Development guide

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Development guide

Introduction
Code layout
Include files
Integers
Common return codes
Error handling
Strings
Overview
Formatting
Numeric conversion
Regular expressions
Time
Containers
Array
List
Queue
Red-Black tree
Hash
Memory management
Heap
Pool
Shared memory
Logging
Cycle
Buffer
Networking
Connection
Events
Event
I/O events
Timer events
Posted events
Event loop
Processes
Threads
Modules
Adding new modules
Core Modules
Configuration Directives
HTTP
Connection
Request
Configuration
Phases
Variables
Complex values
Request redirection
Subrequests
Request finalization
Request body
Request body filters
Response
Response body
Response body filters
Building filter modules
Buffer reuse
Load balancing
Examples
Code style
General rules
Files
Comments
Preprocessor
Types
Variables
Functions
Expressions
Conditionals and Loops
Labels
Debugging memory issues
Common Pitfalls
Writing a C module
C Strings
Global Variables
Manual Memory Management
Threads
Blocking Libraries
HTTP Requests to External Services

Introduction

Code layout

auto — Build scripts

src

core — Basic types and functions — string, array, log,
pool, etc.

event — Event core

modules — Event notification modules:
epoll, kqueue, select
etc.

http — Core HTTP module and common code

modules — Other HTTP modules

v2 — HTTP/2

mail — Mail modules

os — Platform-specific code

unix

win32

stream — Stream modules

Include files

The following two #include statements must appear at the
beginning of every nginx file:

#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>

In addition to that, HTTP code should include

#include <ngx_http.h>

Mail code should include

#include <ngx_mail.h>

Stream code should include

#include <ngx_stream.h>

Integers

For general purposes, nginx code uses two integer types,
ngx_int_t and ngx_uint_t, which are
typedefs for intptr_t and uintptr_t
respectively.

Common return codes

Most functions in nginx return the following codes:

NGX_OK — Operation succeeded.

NGX_ERROR — Operation failed.

NGX_AGAIN — Operation incomplete; call the function again.

NGX_DECLINED — Operation rejected, for example, because it is
disabled in the configuration. This is never an error.

NGX_BUSY — Resource is not available.

NGX_DONE — Operation complete or continued elsewhere.
Also used as an alternative success code.

NGX_ABORT — Function was aborted.
Also used as an alternative error code.

Error handling

The ngx_errno macro returns the last system error code.
It's mapped to errno on POSIX platforms and to
GetLastError() call in Windows.
The ngx_socket_errno macro returns the last socket error
number.
Like the ngx_errno macro, it's mapped to
errno on POSIX platforms.
It's mapped to the WSAGetLastError() call on Windows.
Accessing the values of ngx_errno or
ngx_socket_errno more than once in a row can cause
performance issues.
If the error value might be used multiple times, store it in a local variable
of type ngx_err_t.
To set errors, use the ngx_set_errno(errno) and
ngx_set_socket_errno(errno) macros.

The values of ngx_errno and
ngx_socket_errno can be passed to the logging functions
ngx_log_error() and ngx_log_debugX(), in
which case system error text is added to the log message.

Example using ngx_errno:

ngx_int_t
ngx_my_kill(ngx_pid_t pid, ngx_log_t *log, int signo)
{
ngx_err_t err;

if (kill(pid, signo) == -1) {
err = ngx_errno;

ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, log, err, "kill(%P, %d) failed", pid, signo);

if (err == NGX_ESRCH) {
return 2;
}

return 1;
}

return 0;
}

Strings

Overview

For C strings, nginx uses the unsigned character type pointer
u_char *.

The nginx string type ngx_str_t is defined as follows:

typedef struct {
size_t len;
u_char *data;
} ngx_str_t;

The len field holds the string length and
data holds the string data.
The string, held in ngx_str_t, may or may not be
null-terminated after the len bytes.
In most cases it’s not.
However, in certain parts of the code (for example, when parsing configuration),
ngx_str_t objects are known to be null-terminated, which
simplifies string comparison and makes it easier to pass the strings to
syscalls.

The string operations in nginx are declared in
src/core/ngx_string.h
Some of them are wrappers around standard C functions:

ngx_strcmp()

ngx_strncmp()

ngx_strstr()

ngx_strlen()

ngx_strchr()

ngx_memcmp()

ngx_memset()

ngx_memcpy()

ngx_memmove()

Other string functions are nginx-specific

ngx_memzero() — Fills memory with zeroes.

ngx_explicit_memzero() — Does the same as
ngx_memzero(), but this call is never removed by the
compiler's dead store elimination optimization.
This function can be used to clear sensitive data such as passwords and keys.

ngx_cpymem() — Does the same as
ngx_memcpy(), but returns the final destination address
This one is handy for appending multiple strings in a row.

ngx_movemem() — Does the same as
ngx_memmove(), but returns the final destination address.

ngx_strlchr() — Searches for a character in a string,
delimited by two pointers.

The following functions perform case conversion and comparison:

ngx_tolower()

ngx_toupper()

ngx_strlow()

ngx_strcasecmp()

ngx_strncasecmp()

The following macros simplify string initialization:

ngx_string(text) — static initializer for the
ngx_str_t type from the C string literal
text

ngx_null_string — static empty string initializer for the
ngx_str_t type

ngx_str_set(str, text) — initializes string
str of ngx_str_t * type with the C string
literal text

ngx_str_null(str) — initializes string str
of ngx_str_t * type with the empty string

Formatting

The following formatting functions support nginx-specific types:

ngx_sprintf(buf, fmt, ...)

ngx_snprintf(buf, max, fmt, ...)

ngx_slprintf(buf, last, fmt, ...)

ngx_vslprintf(buf, last, fmt, args)

ngx_vsnprintf(buf, max, fmt, args)

The full list of formatting options, supported by these functions is
in src/core/ngx_string.c. Some of them are:

%O — off_t

%T — time_t

%z — ssize_t

%i — ngx_int_t

%p — void *

%V — ngx_str_t *

%s — u_char * (null-terminated)

%*s — size_t + u_char *

You can prepend u on most types to make them unsigned.
To convert output to hex, use X or x.

For example:

u_char buf[NGX_INT_T_LEN];
size_t len;
ngx_uint_t n;

/* set n here */

len = ngx_sprintf(buf, "%ui", n) — buf;

Numeric conversion

Several functions for numeric conversion are implemented in nginx.
The first four each convert a string of given length to a positive integer of
the indicated type.
They return NGX_ERROR on error.

ngx_atoi(line, n) — ngx_int_t

ngx_atosz(line, n) — ssize_t

ngx_atoof(line, n) — off_t

ngx_atotm(line, n) — time_t

There are two additional numeric conversion functions.
Like the first four, they return NGX_ERROR on error.

ngx_atofp(line, n, point) — Converts a fixed point floating
number of given length to a positive integer of type
ngx_int_t.
The result is shifted left by point decimal
positions.
The string representation of the number is expected to have no more
than points fractional digits.
For example, ngx_atofp("10.5", 4, 2) returns
1050.

ngx_hextoi(line, n) — Converts a hexadecimal representation
of a positive integer to ngx_int_t.

Regular expressions

The regular expressions interface in nginx is a wrapper around
the PCRE
library.
The corresponding header file is src/core/ngx_regex.h.

To use a regular expression for string matching, it first needs to be
compiled, which is usually done at the configuration phase.
Note that since PCRE support is optional, all code using the interface must
be protected by the surrounding NGX_PCRE macro:

#if (NGX_PCRE)
ngx_regex_t *re;
ngx_regex_compile_t rc;

u_char errstr[NGX_MAX_CONF_ERRSTR];

ngx_str_t value = ngx_string("message (\\d\\d\\d).*Codeword is '(?<cw>\\w+)'");

ngx_memzero(&rc, sizeof(ngx_regex_compile_t));

rc.pattern = value;
rc.pool = cf->pool;
rc.err.len = NGX_MAX_CONF_ERRSTR;
rc.err.data = errstr;
/* rc.options can be set to NGX_REGEX_CASELESS */

if (ngx_regex_compile(&rc) != NGX_OK) {
ngx_conf_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, cf, 0, "%V", &rc.err);
return NGX_CONF_ERROR;
}

re = rc.regex;
#endif

After successful compilation, the captures and
named_captures fields in the
ngx_regex_compile_t structure contain the count of all
captures and named captures, respectively, found in the regular expression.

The compiled regular expression can then be used for matching against strings:

ngx_int_t n;
int captures[(1 + rc.captures) * 3];

ngx_str_t input = ngx_string("This is message 123. Codeword is 'foobar'.");

n = ngx_regex_exec(re, &input, captures, (1 + rc.captures) * 3);
if (n >= 0) {
/* string matches expression */

} else if (n == NGX_REGEX_NO_MATCHED) {
/* no match was found */

} else {
/* some error */
ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ALERT, log, 0, ngx_regex_exec_n " failed: %i", n);
}

The arguments to ngx_regex_exec() are the compiled regular
expression re, the string to match input,
an optional array of integers to hold any captures that are
found, and the array's size.
The size of the captures array must be a multiple of three,
as required by the
PCRE API.
In the example, the size is calculated from the total number of captures plus
one for the matched string itself.

If there are matches, captures can be accessed as follows:

u_char *p;
size_t size;
ngx_str_t name, value;

/* all captures */
for (i = 0; i < n * 2; i += 2) {
value.data = input.data + captures[i];
value.len = captures[i + 1] — captures[i];
}

/* accessing named captures */

size = rc.name_size;
p = rc.names;

for (i = 0; i < rc.named_captures; i++, p += size) {

/* capture name */
name.data = &p[2];
name.len = ngx_strlen(name.data);

n = 2 * ((p[0] << 8) + p[1]);

/* captured value */
value.data = &input.data[captures[n]];
value.len = captures[n + 1] — captures[n];
}

The ngx_regex_exec_array() function accepts the array of
ngx_regex_elt_t elements (which are just compiled regular
expressions with associated names), a string to match, and a log.
The function applies expressions from the array to the string until
either a match is found or no more expressions are left.
The return value is NGX_OK when there is a match and
NGX_DECLINED otherwise, or NGX_ERROR
in case of error.

Time

The ngx_time_t structure represents time with three separate
types for seconds, milliseconds, and the GMT offset:

typedef struct {
time_t sec;
ngx_uint_t msec;
ngx_int_t gmtoff;
} ngx_time_t;

The ngx_tm_t structure is an alias for
struct tm on UNIX platforms and SYSTEMTIME
on Windows.

