Sci., 2023, 14, 9101–9113, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SC02492J.Correction for ‘The need for  The authors regret that the Acknowledgements section of the original article was incomplete. The complete acknowledgements are shown in the following text:Charles University Centre of Advanced Materials (CUCAM)  is acknowledged. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic through the e-INFRA CZ (ID: 90254). The authors acknowledge the Czech Science Foundation through projects 20-12099S  and 23-07616S . CJH and LG acknowledge support from the Charles University Centre of Excellence award UNCE/SCI/014. The authors acknowledge Daniel Willimetz for additional generalization tests and the verification of ML methods.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


This article has been corrected: The authors found an error in Figure 6C. Three images of immunostaining for PKH26, p-ERK and Merge in the co-culture transwell experiment  from the ARP1 cell line were misrepresented as the CAG cell line. The authors corrected the error with representative images of PKH26, p-ERK and Merge in CAG cells from the original experiments. Correspondingly, the quantitative results for the CAG cell line in Figure 6D were revised based on the replaced images. The presented corrections do not affect the results or conclusions of this article. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.Figure 6 is presented below.Corrected


BMC Cancer 14: 677, 2014].Following the publication of this paper, it was drawn to the Editor's attention by a concerned reader that the tumour images shown in Fig. 7A and certain of the cell proliferation assay images shown in Fig. 3B were strikingly similar to data that had already appeared in another article written by different authors at different research institutes [Xiao W Wang, J, Li H, Xia D, Yu G, Yao W, Yang Y, Xiao H, Lang B, Ma X Oncology Reports, the Editor has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already been published prior to its submission to


Retraction Note: J Ovarian Res 15, 115 (2022) 10.1186/s13048-022-01043-8The Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article at the corresponding author’s request. After publication, concerns were raised regarding high similarity between the images presented in Fig. 3B, D, E and F, and those previously published by different authors in Fig. 1C of [Sagar Chhabria has not responded to any correspondence from the editor or publisher about this retraction. All other authors agree to this retraction.


The purpose of this study was to compare electromyographic (EMG) with mechanomyographic (MMG) recordings during isometric conditions, and during a simulated load-lifting task. Twenty-two males (age: 25.5 ± 5.3 years) first performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and submaximal isometric contractions of upper limb muscles at 25%, 50% and 75% MVC. Participants then executed repetitions of a functional activity simulating a load-lifting task above shoulder level, at 25%, 50% and 75% of their maximum activity (based on MVC). The low-frequency part of the accelerometer signal (<5 Hz) was used to segment the six phases of the motion. EMG and MMG were both recorded during the entire experimental procedure. Root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) were selected as signal extraction features. During isometric contractions, EMG and MMG exhibited similar repeatability scores. They also shared similar RMS vs. force relationship, with RMS increasing to 75% MVC and plateauing to 100%. MPF decreased with increasing force to 75% MVC. In dynamic condition,  Today, measuring muscle activity in ecological situations is a major issue. It could allow a better understanding of the neuromuscular system and its adaptations to the environment compared to isolated contractions in the laboratory. It may also have significant applications. In sports science, assessing muscle load may enhance performance optimization strategies, injury prevention monitoring and rehabilitation. In physical ergonomics, muscle evaluation can help reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders through workplace assessment and reconception . In humaTo effectively measure muscle activity in functional and ecological situations, the method used should be easy to set up and to use, and robust in all environments and during prolonged duration acquisitions. Today, the reference method for muscle activity measurement is electromyography (EMG), which measures the electrical activity of muscles. However, it requires skin preparation and a precise sensor placement for reproducible results ,3, makinOther techniques have emerged for recording muscle activity such as mechanomyography (MMG), the mechanical counterpart of EMG, which is the measurement of the low-frequency lateral oscillations of active muscle fibers . MMG refrtifacts . Thus, wrtifacts . Recentlrtifacts ,12. Beinrtifacts , making MMG appears to have a number of advantages over EMG such as no skin preparation, ease of fixation and less sensitivity to sensor placement , making Despite a great number of studies regarding isometric and isokinetic contractions, very little MMG literature characterizes MMG under poly-articular functional activities such as squatting ,13. To tThus, the objectives of this study are twofold: (i) comparing a new accelerometer-based MMG system to an EMG reference system during isometric contractions and (ii) analyzing a load-lifting task with both MMG and EMG to explore MMG applications during complex dynamic conditions.Only male subjects were selected in this study for gender considerations . ParticiTwenty-two active males  participated in this study. All subjects turned out to be right-handed. Participants provided written informed consent before taking part in this experiment. This study was approved by the Academic Research Ethics Committee .EMG signal was recorded using sensors  sampled at 2000 Hz and positioned following the SENIAM recommendations . A forceThe isometric testing procedure comprised two parts: (i) the measurement of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the Biceps Brachii (BB), Triceps Brachii (TRI) and the lateral Deltoid (DEL) muscles, and (ii) the submaximal contractions at 25%, 50% and 75% of MVC for each muscle.For the MVC measurements, participants had to perform three maximal contractions of 3 s onto the force sensor attached to an adjustable metallic structure. Trials were separated by two-minute rest periods. For the BB and the TRI muscle, the participant had the elbow flexed at 90° against the body and the force sensor was placed on the wrist. The force sensor was facing downward for the BB and upward for the TRI. For the DEL muscle, the arm was extended forward parallel to the ground with the force sensor on top of the wrist facing downward. For each muscle, the MVC value was defined as the highest value obtained across the three trials .The participant then had to maintain submaximal contractions at 25, 50 and 75% of MVC for 15 s, thanks to a visual feedback of force level displayed on a screen. Each submaximal contraction was repeated three times, with a 1.5-min rest period.The dynamic testing consisted of 10 repetitions of a load lifted above shoulder level with both hands. The different weights of the load were derived from the MVC obtained for the BB muscle in the isometric condition. More precisely, the force obtained during MVC was converted into a mass to lift . Indeed, BB was chosen over TRI and DEL muscles as a reference because it was the strongest muscle of the three and thus allowed to have the largest load differences between intensities. Each repetition started with lifting the charge from the mid-tibia level to above shoulder level and getting back into the initial position see . The parEMG and force signals were collected through the QTM software version 2022  allowing their synchronization. MMG signal was obtained using another software . EMG and MMG signals were band-pass filtered between 20–500 Hz , respectFor the isometric testing procedure, each trial was segmented to select the 33% middle part of the contraction time according to previous studies ,17,18,19The amplitudes of EMG and MMG signals were calculated by taking the root mean square (RMS) value of the segmented portion. The RMS values from EMG and MMG for each muscle were normalized from the average RMS values obtained during the three MVC trials . The stu content .X, Y and Z represent the 3 axes of the accelerometer.quations  and 2),,RMSMMG aX, Y and Z represent the 3 axes of the accelerometer.For the dynamic testing, the accelerometer was first low-pass filtered at 5 Hz to keep only the motion data (MOT), which is composed of low frequency accelerations . We usedEquation :(3)θ=arcFor the isometric testing, repeatability tests of absolute ndations . RepeateFor the dynamic testing, an ICC  was conducted in order to quantify the repeatability of the MOT data over intensity levels for each muscle. Because EMG and MMG signals were not normalized in dynamic condition, two-way repeated measure ANOVAS ; however, there were no RMS differences between 50% and 75% MVC for phase 2 and between 25% and 50% MVC for phase 5. For TRI, RMS values were only different between 25% and 75% MVC for phase 3 (concentric contraction). For DEL, RMS values were different from each other except between 50% and 75% MVC for phase 3 (concentric contraction) see .For MMG, there was no difference in RMS between concentric and eccentric phases for the BB muscle for all intensity levels. For the TRI and DEL muscles, RMS during the concentric contraction (phase 3) was lower than the eccentric part (phase 4) for 50% and 75% MVC.For EMG, there was no difference in RMS between concentric and eccentric phases for the BB and TRI muscles for all intensity levels. For the DEL muscle, RMS values during its concentric contraction was greater than the eccentric contraction for all intensity levels  .Finally, the main result of this study concerns the fact that MMG was more sensitive to changes in load than EMG in dynamic condition. MMG amplitude exhibited greater systematic effect sizes of intensity in ANOVAs and significantly greater correlations with load for the BB and TRI muscles. A similar result has been found during incremental cycling, for which authors exhibited that “MMG amplitude more closely reflects changes in power output” .In this study, ondition ,32.One of the limits of this study is the absence of EMG and MMG normalization in dynamic conditions. Because MMG amplitude is greater in dynamic condition compared to isometric condition , we coulove 5 Hz . Even ifove 5 Hz ,12,36. OTo the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate MMG and EMG during a functional load lifting task at different intensities. This study widens the scope of MMG knowledge in the context of functional activities. During isometric conditions, EMG and MMG had excellent repeatability scores, as well as similar RMS and MPF vs. force relationship. During a dynamic situation corresponding to a load-lifting task, RMS from the MMG signal was more sensitive to changes in load than EMG signal. Conversely, MPF from the EMG signal was more sensitive to changes in load. Altogether, these results sustain the feasibility of using MMG measurement in complex functional activities, such as load lifting and carrying. Moreover, EMG and MMG signals may be used together to give complementary information concerning strategies of motor unit recruitment, in both time and frequency domains. This study highlighted the fact that MMG signal may be used for practical applications such as in sports science or physical ergonomics assessment. Further work is now necessary in terms of signal processing to improve the reliability of MMG signal during ecological conditions.


