MicroRNAs are ~17–24 nt. noncoding RNAs found in all eukaryotes that degrade messenger RNAs via RNA interference (if they bind in a perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA), or arrest translation (if the binding is imperfect). Several microRNA targets have been identified in lower organisms, but only one mammalian microRNA target has yet been validated experimentally.We carried out a population-wide statistical analysis of how human microRNAs interact complementarily with human mRNAs, looking for characteristics that differ significantly as compared with scrambled control sequences. These characteristics were used to identify a set of 71 outlier mRNAs unlikely to have been hit by chance.C. elegans and Drosophila, many human microRNAs exhibited long exact matches (10 or more bases in a row), up to and including perfect target complementarity. Human microRNAs hit outlier mRNAs within the protein coding region about 2/3 of the time. And, the stretches of perfect complementarity within microRNA hits onto outlier mRNAs were not biased near the 5'-end of the microRNA. In several cases, an individual microRNA hit multiple mRNAs that belonged to the same functional class.Unlike the case in Drosophila and C. elegans.The analysis supports the notion that sequence complementarity is the basis by which microRNAs recognize their biological targets, but raises the possibility that human microRNA-mRNA target interactions follow different rules than have been previously characterized in  C. elegans and Drosophila [MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ~18–24 nt. noncoding RNAs that are found in all eukaryotes and are cleaved from larger ~70 nt. precursors via the action of Dicer enzyme [reviews: ref. [osophila ,4.Drosophila [C. elegans [Drosophila [Drosophila microRNAs recognize 5–6 nt. common motifs within the target, these motifs are not a general feature of mammalian microRNAs [C. elegans and Drosophila.Five different papers have recently appeared that used computational approaches to predict microRNA targets in osophila -7, and mosophila ,9. Theseosophila ,11. In c elegans  and Drososophila , known microRNAs . Thus, iC. elegans and Drosophila, and identify a short-list of promising candidate microRNA-mRNA target pairs that are unlikely to have arisen by chance.In the present paper, we have performed an unbiased statistical analysis of the manner in which human microRNAs interact complementarily with human mRNAs present in the NCBI human RefSeq database, looking for characteristics that differ significantly as compared with scrambled versions of the same microRNA sequences. The results demonstrate several novel features of human microRNA-mRNA interactions that differ from Population-wide statistical analyses were first carried out by examining the types of complementary interactions that occur between the set of microRNAs listed in Lagos-Quintana et al , and theTo define the types of interactions that can occur by chance, ten independent sets ("replications") of scrambled microRNA counterpart sequences were generated and examined for complementarity with the mRNA population. Our underlying assumption is that scrambled sequences will hit mRNA at random and define the "noise" level in any given situation, whereas microRNA sequences will hit the same number of "noise" interactions plus any true targets. Unless otherwise noted, the scrambled sequences were random permutations of the microRNA sequences, keeping constant the overall nucleotide composition. Because microRNAs have a distinctive nonrandom di-nucleotide composition, we also confirmed that key findings were obtained when using scrambled sequences that had similar di-nucleotide composition to the microRNAs.First, we characterized the length distribution of exact complementarity between the population of mRNAs vs. the set of nonredundant microRNAs (i.e. those that overlapped by 10 or more bases were collected into groups and the longest member of the group was chosen as nonredundant). MicroRNAs produced significantly longer exact "hits" on mRNAs than their scrambled counterparts when G:U matches were excluded (fig. -9) and suggests that about 1/4 of the total hits in this "10+ set" occur upon "true" biological mRNA targets. Our approach is to identify further the mRNAs that represent statistical outliers (i.e. that are unlikely to be hit by chance) within this larger "10+ set" by comparing properties of hits made by the set of microRNA sequences vs. the set of scrambled sequences. At any given parametric value, the number of hits observed in the microRNA set, minus the number of hits in the scrambled set, provides an estimate of the number of true microRNA targets that satisfy that parametric value. We examined three different hit properties – a) exact hit length, b) gapped BLAST score and c) presence of multiple hits – both alone and combined with each other. Starting from the "10+ set" estimated to contain only 26% true targets (see above), we added additional criteria to compile a list of candidates estimated to contain over 80% true targets.As shown in figure The most important single parameter for discriminating hits produced by microRNAs vs. scrambled sequences appears to be exact hit length. At a cut-off of 17 exact hit length, there were 14 mRNAs hit by the microRNA set that satisfied this criterion, vs. an average of 1.9 mRNAs hit by each of the scrambled sequence sets  gave better discrimination power than using any single feature, supporting the idea that they are relevant to identifying biologically relevant mRNA targets. We examined three different combinations of parameter cut-off values: 1) One combination consisted of targets with multiple hits from distinct microRNAs less than 25 bases apart, with at least one exact hit ≥13 bases and with at least one gapped BLAST score ≥185 (not counting G:U). For the next two lists, we scored only exact hits ≥10 bases long and that occurred ≤50 times within the entire mRNA population; this minimized "noise" arising from common or low-complexity target sequences, albeit at the cost of removing some target sequences that are shared within protein families. 2) Criteria required two or more hits from distinct microRNAs ≤100 bases apart, at least one exact hit ≥14 bases and one gapped-BLAST score of ≥190 (not counting G:U). 