boarding equipment for aircraft platform, there is a lifting mechanism in the form of gantry structure, and the structural diagram of the lifting mechanism is shown in Fig. 11; the lifting mechanism also applies more than one ton of pressure to the workpiece. At this time, it is still necessary to ensure that the moving position of the lifting mechanism remains synchronous, so as to achieve the purpose of uniform loading. In order to meet the needs of working position initialization and equipment calibration of automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform, the lifting mechanism also needs to have synchronous zero return function.The two lifting rods in the lifting mechanism of the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform are driven by two synchronous motors of the same model. When the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform works, the positions of two lifting rods are required to keep real-time synchronization12. The magnetic rotation of synchronous motor is calculated by using the position Angle of synchronous motor in automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform. The range of position angle of synchronous motor is analyzed when it rotates clockwise and counterclockwise in automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform13, to apply the current vector to the stator of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform, analyze the shaft component of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform, and complete the modeling of the angle of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform.The mathematical equation of the motor under the specified coordinates according to the current and inductance of the synchronous motor in the coordinate axis of the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is calculated. The current of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of the aircraft platform is analyzed by applying the size of the synchronous motor stator in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of the aircraft platformThe mathematical equation of synchronous motor in automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform in In Eq. , \documeWhen the inductance value is applied to the stator of synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform, the corresponding direction current is, then 14.Since 15. When Assuming that the rotor magnetic pole of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is N pole, and the current vector Using Eq. , the mod16, and can realize the real-time monitoring of the specific use of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform under the application mode of this technology, so as to adjust the frequency converter in real time according to the current requirements17. It provides basic conditions for the implementation of energy-saving standards and the improvement of overall work efficiency. If the gain angular velocity is set as Based on the modeling of synchronous motor angle in automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform, the ideal transmission ratio of synchronous motor angle in automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform is calculated, which can bring association rule algorithm and PID technology into it. The reasonable application of PID technology is the key factor to reasonably adjust the synchronous motor and circuit in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platformIn Eq. : \documeBy weighting the ratio, we can get:9, the speed It can be seen from Eqs.  and 7)  7) that Based on the above transmission ratio, PID control law is adopted for high-precision angle adaptive control of synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform.Its structure diagram is shown in Fig. 18. Considering that the synchronous motor model in the automatic lifting and boarding equipment of aircraft platform represented by Eq.  control is one of the earliest developed control strategies. Because of its simple algorithm, good robustness and high reliability, it is widely used in industrial process control, especially for deterministic control systems that can establish accurate mathematical models. PID controller has a history of nearly 70 years. It has a simple structure, good stability, reliable operation and easy adjustment has become one of the main technologies of industrial control. When the structure and parameters of the controlled object can not be fully mastered, or the accurate mathematical model can not be obtained, and other technologies of control theory are difficult to adopt, the structure and parameters of the system controller must be determined by experience and on-site debugging. At this time, the application of PID control technology is the most convenient. That is, when we do not fully understand a system and the controlled object, or can not obtain the system parameters through effective measurement means, it is most suitable to use PID control technology.The high precision Angle adaptive control method of synchronous motor for automatic lifting and boarding device of aircraft platform is studied. Based on the mathematical model of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding device of aircraft platform, the PID control law is designed to realize the Angle control of the synchronous motor in the automatic lifting and boarding device of aircraft platform. The simulation results show that the maximum and minimum values of the adaptive coefficient of the proposed method are higher than those of the two comparison methods. The proposed method can realize the high precision Angle control of the automatic lifting of aircraft platform and the synchronous motor of boarding equipment. This method is expected to lay a foundation for further research on permanent magnet synchronous motor. It provides an effective means and tool for analyzing and designing the control strategy of real-time high-performance synchronous motor.This control method can improve the anti-interference performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor and has a good application prospect in the field of aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding equipment. It can meet the high precision and high reliability requirements of aircraft platform automatic lifting and boarding equipment.


TePercutaneous nephrolithotomy training using simulation is very important to the young urologists and to all surgeons who can have multiple attempts and opportunity for trial-and-error learning. In the present paper the authors evaluate the impact of preoperative high-fidelity patient-specific percutaneous nephrolithotomy hydrogel simulations on surgical and patient outcomes using amazing figures.This paper shows the importance of the translational research and anatomy for urological practice and for the training of urologists. The authors conclude that patient-specific procedural rehearsal is effective reducing the experience curve for a complex endourological procedure, resulting in improved surgical performance and patient outcomes.The paper concludes that penile allotransplantation represents a revolutionary technique in the management of penile loss. The inclusion of external pudendal artery anastomoses appears to have prevented any form of penile skin necrosis and anastomosis of the corpora cavernosa appears sufficient for restoration of erectile function independent of the cavernous artery.