The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.Owing to the fact that some of the data in the above article had already been published, or were under consideration for publication, prior to its submission to


Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of Figures 3L, 5A, 5B, 5C and 6A. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies. As a result, the data and conclusions of the article have been deemed unreliable and the article has been retracted.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Oncology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors have not responded to correspondence regarding this retraction.


Sci.2022, 9, 2202550Advanced Science, published online on 5 June 2022 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202202550), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief, Kirsten Severing, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed as the article is based on research results and data that the authors were not authorized to use. Moreover, the majority of co‐authors have been listed despite insufficient qualification for contributorship.The above article from  Sci.2022, 9, 2202550Advanced Science, published online on 5 June 2022 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202202550), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief, Kirsten Severing, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed as the article is based on research results and data that the authors were not authorized to use. Moreover, the majority of co‐authors have been listed despite insufficient qualification for contributorship.The above article from


Mater. Chem. C, 2023, 11, 4867–4875, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2tc05390j.Correction for ‘Heads or tails: investigating the effects of amphiphile features on the distortion of chiral nematic liquid crystal droplets’ by Lawrence W. Honaker  The authors regret an error in The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Furthermore, they apologize to the readership for any inconvenience caused.The revised versions of


Retraction Note: J Exp Clin Cancer Res 38, 189 (2019)10.1186/s13046-019-1193-0The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article. After publication, concerns were raised regarding the data presented in the figures. Specifically:In Fig. 3e, the right image appears highly similar to Fig. 3e left in .In Fig. 3c, plot 1 appears highly similar to plot 2, and plot 3 appears highly similar to plot 6.LV-control in Fig. 5d appears highly similar to shRNA control in Fig. S2b.Additionally, the authors used SMMC-7721, QGY-7703 and L02 cell lines, which have been reported to be contaminated with HeLa cells.The authors have stated that the data duplication was caused by simple errors, and the overlap with  occurredDue to the high number of image concerns and the use of unsuitable cell models for hepatocellular carcinoma, the Editor-in-Chief no longer has confidence in the presented data.Hongda Ding agrees to this retraction. Junpeng Liu, Ruoyao Zou, Pengrui Cheng and Yang Su have not responded to any correspondence from the editor or publisher about this retraction.


Sci., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sc06040j.Correction for ‘Radical ring-opening polymerization of sustainably-derived thionoisochromanone’ by Emily A. Prebihalo  The authors regret that incorrect details were given for ref. 28 in the original article. The correct version of ref. 28 is given below as ref. The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


The authors apologize for any confusion this may have caused.


Biol. Open (2017) 6, 252-259 (doi:10.1242/bio.021774).There was an error published in The image from the si-HIF-1α group in Fig 4E was inadvertently duplicated in the mimics NC group in Fig 1G. Replicate SW1990 panels have been substituted. The corrected In addition, there is a possible duplication of the mimics NC and inhibitor NC HIF-1α blots in Fig 2B. The authors no longer have the original data for these blots, but state that new data from repeated experiments (not shown) is consistent with the results reported in the paper. The additional data are available from the authors upon reasonable request.The authors apologise to readers for these errors, which do not impact the results or conclusions of this paper.


PNAS Nexus, Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2023, pgad146, https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad146This is a correction to: Jon Green, James N Druckman, Matthew A Baum, Katherine Ognyanova, Matthew D Simonson, Roy H Perlis, David Lazer, Media use and vaccine resistance, PNAS Nexus, it was discovered that this paper was missing a statement acknowledging compliance with the PNAS Nexus Human and Animal Participants and Clinical Trials policy:During a retroactive audit conducted by All data collection and procedures in this manuscript were approved by the institutional review boards at Northeastern (#20-04-12), Rutgers (#Pro2020000977), and Harvard (#IRB20-0593) Universities. All participants in the study provided their informed consent.This error has been corrected in the original article.


Page 1: This article was published with Yasemin Topal Yüksel’s surname misspelled as “Yüsel” in the byline. The name should appear as given in this Erratum.Volume 7, issue 1, e00917-21, 2022, https://erda.ku.dk/archives/df76280733e748cac433f8ef28e558ab/published-archive.html)."Page 12, “Bioinformatics” paragraph 1: The last sentence should read "Reads from samples and extraction negatives are freely available for download from the University of Copenhagen’s Electronic Research Data Archive (


Retraction to: Virology Journal 2010, 7:26http://www.virologyj.com/content/7/1/26The Editor in Chief has retracted this article because of multiple concerns about image overlaps, namely:Rows A1 and B1 of Fig. 2 appear similar;The three last blots in line B4, Fig. 1 and line B4, Fig. 2 appear to be repeating;The first two blots in lines A2 and A3. Fig, 2, appear to be repeating;Rows B1 and B6 in Fig. 3 appear similar.The authors did not respond to a request for clarification nor to correspondence from the Editor about this retraction.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-022-10304-x, published online 20 April 2022Correction to: The Acknowledgements section in the original version of this Article was incomplete.“This manuscript resulted from a project financially supported by CAMM, the Center of Advanced Mining and Metallurgy, as a center of excellence at the Luleå University of Technology. The authors also thank Solenis for their help with the reagents used as grinding aids in this study. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Andras Gorzsas from Umeå University for assistance with FTIR analysis and fruitful discussions.”now reads:2, the Center of Advanced Mining and Metallurgy, as a center of excellence at the Luleå University of Technology, and Vinnova for the RIO-MUN , project number: 2020-04835. The authors also thank Nouryon (Sweden) and Solenis for their help with the reagents used in this study. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Andras Gorzsas from Umeå University for assistance with FTIR analysis and fruitful discussions.""This manuscript resulted from a project financially supported by CAMMThe original Article has been corrected.


The authors would like to make a correction in a recently published paper .Error in FigureIn the original publication, there was a mistake in:(1) n2 − 1)−1 versus (hυ)2 for Sex60−Ge35Ga5Sbx thin films. as published.(2) The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected.


Chen S and Wang ZP analyzed the data. Zhang WX and Zhou L contributed analysis tools. Chen S, Li SX, Wang ZP and Zhang WX provided critical inputs on design, analysis, and interpretation of the study. All the authors had access to the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.


There was an error in the original publication . In all The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.


Walsh from the London Tubular Centre, UCL Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK.Consequently, the following was originally omitted from the Acknowledgements: ‘K.S. is supported by the Wellcome Trust [110282/Z/15/Z]. K.S. and S.B.W. are supported by the UK Space Agency [ST/X000036/1]’.Additionally, the following was originally omitted from the Author Contributions: ‘T.W., K.T., S.B., K.S., S.W., G.V., A.C., P.B., M.H., J.J. and N.G. critically revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.’This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.


In the published article, there was an error regarding the Conflict of Interest for Patrick D. Mahar, Christopher Schuster, Imre Pavo, and Isabella Yali Wang. The Conflict of Interest statement should be:AE has honoraria as consultant and/or speaker from AbbVie, Almirall, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Leo Pharma, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Galderma, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. LP has received honoraria/consultation fees from Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Baxalta, Boehringer Inglheim, Celgene, Gebro, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Merck-Serono, MSD, Mylan, Norvartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sandoz, Samsung-Bioepis, Sanofi and UCB. LP has participated in company sponsored speaker's bureau for Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Norvartis and Pfizer. KS is a consultant, investigator, speaker and has received grants from: AbbVie, Amgen, Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Chugai, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Morphosys, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, UCB Pharma. JM is a consultant and/or investigator for Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbvie, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Janssen, UCB, Sanofi-Regeneron, Sun Pharma, Biogen, Pfizer and Leo Pharma. CG has received honoraria or research grants from AbbVie, Almirall, Anaptysbio Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Novartis ONO Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma and Walgreens Boots Alliance, and is supported in part by the Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. PM has served as a consultant, investigator, speaker and/or advisor for Novartis, AstraZeneca, Abbvie, Pfizer, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company and Boehringer Ingelheim. PM, CS, IP, and IW are employees of Eli Lilly and Company. PM owns equity in Eli Lilly and Company. CS, IP, and IW are minor shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The abovearticle, published online on 6 January 2019 in Wiley Online Library(wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authorsand John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to theauthors’ self‐reported errors in their data rendering the article’s conclusionsincorrect.Retraction: Nielsen, KL, Hansen, KH, Knudsen, JD, Frimodt‐Møller,N, Hertz, FB, Jansåker, F., In vivo mecillinam resistance in Escherichia coliafter pivmecillinam treatment of a urinary tract infection, MicrobiologyOpen,2019; e770 ( The above article, published onlineon 6 January 2019 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retractedby agreement between the authors and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has beenagreed due to the authors’ self‐reported errors in their data rendering the article’sconclusions incorrect.Retraction: Nielsen, KL, Hansen, KH, Knudsen, JD, Frimodt‐Møller, N, Hertz,FB, Jansåker, F., In vivo mecillinam resistance in Escherichia coli after pivmecillinamtreatment of a urinary tract infection, MicrobiologyOpen, 2019; e770 (


Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 33, Issue 18, 1 October 2005, Pages 6000–6010, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki897The Editors were alerted in July 2022 about potential issues with Figures 2C and 3B as detailed below.Figure 2C: ISE3wt SRp75 and ISE3wt SRp55 appear to be identical. ISE3m SRp75 and + SRp75 appear to be identical.Figure 3B: Lanes 5 and 6 appear to be identical.An Expression of Concern was published in February 2023.The experiments were conducted almost 20 years ago, and the authors no longer have the original data.The Editors analysed the two figures and noted areas of similarity in Figure 2C, as well as a likely splice line between the last two lanes of Figure 3B. Some images resulting from the analyses are provided below.The Editors referred the matter to the authors institution for investigation, however the institution referred the matter back to the authors. The authors maintain that they no longer have the original data. The Editors therefore do not have sufficient information to definitively refute the issues identified. While these issues may not affect the results or conclusion of the study, in the absence of original data, the Editors advise readers to examine Figures 2C and 3B with care.Julian E. Sale and Barry L. StoddardSenior Executive Editors


The authors also apologize to the readership for any inconvenience caused.A revised version of


The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.Owing to the fact that the contentious data in Figs. 4 and 5 of the above article had already been published prior to its submission to


Due to a production error, the consortium French Addictovigilance Network was omitted from the authors list.There has also been an acknowledgments section added that lists the following names, crediting their involvement with the consortium.Alexandra Boucher, Anne Batisse, Anne Roussin, Bernard Fauconneau, Cécile Chevallier, Frédéric Libert, Hélène Peyrière, Joëlle Micallef, Juliana Tournebize, Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre, Michel Spadari, Nathalie Fouilhé, Reynald Le Boisselier, Sylvie Deheul, Valérie Gibaja.The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.


Sci. 2022, 9, 2203058Advanced Science, published online on 21 July 2022 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202203058), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief, Kirsten Severing, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed as the article is based on research results and data that the authors were not authorized to use. Moreover, the majority of co‐authors have been listed despite insufficient qualification for contributorship.The above article from  Sci. 2022, 9, 2203058Advanced Science, published online on 21 July 2022 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202203058), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief, Kirsten Severing, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed as the article is based on research results and data that the authors were not authorized to use. Moreover, the majority of co‐authors have been listed despite insufficient qualification for contributorship.The above article from


Correction to: Diabetologiahttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05729-yIde panel was a duplication of the image used for the control panel. The authors assert that this mistake had no impact on the data analysis, interpretation or conclusions drawn. Figure Unfortunately, in the BrdU staining of alpha-TC1.9 cells shown in Fig.


Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers' policies.The retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience and the Chief Executive of Frontiers. The authors did not agree to the retraction.


The above article, published online on 19 February 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr Gayle Hallowell, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following concerns raised that a number of figures within the results section were not original and had been used without permission from the copyright holder. The authors were asked to provide their original data for review by the editorial team to corroborate their results. The editorial team were unable to verify the data provided and, as a result, have concerns about the conclusions of the article. The journal is therefore issuing this retraction.Beiranvand, S., Piri‐Gharaghie, T., Dehganzad, B., Khedmati, F., Jalali, F., AsadAlizadeh, M., & Momtaz, H. (2022). Novel NAD‐independent Avibacterium paragallinarum: Isolation, characterization and molecular identification in Iran. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8, 1157– 1165.  The above article, published online on 19 February 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr Gayle Hallowell, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following concerns raised that a number of figures within the results section were not original and had been used without permission from the copyright holder. The authors were asked to provide their original data for review by the editorial team to corroborate their results. The editorial team were unable to verify the data provided and, as a result, have concerns about the conclusions of the article. The journal is therefore issuing this retraction.Beiranvand, S., Piri‐Gharaghie, T., Dehganzad, B., Khedmati, F., Jalali, F., AsadAlizadeh, M., & Momtaz, H. (2022). Novel NAD‐independent Avibacterium paragallinarum: Isolation, characterization and molecular identification in Iran. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8, 1157– 1165.


They also apologize to the readership for any inconvenience caused.The authors were able to re-examine their original data files, and realized that this figure had been inadverently assembled incorrectly. The revised version of


This erratum corrects the following:4 QA system in a 0.35 tesla MR linear accelerator. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 22: 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13216 The authors report a change in the conflict of interest statement at the end of the article. The corrected conflict of interest statement is as follows:Desai, V., Bayouth, J., Smilowitz, J. and Yadav, P. (2021), A clinical validation of the MR‐compatible Delta“John E. Bayouth reports ownership interest in a company that provides consulting services on image guided radiation therapy technology . He/(his employer) received travel reimbursement/speaking fees from ViewRay Inc. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. ”


Retraction Note: Mol Cancer 15, 57 (2016)10.1186/s12943-016-0540-4The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article at the authors’ request. After publication, concerns were raised regarding multiple cases of H&E staining and western blot image overlap with other articles that were submitted and published within a close time frame –8.The authors have stated that the data were mislabelled and the images were misused. The authors and the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer have confidence in the presented data.Bo Tang has stated on behalf of all co-authors that they agree to this retraction.


BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2013) 13:222.10.1186/1472-6882-13-222The Editor has retracted this article because of concerns with four of the figures, namely:Overlapping images in panels D and E in Fig. 23.Overlapping images in panels A and F in Fig. 25.Images in panels C,D, E and F in Fig. 18 are used in [Images in panels A and C in Fig. 24 and panels A, E and F in Fig. 25 are used in [The Editor therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions presented. Firoz Anwar disagrees with this retraction. Vikas Kumar, Danish Amar, Pushpraj S. Gupta and Mohd Mujeeb have not responded to correspondence from the Editor about this retraction.


Retraction Note: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology (2022) 23:8610.1186/s40360-022-00625-yThe Editor has retracted this article. After publication, concerns were raised regarding image similarities in Figs. 5 and 8. Specifically:In Fig. 5a and b, images representing groups II and III appear to originate from the same animal;In Fig. 8, all images appear to originate from two samples with slight modifications.The authors have provided the raw data to address these concerns; however, the publisher could not validate the authenticity of these data. The Editor therefore no longer has confidence in the presented data and the conclusions of this article.Zakir Ali, Fatima Zahid, Maimoona Malik and Saba Sohail agree to this retraction. Fakhar ud Din has agreed to this retraction but not to the wording of this retraction notice. Basalat Imran, Salman Khan, Alam Zeb and Gul Majid Khan have not responded to any correspondence from the editor or publisher about this retraction.


RSC Advances is publishing this expression of concern in order to alert our readers that we are presently unable to confirm the reliability of the data presented in the article.The Royal Society of Chemistry became aware of concerns about the reliability of the data presented in Fig. 8 and 12 of the paper.The Royal Society of Chemistry has asked the affiliated institution, Wenzhou Medical University, to investigate this matter and confirm the integrity and reliability of the data in Fig. 8 and 12 of the paper. An expression of concern will continue to be associated with this manuscript until we receive information from the institution on this matter. Laura Fisher24th August 2023RSC AdvancesExecutive Editor,


Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide the raw data or a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies. Given the concerns about the validity of the data, and the lack of raw data, the editors no longer have confidence in the findings presented in the article.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Pharmacology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agree to this retraction.


The authors wish to make the following corrections to this published paper .In In In The authors apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused and affirm that the scientific conclusions remain unaffected. The original publication has also been updated.


Correction to: Obesity Surgery (2019) 29:3246–3251https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-019-03977-3Due to human error, the authors neglected to multiply the rate by 100 in order to get the percentage; therefore, the published percentage for penetration rate was out by a factor of 100.The correct percentage is included in the paragraph below.This penetration rate of 0.17% is particularly low compared with other published penetration rates, for example, 1.24% in the USA (where the eligible population was defined as adults with BMI ≥ 40) [15] and 0.54% in Canada in 2017 (where the eligible population was defined as adults with BMI ≥ 35) [16].


The journal retracts the 2021 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the contributions of the authors of the article. Our investigation, conducted in accordance with Frontiers policies, confirmed a serious breach of our authorship policies and of publication ethics; the article is therefore retracted.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Chemistry and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors do not agree to this retraction.