3) This required hits ≤500 bases apart, at least one exact hit ≥14 bases, and at least one gapped-BLAST score > 89% of the best-possible score including G:U matches (this takes into account the fact that longer microRNAs have greater possible absolute scores than shorter microRNAs). for additional data files including a fully annotated outlier mRNA set, a list of all microRNA hits upon this set (extended with and without including G:U matches), and a list of the nonredundant microRNAs together with their putative mRNA targets.All three approaches produced lists of outlier mRNAs that had overlapping members, shared similar characteristics and exhibited similar discrimination ratios. For simplicity and robustness, these have been combined  into a single list consisting of 71 outlier mRNAs . As well, individual microRNAs hit multiple (up to 17) distinct members of the outlier set, which again happened significantly more often than by chance fig. . These fC. elegans and Drosophila. For example, there was no preference for microRNA hits to be located within 3'-untranslated regions: 5% of hits were located in the 5'-UTR, 1% at the 5'-UTR/coding junction, 67% in the protein coding region, 1% at the coding/3'-UTR junction, and only 26% in the 3'-UTR. This distribution was not significantly different from hits produced by the scrambled sequences. As well, the best microRNA hits upon candidate mRNA targets did not have relatively better target complementarity near their 5'-end: Only 13% of hits had ≥ 7 exact hit length starting at position 1 or 2 relative to the 5'end of the microRNA (vs. 17.5% of hits produced by scrambled sequences).The outlier mRNA set contained very similar types of targets as predicted by previous computational studies -8, inclu), further suggesting that this is likely to be a true biological target for microRNA regulation.MicroRNA 145 is particularly interesting because it hits 17 distinct targets on the candidate list, of which a disproportionate number (6) are in the signal transduction category and three of these are related to GTPase activation (Rho GTPase-activating protein (RICS), G protein gamma 7, and hypothetical protein FLJ32810 – containing RhoGAP and SH3 domains; Table By comparing how the population of microRNAs vs. their scrambled counterparts interact with the population of human RefSeq mRNA sequences, we estimate that the probability of detecting a true microRNA target increases a) as the length of exact complementarity of a "hit" between microRNA and target increases, b) as the overall complementarity of a "hit" increases , and c) as two or more distinct microRNAs hit the same mRNA in closer proximity. Targets in the outlier mRNA set also received more hits per unit length and more multiple hits from distinct microRNAs than expected by chance. Finally, we found cases in which an individual microRNA hit multiple mRNAs that belonged to the same functional class. The analysis suggests that target complementarity is a major factor in identifying biologically relevant mRNA targets: As values of each parameter increase, the difference between the number of hits in the microRNA set vs. the scrambled set increases steadily, and combining all three parameters gives better discrimination power than using any single feature.Drosophila [Drosophila targets: 1) Human microRNAs hit mRNAs with exact hit lengths extending much longer than observed in Drosophila, up to and including perfect complementarity. 2) Human microRNAs hit candidate mRNA targets within the protein coding region about 2/3 of the time.  3) Drosophila and C. elegans was simply obscured by the fact that we searched the large sequence space represented by all human mRNA sequences – the larger the sequence space, the greater the chance that any given target criterion will be satisfied by scrambled sequences, hence the more difficult it can be to detect true targets above the noise level. We agree that this can be a problem using very large sequence databases, such as the human EST database or the entire human genome. As well, using cut-off levels of parameter distributions to define the candidate list probably excludes many true human mRNA targets. However, human RefSeq was demonstrably not too large for our analysis, since very strong trends were observed in a variety of other parameters  Sequences in RefSeq > 20,000 bases long were removed from consideration because they were hit by many, if not all microRNAs, and a few sequences > 15,000 bases long were removed from the final candidate list because they had a relatively high false-positive probability. B) When counting the number of hits over the population of mRNAs, two hits were counted as redundant if the entire region around the hit (plus or minus 25 nucleotides on each side) was identical. C) When counting distinct hits by microRNAs on the same target, two hits were counted as redundant if they shared the same exact hit. This minimized possible artifacts due to overlapping microRNAs, as well as removed cases in which microRNAs hit exactly-repeating sequences within the target. D) In tabulating hits onto mRNA targets, we did not count hits that contained low-complexity sequences as detected by the DUST algorithm encoded by a Perl script provided by Lincoln Stein . E) WhenTo decide whether the number of observed microRNA hits were significantly different from chance, 10 replications of scrambled sequences were used to estimate prediction intervals. The prediction interval allows one to say with 95% confidence that any single new replication of the scrambled set will be below the value of the microRNA set. Prediction intervals were chosen as more conservative and more appropriate than confidence intervals.NS contributed biological expertise, whereas VT contributed statistical and computational expertise. The analyses were carried out together, and both authors read and approved the final manuscript.