The quality of the oocytes is pivotal for assisted reproductive efficiency and the maturation of the oocyte represents the first key limiting step of the in vitro embryo production system. At the time of removal from the antral follicles, the oocyte is still completing the final growth and differentiation steps, needed to provide the so-called developmental competence, i.e. the machinery required to sustain fertilization and embryo development. In mono-ovular species only one oocyte per cycle is available for procreation, therefore the current assisted reproduction techniques strive to overcome this natural boundary. However, the success is still limited and overall the effectiveness does not exceed the efficiency achieved in millions of years of mammalian evolution. One of the problems lies in the intrinsic heterogeneity of the oocytes that are subjected to in vitro maturation and in the lack of dedicated in vitro approaches to finalize the differentiation process. In this review we will try to overview some of the salient aspects of current practices by emphasizing the most critical and fundamental features in oocyte differentiation that should be carefully considered for improving current techniques.The efficiency of  However, when oocytes are collected in pools from antral follicles, the processes necessary to confer full meiotic and developmental competence must be completed in a considerably high proportion of them. As a result, the oocytes ability to be fertilized or develop into embryos or to term might be compromised.Development of IVM techniques was made possible starting from 1935’ Pincus and Enzmann observation that oocytes removed from antral follicles before natural ovulation spontaneously resume meiosis . Thus, iin vivo during the following follicular growth and dominance phase until ovulation , a heterodimer consisting of a kinase, cdk1 and its regulatory partner, cyclin B (cdk1-cyclin B), which is involved in the regulation of G2/M cell cycle transition of all eukaryotic cells. Cyclic AMP-mediated Protein Kinase A (PKA) activity inhibits Cdk1 hence contributing to oocyte meiotic arrest . The actin vitro. Nonetheless, the use of butyrolactone and roscovitine have been reported to induce some modifications in the oocytes at ultrastructural level  of oocyte health status and final differentiation can provide useful tools for the selection of good quality oocyte, time of prematuration (culture length) as well as the specific environment  for optimizing prematuration culture systems. At the same time, the definition of customized culture system can be associated with stimulation strategies to synchronize the growth of ovarian follicles in the donor in order to obtain oocytes specifically suitable for tailored prematuration protocols.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality their presentation of the research findings mentioned in this work.


The lens is a transparent organ located near the front of the eye whose major function is to project an undistorted image of incoming light onto the retina. To achieve this the lens must maintain its transparency and refractive properties over many decades of life and in the process it needs to overcome some unique physiological challenges that are not experienced by other tissues. Being a large avascular organ that is suspended by the zonular fibers between the aqueous and the vitreous humors, the lens must exchange its nutrients and waste products without the assistance of a blood supply. The major bulk of the lens is formed by fiber cells that lack organelles; they are covered by an anterior layer of epithelial cells which differentiate at the lens equator to form the fiber cells. The degradation of nuclei and organelles that occur during normal epithelial cell-to-lens fiber cell differentiation contribute to the minimization of light scattering (reviewed in ). To comThis Research Topic covers several different areas of lens biology. These articles and reviews consider various lens ion channels and transporters and their regulation, post-translational modifications, alterations by mutations in other protein genes, and complex inter-relationships. Together, these papers help to elucidate the normal and pathological state of the lens microcirculation, lens cell homeostasis and maintenance of lens transparency.Giannone et al. provide a concise update on the lens circulation model, giving some consideration to the effects of oxidation and aging on the lens circulation and their impact on vision. Beyer et al. review the alterations in components of the lens microcirculation reported in various studies of different mouse cataract models. From these studies, they conclude that disruption of intercellular communication between fiber cells is a common feature to many of these models, even in the absence of mutations in the connexin genes. Retamal and Altenberg focus their review on gap junction channels and hemi-channels composed of connexin46 and how their properties and regulation are affected by different post-translational modifications. Some of these modifications may contribute to the changes in lens intercellular communication associated with aging and cataracts.Giannone et al. also highlight recent studies showing that forces transmitted through the zonules  can lead to changes in the hydrostatic pressure gradient. Interestingly, Ebihara et al. considered the possibility that fluid flow in and out of individual lens cells (as it would occur with shape changes during accommodation) are modulated by pressure-activated channels. The results of their patch-clamp studies implicate activation of calcium-activated chloride channels by mechanical stimulation, a process that may involve influx of extracellular calcium through TRPV4 channels. Delamere and Shahidullah review the recent findings regarding the roles of TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels in the activation of different signaling pathways in the lens. The TRPV4 feedback loop senses lens swelling and leads to an increase in Na+, K+-ATPase activity, while the TRPV1 feedback loop senses shrinkage and leads to an increase in the activity of the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter, NKCC1.Zahraei et al. They use stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry to examine the patterns of glucose uptake and subsequent metabolism in bovine lenses. They conclude that the major site of glucose uptake is at the lens equator, and they correlate their findings with the distributions of different glucose transporters. Water channels are also differentially distributed in the lens. In their review, Schey et al. describe how the differential distribution, water permeability and regulation of three water channels or aquaporins  and the changes in their subcellular localization in the different lens regions contribute to lens water transport. The authors incorporate these recent findings to propose an updated model of the lens microcirculation system.The survival of the organ in the absence of a blood supply and of its cells devoid of organelles continue to be intriguing issues. Further insights into the handling of glucose in the lens are reported in the article by https://cat-map.wustl.edu/)  to human cataracts (tl.edu/) . AlthougOverall, this Research Topic has brought together contributions that address some contemporary issues in lens biology and physiopathology and provide a critical appraisal of significant historical advances in this research area.


The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the uptake and use of technology in hosting virtual and hybrid  meetings and events. In this presentation, Dr. Falzarano will describe the ways in which the 2021 Conference on Engaging Family and Other Unpaid Caregivers of Persons with Dementia in Healthcare Delivery leveraged videoconferencing systems  and other web-based platforms  to enact a hybrid event. Specifically, she will discuss the various components involved in the event’s planning and execution, including the appointment of a virtual liaison and audiovisual technicians to enable seamless integration and participation of both in-person and virtual attendees. She will also discuss how videoconferencing technology was used to facilitate the delivery of virtual panel presentations; strategies for immersing virtual attendees in both large group discussions and small group breakout sessions; and the process by which virtual attendees participated in the priority vote.


