After comprehensive consideration of the genetic and ultrasound results, the two gravidas decided to receive elective termination and molecular investigations of multiple tissue samples from the aborted fetus and the placenta. The results confirmed the presence of true fetoplacental mosaicism with levels of trisomy 9 mosaicism from 76% to normal in various tissues. These two cases highlight the necessity of genetic counseling for gravidas whose NIPT results highly suggest the risk of chromosome 9 to ascertain the occurrence of mosaicism. In addition, the comprehensive use of multiple genetic techniques and biological samples is recommended for prenatal diagnosis to avoid false-negative results. It should also be noted that ultrasound results of organs with true trisomy 9 mosaicism can be free of structural abnormalities during pregnancy.Chromosomal mosaicism remains a perpetual diagnostic and clinical dilemma. In the present study, we detected two prenatal trisomy 9 mosaic syndrome cases by using multiple genetic testing methods. The non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) results suggested trisomy 9 in two fetuses. Karyotype analysis of amniocytes showed a high level (42%–50%) of mosaicism, and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) of uncultured amniocytes showed no copy number variation (CNV) except for large fragment loss of heterozygosity. Ultrasound findings were unmarkable except for small for gestational age. In Case 1, further umbilical blood puncture confirmed 22.4% and 34% trisomy 9 mosaicism by CMA and fluorescent  Trisomy 9 is an uncommon chromosomal abnormality that can occur in a mosaic or non-mosaic state . Full tr+1 weeks of gestation after genetic counseling. Sample preparation, maternal plasma DNA sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis for NIPT were carried out using BGI platform  as previously described  with no family history of chromosomal abnormalities and a sign of spontaneous abortion during early pregnancy. She underwent maternal serum screening at 12 weeks of gestation, which revealed a risk for Down syndrome of 1 in 200. Due to concerns about the unavoidable risks of invasive prenatal diagnosis methods, she chose NIPT for fetal autosomal aneuploidies screening at 16escribed . NIPT an®750 K Array  revealed an 18.54 Mb loss of heterozygosity at 9p24.3p22.1, arr [GRCh37] 9p24.3p22.1  × 2 hmz , a head circumference of 26.1 cm (14.7th), an abdominal circumference of 21.8 cm (2nd), a humerus length of 4.7 cm (14.7th), a femur length of 5.2 cm (14.7th), and a fetal weight assessment of 1040 g (5.5th). The gravida chose to terminate the pregnancy at 29+4 weeks of gestation.Following post-test genetic counseling for the NIPT results, the gravida agreed to receive amniocentesis for further analysis at 22 weeks of gestation. Genetic amniocentesis test revealed a karyotype of mos 47,XX,+9 [25]/46,XX [25], indicating a level of 50% trisomy 9 mosaicism . Parenta × 2 hmz . As thernclature  guidelinnclature , this kanclature . CMA ananclature . UltrasoA subsequent autopsy of the aborted fetus confirmed the prenatal ultrasound finding of no structural anomalies. The copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq)  analysis of the maternal and fetal center of the placenta verified trisomy 9 with the level of 80% and 81% mosaicism respectively. The levels of trisomy 9 mosaicism were 6% in the DNA of uncultured amniocytes following CMA testing, 23% in uncultured umbilical blood, and 21% in the umbilical cord . The tri®750 K Array showed no CNV on chromosome 9 except for 24.96 Mb and 19.22 Mb loss of heterozygosity at 9p23p13.1 and 9q33.1q34.3: arr [GRCh37] 9p23p13.1  × 2 hmz and arr [GRCh37] 9q33.1q34.3  × 2 hmz . The pregnancy was terminated at 21+5 weeks of gestation upon the request of the parents.A 31-year-old woman  was referred to the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital because of the high risk of NIPT results. NIPT using the MGISEQ-2000 platform  at 14 gestational weeks showed that the Z-score of chromosome 9 was outside the normal range , suggesting a high risk of trisomy 9. There was no signs of miscarriage during early pregnancy, and all common laboratory parameters were within normal reference ranges. The gravida underwent amniocentesis at 18 weeks of gestation. Genetic amniocentesis analysis revealed the existence of trisomy 9 mosaicism, mos 47,XY,+9 [21]/46,XY [29] with a 42% level of trisomy 9 mosaicism . Parenta × 2 hmz . PrenataUpon approval from the parents, an autopsy of the aborted fetus was performed, and the result showed no significant structural anomalies. FISH analysis of uncultured oral mucosal cells with chromosome 9p-ter and 9q-ter FISH probes detected trisomy 9 in 16 (8.2%) of 196 cells examined . CNV-seqOwing to the advantage of NIPT in detecting genome-wide chromosomal anomalies , more stin vitro cell culture, which is especially common in prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 9  is only paternally imprinted gene on chromosome 9, which is implicated in neonatal diabetes and pancreatic development by autosomal recessive inheritance instead of imprinting (https://cs-tl.de/DB/CA/UPD/0-Start.html), only 53 cases have been referred to chromosome 9 and limited prenatal clinical significance of UPD 9 has been reported in the literature (https://cs-tl.de/DB/CA/UPD/0-Start.html), which makes the clinical phenotype analysis of UPD 9 more difficult.The clinical significance of uniparental disomy (UPD) lies in its ability of producing either aberrant patterns of imprinting or homozygosity for recessive mutations. printing . Accorditerature . BesidesChromosomal mosaicism presents a major interpretative dilemma in prenatal genetic counseling. Genetic counseling for clinical outcomes of chromosomal mosaicism in pregnant women needs to be assessed on the case-by-case basis and comprehensively consider multiple factors, including the timing of the initial event, gene-phenotype associations of referred chromosome, the ratio and distribution of the normal/abnormal cells in tissues. The placental findings from NIPT and the trisomic rescue observed by SNP-array and karyotyping, suggest that our cases are fetoplacental trisomy 9 mosaicism, which was further confirmed by CNV-seq testing of the aborted placental and fetal tissues. Prenatal clinical features of mosaic trisomy 9 are often