-- Mathlib/Combinatorics/HalesJewett.lean
theorem exists_mono_in_high_dimension' :
    ∀ (α : Type u) [Finite α] (κ : Type max v u) [Finite κ],
      ∃ (ι : Type) (_ : Fintype ι), ∀ C : (ι → α) → κ, ∃ l : Line α ι, l.IsMono C :=
-- The proof proceeds by induction on `α`.
  Finite.induction_empty_option
  (-- We have to show that the theorem is invariant under `α ≃ α'` for the induction to work.
  fun {α α'} e =>
    forall_imp fun κ =>
      forall_imp fun _ =>
        Exists.imp fun ι =>
          Exists.imp fun _ h C =>
            let ⟨l, c, lc⟩ := h fun v => C (e ∘ v)
            ⟨l.map e, c, e.forall_congr_right.mp fun x => by rw [← lc x, Line.map_apply]⟩)
  (by
    -- This deals with the degenerate case where `α` is empty.
    intro κ _
    by_cases h : Nonempty κ
    · refine ⟨Unit, inferInstance, fun C => ⟨default, Classical.arbitrary _, PEmpty.rec⟩⟩
    · exact ⟨Empty, inferInstance, fun C => (h ⟨C (Empty.rec)⟩).elim⟩)
  (by
    -- Now we have to show that the theorem holds for `Option α` if it holds for `α`.
    intro α _ ihα κ _
    cases nonempty_fintype κ
    -- Later we'll need `α` to be nonempty. So we first deal with the trivial case where `α` is
    -- empty.
    -- Then `Option α` has only one element, so any line is monochromatic.
    by_cases h : Nonempty α
    case neg =>
      refine ⟨Unit, inferInstance, fun C => ⟨diagonal _ Unit, C fun _ => none, ?_⟩⟩
      rintro (_ | ⟨a⟩)
      · rfl
      · exact (h ⟨a⟩).elim
    -- The key idea is to show that for every `r`, in high dimension we can either find
    -- `r` color focused lines or a monochromatic line.
    suffices key :
      ∀ r : ℕ,
        ∃ (ι : Type) (_ : Fintype ι),
          ∀ C : (ι → Option α) → κ,
            (∃ s : ColorFocused C, Multiset.card s.lines = r) ∨ ∃ l, IsMono C l by
      -- Given the key claim, we simply take `r = |κ| + 1`. We cannot have this many distinct colors
      -- so we must be in the second case, where there is a monochromatic line.
      obtain ⟨ι, _inst, hι⟩ := key (Fintype.card κ + 1)
      refine ⟨ι, _inst, fun C => (hι C).resolve_left ?_⟩
      rintro ⟨s, sr⟩
      apply Nat.not_succ_le_self (Fintype.card κ)
      rw [← Nat.add_one, ← sr, ← Multiset.card_map, ← Finset.card_mk]
      exact Finset.card_le_univ ⟨_, s.distinct_colors⟩
    -- We now prove the key claim, by induction on `r`.
    intro r
    induction r with
    -- The base case `r = 0` is trivial as the empty collection is color-focused.
    | zero => exact ⟨Empty, inferInstance, fun C => Or.inl ⟨default, Multiset.card_zero⟩⟩
    | succ r ihr =>
    -- Supposing the key claim holds for `r`, we need to show it for `r+1`. First pick a high
    -- enough dimension `ι` for `r`.
    obtain ⟨ι, _inst, hι⟩ := ihr
    -- Then since the theorem holds for `α` with any number of colors, pick a dimension `ι'` such
    -- that `ι' → α` always has a monochromatic line whenever it is `(ι → Option α) → κ`-colored.
    specialize ihα ((ι → Option α) → κ)
    obtain ⟨ι', _inst, hι'⟩ := ihα
    -- We claim that `ι ⊕ ι'` works for `Option α` and `κ`-coloring.
    refine ⟨ι ⊕ ι', inferInstance, ?_⟩
    intro C
    -- A `κ`-coloring of `ι ⊕ ι' → Option α` induces an `(ι → Option α) → κ`-coloring of `ι' → α`.
    specialize hι' fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))
    -- By choice of `ι'` this coloring has a monochromatic line `l'` with color class `C'`, where
    -- `C'` is a `κ`-coloring of `ι → α`.
    obtain ⟨l', C', hl'⟩ := hι'
    -- If `C'` has a monochromatic line, then so does `C`. We use this in two places below.
    have mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l