To obtain the current time, it is usually sufficient to access one of the
available global variables, representing the cached time value in the desired
format.

The available string representations are:

ngx_cached_err_log_time — Used in error log entries:
"1970/09/28 12:00:00"

ngx_cached_http_log_time — Used in HTTP access log entries:
"28/Sep/1970:12:00:00 +0600"

ngx_cached_syslog_time — Used in syslog entries:
"Sep 28 12:00:00"

ngx_cached_http_time — Used in HTTP headers:
"Mon, 28 Sep 1970 06:00:00 GMT"

ngx_cached_http_log_iso8601 — The ISO 8601
standard format:
"1970-09-28T12:00:00+06:00"

The ngx_time() and ngx_timeofday() macros
return the current time value in seconds and are the preferred way to access
the cached time value.

To obtain the time explicitly, use ngx_gettimeofday(),
which updates its argument (pointer to
struct timeval).
The time is always updated when nginx returns to the event loop from system
calls.
To update the time immediately, call ngx_time_update(),
or ngx_time_sigsafe_update() if updating the time in the
signal handler context.

The following functions convert time_t into the indicated
broken-down time representation.
The first function in each pair converts time_t to
ngx_tm_t and the second (with the _libc_
infix) to struct tm:

ngx_gmtime(), ngx_libc_gmtime() — Time expressed as UTC

ngx_localtime(), ngx_libc_localtime() — Time expressed
relative to the local time zone

The ngx_http_time(buf, time) function returns a string
representation suitable for use in HTTP headers (for example,
"Mon, 28 Sep 1970 06:00:00 GMT").
The ngx_http_cookie_time(buf, time) returns a string
representation function returns a string representation suitable
for HTTP cookies ("Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT").

Containers

Array

The nginx array type ngx_array_t is defined as follows

typedef struct {
void *elts;
ngx_uint_t nelts;
size_t size;
ngx_uint_t nalloc;
ngx_pool_t *pool;
} ngx_array_t;

The elements of the array are available in the elts field.
The nelts field holds the number of elements.
The size field holds the size of a single element and is set
when the array is initialized.

Use the ngx_array_create(pool, n, size) call to create an
array in a pool, and the ngx_array_init(array, pool, n, size)
call to initialize an array object that has already been allocated.

ngx_array_t *a, b;

/* create an array of strings with preallocated memory for 10 elements */
a = ngx_array_create(pool, 10, sizeof(ngx_str_t));

/* initialize string array for 10 elements */
ngx_array_init(&b, pool, 10, sizeof(ngx_str_t));

Use the following functions to add elements to an array:

ngx_array_push(a) adds one tail element and returns pointer
to it

ngx_array_push_n(a, n) adds n tail elements
and returns pointer to the first one

If the currently allocated amount of memory is not large enough to accommodate
the new elements, a new block of memory is allocated and the existing elements
are copied to it.
The new memory block is normally twice as large as the existing one.

s = ngx_array_push(a);
ss = ngx_array_push_n(&b, 3);

List

In nginx a list is a sequence of arrays, optimized for inserting a potentially
large number of items.
The ngx_list_t list type is defined as follows:

typedef struct {
ngx_list_part_t *last;
ngx_list_part_t part;
size_t size;
ngx_uint_t nalloc;
ngx_pool_t *pool;
} ngx_list_t;

The actual items are stored in list parts, which are defined as follows:

typedef struct ngx_list_part_s ngx_list_part_t;

struct ngx_list_part_s {
void *elts;
ngx_uint_t nelts;
ngx_list_part_t *next;
};

Before use, a list must be initialized by calling
ngx_list_init(list, pool, n, size) or created by calling
ngx_list_create(pool, n, size).
Both functions take as arguments the size of a single item and a number of
items per list part.
To add an item to a list, use the ngx_list_push(list)
function.
To iterate over the items, directly access the list fields as shown in the
example:

ngx_str_t *v;
ngx_uint_t i;
ngx_list_t *list;
ngx_list_part_t *part;

list = ngx_list_create(pool, 100, sizeof(ngx_str_t));
if (list == NULL) { /* error */ }

/* add items to the list */

v = ngx_list_push(list);
if (v == NULL) { /* error */ }
ngx_str_set(v, "foo");

v = ngx_list_push(list);
if (v == NULL) { /* error */ }
ngx_str_set(v, "bar");

/* iterate over the list */

part = &list->part;
v = part->elts;

for (i = 0; /* void */; i++) {

if (i >= part->nelts) {
if (part->next == NULL) {
break;
}

part = part->next;
v = part->elts;
i = 0;
}

ngx_do_smth(&v[i]);
}

Lists are primarily used for HTTP input and output headers.

Lists do not support item removal.
However, when needed, items can internally be marked as missing without actually
being removed from the list.
For example, to mark HTTP output headers (which are stored as
ngx_table_elt_t objects) as missing, set the
hash field in ngx_table_elt_t to
zero.
Items marked in this way are explicitly skipped when the headers are iterated
over.

Queue

In nginx a queue is an intrusive doubly linked list, with each node defined as
follows:

typedef struct ngx_queue_s ngx_queue_t;

struct ngx_queue_s {
ngx_queue_t *prev;
ngx_queue_t *next;
};

The head queue node is not linked with any data.
Use the ngx_queue_init(q) call to initialize the list head
before use.
Queues support the following operations:

ngx_queue_insert_head(h, x),
ngx_queue_insert_tail(h, x) — Insert a new node

ngx_queue_remove(x) — Remove a queue node

ngx_queue_split(h, q, n) — Split a queue at a node,
returning the queue tail in a separate queue

ngx_queue_add(h, n) — Add a second queue to the first queue

ngx_queue_head(h),
ngx_queue_last(h) — Get first or last queue node

ngx_queue_sentinel(h) - Get a queue sentinel object to end
iteration at

ngx_queue_data(q, type, link) — Get a reference to the
beginning of a queue node data structure, considering the queue field offset in
it

An example:

typedef struct {
ngx_str_t value;
ngx_queue_t queue;
} ngx_foo_t;

ngx_foo_t *f;
ngx_queue_t values, *q;

ngx_queue_init(&values);

f = ngx_palloc(pool, sizeof(ngx_foo_t));
if (f == NULL) { /* error */ }
ngx_str_set(&f->value, "foo");

ngx_queue_insert_tail(&values, &f->queue);

/* insert more nodes here */

for (q = ngx_queue_head(&values);
q != ngx_queue_sentinel(&values);
q = ngx_queue_next(q))
{
f = ngx_queue_data(q, ngx_foo_t, queue);

ngx_do_smth(&f->value);
}

Red-Black tree

The src/core/ngx_rbtree.h header file provides access to the
effective implementation of red-black trees.

typedef struct {
ngx_rbtree_t rbtree;
ngx_rbtree_node_t sentinel;

/* custom per-tree data here */
} my_tree_t;

typedef struct {
ngx_rbtree_node_t rbnode;

/* custom per-node data */
foo_t val;
} my_node_t;

To deal with a tree as a whole, you need two nodes: root and sentinel.
Typically, they are added to a custom structure, allowing you to
organize your data into a tree in which the leaves contain a link to or embed
your data.

To initialize a tree:

my_tree_t root;

ngx_rbtree_init(&root.rbtree, &root.sentinel, insert_value_function);

To traverse a tree and insert new values, use the
"insert_value" functions.
For example, the ngx_str_rbtree_insert_value function deals
with the ngx_str_t type.
Its arguments are pointers to a root node of an insertion, the newly created
node to be added, and a tree sentinel.

void ngx_str_rbtree_insert_value(ngx_rbtree_node_t *temp,
ngx_rbtree_node_t *node,
ngx_rbtree_node_t *sentinel)

The traversal is pretty straightforward and can be demonstrated with the
following lookup function pattern:

my_node_t *
my_rbtree_lookup(ngx_rbtree_t *rbtree, foo_t *val, uint32_t hash)
{
ngx_int_t rc;
my_node_t *n;
ngx_rbtree_node_t *node, *sentinel;

node = rbtree->root;
sentinel = rbtree->sentinel;

while (node != sentinel) {

n = (my_node_t *) node;

if (hash != node->key) {
node = (hash < node->key) ? node->left : node->right;
continue;
}

rc = compare(val, node->val);

if (rc < 0) {
node = node->left;
continue;
}

if (rc > 0) {
node = node->right;
continue;
}

return n;
}

return NULL;
}

The compare() function is a classic comparator function that
returns a value less than, equal to, or greater than zero.
To speed up lookups and avoid comparing user objects that can be big, an integer
hash field is used.

To add a node to a tree, allocate a new node, initialize it and call
ngx_rbtree_insert():

my_node_t *my_node;
ngx_rbtree_node_t *node;

my_node = ngx_palloc(...);
init_custom_data(&my_node->val);

node = &my_node->rbnode;
node->key = create_key(my_node->val);

ngx_rbtree_insert(&root->rbtree, node);

To remove a node, call the ngx_rbtree_delete() function:

ngx_rbtree_delete(&root->rbtree, node);

Hash

Hash table functions are declared in src/core/ngx_hash.h.
Both exact and wildcard matching are supported.
The latter requires extra setup and is described in a separate section below.

Before initializing a hash, you need to know the number of elements it will
hold so that nginx can build it optimally.
Two parameters that need to be configured are max_size
and bucket_size, as detailed in a separate
document.
They are usually configurable by the user.
Hash initialization settings are stored with the
ngx_hash_init_t type, and the hash itself is
ngx_hash_t:

ngx_hash_t foo_hash;
ngx_hash_init_t hash;

hash.hash = &foo_hash;
hash.key = ngx_hash_key;
hash.max_size = 512;
hash.bucket_size = ngx_align(64, ngx_cacheline_size);
hash.name = "foo_hash";
hash.pool = cf->pool;
hash.temp_pool = cf->temp_pool;

The key is a pointer to a function that creates the hash
integer key from a string.
There are two generic key-creation functions:
ngx_hash_key(data, len) and
ngx_hash_key_lc(data, len).
The latter converts a string to all lowercase characters, so the passed string
must be writable.
If that is not true, pass the NGX_HASH_READONLY_KEY flag
to the function, initializing the key array (see below).

