-- Mathlib/CategoryTheory/Limits/VanKampen.lean
theorem isUniversalColimit_extendCofan {n : ℕ} (f : Fin (n + 1) → C)
    {c₁ : Cofan fun i : Fin n ↦ f i.succ} {c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt}
    (t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁) (t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂)
    [∀ {Z} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i] :
    IsUniversalColimit (extendCofan c₁ c₂)

Proof state:
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
⊢ Nonempty (IsColimit c)

Tactic:
have t₁' := @t₁ (Discrete.functor (fun j ↦ F.obj ⟨j.succ⟩))
  (Cofan.mk (pullback c₂.inr i) fun j ↦ pullback.lift (α.app _ ≫ c₁.inj _) (c.ι.app _) ?_)
  (Discrete.natTrans fun i ↦ α.app _) (pullback.fst _ _) ?_
  (NatTrans.equifibered_of_discrete _) ?_

Result:
case refine_4
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
t₁' :
  Nonempty
    (IsColimit
      (Cofan.mk (pullback c₂.inr i) fun j =>
        pullback.lift (α.app { as := j.succ } ≫ c₁.inj j) (c.ι.app { as := j.succ }) ⋯))
⊢ Nonempty (IsColimit c)

case refine_1
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
j : Fin n
⊢ (α.app { as := j.succ } ≫ c₁.inj j) ≫ c₂.inr = c.ι.app { as := j.succ } ≫ i

case refine_2
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
⊢ (Discrete.natTrans fun i => α.app { as := i.as.succ }) ≫ c₁.ι =
    (Cofan.mk (pullback c₂.inr i) fun j =>
          pullback.lift (α.app { as := j.succ } ≫ c₁.inj j) (c.ι.app { as := j.succ }) ⋯).ι ≫
      (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin n))).map (pullback.fst c₂.inr i)

case refine_3
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
⊢ ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin n)),
    IsPullback
      ((Cofan.mk (pullback c₂.inr i) fun j =>
              pullback.lift (α.app { as := j.succ } ≫ c₁.inj j) (c.ι.app { as := j.succ }) ⋯).ι.app
        j)
      ((Discrete.natTrans fun i => α.app { as := i.as.succ }).app j) (pullback.fst c₂.inr i) (c₁.ι.app j)

Proof state:
case refine_4.intro.refine_2.mk.right
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
H₁ :
  IsColimit
    (Cofan.mk (pullback c₂.inr i) fun j =>
      pullback.lift (α.app { as := j.succ } ≫ c₁.inj j) (c.ι.app { as := j.succ }) ⋯)
⊢ IsPullback ((BinaryCofan.mk (c.ι.app { as := 0 }) (pullback.snd c₂.inr i)).ι.app { as := WalkingPair.right })
    ((mapPair (α.app { as := 0 }) (pullback.fst c₂.inr i)).app { as := WalkingPair.right }) i
    (c₂.ι.app { as := WalkingPair.right })

Tactic:
simp only [pair_obj_right, Functor.const_obj_obj, BinaryCofan.mk_pt, BinaryCofan.ι_app_right,
  BinaryCofan.mk_inr, mapPair_right]

Result:
case refine_4.intro.refine_2.mk.right
C : Type u
inst✝¹ : Category.{v, u} C
n : ℕ
f : Fin (n + 1) → C
c₁ : Cofan fun i => f i.succ
c₂ : BinaryCofan (f 0) c₁.pt
t₁ : IsUniversalColimit c₁
t₂ : IsUniversalColimit c₂
inst✝ : ∀ {Z : C} (i : Z ⟶ c₂.pt), HasPullback c₂.inr i
F : Discrete (Fin (n + 1)) ⥤ C
c : Cocone F
α : F ⟶ Discrete.functor f
i : c.pt ⟶ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).pt
e : α ≫ (extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι = c.ι ≫ (Functor.const (Discrete (Fin (n + 1)))).map i
hα : NatTrans.Equifibered α
H : ∀ (j : Discrete (Fin (n + 1))), IsPullback (c.ι.app j) (α.app j) i ((extendCofan c₁ c₂).ι.app j)
F' : Fin (n + 1) → C := F.obj ∘ Discrete.mk
this : F = Discrete.functor F'
H₁ :
  IsColimit
    (Cofan.mk (pullback c₂.inr i) fun j =>
      pullback.lift (α.app { as := j.succ } ≫ c₁.inj j) (c.ι.app { as := j.succ }) ⋯)
⊢ IsPullback (pullback.snd c₂.inr i) (pullback.fst c₂.inr i) i c₂.inr