Broadside radiation patterns have been realized, and the measured peak gains are 11.1 dBi and 11.3 dBi for two polarizations. The antenna structure and E-field distributions are discussed to clarify its working principle. This dual-polarized double-layer antenna can accommodate 5G and 5G Wi-Fi simultaneously, which can be a competitive candidate for 5G communication systems.A dual-polarized double-layer microstrip antenna with a metasurface structure is proposed for 5G and 5G Wi-Fi. A total of 4 modified patches are used for the middle layer structure, and 24 square patches are used for the top layer structure. The double-layer design has achieved −10 dB bandwidths of 64.1% (3.13 GHz~6.08 GHz) and 61.1% (3.18 GHz~5.98 GHz). The dual aperture coupling method is adopted, and the measured port isolation is more than 31 dB. A low profile of 0.096λ The popularity of intelligent wireless terminals, autopilot, Virtual Reality (VR), and the Internet of Things (IoT) has put forward high requirements on wireless communication networks in terms of large system capacity, high transmission speed, and low network delay. Compared with 4th Generation (4G) wireless communication technology, 5th Generation (5G) technology can achieve a high-speed data rate with reduced network delay. It can carry out stable transmission in different scenarios. Recently, 5G wireless systems have been deployed widely. In addition, 5G WiFi has been developed for wireless environments inside buildings to improve indoor wireless network coverage. It has strong anti-interference ability, broad bandwidth, high throughput, and scalability. Most 5G systems operate between 3.3 GHz and 5 GHz, and the 5G WiFi band is from 5.15 GHz to 5.85 GHz.Antennas for 5G and 5G Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) can be applied in the fields of mobile communication for high-speed data transmission and low-latency communication services, vehicle networking to achieve safer and more intelligent transportation systems, industrial automation for large-scale IoT device connections and data transmission, and medical and health for real-time interaction between medical devices and cloud data.Single-polarized antennas have been studied extensively ,5,6,7,8.0. The bandwidth was extended by a metal plating antenna with a 3D printing process [0 and the isolation was better than 18 dB. A novel dual-polarized magneto-electric dipole was reported in [0. The bandwidth of the dual-polarized magneto-electric dipole antenna was further improved to 65.9% [0.Many antennas with dual-polarization performance have been investigated widely, for example, dipole ,12,13,140 was realized, it had a limited bandwidth of 5.7% with a port isolation of 25.4 dB. A patch antenna was discussed in [0 (λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 3.5 GHz). It had a high isolation greater than 38.5 dB and a low cross-polarization level less than −33 dB. A dual-polarized patch antenna was exploited with an etched bowtie slot [0. To further improve the working frequency band, microstrip antenna designs using stacked patches have emerged [For the patch designs, a single-ended, dual-polarized patch antenna was proposed in . Althougussed in  with a hussed in . A wide tie slot . A 10 dB emerged ,20. A tw emerged . A fractS11| less than −10 dB from 1.3 GHz to 2.65 GHz. However, the port isolation was only 20 dB, and the profile was 0.27λ0.For the slot designs, a differentially fed dual-polarized slot antenna was proposed for base station application . Two H-sThere are also some other dual-polarized designs. A folded bowtie antenna was discussed in  operatin0 with a −10 dB bandwidth of 25%, and the port isolation was greater than 34 dB. To improve the frequency band, a dual-polarized grid-slotted microstrip antenna was designed using a Y-shaped feeding strip [In 2014, a broadband low-profile metasurface antenna was presented based on a periodical mushroom structure . The prong strip . The tesng strip . Its wor0.A comparison is conducted in To achieve the required bandwidth, low profile, high isolation, and higher gain performance, we designed a dual-polarized low-profile broadband antenna to accommodate 5G and 5G Wi-Fi bands. The paper is organized as follows. The background of the dual-polarized antenna is discussed in The proposed dual-polarized antenna is shown in Relong and Epoxy glass fiber (FR4) laminates are employed for the top and middle layer substrates. The double-layer structure of the microstrip antennas has several advantages. It provides improved bandwidth and radiation patterns as the two layers can be designed to have different dielectric constants and thicknesses to achieve desired characteristics. The Relong and FR4 laminates have relative dielectric constants of 2.2 and 4.4, respectively. Their loss tangents are 0.0009 and 0.02. An air gap is used to separate the Relong and FR4 substrates. The use of low dielectric constant materials in microstrip antennas offers several advantages. Firstly, it can decrease the Q factor and improve the radiation efficiency of the antenna by reducing losses due to dielectric absorption. Secondly, it can increase the bandwidth of the antenna by reducing the effect of surface waves. So, low dielectric constant materials in microstrip antennas can improve the antenna’s performance. Detailed antenna structural parameters are in 2. The top layer has a height of 5.3 mm, and the adopted Relong substrate has a size of 80 × 80 mm2 with a thickness of 1 mm. In G1 with a length of W1. The edge patch has a length of W2 with a gap of G2. The middle layer is placed above the ground with a height of 2 mm. In 2. The patch shape is optimized with a circular slot at the center.The double-layer structure is at the center of the ground with a size of 125 × 125 mmIn For each polarization in this design, two arc-shaped slots are carved on the ground, stimulated by the feedline on the bottom of this substrate. The feeding strip intersection would result in low port isolation . A powerThe double-layer antenna prototype was fabricated and assembled to verify the proposed antenna design. HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) software was adopted for antenna simulation and optimization. HFSS is a powerful 3D electromagnetic simulation software widely used in the design and analysis of high-frequency electronic components and systems. It uses the finite element method (FEM) to analyze the electromagnetic characteristics of three-dimensional objects. An air box was used to surround the antenna model. By setting radiation boundary conditions on the surface of an air box, an infinite space can be simulated. HFSS software uses adaptive mesh generation technology to automatically generate accurate and effective meshes to complete the discretization of analysis objects. Usually, the grid size is less than one-tenth of the wavelength corresponding to the solution frequency.The antenna prototype is in S11|, |S22|, |S12|, and gain. Although there were some assembly errors, the test and simulation results are consistent. For Port 1, the calculated frequency band less than −10 dB started from 3.29 GHz, and the tested band was from 3.13 GHz to 6.08 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 64.1%. For Port 2, the calculated band started from 3.3 GHz, and the measured band was from 3.18 GHz to 5.98 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 61.1%. Based on the tested results, the frequency band between 3.3 GHz and 5.875 GHz was completely covered.A Rohde & Schwarz ZVA24 network analyzer was used for the measurement of the S-parameter, as shown in S12| is slightly different from the simulation result, the tested |S12| can be maintained below −31 dB using the optimized feeding network. So, satisfactory port isolation has been accomplished for the dual-polarized antenna.The calculated and tested port isolations are plotted in The radiation performance was obtained in an anechoic chamber. An ATS200 multi-probe test system with a spherical near-field (SNF) testing method was used to measure the radiation properties of the antenna . The neaThe tested gain performances are also plotted in The calculated and tested radiation patterns of the two polarizations are plotted in The antenna’s structures were discussed to clarify their influence on the antenna’s performance, including the top layer and feedline. Many theories have been developed for antenna mode analysis; for example, the eigenmode  and charS-parameters with and without the top layer is conducted in S22| without the top layer was above −10 dB. So, the antenna with only the middle layer had poor impedance matching. After loading the top layer structure, the |S22| was improved effectively, and the curve was below −10 dB. So, a top layer structure can improve impedance matching effectively. It was concluded that the middle layer and the ground formed the basic microstrip structure and the top layer was loaded to augment the antenna’s performance.Firstly, the influence of the top layer’s structure on the antenna performance will be discussed. The comparison of the S-parameters with and without edge patches are compared in S22| was barely maintained at −10 dB. After loading the eight edge patches, the impedance at the higher frequency became better and the |S22| was less than −12 dB across the passband. So, edge patches can improve impedance matching at a higher band effectively, and a wider bandwidth can be accomplished.The S-parameters with different feeding strips are compared in S22| with an ordinary straight feeding strip was only −7 dB near 4 GHz. To optimize the working frequency band, the feeding strip structure was modified with an optimized terminal structure. Then, the impedance matching near 4 GHz was improved effectively and the |S22| became better than −12 dB across the passband. So, a modified feeding strip can improve the S-parameter at 4 GHz.The Y-axis. As the antenna had a large resonant structure at a low frequency, the effective electric field area was also relatively large in the polarization direction. When the frequency increased, the effective electric field area was reduced in the polarization direction.To analyze the working mechanism of this dual-polarized antenna, effective and instantaneous electric field distributions between the radiating patches and the ground are plotted in 20 mode at low, middle, and high frequencies. So, wideband performance was obtained based on the proposed structure.Corresponding to the effective electric field distribution, the instantaneous electric field is plotted in 20 modes across the passband. A feeding strip with a modified terminal structure can improve the impedance matching of the middle band, and parasitic edge patches can optimize the impedance matching of the higher band effectively. A high port isolation of 31 dB was achieved. Furthermore, the antenna had a low profile of 0.096λ0 for space saving and easy installation. The antenna element had realized high peak gains of 11.1 dB and 11.3 dB with broadside radiation patterns and low cross-polarizations. With these favorable characteristics, this broadband dual-polarized antenna should find widespread applications for 5G and 5G Wi-Fi communications.A dual-polarized double-layer antenna was investigated for 5G and 5G Wi-Fi. The middle layer and the ground constructed the basic antenna structure, and a metasurface structure was applied for the top layer to improve impedance matching. Broadband performances of 64.1% (3.13 GHz~6.08 GHz) and 61.1% (3.18 GHz~5.98 GHz) were achieved with anti-phase TM


