The incidence of recurrent esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) during the follow-up showed significant differences among the three cohorts . Conclusion: The nomogram based on our model provides a simple and convenient method for predicting PVT in cirrhotic patients. Cirrhotic patients with PVT had a shorter survival time and were prone to recurrent EGVB compared with those in the non-PVT group.Aim: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication in cirrhotic patients and will aggravate portal hypertension, thus leading to a series of severe complications. The aim of this study was to develop a nomogram based on a simple and effective model to predict PVT in cirrhotic patients. Methods: Clinical data of 656 cirrhotic patients with or without PVT in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January 2017 to March 2022 were retrospectively collected, and all patients were divided into training, internal and external validation cohorts. SPSS and R software were used to identify the independent risk factors and construct a predictive model. We evaluated the predictive value of the model by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analyses. The feasibility of the model was further validated in the internal and external cohorts. All enrolled patients were followed up to construct the survival curves and calculate the incidence of complications. Results: The predictors of PVT included serum albumin, D-dimer, portal vein diameter, splenectomy, and esophageal and gastric varices. Based on the clinical and imaging findings, the final model served as a potential tool for predicting PVT in cirrhotic patients, with an AUC of 0.806 . The decision curve analysis revealed that the model had a high level of concordance between different medical centers. There was a significant difference between the PVT and non-PVT groups in survival analyses, with  Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) refers to the presence of a thrombus in the main lumen of the portal vein, which can extend to the intrahepatic or extrahepatic vein branches such as the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein. PVT is a common complication in cirrhotic patients, especially in advanced cirrhosis. The morbidity of PVT varies in different studies. A prospective study showed that the cumulative incidence of PVT during the first year and third year was 3.7% and 7.6%, respectively, and it increased with the progression of cirrhosis .Recent studies have focused on the reasons why cirrhotic patients would undergo PVT, with consideration given to the decreased coagulation factors and platelet counts. Patients with cirrhosis have an unbalanced coagulation system, which can vary to promote bleeding or thrombotic tendency in different disease stages . At presAccording to a recent study, the risk factors for PVT in cirrhosis include cryptogenic and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease-related cirrhosis; Child-Pugh grade B and C; esophageal varices grade equal to or greater than grade II; portal vein blood flow < 15 cm/s; large portosystemic collateral circulation with high blood flow; local vascular damage; previous splanchnic vein thrombosis; sclerotherapy of esophageal varices and splenectomy; inflammation of the portal vein, abdominal cavity, and intestinal tract; and partial splenic embolization. Most of these risk factors are associated with portal hypertension ,4,5. HowPatients with PVT present with the absence of specific clinical manifestations and sometimes experience only mild abdominal pain or even no symptoms at all. PVT is usually discovered incidentally by imaging during a physical examination. However, if the thrombus obstructs not only the main trunk and branches of the portal vein but also spreads to the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein, it will lead to a series of related complications, such as massive gastrointestinal bleeding, cavernous transformation of portal vein, intestinal ischemia and necrosis, multiple organ failure, and even death . In addiTherefore, considering the occult nature and severity of the disease, we aimed to construct a predictive model for PVT and design a nomogram to help clinicians identify the high-risk population of PVT among cirrhotic patients to improve their prognosis.Clinical data of 700 patients with cirrhosis treated in the Department of Infectious Diseases at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January 2017 to March 2022 were collected retrospectively. Forty-four patients were excluded from the study due to the missing data, and finally, there were 656 patients enrolled in the study. We used randomized assignment to divide the 510 patients from The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University into two groups: the training and internal validation cohorts (ratio 2:1). The training cohort contained 340 patients, and the internal validation cohort contained 170 patients. A total of 146 patients from The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University were selected as the external validation cohort. The flow diagram is shown in 9/L with no clear explanation, serum albumin (Alb) < 35 g/L, excluding malnutrition or kidney disease, international normalized ratio (INR) > 1.3 or prolonged prothrombin time (PT) (suspend thrombolytic or anticoagulant drugs for more than 7 days), and APRI (AST/PLT) score > 2). (3) Imaging examinations indicated thrombosis in the portal vein system, including the main trunk and branches, with or without the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein, in the PVT group, and imaging examinations showed that blood flow was unobstructed in the portal vein system without filling defects in the non-PVT group. CT/MRI combined with ultrasound were used to diagnose PVT: CT or MRI was used as a confirmative technique when thrombus was suspected by ultrasound.. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) chronic liver diseases that did not progress to cirrhosis, such as liver fibrosis; (2) patients with liver failure, hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, and other serious complications; (3) patients with hematological diseases ; (4) patients with Bud–Chiari syndrome; and (5) patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and any other types of cancers, whether or not they had cancer thrombus formation; (6) patients with primary thrombosis in the portal vein without cirrhosis, such as hepatic sinus obstruction syndrome, and thrombophilia; (7) patients with previous thrombosis events, such as pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis; (8) patients taking anticoagulation or thrombolytic drugs within the previous three months. The study protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and ethical approval was obtained .The inclusion and exclusion criteria were based on the consensus and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, cirrhosis, and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients . The diaWe retrospectively collected the enrolled patients’ clinical data, including gender, age, etiology of liver diseases, liver disease course, and Child-Pugh score; routine blood tests, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, PLT count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW); routine biochemical tests on blood, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alb, and triglycerides (TG); routine blood coagulation tests, such as PT, D-dimer, and antithrombin Ⅲ activity (AT-Ⅲ a); routine imaging data, such as the main portal vein diameter (PVD), absence of spleen, length and thickness of the spleen, esophageal and gastric varices, and ascites; and endoscopy data for esophageal and gastric varices. All clinical data were obtained when PVT was first detected or when the patient was first hospitalized for cirrhosis.The time to death was chosen as the main endpoint of the follow-up. In addition, we also counted the incidence of recurrent EGVB, refractory ascites (RA), HE, and liver failure during the follow-up. According to continuous enrolled patients, all patients were followed up by clinical inpatient data, outpatient information, and telephone contact from July to August 2022. The follow-up time was defined as the time from the first hospitalization or first detection of PVT to the time at which the outcome occurred. Recurrent EGVB means that hematemesis or melena occurred after hospitalization with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, endoscopic ligation, or conservative treatment to reduce portal pressure. RA is defined as ascites that cannot be eliminated or its early recurrence after paracentesis or that cannot be satisfactorily prevented with sodium restriction and diuretic therapy.  The defip < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.SPSS , R software , and GraphPad Prism 9  were used for statistical analysis. If the measurement data conformed to a normal distribution, they are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. If they did not conform to a normal distribution, they are expressed as median and quartile ranges. For the comparison of measurement data between the two groups, the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used according to whether the data conformed to a normal distribution. Count data are expressed as frequencies and percentages, and the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher’s exact probability test was used for comparisons between the two groups. R software was used to construct a nomogram to predict the occurrence of PVT in cirrhosis. The performance of the nomogram was assessed by discrimination and calibration curves. The discriminative ability of the model was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), which ranged from 0.5 to 1 (no discrimination to perfect discrimination). The calibration of the prediction model was carried out by a visual curve comparing the predicted and actual probability of PVT. GraphPad Prism 9 was used to construct the survival curve. Unless otherwise stated, all tests were performed at a two-tailed significance level of 0.05. p < 0.05). Through univariate regression analysis, we chose some significant indicators (p < 0. 05) to input into the multivariate regression analysis and found that Alb, D-dimer, splenectomy, esophageal and gastric varices, and PVD were independent risk factors for PVT in cirrhosis . Multivariate regression analysis showed that it could be a powerful independent risk factor (p = 0.013). Our results are consistent with previous studies which showed that serum albumin was independently associated with PVT after adjustment for several factors, such as Child-Pugh score [As mentioned above, there are many risk factors for PVT formation in cirrhotic patients. In the present study, we selected five independent risk factors, including Alb, D-dimer, splenectomy, esophageal and gastric varices, and PVD, to build our model. The level of serum albumin can reflect liver synthesis function. A low serum albumin can indicate poor prognosis in patients with liver diseases . Previough score ,8,16,17.gh score . Due to gh score . Basili’p < 0.001) in patients with acute worsening of chronic liver disease [D-dimer is produced during fibrinolysis. It has been widely used for the diagnosis of suspected VTE in clinical practice. A negative D-dimer in combination with clinical manifestations can rule out the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, which reduces the need for ultrasound or CT scanning ,21. Howe disease . In our  disease . In addi disease . Patientp < 0.01), with a cutoff of >12.5 mm [p = 0.01) [PVD is considered the best indicator for portal hypertension. The wider the portal vein is, the more likely it is to cause damage to the venous vessel wall due to the extended high pressure in the lumen, and when combined with slow blood flow, the blood easily forms a vortex, promoting coagulation and eventually promoting the formation of PVT ,27. Dong>12.5 mm . The mec>12.5 mm . In the >12.5 mm . In a re>12.5 mm . In addi = 0.01) , which iCirrhotic patients with PVT tend to have severe complications and poor prognosis. It is generally assumed that PVT contributes to portal hypertension complications, subsequently increasing the risk of mortality. Patients with PVT have more portal hypertension signs, such as EGVB, splenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia. In the present study, we compared the incidence of complications in two groups among three cohorts during the follow-up and found that the occurrence of recurrent EGVB both in the training and validation cohorts showed significant differences . In the There are some limitations in our study. First, this study retrospectively collected the patients’ data; thus, the reliability and completeness of the data are limited. In addition, the enrolled patients came from one region, and the etiology of cirrhosis and lifestyle factors, such as diet and alcohol consumption, may also affect the development of PVT. Third, considering the changes in the clotting system, inflammatory response, and platelet function in PVT, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis markers, inflammation biomarkers, and activation markers of platelets could also be used to predict PVT. Finally, the sample size of our research is small, and we only included patients from two medical centers. Research with a large sample size and patients from additional medical centers should be carried out in the near future.The model we constructed to predict PVT in cirrhotic patients has good diagnostic value. Patients with PVT have poor prognosis due to portal hypertension. With this prediction model, clinicians can evaluate patients with cirrhosis for their risk of developing PVT and apply the appropriate interventions as early as possible. For example, for patients with high scores on the nomogram, the lumen and blood flow of the portal vein should be assessed periodically by ultrasound. Symptomatic supportive treatment such as albumin infusion, the reduction of portal hypertension, or even prophylactic anticoagulation could be given after evaluation of the hemorrhage risk and systemic status. The proper management of PVT requires early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. We expect that this nomogram based on laboratory tests and imaging findings will be a useful tool to guide individual care for high-risk cirrhotic patients.


Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is widely used for treating various diseases. The low content of tanshinones (terpenoids) has always restricted development of the S. miltiorrhiza industry. Here, we found that SmDXS5, a rate-limiting enzyme-coding gene located at the intersection of primary and secondary metabolism, can effectively change the transcription level and secondary metabolome profile of hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza, and significantly increase the content of tanshinones. Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to infuse S. miltiorrhiza explants, and hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza expressing the SmDXS5 gene were obtained successfully. We identified 39 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) by metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole exactive mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics. These DAMs might be key metabolites of SmDXS5 gene regulation. RNA sequencing was used to compare gene expression between the hairy roots of the SmDXS5 overexpressing group and the blank control (BC) group. Compared with the BC group, 18,646 differentially expressed genes were obtained: 8994 were upregulated and 9,652 downregulated. The combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways and synthase gene expression levels in the SmDXS5 overexpressing group were upregulated significantly, and the accumulation of tanshinone components was increased significantly, which promoted the process of glycolysis and promoted the transformation of carbohydrates to secondary metabolism. Moreover, the expression of SmPAL, the first rate-limiting enzyme gene of the phenylpropane pathway, decreased, reducing the accumulation of phenolic acid, another secondary metabolite. Therefore, SmDXS5 can be defined as a ‘valve’ gene, mainly responsible for regulating the distribution of primary and secondary metabolic flow of tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza, and for other secondary metabolic pathways. The discovery of SmDXS5 and its molecular valve function in regulating primary and secondary metabolism will provide a basis for the industrial production of tanshinone components, and cultivation of high quality S. miltiorrhiza.Red sage, the dry root and rhizome of the herbaceous plant  Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. belongs to the family Labiatae, which has a very high medicinal development value. Its dry roots and rhizomes, red sage  has long been used in the famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recorded in the “Chinese Pharmacopoeia”. S. miltiorrhiza alone or in combination with other traditional Chinese medicine has a curative effect. S. miltiorrhiza is used to treat various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases  and tanshinone (lipid-soluble)  . Due to S. miltiorrhiza, synthesized from common C5 precursors, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate , fat metabolism, and energy metabolism in primary metabolism, and acts as the “starting substrate” of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway of terpenoid secondary metabolism. Acetyl-CoA regulates secondary metabolism and primary metabolism independently to some extent. It can be said that acetyl-CoA is an important “metabolic button” of the primary and secondary metabolism of terpenoids . The bioS. miltiorrhiza, and all 5 genes encode proteins with domains and motifs conserved among previously known DXSs SmDXS5 is mainly expressed in leaves and stems, and its expression level is lower compared with the other four SmDXS genes.The biosynthesis of tanshinones is a complicated process, roughly divided into 3 stages. In the first stage, MEP is the main pathway, supplemented by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway to generate isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). In the second stage, IPP was transformed into geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Finally, GGPP generates diterpenoids through stepwise ionization and cycloisomerization reactions . All MEPS. miltiorrhiza were mainly accumulated in its root, and SmDXS2 was highly expressed compared with other 4 SmDXS genes, indicating the importance of SmDXS2 in tanshinone synthesis. It is generally believed that the content of secondary metabolites in plants is affected by the gene expression. In our previous experiment, we overexpressed the gene SmDXS2 with high expression in hairy roots, and the content of tanshinone components in overexpressed SmDXS2 hairy roots was lower than that in the hairy roots of overexpressed SmDXS5 gene constructed in this experiment. SmDXS5 significantly promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza compared with SmDXS2. This indicates that gene expression level is a factor affecting plant metabolism, but the key factor lies in the response effect of genes. It also confirms the valve role of SmDXS5 gene and overturns the previous cognition.Previous studies  showed tAgrobacterium rhizogenes is a gram-negative bacterium. It transforms plants by transferring a discrete segment of its DNA, the T-DNA, to plant cells  cDNA was isolated and cloned from the sterile seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza (SmDXS5 construct. The blank vector pCAMBIA1305.2 without exogenous gene was used as the blank control.The complete iorrhiza . The vecS. miltiorrhiza plants were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at 25 °C under a 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod, with 0.7 % agar and 3% sucrose (pH 5.8 ± 0.1). All the constructs were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1, which were then transformed into S. miltiorrhiza to produce transgenic lines with hairy roots. The blank construct (blank vector pCAMBIA1305.2 without exogenous gene) was used as the blank control. The sterile leaves of S. miltiorrhiza were taken, the upper and edge parts with thin veins were cut off, submerged in the bacterial suspension for 10-12 min. Then we removed the leaves, dry the bacterial solution with sterile filter paper and then transferred the leaves in MS medium supplemented with 30% sucrose, 0.8% agar, at 22°C in darkness. After co-cultivation for 3 days, the leaves were washed with 60 ml sterilized water three times, and blot-dried on sterile filter paper then transferred to half-strength MS medium with 200 mg/L timentin for 2–3 weeks, in order to eliminate the agrobacteria. Pieces of the hairy roots of approximately 2–3 cm were cut off and transferred to a new MS medium containing timentin. The medium was changed every 7 days, and the concentration of timentin was gradually reduced until there was no plaque. Rapidly growing hairy roots on MS medium were selected and DNA was extracted using plant genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Tiangen). The PCR-positive hairy roots (3-4 cm in length) were then placed in 150 mL erlenmeyer flasks with 100 mL of 6,7-V liquid medium, and grown at 25 °C on an orbital shaker set at 100 rpm in darkness.Hairy roots samples were freeze-dried and crushed using a mixer mill. Each sample was accurately weighed at 10 mg and placed into a 2 ml centrifuge tube, added 1 ml of 75% methanol and weighed, ultrasonically extracted for 30 min, made up to the weight with 75% methanol, centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 2 min, and the supernatant was absorbed and filtrated (0.22 µm pore size) and filled into liquid-phase vials for testing as hairy roots.Hairy roots sample extracts were analyzed based on the UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS system. the UPLC column was a Water CORTECS C18 . Mobile phase consisted of solvent A was pure water with 0.1% acetic acid while solvent B was pure acetonitrile. Linear gradient programmed as follow: 0.0–3.0 min, 95-5%; 3.0–15.0 min, 80-20%; 15.0–16.0 min, 70-30%; 16.0-27.0 min, 60-40%; 27.0-31 min, 50-50%; 31-34 min, 30-70%; 34-41.0 min, again 90-10% of solvent B. Flow rate: 0.2 ml/min, injection volume: 2 μl. The column temperature was 35 °C and sample manager temperature was 4 °C.Mass spectrometry conditions: positive and negative ion scanning mode, range of 100-1500 m/z, HESI ion source, ion source temperature 350°C, capillary temperature 320°C, gasification temperature 400°C, spray voltage 3.5 kV, capillary voltage 35 V, tube lens voltage 110 V, sheath gas and auxiliary gas are high purity nitrogen (purity > 99.99%), sheath gas flow rate 35 arb, auxiliary gas flow rate 10 arb, S-lens RF level 55%.https://proteowizard.sourceforge.io/) and uploaded to Xcms Online (https://xcmsonline.scripps.edu). The website performed pre-processing operations such as peak identification, peak correction and finally exported as an xls. format file. The data were imported into MetaboAnalyst 5.0  for missing values imputation, denoising and area normalization and cluster analysis.Raw data were converted into mzML format by MSConvert software (http://www.hmdb.ca/), METLIN (http://metlin.scripps.edu/) and KEGG (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html), compounds were identified and metabolic pathways were analyzed to elucidate their metabolic regulatory mechanisms.Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted using the base package and “MetaboAnalystR” in R. Metabolite P-values were calculated by SPSS 19.0, and metabolites that met the conditions of P-value < 0.05 and VIP value > 1 were considered as potential biomarkers. Retrieval of the database HMDB  and StringTie (http://ccb.jhu.edu/software/stringtie/). The mapped reads were assembled and spliced, compared with the known transcripts, the transcripts without annotation information were obtained, and the potential new transcripts were functionally annotated. In order to obtain more comprehensive gene function information, compare all genes and transcripts obtained by transcriptome assembly with six databases, namely, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)  , the Nons (KEGG) , Gene Ons (KEGG) , Pfam, aP-adjust < 0.05 and |log2 FC ≥ 1| were analyzed for differential expression among samples to identify the differentially expressed transcript information among samples, and then to investigate the function of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs)/transcripts. The major DEGs were clustered using the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 .The gene expression level was normalized using the FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads) method. After obtaining the read counts of genes/transcripts, the samples that met the criteria of S. miltiorrhiza were selected to investigate the expression profiles by qRT-PCR analysis, including SmAACT1, SmDXS2, SmDXS5, SmKSL1, SmPAL1 and SmTAT1. Transcript-specific primers and gene information were listed in SmActin  was selected as an internal control.6 candidate initiation synthase genes linking primary metabolism with secondary terpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways of –ΔΔCT method . Real-time PCR was performed with SYBR Premix Ex Taq II . Template cDNA was used for qRT-PCR amplification of genes, and the relative expression level of each gene was detected. Each sample was parallel for 3 times. Ct value obtained from detection was used to calculate the relative expression level of genes by 2T method .https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) to further reveal the valve role of SmDXS5 gene in regulating carbon flux of primary and secondary metabolism of S. miltiorrhiza. Based on the transcriptome gene expression and metabolite expression correlation analysis results, further screening of higher correlation analysis results using Cytoscape software (https://cytoscape.org/) to draw the gene-metabolite correlation network diagram.Based on the transcriptome and metabolome data, Pearson’s correlation tests were used to explore the correlations