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of 18–23 nucleotide long non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Recent reports also throw light into the role of microRNAs as critical effectors in the intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. Evidence suggests that both virus and hosts encode microRNAs. The exclusive dependence of viruses on the host cellular machinery for their propagation and survival also make them highly susceptible to the vagaries of the cellular environment like small RNA mediated interference. It also gives the virus an opportunity to fight and/or modulate the host to suite its needs. Thus the range of interactions possible through miRNA-mRNA cross-talk at the host-pathogen interface is large. These interactions can be further fine-tuned in the host by changes in gene expression, mutations and polymorphisms. In the pathogen, the high rate of mutations adds to the complexity of the interaction network. Though evidence regarding microRNA mediated cross-talk in viral infections is just emerging, it offers an immense opportunity not only to understand the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions, and possible explanations to viral tropism, latency and oncogenesis, but also to develop novel biomarkers and therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules which have recently gained widespread attention as critical regulators in complex gene regulatory networks in eukaryotes. These small RNA, processed from non-coding regions of the genome into 18–23 nucleotide long single stranded RNA, have been shown to regulate translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) by binding to it and effecting target cleavage or translational block depending on the extent of sequence complementarity with the target [MicroRNA mediated regulation has been lately shown to encompass a wide spectrum of host biological processes ranging from growth and development to oncogenesis -5. RecenMicroRNAs have recently been implicated in the intricate cross-talk between the host and the pathogen  in viralCaenorhabditis elegans [MicroRNAs were initially discovered in 1993, in a genetic screen for mutants that disrupt the timing of post-embryonic development in the nematode  elegans , and wasMicroRNAs have been classically thought to be transcribed from intergenic regions, but recent large-scale genome-wide cloning experiments  have shoMicroRNAs are transcribed by RNA Polymerase II as primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) which range from hundreds to thousands of nucleotides in length and resemble protein-coding transcripts in that they are poly-adenylated and capped . These pThe mechanism of action of microRNAs is considered to be by two modes – translational repression and target degradation. The former is common in mammalian systems while the latter is found predominantly in plants. The basic difference in the two mechanisms is thought to be primarily governed by the levels of complementarity between microRNAs and their target transcripts. Perfect or near perfect complementarity as is common in plant microRNAs and in a small class of eukaryotic microRNAs causes target cleavage and degradation , analogoIn fact, one microRNA can have binding sites in multiple targets  and one target can be repressed by multiple microRNAs (multiplicity and co-operativity) . Moreovevide infra). A recent report by Bhattacharyya et al suggests that microRNA mediated mechanism of post-transcriptional repression of gene expression is indeed reversible [Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs can also regulate protein expression through non-classical ways. Genome-wide expression analysis of microRNA targets have shown to decrease the transcript levels . But wheversible , suggestde novo prediction of microRNA still remains a challenging task. This is especially important in the case of viruses as viral microRNAs do not share close homology even in the same class. We hope the prediction algorithms will improve with a better understanding of the sequence and structural components of precursor hairpins involved in microRNA biogenesis [de novo method (unpublished results) for microRNA prediction in viruses based on Support Vector Machines, rationalizing that virus encoded microRNA precursor hairpins would share the sequence and structure features with that of host as they share the same microRNA processing machinery. The algorithms for microRNA target prediction also have been significantly improved from first-generation algorithms which rely on sequence complementarity rules, thermodynamic stability and conservation [Computational predictions have been the mainstay for discovery of microRNAs and their targets. The algorithms for microRNA prediction range from custom-made programs to search for hairpin loops and energetic stability to advanced algorithms employing machine learning approaches -25. Evenogenesis . We haveervation ,27,28 byervation .Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and use the cellular machinery for their survival and replication. The success of the virus essentially depends on its ability to effectively and efficiently use the host machinery to propagate itself. This dependence on the host also makes it susceptible to the host gene-regulatory mechanisms. Though the gene regulatory mechanisms involving both host and viral proteins have been extensively studied, data on small RNA mediated gene regulation in viral infections is just emerging. Interestingly, it seems that the cellular microRNAs, in addition to their normal regulatory roles in cellular gene expression also double up as fortuitous agents that target foreign nucleic acids, as in the case of viruses. The inventory of microRNAs encoded differs between cell types, and thus may contribute to the tissue tropism of viruses. Some of these are elaborated in the subsequent sections.et al [Lecellier et al , for thenef. The targets were found to be highly conserved in all of the viral clade sequences with the exception of clade O. The fact that defective nef is well known to be associated with a long term non-progressor state led us to speculate that the levels of the cellular microRNAs would be a decisive factor in determining the progression of the disease. The targets have been experimentally validated (unpublished results) by cloning the target site in the 3'UTR of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) reporter gene. Analysis of previously reported microarray data [We have earlier shown , using rray data  of theseray data  . Two human encoded microRNAs mir-507 and mir-136 had potential binding sites in Polymerase B2 (PB2) and Hemagglutinin (HA) genes respectively. The target regions in the respective genes were not only found to be conserved across different viral strains, but were also found to fall in highly accessible regions of the predicted target RNA structure. Moreover, analysis of previously reported  microarrBoth the genes PB2 and HA are known to be critical for the pathogenicity of the virus. While HA is the surface glycoprotein involved in direct binding of the virus to the cell surface, HA in the H5N1 subtype carries a polybasic site, cleavage at which, by cellular proteases is an essential step in establishing infection. PB2 is one of the three components of the Ribonucleoprotein which is responsible for RNA replication and transcription. Recent evidence, from