The hash keys are stored in ngx_hash_keys_arrays_t and
are initialized with ngx_hash_keys_array_init(arr, type):
The second parameter (type) controls the amount of resources
preallocated for the hash and can be either NGX_HASH_SMALL or
NGX_HASH_LARGE.
The latter is appropriate if you expect the hash to contain thousands of
elements.

ngx_hash_keys_arrays_t foo_keys;

foo_keys.pool = cf->pool;
foo_keys.temp_pool = cf->temp_pool;

ngx_hash_keys_array_init(&foo_keys, NGX_HASH_SMALL);

To insert keys into a hash keys array, use the
ngx_hash_add_key(keys_array, key, value, flags) function:

ngx_str_t k1 = ngx_string("key1");
ngx_str_t k2 = ngx_string("key2");

ngx_hash_add_key(&foo_keys, &k1, &my_data_ptr_1, NGX_HASH_READONLY_KEY);
ngx_hash_add_key(&foo_keys, &k2, &my_data_ptr_2, NGX_HASH_READONLY_KEY);

To build the hash table, call the
ngx_hash_init(hinit, key_names, nelts) function:

ngx_hash_init(&hash, foo_keys.keys.elts, foo_keys.keys.nelts);

The function fails if max_size or
bucket_size parameters are not big enough.

When the hash is built, use the
ngx_hash_find(hash, key, name, len) function to look up
elements:

my_data_t *data;
ngx_uint_t key;

key = ngx_hash_key(k1.data, k1.len);

data = ngx_hash_find(&foo_hash, key, k1.data, k1.len);
if (data == NULL) {
/* key not found */
}

Wildcard matching

To create a hash that works with wildcards, use the
ngx_hash_combined_t type.
It includes the hash type described above and has two additional keys arrays:
dns_wc_head and dns_wc_tail.
The initialization of basic properties is similar to a regular hash:

ngx_hash_init_t hash
ngx_hash_combined_t foo_hash;

hash.hash = &foo_hash.hash;
hash.key = ...;

It is possible to add wildcard keys using the
NGX_HASH_WILDCARD_KEY flag:

/* k1 = ".example.org"; */
/* k2 = "foo.*"; */
ngx_hash_add_key(&foo_keys, &k1, &data1, NGX_HASH_WILDCARD_KEY);
ngx_hash_add_key(&foo_keys, &k2, &data2, NGX_HASH_WILDCARD_KEY);

The function recognizes wildcards and adds keys into the corresponding arrays.
Please refer to the
map module
documentation for the description of the wildcard syntax and the
matching algorithm.

Depending on the contents of added keys, you may need to initialize up to three
key arrays: one for exact matching (described above), and two more to enable
matching starting from the head or tail of a string:

if (foo_keys.dns_wc_head.nelts) {

ngx_qsort(foo_keys.dns_wc_head.elts,
(size_t) foo_keys.dns_wc_head.nelts,
sizeof(ngx_hash_key_t),
cmp_dns_wildcards);

hash.hash = NULL;
hash.temp_pool = pool;

if (ngx_hash_wildcard_init(&hash, foo_keys.dns_wc_head.elts,
foo_keys.dns_wc_head.nelts)
!= NGX_OK)
{
return NGX_ERROR;
}

foo_hash.wc_head = (ngx_hash_wildcard_t *) hash.hash;
}

The keys array needs to be sorted, and initialization results must be added
to the combined hash.
The initialization of dns_wc_tail array is done similarly.

The lookup in a combined hash is handled by the
ngx_hash_find_combined(chash, key, name, len):

/* key = "bar.example.org"; — will match ".example.org" */
/* key = "foo.example.com"; — will match "foo.*" */

hkey = ngx_hash_key(key.data, key.len);
res = ngx_hash_find_combined(&foo_hash, hkey, key.data, key.len);

Memory management

Heap

To allocate memory from system heap, use the following functions:

ngx_alloc(size, log) — Allocate memory from system heap.
This is a wrapper around malloc() with logging support.
Allocation error and debugging information is logged to log.

ngx_calloc(size, log) — Allocate memory from system heap
like ngx_alloc(), but fill memory with zeros after
allocation.

ngx_memalign(alignment, size, log) — Allocate aligned memory
from system heap.
This is a wrapper around posix_memalign()
on those platforms that provide that function.
Otherwise implementation falls back to ngx_alloc() which
provides maximum alignment.

ngx_free(p) — Free allocated memory.
This is a wrapper around free()

Pool

Most nginx allocations are done in pools.
Memory allocated in an nginx pool is freed automatically when the pool is
destroyed.
This provides good allocation performance and makes memory control easy.

A pool internally allocates objects in continuous blocks of memory.
Once a block is full, a new one is allocated and added to the pool memory
block list.
When the requested allocation is too large to fit into a block, the request
is forwarded to the system allocator and the
returned pointer is stored in the pool for further deallocation.

The type for nginx pools is ngx_pool_t.
The following operations are supported:

ngx_create_pool(size, log) — Create a pool with specified
block size.
The pool object returned is allocated in the pool as well.
The size
should be at least NGX_MIN_POOL_SIZE
and a multiple of NGX_POOL_ALIGNMENT.

ngx_destroy_pool(pool) — Free all pool memory, including
the pool object itself.

ngx_palloc(pool, size) — Allocate aligned memory from the
specified pool.

ngx_pcalloc(pool, size) — Allocate aligned memory
from the specified pool and fill it with zeroes.

ngx_pnalloc(pool, size) — Allocate unaligned memory from the
specified pool.
Mostly used for allocating strings.

ngx_pfree(pool, p) — Free memory that was previously
allocated in the specified pool.
Only allocations that result from requests forwarded to the system allocator
can be freed.

u_char *p;
ngx_str_t *s;
ngx_pool_t *pool;

pool = ngx_create_pool(1024, log);
if (pool == NULL) { /* error */ }

s = ngx_palloc(pool, sizeof(ngx_str_t));
if (s == NULL) { /* error */ }
ngx_str_set(s, "foo");

p = ngx_pnalloc(pool, 3);
if (p == NULL) { /* error */ }
ngx_memcpy(p, "foo", 3);

Chain links (ngx_chain_t) are actively used in nginx,
so the nginx pool implementation provides a way to reuse them.
The chain field of ngx_pool_t keeps a
list of previously allocated links ready for reuse.
For efficient allocation of a chain link in a pool, use the
ngx_alloc_chain_link(pool) function.
This function looks up a free chain link in the pool list and allocates a new
chain link if the pool list is empty.
To free a link, call the ngx_free_chain(pool, cl) function.

Cleanup handlers can be registered in a pool.
A cleanup handler is a callback with an argument which is called when pool is
destroyed.
A pool is usually tied to a specific nginx object (like an HTTP request) and is
destroyed when the object reaches the end of its lifetime.
Registering a pool cleanup is a convenient way to release resources, close
file descriptors or make final adjustments to the shared data associated with
the main object.

To register a pool cleanup, call
ngx_pool_cleanup_add(pool, size), which returns a
ngx_pool_cleanup_t pointer to
be filled in by the caller.
Use the size argument to allocate context for the cleanup
handler.

ngx_pool_cleanup_t *cln;

cln = ngx_pool_cleanup_add(pool, 0);
if (cln == NULL) { /* error */ }

cln->handler = ngx_my_cleanup;
cln->data = "foo";

...

static void
ngx_my_cleanup(void *data)
{
u_char *msg = data;

ngx_do_smth(msg);
}

Shared memory

Shared memory is used by nginx to share common data between processes.
The ngx_shared_memory_add(cf, name, size, tag) function adds
a new shared memory entry ngx_shm_zone_t to a cycle.
The function receives the name and size
of the zone.
Each shared zone must have a unique name.
If a shared zone entry with the provided name and
tag already exists, the existing zone entry is reused.
The function fails with an error if an existing entry with the same name has a
different tag.
Usually, the address of the module structure is passed as
tag, making it possible to reuse shared zones by name within
one nginx module.

The shared memory entry structure ngx_shm_zone_t has the
following fields:

init — Initialization callback, called after the shared zone
is mapped to actual memory

data — Data context, used to pass arbitrary data to the
init callback

noreuse — Flag that disables reuse of a shared zone from the
old cycle

tag — Shared zone tag

shm — Platform-specific object of type
ngx_shm_t, having at least the following fields:

addr — Mapped shared memory address, initially NULL

size — Shared memory size

name — Shared memory name

log — Shared memory log

exists — Flag that indicates shared memory was inherited
from the master process (Windows-specific)

Shared zone entries are mapped to actual memory in
ngx_init_cycle() after the configuration is parsed.
On POSIX systems, the mmap() syscall is used to create the
shared anonymous mapping.
On Windows, the CreateFileMapping()/
MapViewOfFileEx() pair is used.

For allocating in shared memory, nginx provides the slab pool
ngx_slab_pool_t type.
A slab pool for allocating memory is automatically created in each nginx shared
zone.
The pool is located in the beginning of the shared zone and can be accessed by
the expression (ngx_slab_pool_t *) shm_zone->shm.addr.
To allocate memory in a shared zone, call either
ngx_slab_alloc(pool, size) or
ngx_slab_calloc(pool, size).
To free memory, call ngx_slab_free(pool, p).

Slab pool divides all shared zone into pages.
Each page is used for allocating objects of the same size.
The specified size must be a power of 2, and greater than the minimum size of
8 bytes.
Nonconforming values are rounded up.
A bitmask for each page tracks which blocks are in use and which are free for
allocation.
For sizes greater than a half page (which is usually 2048 bytes), allocation is
done an entire page at a time

To protect data in shared memory from concurrent access, use the mutex
available in the mutex field of
ngx_slab_pool_t.
A mutex is most commonly used by the slab pool while allocating and freeing
memory, but it can be used to protect any other user data structures allocated
in the shared zone.
To lock or unlock a mutex, call
ngx_shmtx_lock(&shpool->mutex) or
ngx_shmtx_unlock(&shpool->mutex) respectively.

ngx_str_t name;
ngx_foo_ctx_t *ctx;
ngx_shm_zone_t *shm_zone;

ngx_str_set(&name, "foo");

/* allocate shared zone context */
ctx = ngx_pcalloc(cf->pool, sizeof(ngx_foo_ctx_t));
if (ctx == NULL) {
/* error */
}

/* add an entry for 64k shared zone */
shm_zone = ngx_shared_memory_add(cf, &name, 65536, &ngx_foo_module);
if (shm_zone == NULL) {
/* error */
}

/* register init callback and context */
shm_zone->init = ngx_foo_init_zone;
shm_zone->data = ctx;

...

static ngx_int_t
ngx_foo_init_zone(ngx_shm_zone_t *shm_zone, void *data)
{
ngx_foo_ctx_t *octx = data;

size_t len;
ngx_foo_ctx_t *ctx;
ngx_slab_pool_t *shpool;

value = shm_zone->data;

if (octx) {
/* reusing a shared zone from old cycle */
ctx->value = octx->value;
return NGX_OK;
}

shpool = (ngx_slab_pool_t *) shm_zone->shm.addr;

if (shm_zone->shm.exists) {
/* initialize shared zone context in Windows nginx worker */
ctx->value = shpool->data;
return NGX_OK;
}

/* initialize shared zone */

ctx->value = ngx_slab_alloc(shpool, sizeof(ngx_uint_t));
if (ctx->value == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

shpool->data = ctx->value;

return NGX_OK;
}

Logging

For logging nginx uses ngx_log_t objects.
The nginx logger supports several types of output:

stderr — Logging to standard error (stderr)

file — Logging to a file

syslog — Logging to syslog

memory — Logging to internal memory storage for development purposes; the memory
can be accessed later with a debugger

A logger instance can be a chain of loggers, linked to each other with
the next field.
In this case, each message is written to all loggers in the chain.