complicated with intrauterine growth retardation and/or “small” size, which is not specific. Live births with trisomy 9 mosaicism may present with characteristic phenotypic features, such as craniofacial abnormalities , cardiac abnormalities, feeding  and breathing difficulties, cryptorchidism, hip dysplasia, seizures, and developmental delay . The incIn conclusion, the findings in the present study suggest that attention should be paid to the possibility of mosaicism and placental mosaicism in gravidas with positive NIPT results of trisomy 9, and the comprehensive use of multiple genetic techniques and biological samples is strongly suggested for the diagnosis of trisomy 9 mosaicism. Genetic counseling for clinical outcomes of trisomy 9 mosaicism during pregnancy should be provided on the case-by-case basis by comprehensive consideration of the prenatal results and the fact that true fetal trisomy 9 mosaicism can be free of structural anomalies.


The Y2O3 phase has specific orientation relationships with the α-Ti phase: (002)2O3Y // 6Si3 has an orientation relationship with the β-Ti phase: (026Si3(TiZr) // (011)β-Ti, [6Si3(TiZr) // [04β-Ti. The 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy has the best high-temperature oxidation resistance at different temperatures. The oxidation behaviors of the alloys follow the linear-parabolic law, and the oxidation products of the alloys are composed of rutile-TiO2, anatase-TiO2, Y2O3 and Al2O3. The room-temperature and 700 °C UTS of the alloys decreases first and then increases with the increase of Y content; the 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy has the best room-temperature mechanical properties with a UTS of 1012 MPa and elongation of 1.0%. The 700 °C UTS and elongation of the alloy with 0.1 wt.% Y is 694 MPa and 9.8%, showing an optimal comprehensive performance. The UTS and elongation of the alloys at 750 °C increase first and then decrease with the increase of Y content. The optimal UTS and elongation of the alloy is 556 MPa and 10.1% obtained in 0.2 wt.% Y composition alloy. The cleavage and dimples fractures are the primary fracture mode for the room- and high-temperature tensile fracture, respectively.To improve the heat resistance of titanium alloys, the effects of Y content on the precipitation behavior, oxidation resistance and high-temperature mechanical properties of as-cast Ti-5Al-2.75Sn-3Zr-1.5Mo-0.45Si-1W-2Nb-xY  alloys were systematically investigated. The microstructures, phase evolution and oxidation scales were characterized by XRD, Laser Raman, XPS, SEM and TEM. The properties were studied by cyclic oxidation as well as room- and high-temperature tensile testing. The results show that the microstructures of the alloys are of the widmanstätten structure with typical basket weave features, and the prior β grain size and α lamellar spacing are refined with the increase of Y content. The precipitates in the alloys mainly include Y High-temperature titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace and military fields due to their excellent properties, such as low density, high specific strength, high specific stiffness and excellent high-temperature creep properties ,2,3. Wit2O3 phase, thereby improving their strength and toughness [2O3 phase, as well as the interaction between Y and other alloy elements and the mechanism of their impact on the high-temperature properties of the alloys are still unclear.The rare earth element Y has strong chemical activity and deoxidation, which can purify the titanium alloy matrix and improve the high-temperature mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of the alloy. Y mainly affects the microstructures of titanium alloys by forming the Youghness ,15,16. Poughness . TherefoIn this present work, the effect of Y content  on the precipitation behavior, oxidation and mechanical properties of the as-cast Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-W-Nb series high-temperature titanium alloys were systematically investigated. In addition, the corresponding oxidation and high-temperature fracture mechanism were also discussed.−3 Pa. The melting process was at a dry high-purity argon (99.999%) atmosphere maintained at 5 × 103 Pa. After the raw materials were melted uniformly, the melt was kept for 2 min and then cooled to room temperature in the crucible. Each ingot was melted four times to keep the composition homogeneity. The actual compositions of the prepared titanium alloys were analyzed by an X-ray fluorescent spectrometer , and the results were given in Ti-5Al-2.75Sn-3Zr-1.5Mo-0.45Si-1W-2Nb-xY  alloys, developed for the application at 700 °C based on traditional design methods for near α titanium alloys, were prepared by the vacuum electromagnetic levitation melting technique. Pure Ti, Y, Al, Zr, Sn, Mo, Nb and Si were added in the form of elemental alloys, and W was added in the form of a Ti-90W master alloy. Melting stocks weighing 1 kg were melted in a water-cooled copper crucible. Before melting, the sealed evacuated chamber was washed three times with 99.999% high-purity argon, and the internal atmosphere environment was controlled below 103: H2O = 1: 3: 7, Vol.%). TEM observation specimens were ground to 40 μm and then punched to Φ 3 mm discs for ion thinning.The specimens for microstructure characterization, oxidation and mechanical performance tests were cut by wire-cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM). The phases and oxidation products of the as-cast alloys were characterized by a Smartlab (9 kW) X-ray diffractometer  with a scanning speed of 10°/min. The microstructure, oxidation morphology and tensile fracture of the alloys were observed by the Quanta 450-FEG type scanning electron microscope  equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer . The precipitates were characterized by a Tecnai G2 F30 transmission electron microscope . The oxidation mechanisms were analyzed by LabRAM HR Evolution type laser Raman  and ESCALAB 250 Xi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy . Specimens for SEM observations were etched with Kroll’s reagent  at 650 °C, 700 °C and 750 °C. The dimensions of the oxidation specimen were 10 × 10 × 3 mmThe room-temperature tensile test was implemented on an Instron-5848  tensile testing machine at a tensile rate of 1 mm/min. According to the ASTM E8/E8M-16 standard, a 15 