recombinant viruses generated by combinations of murine and avian viruses identified PB2 as one of the two genes associated with virulence. The polymerase activity was directly correlated with the high virulence of the murine strain in their cognate host . Anotheret al [Jopling et al  reportedInterestingly viruses have also evolved to evade RNAi by a variety of strategies. The suppressors of antiviral RNAi is better understood in plant viruses. To counteract the small RNA mediated interference, viruses express suppressors that interfere with microRNA as well as siRNA pathways . The virThe interest in discovering novel microRNA candidates using both computational tools and experimental validation of the predicted candidates have shown that viruses also encode microRNAs  latency associated transcript (LAT) encodes for a microRNA which target critical genes of the apoptosis pathway [Of late, Cui V genome . Subsequ pathway  includinSuch a mechanism could operate in other related herpes viruses like Epstein-Barr virus, which not only causes latent infection, but also associated with a wide spectrum of neoplasms in humans including Burkitts lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It is all the more probable that oncogenic herpes viruses like EBV and KSHV encoded microRNAs can target critical genes involved in oncogenesis. This is especially so in the case of EBV encoded microRNAs as they have been shown to be differentially expressed in different phases of the viral life . Our anaet al, using a combinatorial approach incorporating both computational prediction and experimental validation demonstrated the possibility that a virus-encoded microRNA could auto-regulate itself. A nef derived microRNA could down regulate nef expression in vitro suggesting that it could be a mechanism of maintaining low viremia in Long term non-progressor (LTNP) states [nef derived microRNA also suppress transcription [Omoto ) states . This ficription  by reducIn yet another instance, a virus encoded microRNA, is effectively used by the virus to tune down a set of genes and thereby evade cytotoxic T cell response . Simian Recently microRNA expression profiles have been analyzed for viral infections like HIV . MicroRNMicroRNAs and anti-microRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) have been proposed as novel therapeutics ,56. ReceMicroRNAs are promising candidates for developing novel bio-therapeutics against viruses, as it requires only partial complementarity unlike siRNAs and thus can tackle the high rate of mutations in viruses better than siRNAs. Initial experiments creating microRNAs based on siRNA design rules have shown promising results . Our groWith evidence demonstrating that both host encoded and virus encoded microRNAs interact with host and virus transcripts respectively, in addition to their roles in regulating their own transcripts warrants a comprehensive analysis of host and virus microRNAs and their targets to elucidate a holistic picture of microRNA mediated host-virus interaction model Figure . The cha


The name of first author Marina de Moraes Mourão was written incorrectly in the citation. The correct name is: Mourão MM. The correct citation is: Mourão MM, Dinguirard N, Franco GR, Yoshino TP (2009) Phenotypic Screen of Early-Developing Larvae of the Blood Fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, using RNA Interference. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3(8): e502. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000502.


Tonsillar lipomas are rare benign tumors, with only a limited number of cases reported in the literature. Excision of the lipoma along with tonsillectomy has been proposed as the usual treatment option. We report a case of tonsillar lipoma which was managed by excision of the lesion without the need for a tonsillectomy. No recurrence was reported at a 2-year followup. A worldwide literature review was done to better define the clinical and histopathological features of these lesions. The authors propose that routine tonsillectomy is not required for these benign lesions and that simple excision of the stalk of the lipoma is sufficient. Benign tumors of the palatine tonsil are rare, usually presenting as polypoidal masses, and include papillomas, lymphangiomas, fibromas, and lipomas . AlthougA 28-year-old male presented with a one-year history of progressively increasing respiratory difficulty which was exacerbated in the left lateral decubitus position. The patient gave a history of multiple apneic spells at night. Upon initial examination of the oral cavity, no abnormality was observed. However, the patient, on making an effort, regurgitated a smooth surfaced polypoidal mass from the oropharynx. A large multilobulated polypoidal mass was seen arising from the inferior pole of the right tonsillar fossa and extending into the oropharynx . LaryngeWe present a case of tonsillar lipoma in a young adult which was managed with excision of the lesion without the need for a tonsillectomy and showed no recurrence at 2-year followup. The case highlights the fact that tonsillar lipomas can present with airway obstruction and that simple excision of the lesion without the need for tonsillectomy is sufficient for the management of these lesions.Benign tumors of the palatine tonsil are rare and usually take the form of a polyp. The polypoidal lesions of the tonsil are named on the basis of the predominant tissue component found on histological examination as squamous papillomas, lymphangiectatic fibrous polyp, fibrovascular polyp, haemangioma, and lipoma. Of all these benign polypoidal lesions of the tonsil, squamous cell papillomas are the most common, followed by lymphangiomas .Lipomas of the palatine tonsil are extremely rare lesions and only 23 cases have been reported so far . A revieTonsillectomy with the excision of the lesion has been described as the most common treatment option for tonsillar lipomas, while surgical excision of the lipoma and stalk, without tonsillectomy, has rarely been described in the literature , 12. TheWe present a case of tonsil lipoma presenting as sleep apnea and airway obstruction. Based on the twenty-three cases reported worldwide, it appears as though age and gender do not play a significant role in their development. While tonsillectomy remains the most frequently reported approach to removal of lipomas of the palatine tonsil, excision of the mass, without tonsillectomy, may represent a means of reducing risks of postoperative complications while maintaining low rates of recurrence.