For each logger, a severity level controls which messages are written to the
log (only events assigned that level or higher are logged).
The following severity levels are supported:

NGX_LOG_EMERG

NGX_LOG_ALERT

NGX_LOG_CRIT

NGX_LOG_ERR

NGX_LOG_WARN

NGX_LOG_NOTICE

NGX_LOG_INFO

NGX_LOG_DEBUG

For debug logging, the debug mask is checked as well.
The debug masks are:

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_CORE

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_ALLOC

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_MUTEX

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_EVENT

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_MAIL

NGX_LOG_DEBUG_STREAM

Normally, loggers are created by existing nginx code from
error_log directives and are available at nearly every stage
of processing in cycle, configuration, client connection and other objects.

Nginx provides the following logging macros:

ngx_log_error(level, log, err, fmt, ...) — Error logging

ngx_log_debug0(level, log, err, fmt),
ngx_log_debug1(level, log, err, fmt, arg1) etc — Debug
logging with up to eight supported formatting arguments

A log message is formatted in a buffer of size
NGX_MAX_ERROR_STR (currently, 2048 bytes) on stack.
The message is prepended with the severity level, process ID (PID), connection
ID (stored in log->connection), and the system error text.
For non-debug messages log->handler is called as well to
prepend more specific information to the log message.
HTTP module sets ngx_http_log_error() function as log
handler to log client and server addresses, current action (stored in
log->action), client request line, server name etc.

/* specify what is currently done */
log->action = "sending mp4 to client";

/* error and debug log */
ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_INFO, c->log, 0, "client prematurely
closed connection");

ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, mp4->file.log, 0,
"mp4 start:%ui, length:%ui", mp4->start, mp4->length);

The example above results in log entries like these:

2016/09/16 22:08:52 [info] 17445#0: *1 client prematurely closed connection while
sending mp4 to client, client: 127.0.0.1, server: , request: "GET /file.mp4 HTTP/1.1"
2016/09/16 23:28:33 [debug] 22140#0: *1 mp4 start:0, length:10000

Cycle

A cycle object stores the nginx runtime context created from a specific
configuration.
Its type is ngx_cycle_t.
The current cycle is referenced by the ngx_cycle global
variable and inherited by nginx workers as they start.
Each time the nginx configuration is reloaded, a new cycle is created from the
new nginx configuration; the old cycle is usually deleted after the new one is
successfully created.

A cycle is created by the ngx_init_cycle() function, which
takes the previous cycle as its argument.
The function locates the previous cycle's configuration file and inherits as
many resources as possible from the previous cycle.
A placeholder cycle called "init cycle" is created as nginx start, then is
replaced by an actual cycle built from configuration.

Members of the cycle include:

pool — Cycle pool.
Created for each new cycle.

log — Cycle log.
Initially inherited from the old cycle, it is set to point to
new_log after the configuration is read.

new_log — Cycle log, created by the configuration.
It's affected by the root-scope error_log directive.

connections, connection_n —
Array of connections of type ngx_connection_t, created by
the event module while initializing each nginx worker.
The worker_connections directive in the nginx configuration
sets the number of connections connection_n.

free_connections,
free_connection_n — List and number of currently available
connections.
If no connections are available, an nginx worker refuses to accept new clients
or connect to upstream servers.

files, files_n — Array for mapping file
descriptors to nginx connections.
This mapping is used by the event modules, having the
NGX_USE_FD_EVENT flag (currently, it's
poll and devpoll).

conf_ctx — Array of core module configurations.
The configurations are created and filled during reading of nginx configuration
files.

modules, modules_n — Array of modules
of type ngx_module_t, both static and dynamic, loaded by
the current configuration.

listening — Array of listening objects of type
ngx_listening_t.
Listening objects are normally added by the listen
directive of different modules which call the
ngx_create_listening() function.
Listen sockets are created based on the listening objects.

paths — Array of paths of type ngx_path_t.
Paths are added by calling the function ngx_add_path() from
modules which are going to operate on certain directories.
These directories are created by nginx after reading configuration, if missing.
Moreover, two handlers can be added for each path:

path loader — Executes only once in 60 seconds after starting or reloading
nginx.
Normally, the loader reads the directory and stores data in nginx shared
memory.
The handler is called from the dedicated nginx process “nginx cache loader”.

path manager — Executes periodically.
Normally, the manager removes old files from the directory and updates nginx
memory to reflect the changes.
The handler is called from the dedicated “nginx cache manager” process.

open_files — List of open file objects of type
ngx_open_file_t, which are created by calling the function
ngx_conf_open_file().
Currently, nginx uses this kind of open files for logging.
After reading the configuration, nginx opens all files in the
open_files list and stores each file descriptor in the
object's fd field.
The files are opened in append mode and are created if missing.
The files in the list are reopened by nginx workers upon receiving the
reopen signal (most often USR1).
In this case the descriptor in the fd field is changed to a
new value.

shared_memory — List of shared memory zones, each added by
calling the ngx_shared_memory_add() function.
Shared zones are mapped to the same address range in all nginx processes and
are used to share common data, for example the HTTP cache in-memory tree.

Buffer

For input/output operations, nginx provides the buffer type
ngx_buf_t.
Normally, it's used to hold data to be written to a destination or read from a
source.
A buffer can reference data in memory or in a file and it's technically
possible for a buffer to reference both at the same time.
Memory for the buffer is allocated separately and is not related to the buffer
structure ngx_buf_t.

The ngx_buf_t structure has the following fields:

start, end — The boundaries of the memory
block allocated for the buffer.

pos, last — The boundaries of the memory
buffer; normally a subrange of start ..
end.

file_pos, file_last — The boundaries of a
file buffer, expressed as offsets from the beginning of the file.

tag — Unique value used to distinguish buffers; created by
different nginx modules, usually for the purpose of buffer reuse.

file — File object.

temporary — Flag indicating that the buffer references
writable memory.

memory — Flag indicating that the buffer references read-only
memory.

in_file — Flag indicating that the buffer references data
in a file.

flush — Flag indicating that all data prior to the buffer
need to be flushed.

recycled — Flag indicating that the buffer can be reused and
needs to be consumed as soon as possible.

sync — Flag indicating that the buffer carries no data or
special signal like flush or last_buf.
By default nginx considers such buffers an error condition, but this flag tells
nginx to skip the error check.

last_buf — Flag indicating that the buffer is the last in
output.

last_in_chain — Flag indicating that there are no more data
buffers in a request or subrequest.

shadow — Reference to another ("shadow") buffer related to
the current buffer, usually in the sense that the buffer uses data from the
shadow.
When the buffer is consumed, the shadow buffer is normally also marked as
consumed.

last_shadow — Flag indicating that the buffer is the last
one that references a particular shadow buffer.

temp_file — Flag indicating that the buffer is in a temporary
file.

For input and output operations buffers are linked in chains.
A chain is a sequence of chain links of type ngx_chain_t,
defined as follows:

typedef struct ngx_chain_s ngx_chain_t;

struct ngx_chain_s {
ngx_buf_t *buf;
ngx_chain_t *next;
};

Each chain link keeps a reference to its buffer and a reference to the next
chain link.

An example of using buffers and chains:

ngx_chain_t *
ngx_get_my_chain(ngx_pool_t *pool)
{
ngx_buf_t *b;
ngx_chain_t *out, *cl, **ll;

/* first buf */
cl = ngx_alloc_chain_link(pool);
if (cl == NULL) { /* error */ }

b = ngx_calloc_buf(pool);
if (b == NULL) { /* error */ }

b->start = (u_char *) "foo";
b->pos = b->start;
b->end = b->start + 3;
b->last = b->end;
b->memory = 1; /* read-only memory */

cl->buf = b;
out = cl;
ll = &cl->next;

/* second buf */
cl = ngx_alloc_chain_link(pool);
if (cl == NULL) { /* error */ }

b = ngx_create_temp_buf(pool, 3);
if (b == NULL) { /* error */ }

b->last = ngx_cpymem(b->last, "foo", 3);

cl->buf = b;
cl->next = NULL;
*ll = cl;

return out;
}

Networking

Connection

The connection type ngx_connection_t is a wrapper around a
socket descriptor.
It includes the following fields:

fd — Socket descriptor

data — Arbitrary connection context.
Normally, it is a pointer to a higher-level object built on top of the
connection, such as an HTTP request or a Stream session.

read, write — Read and write events for
the connection.

recv, send,
recv_chain, send_chain — I/O operations
for the connection.

pool — Connection pool.

log — Connection log.

sockaddr, socklen,
addr_text — Remote socket address in binary and text forms.

local_sockaddr, local_socklen — Local
socket address in binary form.
Initially, these fields are empty.
Use the ngx_connection_local_sockaddr() function to get the
local socket address.

proxy_protocol_addr, proxy_protocol_port
- PROXY protocol client address and port, if the PROXY protocol is enabled for
the connection.

ssl — SSL context for the connection.

reusable — Flag indicating the connection is in a state that
makes it eligible for reuse.

close — Flag indicating that the connection is being reused
and needs to be closed.

An nginx connection can transparently encapsulate the SSL layer.
In this case the connection's ssl field holds a pointer to an
ngx_ssl_connection_t structure, keeping all SSL-related data
for the connection, including SSL_CTX and
SSL.
The recv, send,
recv_chain, and send_chain handlers are
set to SSL-enabled functions as well.

The worker_connections directive in the nginx configuration
limits the number of connections per nginx worker.
All connection structures are precreated when a worker starts and stored in
the connections field of the cycle object.
To retrieve a connection structure, use the
ngx_get_connection(s, log) function.
It takes as its s argument a socket descriptor, which needs
to be wrapped in a connection structure.