between the DEGs and differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Only the detected correlations with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) value ≥ 0.9 and P ≤ 0.01 were selected. Cluster analysis of DAMs and DEGs was conducted on MetaboAnalyst 5.0 website  group, this might be due to the tanshinone accumulation.Hairy roots cultured for 20 days Figure 1SmDXS5 gene showed a single peak  is a statistical method of supervised discriminant analysis, which can be used to further find the differential metabolites in each group. The OPLS-DA model of http://metlin.scripps.edu) were searched at the same time, taking the error of less than 10 ppm as the standard, the potential DAMs were finally inferred. According to the above method, there were 29 DAMs in positive ion mode and 24 DAMs in negative ion mode, as shown in https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) to annotate the path. The DAMs were combined with sample clustering to draw a heat map. The colors represented the peak intensity of metabolites, with red representing high expression and blue representing low expression. As shown in SmDXS5 overexpression group could be clustered into one group respectively, indicating differences in metabolites between the two groups. Caffeic acid, arginine, sucrose, glucose, CoA, acetyl CoA, succinyl CoA, malic acid, succinic acid and pyruvate were clustered with BC group, while secondary metabolites tanshinones and amino sugars were clustered with SmDXS5 overexpression group. Cluster analysis showed that the carbon flux in S. miltiorrhiza was distributed in different metabolic pathways.In this experiment, the two groups were compared based on the OPLS-DA method, and the DAMs were further screened with absolute log 2 (fold change) ≥ 1, p-value < 0.05, and variable importance in projection (VIP) ≥ 1. Then, according to the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in the positive and negative ion mode, the human metabolome database and Metlin database . As shown in The RPKM values were calculated for each unigene by setting |log2(fold change)| ≥ 2 and P ≤ 0.05 as thresholds for significant DEGs selection. We performed KEGG functional annotation for all DEGs in the two groups . The results showed that SmDXS5 overexpression group and NC group could be clustered into one group in DEGs, indicating differences between the two groups. Most of the genes involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle and terpenoid synthesis were significantly positively correlated in SmDXS5 overexpression group, while the enzymes involved in phenylpropane synthesis pathway and lactate dehydrogenase genes were significantly negatively correlated in SmDXS5 overexpression group  value, the histogram Figure 9SmDXS5 group. At the same time, the expression of sucrose, glucose, TCA cycle intermediates, caffeic acid and phenylpropane biosynthesis genes could be clustered together, and had a significant positive correlation with BC group. Cluster analysis results further intuitively revealed that SmDXS5 overexpressed gene can regulate metabolic carbon fluxes in different metabolic pathways through molecular regulation, demonstrating the role of SmDXS5 valve gene. Based on gene expression and transcriptome metabolites to express the correlation analysis results, respectively, based on gene - metabolites  selected corresponding relation, metabolites, gene  corresponding relationship, combined with gene and metabolites logFC information difference between the groups, nine quadrant diagram was drew , and the synthesis of their C5 framework precursors IPP and DMAPP is carried out through MVA and MEP pathways, respectively . In this pathway . TranscrI enzyme . DiffereI enzyme , and theBC group . These rCYP76AH1 can catalyze miltiradiene to synthesize ferruginol  is a kind of self-oxidizing heme multifunctional protein family, which can catalyze a variety of oxidation reactions and play an important regulatory role in plant growth and secondary metabolite accumulation . In the rruginol , which iS. miltiorrhiza were rosmarinic acid (RA) and salvianolic acid B, both of which could be considered as caffeic acid derivatives, and RA might be used as a precursor compound for complex salvianolic acid compounds , the intermediate product of glycolysis, was significantly accumulated. The expression levels of hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkA), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), enolase (ENO) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were significantly increased. These results indicated that under the regulation of SmDXS5 overexpression, glycolysis pathway was activated, and sugars were utilized to synthesize downstream carbon sources. However, metabolome data showed that in SmDXS5 hairy roots, the contents of pyruvate and acetyl CoA were decreased when glycolysis was activated, which we speculated was used by secondary biosynthesis. Pyruvate can be converted to lactic acid in the last step of glycolysis, and the reaction is catalyzed by L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At the same time, it can also be catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) on the inner membrane of mitochondria to generate acetyl CoA  can be found below: X-YW conceived the study and performed the experimental measurements, processed the experimental data. D-CZ, L-LL, and Z-RW integrated the data and wrote the manuscript. W-JX and J-LL performed the experimental measurements and helped in sampling. S-TT and J-HW performed the RNA extraction and the qRT-PCR experiments. YL, CZ, and CL analyzed the results and prepared the figures and tables. Zhirong Wang has made important contributions to data analysis and writing, Da-chuan Zhang and Zhirong Wang contribute equally to the article and are co-first authors of the article. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2018FY100700), and the Science and Technology Support Plan of Guizhou Province (No. 20204Y074).The authors are thankful to the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine for the assistance in conducting this study.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Harlequin ichthyosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder occurring in 1: 3,000,000 birth characterized by thick keratin skin with a scaly appearance. Preterm deliveries, early, and consanguinity of marriage are some risk factors. Antenatal checkup of DNA for ABCA12 mutation helps in diagnosis but ultrasonography in places was not available. Her gestational age of pregnancy was approximately 36 weeks based on the first day of the last menstrual period. No remarkable complications were seen in the last ultrasound examination (USG) at the 28th week of pregnancy. She had a negative history of consanguinity of marriage, any relevant past medical history and her family members reporting such condition. She denied having any allergy history and was immunized against Tetanus Toxoid and COVID‐19 vaccine. Her first child died due to neonatal jaundice after 5 days of birth via cesarean section a few years ago.Her physical examinations were all normal and initial conservative treatment was given along with Inj. Dexamethasone 5 mg, 2.5 ampoule IM stat. Then, the patient was counseled for the cesarean section mode of delivery.A female, 2.5 kg, 40 cm height with occipitofrontal circumference of 35 cm baby with Harlequin ichthyosis was born. Figure 2.1The patient's parents’ belonged to a lower‐middle‐income family and did not have enough money for management. In addition, they mentioned the social stigmata being an important role in not treating the baby. According to their statement, they were not informed about such condition on their previous USG reports nor performed any anomaly scan of the fetus. However, we counseled them about the genetic condition and the need for caution in future pregnancies with the proper test to detect HI.3Harlequin ichthyosis, also called keratosis diffuse fetalis or ichthyosis congenital, is a rare disorder found equally in both sexesHI is clinically diagnosed at birth with the typical presentation of large, coarse, shiny, yellowish brown, generalized hyper‐keratinized sticky plates resulting in constricted mobility in upper and lower limbs with clasped fists and incurved toes. Later, deep fissures or cracks occur on these hard plates that spread to the dermis. Neonates with HI have growth retardation, eclabium, edema, microcephaly, and ectropion.Later in surviving patients, the hyperkeratotic scales fall off in the first few months, leaving an overlying persistent erythematous skin. In our patient, all these features were present suggestive of HI. Several studies have reported the presence of variation in the ABCA12 (Adenosine‐triphosphate‐Binding Cassette A12) gene encoding a protein for lipid transport in the skin is involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. The ABCA12 gene on chromosome 2 translates a protein involved in keratinocyte lipid transport across the epidermis of the skin which helps in the physiological development of skin and controls the progression of desquamation. The lack of normal ABCA12 function of transportation of lipids from the cytosol to the lamellar granules results in defective skin permeability and accumulation of scales.Prenatal diagnosis is important and helps in the early detection of the disease. Chorionic villous sampling and microscopic analysis of the amniotic fluid cells and USG especially 3D USG for assessment of the shape of the fetal mouth particularly during the early third trimester of pregnancy have been useful for early detection.In addition to this, obtaining a detailed account of family history, previous obstetric history, consanguinity between the parents, and the presence of other dermatological disorders in other offspring are equally important.Initial management necessitates monitoring in Neonatal intensive care unit settings (NICU) including supportive therapy to maintain quality of life by use of humidified incubator for monitoring temperature regulation. Intubation helps with the airway and breathing. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and nutritional support through umbilical cannulation as access to peripheral veins becomes difficult. Limb contracture leads to amputation due to the presence of tissue necrosis and gangrene. Hence, it should be a reminder for surgical intervention using autologous skin grafts with the utmost care, physiotherapy, analgesia for painful deep fissures, and proper infection control.A comprehensive case series comprising 45 patients assessed by Rajpot et al.Critical factors in this patient's management include cooperation and educating the family about the outcomes and options because HI has a social disgrace in our country linked with a lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease and to avoid further endangering the child. Our patient was discharged on request after birth due to non‐compliance by her father.4Harlequin ichthyosis is a severe lethal disorder yet preventable with a proper antenatal checkup. In low‐middle‐income countries like Bangladesh, it is highly important to focus on routine Antenatal follow‐up at least four times. Although DNA analysis for ABC12 mutation will help to diagnose the case in the prenatal period, this might be tough in developing nations. The alternative approach is via USG during the second trimester, but in our case, a single USG could not catch the anomaly hence, repeated USG is highly advisable.ABS involved in conceptualization. RR, MHN, and SS involved in writing manuscript. ABS and SS performed manuscript editing and writing. PB collected patient information. LH was the supervisor. All authors reviewed the article and agreed on submission.No funding was received for this study.None declared.Informed written consent has been taken from the patient and will be provided on request.