This work presents an efficient design and optimization method based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA) to predict the resonance and gain of wideband antennas made from flexible materials. Known as the even mode combination (EMC) method based on CMA, the forward gain is estimated based on the principle of summing the electric field magnitudes of the first even dominant modes of the antenna. To demonstrate its effectiveness, two compact, flexible planar monopole antennas designed on different materials and two different feeding methods are presented and analyzed. The first planar monopole is designed on Kapton polyimide substrate and fed using a coplanar waveguide to operate from 2 to 5.27 GHz (measured). On the other hand, the second antenna is designed on felt textile and fed using a microstrip line to operate from about 2.99 to 5.57 GHz (measured). Their frequencies are selected to ensure their relevance in operating across several important wireless frequency bands, such as 2.45 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. On the other hand, these antennas are also designed to enable competitive bandwidth and compactness relative to the recent literature. Comparison of the optimized gains and other performance parameters of both structures are in agreement with the optimized results from full wave simulations, which process is less resource-efficient and more iterative. Planar antennas are popular in biomedical applications due to their low profile, lightweight, low fabrication cost, and ease of integration with printed circuit board technology ,2. RecenIn full-wave simulations, designers typically optimize a structure’s parameters based on their understanding of its operating principles. Generated wave behaviors and performance parameters are the main guides to determining the next optimization steps for antennas. This is aided by software using methods, such as Integral Equations (IE), which can be solved using the Method of Moments (MoM) for the complex environment with inhomogeneous lossy dielectrics, Finite Elements (FE), Finite Differences in the Time Domain (FDTD), and Finite Integration Technique (FIT). Such software-based antenna design and optimization processes are often iterative and depend heavily on the knowledge, experience, and understanding of designers on specific antenna topologies. This design process can easily be more tedious than expected, considering that more complex and non-arbitrary modern antennas of today are needed to meet growing requirements due to the demands of multi-standard communications. On the contrary, such a design process can be made more systematic and efficient by generating and understanding the physical insights of the structure using Characteristic mode analysis (CMA).CMA is a method used in electromagnetics to provide insights into the intrinsic resonant qualities of a structure by locating and analyzing the structure’s basic modes ,7,8,9. TFirst, a radiating patch is designed without its ground, substrate, and excitation.Then, an analysis of the structure is performed using CMA to determine the even dominant modes. This is completed by observing the electric field (E-field) results throughout the target operating band.A suitable substrate is then added to the antenna prior to the excitation of the radiating patch. This antenna is analyzed to calculate the values of its forward gain.Estimation of the forward gain of the antenna takes place using the EMC method. The E-field magnitudes of the first two even modes are combined.Finally, the resulting maximum gain of this process provides an estimate of the highest gain value attainable over the frequency band of interest.In this work, a method to estimate gain over a wide operating bandwidth from antennas is proposed and applied to two flexible wideband antennas. Wide operating bandwidth is important for wearable antennas to ensure that they can overcome any performance deviation relative to the required frequency range due to the impact of surrounding human tissues . The varAntenna 1: a planar monopole with a slotted radiator and fed using a coplanar waveguide (CPW). This antenna was designed on a flexible Kapton polyimide film with a thickness of 0.11 mm, whereas 0.01 mm-thick aluminum foil is used as its conductive sections .Antenna 2: a planar monopole with a spring-like radiator and fed using a microstrip line. The antenna is designed on textiles, with a 3 mm thick felt as the substrate and ShieldIt conductive textile (0.17 mm thickness) forming the conductive sections.As the proposed method aims to improve the time- and resource-efficiency needed in the analysis and optimization effort of a complete antenna’s gain, results from EMC for these two wideband planar monopole antenna examples are compared with results from full wave simulations. Their design and main differences are as follows:The rest of the paper is organized as follows. First, the topology, design procedure, and performance of both antennas in free space are explained in 3 (0.69 gλ × 0.69 gλ × 1.37 gλ), printed on a Kapton polyimide film flexible substrate  with 0.11 mm thickness. The antenna has a partial ground plane with a width of 51.44 mm. FEKO simulator software is used to design and analyze the proposed antenna. The antenna has moderate gain and wide bandwidth in free space.Additionally, the fabricated antenna demonstrates good radiative properties when operating on both rigid and curved surfaces, making it suitable for different wearable communications applications.This section presents the compact wideband antenna topology. The radiating patch consists of three main sections: a half-circle (at the bottom), ovoid (in the middle), and rectangular (at the top) patches, and connected with two rectangular arms on the left and right edges of the radiator. The CPW feeding technique is adopted in this work to create extra modes and minimize quality factor (Q), resulting in wide and multiband resonance behavior ,17,18,19The proposed Antenna 1 is designed in four steps, as seen in As the first step, a conventional circular patch antenna is designed. In this iteration, the antenna is not matched at the resonant frequencies from 2 to 2.2 GHz. Similarly, no modes are active to cover this range of frequencies, as illustrated in the MS plot in Next, the antenna in the previous step is modified in step 2. A portion from the upper part of the circular patch is removed to achieve miniaturization at the same resonance, as shown in The antenna is further modified by adding two rectangular parasitic patches on the left and right sides of the radiator. It is observed that the antenna operated with a 10-dB reflection coefficient starting from 2 GHz, which is generated by mode 1, as in To overcome this, the top side of the patch is extended by connecting a rectangular-shaped resonator. Using this step, the proposed antenna achieved a bandwidth from 2 GHz to 6 GHz, as shown in The steps involved in the antenna design can be summarized as follows:Additionally, to explain the antenna radiation mechanism, the surface current distributions based on CMA on the patch are shown in Antenna Performance in Free SpaceThis section presents the results and analysis of the proposed wideband antenna in free space in terms of reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, surface current distributions, efficiency, and gain. First, θ = 90°), while a bidirectional radiation pattern is found for the E-plane (θ = 0°). As the frequency increases, the lower half of the pattern shows a significant distortion with more ripples. Additionally, it is found that the radiation is reduced from the non-radiating edges that are responsible for cross-polarized radiation, which is mainly caused by the currents on the feeding probes. The designed antenna exhibits a peak gain of 8 dBi at 3.6 GHz, 5 dBi at 2.45 GHz, and 4 dBi at 5.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively.b.Gain Estimation using EMC Method based CMAi.Based on characteristic mode (CM) theory, the proposed Antenna 1 is first analyzed with only the perfect conductor (patch) and without any substrate, ground, and excitation to determine the natural modes of resonance.ii.After the simulation process is performed, the electric field of the first two even modes (mode 2 and mode 4) is obtained from the results, as illustrated in iii.Next, these two modes are then combined to form a wide specific band (from 2 to 6 GHz) as represented in Equation (1). For example, at 3.7 GHz, the electric field of mode 2 is 5.79 V, whereas it is 6.62 V at mode 4. Then, the EMC method is applied as follows:The first design example (Antenna 1) depicting the efficiency of this method is presented and explained in detail as follows:iv.The same procedure is performed for the rest of the frequencies. In v.Finally, the radiating patch is integrated with the substrate and excitation to form the complete antenna. Analysis indicated that the maximum gain of 3.54 dBi is achieved at 3.83 GHz, as indicated in the red box in 3 (0.38 λg × 0.5 λg × 0.036 λg) and operated from 2.99 GHz to 5.57 GHz with a bandwidth of 73.8% [h) of 3 mm, a dielectric constant of approximately 1.3, and a loss tangent of 0.044. The single-layered substrate ensures a low-profile structure and reduces potential complexities in fabrication and integration with clothing. The top patch and partial bottom ground are made using a ShieldIt conductive fabric. The overall antenna is fed by a microstrip feed line, with its width (Wf) optimized to ensure good impedance matching.For further verification of the proposed method, an additional flexible patch Antenna 2, also referred to as “spring antenna” is used. This antenna featured a compact dimension of 32 × 42 × 3 mmof 73.8% . Figure The steps to calculate the EMC values of Antenna 1 is then applied to Antenna 2 to further validate the proposed method. Only its radiator is first analyzed using CMA. The gains produced from the overall antenna indicate that the maximum gain is achieved at 5.77 GHz, as illustrated in the red box in Several studies in the literature have proposed approaches to estimate the performance of antennas based on different equations and techniques, as summarized in A detailed comparison of the proposed antenna with other state-of-the-art flexible planar antennas from the literature operating in the same frequency range is summarized in a.The size of the antenna is more compact compared to antennas proposed in ,35,37,38b.Its impedance bandwidth is improved compared to antennas proposed in ,38,39,40c.Higher gains are achieved compared with most of the reported antennas in the literature at the relevant frequency .This work describes an efficient design and optimization approach to improving the gain of a wearable antenna based on the CMA approach. Prediction of the forward gain is proposed based on the even mode combination method, which is derived based on the characteristic mode analysis. To predict the forward gain, the combination in the electric field of the first two even modes is computed. Two wearable antennas made using different flexible materials and fed using different feed types are used to validate this method. Both antennas are analyzed over ranges of frequencies from 2 to 6 GHz. Applying the EMC method, it can be observed that the maximum value of gain is achieved between 3.5 and 3.9 GHz, which is in good agreement with optimized values from full wave simulations (with substrate and excitation). Similarly, EMC analysis for the second wearable antenna designed on textile and fed using a microstrip line also enabled an accurate estimation of its maximum gain between 5.7 and 6 GHz. The simulated performance of the designed antenna is analyzed in terms of its reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, gain, and surface current. Both antennas are fabricated, and measurement results showed an acceptable agreement with simulations in terms of reflection coefficients and bandwidth. The first antenna operated from 2 to 5.27 GHz (measured) with gains of 8 dBi at 3.6 GHz, whereas the second antenna operated from 2.99 to 5.57 GHz (measured) and gain of 6 dBi at 3.5 GHz. Their operation in several important wireless frequencies, such as 2.45 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz, and their flexibility enable them to be potentially applicable for WBANs, 5G, and IoT communications. The use of such a CMA-based approach can be extended in future works to include new methods to estimate the backward radiation of wearable antennas integrated with the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). This will then also enable a more efficient prediction of the FBR parameter with less time cost by utilizing the features offered by CMA.