Because the number of connections per worker is limited, nginx provides a
way to grab connections that are currently in use.
To enable or disable reuse of a connection, call the
ngx_reusable_connection(c, reusable) function.
Calling ngx_reusable_connection(c, 1) sets the
reuse flag in the connection structure and inserts the
connection into the reusable_connections_queue of the cycle.
Whenever ngx_get_connection() finds out there are no
available connections in the cycle's free_connections list,
it calls ngx_drain_connections() to release a
specific number of reusable connections.
For each such connection, the close flag is set and its read
handler is called which is supposed to free the connection by calling
ngx_close_connection(c) and make it available for reuse.
To exit the state when a connection can be reused
ngx_reusable_connection(c, 0) is called.
HTTP client connections are an example of reusable connections in nginx; they
are marked as reusable until the first request byte is received from the client.

Events

Event

Event object ngx_event_t in nginx provides a mechanism
for notification that a specific event has occurred.

Fields in ngx_event_t include:

data — Arbitrary event context used in event handlers,
usually as pointer to a connection related to the event.

handler — Callback function to be invoked when the event
happens.

write — Flag indicating a write event.
Absence of the flag indicates a read event.

active — Flag indicating that the event is registered for
receiving I/O notifications, normally from notification mechanisms like
epoll, kqueue, poll.

ready — Flag indicating that the event has received an
I/O notification.

delayed — Flag indicating that I/O is delayed due to rate
limiting.

timer — Red-black tree node for inserting the event into
the timer tree.

timer_set — Flag indicating that the event timer is set and
not yet expired.

timedout — Flag indicating that the event timer has expired.

eof — Flag indicating that EOF occurred while reading data.

pending_eof — Flag indicating that EOF is pending on the
socket, even though there may be some data available before it.
The flag is delivered via the EPOLLRDHUP
epoll event or
EV_EOF kqueue flag.

error — Flag indicating that an error occurred during
reading (for a read event) or writing (for a write event).

cancelable — Timer event flag indicating that the event
should be ignored while shutting down the worker.
Graceful worker shutdown is delayed until there are no non-cancelable timer
events scheduled.

posted — Flag indicating that the event is posted to a queue.

queue — Queue node for posting the event to a queue.

I/O events

Each connection obtained by calling the ngx_get_connection()
function has two attached events, c->read and
c->write, which are used for receiving notification that the
socket is ready for reading or writing.
All such events operate in Edge-Triggered mode, meaning that they only trigger
notifications when the state of the socket changes.
For example, doing a partial read on a socket does not make nginx deliver a
repeated read notification until more data arrives on the socket.
Even when the underlying I/O notification mechanism is essentially
Level-Triggered (poll, select etc), nginx
converts the notifications to Edge-Triggered.
To make nginx event notifications consistent across all notifications systems
on different platforms, the functions
ngx_handle_read_event(rev, flags) and
ngx_handle_write_event(wev, lowat) must be called after
handling an I/O socket notification or calling any I/O functions on that socket.
Normally, the functions are called once at the end of each read or write
event handler.

Timer events

An event can be set to send a notification when a timeout expires.
The timer used by events counts milliseconds since some unspecified point
in the past truncated to ngx_msec_t type.
Its current value can be obtained from the ngx_current_msec
variable.

The function ngx_add_timer(ev, timer) sets a timeout for an
event, ngx_del_timer(ev) deletes a previously set timeout.
The global timeout red-black tree ngx_event_timer_rbtree
stores all timeouts currently set.
The key in the tree is of type ngx_msec_t and is the time
when the event occurs.
The tree structure enables fast insertion and deletion operations, as well as
access to the nearest timeouts, which nginx uses to find out how long to wait
for I/O events and for expiring timeout events.

Posted events

An event can be posted which means that its handler will be called at some
point later within the current event loop iteration.
Posting events is a good practice for simplifying code and escaping stack
overflows.
Posted events are held in a post queue.
The ngx_post_event(ev, q) macro posts the event
ev to the post queue q.
The ngx_delete_posted_event(ev) macro deletes the event
ev from the queue it's currently posted in.
Normally, events are posted to the ngx_posted_events queue,
which is processed late in the event loop — after all I/O and timer
events are already handled.
The function ngx_event_process_posted() is called to process
an event queue.
It calls event handlers until the queue is empty.
This means that a posted event handler can post more events to be processed
within the current event loop iteration.

An example:

void
ngx_my_connection_read(ngx_connection_t *c)
{
ngx_event_t *rev;

rev = c->read;

ngx_add_timer(rev, 1000);

rev->handler = ngx_my_read_handler;

ngx_my_read(rev);
}

void
ngx_my_read_handler(ngx_event_t *rev)
{
ssize_t n;
ngx_connection_t *c;
u_char buf[256];

if (rev->timedout) { /* timeout expired */ }

c = rev->data;

while (rev->ready) {
n = c->recv(c, buf, sizeof(buf));

if (n == NGX_AGAIN) {
break;
}

if (n == NGX_ERROR) { /* error */ }

/* process buf */
}

if (ngx_handle_read_event(rev, 0) != NGX_OK) { /* error */ }
}

Event loop

Except for the nginx master process, all nginx processes do I/O and so have an
event loop.
(The nginx master process instead spends most of its time in the
sigsuspend() call waiting for signals to arrive.)
The nginx event loop is implemented in the
ngx_process_events_and_timers() function, which is called
repeatedly until the process exits.

The event loop has the following stages:

Find the timeout that is closest to expiring, by calling
ngx_event_find_timer().
This function finds the leftmost node in the timer tree and returns the
number of milliseconds until the node expires.

Process I/O events by calling a handler, specific to the event notification
mechanism, chosen by nginx configuration.
This handler waits for at least one I/O event to happen, but only until the next
timeout expires.
When a read or write event occurs, the ready
flag is set and the event's handler is called.
For Linux, the ngx_epoll_process_events() handler
is normally used, which calls epoll_wait() to wait for I/O
events.

Expire timers by calling ngx_event_expire_timers().
The timer tree is iterated from the leftmost element to the right until an
unexpired timeout is found.
For each expired node the timedout event flag is set,
the timer_set flag is reset, and the event handler is called

Process posted events by calling ngx_event_process_posted().
The function repeatedly removes the first element from the posted events
queue and calls the element's handler, until the queue is empty.

All nginx processes handle signals as well.
Signal handlers only set global variables which are checked after the
ngx_process_events_and_timers() call.

Processes

There are several types of processes in nginx.
The type of a process is kept in the ngx_process
global variable, and is one of the following:

NGX_PROCESS_MASTER — The master process, which reads the
NGINX configuration, creates cycles, and starts and controls child processes.
It does not perform any I/O and responds only to signals.
Its cycle function is ngx_master_process_cycle().

NGX_PROCESS_WORKER — The worker process, which handles client
connections.
It is started by the master process and responds to its signals and channel
commands as well.
Its cycle function is ngx_worker_process_cycle().
There can be multiple worker processes, as configured by the
worker_processes directive.

NGX_PROCESS_SINGLE — The single process, which exists only in
master_process off mode, and is the only process running in
that mode.
It creates cycles (like the master process does) and handles client connections
(like the worker process does).
Its cycle function is ngx_single_process_cycle().

NGX_PROCESS_HELPER — The helper process, of which currently
there are two types: cache manager and cache loader.
The cycle function for both is
ngx_cache_manager_process_cycle().

The nginx processes handle the following signals:

NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL (SIGQUIT on most
systems) — Gracefully shutdown.
Upon receiving this signal, the master process sends a shutdown signal to all
child processes.
When no child processes are left, the master destroys the cycle pool and exits.
When a worker process receives this signal, it closes all listening sockets and
waits until there are no non-cancelable events scheduled, then destroys the
cycle pool and exits.
When the cache manager or the cache loader process receives this signal, it
exits immediately.
The ngx_quit variable is set to 1 when a
process receives this signal, and is immediately reset after being processed.
The ngx_exiting variable is set to 1 while
a worker process is in the shutdown state.

NGX_TERMINATE_SIGNAL (SIGTERM on most
systems) — Terminate.
Upon receiving this signal, the master process sends a terminate signal to all
child processes.
If a child process does not exit within 1 second, the master process sends the
SIGKILL signal to kill it.
When no child processes are left, the master process destroys the cycle pool and
exits.
When a worker process, the cache manager process or the cache loader process
receives this signal, it destroys the cycle pool and exits.
The variable ngx_terminate is set to 1
when this signal is received.

NGX_NOACCEPT_SIGNAL (SIGWINCH on most
systems) - Shut down all worker and helper processes.
Upon receiving this signal, the master process shuts down its child processes.
If a previously started new nginx binary exits, the child processes of the old
master are started again.
When a worker process receives this signal, it shuts down in debug mode
set by the debug_points directive.

NGX_RECONFIGURE_SIGNAL (SIGHUP on most
systems) - Reconfigure.
Upon receiving this signal, the master process re-reads the configuration and
creates a new cycle based on it.
If the new cycle is created successfully, the old cycle is deleted and new
child processes are started.
Meanwhile, the old child processes receive the
NGX_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL signal.
In single-process mode, nginx creates a new cycle, but keeps the old one until
there are no longer clients with active connections tied to it.
The worker and helper processes ignore this signal.

NGX_REOPEN_SIGNAL (SIGUSR1 on most
systems) — Reopen files.
The master process sends this signal to workers, which reopen all
open_files related to the cycle.

NGX_CHANGEBIN_SIGNAL (SIGUSR2 on most
systems) — Change the nginx binary.
The master process starts a new nginx binary and passes in a list of all listen
sockets.
The text-format list, passed in the “NGINX” environment
variable, consists of descriptor numbers separated with semicolons.
The new nginx binary reads the “NGINX” variable and adds the
sockets to its init cycle.
Other processes ignore this signal.

While all nginx worker processes are able to receive and properly handle POSIX
signals, the master process does not use the standard kill()
syscall to pass signals to workers and helpers.
Instead, nginx uses inter-process socket pairs which allow sending messages
between all nginx processes.
Currently, however, messages are only sent from the master to its children.
The messages carry the standard signals.

Threads

It is possible to offload into a separate thread tasks that would otherwise
block the nginx worker process.
For example, nginx can be configured to use threads to perform
file I/O.
Another use case is a library that doesn't have asynchronous interface
and thus cannot be normally used with nginx.
Keep in mind that the threads interface is a helper for the existing
asynchronous approach to processing client connections, and by no means
intended as a replacement.