Spasticity is a common complication of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, no consensus exists on the relation between spasticity and initial clinical findings after ICH.This retrospective study enrolled adult patients with a history of ICH between January 2012 and October 2020. The modified Ashworth scale was used to assess spasticity. A trained image analyst traced all ICH lesions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between ICH lesion sites and spasticity.p < .001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower age, higher NIHSS scores, and drinking were associated with an increased risk of moderate‐to‐severe spasticity . However, smoking and ICH in the thalamus were associated with a reduced risk of moderate‐to‐severe spasticity  compared with ICH in the basal ganglia.We finally analyzed 304 patients . The incidence of spasticity in patients with ICH was 30.92%. Higher National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores were associated with an increased predicted probability for spasticity (odds ratio, OR = 1.153 , Our results suggest that ICH lesion locations are at least partly associated with post‐stroke spasticity rather than the latter simply being a physiological reaction to ICH itself. The predictors for spasticity after ICH were age, NIHSS scores, past medical history, and ICH lesion sites.  Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were excluded. Patient characteristics were prospectively recorded, including age, sex, education, insurance, past medical history, lesion sites, lesion side, and National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores after acute intervention.2.2Compared with the relative contralateral brain region, lesions were visually identified as having altered fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) signal intensities. We used DWI sequences for MRI within 48 h post‐stroke and FLAIR sequences for MRI within 48 h to 7 days post‐stroke , the most widely used clinical scale for assessing increase in muscle tone, which manifested as increased resistance of joints to passive movement on a scale ranging from grade 0 to grade 4  . This study conformed to STROBE guidelines. The STROBE checklist is included in the All variables in the study were calculated using descriptive statistics. The 3p = .014; Table p < .001; Table In total, 304 patients with ICH  were eligible for the study. The patient characteristics are shown in S1. Among the 304 patients, 94 experienced spasticity (31%). The results indicated that patients with spasticity were younger than those without spasticity (The spasticity characteristics at different lesion locations are shown in Table p < .001). Similarly, the results revealed that higher NIHSS scores and younger age were associated with moderate‐to‐severe spasticity compared with mild spasticity . Smoking could reduce the risk of moderate‐to‐severe spasticity . Conversely, drinking was associated with a higher risk of moderate‐to‐severe spasticity . However, no significant differences were found between the occurrence of spasticity and the different ICH lesion locations. However, further analysis showed that patients with ICH in the thalamus or multiple sites had a lower risk of moderate‐to‐severe spasticity  than patients with ICH in the basal ganglia.The multivariable logistic regression analysis for the potential predictor variables for spasticity is presented in Table 4This analysis of patients with ICH found that the occurrence of post‐stroke spasticity was associated with NIHSS scores, and the degree of spasticity was related to age, NIHSS scores, smoking, drinking, and lesion location. Our findings are consistent with those of previous studies showing that NIHSS scores are significant clinical predictors of post‐stroke spasticity , so we could not further examine the relationship between smoking/drinking and spasticity. Finally, the predictors identified in this study only appear to explain some of the variability of the incidence/severity of post‐stroke spasticity, indicating other contributing factors that we did not consider.6NIHSS score is a significant predictor of post‐stroke spasticity. Logistic regression analyses revealed that lower age, higher NIHSS scores, and drinking may increase the risk of moderate‐to‐severe spasticity, while smoking and ICH in the thalamus may reduce this risk. These findings may help identify the risk of post‐stroke spasticity and prioritizing early prevention and treatment.Chang‐Yue Gao and Ling‐Yi Liao conceived the study. Ling‐Yi Liao, Pei‐Dong Xu, Xiang‐Qin Fang, Huan Cheng, and Yong Tao collected data. Qing‐Hua Wang, Pei‐Dong Xu, and Ling‐Yi Liao oversaw the statistical analysis plan, conducted the statistical analysis, and contributed to data interpretation. Xiang‐Qin Fang and Pei‐Dong Xu contributed to data quality assurance and data quality analysis. Ling‐Yi Liao drafted the initial manuscript and Chang‐Yue Gao, Pei‐Dong Xu, Xiang‐Qin Fang, Qing‐Hua Wang, Yong Tao, and Huan Cheng critically revised the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication.The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/brb3.2906.The peer review history for this article is available at Supplementary MaterialClick here for additional data file.


The aim of the study was to quantify the glycolytic energy metabolism (WGly) during a 2000 m ergometer rowing time trial (RTT) and νLa.max during a 10 s maximum ergometer rowing sprint test (RST) and to unravel associations between those variables and RTT performance. Combined post-exercise lactate measurements and oxygen uptake after RST and RTT were used to determine νLa.max and glycolytic energy contribution (WGly) in seven male and three female German U 23 national rowers . WGly during RTT ranged from 7 to 15.5% and νLa.max between 0.25 and 0.66 mmol∙L−1∙s−1. νLa.max correlated with WGly  and the mechanical power output (W) for the first 300 m (300first) during RTT . νLa.max further correlated with ∆300first−last (W) for the first and last 300 m (300last) during RTT  and also within the subgroup of male rowers. νLa.max displays a wide spectrum of individual differences in rowers. Due to this and its correlation to specific phases of RTT, it contributes to an individual energetic performance profile in rowing. Future studies must undermine the role of νLa.max for exercise performance and whether it serves as a marker that can be specifically targeted for a training-induced increase or decrease.The diagnostics of anaerobic glycolytic metabolism which play a subordinate role in elite rowing and parameters such as maximum lactate accumulation rate ( At the top level, the 2000 m distance for men and women is covered between 335 and 460 s, depending on the classification, i.e., heavyweight or lightweight, boat classification and sex, and conducted with a mean mechanical power output between 450 to 550 W ,2. To faormances ,9,10,11.ormances . Importatabolism ,14. So ftabolism ,16. De CThe contribution of anaerobic metabolism to rowing performance is generally more difficult to quantify  but was The glycolytic energy metabolism produces considerable amounts of energy per second ,21,22, e−1 (P4) and is around or above the 2max [νLa.max), determined via specific sprint tests, may serve as a measure for the individual rate of anaerobic glycolytic energy metabolism in an athlete [νLa.max significantly affects the power output at the anaerobic lactate threshold [νLa.max shifts the lactate curve to the right and improves mechanical power output at the lactate threshold, a high νLa.max decreases lactate threshold performance [νLa.max [The 2000 m rowing race consists of specific race phases contributing to the mean mechanical power output and the entire race time ,27,28,29 V.O2max ,15,16. A V.O2max  assumed, athlete  it was sformance . However[νLa.max .Performance diagnostics for rowers in Germany usually focuses on the determination of the P4  which is2 and lactate accumulation (La−) obtained during and post 2000 m RTT, three energy system contributions  were calculated in German U 23 national rowers. Furthermore, νLa.max in a 10 s maximum sprint test (RST) was determined to get an estimate for the interindividual variability of this diagnostic marker in rowers. By correlating νLa.max with specific phases of 2000 m RTT and the glycolytic energy contribution, we aimed to determine and quantify possible associations that may indicate a specific role of νLa.max to support energy metabolism during 2000 m RTT and the share of glycolytic energy contribution during 2000 m RTT.Because the 2000 m rowing time trial (RTT) puts high demands on all energy metabolism pathways and the prominent diagnostic procedures in rowing do not specifically test for the glycolytic energy metabolism, the aim of our approach was firstly to determine the contribution of glycolytic energy metabolism during 2000 m RTT performance. Using a mathematical model involving The sample size was calculated using the G*Power software : effect size = 1.80, alpha error probability = 0.05, statistical power = 0.80. The consideration of effect size was based on previous studies ,33,34. TAll participants received written athlete information in advance and were informed about the aim, procedure, and risks of the study. This participant information also contained instructions on which aspects the participants must consider before their individual test days. Some days before the testing procedures, all participants were informed orally and in writing in advance of the study for a second time and gave their written informed consent prior participation. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of University of Hildesheim (No. 259_22) and followed the Declaration of Helsinki. The athletes did not perform any strength training or physically demanding rowing training for 48 h before the tests and participated in the rested state.−1, 20 μL) were collected into an end-to-end capillary  from the earlobe. Lactate samples were analyzed immediately after collection using an enzymatic–amperometric sensor chip system . An automatic calibration of the system was performed after 60 min. For each test, resting lactate values were ≤2.0 mmol·L−1.For the determination of lactate concentration, capillary blood samples (mmol·L2) was measured using a spirometry system K5  in breath by breath mode. The values were averaged at 5 s intervals using Omnia Cardiopulmonary Diagnostic Software version 1.6.10 . The flow sensor was calibrated with 5 strokes of a high precision 3 L syringe . The gas calibration was performed with calibration gas . All athletes wore silicone masks in sizes M and L which were attached to a flowmeter of the K5 system .Oxygen uptake . The sprint tests were conducted on a modified ergometer which was additionally equipped with a FES  measurement system. This system consists of a load cell for force measurement and a rotary transducer to calculate the power output. Values were submitted to the associated computer software . In the starting position before each test, athletes sat with the rolling seat close to the resting flywheel, i.e., the participants’ knees were in flexion. This position was chosen in each test because it equals the start in the boat. Drag factor settings in the tests were based on the conditions that apply at national Olympic Training Centers and German Rowing Association (DRV). The drag factor on an air-braked rowing ergometer simulates the water resistance that the paddle of the rower must overcome in the boat. A high drag factor in the sprint test was necessary to provide adequate starting resistance for rowers to generate a maximum mechanical power output from the starting position.Heart rate (bpm) was measured beat to beat continuously during each test using a Suunto Dual heart rate belt .All tests were conducted at a relative humidity of 39–48% and a temperature of 20.3–22.5° Celsius. The values were measured using a Kestrel anemometer .rest). In case, the resting lactate values were higher than 2.0 