mm gauge length extensometer was used to measure the strain to exclude the influence of the elastic strain of the grips. The high-temperature tensile test was carried out on the CMT-5205 tensile testing machine in the air environment at 700 °C and 750 °C. The tensile rate was 0.5 mm/min. The tensile test was repeated three times under each condition. The dimensions of the tensile specimens for room- and high-temperature tests are shown in 2O3 phase.6Si3 silicide . The addition of the Y element in the alloys will reduce the solid solubility of Si in the β phases and promote the precipitation of silicides. It also can be seen that the (TiZr)6Si3 silicide has an orientation relationship with the β-Ti phase: (026Si3(TiZr) // (011)β-Ti, [6Si3(TiZr) // [04β-Ti 2O3Y // , n is the reaction index, kn is the oxidation reaction rate constant, and t is the oxidation time (s). Equation (1) is subjected to natural logarithm processing to obtain Equation (2):The oxidation kinetics can be expressed by Equation (1) :∆Wn = knn can be used as parameters to characterize the oxidation behaviors of materials. The fitting parameters of the alloys at each oxidation temperature are provided in This demonstrates that there is a linear relationship between lg(∆W) and lgt, and n and k2, Al2O3 and Y2O3. The lattice constants of α-Ti after oxidation were calculated according to the XRD data, and the results are exhibited in −1. The corresponding laser Raman spectra are displayed in 2 , anatase-TiO2 (143 cm−1), Y2O3 (312 cm−1) and Al2O3 (378 cm−1) [2 was not found in the XRD analysis  . Howeveranalysis  due to i4+ , Al3+ , O2−  and Y3+  [2− with a binding energy of 529.88 eV and 531.99 eV is oxygen in titanium oxide and alumina, respectively. Ti4 + with a binding energy of 458.62 eV and 464.62 eV is titanium in anatase-TiO2 and rutile-TiO2, respectively. The fitting results of XPS are consistent with the results of laser Raman and XRD analysis. Therefore, it can be considered that the oxidation products of the alloy are composed of rutile-TiO2, anatase-TiO2, Y2O3 and Al2O3.2, short rod Y2O3 and Al2O3. The oxide particles on the surface of the alloys oxidized at 650 °C are smaller, and no serious cracks are observed on the oxidized surfaces. As the oxidation temperature exceeds 700 °C, the amount and size of the oxide particles increases significantly. Therefore, stress would occur between the oxide particles and the matrix, causing cracks. These cracks provide a large number of channels for the internal diffusion of oxygen atoms, which is not conducive to the formation of a uniform and dense oxide film. When the oxidation temperature exceeds 750 °C, the integrity of the oxide layer is seriously damaged. Thus, the oxidation resistance of the alloy decreases with the increase of oxidation temperatures. The number and size of oxidation products increase with the increase of Y content, further indicating that the 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy has the best high-temperature oxidation resistance.To further explore the change process of the oxide layer in different oxidation stages, the surface morphologies of as-cast alloys with different Y content after oxidation for 60 h at different temperatures were characterized, and the results are presented in 0 is the standard free energy change. R is the gas constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, and PO2 is the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure. As described above, TiO2 and Al2O3 are the main oxidation products. The ΔG of TiO2 and Al2O3 at 650 °C, 700 °C and 750 °C is calculated according to Equation (3), and the results are listed in 2O3 and TiO2 can coexist on the oxide surface due to their ΔG value being negative. The stability of Al2O3 is also higher than that of TiO2. However, TiO2 was easier to form due to the much higher content of Ti than Al.To further study the composition of oxidation products, thermodynamic analysis was carried out. The oxidation reaction of titanium alloy follows the Vant Hoff isothermal equation, as specified in Equation (3) :∆G = ∆G02O3 is mainly distributed in the outermost layer of the oxide film, the inner layer of the oxide film is mainly composed of TiO2 and a small amount of Al2O3, and the oxide layer is mainly TiO2. This shows that in the early stage of oxidation, Ti and Al elements diffuse outward and oxidation reaction occurs; the generated oxides cover Y2O3 to form an oxide film with a loose structure. With the extension of oxidation time, oxygen atoms can diffuse inward through the gaps and cracks in the oxide film and oxidize with Ti atoms inside the matrix to form an oxygen-rich layer. Due to the different types of oxidation products in the oxide surface and oxide layer, the stress concentration generated means that the oxide film and the oxide layer cannot be tightly bonded, resulting in the oxide layer being peeled off at more than 750 °C.2O3 in 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy is small and dispersed, which has a certain dispersion strengthening effect in the alloy. With the increase of Y content, the size of Y2O3 increases, and a large-size brittle particle phase is formed in the local position. When the distribution of large-sized precipitates is uneven, it leads to more severe stress concentration and reduces strength during the tensile deformation of the alloy. This is also the reason for the large-size cleavage planes and tearing ridges in the 0.2 wt.% Y composition alloy. When the Y content increases to 0.4 wt.%, Y2O3 will be distributed more uniformly. At this time, Y2O3 forms a network structure distributed along the prior β grain boundary, which can improve the ability of the prior β grain boundary to hinder deformation and significantly reduce the weakening degree of the grain boundaries at high temperatures.The size and distribution of the precipitated phases will affect the mechanical properties of the alloys ,32. As d2O3 phase. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the alloys are affected by the distribution of the Y2O3 phase, silicide and temperature factors. A schematic illustration of the fracture mechanism of the alloys with different Y content is shown in In addition, the silicide in the microstructure will change the stress at the interface of α/β laths ,34, and (1)The as-cast alloys with different Y content are mainly composed of α-Ti phase and a small amount of β-Ti phase. With the increase of Y content, both the α-Ti lattice parameters “a” and “c” increase.