Texture has strong expressiveness in picture art, and color texture features play an important role in composition. Together with texture, they can convey the artistic connotation of portrait, especially in oil painting. Therefore, in order to make the picture form oil painting style and oil painting schema, we need to study the texture and color texture in combination with the previous oil painting art images. But now, there are few samples of good oil paintings, so it is difficult to study the texture and color texture in oil paintings. Therefore, in order to form a unique artistic style of modern oil painting and promote the development of modern oil painting art, this paper studies the texture and color texture characteristics in the environment of few oil painting works. This paper establishes a model through deep neural network to extract the image incentive and color texture of oil painting art works, which provides guidance for promoting the development of oil painting art. The experiments in this paper show that the depth neural network has high definition for the extraction of texture and color texture of small sample oil painting images, which can reach more than 85%. It has high guiding significance for the research and creation of oil painting art. For artistic creation, the first thing is to be based on the shoulders of predecessors. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the works created by predecessors, but it is also a difficult problem to fully study the previous works of art, especially the development of oil painting art. From the perspective of iconography, the texture that can best reflect the artistic language in oil painting art can deeply convey the painter's creative thought and emotion . The secIn this paper, the extraction and analysis of texture and color texture features in the image can not only promote the development and creation of modern art, but also promote the development of modern art education. It makes the development of art more rapid but also has internal meaning. Furthermore, the study of texture and color texture features can help to integrate modern and traditional oil painting art, transforming modern painting into an oil painting style. It is more vibrant and creative. The importance of exploring texture in contemporary oil painting is enormous. The texture composition can reflect the creator's style and spirit while also increasing the aesthetic value of the work. From previous people's oil paintings, the logical relationship between texture, color, and texture features is examined. In their respective systems, they create styles. It can aid students in their exploration and creation of oil painting art. It allows people who practise painting to self-diagnose problems with their work and improve their aesthetic ability after viewing the article.In order to make modern art images from oil painting style, many people have studied the texture, color, and texture of images. Liu's image oil painting style transfer reconstruction algorithm based on generative countermeasure network was difficult to train. He proposed an improved generative countermeasure network based on gradient punishment and constructed the total variance loss function to study the migration and reconstruction of image oil painting style. The experimental results show that the algorithm has better performance of image oil painting style migration and reconstruction and better effect of image oil painting style migration and reconstruction . HoweverIn this paper, the research on the formation of oil painting style and graphic analysis has the following innovations: (1) this paper applies deep neural network to how to analyze the texture and color texture features in the image, and constructs a model system based on neural network, which can recognize more accurate texture and color texture features in the case of few samples. (2) In this paper, the texture and color texture of the image are analyzed with the help of neural network model, and then the image schema is analyzed with the algorithm. It enables the oil painting style to be transmitted and promotes the formation of oil painting style. (3) In this paper, a series of experiments are carried out on the research of color texture features. It proves that the model of this paper can promote the development of art biography and the formation of oil painting style.No matter how a painting is handled, it will produce brush texture, so texture is one of the important formal elements of constructing portraits. With its rich artistic expression, it plays an important role in the field of painting and exists in oil painting in a unique form. Through the expression form of its own unique attributes, it shows the aesthetic feeling of vision and form in oil paintings . The texIn The contrast before and after colouring can be seen clearly in Schema is to serve the formal beauty in painting. Schemata can be divided from time, regional environment, cultural background, personal artistic language, and so on. In all paintings, personal artistic language is to combine the things to be painted in the picture according to their feelings, and strengthen their feelings by using the basic rules of composition . PaintinThe three-dimensional characteristics  of naturThe oil painting style is both traditional and contemporary. We must first understand the oil painting style in order to form it in the transmission of modern art. Oil painting styles and genres are diverse, and there have been countless styles since its inception . Every pIn the previous article, we know the importance of texture and color texture to the image, so if we want to form the oil painting style, we need to extract the texture and color texture features of the classic oil paintings. The specific process of extraction is shown in As shown in For the extraction of color texture features in the image, the histogram method of RGB space is generally adopted. The RGB model is the most commonly used color representation method in the computer, and the statistical histogram of the image is a function, which is usually expressed asv represents the color texture features that need to be extracted in the image, and m is the feature dimension of the feature in the RGB model. In order to make the size change of the picture not affect the image feature recognition, this paper normalizes the function. For the color of the image, the RGB model will obtain the statistical histogram of three different colors: R, G, and B, as shown in In the upper form, v) and AW (v) are similar features of the two pictures, then the color similarity of the two images is calculated as follows: G and the characteristic histogram of the image W in the image library.If the histograms intersect, the horizontal axis is generally used to classify each color. The level depends on the depth of the color, and the vertical axis represents the proportion of the color in the Figure. If AG  is smaller, the value of image contrast is smaller, otherwise, it is larger. The calculation of energy will be affected by the gray value of the image, so assuming that the energy is t, the formula isTexture is divided into thickness. For coarse texture, the value of dGW is more concentrated on the diagonal of the image, the value of T will be larger, and vice versa. When the dispersion degree of dGW value distribution in the gray level co-occurrence matrix is different, the entropy value will change. The more dispersed dGW is, the greater the entropy value will be. The calculation formula is as follows:Because the gray value of the image will affect the recognition of the texture features of the image, it is necessary to measure the uniformity of the gray value distribution of the image. When dGW is λa and λb, and the standard deviation is χa and χb, the formula for calculating the correlation isThe correlation is a measure of the linear relationship between image gray levels. Assuming that the mean value in matrix Therefore, as an example, features can be basically extracted, and then roughness is the measurement of texture granularity, fine or rough. The finer the texture, the finer the image, and the grain size is the size of the basic grain of the texture , which cϑ represents the window with coordinates  as the center, R as the radius, Npt represents the clarity of the image, and Y is the threshold, so the image texture features can be extracted through granularity. Therefore, the extraction principles of color texture features and texture texture features are integrated into the depth neural network model. It integrates the color texture features and texture features of the image into the depth neural network model. Through the autonomous learning ability of the model, it no longer needs to extract step by step according to the above principle. It can not only improve the extraction efficiency of image features but also improve the accuracy of similarity and texture roughness. In the depth neural network model, the image contrast is defined asIn the above formula, λa/H4, H is the standard deviation, and the calculation method is as follows:Among them, A4 =  H is the intensity of image brightness, and P represents the probability of texture appearing in the image with the same roughness. Therefore, in the deep neural network model, the classical oil painting is put into the neural network model, and then the modern works are transmitted to the deep neural network model for comparison. Then, the similarity between color texture and texture characteristics is obtained, and modern works are constantly adjusted to form oil painting style.In the upper form, This experiment will take two pictures as samples and use the depth neural network model constructed in this paper to recognize the texture of the two pictures. One of the samples is a classic oil painting in the model, while the other is a work of modern art. The sample picture is shown in The specific data of each picture in Therefore, the texture of the picture is recognized and extracted in this experiment, and the texture is shown in Taking the pictures in the above experiment as samples, the above A, B, C, and D pictures have different brightness. Therefore, this experiment first identifies the color similarity of the same picture under different brightness. Taking the diagonal of the picture as the benchmark, the measurement data record of similarity is shown in In In order to better measure the recognition of color features and texture features in this model, this experiment also makes similarity statistics on the color and texture features of the same picture of different pixels in the sample, as shown in In combination with Through the experiment of this paper, the model constructed in this paper plays a very important role in the formation of oil painting style. The texture extraction of oil painting is in place, which can clearly see how the painter writes in the process of painting. This model can find out the gap between classical oil paintings and modern art works by comparing the color characteristics, texture, and texture characteristics. It can help painters approach the oil painting style purposefully and promote the formation of oil painting style in modern art creation. At the same time, the analysis of the texture and other characteristics of the image is the analysis of the schema, and the model in this paper has a good effect on the schema analysis.This paper understands the texture characteristics of oil painting. The texture of oil painting can clearly see the trend of painters' brushes in their creation. A careful study of the texture of classic paintings can be of great help to artistic creation. The artistic expression of oil painting is very strong, especially in the matching of colors. The collocation is very strong, and some have a great visual impact. In the painting materials of oil painting, the roughness of texture produced by the thickness of pigment is different. Therefore, some that need to be distinguished can be reflected by the thickness of the pigment. Therefore, the integration and development of oil painting style and modern art can promote the development of modern art. Schema is very important in portrait, and point, line, and surface lighting constitute the basic structure of portrait. In addition, illustration is essential to the art of painting, especially in the modeling and placement of things in the portrait. This reflects the overall artistic effect of the portrait, so the schema can also be carefully analyzed to promote the development of modern art. Through the experiment of this paper, it can extract and recognize the texture and color texture features in oil paintings, and analyze the schema composition in oil paintings. This model can further compare the gap between classical oil painting and modern art works, and automatically make modern works close to oil painting style and promote the formation of oil painting style. It can also make a very detailed analysis of the schema.This paper explores the role of texture and color texture in the portrait. Texture is the most direct way for oil painting to convey the painter's thoughts and feelings, and it is also the best way to convey the artistic effect of portrait. Color texture can bring great visual impact to people. Therefore, this paper makes a theoretical reasoning on how to form oil painting style and graphic analysis. This paper also constructs a deep neural network model to facilitate the extraction of image texture and color texture features so as to facilitate the graphic analysis in modern creative art and the formation of oil painting style. And the experiment of this paper proves that through the combination of the recognition principle of image color and texture features and the depth neural network model, we can well compare the gap of modern art in oil painting style and promote the formation of oil painting style. However, the research on oil painting texture and color texture features in this paper will still be affected by many uncertain factors. It is hoped that future research can overcome the influence of uncertain factors.