The gain of the MIMO array was increased by introducing frequency-selective surface (FSS) consisting of 7 × 7 array of unit cells comprising rectangular C-shaped resonators, with one embedded inside the other with a central crisscross slotted patch. With the FSS, the gain of the MIMO array increased to 8.6 dBi at 28 GHz. The radiation from the array is directional and perpendicular to the plain of the MIMO array. Owing to the low coupling between the radiating elements in the MIMO array, its Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.002, and its diversity gain (DG) is better than 9.99 dB in the 5G operating band centered at 28 GHz between 26.5 GHz and 29.5 GHz.In this paper, a radiating element consisting of a modified circular patch is proposed for MIMO arrays for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The radiating elements in the proposed 2 × 2 MIMO antenna array are orthogonally configured relative to each other to mitigate mutual coupling that would otherwise degrade the performance of the MIMO system. The MIMO array was fabricated on Rogers RT/Duroid high-frequency substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2, a thickness of 0.8 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The individual antenna in the array has a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.6 GHz from 27.25 to 28.85 GHz for S The development of wireless communication networks has indeed been a significant modern uprising in the telecom industry. Wireless communication allows for the transmission of voice, data, and multimedia over the airwaves without the need for physical wired connections . BetweenThe 5G networks utilize both sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave spectrum to provide enhanced performance and capabilities. Sub-6 GHz spectrum refers to the frequency bands below 6 GHz, including bands such as 600 MHz, 700 MHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5 GHz . The subMultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems play a vital role in modern and upcoming mobile communication technologies. MIMO technology enables the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, working simultaneously to improve link reliability, enhance channel capacity, and achieve higher throughput in terms of gigabits per second (Gbps) ,11,12. T3. In [The authors in  reported3. In , the aut3. In  is shown3. In  is a pla3. In , the aut3. In  is a 4 ×3. In  has a De3. In  is a twoThis paper describes the results of an investigation of improving the gain and inter radiation element isolation of a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna array for 5G millimeter-wave applications. To minimize the mutual coupling between the radiating elements in the MIMO array, the radiating elements are spatially arranged to be orthogonal with respect to each other. The proposed MIMO array has an impedance bandwidth of 1.6 GHz, a gain of 7.2 dBi, and an inter radiator isolation greater than 26 dB. It is shown here that the gain of the MIMO array can be enhanced by placing a frequency-selective surface (FSS) over the array. With the FSS, the gain achieved at 28 GHz is 8.6 dBi. The planar MIMO antenna array is compact and of a simple construction that facilitates easy integration in 5G wireless communication systems. 3. 11 ≤ −10 dB. The physical parameter dimensions of the antenna structure are listed in The antenna configuration is based on a standard circular patch antenna that is edge-fed. The circular antenna is modified through four steps, depicted in pression .(1)R=F1The effect of the ground plane rectangular slot on the antenna’s performance was analyzed in detail. 3. The simulation results in The modified circular patch antenna was used in the design of a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna array operating at 28 GHz. The individual antennas in the array were spatially arranged orthogonally with respect to each other, as shown in It is shown here that by locating the proposed frequency-selective surface (FSS), the proposed MIMO antenna array can reduce mutual coupling between the radiating elements, resulting in improved gain performance. This is because in an antenna array, mutual coupling occurs when the electromagnetic fields from one antenna interact with other antennas in the array. This interaction can lead to changes in the radiation pattern, impedance, and efficiency of the antennas, degrading the overall performance of the array. The FSS is used here as a bandpass structure, allowing signals to pass through the frequency range of interest and isolating the interaction of the antennas outside their frequency band. When electromagnetic (EM) waves incident on the FSS structure, they incite electric currents into the array elements. The level of coupling energy defines the magnitude of the produced currents. The generated currents also work as EM sources, and they create additional scattered fields. Incident EM fields combined with these scattered fields make up the resultant field in the surrounding of FSS. The operational theory of FSS-based structures has been explained by Munk in detail .12 ≤ −10 dB is 2.3 GHz from 26.9 GHz to 29.2 GHz.The steps taken to design the FSS unit cell are shown in 2. The FSS, consisting of a 7 × 7 array of unit cell matrix, was used to enhance the performance of the antenna. This was achieved by locating the FSS structure over the MIMO antenna. The FSS structure allowed EM radiation to pass through that was within the operational frequency range of the MIMO antenna. The FSS structure was designed to have a bandpass between 27 GHz and 29 GHz. 11 ≤ −10 dB is within the 5G mm wave spectrum between 26.5 GHz and 29.5 GHz. The fabricated prototype of an FSS-based MIMO antenna array is shown in The simulated and measured S-parameters of the FSS-based MIMO antenna are compared in The simulated and measured polar plots of FSS-based MIMO antenna at 28 GHz are shown in iM  is a metric used to quantify the correlation between two antennas in an MIMO system. A high correlation between antennas can limit the benefits of spatial diversity and reduce the potential capacity gain that MIMO offers. On the other hand, a low correlation is desirable because it allows the MIMO system to achieve higher data rates and improved link reliability. The value of ECC should be less than 0.5 to minimize coupling effects. The value of ECC can be estimated using the relation in .(2)ECC=Diversity gain (DG) is the improvement in signal quality and system performance achieved by utilizing multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. The diversity gain of MIMO antenna array can be calculated from the ECC using the following relation :(3)DG=10The diversity gain of the proposed MIMO array in The performance of the proposed MIMO antenna array is compared in In this article, we have demonstrated that mutual coupling between neighboring antennas in an MIMO array can be reduced by spatially arranging the individual antennas orthogonally relative to each other. It is also shown that the impedance bandwidth of the antenna can be widened by defecting the ground plane with a rectangular slot. Moreover, it is shown that the gain of the MIMO array can be enhanced by locating a frequency-selective surface (FSS) over the MIMO array. The FSS unit cell was designed to allow the frequency band at 28 GHz. The gap between the MIMO array and FSS was adjusted to one-half guided wavelength to ensure constructive interference between the forward and FSS reflected electromagnetic waves. The frequency-selective surface consisted of a 7 × 7 matrix of FSS unit cells. The measured results show that the gain of the MIMO array is increased by including the FSS. The proposed FSS-based MIMO array has an impedance bandwidth between 27.2 GHz and 29 GHz with a total efficiency of 86% at 28 GHz. Moreover, its ECC is less than 0.002 and its diversity gain is better than 9.99 dB in the 5G operating band centered at 28 GHz between 26.5 GHz and 29.5 GHz.