(2)The microstructures of the alloys are all of the widmanstätten structure, with typical basket weave features. The prior β grain size and α lamellar spacing decrease with the increase of the Y content.(3)2O3 phases increases, and the morphologies of the Y2O3 phases change from short rod to long strip. The orientation relationships between the Y2O3 phase and α-Ti phase in 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy are established as: (002)2O3Y // 6Si3 silicide is precipitated from the β-Ti phase. It has an orientation relationship with the β-Ti phase: (026Si3(TiZr) // (011)β-Ti, [6Si3(TiZr) // [04β-Ti.(TiZr)(5)2, anatase-TiO2, Y2O3 and Al2O3.The oxidation resistance of the alloys decreases with the increase of oxidation temperature and time. The 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy has the best high-temperature oxidation resistance at different temperatures. The oxidation behaviors of the alloys conform to the linear-parabolic law, and the oxidation products of the alloy are composed of rutile-TiO(6)The room temperature UTS of the alloys decreases first and then increases with the increase of Y content; the 0.1 wt.% Y composition alloy has best room temperature mechanical properties, with a UTS of 1012 MPa and elongation of 1.0%. The UTS of the alloys at 700 °C decreases first and then increases with the increase of Y content, whereas the elongation shows an opposite trend. The UTS and elongation of the alloy with 0.1 wt.% Y is 694 MPa and 9.8%, showing an optimal comprehensive performance. The UTS and elongation of the alloys at 750 °C increase first and then decrease with the increase of Y content. The optimal UTS and elongation of the alloy is 556 MPa and 10.1%, obtained in 0.2 wt.% Y composition alloy. The cleavage and dimple fractures are the primary fracture mode for the room- and high-temperature tensile fracture, respectively.


In this investigation, we apply the improved Kudryashov, the novel Kudryashov, and the unified methods to demonstrate new wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells nonlinear waveform arising in birefringent fibers. Through the application of these techniques, we obtain numerous previously unreported novel dynamic optical soliton solutions in mixed hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational forms of the governing model. These solutions encompass periodic waves with W-shaped profiles, gradually increasing amplitudes, rapidly increasing amplitudes, double-periodic waves, and breather waves with symmetrical or asymmetrical amplitudes. Singular solitons with single and multiple breather waves are also derived. Based on these findings, we can say that our implemented methods are more reliable and useful when retrieving optical soliton results for complicated nonlinear systems. Various potential features of the derived solutions are presented graphically. In the telecommunications industry, solitons are one of the fastest-growing study fields. Without the idea of a solitary wave, it is not easy to understand how fiber optics , 2, teleφ6-model expansion approach Un2 = 0, s = 0, one reachesIn Accordingly, from Let the auxiliary solution of There are nine possible solutions to equation Family-01: Hyperbolic function (for ϑ < 0):Family-02: Trigonometric function (for ϑ > 0):Family-03: Rational function ρ, H, and G ≠ 0 are real parameters. For finding N in U3 and U″ yields N = 1. Then Now, making use of Eqs , 4.2) a a4.2) anδ = −kx + wt+ p. Applying δ = −kx + wt + p. Applying δ = −kx + wt + p.Applying Let the auxiliary solution of the suggested nonlinear structure as follows U(ς)=∑i=There are five possible solutions to equation Family-01: Hyperbolic function (for M > 0):Family-02: Trigonometric function (for M < 0):Family-03: Rational function (for M = 0)N in U3 and U″ yields N = K + 1. If K = 1, then N = 2 and For finding Now using Eqs , 5.2), , 5.2), aδ = −kx + wt + p. Applying Eqs (δ = −kx + wt + p. Applying Eqs (δ = −kx + wt + p.Applying Eqs –5.5) an an5.5) aying Eqs –(5.5) anying Eqs –(5.5) anThe auxiliary solution to the suggested nonlinear structure is assumed in the underneath symbolic form , 39U(ς)L, and M. For finding K in U3 and U″ yields K = 1. As a result From equation Now, making use of Eqs , 6.4), , 6.4), aδ = −kx + wt + p with According to Eqs  and 6.56.5, the Q26 and Q27 produce W-shaped periodic waves. We depict only Q26 . You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. 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In these cases, all author-generated code must be made available without restrictions upon publication of the work. Please review our guidelines at http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/latex.3. Please update your submission to use the PLOS LaTeX template. The template and more information on our requirements for LaTeX submissions can be found at [Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]Reviewers' comments:Reviewer's Responses to Questions  Comments to the Author1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?  The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: Partly**********  2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?   Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: N/A**********  3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.  The Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: Yes**********  4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?  PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: Yes**********  5. Review Comments to the Author  Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. Reviewer #1: Dear Editor,After reading this paper in detail. Authors studied on the improved Kudryashov, the novel Kudryashov, and the unified methods to demonstrate new wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells nonlinear waveform. They derive the ordinary differential structure of the model via a parametric transformation. The above-mentioned techniques are then applied to the governing model by Maple-18 software. As a result, various novel dynamic optical solitons of mixed trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational form solutions are obtained. Periodic waves with W-shaped waves, amplitudes increasing gradually, amplitudes increasing rapidly, double-periodic waves, and breather waveswith symmetrical or asymmetrical amplitudes appear in soliton solutions. Singular solitons with single and multiple breather waves are also derived. Variouspotential features of the derived solutions are presented graphically.This paper should be revised via follows:1- This paper is of 22% similarity index by ithenticate program. So, it needs to be reduced a little more.2- [15-20] these paper should be written in detail.3- "The dimensionless of Fokas-Lenells PDE" in here, what is the meanings of "dimensionless " should be explained.4- Eq.