To compare our initial perioperative and postoperative outcomes of the modified anterior approach (MA) with Retzius space preservation robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with the standard anterior approach (SA) RARP.A retrospective analysis was performed on 116 patients with RARP completed by the same surgeon between September 2019 and March 2022. They were divided into SA-RARP group (77 cases) and MA-RARP group (39 cases). Propensity score matching was performed using eight preoperative variables, including age, BMI, preoperative PSA, biopsy Gleason score, prostate volume, D’Amico risk classification, SHIM, and clinical T stage. Functional outcome was assessed by urine pad count and SHIM after surgery, and oncological outcome was assessed by statistics of postoperative pathological findings as well as follow-up postoperative PSA. The median follow-up was 13 months and 17 months for MA-RARP and SA-RARP groups respectively.Propensity score matching was performed 1:1, and baseline data were comparable between the two groups after matching. Comparison of postoperative data: MA-RARP group had less mean EBL than SA-RARP group . PSM did not differ between groups (p = 1). In terms of urinary control recovery, the MA-RARP group showed significant advantages in urinary control recovery at 24 h, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months after catheter removal, respectively . This advantage gradually disappeared 6 months or more after surgery. The median time to recovery of sexual function was shorter in the MA-RARP group .MA-RARP is safe and reliable, and can achieve better early urinary control function and sexual function recovery while achieving the primary tumor control goal. Among them, 39 patients underwent modified anterior approach to preserve Retzius space. There were 77 cases in the standard anterior approach group. Patients who had previously undergone surgery for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were excluded from the group.2.2via the retzius space as proposed by Menon’s team in 2003 , prostate specific antigen (PSA), puncture biopsy Gleason score, number of positive puncture stitches and percentage of positives, and assessed patients’ D’Amico risk classification. All patients underwent preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), as well as whole-body bone scan imaging to assess clinical TNM stage, and a statistical survey of sexually active patientssexual health index for men (SHIM). Data on operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), whether blood was transfused. The fication . PostopePatients were treated perioperatively in the usual way at our institution. The Foley catheter was removed 7 to 8 days after surgery in the MA-RARP group; the Foley catheter was removed 8 to 10 days after surgery in the SA-RARP group. Patients with stage ≤ pT2, Gleason score ≤ 7 and negative incision margins were not ADT. follow-up data on urinary control at 24 hours, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after removal of the urinary catheter were counted  ). Analys2.4via applying non-parsimonious and multivariate logistic regression. Finally, 35 patients in the SA-RARP group were successfully matched to patients treated with MA-RARP in a 1:1 ratio in accordance to the nearest neighbor matching method within the matching strategy(matching tolerance =0.03). The covariate differences were compared before and after matching to delineate the improved balance between the procedure arms after PM.A PM analysis was performed to eliminate the impact of significant differences in preoperative clinical characteristics between the SA-RARP and MA-RARP groups. All preoperative features were taken into account to estimate the propensity score Matching resulted in 35 cases included in each group, for a total of 70 cases in our study. Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Categorical variables were expressed as number of cases and percentages, and differences between the two groups were assessed using chi-square tests and Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate. And continuous variables were expressed using mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate, and continuous variables were analyzed using Student t-test or the MannWhitney U test, as appropriate. All statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. All tests were two-sided, with a significance set at p<0.05.33.1Among the 39 patients in the MA-RARP group, 35 patients were finally included in the MA-RARP group because 2 patients had a history of TURP surgery and 2 patients underwent ADT after biopsy diagnosis of prostate cancer. After 1:1 matching of patients in the SA-RARP group, age, BMI, presurgical PSA, biopsy Gleason score, prostate volume, D ‘Amico risk classification, SHIM, and clinical T stage were comparable Table 1.3.2The mean surgical EBL was less in the MA-RARP group than in the SA-RARP group . Postoperative hospital stay  and catheter removal time  were shorter in the MA-RARP group. The incidence of postoperative complications was not statistically significant between the two groups Table 2.3.3There was no significant difference in PSM between the two groups (p=1). Gleason score and pathological TNM stage were not significantly different between the two groups . However, in the MA-RARP group, all the 4 cases with positive surgical margins were at T3 stage and at high risk according to D ‘Amico risk classification. Among them, 3 cases had positive sites at the tip, and 1 case had positive sites at the tip and bottom. In terms of pelvic lymph node dissection, there was no statistical significance between the two groups: 17 patients in the MA-RARP group and 19 patients in the SA-RARP group underwent enlarged pelvic lymph node dissection, and postoperative pathology indicated that one patient in the two groups had positive lymph nodes, respectively. The PSA data of 66, 58 and 55 patients were collected by outpatient review or telephone follow-up at 1 week, 3 months and 6 months after operation, and the results showed that there was no significant difference in PSA values between the two groups . The number of patients with BCR was comparable between the two groups during 7-36 months of follow-up  Table 3.3.4For recovery of urinary control, 24 h after catheter removal in the MA-RARP group , 2 weeks , 1 month , 3 months  had a significant advantage in urinary continence, which gradually disappeared at 6 months or longer after surgery Table 3.4Modified anterior approach preserving the retzius space RARP is modified from the standard anterior approach technique using a non-vascular clip technique. Various types of vessel clips are usually used to reduce bleeding on the cutting surface and maintain clear visual field when the lateral vascular pedicle of the prostate is dissociated by standard anterior approach. For a small amount of bleeding in the modified anterior approach, the use of low-energy electrocoagulation for precise hemostasis can avoid the symptoms of lower urinary tract irritation, perineal pain, hematuria and urination obstruction caused by vascular clamps around the bladder and urethra. At the same time, the non-vascular clip technique is helpful for the early recovery of sexual function. Another major improvement is the use of bladder neck preservation technique: standard anterior approach is usually performed by pulling the catheter to confirm the position of the bladder neck and disconnecting it directly; After the position of the bladder neck was confirmed by the modified anterior approach technique, the bladder sphincter fibers covered by the prostate were exposed by the combination of sharp and blunt separation, and then the bladder neck was severed to preserve the funnel shape of the bladder neck, which was helpful for the recovery of early postoperative urinary control. In addition, the modified anterior approach was performed as a complete intrafascial resection. The intrapelvic fascia is not opened, and the DVC is not dissected or sutured. Ganzer et al. demonstrated that at the tip of the prostate and 5 mm distal to the tip of the prostate, the DVC overlapped laterally with 37% and 30% of the urethral sphincter, respectively. In the case of lateral DVC ligation, most of the sphincter tissues may be ligated together and render them non-functional . TherefoThe prostatic plexus, intrapelvic fascia, Pubic prostatic ligament, detrusor apron and other periurethral support structures were preserved by the modified anterior approach to preserve the Retzius space robot-assisted laparoscopic radical profascial prostatectomy. Compared with SA-RARP, MA-RARP could shorten the postoperative hospital stay  and accelerate the time of catheter removal , and MA-RARP significantly reduced EBL . There was a more advantage in urinary flow control in the first 3 months after surgery , but this advantage gradually disappeared with the extension of postoperative time. This is consistent with the conclusions of Albisinni et al. in their systematic review of the efficacy of the anterior approach versus robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with Retzius retained . In termIt is well known that preservation of tissue structure during surgery results in better postoperative urinary flow control and sexual function recovery than structural reconstruction. The modified anterior approach retained Retzius space technique and Student et al. performed advanced reconstruction of vesico-urethral support (urine control rate was 62.5% at 4 weeks after surgery) , PorpiglA modified anterior approach preserving the Retzius space robot-assisted laparoscopic radical intrafascial resection of prostate cancer has shown good early urinary control and recovery of sexual function, probably due to the intraoperative preservation of the structures associated with the Retzius space. structures such as the prostatic plexus, the intrapelvic fascia, the pubic prostatic ligament, and the detrusor apron in the Retzius space are closely associated with Urinary control and erectile function are closely related . The visRegarding the mechanism by which preservation of the Retzius space facilitates early recovery of urinary control. A recent study by Chang et al. confirmed that patients who retained the Retzius space RARP had a low postoperative bladder mobility, most of the structures adjacent to the membranous urethra were intact, and the bladder neck presented a more anatomical position after surgery . Kadono The study also has several limitations. 