The clinical evidence and cost-effectiveness of digitalised prevention and treatment of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety and alcohol misuse have been steadily growing over the last two decades. However, bridging the gap between evidence-based eMental-health interventions and their actual delivery, evaluation and implementation in routine care has proven to be more difficult and a longer process than previously expected thereby reaching the estimated forecast of Roger’s innovation cycle of 20 years. In contrast, during the appearance of COVID-19 in 2020 for many patients and therapists digitalized treatment was the only option. Meanwhile from a scientific and policy perspective the implementation and upscaling of digital mental health care innovations in routine care have gained momentum in terms of theoretical perspectives on organizational change, empirical research into how to effectively implement digital innovations from the perspective of a variety of stakeholders and organizational levels . In this presentation an overview of these issues will be presented, and it will be discussed whether COVID-19 might act as a turning point for the provision of large scale access to and implementation of digitalized mental health care in the near future.No significant relationships.


The quality of care provided in nursing facilities has long been a societal concern and an important focus of policy at the federal and state level. The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn increased attention to nursing facilities due to high infection and mortality rates as well as increased media attention on staffing shortages that have occurred in the wake of the pandemic. The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and RTI International have recently completed a series of studies focused on nursing facility quality and staffing. This symposium will present the results of four of those studies. First, we will report the results of a study exploring states’ use of value-based payment (VBP) programs as part of their nursing facility Medicaid payment systems. Second, we will present the results of a study examining inappropriate discharges from nursing facilities. Third, we will report findings from a study that examined the factors associated with nursing facility closures. Finally, we will present findings from a study that explored the effect of the pandemic on nursing facility staffing. Together these studies provide important information about the state of nursing facilities in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest key areas of focus for policymakers.


The authors regret that the names of two co-authors (Jianwei Lu and Li Guo) were spelled incorrectly in the original article. The correct author names are given here.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Despite of the heightened risks and burdens of physical comorbidities across the entire schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), relatively little is known about physical multimorbidity (CPM) in this population. The study’s main objective was to explore the differences in the CPM prevalence between SSD patients and the general population (GEP).The primary outcome was to explore the difference in CPM prevalence in the younger SSD and GEP groups (<35 years).The secondary outcome was the number of psychiatric readmissions.This nested cross-sectional study enrolled 343 SSD patients and 620 GEP participants.Younger SSD patients had more than three-fold higher odds for CPM than GEP. We also demonstrated an association between the presence of CPM and the number of psychiatric admissions in the SSD population independently of possible confounders. We did not observe significant interaction of CPM and age in the prediction of clozapine use. Younger women with SSD had statistically significant, almost four-fold higher odds of CPM than women from GEP.This study suggests that women with SSD are at increased physical comorbidity risk compared to men, particularly early in the course of psychiatric illness. Our results highlight the importance of addressing physical health from the first contact with a mental health service to preserve general health, and provide the best possible treatment outcome. Treatment of SSD must be customized to meet the needs of patients with different physical multimorbidity patterns.No significant relationships.


Understanding the factors that play a role in the initiation of alcohol use and the subsequent transition to later alcohol abuse adolescence is of paramount importance from the context of developing better-targeted types of secondary (“pro-active”) prevention interventions . Peer and family influences together with temperament traits have been suggested to be of cardinal importance regarding the initiation of alcohol use. In addition to these factors neurobiological and genetic factors play a major role in the risk of developing alcohol abuse upon initiation. The presentation will highlight the different psychological, neurobiological, and social factors underlying the risk of the transition to abuse and dependence in adolescence. In addition, examples of targeted prevention interventions will be highlighted.No significant relationships.


The recent outbreak of cases of paediatric liver failure raises numerous questions regarding the potential causal agent. Paediatric liver failure is a rare disease.Are we facing here a new disease? First, we need additional epidemiological studies to confirm a true outbreak. Second, the presence in these five cases and in all cases reported so far of an adenovirus and a current or past infection of SARS COV 2 is troubling. The fact that this epidemic of hepatitis occurred during the SARS Cov 2 pandemic should of course be kept in mind. However the role of SARS Cov 2, of adenovirus and of their association as direct necrotic agent or as a trigger of inflammatory and/or immune reaction remains to be proven.At this stage, there are more questions than answers. We must confirm the outbreak and understand the pathogenesis of acute liver failure and the respective role of viruses, immune and genetic factors in a such devastating disease.


Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases. The key role of neuroinflammation in a wide range of neurological disorders makes it highly attractive for diagnostic examinations and therapeutic interventions in recent years . The objBoth experimental and clinical investigations suggest the essential role of neuroinflammation in medically intractable epilepsy . SeveralMultiple lines of evidence suggest that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CVD and it has been considered a potential target for therapeutic intervention . NeuroinToll-like receptors (TLR), a family of evolutionarily transmembrane proteins and a pivotal part of the innate immune system, are key components of inflammatory processes in different neurological disorders, including CVD and neurodegenerative diseases . In thisRegulation of TLR can also modulate the impact of spreading depolarization (SD) , a negatFurthermore, the clinical and experimental findings support the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in various psychiatric disorders . PsychosThe cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a pivotal role in coupling the sensing of DNA to the induction of strong innate immune responses . MultiplMore efforts are required to elucidate the complex interplay among different factors and pathways that contribute to inflammatory processes in diverse central nervous system disorders. The modulation of the immune system in specific manners can provide an opportunity to treat several of these diseases with similar approaches and improve the outcomes ,39. Ther