A simple, compact, and low-profile antenna operating over ultrawideband with high gain is presented in this manuscript. The antenna has dimensions of W × L = 19 mm × 21 mm and is placed on the rear side of the FR-4 substrate material. The antenna contains simple geometry, inspired from a circular fractals, which consists of a circular patch with a CPW feedline. The circular patch is loaded with two fractals patches at both top end of the substrate and the rectangular stub is loaded at the lower side, to improve the antenna's bandwidth. The constructed antenna offers a wide band of 3–13.5 GHz. The antenna geometry also contains three semicircular slots, which are etched to generate the notch bands. Each slot is etched step by step, giving notch bands at 3.9 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 8.1 GHz. In the final stage, two diodes are added to attain reconfiguration. The antenna offers moderate gain and high radiation efficiency. The hardware model of antenna is engineered to verify the simulated results. Moreover, the antenna is compared with other works in literature. The outcomes of the proposed antenna and comparison with the literature work make the suggested work the best candidate for future UWB portable devices. To meetWith the advancement of technology, several sub bands have been introduced that lie inside the UWB spectrum. The existence of these bands may cause interference, which is eliminated by a notch-band antenna ,8. The nIn the literature, the researcher adopts many techniques to get notch band characteristics, such as stub loading , slot in3, operates over an ultra-wide band of 1.8 dBi. The antenna has a low gain setback, and this work also does not offer switching. presentsAs specified in Refs. ,24, a UWA notch-band antenna with reconfigurability shows more potential than an antenna with only notch-band characteristics. The PIN diodes, resisters, and varactor diodes are used for switching. The UWB design given in Ref.  operatesIn , a UWB a•Small and simplified Structure.•The triple reconfigurable notch which covers full targeted band.•Provides reconfigurability over UWB.The above review helps in concluding this fact: there is still a research gap in designing UWB antennas with notch characteristics. The antenna either has limitations in terms of reconfigurable characteristics or is large. Some antennas also have a narrow notch band and low gain. This manuscript recommends an ultrawideband antenna with small and straightforward geometry, operating at high gain with a notch and reconfigurable characteristics. The contribution of this work is:In the rest of the manuscript, the designing methodology and working principles are given in the second section. In the third section, the manicured prototype and its results are compared with the predicted results. In the final section, the work is concluded with a comparison table that compares suggested work with work in literature.22.1P–I–N diodes are placed. To enhance the capabilities of the antenna, slots have been made, and these stubs are loaded. W × L = 19 mm × 21 mm is the total size of the antenna. On the top side of the readily available commercial substrate material FR–4, the suggested antenna is developed. The relative permittivity and loss tangent of the utilized substrate are 4.4 and 0.02, respectively. The thickness of the substrate material is 1.6 mm. The optimized parameters are given below:2.2R of 7 mm, which is obtained from the equations given in Ref. . This leads to the addition of the PIN diode and the use of resistance-inductor-capacitor (RLC) components in the antenna design. A Dc block 100 pF capacitor is used to change the current flow path, and the RLC values are provided in [34]. In addition, padding and visas are included in the design framework for improved outcomes.1 is ON and diode C2 is OFF, the antenna gives dual notches at 5 GHz and 8 GHz (case 10). In the third case, when diode C1 is in the OFF state and diode C2 is in the ON state, the antenna again gives dual notches at 3.9 GHz and 5 GHz (case 01). In the final case, when both diodes are in the OFF state, the antenna offers tri-notch bands at 3.9 GHz, 5 GHz, and 8 GHz, as given in After loading the PIN diode, the antenna provides a notch at 5 GHz when both diodes are ON (case 11). When diode C3This section discusses the tri-notch band antenna's outcomes in terms of reflection coefficient, gain, efficiency, surface current, and radiation pattern. This part includes explanations of the facts regarding the measuring setup and the fabrication of the prototype. The table of comparisons is provided at the end of the section to express how the suggested work is superior to the work that has already been presented.3.1An electromagnetic (EM) software tool called High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is utilized to construct and analyze the suggested antenna geometry. Where the design of antennas, simulation of results, and design optimization are performed. The major advantage of using this software tool is that it minimizes the number of tests and verifications needed and the cost of the model, as it avoids fabricating many antennas for testing. The software above has various methods to work with complex geometries, including the finite element method (FEM) and the method of moments (MOM).Later on, a commercially available substrate material, FR-4, is utilized to fabricate the hardware prototype of the recommended work. The fabrication is performed to verify and validate the software-generated results. The Agilent vector network testing equipment is used to test the impedance and radiation pattern. The standard horn antenna is placed as a source antenna for the far-field measurements, whereas the suggested antenna is used as a receiving antenna. 3.2In 3.3The suggested tri-notch band antenna's simulated and tested radiation pattern at specific frequencies of 3.5 GHz, 4.4 GHz, and 8.8 GHz is shown in 3.4The surface current of a tri-notch band antenna at selective frequencies of 3.7 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 8 GHz is illustrated in 3.5The gain versus frequency plot of the suggested antenna for all possible states of diode switching is given in 1 is OFF and diode C2 is ON, the antenna offers dual notch bands. The antenna under this scenario offers gain >2.75 dBi at operational bandwidth, while the gain goes to negative at notch band regions. In the final case, when both of the diodes are OFF, the antenna offers three notch bands. At this antenna, gain is > 3 dBi, while at the notch region, antenna gain decreases, as given in Single notch band and offers gain greater than 3 dBi at operational bandwidth, whereas gain is less than −4 dBi at the notch band region. In case 10, when one diode is ON while the other is OFF, the antenna offers a dual-notch band. The antenna offers gain >3.25 dBi through the operational region. The value of gain decreased to < −2.5 dBi at notch band regions, as given in 3.61 is OFF and diode C2 is ON, the antenna offers dual notch bands. The antenna under this scenario offers radiation efficiency greater than 85 % at operational bandwidth, while the gain goes to 60 % at notch band regions. In the final case, when both of the diodes are OFF, the antenna offers three notch bands. At this antenna, radiation efficiency is >88 %, while at the notch region, antenna radiation efficiency decreases, as given in The radiation efficiency of the suggested tri-notch and UWB antenna at various switching states is given in 3.74In this work, an antenna is designed and investigated for three reconfigurable notch bands. The antenna has a compact size of 19 mm × 21 mm and operates over an ultrawide band of 3–13.5 GHz. In the first step, an UWB antenna is designed by loading stubs onto a circular patch antenna. Afterward, the semicircular slots are etched to get the notch bands. Three semicircular slots of different radiuses generate the notch bands of 3.7–4.2 GHz, 4.8–5.9 GHz, and 7.6–8.3 GHz. In the last stage, the PIN diodes are loaded for reconfiguration. The placement of two diodes gives four different cases of reconfiguration. In case 1, both of the diodes are in the ON state, and the antenna gives a single notch. The antenna produces two notch bands in the second and third situations when diode C1 is in the ON state and diode C2 is in the OFF state, and vice versa. In the fourth step, the antenna produces triple notch bands when both diodes are off. Additionally, the antenna has a high radiation efficiency of over 90 % and a moderate gain of about 4 dBi at operational bandwidth. Additionally, a hardware prototype is created to test the outcomes of the simulation. The suggested work is contrasted with previous research in the final section in terms of size, bandwidth, gain, and notch band. Additionally, the outcomes and comparison table demonstrate that the suggested antenna is the top contender for the next UWB portable devices.10.13039/501100004242Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R238), 10.13039/501100004242Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.This work was supported by Data included in article/supplementary material/referenced in article.Musa Hussain: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Validation, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Tanvir Islam: Writing – original draft, Resources, Methodology, Data curation. Mohammed S. Alzaidi: Writing – original draft, Validation, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation. Dalia H. Elkamchouchi: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Resources, Conceptualization. Fahad N. Alsunaydih: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Fahd Alsaleem: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Supervision, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Khaled Alhassoon: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.


The construction of the four-port MIMO antenna in the form of a sickle is provided in the article. Initially, the single port element is designed and optimized. Next, a structure with two ports is created, and lastly, a design with four ports is completed. This process is repeated until the design is optimized. Three types of parametric analysis are considered, including variations in length, widths of sickle-shaped patches, and varying sizes of DGS. The frequency range of 2–8 GHz is used for structural investigation. The − 18.77 dB of return loss was observed at 3.825 GHz for a single-element structure. The optimized one-port structure provides a return loss of − 19.79 dB at 3.825 GHz. The port design offers a bandwidth of 0.71 GHz (3.515–4.225). The four-port design represents two bands that are observed at 3 GHz and 5.43 GHz. Both bands provide the return loss at respectively − 19.79 dB and − 20.53 dB with bandwidths of 1.375 GHz (2.14–3.515) and 0.25 GHz (5.335–5.585). The healthy isolation among both transmittance and reflectance response is achieved. The low-profile material was used to create the design that was presented. The article includes a comparison of the findings that were measured and those that were simulated. The four-port design that has been shown offers a total gain of 15.93 dB, a peak co-polar value of 5.46 dB, a minimum return loss of − 20.53 dB, a peak field distribution of 46.43 A/m and a maximum bandwidth of 1.375 GHz. The values for all diversity parameters like ECC are near zero, the Negative value of TARC, Near to zero MEG, DG is almost 10 dB, and a zero value of CCL is achieved. All diversity parameter performance is within the allowable range. The design is well suited for 5G and aeronautical mobile communication applications. By addressing the growing need for more reliable connections, more effective data rates, and reduced power consumption from the Internet of Things (5G), the future of innovative technologies like virtual reality and intelligent cities becomes brighter2. Using a single antenna in the mm-wave spectrum presents substantial difficulties due to signal fading, atmospheric absorptions, and route loss attenuations3. The Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna has been highlighted as a key enabling technology for current and future wireless systems due to its ability to use multiple antennas to increase channel capacity and enable high data rates and throughput on the scale of gigabits per second4.The fast growth of wireless devices, limited bandwidth, and restricted channel capacity have considerably increased the number of people trying to establish improved communication network standards in the current day. As a direct consequence of this, the development of communication systems of the next generation, known as 5G, using the mm-wave spectrum and boasting much-increased channel capacity and data speeds, has been sped up5. The following are recent developments in antenna technology for 5G networks operating in mm-wave frequencies. The significant atmospheric and propagation losses at mm-wave frequency are beyond antenna designs' capabilities at those bands with a modest gain. Several high gains and beam-steering antenna array systems with high signal strength and comprehensive coverage have been proposed to counteract these attenuation7. In reference8, it is stated that a PIFA array in MIMO configuration may achieve a peak simulated gain of 12dBi across a 1 GHz operating bandwidth. Reference describes a MIMO antenna built on an EBG bandwidth-wise (0.80 GHz). When supplied from a single port, however, multi-element antenna arrays match the performance of a single antenna. However, MIMO antennas show multipath propagation with 5G's hallmarks of enhanced data throughput, capacity, and connection dependability. Many MIMO antenna designs for 5G mm-wave applications have recently been published9. The maximum gain of 7.41dBi is attained at 28 GHz with a bandwidth of 1.5 GHz between 27.2 and 28.7 GHz, thanks to the antenna’s design. An article on the DRA-based concept for 5G communication is reported in10, although they only support a maximum data rate of around 1 GHz. Reference11 proposes a multi-element antenna design optimal for 5G communications due to its ability to direct radiation in the desired oblique direction. ECC is also tested to guarantee MIMO performance12. The SIW feeding method has a maximum gain of 7.37, as described in10. The suggested antenna in13 operates between 24.25 and 28.35 GHz, covering both 5G bands, with a gain that ranges from 8.2 to 9.6 dBi. In addition, a 12 × 50 × 80.8 mm3 four-element T-shaped MIMO antenna is demonstrated for 5G applications. Similarly, reference14 reports on a slotted MIMO antenna array fed by an SIW for mm-wave communication. The most significant gain achieved by the suggested MIMO architecture is 8.732 dB, and its resonant frequency is 25.2 GHz. The effects of diversity gain, MEG, and ECC are also investigated. For 5G networks, a similar 2-Port MIMO array has been disclosed15.Fifth-generation MIMO antennas are more compact, which aids in assimilation in MIMO systems. Concurrent operation is made possible by the wide bandwidth, while the high gain reduces atmospheric attenuations and absorptions at mm-wave frequencies. Making components with minimal mutual coupling and high isolation, which improves antenna performance, is also challenging in MIMO antenna design16. Dispersion is essential to optical system performance. Recent advances have made the artificial Meta surface a promising dispersion modification alternative. The current meta-atom dispersion manipulation idea only regulates the propagation phase within the operating frequency range or a few wavelengths. This work introduces the chirality-assisted phase to manipulate meta-atom dispersion. This method’s theoretical demonstration is also given. A detailed investigation of the chiral meta-atoms reflective mode dispersion features is given, focusing on its frequency range. This paper proposes and builds two hybrid dispersion-engineered metal mirrors (HDEMs) to demonstrate dispersion manipulation at various frequencies. HDEMs are intended for achromatic lower-half band focusing and highly dispersive upper-half band focusing. HDEMs also have excessive dispersive focusing in the bottom half band and aberrant focusing in the top half band. Full-wave simulation and measured results prove the technique’s validity and applicability. This work uses a new degree of freedom to alter dispersion to construct Meta surfaces with customized dispersion17. The suggested design in18 has a succession of fractally loaded circular patch antenna components on top and a partially grounded, protruding T-shaped stub on the substrate's bottom. Using four triangular slots on the substrate and a T-shaped stub on the ground, sufficient isolation over the appropriate bands is achieved. The recommended design has a succession of fractally loaded circular patch antenna components on top and a partially grounded, protruding T-shaped stub on the substrate’s bottom. Using four triangular slots on the substrate and a T-shaped stub on the ground, sufficient isolation over the appropriate bands is achieved.The notion entails the development of a specialized planar structure with chiral components that exert control over the phase of circularly polarized microwaves. The aforementioned surface retains the distinct circular polarization state of microwaves, allowing the generation of distinct and precise holographic representations for various objects or scenes when exposed to microwaves, all falling within the microwave frequency spectrum. The aforementioned breakthrough exhibits possibilities for utilization in sophisticated imaging systems, communication technologies, and microwave-based technologies that need meticulous regulation of polarization and imaging capabilities19 suggests no extra decoupling mechanism is required for the design to ensure isolation between many ports. By merging four single wideband antenna components, a metallic disc with a circular shape is formed in the ground plane of the proposed antenna. With a 180° phase difference, this disc acts as a current pool that isolates individual ports. The lotus-shaped array-based configuration using low-profile material can be used for 5G communication applications. The MIMO antenna comprises a lotus-shaped radiating element, an in-ground DGS and extra slits to facilitate boresight radiation. In both the 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 designs, all radiating elements are organized in an orthogonal manner. To achieve a high isolation level exceeding 16 dB, a distinctive ground-based decoupling structure is employed20. The advancement involves creating a MIMO antenna with an arc-shaped design featuring two ports, offering improved isolation characteristics. To achieve wideband performance for this antenna, a smaller ground plane is employed21.Articleo between them. This setup incorporates various components such as EBG structure, capacitive elements (CE), DGS, and neutralization line (NL). Additionally, an "EL" slot is integrated into the radiating element, and two identical stubs are connected to the partial ground to enhance impedance matching and radiation characteristics across the desired frequency bands22. The SRR-based symmetrical partial ground approach provides a peak gain of 10.6 dBi. The suggested antenna design can span an extensive frequency range (25.1–37.5 GHz). An 8 × 8 MIMO antenna for 5G devices is shown in another article1, having a substrate size of 31.2 × 31.2 × 1.57 mm3. Similarly23 represents a 5G MIMO antenna with interconnected metamaterial arrays. The reported EBG-reflector-based antenna system boasts a high gain of up to 11.5 dB and a broad operational frequency range. The suggested MIMO setup's ECC and diversity gain analysis are observed. Article24 describes a high-gain antenna based on the Fabry–Perot interferometer. The proposed design can achieve a peak gain of 14.1 dBi at mm-wave frequencies between 26 and 29.5 GHz. Error correction code (ECC) analysis also assesses how well the proposed antenna arrangement performs in a MIMO setting. In reference9, a two-element MIMO DRA is presented. It presents 5G networks. The described antenna operates in the frequency range of 27.19–28.48 GHz. The 27.19–28.48 GHz band is optimal for 5G because of its high gain. The shown antenna achieves a gain of about 10 dB.To enhance the isolation between the MIMO antenna elements while keeping complexity and cost low, the antenna elements are aligned in an orthogonal configuration with a spacing of 0.3λ25. Article26 introduces a straightforward yet effective eight-element MIMO antenna array that achieves broadband coverage from 3.3 to 6 GHz, tailored for fifth-generation (5G) smartphones. The antenna's simplicity is attributed to its multiple-mode structure, incorporating double coupled-fed loop modes and a slot mode activated through the feeding strip linked to the tuning branch. Ingeniously, the inclusion of the tuning branch on the side frames obviates the need for additional lumped elements, streamlining the antenna’s design. Moreover, the implementation of polarization diversity techniques is harnessed to enhance isolation performance. Article27 suggested configuration comprises a singular module, featuring an adapted L-shaped rectangular radiator combined with a Z-shaped slot-loaded defected ground structure (DGS). Optimization of the DGS employs machine learning algorithms to enhance the achievable maximum absolute resonant bandwidth (ARBW) output. This is accomplished by fine-tuning the defected ground structure using Right Shifting (RS) and Left Shifting (LS) techniques, while simultaneously acquiring input features.The Internet of Things (IoT), using industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands like 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, facilitates remote sharing of heart data from pacemakers to medical professionals. This research introduces the first-ever communication between a compact dual-band MIMO antenna inside a leadless pacemaker and an external dual-band MIMO antenna on the body within ISM frequency bands28. Article29 is a dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed using metamaterials to achieve high isolation, intended for millimeter-wave communication networks in the context of 5G. The antenna takes the form of a pentagon-shaped monopole, delivering a dual-band performance across the 5G 28/28 bands and boasting a wide operational bandwidth. The four-port MIMO antenna is crafted for 5G-NR band applications, encompassing n77, n78, and n79 frequencies. The MIMO antenna's development trajectory is explored by drawing insights from the characteristics and optimized single-element antenna. Measurement results show a remarkably high impedance match for the MIMO setup and increased isolation within the same band, enhancing the 5G-NR bandwidth performance30.Compact and low-profile dual-band 2 × 2 wideband wearable slot antenna designed for the 3.4–3.6 GHz frequency range (LTE Band 42) to be integrated into a smartwatch. The antenna is optimized to meet the size constraints of smartwatch applications while also ensuring resonance with the upcoming 5G technology represented in ArticleThe suggested design is a high gain that employs low-profile material with strong MIMO properties.The small size and square shape, the proposed MIMO antenna is easily integrated into 5G devices.The disclosed antenna's strong MIMO performance vouchsafes the design’s viability for 5G wireless communications in the future.The design cost of the presented structure is very low due to the FR4-based dielectric material.Sufficient isolation by using passive strips between the radiating elements.Performance of different diversity parameters like ECC, TARC, MEG, DG and CCL is satisfactory.Comparison among simulated and measured results authenticates the response of the design.Design is compared with other existing designs and it represents design performance is good.The key novelty points of the proposed design structure are as follows.The introduction is represented in section “3. The finite element method is used to model the proposed antenna structure. There are two stages involved in finalizing