The sulfonyl and aniline rings are rotated relative to each other by 53.0 (1)°. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O(S) hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers.The molecule of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Arjunan et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gelbrich et al.  Å                           b = 11.959 (1) Å                           c = 11.428 (1) Å                           β = 112.87 (2)°V = 1433.6 (2) Å3                                                   Z = 4                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.59 mmT = 293 K                           0.44 × 0.38 × 0.28 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.780, T                           max = 0.851Absorption correction: multi-scan (5752 measured reflections2924 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2361 reflections with R                           int = 0.013                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.036                           wR(F                           2) = 0.103                           S = 1.04                           2924 reflections177 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.28 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.38 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811030819/bt5590Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811030819/bt5590Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The C—SO2—NH—C torsion angle is −93.9 (2)°. The benzene rings are tilted relative to each other by 61.9 (1)°. The crystal structure features inversion-related dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-substituted amides, see: Gowda et al. -arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al.  Å                           b = 9.479 (1) Å                           c = 10.103 (2) Å                           α = 84.90 (2)°β = 78.49 (1)°γ = 79.28 (1)°V = 743.46 (19) Å3                                                   Z = 2                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.93 mmT = 293 K                           0.48 × 0.44 × 0.32 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.663, T                           max = 0.754Absorption correction: multi-scan (4974 measured reflections3027 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2423 reflections with R                           int = 0.014                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.038                           wR(F                           2) = 0.104                           S = 1.03                           3027 reflections184 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.36 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.29 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681104219X/rz2649Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681104219X/rz2649Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The C—S—N—C torsion angles are −67.4 (2) and 63.8 (2)° in the two independent molecules. In one of the molecules, a methyl group is disordered over two sets of sites with a site-occupation factor of 0.661 (16) for the major occupany component. In the crystal, molecules are packed into chains running along [101] through N—H⋯O(S) hydrogen bonds.The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Bhat & Gowda -sulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2005N-(arylsulfonyl)-amides, see: Shakuntala et al.  Å                           b = 16.351 (1) Å                           c = 13.351 (1) Å                           β = 96.485 (8)°V = 2565.8 (3) Å3                                                   Z = 8                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.25 mmT = 293 K                           0.46 × 0.44 × 0.40 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.896, T                           max = 0.908Absorption correction: multi-scan (9793 measured reflections5225 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)3538 reflections with R                           int = 0.015                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.045                           wR(F                           2) = 0.127                           S = 1.06                           5225 reflections306 parameters5 restraintsH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.25 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.32 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811027838/bt5569Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811027838/bt5569Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Further, the N—H bond in the C—SO2—NH—C segment is syn with respect to the meta-methyl group in the aniline benzene ring and the ortho-methyl group in the sulfonyl benzene ring. The C—SO2—NH—C torsion angle is −49.72 (18)°. The sulfonyl and aniline benzene rings are tilted relative to each other by 71.6 (1)°. The crystal structure features inversion-related dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Gowda et al. (2007a            N-(aryl)-methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007b            N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gelbrich et al. -arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al.  Å                           b = 8.1604 (9) Å                           c = 12.456 (1) Å                           α = 80.991 (9)°β = 72.903 (8)°γ = 78.979 (8)°V = 771.04 (14) Å3                                                   Z = 2                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.38 mmT = 293 K                           0.50 × 0.44 × 0.40 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.832, T                           max = 0.862Absorption correction: multi-scan (5220 measured reflections3126 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2631 reflections with R                           int = 0.008                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.037                           wR(F                           2) = 0.109                           S = 1.05                           3126 reflections187 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.25 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.28 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811041341/nc2250Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811041341/nc2250Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The molecule is twisted about the N—S bond with a C—SO2—NH—C torsion angle of 44.55 (17)°. The two aromatic rings are inclined relative to each other by 66.2 (1)°. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains parallel to the b axis.In the molecule of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Arjunan et al. methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007N-(aryl)arylsulfonamides, see: Gelbrich et al.  Å                           b = 9.7830 (7) Å                           c = 15.897 (1) Å                           β = 97.284 (7)°V = 1394.33 (17) Å3                                                   Z = 4                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.42 mmT = 293 K                           0.44 × 0.40 × 0.32 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.837, T                           max = 0.877Absorption correction: multi-scan (5245 measured reflections2841 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2438 reflections with R                           int = 0.009                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.036                           wR(F                           2) = 0.103                           S = 1.06                           2841 reflections177 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.28 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.36 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811029400/bt5582Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811029400/bt5582Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The dihedral angle between the phenylsulfonyl and aniline rings is 41.7 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are packed into centrosymmetric dimers through pairs of N—H⋯O(S) hydrogen bonds.Molecules of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Arjunan et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gelbrich et al.  