mmol·L−1, participants were advised to continue rowing with a low intensity until blood lactate levels were below 2.0 mmol·L−1.The 10 s RST was conducted on the Concept II Type C rowing ergometer equipped with the FES measurement system, because an external measurement of mechanical power output is imperative when utilizing the C2 for short tests, due to a substantial underestimation of the start strokes . After tνLa.max.The intensity of the warm-up program was kept low (100 W) to avoid effects on maximum post-exercise lactate. Participants conducted the 10 s RST with the highest possible frequency to achieve a maximum mechanical power output during the test. The drag factor was 185 for men and 170 for women. The coaches verbally motivated all participants during 10 s RST for maximal effort. Immediately after the end of the test, the participants remained seated on the ergometer. For the determination of the maximum post-exercise lactate concentration, capillary blood was collected from the earlobe in one-minute intervals over a total time of 10 min. Once the lactate value dropped twice in a row, the test was considered complete and no further blood samples were obtained. The lactate values were needed to calculate the νLa.max is as follows (Equation (1)) [peak = the maximum lactate concentration after 10 s RST; Larest = the resting lactate concentration before 10 s RST; tExer = total exercise (rowing) time (10 s) and tPCr = the time of dominant phosphagen system contribution.The formula of ion (1)) :(1)νLaThe time of dominant phosphagen system contribution was calculated using an interpolated model that has been reported previously  . Because complete CPET was required for the determination of energy system contributions, these parameters could not be determined for the two athletes mentioned above (n = 8). Nevertheless, these two athletes were able to complete the 2000 m RTT. For this reason, the 2000 m performance and the mechanical power output from the first and last 300 m were obtained from all athletes (N = 10).The 2000 m RTT was performed on the air-braked Concept II Type C rowing ergometer without the FES measurement system because it was not necessary to measure mechanical power output of individual strokes. Before the start, during and after 2000 m RTT, all athletes wore a silicone mask to measure oxygen uptake via CPET. Resting oxygen uptake was measured with each participant seated (5 min). During CPET, two male rowers had to remove their silicone masks because of self-reported breathing problems. However, 2 was continuously measured for off 2 kinetics [peak was determined during post exercise every minute from minute 7 to 17 min. Lactate samples were analyzed immediately after the 2000 m RTT. If two lactate values decreased twice in a row, the blood samplings were considered to complete and no further collections were obtained. The entire test was completed after the last post-exercise lactate collection after reaching Lapeak. The main variables of the 2000 m RTT were:(1)2000 m RTT performance (s).(2)first and P300last in W).Average power over the first and last 300 m of 2000 m RTT (P300(3)first-last).Mechanical power output difference between 300 m first and last (∆300 (4)2 (litres O2·min−1) before, during, and after 2000 m RTT.(5)Resting lactate and peak blood lactate concentration after 2000 m RTT.All participants were encouraged to run the test with maximum effort, as this is the only way to obtain a reliable and close-to-competition calculation of the energetic contributions. The drag factor was 145 for the men and 130 for the women. After the test, the participants remained seated on the ergometer and kinetics  (6 min) rest). For men, the power of the first stage was 150 W. Female participants started at 80. After each stage, there was a half-minute break before the next one followed. During the 30-s rest period, heart rate and blood lactate were measured and the individual rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was queried. Power output was increased by 50 W per stage for men and 40 W for women. Accordingly, the fifth and final stage resulted in 350 W for men and 240 W for women. On a screen, in front of the ergometer, the athletes were able to see whether they met the required mechanical power output. If the average of the last three strokes was 10 W or more below the target power output, athletes received a visual warning that they must increase mechanical power output. After the fifth warning, the test was automatically terminated. This test is only possible with the FES system and the associated software. At the end of the test, post-exercise lactate measurements were conducted at 3, 5, and 7 min. The drag factor was 145 for men and 130 for women. Thus, the P4 on the rowing ergometer was determined.The incremental step test was performed on the air-braked Concept II Type C rowing ergometer with FES measurement system. The test consisted of five stages, each with a duration of 4 min and was conducted according to the DRV standards in ergometer rowing. After a low intense warm-up on the rowing ergometer of around 5 min (100 W), capillary blood samples were obtained to determine the resting lactate concentration (La2 (during 2000 m RTT), peak La−, and the fast component of excess 2 after exercise (EPOCFAST), respectively [WPCr) was calculated considering 2 after 2000 m RTT, and the fast component of excess post exercise after 2000 m RTT [2 was fitted by mono- and bi-exponential models using OriginPro 2021  and the slow component of the bi-exponential model was negligible. Therefore, the post-exercise 2 data were fitted to a mono-exponential model, and WPCr was calculated by estimating the integral of the exponential area [WGly) was considered by the lactate concentration after 2000 m RTT, assuming that the accumulation of 1 mmol∙L−1 (La−) is equivalent to 3 mL O2∙kg−1 of body mass [−) was calculated by subtracting the resting lactate concentration from the highest La− after 2000 m RTT [WOxi) was calculated by subtracting the resting 2 (2rest) from 2 levels during 2000 m RTT by the trapezoidal method. In this method, the area under the curve is divided into sections and then the sum of the trapezoid is utilized to calculate the integral [2rest was measured in the sitting position, within the last 30 s of a 5 min period used as a reference value [WTotal) was calculated as the sum of the three energy systems (WOxi + WPCr + WGly) in kJ [Phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative contributions were estimated by the assessment of ectively ,37,38,3900 m RTT ,37,40. Tial area ,32,37,39ody mass . The del00 m RTT ,37,38. Tintegral . V.O2resce value ,34,37,39ce value . Total ep < 0.05 for all statistical analyses. The effect sizes were calculated for non-parametric tests . Parameters are presented as arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD). The Friedman repeated-measures rank test with Dunn’s post hoc was utilized to compare the energy system contributions during the 2000 m rowing ergometer test . The α-level of significance was set at ectively . FurtherWPCr in kJ: 69.8 ± 10.4, WGly in kJ: 76.0 ± 27.3, WOxi in kJ: 498.7 ± 62.9, WPCr in %: 10.9 ± 1.7, WGly in %: 11.5 ± 2.8, WOxi in %: 77.5 ± 1.5, respectively).The first aim was to determine the energetic contributions towards 2000 m RTT. p = 0.002) were found between those pathways. Values of WOxi in kJ and % were significantly higher compared to WGly and WPCr  (WGly and WPCr in kJ nor in % (p > 0.05).Significant differences in the energetic contributions in kJ and % (= 0.008) B,D. TherνLa.max is displayed in the group of participants. νLa.max values ranged from 0.25 mmol·L−1 (P3) as the lowest value to 0.66 mmol·L−1 (P6) as the highest value. During the first 300 m, the mean mechanical power output ranged between 466 W (P5) and 218 W (P3). The mechanical power output on the last 300 m to the finish of the 2000 m RTT ranged from 433 W (P8) to 218 W (P3).Next, the aim was to determine in which range νLa.max contributes to the glycolytic energy contribution (in kJ). A positive correlation was observed between WGly and νLa.max . There was no significant correlation between νLa.max and 2000 m RTT performance for the entire group (p > 0.05). . A−D.νLa.max and the delta (∆300first−last) value. Similarly, it was analyzed for a correlation between νLa.max and on the first and last 300 m during 2000 m RTT. A correlation between the νLa.max value and ∆300first−last was found  recovery (return to baseline PCr levels) after intense exercise, serves as a more precise method to consider the phosphagen contribution in our study [Our calculation revealed a percentage of 11.5 ± 2.9% which corresponds with the data from Diry and colleagues . The useur study ,52,53,54νLa.max during 10 s RST was determined to analyze in which range this easily detectable marker of anaerobic glycolytic energy metabolism displays itself in our group of participants and whether it is related to the glycolytic energy contribution over 2000 m RTT. Within the tested athletes, νLa.max values between 0.25 and 0.66 mmol·L−1·s−1, 2peak values between 3.5 and 5.9 L·min−1, and P4 values between 200 and 338 W were observed , a correlation was found between  νLa.max . This in00 m RTT A emphasiνLa.max. This may attribute νLa.max a contributing role towards fatigue during specific phases of 2000 m RTT, because athletes with a higher νLa.max also show a higher reduction in the possible mechanical power output at the end of 2000 m RTT.Interestingly, the decline in mechanical power output between the first and last 300 m during 2000 m RTT also correlated with νLa.max testing, may be feasible to assess one’s individual ability for glycolytic energy metabolism via a non-complicated and time-efficient test procedure.Our data imply that an extended performance diagnostic in rowing, including νLa.max as a measure of the individual maximum lactate accumulation rate was introduced by Mader in the 1980s [νLa.max so far are used for performance diagnostics in running [The concept of he 1980s . Approac running  and cycl running . A key d running . On the  running . Further running . In suchνLa.max, we used a phosphagen-contributed time frame of 2.95 s in which energy metabolism is fueled by high energy phosphates and glycolysis is not yet maximally activated and followed already published calculations [νLa.max in running and cycling are described to last between 15 and 30 s [We chose 10 s for the RST, a duration which has been described to minimize oxidative metabolism but is sufficient to maximally activate glycolysis . To calculations . While sand 30 s ,58,59,602peak, but also low νLa.max values  an increase or decrease in νLa.max may increase rowing-specific performance. Specific training regimens could then be incorporated into rowing training to modulate νLa.max.Based on the former considerations and the high training volumes conducted in rowing, a directed and training-induced increase in νLa.max, 2peak, and segments of rowing-specific performance would have greatly undermined our findings and more precisely enclose our interpretations in more extended and significant correlations. Out of 10 participants, only eight data sets could be used for the determination of energy turnover during 2000 m RTT and three of our data sets were from female athletes which also determined the lower limit in our correlations concerning νLa.max, rowing performance during 2000 m RTT, and P300first. Hence, those data have influenced our correlations. Although energetic contributions in female athletes follow generally the same physiological regulations as in men, specificities for female athletes exist [Despite our group of highly trained German U23 national rowers, the sample size is still limited. A broader spectrum of 2000 m RTT performances as well as es exist  that musνLa.max, arises as an individual component of energetic performance that supports the total energy requirements of 2000 m RTT. Based on its broad variety in athletes and its relationship to specific phases of 2000 m RTT, it may serve in the future as a diagnostic marker in rowing to detect potential limiting factors of exercise performance beyond usual diagnostic markers.Although energy supply during 2000 m RTT is predominantly ensured by the oxidative metabolism, the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism, as determined by