We thank the authors  for elevBecause meat intake is often at the crux of scientific debate on optimal healthy, sustainable diets for the population , this reThe DGA model dietary patterns that are intended to provide examples of healthy dietary patterns use food groups and subgroups rather than individual foods and beverages to avoid being prescriptive . The modWhile the authors  compare


Rapidly global urbanization and economic growth in the past several decades have resulted in a sharp contraction of arable areas worldwide. However, food supply requirements are quickly increasing due to higher living standards and larger populations. Therefore, food crises are still a major threat to human society. The conflict between farmland areas and the increasing need for essential supplies is becoming acuter in China. Therefore, we suggest that a novel strategy would address the issue, in which temporal and spatial arrangement of wheat sowing dates would be highly focused. Rapidly global urbanization and economic growth in the past several decades have resulted in a sharp contraction of arable areas worldwide. However, food supply requirements are quickly increasing due to higher living standards and larger populations. Therefore, food crises are still a major threat to human society. The conflict between farmland areas and the increasing need for essential supplies is becoming acuter in China because of the large population and the most rapidly increasing living standards . AddressSichuan, as a major grain-producing region in China, has always enjoyed the reputation of being the “Heavenly Land of Plenty”. From 1953 to 1969, Sichuan grain production accounted for 10% of total grain production in China ; howeverOryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are the primary summer and winter crops of Tianfu Granary and account for approximately 42% and 7% of the total grain production in the region, respectively.Tianfu Granary strategy refers to the crop production region of Sichuan Province, which mainly consists of the Chengdu Plain, Anning Valley and both southern and northeastern parts of Sichuan. This region contains more than 6.7 million hectares, accounting for approximately 5.5% of the arable area of the country . Rice  and ScienceDirect databases, and 8,713 (57.2%) were published after 2010 Table S1In terms of production, wheat usually has a longer growth season than rice, which indicates that the adaptation of wheat to the changes of sowing date could be stronger than that of rice. We further found that the typical wheat sowing date in this region is 1 Nov with a typical range from 25 Oct to 7 Nov, and the average growth duration is approximately 190 d , which would surpass that of the high-yield regions in northern China. Generally, it is a common belief that northern China has a higher wheat unit area yield than southern China due to the length of the growing season. However, according to the described association of yield with sowing date, air temperature and diseases prevalence (Unfortunately, in terms of early-sowing wheat cultivars, few scientists have indeed focused on sowing date except of the association of sowing date and disease epidemics , but of evalence , it is d2 in the lengthened period (Moreover, the increase in yield potential amplitude could also be underestimated because there is more sunshine, precipitation, heat resources and increasing seasonal atmospheric COd period . Early sd period , thus suYr41 to stripe rust and Pm40 to powdery mildew, would largely reduce the risk of diseases (Fhb7 from Thinopyrum elongatum (Surprisingly, in contrast, late sowing has also garnered the attention of various scientists and farmers in the region , leaf rudiseases , and evediseases  and newllongatum  are also3An approach for effectively using cultivars tolerant to early sowing in rice–wheat cropping systems is our last concern. By temporally arranging both dates of wheat sowing and rice harvesting, we precisely established a slight overlapping period with 2 to 5 days between them. Under these conditions, for the spatially optimal arrangement of the wheat sowing date, a new rice–wheat intercross cropping model could further be derived from the traditional rice–wheat cropping system, in which the early drainage of water was the sole essential event ensuring that the farmland successfully changes from wet to dry when rice was harvested. Following this process, we simply planted wheat seeds by unmanned aerial vehicles just one or two days before rice harvesting . Overall42, respectively. Wheat unit area yield could increase by 55.3% by exploiting cultivars tolerant to early sowing so that the corresponding potential of the average and the highest unit area yields of wheat in this region would be as high as 7.9 and 12.1 ton/hm2, respectively. The farmland area for rice growth every year is approximately 1.9 million hectares. Given that 90% of the area is used to grow wheat as part of the rice–wheat intercross cropping model, total wheat production in Tianfu could increase to approximately 12.5 million and even possibly 20.7 million tons, which would significantly overshadow wheat production at present.The total potential wheat production in Tianfu Granary was further estimated according to the above results and was mainly influenced by both the highest unit area yield potential and the total available farmland area in the rice–wheat cropping system for wheat growth. At present, the average and the highest unit area yields of wheat in the Tianfu Granary are 5.1 and 7.8 ton/hmEconomically, cost control is usually the final factor influencing the application prospects of a revolutionarily different system. It is evident that the effect of rice–wheat intercross cropping on cost control is very beneficial. Based on an estimation calculation, each hectare of production would save 2,130 RMB, which is the sum of 1300, 300, 450 and 180 RMB saved from the absence of plowing, simplified sowing procedure, decrease in fertilizer utilization and removal of herbicides from production, respectively. Similarly, if 90% of farmland for rice cultivation is used to grow wheat with the rice–wheat intercross cropping model, a total of 3.6 billion RMB would be saved. In addition, early sowing of wheat also decreases the carbon emission peak and shortens the time needed to achieve carbon neutrality as photosynthesis occurs for a longer duration during which carbon dioxide is effectively assimilated.Conclusively, it is a biologically ideal choice to adjust the wheat sowing date due to its strong tolerance, and using wheat cultivars tolerant to early sowing in the rice–wheat intercross cropping system is a promising application of this system; thus, these two approaches would have a significant effect on total wheat production in Tianfu Granary, accompanied by considerable economic savings and an ecological contribution to the carbon economy. Thus, optimizing the temporal and spatial arrangement of wheat sowing dates by developing and applying wheat cultivars highly tolerant to early sowing would be a revolutionary strategy to develop for the Tianfu Granary in the future.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/PL and FT conceived the idea, wrote the manuscript. YH, XH, JJ and HY collected the data and analyzed the data. YH participated in the review & editing of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Mater. Chem. A, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA07686A.Correction for ‘The role of ion solvation in lithium mediated nitrogen reduction’ by O. Westhead  The corrected yield rate is 0.53 ± 0.04 nmol cm−2 s−1 (n = 3) and the corrected version of The authors regret an error in their calculation of the yield rate in An independent expert reviewed the data provided by the authors and concluded that it does not change the discussion or conclusions presented in the article.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In Ding Ma et al,The authors confirm all results and conclusions of this article remain unchanged. The authors wish to apologize for any misunderstanding or inconvenience caused.


This article has been corrected at the request of the authors to edit data that had typographical errors in the initial published version:In Table 6, column 3, rows 3-6 have been updated from:0.930.970.750.65To: 0.290.191.751.65The corresponding data in the abstract has also been updated accordingly. The authors deeply regret that these errors were not identified and addressed prior to publication.


This article has been retracted: Aging has completed its investigation of this paper after communicating with the authors. We received a letter from the authors stating that, “it was found in our subsequent studies that the AMPK pathway in lens epithelial cells was not activated after H202 intervention. In order to better investigate the mechanism of oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells and explore new signaling pathways, we plan to withdraw/retract the manuscript and redesign the research.” All authors agreed with this decision and signed the letter.


Biol. Open (2018) 7, bio036194 (doi:10.1242/bio.036194).There were errors published in In Fig. 2, the SiTAZ images in panel A were erroneously a duplication of the SiIRS-1 images. In addition, the control (non-transfected) panels were repeated in Fig. 2A and Fig. 4A. The corrected Fig. 2 is shown below.Also, Fig 5J contained an incorrect image for the ‘IRS-1 over-expressed’ panel. The corrected Fig. 5 is shown below.The authors apologise to readers for these errors, which do not impact the results or conclusions of this paper.


In the original publication , there w1,†, Piergiorgio Capaci 1,†, Fabrizio Barozzi 1,†, Danilo Migoni 1, Makarena Rojas 1, Egidio Stigliano 2, Francesco Paolo Fanizzi 1, Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano 1,*, Paride Papadia 1,*.Chiara Anglana A correction has been made to the Author Contributions (Page 11):Author Contributions: C.A., P.C., F.B., P.P. and G.P.D.S.: equally contributed to the study design and implementation. Material preparation and data collection were performed by C.A., P.C., F.B., M.R. and F.P.F. provided the reagents and the facilities used for all the chemical analysis. Chemical analysis were performed by F.B. and D.M. The first draft of the manuscript was written by P.P. and G.P.D.S. The manuscript was critically reviewed by F.P.F., C.A., P.C., F.B., and E.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.


Biomaterials Research (2022) 26:6210.1186/s40824-022-00304-3The authors of the original article [1] mistakenly omitted co-first authorship attribution between the first two authors: Gyeongwoo Lee and Young-Gwang Ko. Both authors should be considered co-first authors.


To the Editor,We read the article by Isono et al.As clarified, neck pain exacerbated by rotation or pressure, accompanied by fever and an elevated inflammatory response on blood tests strongly suggests CDS. However, this clinical picture may mimic acute meningitis with head/neck pain with jolt accentuation especially when accompanied by fever.The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding this submission.


Epub 2023 Jan 11. PMID: 36582172; PMCID: PMC10067410.][Luo H, Wang L, Zhang D, Sun Y, Wang S, Song S, Ge H. HA15 inhibits binding immunoglobulin protein and enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2023 Apr;114(4):1697–1709. doi: The authors found that it was not rigorous enough to use HSP90 as loading control for Figure The corrected Figures We apologize for this error.


Fig. 2a: The representative ALP staining images of 15 and 30 μM are both chosen from the 30 μM groupFigs. 4d, 5h and 5i: The same β-actin blot is used.Fig. 4e and f: The same β-actin blot is usedFig. 5a: The representative ALP staining images of Azo+si-glp-1r-1 and Azo+si-glp-1r-2 are the sameThe Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article at the authors' request. After publication, the authors found errors in the following figure panels:The authors provided the raw data for validation. However, further checks by the Publisher identified some differences between the raw data and the figures, as well as high similarity between the original gel images for Fig. 5b GLP-1 and 5i Fabp4. The Editors-in-Chief and the authors therefore no longer have confidence in the presented data.All authors agree to this retraction.


The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already been published prior to its submission to


The journal retracts the 29 November 2021 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding data misrepresentation. Specifically, patterns of repeated signals were identified in Figures 4B, 4C and 7. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies. As a result, the data and conclusions of the article have been deemed unreliable and the article has been retracted.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Chemistry and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors do not agree to this retraction.


The journal retracts the 28 May 2021 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. Upon further assessment, Image duplication was identified in Figures 2F and 3I and Figures 2B and 3C.The authors were responsive to our queries during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers' policies. However, they were unable to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation that allowed us to verify the data and conclusions presented. As a result, the data and conclusions of the article have been deemed unreliable and the article has been retracted.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editor of Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors did not agree to this retraction.