(3.2) should be explained a little more detail. Why is "exp(iδ)" selected by them?5- In eq(5.3), they need to write properly the trigonometric terms carefully. 6- "8 Conclusion" should be extended by comparing their novelties via existing works such as "Exact traveling wave solutions for (2+1)-dimensional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky equation by using the hyperbolic trigonometric functions methods; New analytical solutions and modulation instability analysis for the nonlinear (1+1)-dimensional Phi-four model;Analytic solution of fractional order Pseudo-Hyperbolic Telegraph equation using modified double Laplace transformmethod;Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network procedures for the consumption of hard water-based kidney function; Instabilitymodulation and novel optical soliton solutions to the Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation with M-fractional".7-Reference papers should be rewritten according to journal format, properly.After these modifications, it may be accepted.Best regardsReviewer #2: Review ReportNew wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells model using three integration techniquesThe authors used three different mathematical techniques namely: improved Kudryashov, the novel Kudryashov, and the unified methods to obtain various soliton solutions for the Fokas-Lenells nonlinear wave form. The idea of this paper is appreciable and interesting. However, I suggest the following issues should be resolved before it can be considered for publication. My comments are as follows:1. A professional proof-reading is required for the whole manuscript.2. The authors should explain the limitations of this work in the introduction section.3. The whole manuscript should be checked for typos and grammatical errors. There are various types of errors in the manuscript. An overall review is needed for fixing the grammatical and typos errors in the manuscript.4. The Abstract is meaningless. So the authors must improve it. The abstract contain answers to the following questions: What problem was studied and why is it important? What methods were used? What are the important results? What conclusions can be drawn from the results? What is the novelty of the work and where does it go beyond previous efforts in the literature?5. The authors should explain why the study is useful with a clear statement of novelty or originality by providing relevant information in the introduction and conclusion sections.6. The author should add some more discussions on figures and numerical simulation in the conclusion and introduction section.7. Looking through the manuscript, the author should present the physical motivation for the nonlinear waves for governing equation. Why the author considered this equation?8. The introduction needs to be improved by the recent developments in the field of the soliton theory as well as its applications. For this purpose, the authors can add the following references to enrich the introductory section:• Dynamical behaviors of various optical soliton solutions for the Fokas–Lenells equation• Abundant different types of exact-soliton solutions to the (4+ 1)-dimensional Fokas and (2+ 1)-dimensional Breaking soliton equations• Abundant exact solutions for the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) model• Symbolic computation and Novel solitons, traveling waves and soliton-like solutions for the highly nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation in the anomalous dispersion regime via newly proposed modified approach• Some specific optical wave solutions and combined other solitons to the advanced (3+1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation in nonlinear optical fibers• On the dynamics of optical soliton solutions, modulation stability, and various wave structures of a (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg-de-Vries equation using two integration mathematical methods• Dynamical behavior of analytical soliton solutions, bifurcation analysis, and quasi-periodic solution to the (2+1)- dimensional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky (KD) system• Newly generated optical wave solutions and dynamical behaviors of the highly nonlinear coupled Davey-Stewartson Fokas system in monomode optical fibers• Newly formed center-controlled rouge wave and lump solutions of a generalized (3+1)-dimensional KdV-BBM equation via symbolic computation approach9. The authors should comment on figures in detail in the conclusion section. The conclusion section must also contain new findings of the paper.10. The authors should provide the future scope of the work in the conclusion section.11. Because the authors did not create these applied methods/procedures, the authors must cite them. The authors must the graphical and physical explanation of the obtained solutions.12. The authors will gain some additional exact solutions because we know that these applied methods can yield various exact soliton solutions.13. The author has to verify the governing model from equations 1 to 3.5. Recheck the governing equation.Reviewer #3: Editor, PLOS ONERe: PONE-D-23-23981Title: New wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells model using three integration tech-niquesAuthors: M.S. Ullah, H.R. Roshid and M.Z. AliThe paper presents the generation of wave solutions of the Fokas-Lenells equation.Technically, the results are sound.However, the solution method is based on several assumptions, for which no physical justification is provided. Here are a few.1. The choice of Eq. (3.1) means that the authors are looking for a specific family of solutions. Are they of any physical significance? Why this choice?2. The choice made in the line preceding Eq. (3.5) means that in the family of solu-tions discussed by the authors, is further reduced, with no discussion of the physical significance, or justification.3. The choice of Eqs. (4.1) - (4.2) is not explained or justified, neither in the present paper, nor in Ref. [21].4.The same criticism applies to the choice of Eqs. (5.1) - (5.2) and Ref. [22] and to Eqs. (6.1) - (6.2).Even if my reservations are satisfactorily answered, my inclination is to recommend submission of the paper to a more specialized/technical journal, rather than PLOS-ONE, which aims at a far more general readership.