Å                           b = 8.312 (1) Å                           c = 16.043 (2) Å                           β = 97.27 (1)°V = 1470.8 (4) Å3                                                   Z = 4                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.22 mmT = 293 K                           0.48 × 0.36 × 0.20 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.901, T                           max = 0.957Absorption correction: multi-scan (5256 measured reflections2685 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2107 reflections with R                           int = 0.021                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.043                           wR(F                           2) = 0.125                           S = 1.04                           2685 reflections188 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.28 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.28 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811031102/bt5591Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811031102/bt5591Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The amide and carboxyl C=O groups are syn to each other. Furthermore, the C=O and O—H bonds of the carboxyl group are in syn positions with respect to each other. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the amide group is 47.8 (2)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are further linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into double chains along the b-axis direction.In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Gowda et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Jayalakshmi & Gowda (2004N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al.  Å                           b = 4.7784 (7) Å                           c = 23.892 (5) Å                           β = 121.20 (1)°V = 2322.2 (8) Å3                                                   Z = 8                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.32 mmT = 293 K                           0.42 × 0.10 × 0.08 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur with Sapphire CCD detector diffractometerCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.877, T                           max = 0.975Absorption correction: multi-scan (4399 measured reflections2322 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)1680 reflections with R                           int = 0.020                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.062                           wR(F                           2) = 0.128                           S = 1.19                           2322 reflections152 parameters2 restraintsH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.28 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.25 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811054638/yk2035Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811054638/yk2035Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Further, the C=O bond and the meta-Cl atom in the benzoyl ring are also anti to each other. The dihedral angle between the sulfonyl and the benzoyl benzene rings is 72.4 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Bowes et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Jayalakshmi & Gowda (2004N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2003N-(substitutedbenzoyl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Suchetan et al.  Å                           b = 12.046 (1) Å                           c = 15.596 (2) Å                           β = 118.77 (2)°V = 2971.3 (6) Å3                                                   Z = 8                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.40 mmT = 293 K                           0.40 × 0.36 × 0.32 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.856, T                           max = 0.882Absorption correction: multi-scan (5996 measured reflections3024 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2463 reflections with R                           int = 0.012                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.042                           wR(F                           2) = 0.113                           S = 1.03                           3024 reflections185 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.45 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.64 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD ; data reduction: CrysAlis RED  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811050574/bt5728Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811050574/bt5728Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, every water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds with three different molecules of 4-chloro-N-(3-methylbenzoyl)benzenesulfonamide. One of the water H atoms forms a bifurcated hydrogen bond with both the sulfonyl and the carbonyl O atoms of the same molecule. Molecules are linked into layers in the ab plane through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Gowda et al. (2004N-(aryl)-methanesulfonamides, see: Jayalakshmi & Gowda (2004N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2003N-(substitutedbenzoyl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Suchetan et al.  Å                           b = 12.864 (2) Å                           c = 46.314 (5) Å                           V = 2987.7 (7) Å3                                                   Z = 8                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.41 mmT = 293 K                           0.46 × 0.14 × 0.06 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.834, T                           max = 0.976Absorption correction: multi-scan (5972 measured reflections2684 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)1959 reflections with R                           int = 0.037                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.105                           wR(F                           2) = 0.185                           S = 1.35                           2684 reflections200 parameters3 restraintsH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.33 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.34 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811051932/bt5739Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811051932/bt5739Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The conformation of the N—H bonds are anti to the ortho-methyl groups of the sulfonyl benzene rings in all the molecules. The sulfonyl and the aniline benzene rings are tilted relative to each other by 43.0 (2), 37.0 (2) and by 46.0 (1)° in the three molecules. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link each of the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers.The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Gowda et al. (2000N-(aryl)-methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gelbrich et al. -arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda & Shetty  Å                           b = 12.585 (1) Å                           c = 18.523 (2) Å                           α = 96.404 (9)°β = 95.279 (9)°γ = 103.39 (1)°V = 2257.4 (4) Å3                                                   Z = 6                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.39 mmT = 293 K                           0.46 × 0.28 × 0.20 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.840, T                           max = 0.926Absorption correction: multi-scan (15326 measured reflections8214 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)3972 reflections with R                           int = 0.033                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.070                           wR(F                           2) = 0.152                           S = 1.02                           8214 reflections559 parameters3 restraintsH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.30 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.27 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811040876/bt5662Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811040876/bt5662Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, molecules are linked via N—H⋯O(S) hydrogen bonds into helical chains running along the b axis.In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Bowes et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Jayalakshmi & Gowda (2004N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2003N-(substitutedbenzoyl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Suchetan et al.  