1) Although it was a study of propensity to match scores, which minimized baseline differences between the two groups of data, the results of this analysis were limited by residual selection bias, attrition bias, and possible confusion due to the lack of prospective randomization associated defects between the SA-RARP and MA-RARP groups. 2) Although the distribution of nerve sparing techniques among the groups may be a meaningful confounder, it was not summarized in our study because the anatomical methods of neurovascular bundles differ between surgical techniques, making it impossible to make a pure comparison. 3) Our findings are limited to a single center and a single surgeon’s experience, and a well-designed multicenter randomized controlled trial is needed to determine the stronger advantages of a modified anterior approach to preserve the retzius space RARP.5In conclusion, the modified anterior approach preserves the Retzius space for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatic intrafascial resection with less surgical steps, less difficulty, and a short learning curve. Compared with the standard anterior approach, the support and suspension structure of the posterior pubic space can be preserved. Compared with the posterior approach, it has a clearer surgical field and is easier to locate anatomical landmarks. This technique is safe and feasible, and it can better preserve the anatomical structure around the urethra, thus better preserving urinary control and sexual function. Since this procedure is an intrafascial resection technique, it is suitable for patients with early localized prostate and small prostate size. At the same time, we are looking forward to more large sample and multi-center clinical data to further verify the efficacy and safety of this technology.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.HL is the first author. RC, YZ, KW are co-corresponding authors. CY and ZL also contributed to this article. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Copy Number Variations (CNVs) in the human genome account for common populational variations but can also be responsible for genetic syndromes depending on the affected region. Although a deletion in 5p is responsible for a syndrome with highly recognizable phenotypical features, other chromosomal abnormalities might overlap phenotypes, especially considering that most studies in 5p use traditional cytogenetic techniques and not molecular techniques.The authors have investigated 29 patients with clinical suspicion of 5p- syndrome using Chromosomal Microarray (CMA), and have gathered information on previous tests, clinical signs, symptoms, and development of the patients.The results showed 23 pure terminal deletions, one interstitial deletion, one deletion followed by a 3 Mb duplication in 5p, three cases of 5p deletion concomitant to duplications larger than 20 Mb in chromosomes 2, 9, and 18, and one 5p deletion with a chromosome Y deletion. CMA showed relevant CNVs not typically associated with 5p- that may have contributed to the final phenotype in these patients.The authors have identified three novel rearrangements between chromosomes 5 and 2 (Patient 27), 5 and 18 (Patient 11), and 5 and Y (Patient 22), with breakpoints and overlapped phenotypes that were not previously described. The authors also highlight the need for further molecular investigation using CMA, in different chromosomes beyond chromosome 5  to explain discordant chromosomal features and overlapped phenotypes to unravel the cause of the syndrome in atypical cases. The incidence of this syndrome in the general population is 1/15,000 to 1/50,000 live births.,The consequences of this syndrome involve the presence of Intellectual Disability (ID), difficulty breastfeeding (poor suction), difficulty gaining weight during the first years, failure to thrive and communicate verbally, short stature, and also some facial features such as microcephaly, ocular hypertelorism, short philtrum and microretrognathia.,The main cytogenetic technique used in Brazil to investigate suspicion of 5p- syndrome is the G-banded karyotype. Although most of the cases involve deletions larger than 10 Mb and can be seen using the G-banded karyotype, several cases of translocations with other chromosomes remain unsolved, either because of the G-banding pattern or the size of the deletions. In these cases, other molecular techniques are needed. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) is straightforward and precise tools for molecular cytogenetics. However, both require a previous suspicion of the chromosomes that can be involved in the rearrangement for the selection of the target probes or kits, respectively.In this study, the authors analyzed CMA results for 29 patients with confirmed 5p- deletion using cytogenetic molecular testing, and highlighted one case of a deletion followed by duplication in 5p with an unusual phenotype and three atypical cases of complex rearrangements unsolved by the karyotype that required CMA for the complete molecular diagnosis and that were not previously described.Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas ‒ Universidade de São Paulo (ICr‐HCFMUSP) or in the annual national meetings of families of 5p- carriers held in the city of São Paulo between 2015‒2019. The inclusion criteria were the presence of a high-pitched cry since birth or the detection of the 5p deletion using G-banded karyotype, MLPA, FISH, or chromosomal microarray.A cohort of 29 patients with a clinical diagnosis of 5p- syndrome  were selected for this study. All enrolled patients were invited for this study during clinical evaluation by geneticists at the Unit of Clinical Genetics ‒ To perform CMA, the authors started with an initial input of 20 ng/μL concentration of DNA. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes using a commercially available DNA isolation kit  following the manufacturer's instructions. The quality and quantity of the DNA samples were determined using Qubit Fluorometer (Invitrogen), and the integrity of the DNA was ascertained via agarose gel electrophoresis analysis.CMA was performed for all samples. Twenty-five samples were performed using the Infinium CytoSNP‐850K BeadChip, and four samples were analyzed through other platforms.Illumina's recommended protocol was followed, and the raw data were analyzed using BlueFuse™ Multi v4.4 . The genomic positions are given as mapped to the GRCh37/hg19 genome build.https://projects.tcag.ca/variation/), the Database of Chromosomal Imbalance and Phenotype in Humans Using Ensembl Resources , The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) the UCSC Genome Bioinformatics database (http://genome.ucsc.edu), National Center for Biotechnology Information  and Pubmed for publications. The genomic positions are reported according to their mapping on the GRCh37/hg19 genome build.All the CNVs detected were analyzed according to the most recent American College of Medical Genetics guidelines2 ratio is at least −0.41 for deletions and +0.32 for duplications and a minimum size of 3 Mb and 500 consecutive probed modified to consider it a Region of Homozygosity (ROH).The following criteria were used to filter the CNVs in BlueFuse™ Multi: no predefined minimum size for a CNV, the need for at least ten consecutive deleted or duplicated probes to assume a CNV as real, ratio cutoff values considered valid when logPreviously, the authors have reported the results of 14 patients with different deletions in 5p that enabled the detection of a new genomic region that might be associated with the high-pitched cry and microcephaly.After CMA was performed, the authors detected pure terminal deletions in 23 patients, one interstitial deletion in 5p, one deletion followed by a 3 Mb duplication in 5p (Patient 5), three cases of deletion concomitant to a large duplication (>20 Mb) between chromosomes 5 and 9 (Patient 9), 5 and 2 (Patient 27), 5 and 18 (Patient 11), and one case of 5p deletion with a chromosome Y deletion (Patient 22).Patient 5 presented, in addition to the 5p deletion, a duplication in the region adjacent to the breakpoint of the deletion [her CMA result was arr[GRCh37] 5p15.33p13.3(25328_29305055)x1, 5p13.3(29320222_32402232)x3] A. The clIt was identified that Patient 11 inherited a derivative chromosome from a maternal complex translocation rearrangement involving chromosomes 5, 10 and 18 . The combination of data available about previous results and the results after CMA provided some insights into the architecture of the derived chromosome, as shown in Patient 11 is the daughter of healthy non-consanguineous parents. During pregnancy, a 20-week ultrasound detected intrauterine growth restriction, and at 24-weeks, pericardial effusion was detected. At 28-weeks, a fetal echocardiogram suggested the presence of tetralogy of Fallot. Then it was detected muscular ventricular septal defects and interatrial communication . The patient was born at 36-weeks with neonatal jaundice, hypotonia at birth, difficulty breastfeeding, low oxygen saturation, and brief shaking episodes in upper and lower members (an epileptiform activity that required medication). Among her recent previous health conditions, she had recurrent respiratory infections