An analysis of output quantities showed that grinding wheels made of B181 cBN grains are most favorable for shaping planar technical blades of X39Cr13 steel in the grinding process.The most widely used method for shaping technical blades is grinding with abrasive tools made of cubic boron nitride (cBN) grains and vitrified bond. The goal of this work was to determine the effect of grinding wheel grain size , kinematics  and feed rate ( The characteristic of production operations carried out in the modern food industry, especially in its areas related to fish processing, as described in detail in the work of Sen , Boziarifactors conducive to strong corrosive interactions ;factors that promote mechanical wear, mainly the change in the geometry of the cutting edges of blades because of the machining process ;factors that promote a change in the properties of the material, leading to an increase in its susceptibility to deformation.The cutting blades used in the food processing industry are mainly made of carbon and alloy tool steels, high-speed steels as well as stainless steels, as characterized in the work of Colás and Totten . The latThe most widely used method for shaping technical blades is abrasive machining , includiThe superhard abrasive cBN was discovered in 1957 as a by-product of diamond synthesis research. The first commercial product appeared in 1968, when General Electric Co.  introduced cBN under the name Borazon. Today, cBN is produced by many companies around the world, and its share in the group of all abrasive tools is steadily increasing [The cBN grains are characterized by sharp vertices and cutting edges and have a more developed surface than diamond. Cubic boron nitride is used in the shaping and finishing grinding processes of steel, cast iron, stainless and alloy steels; non-ferrous metals; and for machining hard-to-cut high-speed steels with high carbide content. Unlike diamond, it shows resistance to the chemical effects of iron, cobalt and nickel at high temperatures. All these advantages make it used, despite its high price, for machining those groups of materials that cannot be satisfactorily ground with conventional abrasives (due to their hardness) or diamond  ,11. TablG values compared to conventional grinding [The development of grinding technology with cBN abrasive tools made it possible to significantly increase the achievable process efficiency  by uRecently, there has been a noticeable trend toward the use of cBN abrasive tools with a vitrified bond ,14,15. TThere is a lack of research results in the directional literature on the use of vitrified grinding wheels with cBN grains in the grinding process of technical blades. It can be assumed that this knowledge is the know-how of tool manufacturers who do not make it public. This limits the development of abrasive machining techniques applied to shape technical blades used in the food processing industry. The goal of this work was to expand the knowledge in this area to include the issue of selecting the abrasive grain size of cBN tools used for grinding planar technical blades.grinding wheel grain size ,process kinematics ,fv = 100; 150; 200 mm/min), on the results of the grinding evaluated by the cutting force of the blade after machining F, blade surface texture parameters as well as blade surface morphology indicated by microscopic observation.and feed rate :In the experimental research, a special stand equipped with a 5-axis computerized numerical control (CNC) grinder was used a. This gFor the study, type 5A1 grinding wheels from INTER-DIAMENT  made of cBN abrasive grains and vitrified bond with the technical parameters shown in The grinding wheels used were characterized by the same features of construction  in addition to the dimensions of the cBN grains. Grinding wheels with cBN grains numbered (according to FEPA standards) B126, B181 and B251 were selected for the study. The grinding process was resized in three variants of the kinematic system, in which the machining was carried out, respectively, with the circumference a, face b and speThe angular position of the grinding wheel relative to the workpiece changed in each of the listed kinematic variations of the grinding process. After the tests, the knives’ cutting forces were determined after grinding on a special test stand shown in n = 3. The study used an experimental planning methodology, which resulted in a research plan and the number of repetitions of each point in the plan F recorded during the test of cutting through the test specimen with the knife after sharpening on a special test stand , followed by one cutting force measurement for each of them on a special measuring station described in more detail in the work [For each combination of variable grinding conditions, three blades were shaped : The calculated values of the amplitude parameters Smvr parameter, describing the mean void volume ratio  indicated favorable surface characteristics  of blades shaped with B181 and B251 grinding wheels . In addition, a few surface defects in the form of cracks pointing in a direction different from the dominant one were observed on microscopic images. They could have been formed during the procedure of removing the rewind of the blade, in which the leather tool was moved along the blade, and it is possible that the removed chips of the workpiece material as well as fragments of abrasive grains or bond remaining on the machined surface accumulated on it.Microscopic images also revealed the presence of a few irregular pits in the shaped surface. It seems that these defects occurred most frequently on the surface of blades ground with the B251 grinding wheel .F required to separate the material with their use. An analysis of the surface texture of the blade and its morphology allowed us to determine that this may have been caused by the way the blade was shaped resulting from grinding the two side surfaces of the blade. When very fine grains are used, the number of contacts of the active cutting vertices with the workpiece surface increases, with many of these grains having a negative rake angle. This results in an increase in the share of friction in machining (compared to grinding with grinding wheels with larger grain sizes). This leads to an increase in the heat flux generated during machining while hindering its dissipation through coolant, which can reach the grinding wheel–workpiece contact zone in relatively smaller intergranular spaces. The heat penetrates quite easily into the workpiece material due to its small thickness in the machining area, and this can result in an increase in the share of the plastic deformation phenomenon of the shaped edge. As a result, the shaped blade geometry imposes the highest force in the cutting process.The size of the cBN micrograins determined the number of active abrasive grains present on the grinding wheel active surface . As the size of the grain increased, this number decreased, which, with unchanged machining parameters, translates into an increase in the cross-sectional area of the machined layer attributable to a single abrasive grain. The results obtained show that when the cBN grains of the smallest size (B126) were used, the shaped surface of the blade was characterized by features resulting in the relatively highest value of the cutting force Sbi parameter). The study shows that it was this type of grain that made it possible to obtain a favorable compromise between the described factors determining the achieved performance properties of the ground blades.Increasing the size of abrasive grains allows the coolant to reach the grinding zone more easily, while reducing the number of abrasive grains directly involved in material removal. This, in turn, increases the cross-sectional area of the machined layer by a single grain and can result in an increase in the roughness of the machined surface as well as an increased intensity of grain wear phenomena (dulling and vertices chipping). The results obtained indicate grinding wheels with cBN grains of B181 as tools that allow shaping the surface of blades with the highest load capacity  was about 19% higher with respect to the total cutting force values obtained for blades ground with grinding wheels made of cBN grains numbered B181 (15.67 N) and B251 (15.72 N).The microtopographs of the blade surfaces clearly showed regular machining traces oriented according to the direction of movement of active abrasive grains on the grinding wheel surface and resulting from the combination of the rotational and feed motion of the tool.Surface texture microtopographs also revealed local defects (single vertices) and scratches, occurring mainly on the surface of blades shaped with an abrasive wheel with B126 (blade #1–3) and B251 (blade #7–9) grains.Sbi, a grinding wheel with B181 grains was selected as the wheel that allowed the shaping of a blade surface with the most favorable functional characteristics.The differences between the values of surface texture parameters calculated for the surfaces shaped by the three types of grinding wheels compared  were relatively small. However, considering the values of the bearing index An analysis of microscopic images of the blade surface of planar knives confirmed the characteristic features of the blades’ surfaces, previously found based on the analysis of their microtopography. Few surface defects in the form of cracks oriented in a direction different from the dominant one were observed on the microscopic images, which may be the result of the procedure of removing the rewind of the blade. Microscopic images also presented a few irregular pits in the shaped surface occurring most abundantly on the surface of blades ground with the B251 grinding wheel.F value measurements, surface texture analysis and microscopic observations, it was found that grinding wheels made of cBN grains of B181 (of the granularity included in the study) were most favorable for shaping the planar technical blades of X39Cr13 steel in the grinding process.Considering the overall results of the cutting force