**********  6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.  Reviewer #1: NoYes: Sachin KumarReviewer #2: Reviewer #3: No**********https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, AttachmentPONE-D-23-23981review.pdfSubmitted filename: Click here for additional data file. 17 Aug 2023Response to reviewers’ commentsReviewer #1: Dear Editor,After reading this paper in detail. Authors studied on the improved Kudryashov, the novel Kudryashov, and the unified methods to demonstrate new wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells nonlinear waveform. They derive the ordinary differential structure of the model via a parametric transformation. The above-mentioned techniques are then applied to the governing model by Maple-18 software. As a result, various novel dynamic optical solitons of mixed trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational form solutions are obtained. Periodic waves with W-shaped waves, amplitudes increasing gradually, amplitudes increasing rapidly, double-periodic waves, and breather waves with symmetrical or asymmetrical amplitudes appear in soliton solutions. Singular solitons with single and multiple breather waves are also derived. Various potential features of the derived solutions are presented graphically.Answer: Thanks for your real view and constructive comments.This paper should be revised via follows:1- This paper is of 22% similarity index by ithenticate program. So, it needs to be reduced a little more.Answer: We remove the similarity index into 6%.2- [15-20] these paper should be written in detail.Answer: Detailed citations are provided for all references.3- "The dimensionless of Fokas-Lenells PDE" in here, what is the meanings of "dimensionless " should be explained.Answer: The word "dimensionless" refers to a mathematical transformation that removes the units of measurement from the variables and parameters involved in the equation. Since the unit of measurement from the variables and parameters of our investigated model is not present. So, it is called the dimensionless of Fokas-Lenells PDE.4- Eq.(3.1) should be explained a little more detail. Why is "exp(iδ)" selected by them?Answer: We explain equation (3.1) in more detail. Furthermore, a transformation with exp(iδ) can explicitly separate the phase (δ) and magnitude of the solution.5- In eq(5.3), they need to write properly the trigonometric terms carefully. Answer: We rewrite the trigonometric terms properly.6- "8 Conclusion" should be extended by comparing their novelties via existing works such as "Exact traveling wave solutions for (2+1)-dimensional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky equation by using the hyperbolic trigonometric functions methods; New analytical solutions and modulation instability analysis for the nonlinear (1+1)-dimensional Phi-four model; Analytic solution of fractional order Pseudo-Hyperbolic Telegraph equation using modified double Laplace transformmethod; Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network procedures for the consumption of hard water-based kidney function; Instability modulation and novel optical soliton solutions to the Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation with M-fractional".Answer: We include some relevant references and cite them in the text.7-Reference papers should be rewritten according to journal format, properly.Answer: We rewrite all references in journal format.After these modifications, it may be accepted.Answer: We remain thankful for your support in enhancing the article's quality. Reviewer #2: Review ReportNew wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells model using three integration techniquesThe authors used three different mathematical techniques namely: improved Kudryashov, the novel Kudryashov, and the unified methods to obtain various soliton solutions for the Fokas-Lenells nonlinear wave form. The idea of this paper is appreciable and interesting. However, I suggest the following issues should be resolved before it can be considered for publication. Answer: Thanks for your real view and constructive comments.My comments are as follows:1. A professional proof-reading is required for the whole manuscript.Answer: We tried our best. 2. The authors should explain the limitations of this work in the introduction section.Answer: The main limitation of this work is that our employed methods cannot find the exact solutions to the governing model for the coefficient of nonlinear dispersion, denoted as s, which takes on nonzero values3. The whole manuscript should be checked for typos and grammatical errors. There are various types of errors in the manuscript. An overall review is needed for fixing the grammatical and typos errors in the manuscript.Answer: We checked the whole manuscript again and again.4. The Abstract is meaningless. So the authors must improve it. The abstract contain answers to the following questions: What problem was studied and why is it important? What methods were used? What are the important results? What conclusions can be drawn from the results? What is the novelty of the work and where does it go beyond previous efforts in the literature?Answer: We modified the abstract section according to the reviewer's suggestion.5. The authors should explain why the study is useful with a clear statement of novelty or originality by providing relevant information in the introduction and conclusion sections.Answer: We explain the novelty of our work in the introduction and conclusion sections.6. The author should add some more discussions on figures and numerical simulation in the conclusion and introduction section.Answer: We added some discussions on figures and numerical simulation in the conclusion and introduction section.7. Looking through the manuscript, the author