To deal with synchronization, the following wrappers over
pthreads primitives are available:

typedef pthread_mutex_t ngx_thread_mutex_t;

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_mutex_create(ngx_thread_mutex_t *mtx, ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_mutex_destroy(ngx_thread_mutex_t *mtx, ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_mutex_lock(ngx_thread_mutex_t *mtx, ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_mutex_unlock(ngx_thread_mutex_t *mtx, ngx_log_t *log);

typedef pthread_cond_t ngx_thread_cond_t;

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_cond_create(ngx_thread_cond_t *cond, ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_cond_destroy(ngx_thread_cond_t *cond, ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_cond_signal(ngx_thread_cond_t *cond, ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t
ngx_thread_cond_wait(ngx_thread_cond_t *cond, ngx_thread_mutex_t *mtx,
ngx_log_t *log);

Instead of creating a new thread for each task, nginx implements
a thread_pool strategy.
Multiple thread pools may be configured for different purposes
(for example, performing I/O on different sets of disks).
Each thread pool is created at startup and contains a limited number of threads
that process a queue of tasks.
When a task is completed, a predefined completion handler is called.

The src/core/ngx_thread_pool.h header file contains
relevant definitions:

struct ngx_thread_task_s {
ngx_thread_task_t *next;
ngx_uint_t id;
void *ctx;
void (*handler)(void *data, ngx_log_t *log);
ngx_event_t event;
};

typedef struct ngx_thread_pool_s ngx_thread_pool_t;

ngx_thread_pool_t *ngx_thread_pool_add(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_str_t *name);
ngx_thread_pool_t *ngx_thread_pool_get(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, ngx_str_t *name);

ngx_thread_task_t *ngx_thread_task_alloc(ngx_pool_t *pool, size_t size);
ngx_int_t ngx_thread_task_post(ngx_thread_pool_t *tp, ngx_thread_task_t *task);

At configuration time, a module willing to use threads has to obtain a
reference to a thread pool by calling
ngx_thread_pool_add(cf, name), which either creates a
new thread pool with the given name or returns a reference
to the pool with that name if it already exists.

To add a task into a queue of a specified thread pool
tp at runtime, use the
ngx_thread_task_post(tp, task) function.

To execute a function in a thread, pass parameters and setup a completion
handler using the ngx_thread_task_t structure:

typedef struct {
int foo;
} my_thread_ctx_t;

static void
my_thread_func(void *data, ngx_log_t *log)
{
my_thread_ctx_t *ctx = data;

/* this function is executed in a separate thread */
}

static void
my_thread_completion(ngx_event_t *ev)
{
my_thread_ctx_t *ctx = ev->data;

/* executed in nginx event loop */
}

ngx_int_t
my_task_offload(my_conf_t *conf)
{
my_thread_ctx_t *ctx;
ngx_thread_task_t *task;

task = ngx_thread_task_alloc(conf->pool, sizeof(my_thread_ctx_t));
if (task == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

ctx = task->ctx;

ctx->foo = 42;

task->handler = my_thread_func;
task->event.handler = my_thread_completion;
task->event.data = ctx;

if (ngx_thread_task_post(conf->thread_pool, task) != NGX_OK) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

return NGX_OK;
}

Modules

Adding new modules

Each standalone nginx module resides in a separate directory that contains
at least two files:
config and a file with the module source code.
The config file contains all information needed for nginx to
integrate the module, for example:

ngx_module_type=CORE
ngx_module_name=ngx_foo_module
ngx_module_srcs="$ngx_addon_dir/ngx_foo_module.c"

. auto/module

ngx_addon_name=$ngx_module_name

The config file is a POSIX shell script that can set
and access the following variables:

ngx_module_type — Type of module to build.
Possible values are CORE, HTTP,
HTTP_FILTER, HTTP_INIT_FILTER,
HTTP_AUX_FILTER, MAIL,
STREAM, or MISC.

ngx_module_name — Module names.
To build multiple modules from a set of source files, specify a
whitespace-separated list of names.
The first name indicates the name of the output binary for the dynamic module.
The names in the list must match the names used in the source code.

ngx_addon_name — Name of the module as it appears in output
on the console from the configure script.

ngx_module_srcs — Whitespace-separated list of source
files used to compile the module.
The $ngx_addon_dir variable can be used to represent the path
to the module directory.

ngx_module_incs — Include paths required to build the module

ngx_module_deps — Whitespace-separated list of the module's
dependencies.
Usually, it is the list of header files.

ngx_module_libs — Whitespace-separated list of libraries to
link with the module.
For example, use ngx_module_libs=-lpthread to link
libpthread library.
The following macros can be used to link against the same libraries as
nginx:
LIBXSLT, LIBGD, GEOIP,
PCRE, OPENSSL, MD5,
SHA1, ZLIB, and PERL.

ngx_module_link — Variable set by the build system to
DYNAMIC for a dynamic module or ADDON
for a static module and used to determine different actions to perform
depending on linking type.

ngx_module_order — Load order for the module;
useful for the HTTP_FILTER and
HTTP_AUX_FILTER module types.
The format for this option is a whitespace-separated list of modules.
All modules in the list following the current module's name end up after it in
the global list of modules, which sets up the order for modules initialization.
For filter modules later initialization means earlier execution.

The following modules are typically used as references.
The ngx_http_copy_filter_module reads the data for other
filter modules and is placed near the bottom of the list so that it is one of
the first to be executed.
The ngx_http_write_filter_module writes the data to the
client socket and is placed near the top of the list, and is the last to be
executed.

By default, filter modules are placed before the
ngx_http_copy_filter in the module list so that the filter
handler is executed after the copy filter handler.
For other module types the default is the empty string.

To compile a module into nginx statically, use the
--add-module=/path/to/module argument to the configure
script.
To compile a module for later dynamic loading into nginx, use the
--add-dynamic-module=/path/to/module argument.

Core Modules

Modules are the building blocks of nginx, and most of its functionality is
implemented as modules.
The module source file must contain a global variable of type
ngx_module_t, which is defined as follows:

struct ngx_module_s {

/* private part is omitted */

void *ctx;
ngx_command_t *commands;
ngx_uint_t type;

ngx_int_t (*init_master)(ngx_log_t *log);

ngx_int_t (*init_module)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);

ngx_int_t (*init_process)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);
ngx_int_t (*init_thread)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);
void (*exit_thread)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);
void (*exit_process)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);

void (*exit_master)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);

/* stubs for future extensions are omitted */
};

The omitted private part includes the module version and a signature and is
filled using the predefined macro NGX_MODULE_V1.

Each module keeps its private data in the ctx field,
recognizes the configuration directives, specified in the
commands array, and can be invoked at certain stages of
nginx lifecycle.
The module lifecycle consists of the following events:

Configuration directive handlers are called as they appear
in configuration files in the context of the master process.

After the configuration is parsed successfully, init_module
handler is called in the context of the master process.
The init_module handler is called in the master process each
time a configuration is loaded.

The master process creates one or more worker processes and the
init_process handler is called in each of them.

When a worker process receives the shutdown or terminate command from the
master, it invokes the exit_process handler.

The master process calls the exit_master handler before
exiting.

Because threads are used in nginx only as a supplementary I/O facility with its
own API, init_thread and exit_thread
handlers are not currently called.
There is also no init_master handler, because it would be
unnecessary overhead.

The module type defines exactly what is stored in the
ctx field.
Its value is one of the following types:

NGX_CORE_MODULE

NGX_EVENT_MODULE

NGX_HTTP_MODULE

NGX_MAIL_MODULE

NGX_STREAM_MODULE

The NGX_CORE_MODULE is the most basic and thus the most
generic and most low-level type of module.
The other module types are implemented on top of it and provide a more
convenient way to deal with corresponding domains, like handling events or HTTP
requests.

The set of core modules includes ngx_core_module,
ngx_errlog_module, ngx_regex_module,
ngx_thread_pool_module and
ngx_openssl_module modules.
The HTTP module, the stream module, the mail module and event modules are core
modules too.
The context of a core module is defined as:

typedef struct {
ngx_str_t name;
void *(*create_conf)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);
char *(*init_conf)(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, void *conf);
} ngx_core_module_t;

where the name is a module name string,
create_conf and init_conf
are pointers to functions that create and initialize module configuration
respectively.
For core modules, nginx calls create_conf before parsing
a new configuration and init_conf after all configuration
is parsed successfully.
The typical create_conf function allocates memory for the
configuration and sets default values.

For example, a simplistic module called ngx_foo_module might
look like this:

/*
* Copyright (C) Author.
*/

#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>

typedef struct {
ngx_flag_t enable;
} ngx_foo_conf_t;

static void *ngx_foo_create_conf(ngx_cycle_t *cycle);
static char *ngx_foo_init_conf(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, void *conf);

static char *ngx_foo_enable(ngx_conf_t *cf, void *post, void *data);
static ngx_conf_post_t ngx_foo_enable_post = { ngx_foo_enable };

static ngx_command_t ngx_foo_commands[] = {

{ ngx_string("foo_enabled"),
NGX_MAIN_CONF|NGX_DIRECT_CONF|NGX_CONF_FLAG,
ngx_conf_set_flag_slot,
0,
offsetof(ngx_foo_conf_t, enable),
&ngx_foo_enable_post },

ngx_null_command
};

static ngx_core_module_t ngx_foo_module_ctx = {
ngx_string("foo"),
ngx_foo_create_conf,
ngx_foo_init_conf
};

ngx_module_t ngx_foo_module = {
NGX_MODULE_V1,
&ngx_foo_module_ctx, /* module context */
ngx_foo_commands, /* module directives */
NGX_CORE_MODULE, /* module type */
NULL, /* init master */
NULL, /* init module */
NULL, /* init process */
NULL, /* init thread */
NULL, /* exit thread */
NULL, /* exit process */
NULL, /* exit master */
NGX_MODULE_V1_PADDING
};

static void *
ngx_foo_create_conf(ngx_cycle_t *cycle)
{
ngx_foo_conf_t *fcf;

fcf = ngx_pcalloc(cycle->pool, sizeof(ngx_foo_conf_t));
if (fcf == NULL) {
return NULL;
}

fcf->enable = NGX_CONF_UNSET;

return fcf;
}

static char *
ngx_foo_init_conf(ngx_cycle_t *cycle, void *conf)
{
ngx_foo_conf_t *fcf = conf;

ngx_conf_init_value(fcf->enable, 0);

return NGX_CONF_OK;
}

static char *
ngx_foo_enable(ngx_conf_t *cf, void *post, void *data)
{
ngx_flag_t *fp = data;

if (*fp == 0) {
return NGX_CONF_OK;
}

ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, cf->log, 0, "Foo Module is enabled");

return NGX_CONF_OK;
}

Configuration Directives

The ngx_command_t type defines a single configuration
directive.
Each module that supports configuration provides an array of such structures
that describe how to process arguments and what handlers to call:

typedef struct ngx_command_s ngx_command_t;

struct ngx_command_s {
ngx_str_t name;
ngx_uint_t type;
char *(*set)(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_command_t *cmd, void *conf);
ngx_uint_t conf;
ngx_uint_t offset;
void *post;
};

Terminate the array with the special value ngx_null_command.
The name is the name of a directive as it appears
in the configuration file, for example "worker_processes" or "listen".
The type is a bit-field of flags that specify the number of
arguments the directive takes, its type, and the context in which it appears.
The flags are:

NGX_CONF_NOARGS — Directive takes no arguments.