The bark fulfils several essential functions in vascular plants and yields a wealth of raw materials, but the understanding of bark structure and function strongly lags behind our knowledge with respect to other plant tissues. The recent technological advances in sampling and preparation of barks for anatomical studies, along with the establishment of an agreed bark terminology, paved the way for more bark anatomical research. Whilst datasets reveal bark’s taxonomic and functional diversity in various ecosystems, a better understanding of the bark can advance the understanding of plants’ physiological and environmental challenges and solutions. We propose a set of priorities for understanding and further developing bark anatomical studies, including periderm structure in woody plants, phloem phenology, methods in bark anatomy research, bark functional ecology, relationships between bark macroscopic appearance, and its microscopic structure and discuss how to achieve these ambitious goals. The bark , can be divided into inner and outer bark according to their developmental origin and status . The corQuercus suber (cork oak), the major model plant for cork structure, chemistry, and development, suberin accounts for about 40% of the phellem cell wall components, lignin being the second most abundant constituent (~25%) . Int (~25%) , while i% lignin . Cork ce. Int  and Cordia (Boraginaceae) )Bark has many defensive functions, and not surprisingly, its development is also influenced not only by ethylene ,20, but While plant hormones are the upstream regulators of bark formation and cell differentiation, they do not do it directly, but via changing the expression and activity of a very long list of genes including regulatory ones. Though a good coverage of this issue is outside the scope of this review; we give below a few references to this subject ,32,33.The tremendous diversity of bark macrostructure and its anatomical background still needs to be explored. The relations between macro- and microstructure of bark have been considered by few authors ,38,39,40To a large extent, external bark appearance is determined by two functional features: (1) by the ability or disability of the outermost layers of bark to maintain its continuity in the course of tangential expansion , and (2) by the presence or absence of separation layers, i.e., the layers of fragile tissues enabling a regular abscission of outer portions of bark. Diverse barks can be classified into four major architectural types: stretched, exfoliating, furrowed and peeling barks , and comAdansonia za, Platanus sp., sensu [Stretched , however, these functions are allocated differently: the periderm is responsible for protection, while the nonconducting phloem—for the separation of abscised portions [Unlike the barks of these two types, the furrowed  the formation of new phloem cells by the cambium (positive contribution) and (b) the collapse of older phloem cells (negative contribution). Seasonal differences in width and structure of the conducting phloem indicate that the progression of these two processes is not synchronized [The width of the conducting phloem is species-specific, being on average 30% and 55% wider in hronized . While thronized ,58, the hronized .The above examples illustrate the need to consider the timing of sampling to ensure reliable data interpretation when comparing results from different laboratories on an intra-annual time scale . Hence, Although our understanding of the functional ecology of bark is still limited, especially in comparison with wood, it has significantly improved in the last decade. One of the main reasons for this has been a shift from studies aiming to explain the remarkably high variation in bark traits based solely on protection against fire, to studies that recognize that bark is shaped by diverse functions ,61,62. CIn general, we know very little about the function of bark colors. There are many tree species with brownish or grayish barks, but there are many other species in which the bark is conspicuously colorful A. It canAlthough significant progress has been made in understanding how different functions play out in bark’s structural diversity, we are still far from fully understanding bark’s structure-function relationships. This is for sure one of the most promising venues for future research in bark functional ecology. For example, it is unclear which are the tissues or main regions that drive variation in bark density or bark storage capacity. A bark with high density tends to be thinner, has lower storage capacity, and also lower decomposition rates ,78. MoreThe main reason repeatedly reported for why barks are much less studied than all others plant tissues and organs is the methodological limitation ,17. BarkThe first step is always fixing the collected bark samples in liquid. Fixatives such as paraformaldehyde or FAA  can be The study of bark anatomy requires a staining method that singles out lignified from non-lignified tissues. This is fundamental to aid in the correct identification of the different cell types that compose the bark, and to understand bark development and function . Barks with a lot of fibers, for instance, almost entirely lack sieve tube collapse, even in their non-conducting parts . Double-https://qwa-net.com/(accessed on 30 April 2023)) symposium on bark structure that the authors of this article organized and participated in. We realized that there is a lot of interest in this topic in the scientific community, while at the same time there is a general lack of knowledge and methodological know-how. This article tries to provide an overview of bark structural and functional anatomy, as well as to propose venues for future research. Many open questions yet remain; some were discussed throughout the article, and several are mentioned below.Bark structure is scarcely studied compared to wood or leaf anatomy. However, this is a broad topic with many unanswered questions and a crucial one to understand the remarkably wide variation in bark morphology and function. The idea for this article arrived after a Q-net (Quantitative Wood Anatomy Network, External appearance of bark depends largely on its ability or disability to maintain its continuity in the course of tangential expansion, and the presence or absence of separation layers enabling a regular abscission of its outer portions. Four major types of bark architecture can be distinguished on this basis. Anatomical background of bark stretching without superficial disruption as well as the allocation of protective and separation layers within outer bark in different plant groups are, however, still poorly known.Similarly, the ecological significance of bark features such as color, photosynthetic function, density, and more is poorly understood. Moreover, the link between bark structure and environmental stresses is yet mostly unexplored.Bark biomechanics is a largely unexplored topic. Is dilatation induced by mechanic tension or is it only a hormonal response? This topic merits an interdisciplinary study with precise measurements.Phloem research lags behind xylem largely because of technical issues. How does the phloem structure–function relationship change under stress? In order to answer this question, sampling methodology must be clarified.We hope that this short review will stimulate interest in bark research and encourage new collaborations and studies of this important and largely ignored topic.


This is a peer-review report submitted for the paper “Impact of Modifiable Risk Factors on the Occurrence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Diyala, Iraq: Case-Control Study.”This paper  is suitaAlthough this paper has a large sample size, it is not clear how the sample size is calculated.There is no major comment.This paper needs some minor revisions.1. Results section: the word “persons” in the sentence “Data from 844 persons  persons were analyzed.” is repeated. Therefore, it should be deleted.2. Results section: I suggest the authors include quantitative results in the Abstract .Conclusion section.3. I suggest the authors merge the Recommendations under the 4. The authors explained the abbreviation (CL) for cutaneous leishmaniasis at the beginning of the introduction but sometimes did not use it in the main text.Methods section of this manuscript. Also, delete reference 17.5. “Further details on why we selected these two districts and how the study was conducted were published elsewhere.” The authors should delete this sentence and explain why the two districts were selected and how the study was conducted in the 6. “A total of 866 persons were interviewed within the 717 families visited, 451 cases (292 from Al-Mansuriya District and 159 from Al-Muqdadiya District) and 415 controls (182 Al-Mansuriya District and 233 from Al-Muqdadiya District). However, we excluded 22 persons from the sample due to incomplete information. The final sample size used was 844 persons .” Although the sample size is large, there is no statistical method to estimate the sample size.7. “Data from 844 persons  persons were analyzed.” As mentioned before, the authors must delete the repeated word “persons.”8. The authors must mention the table in the correct position in the text.9. Table 1: the number of cases and controls for the “use bed net” and “sleeping habits” variables aren’t similar to the sample size. The authors need to review the numbers and calculate the percentages. Moreover, the authors must explain the total number of cases and controls for the variable “distance of animals from house” in a footnote of instead in the table.10. Table 2: the attributable fraction for fogging is wrong (10.2 and 28.2). Please change it; the correct fraction is (52.6 and 55.5).11. The authors need more references to compare these findings with previous literature reports.


Following the publication of this article , concernThe corresponding author stated that the original data underlying the published results are no longer available. In absence of these data, the concern with Fig 2 cannot be resolved and the Fig 2 results should be interpreted with caution.PLOS ONE Editors issue this Expression of Concern to notify readers of the above concerns.In light of this the


Frontiers Educational Psychology published in March 2022 regarding the results of a 2 × 2 factorial design with 10 subjects per cell  a total of 77 subjects. Since in the context of educational psychology, a large size effect is very unlikely, this study with 40 subjects is more than “somewhat underpowered” (p. 6). The authors resolve the problem by doing frequentist and Bayesian inference, which means that they double the number of statistical tests performed. This is not really the solution because the global type I error increases drastically.Please do not misunderstand the purpose of this commentary: it is not meant as a reproach to the authors but as a reflection on solutions.Frontiers and other psychological reviews. There should be a rethinking of how instructors teach this aspect in higher education, i.e. move more on conceptual issues and consequences than on technicalities. Focusing on real data, Spiegelhalter (It seems that the teaching of statistics and methodology in the cursus of psychology is insufficiently focused on sample size issues because this problem still arises in elhalter  perfectlThen, it is the duty of a scientific journal's editors in chief to apply a minimum of statistical reviewing because they act as gatekeepers of scientific quality. First, they could edit guidelines for statistical reporting to help authors improve it. The American Psychological Association  manual iThe author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.


In the original publication , there wIn the original publication , there wThe authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience to the readers caused by these errors. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.


Takada Yumemi, Shinji Yoshii. DEN Open. 2022 May 13;3(1)In author name, “Takada Yumemi” was incorrect. This should have read: “Yumemi Takada”.We apologize for this error.