The benefits of home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise are well-established and depend on long-term adherence. However, there is no uniform and recognized cardiac rehabilitation criterion to assess home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence for patients with cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to develop a home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence scale and to validate its psychometric properties among patients with chronic heart failure.The dimensions and items of the scale were created based on grounded theory research, literature content analysis, and defined by a Delphi survey. Item analysis was completed to assess the discrimination and homogeneity of the scale. Factor analysis was adopted to explore and validate the underlying factor structure of the scale. Content validity and calibration validity were evaluated using the Delphi survey and correlation analysis, respectively. Reliability was evaluated by Cronbach’s α coefficients, split-half reliability coefficients, and test-retest reliability coefficients.A scale covering four dimensions and 20 items was developed for evaluating home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence. The content validity index of the scale was 0.986. In exploratory factor analysis, a four-factor structure model was confirmed, explaining 75.1% of the total variation. In confirmatory factor analysis, the four-factor structure was supported by the appropriate fitting indexes. Calibration validity of the scale was 0.726. In terms of reliability, the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale was 0.894, and the Cronbach’s α coefficients of dimensions ranged from 0.848 to 0.914. The split-half reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.695. The test-retest reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.745.In this study, a home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence scale was developed and its appropriate psychometric properties were confirmed.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12912-023-01426-2. Despite progress in prevention and control, the number of patients with cardiovascular disease is still on the rise due to global aging  CardiovaCardiac rehabilitation aims at ensuring that patients with cardiovascular disease achieve optimal physical, mental, and social functioning through their efforts . VariousCurrently, there is a lack of uniform and recognized criterion for assessing home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence among patients with cardiovascular disease. In existing studies, a series of relevant scales were developed and validated to assess cardiac rehabilitation preference and barriers, covering the cardiac rehabilitation inventory , the carIn a previous study , we explTherefore, building on the findings of previous constructivist grounded theory research , this stEligible patients with chronic heart failure were recruited using the convenient sampling with the help of community health service workers in 4 communities in Liaoning province in mainland China. In this study, participants had to meet several inclusion cardiac rehabilitationiteria, including being 18 years of age or older, engaging in home-based cardiac rehabilitation, and voluntarily participation. In this study, home-based cardiac rehabilitation refers to the phase during which patients with chronic heart failure continue their cardiac rehabilitation at home after completing the initial rehabilitation process in a healthcare institution. The inclusion criteria was confirmed by community electronic records, community health service workers, and researchers. On the other hand, patients with various mental illnesses or had other significant organic diseases were not permitted to join. The sample size was established based on the general rule of factor analysis , which rFrom February to April 2023, we conducted a multi-phase study using both quantitative and qualitative approaches to develop and validate the home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence scale, which involved three phases: (a) item generation and revision; (b) item evaluation and exploration; (c) psychometric evaluation of the scale. The development process of the scale is depicted in Fig. The literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies on cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence. The review involved a content analysis approach to select meaningful sentences which were used to form an initial item pool. Additionally, based on the previous constructivist grounded theory , the dimThe items of the pre-test scale were evaluated using a range of analytical methods, including critical ratio analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, and internal consistency analysis. The samples were divided into a high group top 27% scores) and a low group (bottom 27% scores), and the two groups of samples were analyzed to appraise the discrimination of the items. An acceptable critical ratio for each item was 3.0 or above and significant (P < 0.05) . Item-to% scores The content validity of the scale was assessed by inviting seven experts. The inclusion criteria for experts were consistent with the inclusion criteria for the previous Delphi experts. A four-point Likert scoring system, which spans from one point (irrelevant) to four points (very relevant), was utilized to collect expert responses. The content validity index of the item (I-CVI) was calculated as the ratio of the number of experts ranking an item 3 or 4 points to the total number of experts. For the content validity index of the scale (S-CVI), the average of all item I-CVI scores was calculated. To meet the criteria for content validity, an I-CVI score of 0.78 or above and an S-CVI score of 0.90 or higher were required .To assess the construct validity of the scale, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to reveal the underlying factor structure and establish consistency with the conceptual framework. Bartlett’s test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value were used to determine the suitability of data for EFA, with a significant result (P < 0.05) and a KMO above 0.6 as prerequisites. All common factors should account for more than 40% of the total variance –32. AddiTo examine the calibration validity, the exercise self-efficacy scale  was adopAs a calibration tool, the Chinese version of the multidimensional exercise self-efficacy scale was adopted to assess patients’s confidence in adherence to exercise in this study . The scaTo evaluate the internal consistency reliability of the scale, the Cronbach’s α coefficient and the split-half reliability coefficient were calculated. Additionally, 36 participants previously surveyed were invited to complete the questionnaire again two weeks later to assess the scale’s stability across time. To establish good internal consistency, reliability, and test-retest reliability, the Cronbach’s α coefficient, the split-half reliability coefficient, and the test-retest reliability coefficient should be 0.70 or higher , 40.In the first phase, the experts were provided with a compressed package containing informed consent and an expert consultation questionnaire via email, following a brief introduction to the study’s purpose and significance. The experts were asked to provide their feedback and suggestions within two weeks of receiving the questionnaire. In the second phase, community outpatient follow-ups were conducted for 380 chronic heart failure patients. Before participation, the patients were informed about the purpose, importance, and voluntary and anonymous nature of the study. Out of the 380 patients who were invited to participate, 366 provided anonymous responses to the questionnaires after providing consent.The data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 18.0 software. The Delphi survey was conducted to revise the items and assess the content validity of the scale. In the EFA, the maximum variance rotation was adopted to explore the underlying factor structure. The structural equation model, using the maximum likelihood method, was utilized to verify the factor structure’s consistency with the theoretical expectation. To determine the scale’s reliability, internal consistency analysis and test-retest reliability analysis were performed, assessing the scale’s homogeneity and stability, respectively.In this study, all procedures were conducted in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its further modifications. All participants signed informed consent forms. The participants were allowed to withdraw from the study at any point and were not obligated to respond to any questions. The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University on January 27, 2023 (No. 2023. 66).The study included 366 chronic heart failure patients, comprising 200 males and 166 females. The average age of the participants was 66.46 ± 6.49. Nearly half of the participants had primary education (45.6%), and the majority were married (56.3%). Regarding monthly income, 49.7% of participants earned less than 3000 RMB, and 48.6% of participants had a condition duration of less than four years. The majority of participants were from urban areas (80.1%) . Consequently, a 22-item pre-test version of the scale encompassing four dimensions was formed, and a five-point scoring system was determined by experts to collect participants’ responses. The first survey resulted in a 100% questionnaire return rate, a 0.900 authority coefficient, and a Kendall’s consistency coefficient of 0.672 (P＜0.05). The second survey yielded a corresponding 100% questionnaire recovery rate, a 0.900 authority coefficient, and a Kendall’s consistency coefficient of 0.724 (P＜0.05).In the item analysis, the critical ratio of the items ranged from 5.233 to 18.096 (P < 0.05). The total scale’s Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.891, but if items 11 (0.893) and 12 (0.892) were removed, the Cronbach’s α coefficient would increase. Additionally, the items-total correlation coefficients ranged from 0.423 to 0.710 (P < 0.05), except for items 11 (0.346) and 12 (0.389). In the exploratory factor analysis, all items showed factor loadings ranging from 0.622 to 0.887, except items 11 (0.290) and 12 (0.280). Given these results .2 = 2835.793, P < 0.001) indicated that the data was suitable for EFA. A maximum variance rotation was performed to extract common factors, resulting in four common factors with eigenvalues ≥ 1, which explained 75.1% of the total variation .The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale was 0.894, and the Cronbach’s α coefficients of each dimension ranged from 0.848 to 0.914. The split-half reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.695. After 2 weeks, 36 previously labeled patients with chronic heart failure were sampled to assess home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence, with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.745 (P < 0.001).Among existing research tools, a scale for measuring home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence has not yet been explored. To address this gap, our study developed a grounded theory-driven evaluation tool, namely the home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence scale (Appendix C). We validated the four-factor structure of this scale, which overcomes the limitations of previous tools and comprehensively reflects adherence to home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise. By incorporating this scale into a remote follow-up platform within medical institutions, we can actively and