the single-element design. The planned single-element design is presented in Fig. Figure After doing multiple iterations, the shape of a sickle-shaped patch is considered. A parasitic patch in a MIMO antenna system serves numerous roles and offers various benefits. It plays a role in beam steering by altering the radiation pattern and improving signal coverage and reception in specific directions. It also helps reduce mutual coupling between antenna elements, enhancing isolation and minimizing interference. The addition of a parasitic patch can increase antenna gain, improve directivity, and enhance overall MIMO performance by maintaining channel diversity.31. The parasitic patch elements are loaded between two patch-radiating parts. The thickness of the parasitic patch is 2 mm. The length of the parasitic patch is 25 mm. The thickness of all radiating patch structures is 2 mm. The spacing among the two patch elements is 36 mm. The feed line's spacing from the structure’s outer is 20 mm. The patch, parasitic element and ground layers are considered copper material. The FR4 epoxy is chosen as a substrate. The FR4 provides a dielectric constant of 4.432. The proposed design is tested in an anechoic chamber, as shown in Fig. 33.Additionally, the compact design of parasitic patches makes them suitable for integration into small form factor MIMO antennas, making them valuable in space-constrained applications35.Here, relative permittivity is represented by, Resonating frequency is represented by entclass1pt{minima36. The impedance bandwidth is the parameter that needs to be taken into consideration for bandwidth calculation. The lower and upper frequencies that adhere to the necessary VSWR are determined by the frequency band on which the antenna operates. The frequency range across which the VSWR is less than 2 is referred to as the operating bandwidth. In the presented work VSWR is chosen for the criteria of 2:1.Analysis and design of high-frequency-operated antennas rely heavily on S-parameters. Antennas are essential components in wireless communication systems and are subject to complex electromagnetic interactions at high frequencies. S-parameters provide valuable insights into the behaviour of antennas, including their impedance matching, radiation patterns, and overall performance. By measuring or simulating S-parameters user can assess the antenna's impedance characteristics, reflection and transmission of signals. S-parameters play a vital role in the analysis, and design of high-frequency operated antennas, enabling engineers to achieve superior performance and reliability in wireless communication systemsParametric iterations in MIMO antenna design provide the benefits of optimizing antenna performance, customization for specific applications, efficient resource utilization, comprehensive trade-off analysis, and enhanced structure robustness. Through iterative adjustments of antenna parameters, researchers can fine-tune the design to meet desired performance metrics, adapt to varying conditions, maximize resource utilization, analyze trade-offs, and ensure reliable operation in challenging environments. There are three types of parametric iterations are considered to achieve the optimum performance of the design.11 is affected due to the thickness variation of the patch region. The return loss of − 17 dB is achieved for considering 2 mm thickness, and the maximum broadband response is observed for the 5 mm size of 2.135 (3.775–5.91). To make a uniform design structure the 2 mm size is taken into consideration. The second parametric consideration is by changing the length of the patch (B) region over the 1–5 mm is observed in Fig. 11 and sufficient bandwidth is kept for the 2 mm size. The 2 mm size represents a return loss of − 31.86 dB and a bandwidth of 1.81 GHz (3.425–5.235). The third parametric iteration in terms of varying lengths of the ground region (11–15 mm) is observed in Fig. 11 and bandwidth value of A, B and G, chosen as 2 mm, 2 mm and 11 mm.The first parametric parameter is to vary the patch width (A). The variation of A is considered over the 1–5 mm is observed in Fig. 38.The validation of antenna performance through simulation and measurement is crucial for multiple reasons. Simulations enable engineers to theoretically analyze antenna behavior, facilitating the design, optimization, and troubleshooting of antenna systems before physical implementation. Simulations offer valuable insights into antenna performance across different scenarios by evaluating parameters like radiation patterns, impedance matching, and gain. However, simulations are based on assumptions and simplifications that may not accurately capture real-world complexities. Hence, it becomes essential to measure the actual performance of antennas to validate the simulated results and ensure their practicality. Measured data allows engineers to verify the antenna's real radiation characteristics, validate the affected models, account for environmental factors, identify any deviations, and fine-tune the design for optimal performance in real-world settings. Ultimately, employing a combination of simulation and measurement provides a comprehensive understanding of antenna behavior, thereby enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of antenna systemsFigure 40.There may be differences between the simulated and measured findings while simulating and measuring antennas owing to numerous variables that induce tolerance. These issues include manufacturing tolerances, material qualities, ambient circumstances, and measuring instrument constraints. Tolerances in manufacturing, such as differences in dimensions, material attributes, and fabrication procedures, may cause departures from the original design. Material parameters like conductivity and permittivity may also deviate from ideal values. Furthermore, environmental factors such as electromagnetic interference and the presence of surrounding objects might impact the antenna’s effectiveness. Finally, measuring equipment limitations, such as intrinsic noise, calibration errors, and bandwidth constraints, brings uncertainty into the estimated data. These variables contribute to the observed tolerance between simulated and measured antenna performance41.The gain response of antennas plays a crucial role in MIMO systems that utilize multiple antennas. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas at the Tx and Rx to achieve spatial diversity and multiplexing gains. The concert of the overall system, including coverage, capacity, and link quality, is influenced by the gain response of the antennas. A higher gain antenna enables more robust signal transmission and reception, improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), increasing system capacity, and extending coverage range. Moreover, the gain response affects important MIMO channel characteristics such as channel correlation and spatial efficiency, directly impacting data rate and system reliability. Therefore, optimizing the gain response is grave for maximizing the concert of MIMO systems42. Another aspect is choice of frequency bands can impact antenna gain. Higher-frequency bands, such as millimeter-wave frequencies, often enable the use of smaller, higher-gain antennas. Carefully select the frequency band that aligns with your application's requirements and regulatory considerations. Enhancing gain in a MIMO antenna system requires a holistic approach that considers antenna selection, placement, spatial diversity, beamforming, and frequency band selection. By carefully addressing each of these aspects, you can significantly improve the gain of your MIMO system, resulting in better signal reception and transmission capabilities in wireless communication scenarios43.Enhancing gain in a MIMO antenna system involves a comprehensive approach to maximize signal reception and transmission. The first and most important aspect is selecting the proper shape of the patch and ground shape to help achieve high gain with broader radiation patterns that can focus the signal energy in specific directions. Proper placement of these antennas is crucial. Elevate antennas to reduce interference among radiating elements. Maintain an optimal separation distance between MIMO antennas, which varies depending on the frequency and antenna characteristics. Align antennas according to their polarization, radiation patterns, and proper insertion of parasitic elements among radiating structures. The careful antenna selection and placement are foundational steps to improving gain45. The co-polar and cross-polar response of the planned four-port MIMO antenna for the 3 GHz resonating frequency is observed in Fig. The presentation of the planned four-port MIMO antenna in terms of gain and radiation pattern is represented in Fig. 47. The co-polar and cross-polar directivity response of the planned design is observed in Fig. In wireless communication systems, the directivity response of an antenna is crucial. It describes an antenna’s directional bias, indicating how well it can send or receive signals in that direction. Increases in signal intensity and communication range in the desired direction are achieved by increasing directivity, which causes the radiation pattern to become more concentrated. Long-distance communication, expansive signal coverage, and high-quality links all need to be directed energy. It improves the system's overall performance by allowing for more precise regulation of signal propagation and lessening the impact of interference. Directivity enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the overall signal quality of the system by focusing most of the energy in the desired direction. As a result, maximizing an antenna's directivity response is essential for reliable and effective wireless communication48.Knowing and optimizing MIMO systems requires knowing MIMO antenna E-field distribution. MIMO technology transmits and receives signals on distinct spatial streams using multiple antennas at both ends. The E-field distribution shapes the spatial features of these transmitted signals, affecting system performance. MIMO antenna E-field dispersion matters for numerous reasons. First, it impacts MIMO diversity gains. Spatial variety reduces fading and improves signal degradation by regulating the E-field distribution. The antennas' E-field dispersion enhances signal separation and reliability. Second, spatial multiplexing advantages depend on E-field distribution. Spatial multiplexing sends numerous data streams over the same frequency range using separate antenna components. The E-field distribution separates and couples various streams, increasing data speeds and system capacity. Optimizing E-field distribution improves signal coverage and reduces interference. The E-field distribution may be modified to concentrate energy on desired coverage regions by adjusting antenna directionality and radiation pattern, boosting signal strength and quality. E-field distribution management may also reduce interference from nearby antennas or signal sources, guaranteeing a stable communication connection. FEM or MoM numerical electromagnetic simulations are used to analyze and optimize MIMO antenna E-field distributions. These simulations reveal MIMO system spatial properties and performance, enabling effective antenna design and layout. In conclusion, MIMO antenna E-field distribution affects diversity gains, spatial multiplexing gains, coverage, interference reduction, and system performance. MIMO systems may enhance wireless communication data speeds, capacity, and reliability by understanding and optimizing E-field distribution49. In the proposed design passive elements located between the two radiating patches enable the isolation in the structure. The proposed design is resonating at 3 GHz and 5.43 GHz. It is very clear from the graph that the surface charge distribution is not able to pass from one radiating element to another radiating element due to the passive structure. Figure Checking isolation based on surface current density involves calculating