The purpose of the present study was to use the combined mesiodistal crown widths of the mandibular and maxillary incisors as predictors for the combined mesiodistal crown widths of mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars. t-test.  One hundred and twenty pairs of study models belong to 120 Iraqi adult subjects with normal dental and skeletal relations were included in the study. The crown widths of the mandibular and maxillary incisors, canines, and premolars were assessed at the maximum mesiodistal dimension on the dental casts using a digital electronic caliper with 0.01 mm sensitivity. The correlation between combined mesiodistal crown widths of the mandibular and the maxillary incisors and combined mesiodistal crown widths of mandibular and maxillary premolars and canines has been determined using Pearson's coefficient correlation test for each arch and gender. Using simple regression analysis, the equations predicting the widths of the mandibular and maxillary premolars and canines were established. The predicted and the actual mesiodistal crown width values have been compared with the use of a paired sample  According to the findings of the present study, males had significantly wider teeth compared to females. Correlations between the measured parameters ranged from moderate to strong. A nonsignificant difference between actual and predicted mesiodistal crown widths was discovered.  With a high degree of accuracy, the combined mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and the mandibular incisors could be utilized for predicting the combined mesiodistal crown widths of the mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars. Diagnosing dental arch length insufficiency throughout the mixed dentition stage has been considered critical for preventing malocclusion. The mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth and first molars erupted during this stage along with the primary molars and canines. Following normal exfoliation of the primary molars and canines, crowding might arise .Despite the fact that these teeth have larger widths compared to their successors along with the primary spaces, crowding might develop as a result of the large size of the teeth  or a lack of size in the dental arches as a result of an early loss of primary teeth or an increase in the trend toward soft foods, causing dental arches to not develop adequately enough to accommodate the entire set of the teeth  .Dental caries and consequent early extraction of primary teeth will lead to space loss of the erupting cuspids and bicuspids and the development of malocclusion , so mainVarious approaches for predicting the width values of the permanent canines and the premolars have been devised to aid in the management of dental arch space. The teeth's average widths were initially published by Black . As a reTanaka and Johnston  had predMoyers , howeverDifferent approaches –25 used Various studies were conducted in Iraq aiming at predicting the width values of premolars and canines with the use of many approaches –32. ThisThis retrospective study was authorized by the University of Baghdad's College of Dentistry's scientific and ethical committees. One hundred and twenty pairs of study models belong to 120 Iraqi Arabs  aged between 17 and 25, with a full complement of the permanent teeth (excluding third molars), class I skeletal and dental relationships [Stone models of the chosen sample were acquired from the archives of the orthodontic department at the University of Baghdad's School of Dentistry. The mandibular and maxillary teeth (except for the first and second molars) have been measured at their maximum mesiodistal dimension using electronic digital calipers  with a 0.01 mm sensitivity .(1)Descriptive statistics .(2)Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normality of data distribution.To test intra- and interobserver reliability, the intraclass coefficient of correlation was used.r).The correlation between combined mesiodistal widths of the mandibular and the maxillary premolars and canines and combined mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular incisors was determined using Pearson's coefficient test of correlation , the data were subjected to automated statistical analyses. Among the statistical analyses were:A significance level of more than 0.05 indicates a nonsignificant difference or correlation.p > 0.05).The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution, and the findings indicated that the data were normally distributed .The descriptive statistics and gender differences for the combined mandibular and maxillary four incisors, premolars, and canines crown widths have been listed in In Predictions of the combined widths of the mandibular and maxillary premolars and canines must be undertaken throughout the mixed dentition period to prevent the development of crowding in dental arches. Tanaka and Johnston  and MoyeVarious published articles attempted to predict the width of premolars and canines using a prediction approach based on the first permanent incisors and molars, which erupted early in life –25. CariVarious studies –32 have For verifying the gender difference, the first stage in statistics, as shown in The relationship between the combined mesiodistal crown dimensions of the mandibular and maxillary incisors and the combined mesiodistal crown dimensions of the mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars was tested in the second step. Y = a + bX, in which “Y” represents the combined mesiodistal crown widths of the maxillary and the mandibular permanent canines and premolars , “X” represents the combined mesiodistal crown of maxillary and mandibular incisors, “a” represented the constant, and “b” represented the coefficient of the regression. The development of regression equations was the third phase. The equation is t-test for comparing the predicted and actual measurements. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences between actual and expected mesiodistal crown dimensions regarding both mandibular and maxillary premolars and canines (After computing the predicted widths, the fourth step was to use the paired sample  canines , which iPrediction techniques are not always 100% accurate, and they could underestimate or overestimate the size of unerupted teeth. Overestimation appears to be the best way to avoid a lack of space; however, this method may mean tooth extractions for specific individuals. An overestimation of just 1 mm beyond actual width values regarding permanent canines and premolars on every one of the sides of the arch would have no significant impact on the choice to extract or not extract , 19, 21.The sample size was a crucial drawback in this research because getting a sample with normal occlusion and sound teeth is so difficult. With the development in technology and presence of special analyzing software, intraoral scanner devices, digital camera, and CBCT, it became easier to measure teeth and dental arch dimensions in three planes of space . This reThe differences between the actual and predicted mesiodistal crown width values were nonsignificant. As a result, because no radiographs are needed, and it is based upon eight permanent teeth which emerge early in life, the summation of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary and mandibular incisors could be utilized for predicting the combined mesiodistal widths of the mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars with high reliability.