dynamically track patients’ home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence, significantly reducing the time cost of out-of-hospital follow-up for cardiac rehabilitation professionals. Additionally, this scale can multidimensional identify the weak links of patients’ home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence, facilitating cardiac rehabilitation professionals to develop precise intervention strategies.Seeking supports is a crucial initial adherence behavior for patients with cardiovascular disease during home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise . This isExercise, as a recommended Level A1 evidence, is central to cardiac rehabilitation , 5. It wExercise monitoring is a key adherence behavior for patients with cardiovascular disease during home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercises . EffectiInformation feedback is a driving adherence behavior in cardiac rehabilitation exercises , which hIn general, based on previous grounded theory research , the dimBased on grounded theory research and literature review, the dimensions and items of the scale were preliminarily determined. After a two-round Delphi survey, a pre-test version with 22 items was developed. The Delphi survey demonstrated satisfactory enthusiasm, authority, and consistency among the experts in relation to the items . Thus, tIn the item analysis, the critical ratio of the items satisfies the reference standard value , supportIn this study, the content validity, construct validity, and calibration validity of the scale were successively confirmed. Regarding content validity, both I-CVI and S-CVI exceeded the recommended standard values , supportIn this study, the internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability of the scale were confirmed. Regarding internal consistency reliability, both the Cronbach’s α coefficient and the split-half reliability coefficient of the scale exceeded the recommended reference values , supportThere are some limitations to this study that warrant discussion. Firstly, bias resulting from the intrinsic nature of convenience sampling is unavoidable. Secondly, there were three items related to social support with factor loadings less than 0.40 in the CFA. However, we meticulously considered that social support is of vital importance in home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise, and thus, all items were retained. Finally, the newly developed scale is applicable to all patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, the scale was only validated in patients with chronic heart failure in this study, which weakens the applicability and scientificity of the newly developed scale in other patients with cardiovascular diseases to a certain extent. Therefore, in future studies, the scale will be applied to other patients with cardiovascular disease to compensate for this limitation and improve the extrapolation of this scale.In the current study, we developed a home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence scale and validated its psychometric properties among patients with chronic heart failure. This newly developed scale covers four dimensions and 20 items. It can accurately and comprehensively evaluate the level of home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence for patients with cardiovascular disease. In future studies, the developed scale could be adopted to investigate adherence levels and measure the impact of interventions, thereby identifying weaknesses and evaluating their effectiveness.Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.Supplementary Material 1Supplementary Material 2Supplementary Material 3


No indication of small study effects was found in the association between SIII values and OS (p = 0.5301). High SIII values were associated with worse OS and PFS. However, further primary studies are suggested to enhance the effect of this marker in different outcomes of testicular cancer patients.The systemic immune-inflammation index (SIII) is a marker studied in multiple types of urologic cancer. This systematic review evaluates the association between SIII values with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in testicular cancer. We searched observational studies in five databases. The quantitative synthesis was performed using a random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). The only measure of the effect was the hazard ratio (HR). A sensitivity analysis was performed according to the risk of bias in the studies. There were 833 participants in a total of 6 cohorts. We found that high SIII values were associated with worse OS (HR = 3.28; 95% CI 1.3–8.9;  According to GLOBOCAN, 74,458 new testicular cancer cases and 9334 deaths were estimated in 2020, of which 33.7% were in Europe and 27.7% were in Asia. However, Asia has a wide advantage regarding mortality, with a rate of 42.8% . The worTesticular cancer can be classified, according to histopathology, into germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors, of which germ cell tumors account for 98% . The forThe literature reports various risk factors related to a poor prognosis in testicular cancer. Among the most studied factors, age over 35 years, serum alpha-fetoprotein above 1000 Ku/L before chemotherapy, and human chorionic gonadotropin above 5000 IU/L stand out [Recently, the association between a poor cancer prognosis and different inflammatory markers has been described. A study using systemic inflammatory markers, based on preoperative complete blood count, found that neutrophils, the neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR), and the mean red blood cell distribution width were significantly higher in the tumor group. In contrast, the mean volumes of platelets and lymphocytes were significantly higher in the cancer-free group .As well as these markers, the NLR, the platelets to lymphocytes ratio (PLR), the monocytes to lymphocytes ratio (MLR), and the preoperative albumin to globulin ratio have been identified ,13. In 2We used the PECO strategy: population (P), exposure (E), comparison (C), and outcome (O) to guide the main objective of this systematic review. Based on the PECO strategy, we ask the following question: Do patients with testicular cancer (P) and high values of SIII (E) have worse overall survival and progression-free survival (O) than patients with testicular cancer and low values of SIII (C)?We registered the study protocol on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The register code is CRD 42021281533. Likewise, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement  checklist . No langWe included studies that: (i) evaluated the association between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SIII) and testicular cancer reporting outcomes, such as progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), (ii) included males with a confirmed diagnosis of testicular cancer, and (iii) items that provide a defined cut-off value for the systemic immune-inflammation index (SIII)  to help in the screening and selection of studies . Four auWe collected the following data: author, year, country, median follow-up time, participants’ median/mean age, the type of testicular cancer, cut-off values, and associations between systemic immune-inflammation index values and overall survival or progression-free survival  for case-control/cohort studies, by two authors (FES-V and VAV-C), based on 3 different items: selection, comparability, and outcome/exposure . The maxp-value of <0.1 and an I2 statistic with values >70% as a sign of severe heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis was performed, excluding articles with low methodological quality, to test the robustness of our findings. Egger’s test was carried out to assess publication bias; p-values less than 0.1 indicated publication bias [The information collected from the selected articles was combined using Review Manager 5.4 (RevMan 5.4) . Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were the only measures used to obtain a pooled effect. We used a random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird) for the quantitative analysis. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test with a ion bias ,22.We identified 72 articles, leaving 50 studies after eliminating duplicates. The screening process evaluating titles and abstracts left 13 studies for full-text review. Likewise, the full-text screening left five studies that met all the selection criteria ,24,25,26Four studies were included from a total of five cohorts since the study by Chovanec et al.  analyzedp < 0.05, which could alter and bias our results).The association was assessed in five cohorts (n = 805). However, only four studies were included in the meta-analysis  (p < 0.001) but with null heterogeneity (I2 = 0%)  a. Due toI2 = 0%) b.p < 0.001) with null heterogeneity (I2 = 0) (The association was assessed in four cohorts (n = 443). We found that testicular cancer patients with high SIII values were associated with worse PFS  .Publication bias could not be determined because there were no more than five meta-analyzed studies in any of the outcomes.Our main results show that a high SIII value is associated with worse OS and PFS in patients with testicular cancer. This reflects the role of inflammation in the genesis and progression of several types of cancer, including urological cancers.In tumor genesis, inflammation mediates the creation of reactive oxygen species and the activation of cell signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and limit apoptosis . In the As a tumor marker, SIII reflects the balance between host inflammation and immune response status . LikewisIn the case of neutrophils, their presence is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients because they can activate endothelial and parenchymal cells that facilitate metastasis of circulating tumor cells . In addiOn the one hand, platelets can protect circulating tumor cells from the antitumor immune response and promote the angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer cells . In vitrMoreover, lymphocytes, especially tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, play a key role in the host’s immune response to cancer . They caSeveral systematic reviews evaluating the prognostic role of SIII in urological cancers have been published. A systematic review of 15 articles found, in subgroup analyses, that high SIII indicated a worse overall survival rate in urinary cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma, gastrointestinal tract cancers, small cell lung cancer, and acral melanoma ,46,47,48Our results show the potential role of SIII in survival outcomes of patients with testicular cancer and being an easy-to-measure and low-cost marker. However, this biomarker, in comparison with other inflammatory markers used to predict the prognosis of urological cancers, such as NLR , PLR 7070, and CIn our study, we found limitations that should be considered. Firstly, due to the small number of studies, it was impossible to perform a correct stratification of results according to the clinical or sociodemographic variables of the patients. Secondly, it was only possible to study the association of SIII values with two clinical outcomes, so it would be necessary for future studies to study the association with other outcomes. Third, high statistical heterogeneity was found due to the methodological and clinical differences between the studies. However, heterogeneity decreased when the sensitivity analysis was performed, which only included a low risk of biased studies. Finally, sensitivity and specificity values of the SIII cut-off points in OS and PFS have not been reported, which could help evaluate the precise prognostic value of this biomarker in testicular cancer.High SIII values are associated with worse OS and PFS. However, further primary studies are suggested to enhance the effect of this marker in different outcomes of testicular cancer patients.