the current flowing along the surface of conductive materials, dividing it by the cross-sectional area, and comparing the resulting surface current density against acceptable thresholds defined by specifications and regulations. This evaluation aims to prevent interference and ensure proper isolation between componentsMIMO antenna systems' impedance matching and radiation efficiency are determined by the TARC . The TARC optimizes MIMO system performance by transmitting and receiving signals concurrently on separate spatial streams. TARC combines the antenna’s reflection coefficient and radiation efficiency. A low TARC implies effective antenna impedance matching, minimizing reflected power and maximizing power flow to the transmission medium. This optimizes power transmission and decreases system losses. MIMO systems need low TARC to preserve signal quality and reduce antenna interference. Common TARC antennas are well-matched to the transmission line and feature low signal reflections. This boosts system capacity and data throughput by lowering antenna interference. Low TARC also improves antenna radiation efficiency. Antenna radiation efficiency is how well it converts electrical energy into electromagnetic waves. Low TARCs improve antenna radiation efficiency by minimizing reflections and maximizing power transmission, producing more robust and dependable signals. MIMO antenna design, impedance matching, and matching network selection optimize TARC. By reducing the TARC, antennas may increase signal transmission and reception, interference, capacity, coverage, and dependability. Finally, the TARC in MIMO antennas affects impedance matching, power transfer efficiency, radiation efficiency, and interference reduction. MIMO systems may improve wireless data speeds and performance by optimizing the TARC. Equation  can be u50. MIMO systems can outperform single-antenna systems by leveraging the wireless channel’s spatial dimension. MIMO systems benefit from diversity gain (DG) by employing many antennas at the Tx and Rx to increase signal quality. MIMO sends and receives signals over a standard frequency band using multiple antennas. Wireless signals may fade and attenuate due to many propagation channels. Multiple antennas reduce fading and improve system performance. Calculating DG involves antenna number, correlation, and channel conditions. Several antennas and channel variations increase diversity gain. Uncorrelated channels maximize diversity gain, whereas heavily correlated channels minimize it. Beamforming, precoding, and space–time coding may increase the diversity advantage of MIMO. MIMO diversity gain may improve reliability, capacity, and coverage in wireless communication systems with several antennas.The Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) may assess signal envelope correlation between antenna components. Signal envelope magnitude is independent of phase. The Equal Channel Correlation (ECC) statistic measures signal envelope similarity across antennas. When the ECC is approaching 1, several antennas provide less spatial variety. It shows closely linked antenna signals. However, a small ECC indicates that the antennas’ signals are independent, maximizing spatial diversity gain. The ECC may be calculated using power levels and antenna component correlation coefficients. Cross-correlation and auto-correlation techniques may be used to calculate the correlation coefficient, a linear measure of antenna signals. Reflections and dispersion from nearby objects may raise ECC, antenna, and mutual coupling. The MIMO system may lose spatial diversity if these factors induce unwanted correlations between antenna signals. The ECC may fine-tune a MIMO system's design and execution to increase wireless communication dependability and quality. ECC response of less than 0.5 improves communication. Equation  calculatThe DG calculation is done using Eq. . As showThe importance of MIMO channel capacity loss in determining the bounds and influencing variables of the maximum capacity of MIMO systems is critical. CCL can be calculated using Eqs. –11). MI. MI11). The CCL response is less than 0.3 for the proposed frequency span, as shown in Fig. The design performance of the presented structure with other articles is shown in Table The sickle-shaped four-port MIMO antenna structure is presented in the manuscript. The design optimization is achieved by initially designing and optimizing the single port element structure, then preparing for two port elements, and finally, the four-port design is finalized. Three parametric analyses are considered, like variation in length, the width of the sickle-shaped patch, and varying length of DGS. The 2–8 GHz frequency span is taken to analyze the structure. The proposed design is fabricated using low-profile material. The judgment among measured and simulated results is incorporated in the article. The presented four-port design provides a total gain of 15.93 dB, a peak co-polar value of 5.46 dB, a minimum return loss of − 20.53 dB, maximum bandwidth of 1.375 GHz. All diversity parameters like TARC, ECC, MEG, CCL and DG are within the permitted range. She presented a design suitable for the 5G and aeronautical mobile communication applications.


The performance of wireless networks is related to the optimized structure of the antenna. Therefore, in this paper, a Machine Learning (ML)-assisted new methodology named Self-Adaptive Bayesian Neural Network (SABNN) is proposed, aiming to optimize the antenna pattern for next-generation wireless networks. In addition, the statistical analysis for the presented SABNN is evaluated in this paper and compared with the current Gaussian Process (GP). The training cost and convergence speed are also discussed in this paper. In the final stage, the proposed model’s measured results are demonstrated, showing that the system has optimized outcomes with less calculation time. In antenna design, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are frequently employed. They demonstrate advantages for various design instances due to their capacity to break out of local optima without the need for an initial design and generality. EA-driven antenna design is arguably dominated by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE) algorithms. The optimization time, however, can be prohibitive given that full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations are frequently required to acquire correct performance of a candidate design and that EAs frequently need tens of thousands of such EM simulations to obtain the best design ,2,3. PriThe MillimeterWave (mmW) has been previously utilized in RADAR systems and satellite communication. These waves can undoubtedly travel through longer ranges in cases where Line of Sight (LoS) is made available; however, without having LoS, they cannot travel several hundreds of meters. Excessive propagation impairment is mainly because the atmospheric absorption of waves should be considered while designing an antenna for mmW . The assThe outcomes related to a modification in the substrate materials designed for 60 GHz V-band highly directive Yagi antenna have been introduced in . IntendeSimilarly, a Resonant Cavity Antenna (RCA) intended for the high-gain dual band is proposed in , in whicPorcelain material based upon a rectangle-shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) is placed over the substrate with relatively low permittivity and fed by a metallic circular patch. The development investigation and analysis are carried out using a cross-slot aperture and rectangular slot. By implementing a cross-slot gap on the ground plane, a substantial improvement in gain along with bandwidth has been accomplished. The singly fed dielectric DRA recommended in this article offers high growth, efficiency, and wide bandwidth.A planar antenna with a high-gain-having conical beam intended for drone applications of mmW is radiated by utilizing some simple monopole  exclusivIn contrast with various other designs on CB planar antennas, the suggested model accomplishes the maximum gain and maximum radiation efficiency, having a relatively decent 10 dB impedance bandwidth. The proposed model in  compriseR. Rehman et al. in  proposedIn , a planaDesigning a single wideband antenna with good directivity and gain for the V-Band , or 50–7σ and mean µ. Based on the The previous section discussed the background and literature of the proposed high-gain antenna design. This section explains the analytical approach for validation of the structure and parameters of the proposed SABNN-based antenna model. At first, the basic principle of currently used techniques such as Gaussian Process (GP) is discussed in this section. Consider the observations function ,26,27,28iscussed ,30 as, and probability are widely used. The LCB method is introduced in this paper using the objective function There are two optimization techniques used for antenna design, named local optimization and global optimization. The global optimization method is applied in this paper for antenna design using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). Taking To meet the requirements for efficient antenna design, such as minimum training cost and prediction uncertainty for design, as well as provide high-quality predicted value, the Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) is a promising solution. The BNN procedure has valuable contribution towards optimized antenna design. Taking the variable Applying the equations related to the patch antenna presented in the preceding part, the antenna’s rough design is created. A parametric sweep and CST optimizer are used to optimize the parameters and variables. 2. The CST MWS design tool simulates the design. The suggested design’s parametric values are shown in mm in D (Driven element), D1T (Top Director 1), D1B (Bottom Director 1), D2T (Top Director 2), and D2B make up the remaining elements (Bottom Director 2). To simulate the antenna design, a double copper-clad board made of RT/Duroid 5880 material (epsilon = 2.2) was used. The Reflector Element R with Wr and Lr; the Driven Element D with Ld and Wd; the Director 1 element D1T and D1B with Ld1 and Wd1 indicating the value of length as well as width; and the Director 2 element D1T and D2B with Ld2 and Wd2, indicating the length and width, respectively. The length of g separates every element along the x-axis. S1 divides the Top Directors 1 and Bottom Directors 1, while S2 displays the separation between the Top Directors 2 and Bottom Directors 2. SL and SW stand for length and width of the substrate, respectively. The substrate has a thickness of 0.1 mm. The substrate’s overall dimensions are 10.01 × 10.8 mmMicrostrip antennas are often made on a homogeneous substrate and are low-profile, conformal, lightweight, and compact in size. By using a dielectric with a high permittivity value, the size of the antenna can be easily reduced. The energy in the surface wave modes is raised by this rise in dielectric though. Because they are diffracted via the margins of the ground plane of finite size, these surface waves decrease the performance and efficiency of the antenna and cause interference with the radiation pattern. These negative effects might be minimized by the reductions in surface wave modes. The main cause of surface wave radiation for thin-substrate microstrip antennas is unquestionably the TM0 mode, and heterogeneous substrates provide the solution to nearly completely suppress all of the surface waves inspired by this mode.The substrate surrounding the patch is simply removed, either completely or partially, to create heterogeneous substrates. By suppressing the surface waves, this method has been utilized to boost the gain of a microstrip antenna. The antenna has also undergone substrate removal, which has significantly improved bandwidth and efficiency.Therefore, higher gain, bandwidth, and efficiency are due to the heterogeneous substrate, as mentioned in The gaps in the element which separates every specific component, irrespective of whether it is on the x-axis or even