and bronchoscopy, and had to use supplemental oxygen (0.1 L/min).This patient presented severe developmental delay , microcephaly, ocular hypertelorism, slanted eyelid slit down, epicanthal folds, short filtrum, microretrognathia, microstomia, gastroesophageal reflux, mild clinodactyly, syndactyly in toes, second and third finger overlapping.At birth, Patient 22 presented high-pitched cry, difficult breastfeeding, and ocular hypertelorism. During his first year, several clinical tests were conducted: brain MRI showed hypoplasia of the corpus callosum with mild prominence of the lateral ventricles. Other types of testing were conducted , showing no alterations. During childhood, two episodes of pneumonia, several episodes of bronchitis and throat infections were described by the mother.His clinical features included facial asymmetry, epicanthal folds, prominent nasal bridge, dysplastic ears, high palate, microretrognathia, and gastroesophageal reflux. All features mentioned are expected for 5p- syndrome.Patient 27 presented low weight at birth and a high-pitched cry. Several episodes of pneumonia and recurrent respiratory infections during early childhood were mentioned by the mother. The patient cannot communicate verbally, but she understood commands and could communicate using some specific signs. She presented facial asymmetry, ocular hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, prominent nasal bridge, low implantation ears, downturned mouth, and microretrognathia. She presented congenital heart abnormalities such as bicuspid aortic valve, interatrial communication, and ventricular septal defect.As previously reported, the authors have detected some interesting features about a phenotype-genotype association and inferred a new region as responsible for the cat-like cry and evidence of microcephaly.A deeper investigation, including more patients with 5p- syndrome phenotype, has revealed rearrangements between chromosome 5 and other autosomes (chromosomes 2 and 18) and Y chromosome that was not previously reported, bringing light to the possibility of new genomic rearrangements involved in 5p- syndrome, usually investigated alone with no further inspection in other co-occurring CNVs.SEMA5A and CTNND2 can lead to ID and autistic spectrum behaviors when both genes are deleted.,CDH18, CDH12, CDH10, CDH9, CDH6), deleted in varying proportions in patients with 5p, also suggest the high susceptibility to the manifestation of the autistic spectrum.The short arm of chromosome 5 contains approximately 120 protein-coding genes.The authors have identified that all patients presented ID, but autism could not be assessed since the patients were not evaluated by psychologists and specialists in autism. But yet, some features that the authors have identified as the presence of irritability in 70.4% (19/27) of the patients, self-injury in 67.9% (19/28), and aggressive behaviors in 57.1% (16/28) might be an indication of autism traits.TRIO are associated with ID with microcephaly in an autosomal dominant pattern. This gene is highly expressed in the developing brain. Intragenic mutations, with consequent loss of function, have been associated with moderate intellectual disability combined with characteristics of the autistic spectrum, hyperactivity, and/or aggressive behavior. In addition, Nguyen et al.TRIO mutations that presented recurrent infections probably due to decreased expression of this gene in the early stages of neuronal development and have also shown that the knockdown of TRIO in rats impact on the development of neurites, filaments originating from neuronal cells, and synapse formation.,TRIO, only a few reports about specific variants.Mutations in Concomitant duplications and deletions on the same chromosome, as seen in Patient 5, have already been identified on other autosomal chromosomes and may be associated with overlapping features.16FYB gene could be involved in epileptogenesis, despite the fact that it was inherited from a healthy father and without this feature. Therefore, although Patient 5 in this study does not have the 5p13.1 region involved in duplication, restricting duplication to the 5p13.3 region alone, the authors cannot rule out the responsibility of this region in the occurrences of epilepsy since data on duplication of 5p and its association with epilepsy are still lacking.Patient 5 was one of the four patients in this study who had seizures, which might be associated with 5p duplication since seizures are not often described for 5p- syndrome. Kluger et al.The authors have detected four cases of patients  that showed 5p- concomitant to other large CNVs, ranging from 20.6 Mb (Patient 9) to 48.2 Mb (Patient 11), from different chromosomal origins . The pic,An interesting fact is that those four patients presented seizures, which are not a typical manifestation of 5p- syndrome. Once the authors performed the CMA analysis, other CNVs candidates were detected as the causative origin of the seizures. Patient 9, with a 20.6 Mb duplication in 9p, was previously reported.This is a unique case regarding the breakpoints of a 24.2 Mb 5p deletion (5p15.33p14.2) and a 48.2 Mb 18q duplication (18q12.1q23) A, that wOther cases of complex chromosome rearrangements maternally inherited have been reported before. Pan et al.18 trisomy is a well-described syndrome, also known as Edwards syndrome. The main characteristics of the syndrome include facial and skeletal dysmorphisms with emphasis on the claw closed hand, with overlapping fingers that are generally underdeveloped. They also present feeding difficulties, congenital heart and kidney abnormalities.Patient 22 is a 5-years old boy that presents a 17.8 Mb deletion in 5p (5p15.33p15.1) and 44.5 Mb deletion in Yq (Yq11.21q12). The remaining chromosomal fragment of the Y chromosome was translocated to the deleted region in 5p (and very likely to have generated a dicentric chromosome based on the breakpoints), indicating a karyotype of 45, X, that did not match the visible normal male genitalia nor the clinical features for 5p- syndrome of the patient. After karyotype, MLPA, FISH, and CMA were conducted, the rearrangement was uncovered B.,This is a case of clinical relevance because few cases of men with translocations between chromosomes 5 and Y were published over the past 30 years, one of which is described in a mosaic .Generally, microdeletions on the Y chromosome are associated with male infertility and azoospermia.The last case of rearranged chromosomes was Patient 27, a 5-years old girl that initially had a 46, XX G-banded karyotype result, and only by using CMA it was possible to observe that, in fact, she presented a 15.6 Mb 5p deletion (5p15.33p15.1) and a 23.3 Mb 2p duplication (2p25.3p24.1), rearranged in a way that the 2p duplication was positioned in the deleted segment of 5p and could not be distinguished earlier because the banding pattern on G-banded karyotype was similar to what is expected for the short arm of chromosome 5 CThere is not much literature available on the phenotypic effect of isolated duplication of 2p in patients, and it is usually seen with other chromosomal alterations. The phenotypes described in individuals with 2p duplication are associated with low weight, hypertelorism, low nasal bridge, ocular malformations, small jaw, low implantation ears, short neck, difficulty breathing, among others,A case similar to ours regarding cytogenomic findings is the report of molecular characterization of two brothers with the trisomy of 2p24.3-pter and monosomy of 5p14.3-pter, inherited in a paternal manner, in which one of the brothers has spina bifida as a defect of the formation of the neural tube.de novo, as the authors have shown in atypical cases. Here, the authors presented the cases of three patients with classical clinical findings for 5p- syndrome (Patient 22) or overlapped and atypical phenotype, as the presence of seizures (Patient 11 and 27), but without the molecular rearrangements expected for the syndrome. This emphasizes that this syndrome can manifest in other forms rather than the pure 5p deletion, and full molecular investigation in rare syndromes must be conducted by geneticists and physicians to clarify clinical features observed in patients with unexplained karyotypes or phenotypic overlap.Previous studies carried out to identify deletions in 5p used classical cytogenetics techniques, such as karyotype and FISH, as breakthrough analysis devices. CMA stands out for a more precise delineation of breakpoints, revealing small CNVs not detected on G-banded karyotypes and allowing the inference of rearranged chromosomes inherited from balanced translocations or originated The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects HCFMUSP/CAPPesq (CAAE: 62322416.7.0000.0068) and written consent was obtained from all the participants and/or their parents.All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary material files. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.This work was supported by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do estado de São Paulo), grants number 2016/09452‐0 and 18/02385-0, and FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos) grants number FINEP/CT‐INFRA‐01/2011.Samar Nasser Chehimi: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. Vanessa Tavares Almeida: Methodology, Validation. Amom Mendes Nascimento: Methodology, Validation. Évelin Aline Zanardo: Methodology, Validation. Yanca Gasparini de Oliveira: Methodology, Validation. Gleyson Francisco da Silva Carvalho: Validation, Writing – review & editing. Beatriz Martins Wolff: Validation, Writing – review & editing. Marilia Moreira Montenegro: Validation, Writing – review & editing. Nilson Antônio de Assunção: Funding acquisition, Resources. Chong Ae Kim: Resources, Methodology. Leslie Domenici Kulikowski: Visualization.The authors declare no conflicts of interest.