should present the physical motivation for the nonlinear waves for governing equation. Why the author considered this equation?Answer: We include the physical motivation of the governing model. The governing FL model is considered in our manuscript because of its practical utility.8. The introduction needs to be improved by the recent developments in the field of the soliton theory as well as its applications. For this purpose, the authors can add the following references to enrich the introductory section:• Dynamical behaviors of various optical soliton solutions for the Fokas–Lenells equation• Abundant different types of exact-soliton solutions to the (4+ 1)-dimensional Fokas and (2+ 1)-dimensional Breaking soliton equations• Abundant exact solutions for the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) model• Symbolic computation and Novel solitons, traveling waves and soliton-like solutions for the highly nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation in the anomalous dispersion regime via newly proposed modified approach• Some specific optical wave solutions and combined other solitons to the advanced (3+1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation in nonlinear optical fibers• On the dynamics of optical soliton solutions, modulation stability, and various wave structures of a (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg-de-Vries equation using two integration mathematical methods• Dynamical behavior of analytical soliton solutions, bifurcation analysis, and quasi-periodic solution to the (2+1)- dimensional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky (KD) system• Newly generated optical wave solutions and dynamical behaviors of the highly nonlinear coupled Davey-Stewartson Fokas system in monomode optical fibers• Newly formed center-controlled rouge wave and lump solutions of a generalized (3+1)-dimensional KdV-BBM equation via symbolic computation approach.Answer: Thanks. We include some recent works and then cite them in the text.9. The authors should comment on figures in detail in the conclusion section. The conclusion section must also contain new findings of the paper in the conclusion section.Answer: We comment on figures in detail of the work to remove this problem.10. The authors should provide the future scope of the work in the conclusion section.Answer: We include the future scope of the work in the conclusion section.11. Because the authors did not create these applied methods/procedures, the authors must cite them. The authors must the graphical and physical explanation of the obtained solutions.Answer: We cite the applied methods in the text. Furthermore, we include the graphical and physical explanation of the obtained solutions.12. The authors will gain some additional exact solutions because we know that these applied methods can yield various exact soliton solutions.Answer: For the convenience of the paper, we skipped these types of solutions.13. The author has to verify the governing model from equations 1 to 3.5. Recheck the governing equation.Answer: We recheck it. Once again, we are grateful for your assistance in enhancing the article's quality.Reviewer #3: Editor, PLOS ONERe: PONE-D-23-23981Title: New wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells model using three integration tech-niquesAuthors: M.S. Ullah, H.R. Roshid and M.Z. AliThe paper presents the generation of wave solutions of the Fokas-Lenells equation.Technically, the results are sound.Answer: Thanks for your real view and constructive comments.However, the solution method is based on several assumptions, for which no physical justification is provided. Here are a few.1. The choice of Eq. (3.1) means that the authors are looking for a specific family of solutions. Are they of any physical significance? Why this choice?Answer: The selected transformation Q=U(ς) exp(iδ) for tackling the nonlinear Fokas-Lenells model is purposeful, as it separates the complex quantity into U(ς) and exp(iδ), leading to simplified analysis, the isolation of physical properties in U(ς), and a clearer examination of phase effects (δ).2. The choice made in the line preceding Eq. (3.5) means that in the family of solu-tions discussed by the authors, is further reduced, with no discussion of the physical significance, or justification.Answer: Our governing equation involves three dispersion terms. However, when seeking exact solutions, it's important to note that the mentioned model is non-integrable due to the non-zero coefficient of nonlinear dispersion, denoted as 's'. To ensure the integrability of the system, we set 's' equal to zero. In our subsequent endeavor, we aimed to determine the exact solution for the governing model in cases where 's' takes on non-zero values.3. The choice of Eqs. (4.1) - (4.2) is not explained or justified, neither in the present paper, nor in Ref. [21].Answer: Nonlinear PDEs can be complex and difficult to solve directly. By assuming a trial solution with an auxiliary equation, one can simplify the problem by solving algebraic equations instead of the original differential equation, which is often more manageable. Furthermore, upon substituting the obtained solutions into the governing equation, the equation is satisfied. 4. The same criticism applies to the choice of Eqs. (5.1) - (5.2) and Ref. [22] and to Eqs. (6.1) - (6.2).Answer: Nonlinear PDEs can be complex and difficult to solve directly. By assuming a trial solution with an auxiliary equation, one can simplify the problem by solving algebraic equations instead of the original differential equation, which is often more manageable. Furthermore, upon substituting the obtained solutions into the governing equation, the equation is satisfied.Even if my reservations are satisfactorily answered, my inclination is to recommend submission of the paper to a more specialized/technical journal, rather than PLOS-ONE, which aims at a far more general readership.Answer: Please accept our sincere thanks for your valuable suggestions and constructive comments that have significantly improved the quality of our article. 