the y-axis, execute a vital function in the layout. The gap ‘g,’ which is undoubtedly on the x-axis, is the gap among all the individual elements along the identical x-axis. This distance is accountable regarding mutual coupling among driven elements and parasitic elements.Due to their shorter length than the driven element, the D1 elements (D1T and D1B) are actually in charge of obtaining beam directionality and producing an additional band at a higher frequency. S1 and S2, which represent the gaps between Top Directors and Bottom Directors and are located along the y-axis, are typically in charge of improving. To obtain the strong coupling between the Driven and Director 1 elements, the S1 parameter needs to be small. The distance between the director and driven components must be kept as short as feasible in order to put the parasitic elements next to the driven elements. The gap capacitance will decrease as the electric field coupling increases. The top surface current distribution shown in A single radiating element with a width of ‘2W’ is how the sides of the D1 elements behave. The S2 parameter can be positioned in a variety of ways to produce the largest possible effective aperture. The electrical width of the effective aperture grows as the S2 parameter increases, increasing the gain. The coupling between the D2 and D1 elements decreases when S2 grows too much, which causes gain to drop. The gap capacitance and the fringing capacitance should be adequate for the D2 element to acquire the required radiation if the S2 value is modest enough.The effects of changing the S2 parameter up or down are clearly seen in the surface current distribution shown in As shown in The millimeter-wave spectrum, which is anticipated to be used in the next generation of 5G technology, is where the band of the intended antenna is located. With regard to applications such as device-to-device communication, WLAN, and WPAN, the V-Band (50–75 GHz) of millimeter waves should be used (D-2-D). The optimum range of the presented model is evaluated in 2 in total. The antenna functions according to the conventional Yagi radiation theory. The developed antenna has a maximum return loss of −30 dB at 70.6 GHz and excellent impedance matching. It was found that as the electrical width of the effective aperture rises, so does the gain. How several of the parameters changed was examined, which had an impact on how gain improved. The heterogeneous substrate is another method that is used and is in charge of further improving gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency. The developed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 15.17 percent and 10.72 GHz. The antenna has a high gain of 11.8 dB and a high directivity of 12.1 dBi, respectively. The V-Band of mmW frequency spectrum, i.e., 50–75 GHz, is concentrated for the design’s band of operation. The 50–75 GHz frequency spectrum of mmW is undoubtedly planned in 5G intended for Device-to-Device (D-2-D) transmission. This is expected to be utilized in ad hoc communication around short distances. Furthermore, this spectrum could be used for high-frequency short-range WLAN, WHDMI, and WPAN.For millimetre waves, a printed high-gain Yagi antenna was developed. The antenna’s straightforward design makes it easy to fabricate. The antenna is lightweight, low-cost, and low-profile. The planned antenna measures 10.8 × 10.01 mm


In this paper, a capacitively-fed, ultra-wideband (UWB), and low-profile monocone antenna is proposed for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications. The proposed antenna consists of a monocone design with an inner set of vias. Additionally, an outer ring is added with a small gap from the monocone and shorted with six folded wires of different lengths to extend the operating band. The proposed antenna covers the frequency range from 0.75 GHz to 7.6 GHz and has a 164% fractional bandwidth, with a gain value varying between 2 and 10 dBi. The dimensions of the antenna are 0.37 Vehicle-to-everything V2X) technology is gaining increased interest in modern automotive engineering. Vehicle roof-mounted antennas are used for a wide range of applications such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and keyless entry . There aX technolIn a similar approach, identical printed shorting strips on a dielectric substrate were utilized between the top hat and the ground ,15,16,17Recently, 3D-printed antenna designs have gained more interest due to the recent advancement in 3D printing technology and the reduction in its costs ,28. SuchIn this paper, a low-profile capacitively-fed monocone antenna is presented to support V2X applications. The proposed design covers the frequency band between 0.75 GHz to 7.6 GHz, with a 164% impedance bandwidth while keeping a compact size and low profile. The design is realized by adding two sets of grounding configurations that are utilized to achieve significant miniaturization. The inner set is four straight conducting posts between the monocone and the ground, while the outer set is six folded shorting wires to extend the bandwidth. The folded wires have different lengths to further extend the operating band at the lower frequency end. The position and angular spacing between the shorting posts were chosen to improve impedance matching and are presented in this paper. The antenna is fabricated with a 3D printer before the copper coating. The radiation pattern of the proposed design is stable over the frequency of interest. A field test of the proposed antenna was utilized to validate its performance and compare it with a commercially available antenna used for the same applications.1). A capacitive feed is incorporated to allow broad impedance matching over the frequency band of interest. The height and upper radius of the feed are defined as RC2 and RC1, respectively. The design is placed on a metal plate with a thickness of (tbottom = 1.5 mm). The gap (G2) between the monocone and capacitive feeder is filled with a thin-film dielectric with a relative permittivity (εr) of 2.02 and a loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.0002. The geometry of the proposed antenna is shown in 1. 1) and is grounded through six folded shorting lines. A total of four inner grounding posts are located 90° apart from each other. The posts were installed near the capacitive feed to improve impedance matching at the lower frequency range. A planar outer ring is placed beside the open-ended edge of the monocone with a small gap (Gm), while the other four are the short meander (Sm). The folded wires are 2 mm-thick. The thickness of the meander line was also considered for better rigidity to properly support the ground ring while optimizing low band matching performance. These lines are vertically located and connect the ground ring to the ground plane. Two of these folded lines are the long meander  of the four short meander lines (Sm) are located at 35°, 125°, 195°, and 325° from the reference line. The angles (θ2) of the two long folded lines are located at 90° and 270°. The spacing between the monocone and the ring was adjusted to control for the amount of capacitive coupling along the perimeter of the monocone. The inner and outer radii of the ring are denoted as R2 and R3, respectively. For the short meander, the V1 from 0.6 mm to 3.6 mm. The result indicates that in the lower frequency band regions, the spacing needs to be approximately more than 2.6 mm to avoid frequency notches in the lower frequency band. This is mainly because of the rapid changes in the input impedance imaginary part of the design with the open-edge distance variation. The separation distance (G2) between the monocone and capacitive feed varied from 0.02 mm to 0.1 mm. The simulated results show that if the gap increases to 0.1 mm, the reflection coefficient significantly degrades across the frequency range of 700 MHz to 3 GHz. As separation decreases to 0.02 mm, the return loss across the same region improves, as shown in The effect of the spacing between the open-ended edge of the monocone and the grounded ring is examined by varying GThe impact of the folded wires near the capacitive feed is also investigated. Significant improvement was observed in the presence of the ground posts throughout the frequency band of interest, as illustrated in These folded shorting wires in the proposed design result in the miniaturization of the antenna by shifting the lower frequency band by 250 MHz. To identify the radiating part of the proposed antenna, the current distribution is shown at low, middle, and high frequencies, as illustrated in All components of the proposed antenna are made from low-cost and rigid polylactic acid plastic (PLA) material, with dielectric losses of 0.01, and resin. A 3D printer (Dramel 3D45) and a resin printer (Formlabs Form 3) were used to precisely fabricate the antenna geometry. To make the antenna lightweight, cost-effective, and electrically conductive, MG Chemical’s Super Shield copper conductive nanoparticles (843AR-140G) were utilized for metallization and sprayed on the components followed by drying for 40 min without any directly blown air. The conductive spray was applied only once to cover all of the PLA material of the antenna. The small variation in the copper thickness, 1~2 oz., did not show a significant effect on the antenna’s performance ,30. The The simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the proposed antenna are shown in The proposed antenna was tested to validate the far-field characteristics of the antenna in the Howland Model 3500D anechoic chamber. The measured peak realized gain varied between 2 to 10 dBi at the frequency band of interest, as shown in The radiation patterns were plotted in two principal planes at the representative frequencies, as shown in To show the effectiveness of the proposed monocone antenna in real-life V2X applications, a field test was conducted with the latest V2X communication units available on the market. To facilitate communication, MK6C C-V2X units from Cohda Wireless  were useThe field test was conducted along Bryce Lawn Road at the University of Alabama. This testing site features 700 m of a continuous line-of-sight (LOS) distance, as illustrated in The proposed monocone antenna was placed on the roof of the vehicle and was connected to the OBU through a coaxial cable, as shown in t) of 20 s was applied to the PER, as shown in Equation (1).The test was conducted with three different antenna configurations—the proposed monocone, a commercial antenna with single-port excitation, and the same commercial antenna with two ports excited for spatial diversity. The communication performance parameters, including the packet error rate (PER) and latency, were measured by examining the transmitted and received packets. The PER is defined as the total missed packets over the total packets sent. To examine a large enough time span to obtain accurate data on packet loss, a time window .Five tests were conducted, and the collected data were averaged and plotted. Furthermore, the measured latency for the three different antenna configurations indicated that the proposed antenna showed fewer fluctuations in the latency values over the entire range, as shown in An omnidirectional monocone antenna supported with folded shorting wires was presented in this paper. The proposed design covered the V2X frequency band and beyond with stable omnidirectional radiation patterns and high efficiency from 0.75 GHz to 7.6 GHz. A fractional impedance bandwidth of 164% was achieved with a gain value as high as 10 dBi. The folded shorting wires showed significant capability to miniaturize the antenna by shifting the operating frequency to a lower band. The prototype was fabricated using 3D printing technology for commercially available plastic material and then sprayed with copper particles for appropriate coating. The antenna was fabricated and measured in the anechoic chamber and then tested in the field to validate the design performance and structure fidelity. The PER and latency results from the V2X test are very promising.