Pre-pregnancy BMI (PP BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) are prominent anthropometric indicators for maternal nutritional status and are related to an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting total GWG, PP BMI and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women in West Sumatra, Indonesia.This observational analysis was conducted among healthy women in the Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) cohort study. A total of 195 pregnant women and their newborn babies were enrolled, and information regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, dietary intake and anthropometric data were assessed through direct interviews. Furthermore, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guidelines were used to obtain the total GWG.p = 0.011) than those whose weight was normal. Furthermore, women with excessive GWG were 27.11 times more likely to have a baby with macrosomia  (p = 0.001) and those with inadequate GWG were 9.6 times more likely to give birth to a baby with low birth weight (LBW)  (p = 0.002).PP BMI was used to categorise the 195 pregnant women as overweight/obese (43.1%), normal (46.7%) and underweight (10.2%). There were 53.3%, 34.4% and 12.3% of women who had inadequate, adequate and excessive GWG, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression model indicated that overweight or obese women at the pre-pregnancy stage were 4.09 times more likely to have an excessive rate of GWG (AOR = 4.09, 95% CI: 1.38–12.12, This study demonstrates that the malnutrition status prior to pregnancy and inadequate or excessive GWG status during pregnancy as significant risk factors for developing adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of providing information, preconception counselling and health education on weight management for healthy pregnancies.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04815-8. Pre-pregnancy BMI (PP BMI) is a factor in a healthy pregnancy  and idenWomen should strive to gain the appropriate weight during pregnancy as this is critical for the growth of the fetus. However, there is a scarcity of data on the investigation of gestational weight gain (GWG) in Indonesia. As identified by the Basic Health Research Survey (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity status among the adult Indonesian population was 13.6%, 21.8% and 31%, respectively . Recent Pregnancy outcomes such as birth weight, length and head circumference are vital indicators of a newborn’s general health . Low birThis study used prospective data collection and subjects from the Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) cohort study in West Sumatra –16. It wThe sample size was calculated based on the VDPM cohort study, which identified the association between maternal vitamin D status and LBW  among 23The inclusion criteria included: 1) Minangkabau pregnant women that visited public health care facilities at each site, 2) aged 18–40, 3) currently in the first trimester of pregnancy (< 13 weeks), 4) healthy based on a general practitioner examination, and 5) willing to participate by signing the informed consent form and following the study protocol. Meanwhile, the following were excluded from the study: pregnant women with a stillbirth, abortion, congenital disabilities, pre-eclampsia, severe anaemia, hypothyroidism, those suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, abnormal heart function and glandular thyroid disease, and multiple gestations. All of the participants were monitored from the first trimester to the delivery process to determine outcomes such as birth weight, length and head circumference.Data characteristics were collected from the socio-demographic questionnaire, including age, working status, pregnant women’s education level and monthly household income. This study also recorded maternal characteristics such as parity status, levels of maternal nutrition knowledge and other physical activity indicators such as the duration and status of outdoor activity. Data were collected from mountainous and coastal areas. Public health centres with a high number of first-trimester pregnant women were also chosen for the data collection. The participants’ pregnancy history was obtained from the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book, a home-based health record for pregnant women and children. The handbook can be used to monitor health, keep track of healthcare utilisation, promote maternal and neonatal education and provide information when either the pregnant woman or child is referred . Data onBuku KIA). The MCH handbook is often considered the only record book for health workers. Each pregnant woman had an MCH handbook from the beginning of their pregnancy until the baby reached five years of age [Pre-pregnancy body weight was collected through the participants’ interviews and reports from the pregnant women’s MCH handbook  [PP BMI was estimated as the standard formula weight (kg) divided by the square of body height (m) using the self-reported pre-pregnancy weight . Subsequ(Table 1), the participants gained inadequate, adequate or excessive weight during pregnancy. In comparison to the International BMI classification (white Europeans), Asian populations have 3 to 5 per cent higher total body fat and a high correlation with health risks such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [Total GWG was calculated and compared with the IOM-recommended weight increase to determine the adequacy of weight growth during each trimester. The IOM guidelines state the following categories for recommended GWG: 12.5–18 kg for underweight, 11.5–16 kg for normal weight, 7–11.5 kg for overweight, and 5–9 kg for obese, as shown in Table  disease . This meMost pregnancy weight gain occurs in the second and third trimesters. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the differences in dietary intake and food consumption in pregnant women during the third trimester as compared to the daily recommendations. Dietary intake data were assessed using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) developed by Lipoeto et al. in 2004 and explained in the previous publication , 27. ThiThe newborns’ birth weight data were recorded in the MCH handbook using a digital baby weight scale , while the length was measured to the nearest millimetre using a stadiometer . Newborn anthropometry status was classified according to the WHO Child Growth Standards for 1) head circumference for age: small head circumference, < 35 cm and normal head circumference, ≥ 35 cm; 2) weight for age: LBW < 2,500 g and normal birth weight ≥ 2,500 g; and 3) length for age: short birth length, < 50 cm and normal birth length, ≥ 50 cm . AdditioAll survey data were analysed and cleaned using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows . Descriptive statistics provided basic information about the variables, with both numeric and categorical data. These data were presented as the mean levels of continuous variables as a mean ± SD, while numbers and percentages were used for the numeric and categorical data.The association between PP BMI and pregnancy outcomes was used to identify the effects of these two variables. The indicators of pregnancy outcomes were classified into continuous and categorical data. Pregnancy outcomes in the form of continuous variables were total GWG, birth weight, birth length, head circumference, gestational age (GA) at delivery and number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, while the categorical variables were status of inadequate weight gain, spontaneous vaginal delivery, Caesarean section, low-birth-weight status, macrosomia, and SGA and LGA status. Furthermore, the independent variables were PP BMI, obstetric history, demographic and socio-economic characteristics, dietary intake and maternal nutrition knowledge, while the dependent variables were GWG status and pregnancy outcomes.p-value smaller than 0.25 and other variables of known clinical relevance could also be included for further multivariable analysis. PP BMI, maternal nutrition knowledge levels and duration of outdoor activity were selected for further multivariate analysis as they had a p-value < 0.25. The first logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the dependent  and independent  variables. The second regression model was used to identify the association between one independent (PP BMI) and the dependent variables . The third regression model was used to identify the association between another independent  and dependent variable (pregnancy outcomes). Furthermore, adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were reported for categorical outcomes, adjusted mean differences were reported for education level for women, and geographical status, maternal age and parity were selected as confounding factors. A p-value with a significance of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.A chi-square test analysed the categorical data, and a one-way ANOVA was used to compare the dependent  and independent effects of known risk factors such as dietary intake, education level, socio-economic characteristics, demography, PP BMI and obstetric history. Meanwhile, a While the VDPM cohort study recruited 232 women, only 195 were eligible and included in the study sample. Therefore,195 women and their offspring were analysed after cleaning the dataset and excluding other incomplete data during the follow-up observations from the first trimester to delivery. Figure This study found that the mean age of the pregnant women was 29.7 ± 5.6 years. They were mainly in the secondary and tertiary education levels and thus relatively few of them had low levels of education, although the majority (67.7%) had no working status. About 73.8% had a monthly household income greater than or equal to the minimum wage. Most of the participants, 57.4%, engaged in no outdoor activity, while about 76.4% had a parity status of primiparous. Most of the women’s PP BMI was in the normal range, followed by the underweight category, at 46.7% and 43.1%, respectively. The majority had an inadequate GWG status compared to the GWG recommendation. The average energy intake was 2,433.5 ± 706.7 kcal/day, less than the recommended energy adequacy rate in the third trimester, which should be 2,500 kcal/day . Just ovp-value < 0.001). Subsequently, multinomial logistic regression indicated that women with an overweight or obese status were four times more likely to have an excessive GWG rate  than those with normal weight status. However, this study also found that women with an overweight/obese PP BMI status had an inadequate total GWG status , as indicated in Table Bivariate analysis was used to determine the factors associated with total GWG during pregnancy Table . This stp = 0.001). Women with a PP BMI < 18.5 had a GWG mean difference of -0.05 kg (95% CI: -0.38–0.29.3) compared to those with a PP BMI of 18.50–22.99 kg/m2 . Overweight women with a PP BMI of 23.00 to 27.49 had a GWG mean difference of 0.55 kg (95% CI: 0.31–0.79) compared to those with normal BMI. Furthermore, the participants with an obese PP BMI status had a GWG mean difference of 1.6 kg (95% CI: 0.87–1.45). A similar result was reported in the relationship between PP BMI and birth weight outcomes, where PP BMI status was significantly associated with newborn birth weight status (p = 0.029).The association between pregnancy outcomes and PP BMI status is presented in Table , head circumference (p = 0.029), low-birth-weight status (p = 0.002) and macrosomia status (p = 0.001). Women with inadequate GWG status gave birth to babies with a birth weight 187.3 g lower than those who had adequate weight gain. However, women with excessive GWG status had babies that weighed 208.4 g more than those with adequate status. Subsequently, women with inadequate GWG status were found to have babies with a head circumference 1.01 cm smaller than those with adequate status. Women with excessive GWG status gave birth to babies with a head circumference 0.25 cm smaller than women with adequate GWG status during pregnancy. Moreover, women with inadequate GWG status were 10.3 times more likely to have given birth to a baby with macrosomia than those with adequate status. By contrast, women with excessive GWG status were 27.11 times more likely to deliver a baby with macrosomia than those with adequate status.According to recommendations from the IOM, Table p < 0.001) as a factor determining GWG status. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were associated with inadequate or excessive GWG in mothers with low or high PP BMI compared to those with normal status . In this study, adverse outcomes such as LBW and macrosomia were associated with insufficient and excessive GWG. Our findings, if replicated in future studies, may have a significant public health impact in terms of initiating strategies to raise awareness of the importance of PP BMI and GWG in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes.PP BMI and GWG reflect maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy. The indicators can also be used to predict fetal growth and development. This study shows that socio-economic characteristics, demography, pregnant women’s education levels, working status, dietary intake and obstetric history were not significantly associated with GWG status. However, PP BMI was significantly associated with GWG  babies than those with adequate weight. Another study conducted by Thapa and Paneru in 2017  found thMoreover, several other aspects might lead to a poor outcome when PP BMI is not carefully maintained . In anotProspective data collection was used, and the participants came from diverse regions of West Sumatra, including different places of residence such as coastal, mountainous, urban and rural areas. The study further used the Asia-specific BMI category to measure the association of PP BMI with pregnancy outcomes. One limitation was the small participant sample size with which to represent the West Sumatran population. By the end of the data collection, nearly 30% of the participants were lost to follow-up from those initially recruited. A further limitation was that the PP BMI data were collected during the first trimester, and the pregnant women were expected to remember their body weight. This self-reported pre-pregnancy weight was obtained from the MCH book of each mother. Therefore, using the IOM’s GWG classification was also a limitation during this study as the IOM guidelines may not be relevant for certain populations, such as Asian women. As a theoretically controllable factor that can enhance outcomes, improved maternal nutrition both before and during pregnancy would be an ideal use for this study in a low-to-middle-income country such as Indonesia. Further studies should be pursued with larger sample sizes and more comprehensive approaches highlighting the interaction of nutritional status, the food environment and socio-economic factors with pregnancy outcomes.Maternal PP BMI and total GWG were significantly related to offspring size. Women who had overweight/obese nutritional status had fourfold increase to have an excessive GWG during pregnancy as well as were twice as likely to have higher birth weight and macrosomia outcomes compared to women with lower PP BMI and GWG. In addition, women who had inadequate GWG during pregnancy had ten times increased risk of low-birth-weight outcome compared to those with adequate GWG status. These findings support the importance of improving the health care services and facilities for women of reproductive age. Additionally, they highlight the need to create preconception counselling or health education to manage weight gain and reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to lower PP BMI and excessive GWG.Additional file 1. Additional analysis pregnancy outcomes in relation to PP BMI based on international WHO BMI category.Additional file 2. Additional analysis pregnancy outcomes in relation to GWG according to IOM recommendation-based International WHO BMI classification.