The MOF 1 displayed a -connected (3.43.52)(32.44.52.66.7) network topology, while 2 had a -connected network with a Schläfli symbol of (410.511.622.72)(43)2. These MOFs have been employed as photocatalysts to photodegrade nitrophenolic compounds, especially p-nitrophenol (PNP). The photocatalysis studies reveal that 1 displayed relatively better photocatalytic performance than 2. Further, the photocatalytic efficacy of 1 has been assessed by altering the initial PNP concentration and photocatalyst dosage, which suggest that at 80 ppm PNP concentration and at its 50 mg concentration the MOF 1 can photo-decompose around 90.01% of PNP in 50 min. Further, radical scavenging experiments reveal that holes present over 1 and ·OH radicals collectively catalyze the photodecomposition of PNP. In addition, utilizing density of states (DOS) calculations and Hirshfeld surface analyses, a plausible photocatalysis mechanism for nitrophenol degradation has been postulated.Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are peculiar multimodal materials that find photocatalytic applications for the decomposition of lethal molecules present in the wastewater. In this investigation, two new d PNP is an essential industrial raw material used in the manufacturing of insecticides, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. However, the USEPA has designated this essential nitrophenolic molecule as a priority pollutant due to its intrinsic toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity  constructed from 3,5-benozoicacid and 4,4′-bipy shows the photo decomposition with rate constant (k) 0.007 min−1 (PNP) at 12 min [3-tp)2(μ2-pyz)2] and CuWO4 showed a maximum 81% degradation of PNP after 135 min under LED light irradiation [3O4/MIL-53(Fe)/H2O2 was used as a photocatalyst and showed that about 60% of the PNP was photocatalytically degraded after 150 min of visible light irradiation [g-C3N4/PDI@MOF heterojunction was synthesized by the in situ growth of NH2-MIL-53(Fe) onto the g-C3N4/PDI layer. This material displayed excellent photocatalytic performance for the removal of several water-soluble and toxic organic pollutants (50 ppm) for an efficiency of up to 100% (30 min) under visible light irradiation [A new 3D three-connected ThSit 12 min . A new Madiation . Meanwhiadiation . A new gadiation .1 assisted photodegradation of PNP, radical scavenging experiments were performed. To execute these, 10 mg ammonium oxalate  scavenger)/10 mg benzoquinone /0.2 mL tertiary butyl alcohol  were used under the optimized reaction conditions  center was also evident. Also, the conduction bands between 1.8 and 2.0 eV in 1 and 2.2 and 2.5 eV in 2 had contributions from aromatic carbon and oxygen centers. Hence, these calculations suggest that the main electronic transitions in both 1 and 2 were intraligand and ligand-to-ligand, with an admixture of metal orbitals in 1. These transitions are primarily responsible for photocatalysis. Apart from this, the MOF 1 possessed a relatively smaller band gap than that of 2, which is the other reason for its better photocatalytic efficacy compared to 2.Further, band gap calculations were performed to assess the plausible photocatalytic mechanism for the MOF-aided PNP photodegradation . The out+) in VB. The hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are then generated by the reaction of H+ with O2⁻. The O2⁻ are generated by the reduction of O2 by e⁻ and the oxidation of OH by holes (h+)  In presence of light, the electrons of MOFs are excited from VB→CB to generate equivalent numbers of holes (hles (h+) .1 and 2 are isolated from the reaction mixture, washed repeatedly with the solvent, and reused again for the fresh catalytic cycle  was also performed for both 1 and 2 before and after photocatalysis  and Cd(II) MOFs were synthesized using the 5,5-diisophthalic acid ligand and 1,1′-bis(imidazole) (bbi) linker. The Zn(II) MOF displayed a -connected (3.43.52)(32.44.52.66.7) network topology, while Cd(II) had a -connected network with a Schläfli symbol of (410.511.622.72)(43)2. These newly synthesized MOFs can be used as photocatalysts to photodegrade nitrophenolic compounds, especially p-nitrophenol. Amongst both the MOFs, the Zn(II) offered relatively better photocatalytic performance, which was attributed to relatively better O···H interaction contribution as well as a greater void volume and void area than the Cd-based MOF. Apart from this, the relatively smaller band gap in Zn-based MOF in comparison to the Cd-based MOF might be another reason for the better photocatalytic performance. Further, the photocatalytic efficacy of the MOF was assessed by altering the PNP concentration and photocatalyst dosage, which indicated that under the optimal reaction condition, viz., 80 ppm PNP concentration and 50 mg photocatalyst concentration, an ~90.01% photodegradation of PNP was observed in a 50 min time span. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of mixed ligands can result in the development of novel d10-configuration-based MOFs with tuned electronic properties that not only have structural robustness, but also show desirable photocatalytic properties for the safe and long-term degradation of PNP and related nitrophenols for real water samples that contain such pollutants. In this study, two new dComprehensive descriptions of the methods and equipment used in the study presented are included in the electronic supporting material (ESI).4L , bbi , Zn(NO)3·6H2O , 10 mL of H2O, and 2 drops of HNO3/H2O (v/v = 1:1) was prepared and after stirring for 30 min this was thereafter transferred into a 25 mL Teflon-lined reactor, sealed and heated to 180 °C for three days and then cooled with a cooling rate of 5 °C/h to give a colorless block-like crystal of 1 with 72% yield based on zinc. IR (cm−1): 3412 vs, 1678 s, 1611 s, 1570 s, 1457 s, 1412 m, 1091 m, 758 m. See the ESI , bbi , Cd(NO)3·4H2O , 10 mL of H2O, and 2 drops of HNO3/H2O (v/v = 1:1) was prepared and, after stirring for 30 min, this was transferred to a 25 mL Teflon-lined reactor, sealed and heated to 180 °C for three days and then cooled with a cooling rate of 5 °C/h to give a yellow block crystal of 2 with 63% yield based on cadmium. IR (cm−1): 3012 vs, 1640 s, 1605 s, 1571 s, 1422 s, 1398 m, 1081 m, 771 m. See the ESI (A homogenous solution of H the ESI .1 or 2 was added to 60 mL aqueous solution of nitrophenols and stirred for half an hour in the dark to achieve an adsorption equilibrium between MOF and nitrophenols, and then it was irradiated using a 350 W Xe lamp. About 2 mL of this suspension was isolated after every 10 min and centrifuged and UV-Vis spectroscopies for the obtained solutions were performed using a Varian 50 UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The photograph of the photocatalytic setup is shown in In a typical process, 50 mg of MOF Theoretical calculations were used to elucidate the putative photocatalysis mechanism, and for this a unit of MOF was geometrically optimized using the B3LYP function  employinMolecular Hirshfeld surfaces analyses were performed using previously reported protocols ,74.