The above abstract [1] published with Wai-Leung Ng’s name spelled incorrectly.It also published without the middle initials for Lark J. Perez and Matthew B. Neiditch or the proper affiliations.The correct list of authors and their affiliations is as follows:1, Wai-Leung Ng2, Anjali Steenhaut2, Sandra Olenic2, Lark J. Perez3, Matthew B. Neiditch1Andrew Guarnaccia1Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, 2Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 3Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan UniversityThe original abstract has been corrected online to rectify these errors.


Viviana A. Cavieres and Gonzalo A. Mardones were not included as authors in the original publication . Due to Fernando M. Ruggiero: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, and investigation. Natalia Martínez-Koteski: methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing—review and editing, and investigation. Viviana A. Cavieres: methodology and validation. Gonzalo A. Mardones: conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, resources, and supervision. Gerardo D. Fidelio: resources, writing—review and editing, and project administration. Aldo A. Vilcaes: conceptualization, methodology, resources, data curation, formal analysis, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, and investigation. Jose L. Daniotti: conceptualization, resources, supervision, and funding acquisition.


Nature Genetics 10.1038/s41588-023-01335-9. Published online 13 March 2023.Correction to: Hepatology70, 1360–1376 (2019)) was cited in error and has now been removed. In the third sentence of the Results subsection “WNT/β-catenin signaling promotes TLPC-to-hepatocyte conversion,” now reading in part “Considering the higher expression of WNT/β-catenin-regulated genes … and the role of WNT/β-catenin signaling in promoting hepatocyte fate,” a citation after “hepatocyte fate” has been changed from Sekiya, 2011 ) to Boulter, 2012 ). In the last paragraph of the Discussion, the second sentence now includes three new citations ; Cordero-Espinoza, Cell Stem Cell28, 1907–1921 (2021); and Jörs, J. Clin. Invest. 125, 2445–2457 (2015)), and the end of the fourth sentence has been amended to include a citation to Boulter, 2012. The changes are reflected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.In the version of this article originally published, reference errors that arose during revisions have now been corrected as follows. In the first sentence of the Results subsection “Bipotent TLPCs differentiate into hepatocytes or BECs,” Thakur, 2019 (


This is the authors’ response to peer-review reports for “Information Technology Ambidexterity, Digital Dynamic Capability, and Knowledge Processes as Enablers of Patient Agility: Empirical Study”Comments and Responses by the Authors MethodsDescribe the study [Move the highlighted (in the reviewed manuscript) content under Data Collection Procedures to a new subsection under subsection heading Study Population (see comments in the reviewed manuscript)The highlighted content should be under a new subsection heading Study DesignProvide content on another two subsection headings:Sampling TechniquesSample SizeSeparate content under Data Collection Procedure into two new subsection headingsData Collection Tool and ProcedureData Analysis and ManagementMove Table 1 to Analyses & Results sectionProvide content under two new subsection headings: Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaEthics ConsiderationsAuthors: The sections mentioned in this review  are esseInclusion and exclusion criteria were combined with sample size, as we described how we got the final sample and why we included respondents (and why not).AbstractDo not begin a sentence with abbreviation of figureUse past tense under Methods See comments in the reviewed manuscriptIntroductionUse physicians in lieu of doctorsUse health care providers not other medical professionalsKeep in-text citation to the end of sentenceAdd health information management professionals among the key stakeholdersConsider reducing the whole of section 2  to 1-2 paragraphs and keep it within the Introduction section just before your study objective. This is to reduce readers’ boredom.Compress the content under research models and hypothesesResultsMake your findings more visible hereMake your writing more readable to known and unknown readersDiscussionPlausible and insightful discussion but not a reflection of the content under the Results. Make the Results section more readable and meaningful to your audience.FigureUse Fig not FigureAcknowledgement It is scientifically necessary that you acknowledge the numerous (n=107) participants, who are the major stakeholders in your research.ReferenceList at least 3 authors before et al Follow the Referencing Style consistentlyOthersUse participants not respondentsAuthors: We adjusted this accordingly.Thank you for the opportunity to review this paper on the lesser known topic of information and communications technology ambidexterity. The paper is well cited, uses appropriate methods, and discusses the concepts and findings in a clear and thorough manner. The paper should appeal to a broad audience. It is a good example of the underrepresented information and communications technology–centered literature in health care.Authors: We would like to thank this reviewer for these kind words . We hopeWell thought out study design with specific hypotheses and methods of analysis spelled out. Interesting conclusions drawn out that would be fruitful for further discussion and analysis to replicate on a broader sample of hospital systems outside of the current reviewed sites.Authors: We would also like to thank this reviewer for these kind words . We agre


This correction does not impact the conclusions of the original paper. The affected NT50 values of the two mAbs only differed <2 fold. The authors regret the inconvenience caused by this error, which has been corrected in the original article online.In Figure 6A, the authors discovered after publication that the neutralization NT


This is a peer review submitted for the paper “A Framework for a Statistical Characterization of Epidemic Cycles: COVID-19 Case Study.”It seems that the aim of this submission  is to reThe aim of the study should be stated in a precise statement with supportive ways to test the underlying hypothesis;Details of the analytical approach should be given with its assumptions and limitations;Sources of the data with overall reliability can be detailed;Use the appropriate and conventional terms of infectious diseases by checking the contents of the submission with reliable epidemiologists.I am satisfied with the modifications to the new version. Almost all of my concerns were addressed in the new version. I will let the readers decide about the validity of the model since the authors elaborated on the approach.


Retraction Note: Cancer Cell Int (2019) 19:5810.1186/s12935-019-0777-2The Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article. After publication, concerns were raised regarding the data in several figures. Specifically:Figure 2a has very unusual shapes for flow cytometry plots.The mito-LC3 western blot in Fig. 4f appears highly similar to Fig. 3e CIII-core2 in , which wThere appears to be a vertical break in the p62 western blot background in Fig. 4f.The authors have stated that these experiments were outsourced to a third party, and the raw data are no longer available. The Editors-in-Chief therefore no longer have confidence in the presented data.All authors agree to this retraction.


The authors wish to make the following change to their paper . Figure  to: The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these changes. The changes do not affect the scientific results. The original publication has also been updated.


Aging Cell. 2021 Oct;20(10):e13471. 10.1111/acel.13471.Rocchi, A., Carminati, E., De Fusco, A., Kowalska, J.A., Floss, T., Benfenati, F. REST/NRSF deficiency impairs autophagy and leads to cellular senescence in neurons. In the published version of the above article, the authors noticed that one of the funding grants from the Italian Ministry of Health was mistakenly omitted. The last sentence in the Acknowledgment section should read as follows:GR‐2019‐12370176 to AR)’.‘This work was supported by Ministero Istruzione, Università e Ricerca (PRIN‐2017A9MK4R to FB), Compagnia di San Paolo Torino (n. 34760 to FB), and Ministero della Salute Ricerca Finalizzata (GR‐2016‐02363972 and The authors apologize for the error.