The rapid growth of wireless communication systems has led to high demand for the design of microwave/millimeter components with multiband characteristics, high performance, and ease of integration with other devices ,2,3. RecIn this Special Issue, we target the latest technology and developments in microwave/millimeter system components and aim to overcome technical challenges by bringing together academics and industrial researchers to identify and discuss novel results within this continuously evolving field. The goal of this Special Issue is to stimulate the community by addressing the key issues on the topic in the hope that antennas and filters will make a greater impact in our society. The 19 published papers in this volume have presented cutting-edge research findings. In total, 17 papers have discussed antennas, MIMO antennas, and RFID, and two of them discussed filters. The submitted papers are from authors from different countries, including Australia, China, Egypt, India, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Malaysia, Morrocco, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Novel techniques have been reported in this issue for the development of filters and antennas. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are of great interest due to their attractive features. Five published papers have discussed the design of MIMO antennas for 5G, ultra-wideband (UWB), and other wireless applications. Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is widely used in many communication scenarios. However, narrowband systems can easily interfere with a UWB system, which generates multipath fading. In order to solve these interferences and meet the design requirements of high isolation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, two MIMO antennas with double-notch structures are designed (contribution 1). Firstly, two U-shaped slots are etched on the radiating patch and feeder to achieve notch characteristics in WiMAX and ITU bands. Using this antenna element, a two-element antenna is put symmetrically in parallel, and two rectangular branches are loaded to improve the isolation. The size is 0.57λ × 0.32λ × 0.013λ (at 2.5 GHz). Then, a four-element antenna is designed to meet the requirements for another application; here, each element is placed orthogonally to each other, and the isolation is improved by loading a cross-shaped branch in the middle of these elements. The size is 0.57λ × 0.57λ × 0.013λ. Both antenna samples are tested to verify the design. The measurement results show that the working bandwidths are 2.45–14.88 GHz and 2.14–14.95 GHz, the isolations are greater than 17 and 20 dB, and the peak gains are 5.7 and 5.9 dBi for the two- and four-element MIMO antennas, respectively. Compared to the references, the designed antennas have a wider bandwidth and a higher gain and radiation efficiency. They are well-suited for diverse wireless applications. 0 × 0.42λ0) (λ0 was the wavelength at the first lower frequency). A square-shaped defected ground framework was placed on the ground to improve the isolation. Etching square-shaped slots on the ground plane achieved the return losses S11 < −10 dB and a 26 dB isolation in the entire operating band of 3.2–12.44 GHz (UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) and the X-band (8–12 GHz) spectrum and achieved good isolation bandwidth of 118.15%. The MIMO performance was evaluated in terms of diversity gain (DG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG).In another work, a 4 × 4 miniaturized UWB-MIMO antenna using FR-4 material with reduced isolation was designed and analyzed using characteristic mode analysis (contribution 2). To minimize the antenna’s physical size and to improve the isolation, an arrangement of four symmetrical radiating elements was positioned orthogonally. The antenna dimension was 40 mm × 40 mm . The proposed antenna system consisted of two types of antenna modules: an L-shaped antenna module covering the C-band (3.4–3.6 GHz) for 5G mobile applications and a folded monopole module for the 5G/WLAN mobile application band (4.5–5.9 GHz). Each two antennas formed a pair, six pairs in total, forming a 12 × 12 MIMO antenna array, and the elements between the antenna pairs could achieve an isolation of 11 dB or more without additional decoupling structures. The experimental results showed that the antenna could cover the 3.3–3.6 GHz and 4.5–5.9 GHz bands with an overall efficiency greater than 75% and an envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.04. Finally, the one-hand holding mode and two-hand holding mode were discussed to demonstrate their stability in practical applications, and the results showed that they still exhibited good radiation and MIMO performances when operating in both modes. 3, making it desirable for devices operating in 5G bands. High isolation (>15 dB) was attained with thorough testing without employing a decoupling scheme in the design. Laboratory measurements resulted in a peak gain of 3.49 dBi and an efficiency of around 80% in the entire operating band. The evaluation of the presented MIMO multiband antenna was carried out in terms of ECC, DG, total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and CCL. The measured ECC was less than 0.04, and the DG was well above 9.50. The observed TARC was also lower than −10 dB, and the CCL was below 0.4 bits/s/Hz in the entire operating band.Another design of multiband MIMO antennas along with high-isolation characteristics using FR-4 material has been proposed (contribution 4). It operates at the 3.50 GHz, 5.50 GHz, and 6.50 GHz frequencies for 5G cellular, 5G WiFi, and WiFi-6, respectively. The two-element MIMO multiband antenna was miniaturized to 16 × 28 × 1.6 mmAl-Khaylani et al. presented a novel design of a reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a 3D geometry-based solar cell integration that operated at sub-6 GHz for self-powered applications in a 5G modern wireless communication network (contribution 5). The proposed antenna array provided three main frequency bands around 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, with excellent matching impedance of S11 ≤ −10 dB. The proposed MIMO array was constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below −20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element was excited with a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The proposed radiation patterns were controlled with two optical switches of Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs). The proposed antenna array was fabricated and tested experimentally in terms of S-parameters, gain, and radiation patterns. The maximum gains were found to be 3.6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It was realized that the proposed array realized significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses. Such an antenna array was found to be very applicable for femtocell wireless communication networks in 5G systems.In this Special Issue, three of the published papers are related to reconfigurable antennas and their applications for wireless communications. The first paper presents a reconfigurable wideband monopole antenna for cognitive radio and wireless applications (contribution 6). The reconfigurability was achieved by four varactor diodes embedded in the band pass filter (BPF) structure, which was integrated with the suggested antenna through its feed line. The simulated impedance characteristics coped with the measured characteristics after fabricating the suggested model with/without the reconfigurable BPF. Furthermore, the model achieved the desired radiation characteristics in terms of radiation pattern with acceptable gain values at the selected frequencies within the achieved frequency range (1.3–3 GHz). 2. The proposed antenna provides an acceptable matching impedance with S11 ≤ −10 dB at 3.7 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.9 GHz. The antenna radiation patterns are evaluated at the frequency bands of interest with a gain average of 9.1–11.6 dBi. Moreover, four optical switches based on LDR resistors are applied to control the antenna gain at 5.85 GHz, which is found to vary from 2 dBi to 11.6 dBi after varying the value of the LDR resistance from 700 Ω to 0 Ω, in a descending manner. It has been found that the proposed antenna provides an acceptable bit error rate (BER) with varying the antenna gain in a very acceptable manner in comparison to the ideal performance. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated to be tested experimentally in free space and close to the human body for portable applications. Similarly, the third design introduced a reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a 3D geometry-based solar cell integration that operates at sub-6 GHz for self-power applications in a 5G modern wireless communication network (contribution 5). The antenna radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs).The second paper presents a novel antenna structure constructed from cascading multi-stage metamaterial (MTM) unit cells-based printed monopole antenna for 5G mobile communication networks (contribution 7). The proposed antenna is constructed from a printed conductive trace that fetches four MTM unit cells through four T-Resonators (TR) structures. Such a combination is introduced to enhance the antenna gain-bandwidth products at sub-6GHz bands after exiting the antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The antenna circuitry is fabricated by etching a copper layer that is mounted on a Taconic RF-43 substrate and has an effective area of 51 × 24 mmTwo published papers in this Special Issue have discussed dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) to achieve circular polarization behavior. The first design discussed a wide dual-band circularly polarized (CP) operation for deployment in indoor radio links and INSAT applications (contribution 8). The metasurface and DRs are hosted above a grounded substrate, which is fed through a single coaxial feed placed at a specific angle, employing a modified upper probe of the coaxial fee to enhance the antenna performance. The proposed hybrid technique utilizes the combined benefits of the feed angle and a well-matched metasurface, resulting in performance improvements. Notably, a measured impedance bandwidth of 88.1% for |S11|is achieved within the frequency range of 4.0 GHz to 10.3 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna design exhibits two overlapping, measured at 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths: 23.62% from 4.25 GHz to 5.4 GHz and 5.12% from 7.6 GHz to 8 GHz. The peak gain of the antenna is measured at 8.4 dBic. The