Regularly observed and sufficient physical activity (PA) of young people depends on the creation of conditions for success in the preferred PA. Therefore, we consider the diagnostics of PA preferences to be an irreplaceable part of PA diagnostics.The aim of this study is thus to (a) detect the state and trends in the preferences of individually oriented PA of young people in different education and sports environments in the context of weekly PA; (b) to detect the associations among developing preferences of track and field and the fulfilment of recommendations within a weekly PA.In the research conducted from 2007 to 2017 participated in total 16116 participants aged from 14 to 26. We have realized a sports preferences questionnaire and weekly PA questionnaire IPAQ-long in order to detect the preferences in the individually oriented types of PA.The biggest long-term stability among the Czech and Polish boys and the Czech girls showed swimming and cycling and among Polish girls swimming and skating. The most significant increase of preferences was detected in track and field, especially among the Czech girls and boys. The girls and boys who prefer track and field meet weekly PA recommendations significantly more than those who do not prefer it. Both Czech and Polish boys and girls showed that those who prefer athletic/running activities fulfil significantly more recommendations to a weekly PA; specifically at least 5 times a week for a minimum of 60 minutes of MVPA and simultaneously at least 3 times a week for a minimum of 20 minutes of vigorous PA. Preferences of athletic/running activities also increase the chance of fulfilment of above-mentioned recommendations to a weekly PA with both girls  and boys . These preferences are also important predictors for fulfilment of PA recommendations.The knowledge of trends in preferred types of PA has a predictive meaning for supporting physically active lifestyle of young people and for creation of optimal conditions to pursue popular types of PA.


Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition that affects the quality of life of both the patient and the caregivers. Similarly, in patients with physical medical illness, caregivers face a significant amount of stress.This study aimed to assess and compare the caregiver strain index between patients of OCD and medical illness. Moreover, this study will also compare the care giver strain index in the patients of OCD and physical medical illness depending on the severity and duration of the illness.Study was done at Department of psychiatry, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad. In this Cross-sectional study 2 groups of caregivers were included. The group 1 included 30 caregivers of obsessive compulsive disorder patients and group 2 included 30 caregivers for physical medical illness. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was used for measuring the severity of OCD and the stress in caregivers were drawn from Caregiver strain index.This study reported a high objective burden among caregivers of OCD compared with the physical medical illness . The age of the caregivers also showed to be significantly associated with the stress in both the groups. The severity of the OCD was shown to be correlated well with the stress of the caregivers . In contrast, in physical medical illness the duration of the disease showed no significant association with the caregiver’s stress.This study showed that in patients with OCD caregivers face a higher strain compared with the physical medical illness.No significant relationships.


Aging populations, worsening burden of chronic disease and recent pandemic has accelerated awareness and the importance of telemedicine in providing continuity of healthcare.AGENAS is the public body responsible for the implementation of telemedicine investment (€1 billion) in the context of the NextGenerationEU plan. AGENAS has built up a working group expert panel to define the technical and informatics features of the investment. The project consists of the realization of the national telemedicine platform and the regional telemedicine services. Italian regions will implement telemedicine services based on the national guidelines defined by AGENAS, that will also monitor it through key performance indicators outlined on the basis of best practices and scientific evidence of multidimensional evaluation.National telemedicine platform will improve, optimise and standardise telemedicine services throughout the Country, considering what may already be available in regional and local healthcare contexts. Regarding telemedicine services in regional context, that will be implemented within the NextGenerationEU, they will be focused on the telemonitoring of high prevalence conditions  as well as other services such as televisit, teleconsultation and teleassistance. Connecting patient's home with healthcare system provide benefits for patients and their families, who will be able to interact with healthcare professionals, obtaining consultation and monitoring of their health.The implementation of the investment, aiming at improving equity and integration of care, will contribute to provide real world evidence about usage, benefits and potential risk of the telemedicine in primary care for the management of chronic diseases.• The investment under the Next Generation EU plan it is the lifetime chance to transform Italian healthcare service and draw a new framework to cope with the high demand in telemedicine.• Improving telemedicine services will determine a breakthrough in management of patient with chronic diseases in the Italian primary care sector.