22 Aug 2023New wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells model using three integration techniquesPONE-D-23-23981R1Dear Dr. Ullah,We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at onepress@plos.org.If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact Kind regards,Boris MalomedAcademic EditorPLOS ONEAdditional Editor Comments :Reviewers' comments:Reviewer's Responses to Questions  Comments to the Author  1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressedReviewer #2: All comments have been addressedReviewer #3: All comments have been addressed**********  2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?  The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: Partly**********  3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?   Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: I Don't KnowReviewer #3: N/A**********  4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.  The Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: Yes**********  5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?  PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.Reviewer #1: YesReviewer #2: YesReviewer #3: Yes**********  6. Review Comments to the Author  Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. Reviewer #1: (No Response)Reviewer #2: The authors amended and corrected the manuscript based on the suggested modifications. So, I would like to suggest that this revised work be published in your Journal.Reviewer #3: See attached documents: Review of paper and a few examples of Mathematica computations of some simple solutions.**********  7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.  Reviewer #1: NoYes: Sachin KumarReviewer #2: Reviewer #3: No********** 1 Sep 2023PONE-D-23-23981R1 New wave behaviors of the Fokas-Lenells modelusing three integration techniques Dear Dr. Ullah:I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department. onepress@plos.org.If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact plosone@plos.org. If we can help with anything else, please email us at Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access. Kind regards, PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staffon behalf ofProf. Boris Malomed Academic EditorPLOS ONE


In terms of respiratory health conditions, lung function was measured by spirometry, and information regarding respiratory symptoms  was collected.Despite extensive studies on the airway microbiome in patients with respiratory diseases, characterization of the airway microbiome in healthy populations remains largely scarce, partly due to the unique challenges in obtaining lower airway specimens from healthy individuals. Leveraging a province‐wide chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) surveillance by Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, we have surveyed a total of 3915 household members from six districts, 18 sub‐districts, and 36 neighborhoods in Guangdong, China. Induced sputum was collected and the microbiome  was characterized in 1651 participants. In terms of exposure, smoking, biofuel, occupational pollution, PM3Acinetobacter was found in particular to drive the mediation of microbial functional attributes. On the other hand, fungal microbiota, such as Penicillium and Cladosporium, were found to mediate the influence of PM2.5 concentration on respiratory symptom (CAT score). Through further statistical modeling, bacterial microbiota, and specifically Neisseria, a potential airway pathobiont,Neisseria in their airways experienced a greater respiratory symptom burden in response to occupational pollution. This is accompanied with unique changes in the fungal microbiota in particular an increase in Aspergillus, the commonly observed fungi in the environment.A bi‐directional mediation analysis revealed a mediation role of the airway microbiome between exposure and respiratory health, where distinct entities of the microbiota were found to mediate the effects of different exposures. Specifically, bacterial microbiota were found to mediate the influence of smoking on the lung function, where 4A signature for healthy airway microbiome could serve as a baseline to assess dysbiosis in respiratory diseases. To this end, an airway microbiome health index (AMHI) was developed, by simultaneously integrating bacterial and fungal taxa to assess an individual's respiratory health status. AMHI was declined in airway diseases compared with healthy individuals, declined in individuals with respiratory symptom, and continuously declined in individuals experiencing accumulated exposures. AMHI further interacts with exposure on its effect on respiratory health, together suggesting the potential utility of this microbiome‐based scoring system in assessing an individual's respiratory healthy status and susceptibility to exposure. A continuous decline of AMHI was observed from healthy individuals, individuals ‘at‐risk’ for COPD (pre‐COPD), to those diagnosed with COPD. In concert, there was a continuous expansion in the microbial interaction network from healthy, pre‐COPD to COPD. Among all exposures, smoking was associated with the greatest network perturbation. Microbiome taxa that drive the network perturbation were found to contribute to functional shifts from healthy, pre‐COPD and COPD, suggesting the interactome changes could be implicated in early development of COPD. AMHI and the interactome have the potential to assist in quantifying the individualized effects of exposure on respiratory health and early development of COPD.5Neisseria in the airways could be more vulnerable to the effects of the occupational pollution on the development of respiratory symptoms. Identifying this subgroup of population is important, as preventative measures can be taken to limit exposure for these individuals. The formulation of AMHI may further allow for a personalized scoring system to assess an individual's risk of developing chronic airway diseases as a result of exposure. Second, in light of the recently renewed interest on early‐stage COPD,Collectively, we showed an airway microbial ecosystem that can both be influenced by exposure and in turn modulate its impact on the respiratory health. Together, they highlight the central role of the airway microbiome in shaping an individual's respiratory health and response to environmental exposure (you are what you breathe). The implications of these results are several. First, it may be possible to assess an individual's susceptibility to exposure based on the composition of the airway microbiome. For instance, individuals with enrichment of The authors declare no conflict of interest.