Å                           b = 5.0577 (6) Å                           c = 23.488 (3) Å                           β = 90.43 (1)°V = 1412.6 (3) Å3                                                   Z = 4                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.44 mmT = 293 K                           0.46 × 0.20 × 0.10 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.822, T                           max = 0.957Absorption correction: multi-scan (4873 measured reflections2840 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2204 reflections with R                           int = 0.017                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.058                           wR(F                           2) = 0.105                           S = 1.20                           2840 reflections202 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.35 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.35 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811054857/bt5758Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811054857/bt5758Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The main molecule is planar by symmetry and its conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a three-dimensional network.The title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Gowda et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Jayalakshmi & Gowda (2004N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Shetty & Gowda  Å                           b = 20.3357 (5) Å                           c = 17.1671 (4) Å                           V = 2356.42 (11) Å3                                                   Z = 8                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.35 mmT = 293 K                           0.81 × 0.25 × 0.12 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Ruby (Gemini Cu) detectorCrysAlis PRO 1131 reflections with R                           int = 0.027                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.044                           wR(F                           2) = 0.128                           S = 1.07                           1310 reflections118 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.25 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.44 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis PRO  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811052573/bt5742Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811052573/bt5742Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into C(4) chains propagating in [001].In the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Bhat & Gowda -methanesulfonamides, see: Jayalakshmi & Gowda (2004N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gowda et al.  Å                           c = 19.8709 (9) Å                           V = 5390.6 (4) Å3                                                   Z = 16                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.47 mmT = 293 K                           0.48 × 0.34 × 0.14 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.807, T                           max = 0.937Absorption correction: multi-scan (5852 measured reflections2752 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)1701 reflections with R                           int = 0.021                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.042                           wR(F                           2) = 0.120                           S = 1.01                           2752 reflections166 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.23 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.21 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811028935/bt6816Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811028935/bt6816Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The conformations of all the N—H, C= O and C—H bonds in the central amide and aliphatic segments are anti to their adjacent bonds. The molecule is bent at the S atom with an C—SO2—NH—C(O) torsion angle of −76.4 (3)°. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the SO2—NH—C(O) segment in the two halves of the molecule is 67.2 (1)°. In the crystal, N—H⋯O(C) intermolecular hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along the b axis.In the crystal structure of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Arjunan et al. -methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007N-(arylsulfonyl)-amides, see: Rodrigues et al.  Å                           b = 15.835 (2) Å                           c = 10.106 (1) Å                           β = 112.31 (1)°V = 1188.1 (2) Å3                                                   Z = 2                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.26 mmT = 293 K                           0.22 × 0.20 × 0.06 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD detectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.944, T                           max = 0.984Absorption correction: multi-scan (4285 measured reflections2174 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)1326 reflections with R                           int = 0.027                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.058                           wR(F                           2) = 0.139                           S = 1.04                           2174 reflections149 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.24 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811029783/nc2239Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811029783/nc2239Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Further, the conformation of the N—C bond in the C—SO2—NH—C segment is gauche with respect to the S=O bonds. The C—SO2—NH—C torsion angle is 54.9 (2)°. The sulfonyl and aniline benzene rings are tilted relative to each other by 82.8 (1)°. The crystal structure features inversion-related dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. There are also weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between these dimers.In the crystal of the title compound, C N-(aryl)-amides, see: Gowda et al. (2003N-(aryl)-methanesulfonamides, see: Gowda et al. (2007N-(aryl)-arylsulfonamides, see: Gelbrich et al.  Å                           b = 8.0794 (5) Å                           c = 16.470 (1) Å                           β = 101.575 (7)°V = 3007.0 (4) Å3                                                   Z = 8                           Kα radiationMo −1                        μ = 0.57 mmT = 293 K                           0.50 × 0.46 × 0.42 mm                                 Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur diffractometer with a Sapphire CCD DetectorCrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009T                           min = 0.764, T                           max = 0.796Absorption correction: multi-scan (10045 measured reflections3067 independent reflectionsI > 2σ(I)2555 reflections with R                           int = 0.018                                                            R[F                           2 > 2σ(F                           2)] = 0.046                           wR(F                           2) = 0.124                           S = 1.09                           3067 reflections186 parameters1 restraintH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementmax = 0.42 e Å−3                        Δρmin = −0.73 e Å−3                        Δρ                                 CrysAlis CCD  used to solve structure: SHELXS97  I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811040189/bq2307Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811040189/bq2307Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Recognizing the factors affecting the number of blood donation and blood deferral has a major impact on blood transfusion. There is a positive correlation between the variables “number of blood donation” and “number of blood deferral”: as the number of return for donation increases, so does the number of blood deferral. On the other hand, due to the fact that many donors never return to donate, there is an extra zero frequency for both of the above-mentioned variables. In this study, in order to apply the correlation and to explain the frequency of the excessive zero, the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model was used for joint modeling of the number of blood donation and number of blood deferral. The data was analyzed using the Bayesian approach applying noninformative priors at the presence and absence of covariates. Estimating the parameters of the model, that is, correlation, zero-inflation parameter, and regression coefficients, was done through MCMC simulation. Eventually double-Poisson model, bivariate Poisson model, and bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model were fitted on the data and were compared using the deviance information criteria (DIC). The results showed that the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model fitted the data better than the other models. Blood transfusion is so important in health system that it plays a big part in saving many