NGX_CONF_1MORE — Directive takes one or more arguments.

NGX_CONF_2MORE — Directive takes two or more arguments.

NGX_CONF_TAKE1..NGX_CONF_TAKE7 —
Directive takes exactly the indicated number of arguments.

NGX_CONF_TAKE12, NGX_CONF_TAKE13,
NGX_CONF_TAKE23, NGX_CONF_TAKE123,
NGX_CONF_TAKE1234 — Directive may take different number of
arguments.
Options are limited to the given numbers.
For example, NGX_CONF_TAKE12 means it takes one or two
arguments.

The flags for directive types are:

NGX_CONF_BLOCK — Directive is a block, that is, it can
contain other directives within its opening and closing braces, or even
implement its own parser to handle contents inside.

NGX_CONF_FLAG — Directive takes a boolean value, either
on or off.

A directive's context defines where it may appear in the configuration:

NGX_MAIN_CONF — In the top level context.

NGX_HTTP_MAIN_CONF — In the http block.

NGX_HTTP_SRV_CONF — In a server block
within the http block.

NGX_HTTP_LOC_CONF — In a location block
within the http block.

NGX_HTTP_UPS_CONF — In an upstream block
within the http block.

NGX_HTTP_SIF_CONF — In an if block within
a server block in the http block.

NGX_HTTP_LIF_CONF — In an if block within
a location block in the http block.

NGX_HTTP_LMT_CONF — In a limit_except
block within the http block.

NGX_STREAM_MAIN_CONF — In the stream
block.

NGX_STREAM_SRV_CONF — In a server block
within the stream block.

NGX_STREAM_UPS_CONF — In an upstream block
within the stream block.

NGX_MAIL_MAIN_CONF — In the mail block.

NGX_MAIL_SRV_CONF — In a server block
within the mail block.

NGX_EVENT_CONF — In the event block.

NGX_DIRECT_CONF — Used by modules that don't
create a hierarchy of contexts and only have one global configuration.
This configuration is passed to the handler as the conf
argument.

The configuration parser uses these flags to throw an error in case of
a misplaced directive and calls directive handlers supplied with a proper
configuration pointer, so that the same directives in different locations can
store their values in distinct places.

The set field defines a handler that processes a directive
and stores parsed values into the corresponding configuration.
There's a number of functions that perform common conversions:

ngx_conf_set_flag_slot — Converts the literal strings
on and off into an
ngx_flag_t value with values 1 or 0, respectively.

ngx_conf_set_str_slot — Stores a string as a value of the
ngx_str_t type.

ngx_conf_set_str_array_slot — Appends a value to an array
ngx_array_t of strings ngx_str_t.
The array is created if does not already exist.

ngx_conf_set_keyval_slot — Appends a key-value pair to an
array ngx_array_t of key-value pairs
ngx_keyval_t.
The first string becomes the key and the second the value.
The array is created if it does not already exist.

ngx_conf_set_num_slot — Converts a directive's argument
to an ngx_int_t value.

ngx_conf_set_size_slot — Converts a
size to a size_t value
expressed in bytes.

ngx_conf_set_off_slot — Converts an
offset to an off_t value
expressed in bytes.

ngx_conf_set_msec_slot — Converts a
time to an ngx_msec_t value
expressed in milliseconds.

ngx_conf_set_sec_slot — Converts a
time to a time_t value
expressed in in seconds.

ngx_conf_set_bufs_slot — Converts the two supplied arguments
into an ngx_bufs_t object that holds the number and
size of buffers.

ngx_conf_set_enum_slot — Converts the supplied argument
into an ngx_uint_t value.
The null-terminated array of ngx_conf_enum_t passed in the
post field defines the acceptable strings and corresponding
integer values.

ngx_conf_set_bitmask_slot — Converts the supplied arguments
into an ngx_uint_t value.
The mask values for each argument are ORed producing the result.
The null-terminated array of ngx_conf_bitmask_t passed in the
post field defines the acceptable strings and corresponding
mask values.

set_path_slot — Converts the supplied arguments to an
ngx_path_t value and performs all required initializations.
For details, see the documentation for the

proxy_temp_path directive.

set_access_slot — Converts the supplied arguments to a file
permissions mask.
For details, see the documentation for the

proxy_store_access directive.

The conf field defines which configuration structure is
passed to the directory handler.
Core modules only have the global configuration and set
NGX_DIRECT_CONF flag to access it.
Modules like HTTP, Stream or Mail create hierarchies of configurations.
For example, a module's configuration is created for server,
location and if scopes.

NGX_HTTP_MAIN_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for the
http block.

NGX_HTTP_SRV_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for a
server block within the http block.

NGX_HTTP_LOC_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for a
location block within the http.

NGX_STREAM_MAIN_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for the
stream block.

NGX_STREAM_SRV_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for a
server block within the stream block.

NGX_MAIL_MAIN_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for the
mail block.

NGX_MAIL_SRV_CONF_OFFSET — Configuration for a
server block within the mail block.

The offset defines the offset of a field in a module
configuration structure that holds values for this particular directive.
The typical use is to employ the offsetof() macro.

The post field has two purposes: it may be used to define
a handler to be called after the main handler has completed, or to pass
additional data to the main handler.
In the first case, the ngx_conf_post_t structure needs to
be initialized with a pointer to the handler, for example:

static char *ngx_do_foo(ngx_conf_t *cf, void *post, void *data);
static ngx_conf_post_t ngx_foo_post = { ngx_do_foo };

The post argument is the ngx_conf_post_t
object itself, and the data is a pointer to the value,
converted from arguments by the main handler with the appropriate type.

HTTP

Connection

Each HTTP client connection runs through the following stages:

ngx_event_accept() accepts a client TCP connection.
This handler is called in response to a read notification on a listen socket.
A new ngx_connection_t object is created at this stage
to wrap the newly accepted client socket.
Each nginx listener provides a handler to pass the new connection object to.
For HTTP connections it's ngx_http_init_connection(c).

ngx_http_init_connection() performs early initialization of
the HTTP connection.
At this stage an ngx_http_connection_t object is created for
the connection and its reference is stored in the connection's
data field.
Later it will be replaced by an HTTP request object.
A PROXY protocol parser and the SSL handshake are started at
this stage as well.

ngx_http_wait_request_handler() read event handler
is called when data is available on the client socket.
At this stage an HTTP request object ngx_http_request_t is
created and set to the connection's data field.

ngx_http_process_request_line() read event handler
reads client request line.
The handler is set by ngx_http_wait_request_handler().
The data is read into connection's buffer.
The size of the buffer is initially set by the directive
client_header_buffer_size.
The entire client header is supposed to fit in the buffer.
If the initial size is not sufficient, a bigger buffer is allocated,
with the capacity set by the large_client_header_buffers
directive.

ngx_http_process_request_headers() read event handler,
is set after ngx_http_process_request_line() to read
the client request header.

ngx_http_core_run_phases() is called when the request header
is completely read and parsed.
This function runs request phases from
NGX_HTTP_POST_READ_PHASE to
NGX_HTTP_CONTENT_PHASE.
The last phase is intended to generate a response and pass it along the filter
chain.
The response is not necessarily sent to the client at this phase.
It might remain buffered and be sent at the finalization stage.

ngx_http_finalize_request() is usually called when the
request has generated all the output or produced an error.
In the latter case an appropriate error page is looked up and used as the
response.
If the response is not completely sent to the client by this point, an
HTTP writer ngx_http_writer() is activated to finish
sending outstanding data.

ngx_http_finalize_connection() is called when the complete
response has been sent to the client and the request can be destroyed.
If the client connection keepalive feature is enabled,
ngx_http_set_keepalive() is called, which destroys the
current request and waits for the next request on the connection.
Otherwise, ngx_http_close_request() destroys both the
request and the connection.

Request

For each client HTTP request the ngx_http_request_t object is
created. Some of the fields of this object are:

connection — Pointer to a ngx_connection_t
client connection object.
Several requests can reference the same connection object at the same time -
one main request and its subrequests.
After a request is deleted, a new request can be created on the same connection.

Note that for HTTP connections ngx_connection_t's
data field points back to the request.
Such requests are called active, as opposed to the other requests tied to the
connection.
An active request is used to handle client connection events and is allowed to
output its response to the client.
Normally, each request becomes active at some point so that it can send its
output.

ctx — Array of HTTP module contexts.
Each module of type NGX_HTTP_MODULE can store any value
(normally, a pointer to a structure) in the request.
The value is stored in the ctx array at the module's
ctx_index position.
The following macros provide a convenient way to get and set request contexts:

ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, module) — Returns
the module's context

ngx_http_set_ctx(r, c, module) — Sets c
as the module's context

main_conf, srv_conf,
loc_conf — Arrays of current request
configurations.
Configurations are stored at the module's ctx_index
positions.

read_event_handler, write_event_handler -
Read and write event handlers for the request.
Normally, both the read and write event handlers for an HTTP connection
are set to ngx_http_request_handler().
This function calls the read_event_handler and
write_event_handler handlers for the currently
active request.

cache — Request cache object for caching the
upstream response.

upstream — Request upstream object for proxying.

pool — Request pool.
The request object itself is allocated in this pool, which is destroyed when
the request is deleted.
For allocations that need to be available throughout the client connection's
lifetime, use ngx_connection_t's pool instead.

header_in — Buffer into which the client HTTP request
header is read.

headers_in, headers_out — Input and
output HTTP headers objects.
Both objects contain the headers field of type
ngx_list_t for keeping the raw list of headers.
In addition to that, specific headers are available for getting and setting as
separate fields, for example content_length_n,
status etc.

request_body — Client request body object.

start_sec, start_msec — Time point when
the request was created, used for tracking request duration.

method, method_name — Numeric and text
representation of the client HTTP request method.
Numeric values for methods are defined in
src/http/ngx_http_request.h with the macros
NGX_HTTP_GET, NGX_HTTP_HEAD,
NGX_HTTP_POST, etc.

http_protocol — Client HTTP protocol version in its
original text form (“HTTP/1.0”, “HTTP/1.1” etc).

http_version — Client HTTP protocol version in
numeric form (NGX_HTTP_VERSION_10,
NGX_HTTP_VERSION_11, etc.).

http_major, http_minor — Client HTTP
protocol version in numeric form split into major and minor parts.

request_line, unparsed_uri — Request line
and URI in the original client request.

uri, args, exten —
URI, arguments and file extension for the current request.
The URI value here might differ from the original URI sent by the client due to
normalization.
Throughout request processing, these values can change as internal redirects
are performed.

main — Pointer to a main request object.
This object is created to process a client HTTP request, as opposed to
subrequests, which are created to perform a specific subtask within the main
request.

parent — Pointer to the parent request of a subrequest.

postponed — List of output buffers and subrequests, in the
order in which they are sent and created.
The list is used by the postpone filter to provide consistent request output
when parts of it are created by subrequests.

post_subrequest — Pointer to a handler with the context
to be called when a subrequest gets finalized.
Unused for main requests.

posted_requests — List of requests to be started or
resumed, which is done by calling the request's
write_event_handler.
Normally, this handler holds the request main function, which at first runs
request phases and then produces the output.