Proof state:
case pos.intro.intro
α : Type u
inst✝¹ : Fintype α
κ : Type (max v u)
inst✝ : Finite κ
val✝ : Fintype κ
h : Nonempty α
r : ℕ
ι : Type
_inst✝ : Fintype ι
ι' : Type
_inst : Fintype ι'
C : (ι ⊕ ι' → Option α) → κ
l' : Line α ι'
C' : (ι → Option α) → κ
hl' : ∀ (x : α), (fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))) (↑l' x) = C'
mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l
s : ColorFocused C'
sr : s.lines.card = r
p : AlmostMono C'
p_mem : p ∈ s.lines
hp : p.color = C' s.focus
⊢ (∃ s, s.lines.card = r + 1) ∨ ∃ l, IsMono C l

Tactic:
refine Or.inr (mono_of_mono ⟨p.line, p.color, ?_⟩)

Result:
case pos.intro.intro
α : Type u
inst✝¹ : Fintype α
κ : Type (max v u)
inst✝ : Finite κ
val✝ : Fintype κ
h : Nonempty α
r : ℕ
ι : Type
_inst✝ : Fintype ι
ι' : Type
_inst : Fintype ι'
C : (ι ⊕ ι' → Option α) → κ
l' : Line α ι'
C' : (ι → Option α) → κ
hl' : ∀ (x : α), (fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))) (↑l' x) = C'
mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l
s : ColorFocused C'
sr : s.lines.card = r
p : AlmostMono C'
p_mem : p ∈ s.lines
hp : p.color = C' s.focus
⊢ ∀ (x : Option α), C' (↑p.line x) = p.color

Proof state:
case neg.refine_2
α : Type u
inst✝¹ : Fintype α
κ : Type (max v u)
inst✝ : Finite κ
val✝ : Fintype κ
h✝ : Nonempty α
r : ℕ
ι : Type
_inst✝ : Fintype ι
ι' : Type
_inst : Fintype ι'
C : (ι ⊕ ι' → Option α) → κ
l' : Line α ι'
C' : (ι → Option α) → κ
hl' : ∀ (x : α), (fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))) (↑l' x) = C'
mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l
s : ColorFocused C'
sr : s.lines.card = r
h : ¬∃ p ∈ s.lines, p.color = C' s.focus
x : α
⊢ C (↑(vertical s.focus (map some l')) (some x)) = C' s.focus

Tactic:
rw [vertical_apply, ← congr_fun (hl' x), Line.map_apply]

Result:
no goals

Proof state:
case pos.succ.intro.intro.intro.intro.intro.intro.inl.intro
α : Type u
inst✝¹ : Fintype α
κ : Type (max v u)
inst✝ : Finite κ
val✝ : Fintype κ
h : Nonempty α
r : ℕ
ι : Type
_inst✝ : Fintype ι
ι' : Type
_inst : Fintype ι'
C : (ι ⊕ ι' → Option α) → κ
l' : Line α ι'
C' : (ι → Option α) → κ
hl' : ∀ (x : α), (fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))) (↑l' x) = C'
mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l
s : ColorFocused C'
sr : s.lines.card = r
⊢ (∃ s, s.lines.card = r + 1) ∨ ∃ l, IsMono C l

Tactic:
by_cases h : ∃ p ∈ s.lines, (p : AlmostMono _).color = C' s.focus

Result:
case pos
α : Type u
inst✝¹ : Fintype α
κ : Type (max v u)
inst✝ : Finite κ
val✝ : Fintype κ
h✝ : Nonempty α
r : ℕ
ι : Type
_inst✝ : Fintype ι
ι' : Type
_inst : Fintype ι'
C : (ι ⊕ ι' → Option α) → κ
l' : Line α ι'
C' : (ι → Option α) → κ
hl' : ∀ (x : α), (fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))) (↑l' x) = C'
mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l
s : ColorFocused C'
sr : s.lines.card = r
h : ∃ p ∈ s.lines, p.color = C' s.focus
⊢ (∃ s, s.lines.card = r + 1) ∨ ∃ l, IsMono C l

case neg
α : Type u
inst✝¹ : Fintype α
κ : Type (max v u)
inst✝ : Finite κ
val✝ : Fintype κ
h✝ : Nonempty α
r : ℕ
ι : Type
_inst✝ : Fintype ι
ι' : Type
_inst : Fintype ι'
C : (ι ⊕ ι' → Option α) → κ
l' : Line α ι'
C' : (ι → Option α) → κ
hl' : ∀ (x : α), (fun v' v => C (Sum.elim v (some ∘ v'))) (↑l' x) = C'
mono_of_mono : (∃ l, IsMono C' l) → ∃ l, IsMono C l
s : ColorFocused C'
sr : s.lines.card = r
h : ¬∃ p ∈ s.lines, p.color = C' s.focus
⊢ (∃ s, s.lines.card = r + 1) ∨ ∃ l, IsMono C l