people's lives in normal and emergency situations. Furthermore, it has a noticeable impact on improving the quality of life and consequently the life expectancy of chronic patients. Nevertheless, many patients either die due to lack of access to safe blood transfusion or at least suffer from it. According to the World Health Organization report, about one percent of the population of every country is in need of blood donation . Today, Poisson regression model belongs to the family of generalized linear models in which the response variable is a count one and has followed Poisson distribution. The equality of the variance and the mean of the dependent variable is one of the important hypotheses of Poisson regression analysis. In most practical applications, response observations are overdispersed ; thus fitting the Poisson regression model on the data will not yield the desired results. In a univariate case, the best solution to the problem of overdispersion is to use a negative binomial regression model , 13. In Due to calculation problems while fitting these models, researchers were not able to use zero-inflated bivariate count model for a long time . Recent This study seeks to determine the factors which affect the number of return for donation and also deferral from donation. The data is of the type of count data and, to explain it, it is necessary to use a count regression model. On the other hand, the data has a large number of zeros, and also there is a positive correlation between the number of return for donation and the number of deferral. In order to model these two variables obtained from blood transfusion data, the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model was used. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: in The data used in this research was obtained from a longitudinal study in which a random sample of donors who had a first-time successful donation were followed up for a maximum of five years and their number of return for blood donation and number of blood deferral were measured as response. A full description of the data can be seen in .  FigureY1 and Y2 are bivariate Poisson distribution and are shown as  ~ BP if their joint probability mass is given by λi > 0 and y1, y2 = 0, 1, 2, 3,…. Marginal distribution of Y1 and Y2 is Poisson distribution with parameters of λ1 + λ3 and λ2 + λ3, respectively. Mean and variance of Y1 and Y2 are λ1 + λ3 and λ2 + λ3, respectively. The covariance between Y1 and Y2 is λ3, which shows a measure of dependency between Y1 and Y2. Bivariate Poisson distribution can be defined using latent variables. Assuming Z1, Z2, and Z3 are mutually independent Poisson random variables with parameters λ1, λ2, and λ3, respectively, then the covariance between Y1 and Y2 will beY1 and Y2 is given asλ3 = 0; we have a special case which yields that Y1 and Y2 are independent. This way, the bivariate Poisson distribution becomes multiplication of two univariate Poisson distributions and is known as double-Poisson model [The discrete random variables of on model , 21.P0 < 1 and λ = λ1 + λ2 + λ3.Here, we use a bivariate zero-inflated Poisson (BZIP) model, which is a mixture of bivariate Poisson and a point mass at . The joint probability mass function of BZIP model is defined as , 23(4)fBThe marginal distributions of BZIP model are zero-inflated univariate Poisson distribution, whose probability mass function isgiven as (6)EYk=1−yi1, yi2), i = 1,…, n, is an observation from the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson and λk, k = 1,2, 3 [P0) via logit link function. We assume β and γ are vectors of regression parameters for λ1 and λ2, respectively, and let λ3 = exp(α).Assuming lθ =  is a vector of all regression parameters. We choose noninformative prior distributions for regression parameters as normal with zero mean and large variance of 1000. βi ~ N, γi ~ N,  i = 1, …, p, and α ~ N.Suppose P0. We assume that the prior distributions of all parameters of model are independent of each other. Suppose there are n individuals under study whose responses are represented by yi = ′; i = 1, …, n and Dobs =  is a vector of all observations. If L is likelihood function and π(θ) and π(P0) are prior distributions of θ and P0, then the joint distribution of the data and the parameters is θ, P0) will beIi is an indicator that  are both zero at which Ii = 1 and 0 otherwise. The posterior density of parameters is very complicated; thus, we use simulation approach of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to estimate the parameters.Also, we choose uniform distribution in the  interval for The codes of the programs related to the models were written using the WinBUGS software version 1.4.3. To make sure of the convergence of parameter's chains, both graphical and analytical convergence diagnostics were used. In the graphical method, the behavior of the trace plots and the autocorrelation function were checked. Also, in order to study the convergence analytically, two parallel chains with a burn-in of 5000 samples and 30000 observations after that were run. The samples obtained from posterior distributions of the parameters were fed into R software and the modified Gelman-Rubin  scale reP0) are 0.43 and , respectively. In other words, in BZIP regression model, the posterior estimate of the parameter P0 = P is equal to 0.43. Since the number of the observed  in the response variables was 411, the observed proportion of zeros was 411 to 864, that is, 0.48. This value is close to the posterior estimate of the inflation parameter obtained from the BZIP regression model. In the univariate model, the posterior estimate of extra zero parameters in the zero-inflated Poisson regression model is obtained at 0.448 for the number of return for donation and 0.67 for the numbers of blood deferral. So, if the dependency between the two response variables is not considered, and the responses of the number of return for donation and deferral are assumed independent, then the probability of P will be equal to P(Y1 = 0) · P(Y2 = 0), which will be estimated as 0.448∗0.67, and result is 0.30, which is an underestimation compared to the BZIP model and the true proportion of zeros. The estimated value of the correlation coefficient of the BZIP model in absence of covariate using estimated moments is equal to 0.282, which is very close to the Spearman correlation coefficient of the original data (r = 0.276) that, in turn, shows the qualified fitting of the model.The posterior mean and 95% credible interval for the zero-inflation parameter (proportion of extra zeros) in model  were important factors to the number of blood donation. Results, also, showed that weight is an important factor to the number of blood deferral. To compare the models, deviance information criteria (DIC) were used ; the resThe findings showed that, among the independent variables, the only ones which influenced the number of donation were weight and job . Also, students returned to donate, most of all jobs, and housekeepers did so the least of all. Weight had a positive effect on the number of blood deferral as well; it looks like people with higher weights return for donation more than other people, which in turn causes a higher rate of blood deferral too.All the prior distributions for parameters of this model were noninformative, so the values of hyperparameters of prior distributions were selected in a way that their variance would be bigger. As another study, it is proposed to use bivariate zero-inflated negative binomial model with our data and results could be compared with BZIP model.This article mainly aims at discovering the factors influencing number of return for blood donation and number of blood deferral. To do so, the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model was applied using a Bayesian approach via MCMC simulation. Since the proposed response is naturally bivariate, using ordinary univariate zero-inflated regression models will not yield the desired results. A positive correlation between dependent variables and zero frequency more than Poisson distribution in each of the dependent variables are the main characteristics of the data in this study. The idea of using the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson (BZIP) model was strengthened by these two features because this model not only explains the positive correlation between the two responses (as BP model does) but also explains overdispersion and underdispersion conditions (which BP does not). The bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model is an ideal model as it has overcome the problems of bivariate Poisson model .According to the estimate of the DIC in