second design presented a novel approach to design a circularly polarized (CP) hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna with a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth by incorporating an additional dielectric substrate between the antenna and the ground plane for 5G communication (contribution 9).In addition to the above-mentioned research work, in this Special Issue, nine novel antennas and filter designs have been presented for various wireless and 5G communication technologies. Zhai et al. proposed a quasi-Yagi antenna with resistor-loaded arms to obtain a filtering response with four radiation nulls (contribution 10). The embedded resistor-loaded arms achieved two additional radiation nulls caused by reverse currents and absorbed the unwanted out-of-band resonant points brought by themselves. The director close to the driver provided a resonant point and a radiation null caused by opposite currents between the driver and the director. Compared with other filtering quasi-Yagi antennas, the proposed design could achieve a filtering response with a compact size along the end-fire direction. A balun-integrated prototype covering the 5G band N78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) showed a 10 dB impedance-matching bandwidth of 22.9% (3.21–4.04 GHz), four radiation nulls, and a peak gain of 4.73 dBi. Another design introduced a high-gain UWB Vivaldi antenna loaded with artificial electromagnetic material, suitable for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems (contribution 11). The artificial electromagnetic units affected the antenna radiation waves by changing the refractive index to enhance the antenna’s directivity. Moreover, four Vivaldi units were arranged into a horn-shaped array, and each of the two units were orthogonally fed to realize dual polarization.A compact-size UHF RFID tag antenna using slot apertures and capacitive gaps with large reads was ranged for outdoor localization applications (contribution 12). The effects of capacitive slots and gaps on the impedance matching between conventional industrial chips and a designed RFID antenna were investigated. Alternatively, a multi-frequency antenna loaded with a ring structure has been presented (contribution 13). The patch consists of resonator structures, and the ground plate consists of a bottom metal strip and three ring-shaped metals with regular cuts to form a defective ground structure to be operated for 5G NR , 4GLTE (1.6265–1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85–1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92–2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz), and other communications frequency bands. Similarly, another design introduced a multiband planar inverted L-C implantable antenna with SAR values within the safety limits with maximum allowable input power (contribution 14). The proposed antenna operates at low power levels and supports an energy-efficient solution. Additionally, the SAR values are within the safety limits, with a maximum allowable input power (8.43 mW (1 g) and 47.5 mW (10 g) at 402.5 MHz; 12.85 mW (1 g) and 47.8 mW (10 g) at 2.45 GHz; and 11 mW (1 g) and 50.5 mW (10 g) at 2.95 GHz). A wideband graded effective refractive index (GRIN) dielectric lens antenna for 5G mm-wave band applications has been presented (contribution 15). The inhomogeneous holes in the dielectric plate are perforated to provide GRIN in the proposed lens.A UWB monopole antenna with an octagonal patch was fed with a 50 Ω line and with a triple band notch feature (contribution 16). In this design, an L-shaped stub, an inverted C-shaped slot, and a pair of U-shaped resonating structures are introduced into the design, which allows the antenna to generate three band notches at 3.22–3.83 GHz, 4.49–5.05 GHz, and 7.49–8.02 GHz, corresponding to the WiMAX band, Indian national satellite (INSAT) band, and X-band satellite frequencies, respectively. Dayo et al. presented a miniaturized high-performance flower-shaped radiator (FSR) (contribution 17). The antenna can be used for modern smartphones’ connectivity with the sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum of modern 5G mobile communication applications. Furthermore, an antenna pair for mobile terminals using a type of coupling feed planar antenna and a wide band coupling suppression has been proposed (contribution 18). The process of band expansion comes from a dual-band antenna pair and is based on characteristic modes theory (CMA). The multiple defective ground structure (DGS) is introduced for isolation enhancement. Another work has introduced a flexible method for designing a bandpass filter (BPF) using pixel structure and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization (contribution 19). The pixel structure is made up of a grid of metallic microstrip stubs, and the GA is utilized to determine the connections between these stubs. Furthermore, these designs are designed, fabricated, and measured with good trends between the outcomes, which support their ideas to be utilized in different wireless applications.We hope that this Special Issue on antennas and filters will offer readers a good overview of the current state-of-the-art developments in these fast-growing areas of research, as well as an introduction to some of the newest techniques developed in this field.


A multi-frequency microstrip antenna loaded with a ring-like structure has been proposed. The radiating patch on the antenna surface consists of three split-ring resonator structures, and the ground plate consists of a bottom metal strip and three ring-shaped metals with regular cuts to form a defective ground structure. The proposed antenna works in six different frequency bands covering 1.10, 1.33, 1.63, 1.97, 2.08, and 2.69 GHz and works entirely when connected to 5G NR , 4GLTE (1.6265–1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85–1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92–2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz), and other communications frequency bands. Moreover, such antennas also have stable omnidirectional radiation properties across different operating frequency bands. This antenna meets the needs of portable multi-frequency mobile devices and provides a theoretical approach for the development of multi-frequency antennas. In recent years, with the rapid development of wireless communication technology, wireless communication equipment is widely used in satellite navigation ,2,3, wirIn recent years, various approaches have been developed to design and produce multi-frequency antennas. The main methods include the multilayer method ,23,24, sIn this paper, we introduce a new multi-frequency antenna structure, which can realize the function of the multi-frequency antenna at six frequency points. This method can improve the design of multi-frequency communication equipment.The geometry of the antenna simulation model is shown in LC resonances occur in the metal rings [The radiation patch on the front of the antenna structure consists of three split-ring resonator structures. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on an open resonant ring, the initially stable magnetic field induced by the incident wave changes and the magnetic field induces an induced current in the metal ring. The induced current flows over the metal ring such that the metal ring has an equivalent inductance. Moreover, due to the accumulation of charges between the metal rings, the metal rings generate equivalent inductance, and al rings . Accordial rings .(1)f0=[SRRL is the overall inductance of the SRRs, which is formed by the metal ring inductors in series with the current direction. SRRC is the overall capacitance of the SRRs equivalent circuit. SRR2R is the equivalent conductor loss, the shunt resistance. Its size is related to ring width g, metal thickness t, and metal material ρ.Here, the S is:n = 3 is a ring number.The capacitance of the open resonant ring SRRIn the open resonant ring structure, the resonance effect is mainly generated by the outer ring. The inner ring is used to strengthen the coupling between the inner and outer rings so that the total capacitance of the open resonant ring structure is increased to achieve a shift of the resonant frequency to a lower frequency.1R, the middle split-ring resonator radius is 2R, and the outer split-ring resonator radius is 3R The inner, middle, and outer radii of the proposed radiation patch are proposed from [0f is the lowest resonant frequency of the proposed antenna, and The inner split-ring resonator radius is sed from .(5)R3=211) curve corresponding to the antenna evolution process.To explain the motives for developing the multi-frequency antenna, we show the process of antenna design more precisely. It should be emphasized that it is a common method to realize multi-frequency antennas by using multi-loop structures. Therefore, we compare the results of several multi-loop antennas here. 11) is less than −10 dB. 11) at the resonant points at 1.10, 1.32, and 2.07 GHz exceed 10 dB but new resonant points are added at 1.63, 1.97, and 2.9 GHz, indicating that the antenna has a multi-frequency capacity and can operate simultaneously in six bands from 0 to 3 GHz.As shown in To better understand the reason for the multi-frequency radiation properties of the antenna, the surface current distribution of the antenna was simulated and analyzed at the following six frequencies: 1.10, 1.33, 1.63, 1.97, 2.08, and 2.69 GHz. The results are shown in As shown in 11) of the antenna is measured by an Agilent vector network analyzer under normal experimental conditions and compared with the simulation results. First, the microstrip line of the antenna is welded to the SMA joint matching the impedance of 50 Ω. Then, the network analyzer is connected to a coaxial cable with the same impedance matching and calibrated in the order of open circuit-short circuit-load. After the device calibration, the antenna is connected with a coaxial cable and tested. The measurement of the antenna is shown in To verify the performance of the antenna, we use an electromagnetic computer simulation (CST) microwave studio to simulate and analyze the antenna parameters. The actual return loss , 4GLTE (1.6265–1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85–1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92–2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz), and other communication frequency bands. The antenna also has excellent omnidirectional radiation properties in different operating frequency bands, which meet the requirements of portable multi-band mobile devices and are of practical engineering interest and utility.