Background and Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) presently remains a difficult disease to manage. Antimicrobial and defense proteins are important factors that could help characterize the role of microorganisms in CRSwNP pathogenesis, as the concept of microbial dysbiosis in CRS is still being considered. Our aim is to investigate the complex appearance, relative distribution and interlinks of human β defensin 2 (HBD-2), human β defensin 3 (HBD-3), human β defensin 4 (HBD-4), and cathelicidin LL 37 (LL 37) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)-affected human nasal mucosa. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 48 samples from patients with CRSwNP. Samples were collected during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The control group consisted of 17 normal healthy nasal mucosa samples gathered during routine septoplasty. β-defensin-2, β-defensin-3, β-defensin-4 and cathelicidin LL 37 in tissue were detected via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 were significantly decreased in epithelial cells in both primary and recurrent nasal polyp samples (p < 0.001) in comparison to control samples. HBD-2 was decreased in the subepithelial connective tissue of primary nasal polyp samples when compared to both recurrent polyp (p = 0.050) and control (p = 0.033) samples. In subepithelial connective tissue, significantly more HBD-3-positive structures were observed in primary nasal polyp samples (p = 0.049) than in control samples. In primary polyp samples, moderate correlations between connective tissue HBD-3 and connective  and epithelial tissue LL 37  were observed. Conclusions: Decreased HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 concentrations in the epithelium suggest a dysfunction of the epithelial barrier in patients with nasal polyps. Decreased subepithelial connective tissue HBD-2 suggests different responses to nasal microbiota in patients with primary nasal polyps compared to recurrent nasal polyps. Increased HBD-3 in subepithelial connective tissue suggests a possible role of this antimicrobial peptide in the pathogenesis of primary nasal polyps. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is described as an inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, with symptoms such as nasal congestion, nasal discharge, and hyposmia/anosmia as well as facial pressure/pain. In the case of CRS, symptoms persist for longer than 12 weeks and cause a significant decrease in quality of life . The preThe involvement of bacterial pathogens in the pathogenesis of CRS has been considered. Alteration in the local composition of microorganisms in a sinonasal setting accompanied by disturbance of mucosa is behind the so-called dysbiosis theory . AlthougDefensins are cationic peptides containing 4–5 disulphide bridges with a size of 45 to 54 amino acids . The defHuman beta defensin 2 (HBD-2) is secreted by epithelial cells when encountering microorganisms or by activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines or pathogen-associated molecular patterns can activate various signaling pathways via toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Along with antimicrobial activity, HBD-2 can also stimulate toll-like receptor expression on the surface of immune cells as well as their chemotaxis. HBD-2 has an important defensive role in the oral cavity. Gingival tissue has demonstrated continuous secretion of HBD-2 in the absence of inflammation, but oral keratinocytes produce it only when stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial exotoxins . HBD-2 hStaphylococcus antibiotic-resistant strains [Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to be capable of adapting its phenotype to become resistant to both HBD-2 and HBD-3 in cystic fibrosis patients [Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with bactericidal action within 1–5 min. HBD-3 shows slower activity against Gram-positive species, from 10 to 20 min. Salt resistance has been observed in HBD-3, giving it strong antibacterial activity and the ability to retain physiological salt concentrations [Human beta defensin 3 (HBD-3) also exhibits antimicrobial activity as well as adaptive immune reactions such as chemotaxis. HBD-3 has shown broad spectrum activity against several drug-resistant bacteria . This pe strains . HBD-3-c strains . Howeverpatients . HBD-3 htrations .P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae. HBD-3 and HBD-4 have both demonstrated the ability to activate mast cells and increase vascular permeability [P. aeruginosa out of all human beta defensins [Human beta defensin 4 (HBD-4) has been observed in the testis, uterus, kidneys, and gastric mucosa. HBD-4 expression is also seen in human respiratory mucosa in response to eability . HBD-4 pefensins . HBD-3 aefensins .Cathelicidin LL 37 (LL 37) is a mature form of human cathelicidin. It is named after its possibility to inhibit the protease cathepsin-L. LL 37 serves as a primary defense against bacteria and other pathogens during inflammation. Cathelicidins can destroy biofilms, viruses, parasites, and fungi and modulate as well as stimulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. LL 37 is expressed in various tissues such as the intestinal epithelium, respiratory system, and genitals. Cathelicidins can also play a role in angiogenesis, wound healing and apoptosis regulation . LL 37 hThe previously described antimicrobial proteins possess activity against microorganisms found in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; therefore, our aim is to investigate the complex appearance, relative distribution and interlinks of human β defensin 2 (HBD-2), human β defensin 3 (HBD-3), human β defensin 4 (HBD-4), and cathelicidin LL 37 (LL 37) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)-affected human nasal mucosa.A total of 48 patients with previous diagnosis of CRSwNP and no known immunodeficiencies or coagulopathies were included in the study group. Patients with CRS exacerbation less than two weeks prior to surgery were excluded. Nasal polyp samples were taken during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The study group was further divided into 29 patients undergoing their first surgery , 29 to 78 years old, with an average age of 48 years and 19 patients experiencing a recurrence of nasal polyps after previous surgeries , 31 to 88 years old, with an average age of 56 years. The control group consisted of 17 otherwise healthy individuals, with an age range from 29 to 74 years and an average of 39 years, with isolated nasal septum deviation and no known diagnosis of CRS or any other sinonasal pathologies. Control group patients had no history of nasal surgery. Patients with immunodeficiencies and coagulopathies were excluded from the study group. Mucosa samples were taken from mucosa of inferior nasal turbinates. The nature of the study was explained, and written consent was obtained from each participant. The study was carried out with the approval of the local ethics committee of Riga Stradins University (6-1/10/59. 26 October 2020).2·2H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, NaHCO3, NaH2PO4·H2O, and glucose) containing 10% saccharose for 12 h and then embedded into paraffin. Three-micrometre-thin sections were cut and biotin–streptavidin immunohistochemical staining was used to detect HBD-2 ; HBD-4 ; HBD-3 ; LL 37 .Samples were collected and placed in a mixture of 2% formaldehyde and 0.2% picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, with a pH of 7.2, for up to 72 h; afterwards, they were rinsed in Tyrode’s buffer  . It is ap < 0.001) and recurrent nasal polyp samples (p < 0.001) when compared to controls. HBD-2 was decreased in the subepithelial connective tissue of primary nasal polyp samples when compared to both recurrent polyp (p = 0.050) and control (p = 0.026) samples. In addition, HBD-3 was observed to be significantly decreased in the epithelia of both primary (p < 0.001) and recurrent (p < 0.001) nasal polyp samples in comparison to the epithelial cells of control samples. In subepithelial connective tissue, significantly more HBD-3-positive structures were observed in primary nasal polyp samples (p = 0.049) than in control samples. Significantly decreased LL 37 was seen in both primary (p < 0.001) and recurrent nasal polyp samples (p < 0.001) after comparison with the control group  was observed in the epithelia of both primary and recurrent nasal polyp samples, but in subepithelial connective tissue, primary polyp samples mainly showed few positive structures (+) while recurrent polyp samples had a few to moderate (+/++) number of positive structures a. ControHBD-3 showed occasional positive structures (0/+) in both primary and recurrent nasal polyp epithelia, and both showed few to moderate positive structures (+/++) in subepithelial connective tissue c. ControHBD-4-positive structures were not detected in nasal polyp tissue a nor in Correlations between factors in primary and recurrent nasal polyp samples were evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation. Values of coefficients: ≥0.81—a very strong correlation, 0.61–0.80—a strong correlation, 0.41–0.60—moderate correlation, 0.21–0.40—weak correlation, 0.01–0.20—no correlation between two factors.p < 0.001). Moderate correlations were seen between connective tissue LL 37 and connective tissue HBD-3 , connective tissue HBD-2 and epithelial HBD-2  and epithelial LL 37 and connective tissue HBD-3   .p = 0.004) and a moderate correlation between epithelial HBD-2 and epithelial HBD-3  were found  is a protein-based detection method whereas a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based detection method . TherefoThis study possesses various limitations. When describing HBD-2 and HBD-3 in the context of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, bacterial cultures and analysis of the microbiome and microbiota should be performed. Analysis with ELISA would be beneficial in evaluating antimicrobial peptide concentration. Additional data, such as use of medications and known comorbidities, would be beneficial in future studies.Decreased HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 concentrations in the epithelium suggest a dysfunction of the epithelial barrier in patients with nasal polyps. Decreased subepithelial connective tissue HBD-2 suggests different responses to nasal microbiota in patients with primary nasal polyps compared to recurrent nasal polyps. Increased HBD-3 in subepithelial connective tissue suggests a possible role of this antimicrobial peptide in the pathogenesis of primary nasal polyps.


Retraction Note: BMC Complement Med Ther 16, 459 (2016)10.1186/s12906-016-1390-8The Editor has retracted this article because of significant concerns regarding Figs. 2 and 4 A presented in this work, which question the integrity of the data. Further investigation found substantial text overlap with two other publications by the same authors , 2. The


J Occup Health. Jan 2023;65(1):e12385. doi:In Table We apologize for this error.


Diadema setosum) shells reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol for alveolar bone tissue engineering’ by Muhammad Amir Jamilludin et al., RSC Adv., 2023, 13, 32444–32456, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA06165E.Correction for ‘Functionalized cellulose nanofibrils in carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite nanorod-based scaffold from long-spined sea urchin ( The authors regret that the C-HAp degree of crystallinity is incorrectly presented in The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Clin Lab: 67, 2021. The Editorial Office conducted an independent investigation of this matter, and were able to substantiate the reader's claims; moreover, a paper submitted to and accepted in the journal Kaohsiung J Med Sci over a similar time period, which did feature some of the same authors as the abovementioned Oncol Lett paper, likewise contained several of the same data.Oncology Letters has decided that this paper should be retracted from the journal. he authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.Owing to the fact that a large number of data in this paper had also been published in two other articles that were accepted at approximately the same time, the Editor of


LP299Vlication . A correThe authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.


In Qiong Qin et al.In figure 1, the images on labels e and f were duplicated. The images on label e must be deleted. The authors apologize for the error and any inconvenience it may have caused.


Due to a production error, the authors “Changyan Ju” and “Yanping Ma” sharing first authorship was not indicated clearly with the “dagger mark”.The correct statement to follow is “These authors share first authorship”.The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.


In “The Association of a Geographically Wide Social Media Network on Depression: County-Level Ecological Analysis”  the authors made one addition.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on April 11, 2023, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.Following the publication of this paper, it was drawn to the Editors’ attention by a concerned reader that the western blotting data shown in Fig. 3C were strikingly similar to data appearing in different form in another article by different authors at a diferent research institute. Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article were already under consideration for publication prior to its submission to


Editorial Expression of Concern: Lasers Med Sci10.1007/s10103-021-03446-3After publication of this article , a readeThe authors have not responded to any correspondence from the editor or publisher about this Editorial Expression of Concern.