With the refugee movement in 2015, also forced migrated female and male medical professionals have arrived in Germany. The effect of occupation on the subjective health status of these physicians working in the German health care system was investigated on the basis of Antonovsky's sense of coherence (SOC) and the occupational science models of Siegrist and Karasek&Theorell.Using a semi-structured interview guide, nine forced migrated physicians were interviewed before and nine forced migrated physicians were interviewed during their professional medical activity. Both interview groups had an Arabic cultural background. The transcribed interviews were analyzed according to Kuckartz's content structuring qualitative content analysis using the MAXQDA 2020 software tool.The SOC of migrated physicians is favorably influenced by meaningful occupational activity and the newly gained manageability of life. Positive influences are seen in professional appreciation and collegial support at all hierarchical levels. Negative effects are perceived in experiences of discrimination, insecurity and experienced injustice in the recognition of foreign qualifications. Physical stress results from occupational overload, unfamiliar work and time pressure.The salutogenic effect of the work, the recognition in the profession and the collegial support are essential contributions to the promotion of especially mental health among forced migrated doctors. This speaks in favor of rapid and stringent integration into professional life. However, organizational barriers inherent in the German health care system should not be disregarded, which is why both legal and structural improvements should be made to the existing integration procedure before and during professional activity.Expediting the integration of migrant doctors back into their professions is of salutogenic importance.Therefore, coordinated and corrective measures should be taken to this end by those responsible for this process.


The submandibular ganglion is a small fusiform-shaped cluster of cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland is not only responsible for the secretion of saliva, but it also plays a main role in the development and regeneration of the gland. The parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion or the posterior branch of the lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion is one of three roots of the submandibular ganglion. Using standard search engines , papers in English discussing the anatomy, embryology, variations, and clinical significance of the parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion were reviewed. AnatomyThe submandibular ganglion is a small fusiform-shaped cluster of cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system Figure  1]. The. The1]. The parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion or the posterior branch of the lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion is one of three roots of the submandibular ganglion. Parasympathetic fibers originate from the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) in the pons and are conveyed by the nervus intermedius carrying both sensory and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the facial nerve (CN VII). The facial nerve carries these fibers via the facial canal in the middle ear and just before exiting the skull (approximately 5 mm above the stylomastoid foramen), gives off the chorda tympani ,3. PregaThe sympathetic and sensory roots run through the submandibular ganglion, while parasympathetic root fibers are the only fibers to synapse within the submandibular ganglion. The parasympathetic fibers, after synapsing in the submandibular ganglion, extend on to the submandibular and sublingual glands directly Figure . It is aNeural regulation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glandsThe composition and volume of saliva secreted are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion conveys parasympathetic stimulation to induce the secretion of saliva and contraction of myoepithelial cells of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands . CholineParasympathetic stimulation results in an increase in the volume of saliva and watery (serous) ion-rich, protein-poor saliva secreted from the salivary glands . ConversParasympathetic innervation is more abundant than sympathetic innervation in the salivary glands and exerts more control over the secretion of saliva throughout the day . The salStimulation of the parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion results in the secretion of saliva from the submandibular glands that produce 60% of saliva volume at rest. The sublingual glands contribute less at 7-8% of resting saliva volume . CombineEmbryologyAutonomic ganglia, including the submandibular ganglion, are derived from neural crest cells. Neural crest cells migrate and differentiate into Schwann cell precursors prior to becoming cranial parasympathetic ganglia ,24. ParaVariationsFew variations of the parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion have been reported. Siessere et al. reported on variations in the morphology of the four cranial parasympathetic ganglia in forty adult cadavers and noted the variation in the number and volume of parasympathetic nerve fiber bundles attached to the submandibular ganglion and their proximity to the lingual nerve ranging from 2mm to 6mm . While pClinical significanceThe parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion conveys the majority of salivary secretions during resting conditions. Saliva lubricates the oral cavity and is essential for mastication, digestion, and swallowing. Other components of saliva include buffers such as bicarbonate that buffer acids from dietary intake and microbial metabolism, mucins that protect the underlying epithelium, and antimicrobial proteins such as defensins and IgA that protect the body from pathogens -7,10. DiHyposalivation may be caused by a number of conditions that have broad etiologies including neurotransmitter receptor dysfunction, salivary gland parenchymal destruction, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, irradiation treatment for head and neck cancers, and systemic inflammatory diseases including Sjogren’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and amyloidosis . HyposalRecently, Kawashima et al.  found thAcknowledgementsThe authors sincerely thank those who donated their bodies to science so that anatomical research could be performed. Results from such research can potentially increase mankind’s overall knowledge which can then improve patient care. Therefore, these donors and their families deserve our highest gratitude . The cadThe parasympathetic root of the submandibular ganglion supplies two of the three major salivary glands. Neuromuscular disorders, systemic diseases, and drugs can affect the parasympathetic root and acinar cells in the glands it innervates, leading to hypersalivation or hyposalivation and a decrease in the quality of life of affected individuals.


Symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria comprise of diverse species associated with the root nodules of leguminous plants. Using an appropriate taxonomic method to confirm the identity of superior and elite strains to fix nitrogen in legume crops can improve sustainable global food and nutrition security. The current review describes taxonomic methods preferred and commonly used to characterize symbiotic bacteria in the rhizosphere. Peer reviewed, published and unpublished articles on techniques used for detection, classification and identification of symbiotic bacteria were evaluated by exploring their advantages and limitations. The findings showed that phenotypic and cultural techniques are still affordable and remain the primary basis of species classification despite their challenges. Development of new, robust and informative taxonomic techniques has really improved characterization and identification of symbiotic bacteria and discovery of novel and new species that are effective in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in diverse conditions and environments. The enzyme consists of two proteins, an iron protein and a molybdenum-iron protein. The entire process uses 16 mol of ATP and a supply of electrons and protons and occurs optimally between legumes and bacteria  is catalyzed by a two-component nitrogenase complex  media  genes. These genes are unique to symbiotic bacteria and the phylogenies of nodA, nodB, nodC and nodD resemble each other but vary considerably from the phylogeny of 16S rRNA  is a common technique for analyzing genomic similarity to determine bacterial taxonomy  is a technique that analyses the entire chromosomal DNA of an organism and the DNA of mitochondria, chloroplast or plasmids at a single time. WGS is the most informative and comprehensive method of characterizing genomes.WGS allows the inference of the phylogenetic relationship between a set of bacterial strains. The technique is very appealing and enables the identification of additional classes of mutation that are refractory to detection by exome sequencing. WGS offers the opportunity to interrogate noncoding regions of DNA and identify functionally important sequence variants that influence gene expression.Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium among others have been sequenced and available for public use (Molina-Sánchez et al. Currently, researchers have sequenced a large number of bacterial genome and the data is easily accessed from public nucleotide databases such as the Genebank (Land et al. Due to the rapid drop in the price of technology, it is projected that many more symbiotic bacteria complete genomes will be sequenced. Sequencing whole genome is still expensive as it requires specialized laboratories and skilled expertise to analyze the sequence data. Researchers still use nucleotide sequences of different genes and genetic fingerprints for phylogenetic and diversity studies despite the markers having limited molecular information. As the cost of sequencing continues to decrease and experience is gained in data analysis and interpretation, it is anticipated that WGS will be the method of choice for future research.The technique involves genomic analysis of microorganisms by direct extraction and cloning of DNA from an assemblage of microorganisms. Development of metagenomics stems from the inevitable evidence that uncultured microorganisms represent the vast majority of organisms in most environments. The evidence arise from analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified directly from the environment, this approach avoided the bias caused by culturing and eventually led to the identification of new microbial lineages (Bowers et al. . The use of metagenomics has significantly enhanced understanding on metabolic, physiological and ecological roles of environmental microorganisms (Strazzulli et al. Metagenomics is also considered the primary technique for studying phylogeny and taxonomy of complex microbiomes (Berg et al. Proteomics is a high-throughput technology that has been adopted to investigate a wide range of biological aspects including phylogenetic and molecular divergence studies.In the recent past, considerable attempts have been made to characterize the diversity of proteins expressed in different tissues under a variety of conditions (Faize et al. Rhizobiaceae (Ashfaq et al. Recently, MS technique for rapid identification and classification of microorganisms has attracted great interests from microbiologists for use in symbiotic bacteria research (Vitorino and Bessa Polyphasic taxonomic approach puts emphasis the use of classical methods in combination with modern genetic/molecular techniques for bacterial delineation (Chan et al. There has been an increase in the number of tools for determining the identity and diversity of microbial samples in the last decades. This review has demonstrated that methods used in taxonomy have their own discriminating power varying from the individual or species levels to the genus, family and higher levels. The techniques further depend on the field of application, particular conditions, the number and the type of strains. The degree of discrimination of a technique may vary and depends on the target bacterial taxon. It is therefore important to adopt the use of a technique with minimal contradictions that emphasizes fast and reliable features for identification.However, phenotypic and cultural techniques remain the preferred presumptive methods of classifying symbiotic bacteria despite their limitations and challenges. Development of new molecular tools has really improved the identification of new legume bacteria and discovery of elite species that are effective in biological nitrogen fixation. Using an appropriate and informative technique, it is possible to correctly identify novel bacterial species with superior nitrogen fixing abilities. These strains would be vital in developing inoculation programs and boost legume production especially in developing countries facing food and nutrition insecurities under changing climatic conditions.


The COVID-19 pandemic has a huge impact on the provision of mental health care. Particularly the limitations of face-to-face contacts and the access to treatment facilities can be expected to have significant negative effects on the practice of psychiatric treatment and outcomes. To date the extent and the severity of these effects in people with severe mental illnesses are rarely investigated in Germany.We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and service use of people with severe mental illness in Germany.As part of a pragmatic randomized trial on the effectiveness of an integrated community mental health care program that started immediately after the first COVID-19 wave in June 2020, 1000 people with severe mental illness from different regions in Germany have been asked for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on their mental health care and on their general living conditions. Multivariate regression models were computed to estimate the effects of the patients’ COVID-19 experiences on the outcome parameters empowerment (EPAS), psychosocial impairment (HoNOS) and unmet needs (CAN).Using prospective data in a large sample of people with mental illness, we will be able to examine the extent to which the pandemic has affected participants’ mental health, their social lives, but also the use of mental health care services.The data will help to examine the impact of the pandemic on people with severe mental illness in a comprehensive way and will provide evidence where immediate action is needed to reduce further burdens and inequities.No significant relationships.