The recent resurgence of new-generation reconfigurable technologies delivers a plethora of various applications in all public, private and enterprise solutions over the globe. In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable polarization and pattern diverse Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented for indoor scenarios. The MIMO antenna is comprised of twelve radiating elements, and polarization and pattern diversity is obtained by arranging them in three different planes: Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Plane-I (VP-I), and Vertical Plane-II (VP-II). The proposed antenna operates in mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband), by combining two different radiators using PIN diodes. The antenna dynamically switches between Mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband). Mode, I cover the ultra-wideband (UWB) range from 2.3 to 12 GHz, while mode II covers GSM (1.85–1.9 GHz), Wi-Fi and LTE-7 (2.419–2.96 GHz), 5G (3.15–3.28 GHz and 3.45–3.57 GHz), public safety WLAN (4.817–4.94 GHz), and WLAN (5.11–5.4 GHz) frequency bands. The peak gain and efficiency of the MIMO antenna are 5.2 dBi and 80%, respectively. However, these significant challenges are due to multipath propagation, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio and affects link reliability due to polarization mismatch. The fading effect can be mitigated by introducing spatial diversity at the transceivers. Therefore, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) diversity antennas are used in wireless transceivers to improve communication reliability8. From the literature of similar research works, MIMO antennas are categorized as wideband14, multiband17, and integrated20, which is a combination of wideband and multiband.Due to rapid advancements in the wireless world, to resolve connectivity issues, high data rates, power constraints, miniaturization, and multi-serviceability. Antenna modules have to support transmission and reception simultaneously to provide uninterrupted service to the user. Especially indoor scenarios such as shopping malls, airports, universities, industries, schools, hospitals etc., encounters more connectivity issues9, a quad-element MIMO antenna that covered the 5G band and the C-band in two different states using an LC tank circuit was reported. In10, a slot-based quad-element MIMO antenna was developed for cognitive radio applications. However, the antenna lacked polarization diversity. In11, a compact MIMO antenna was designed to cover the ultra-wideband (UWB) range with a notched band at 5.5 GHz. In12, an antenna array covering the UWB was reported, and a narrow slot was introduced to achieve high isolation between the unit cells. In13, a four-element UWB MIMO antenna with high isolation between antenna elements was proposed. In14, an eight-port 3-D UWB MIMO antenna with polarization was presented. In15, an eight-element MIMO/diversity antenna was reported with WLAN rejection, which covered the 3G, 4G, and 5G frequency bands. In16, a two-element multiband antenna with decoupling structures was developed for the smartphone. In17, a four-element MIMO antenna with a meandering, and split-ring resonator was reported with high inter-element isolation. However, the majority of above reported MIMO antennas had complicated geometry, and large size, and employed complex decoupling structures.Wideband MIMO antennas are widely used in modern wireless systems due to their multiple advantages, including high data rate transmission and low power consumption. In18, a twelve-port MIMO antenna was reported with five pairs of single and dual band antenna elements and two UWB antenna elements. In19, a MIMO antenna with twelve elements was reported for UWB, GSM, and Bluetooth standards. In20, an eight-element frequency reconfigurable polarization diversity IMA was designed for vehicular communication applications. However, the antenna designs reported in20 had a large size, limited functionality, and limited diversity. The present-day modules must support a wide range of wireless communication standards, integrating a large number of resonating elements with the smallest possible antenna size and minimum inter-element interference. Therefore, reconfigurable antennas could be suitable for indoor scenarios as they are adaptable to user demands. The reconfigurable IMA benefits in the following ways: (i) integrating more radiators in a small space, (ii) enabling multi-serviceability by changing the frequency, pattern, and polarization22, (iii) improving dynamic spectrum accessibility based on user demand25, and (iv) offering filtering characteristics within the MIMO antenna to avoid interferences. Also, metasurface-based concepts were reported in28 to improve the antenna performance.Recently, Integrated MIMO Antennas (IMA) have received a lot of attention due to their high-speed data transmission and multi-serviceability. These antennas offer both wideband and narrowband characteristics and are useful for IoT modules. However, only a few IMA designs, integrating multiple bands into a single entity, are reported in the open literature. InIn this research, a twelve-port frequency reconfigurable MIMO antenna is presented for high scattering environments to offer 360° coverage. The proposed antenna is comprised of two radiators: Radiator-I, a modified U-shaped patch that covers the entire UWB spectrum, and radiator-II, which is made up of meandering lines  to support multiple wireless standards, including 2G, 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi, Public safety WLAN and WLAN. Also, the twelve antenna elements are oriented in a 3-D fashion to minimize the probability to occur polarization mismatch and coverage issues in ultra-dense environments.® software, and the antenna dimensions (in mm) are as follows: L = 26, W = 26, r1 = 3, r2 = 5.5, l1 = 4.9, l2 = 5.75, l3 = 13, l4 = 8.5, l5 = 15.5, l6 = 6, l7 = 2.5, l8 = 6.55, l9 = 12, l10 = 13, l11 = 3.25, l12 = 10.2, l13 = 8.5, l14 = 2.25, l15 = 6.75, l16 = 1, l17 = 1, l18 = 3.5, l19 = 1.8, l20 = 1.77, l21 = 1.37, w1 = 3, w2 = 1.5, w3 = 3, w4 = 0.35, w5 = 0.25, w6 = 0.55, w7 = 0.5, w8 = 0.25, w9 = 0.5. The equivalent circuit of the PIN diode is shown in Fig. m = (w + l) × p; where p denotes the distance between the radiator and the ground plane, W and l denote the length and width of the proposed antenna, respectively.The schematic of the antenna element is shown in Fig. The radiator-I demonstrates the UWB (mode I) operation of the proposed antenna element. Figure The radiator-II demonstrates the multiband (mode II) operation of the proposed antenna element. The evolution of the radiator-II and reflection coefficients during the development stages are depicted in the Fig. The proposed multiband radiator offers hexa-band resonance, covering a wide range of wireless applications such as 2G, 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi, Public safety WLAN, and WLAN. The proposed antenna element achieves dual functionality by integrating the diode D2. When diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased, the antenna will radiate over the UWB spectrum. On the other hand, when diode D2 is forward biased and diode D1 is reverse biased, the antenna switches to mode II and radiates over the six bands. The current density plots of radiator I and radiator II are presented in Fig. RLC circuit, either parallel or series, based on the impedance characteristics of the antenna as in29. The three parallel resonant circuits connected in series correspond to the UWB radiator and the six series resonant circuits connected in parallel correspond to the multiband radiator. The reflection characteristics of the equivalent circuit are shown in Fig. The equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna element is presented in Fig. 30 techniques are becoming increasingly important in addressing the multipath fading effects that degrade signal quality. The probability of signal fading is higher in indoor scenarios due to the existence of multiple obstructions. Hence, the polarization of the signal may change, lowering the signal quality while receiving it.MIMO/diversityIn such a situation, polarization-diverse antennas are strongly recommended to avoid polarization mismatches and increase link reliability. In this work, a twelve-port IMA is proposed with multiple polarization vectors to encounter signal losses. The schematic of the MIMO antenna is shown in Fig. The following subsection presents the reflection, coupling and gain characteristics of the twelve-port IMA.Figure λ0, where λ0 is calculated at the lowest operating frequency. In both UWB and multiband modes, the proposed antenna achieves isolation greater than 14 dB, as shown in Fig. In the proposed MIMO antenna, the four radiators are arranged orthogonally in the HP, and the remaining eight elements are placed in VP-I and VP-II. The inter-element spacing is kept as 0.16Figure The radiation characteristics of the proposed twelve-port diversity antenna are measured in an anechoic chamber.Figure The diversity performance of the MIMO antenna is measured using metrics such as Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL).31 is calculated using the far-field radiation characteristics of the antenna by Eq.  and II  and are shown in Tables 29. In all cases, the proposed MIMO/diversity antenna achieves ECC < 0.1.ECCAnother important parameter to consider is Apparent Diversity Gain (ADG), which measures link reliability and is calculated using Eq. .3\docume32 values are evaluated for mode I and mode II at different frequencies by considering ports-2, -5, and -12 with respect to port-1, and are tabulated in Tables The ADGThe EDG values for mode I and mode II at ports-2, -5, and -12 with respect to port-1 are presented in Tables The MEG values for mode I and mode II at ports-2, -5, and -12 with respect to port-1 are presented in Tables 32 characterize the frequency, bandwidth, and radiation capability of multiport antennas and can be calculated using Eqs.  of the MIMO antenna when operating in mode I and mode II, are represented in Tables TARC and CCLing Eqs.  and 9)8832 charamentclass2pt{minim20, without any performance degradation.The antenna integrates two radiators in a small size of 26 mm × 26 mm, as compared to20 to provide high-speed communication without latency.The antenna supports a wide range of applications, including UWB, GSM, Wi-Fi, LTE-7, 5G, Public safety WLAN, and WLAN than19.The antenna also offers frequency agility, which helps to reduce interferences by turning ON and OFF the respective switches between UWB and multiple bands based on the user’s requirements, as compared to2 and inter-element spacing of 0.16 λ0.The MIMO set achieves greater than 14 dB isolation without the use of complex decoupling structures, and the twelve radiating elements are oriented in a 3-D fashion, with a size of 62 × 62 mm12, which suppress polarization mismatches in a highly scattering environment, thereby avoiding signal loss.The proposed MIMO orientation helps in obtaining quad polarization, as compared toThe unique arrangements of antenna elements help in attaining multiple polarization vectors and pattern diversity with uncorrelated beams in both azimuthal and elevation planes.20.The antenna offers ECC < 0.08, TARC less than − 13 dB, and CCL < 0.25 bits/s/Hz, resulting in good diversity performance, as compared toThe antenna's radiation efficiency is maintained at ~ 70 to 80% as the diodes are integrated with the transmission line without disturbing the radiator, reducing radiation losses.Thus, the proposed multiport antenna achieves spectrum efficiency and possesses better diversity characteristics to resolve connectivity issues in highly scattering environments.Table A multifunctional twelve-port polarization diversity antenna is presented with high link reliability, better connectivity, and a high data rate in ultra-dense scattering environments. The antenna offers a wide impedance bandwidth and stable radiation characteristics in both UWB and multiband modes. The antenna also offers multiple polarization vectors to avoid fading and cross-polarization. The diversity performance of the MIMO antenna is validated by measuring the ECC, TARC, and CCL. The proposed antenna could be useful for indoor wireless network communication scenarios such as smart buildings, smart factories, airports, and shopping malls to obtain high-speed communication.