C. Spicer  In addition to the Acknowledgements given by the authors previously (reproduced below), the authors would also like to acknowledge funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), through grant #R01CA225002.Original Acknowledgements:S. T. acknowledges a PEER/PECRE Travel Grant from WestCHEM. R. R. acknowledges a Ramon y Cajal Contract from Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Agencia estatal de investigacion, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Conselleria d'Innovacio, Recerca i Turisme, and the European Social Fund. I. A. M. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Government through grants TerMic (FIS2014-52486-R) and Contract (FIS2017-83709-R) and from Juan de la Cierva-f program. G. L. C. S. acknowledges funding from NIH RO1 CA173745. This work made use of the EPIC facility of Northwestern University's NUANCE Center, which has received support from the Soft and Hybrid Nanotechnology Experimental (SHyNE) Resource (NSF ECCS-1542205), the MRSEC program (NSF DMR-1720139) at the Materials Research Center, the International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), the Keck Foundation, and the State of Illinois, through the IIN.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Further understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of cholinergic neural circuits and related neurodegenerative diseases.This review summarized the research progress of the central cholinergic nervous system, especially for the cholinergic circuit of the medial septal nucleus‐hippocampus, vertical branch of diagonal band‐hippocampus, basal nucleus of Meynert‐cerebral cortex cholinergic loop, amygdala, pedunculopontine nucleus, and striatum‐related cholinergic loops.The extensive and complex fiber projection of cholinergic neurons form the cholinergic neural circuits, which regulate several nuclei in the brain through neurotransmission and participate in learning and memory, attention, emotion, movement, etc. The loss of cholinergic neurotransmitters, the reduction, loss, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons or abnormal theta oscillations and cholinergic neural circuits can induce cognitive disorders such as AD, PD, PDD, and DLB.The projection and function of cholinergic fibers in some nuclei and the precise regulatory mechanisms of cholinergic neural circuits in the brain remain unclear. Further investigation of cholinergic fiber projections in various brain regions and the underlying mechanisms of the neural circuits are expected to open up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of senile neurodegenerative diseases. The central cholinergic nervous system is the main neurotransmitter system in the brain and is composed of cholinergic neurons that can synthesize acetylcholine (ACh). Acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) is a marker enzyme for cholinergic neurons, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is synthesized in cholinergic neurons. Cholinergic neurons are mainly distributed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain. Downstream neurons projected by cholinergic fibers possess nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Neurons at all levels are connected by synapses to form extensive and complex neural loops that participate in learning and memory, emotion, speech, and other skills.The cholinergic neurons in the brain can be divided into two types: local loop and projective. Local loop neurons are intermediate neurons that form a loop within the nucleus and do not project outside it. Local loop neurons are mainly located in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex layers II–V. The majority of cholinergic projection neurons are from the basal forebrain and brainstem to other brain regions, which constitute the basal forebrain and brainstem cholinergic system, respectively.Since the 1980s, the distribution and fiber projection of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain has attracted much attention.The brainstem cholinergic system consists of pontine tegmental cholinergic neurons and medulla oblongata cholinergic neurons. The pontine tegmental cholinergic system is mainly composed of cholinergic neurons in the interpeduncular tegmental area of the Ch5 group and the dorsolateral or lateral tegmental nucleus of the Ch6 group. The fibers are divided into the dorsal tegmental tract and ventral tegmental tract, which project to the thalamus, hypothalamus, globus pallidus, caudate putamen, and form a reticular ascending activation system together with other ascending fibers to participate in functional regulation, such as awakening and alertness of the body. Cholinergic neurons in the medulla oblongata are mainly located in the medial area of the facial nucleus of the ventral respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. nAChRs are distributed on the cell membrane of respiratory central neurons, which play a regulatory role in the function of the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. In addition, the cell bodies and visceral motor fibers of cholinergic neurons in the cranial nucleus constitute the cranial nerve and participate in the regulation of somatic and visceral movement.Recent studies have shown that the central cholinergic nervous system, especially the highly complex basal forebrain cholinergic system, is not only related to cortical activation, emotion, attention, sensory coding, motivation, and memory but it is also involved in neural diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit disorder, and drug abuse.The septal nucleus is the subcortical nucleus of the septum. The septum includes the structures under the corpus callosum and its surrounding area and is located in the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere above the endplate and anterior commissure. According to spatialization,MS cholinergic neurons project from the medial septal nucleus and diagonal band nucleus through the hippocampal fimbria, dorsal fornix, and amygdaloid complex to the homotopic cortical targets in the hippocampus, as well as the entorhinal, cingulate, postsplenic, and hypothalamic cortices,The MS is a pacemaker of the hippocampal theta rhythm.The diagonal band of broca (DBB) is closely connected to the MS in terms of its structural organization. Besides the MS‐hippocampal cholinergic pathway, the connection between the vertical limb of the diagonal band and the hippocampus is another important cholinergic pathway. DBB is located on the dorsal and medial sides of the septum accumbens, alternating with the midline pellucid septum. At the back, the forelimb of anterior commissure protrudes, and DBB splits into a more dispersed structure, with interspersed fibers of gray matter stripes. Outside the parolfactory region, the direction of the white matter fibers in the DBB becomes more diagonal.Similar to the HDB, the CA2 subregion of the hippocampus is a relatively unexplored region in the human brain. A connection between MS‐VDB and CA2 has been identified in the mouse brain.In summary, the VDB projects cholinergic fibers to the hippocampal region through the MS and induces theta rhythms in the hippocampus, participating in the regulation of cognitive functions. Further investigations of the cholinergic loop projected from the horizontal and vertical branches of the diagonal band to the hippocampus is necessary, especially for understanding and treating cognitive disorders, such as DLB, PD, and AD.In addition to the MS/VDB‐hippocampal cholinergic circuit regulating theta oscillations related to neurodegenerative diseases, the basal forebrain‐cerebral cortex cholinergic circuit also involved in functions related to the Meynert basal nucleus (NBM). Chaves et al.NBM is the main cholinergic nucleus in the Ch4 nucleus group of the basal forebrain, which is located on the anonymous substance and ventral side of the basal forebrain. Previous anatomical studies have shown that the NBM extends from the front of the olfactory tubercle to the uncinate hippocampus, with a length of 13–14 mm in the sagittal plane, and provides most of the cholinergic innervation to the cerebral cortex. According to the characteristics of morphology and connectivity, the anterior, middle, and posterior NBM can be divided into four subregions: the anterior NBM, including the anteromedial (Ch4am) and anterolateral (Ch4a1) subregions; the middle NBM including the Ch4a1 and intermediate (Ch4i) subregions; and the posterior NBM, including the Ch4i and posterior (Ch4p) subregions.Selden et al.More than 90% of large cell neurons in the NBM are cholinergic neurons. Studies have shown that the loss of cholinergic markers in the cerebral cortex and a decrease in the number of neurons in the basal forebrainOverall, the NBM is one of the most important cholinergic nuclei in the basal forebrain, playing a critical role in behavior, memory, attention, vision, and hallucination. Clinically, the DBS of NBM has been used to increase cholinergic fiber projection in the basal forebrain for the treatment of dementia. The method of using DBS to stimulate NBM through transmitting bioelectric impulses to restore distal cholinergic fiber projection can make up for the lack of cholinergic input from the NBM to the cortex, which is promising for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as PDD and AD.As a part of the limbic system, the amygdala is a collection of nuclei located in the dorsomedial prefrontal lobe below the central cortex, top forward of the hippocampus, and the lower horn of the lateral ventricle. Three subregions are observed in neuroimaging of the human amygdala: dorsal, ventrolateral, and medial.The main motor regulatory area of the brainstem is located in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN), also known as the pedunculopontine nucleus (Ch5 group). PPN is situated in the rostral brainstem and is involved in motor circuits, primarily targeting the dorsolateral striatum.The cholinergic projections in brainstem originate from both PPN and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT), which together innervate the lateral hypothalamic area. The LDT, located in the caudal brainstem (Ch6 group), is associated with the limbic circuitry. Apart from targeting the dorsomedial striatum and the nucleus accumbens output, the majority of cholinergic neurons in the LDT also project to the anterior pretectal nucleus, anterior intralaminar nucleus, anterior ventral thalamic nucleus, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, central medial thalamic nucleus, and habenular nucleus.Cholinergic intermediate neurons account for only a small portion of the total cells in the striatum, with 1–3% in rodents and 20%Recent studiesThe extensive and complex fiber projection of cholinergic neurons forms the cholinergic neural circuits, which regulate several nuclei in the brain through neurotransmission and participate in learning and memory, attention, emotion, movement, and so on. The loss of cholinergic neurotransmitters, the reduction, loss, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons or abnormal theta oscillations and cholinergic neural circuits can induce cognitive disorders such as AD, PD, PDD, and DLB. Further investigation of cholinergic fiber projections in various brain regions, such as MS, DBB, NBM, amygdala, and PPN, and further uncovering the underlying mechanisms of the neural circuits is critical to reveal the process of neurological diseases. However, the projection and function of cholinergic fibers in some nuclei of the brain, such as the HDB, SI, and medulla oblongata, remain unclear. The precise regulatory mechanisms of the cholinergic neural circuits in the brain also remain unclear. Furthermore, the diversity of postsynaptic cholinergic signaling pathways and heterogeneity of noncholinergic neurons has an unignorable influence on the study of neurological diseases. Therefore, to draw a more detailed topographic map of the central cholinergic nervous system, it is necessary to illuminate the projections of central cholinergic neurons and their modes of action. This will be helpful in the study of neural circuits and their regulation mechanisms for cognition, learning and memory, attention, sleep, fear, emotion, etc. However, with the aging of society becoming increasingly serious, PD, PDD, AD, and other senile cognitive disorders occur frequently. Further studies on the central cholinergic nervous system and its circuits are expected to open up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of senile neurodegenerative diseases.GH outlined and wrote the manuscript. HZ, HD and YL provided guidance throughout the writing of the article. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China (7222250).The authors declare no conflict of interest.