A request is usually posted by the
ngx_http_post_request(r, NULL) call.
It is always posted to the main request posted_requests list.
The function ngx_http_run_posted_requests(c) runs all
requests that are posted in the main request of the passed
connection's active request.
All event handlers call ngx_http_run_posted_requests,
which can lead to new posted requests.
Normally, it is called after invoking a request's read or write handler.

phase_handler — Index of current request phase.

ncaptures, captures,
captures_data — Regex captures produced
by the last regex match of the request.
A regex match can occur at a number of places during request processing:
map lookup, server lookup by SNI or HTTP Host, rewrite, proxy_redirect, etc.
Captures produced by a lookup are stored in the above mentioned fields.
The field ncaptures holds the number of captures,
captures holds captures boundaries and
captures_data holds the string against which the regex was
matched and which is used to extract captures.
After each new regex match, request captures are reset to hold new values.

count — Request reference counter.
The field only makes sense for the main request.
Increasing the counter is done by simple r->main->count++.
To decrease the counter, call
ngx_http_finalize_request(r, rc).
Creating of a subrequest and running the request body read process both
increment the counter.

subrequests — Current subrequest nesting level.
Each subrequest inherits its parent's nesting level, decreased by one.
An error is generated if the value reaches zero.
The value for the main request is defined by the
NGX_HTTP_MAX_SUBREQUESTS constant.

uri_changes — Number of URI changes remaining for
the request.
The total number of times a request can change its URI is limited by the
NGX_HTTP_MAX_URI_CHANGES constant.
With each change the value is decremented until it reaches zero, at which time
an error is generated.
Rewrites and internal redirects to normal or named locations are considered URI
changes.

blocked — Counter of blocks held on the request.
While this value is non-zero, the request cannot be terminated.
Currently, this value is increased by pending AIO operations (POSIX AIO and
thread operations) and active cache lock.

buffered — Bitmask showing which modules have buffered the
output produced by the request.
A number of filters can buffer output; for example, sub_filter can buffer data
because of a partial string match, copy filter can buffer data because of the
lack of free output buffers etc.
As long as this value is non-zero, the request is not finalized
pending the flush.

header_only — Flag indicating that the output does not
require a body.
For example, this flag is used by HTTP HEAD requests.

keepalive — Flag indicating whether client connection
keepalive is supported.
The value is inferred from the HTTP version and the value of the
“Connection” header.

header_sent — Flag indicating that the output header
has already been sent by the request.

internal — Flag indicating that the current request
is internal.
To enter the internal state, a request must pass through an internal
redirect or be a subrequest.
Internal requests are allowed to enter internal locations.

allow_ranges — Flag indicating that a partial response
can be sent to the client, as requested by the HTTP Range header.

subrequest_ranges — Flag indicating that a partial response
can be sent while a subrequest is being processed.

single_range — Flag indicating that only a single continuous
range of output data can be sent to the client.
This flag is usually set when sending a stream of data, for example from a
proxied server, and the entire response is not available in one buffer.

main_filter_need_in_memory,
filter_need_in_memory — Flags
requesting that the output produced in memory buffers rather than files.
This is a signal to the copy filter to read data from file buffers even if
sendfile is enabled.
The difference between the two flags is the location of the filter modules that
set them.
Filters called before the postpone filter in the filter chain set
filter_need_in_memory, requesting that only the current
request output come in memory buffers.
Filters called later in the filter chain set
main_filter_need_in_memory, requesting that
both the main request and all subrequests read files in memory
while sending output.

filter_need_temporary — Flag requesting that the request
output be produced in temporary buffers, but not in readonly memory buffers or
file buffers.
This is used by filters which may change output directly in the buffers where
it's sent.

Configuration

Each HTTP module can have three types of configuration:

Main configuration — Applies to the entire http block.
Functions as global settings for a module.

Server configuration — Applies to a single server block.
Functions as server-specific settings for a module.

Location configuration — Applies to a single location,
if or limit_except block.
Functions as location-specific settings for a module.

Configuration structures are created at the nginx configuration stage by
calling functions, which allocate the structures, initialize them
and merge them.
The following example shows how to create a simple location
configuration for a module.
The configuration has one setting, foo, of type
unsigned integer.

typedef struct {
ngx_uint_t foo;
} ngx_http_foo_loc_conf_t;

static ngx_http_module_t ngx_http_foo_module_ctx = {
NULL, /* preconfiguration */
NULL, /* postconfiguration */

NULL, /* create main configuration */
NULL, /* init main configuration */

NULL, /* create server configuration */
NULL, /* merge server configuration */

ngx_http_foo_create_loc_conf, /* create location configuration */
ngx_http_foo_merge_loc_conf /* merge location configuration */
};

static void *
ngx_http_foo_create_loc_conf(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_foo_loc_conf_t *conf;

conf = ngx_pcalloc(cf->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_foo_loc_conf_t));
if (conf == NULL) {
return NULL;
}

conf->foo = NGX_CONF_UNSET_UINT;

return conf;
}

static char *
ngx_http_foo_merge_loc_conf(ngx_conf_t *cf, void *parent, void *child)
{
ngx_http_foo_loc_conf_t *prev = parent;
ngx_http_foo_loc_conf_t *conf = child;

ngx_conf_merge_uint_value(conf->foo, prev->foo, 1);
}

As seen in the example, the ngx_http_foo_create_loc_conf()
function creates a new configuration structure, and
ngx_http_foo_merge_loc_conf() merges a configuration with
configuration from a higher level.
In fact, server and location configuration do not exist only at the server and
location levels, but are also created for all levels above them.
Specifically, a server configuration is also created at the main level and
location configurations are created at the main, server, and location levels.
These configurations make it possible to specify server- and location-specific
settings at any level of an nginx configuration file.
Eventually configurations are merged down.
A number of macros like NGX_CONF_UNSET and
NGX_CONF_UNSET_UINT are provided
for indicating a missing setting and ignoring it while merging.
Standard nginx merge macros like ngx_conf_merge_value() and
ngx_conf_merge_uint_value() provide a convenient way to
merge a setting and set the default value if none of the configurations
provided an explicit value.
For complete list of macros for different types, see
src/core/ngx_conf_file.h.

The following macros are available.
for accessing configuration for HTTP modules at configuration time.
They all take ngx_conf_t reference as the first argument.

ngx_http_conf_get_module_main_conf(cf, module)

ngx_http_conf_get_module_srv_conf(cf, module)

ngx_http_conf_get_module_loc_conf(cf, module)

The following example gets a pointer to a location configuration of
standard nginx core module
ngx_http_core_module
and replaces the location content handler kept
in the handler field of the structure.

static ngx_int_t ngx_http_foo_handler(ngx_http_request_t *r);

static ngx_command_t ngx_http_foo_commands[] = {

{ ngx_string("foo"),
NGX_HTTP_LOC_CONF|NGX_CONF_NOARGS,
ngx_http_foo,
0,
0,
NULL },

ngx_null_command
};

static char *
ngx_http_foo(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_command_t *cmd, void *conf)
{
ngx_http_core_loc_conf_t *clcf;

clcf = ngx_http_conf_get_module_loc_conf(cf, ngx_http_core_module);
clcf->handler = ngx_http_bar_handler;

return NGX_CONF_OK;
}

The following macros are available for accessing configuration for HTTP
modules at runtime.

ngx_http_get_module_main_conf(r, module)

ngx_http_get_module_srv_conf(r, module)

ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, module)

These macros receive a reference to an HTTP request
ngx_http_request_t.
The main configuration of a request never changes.
Server configuration can change from the default after
the virtual server for the request is chosen.
Location configuration selected for processing a request can change multiple
times as a result of a rewrite operation or internal redirect.
The following example shows how to access a module's HTTP configuration at
runtime.

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_handler(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_http_foo_loc_conf_t *flcf;

flcf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_foo_module);

...
}

Phases

Each HTTP request passes through a sequence of phases.
In each phase a distinct type of processing is performed on the request.
Module-specific handlers can be registered in most phases,
and many standard nginx modules register their phase handlers as a way
to get called at a specific stage of request processing.
Phases are processed successively and the phase handlers are called
once the request reaches the phase.
Following is the list of nginx HTTP phases.

NGX_HTTP_POST_READ_PHASE — First phase.
The ngx_http_realip_module
registers its handler at this phase to enable
substitution of client addresses before any other module is invoked.

NGX_HTTP_SERVER_REWRITE_PHASE — Phase where
rewrite directives defined in a server block
(but outside a location block) are processed.
The
ngx_http_rewrite_module
installs its handler at this phase.

NGX_HTTP_FIND_CONFIG_PHASE — Special phase
where a location is chosen based on the request URI.
Before this phase, the default location for the relevant virtual server
is assigned to the request, and any module requesting a location configuration
receives the configuration for the default server location.
This phase assigns a new location to the request.
No additional handlers can be registered at this phase.

NGX_HTTP_REWRITE_PHASE — Same as
NGX_HTTP_SERVER_REWRITE_PHASE, but for
rewrite rules defined in the location, chosen in the previous phase.

NGX_HTTP_POST_REWRITE_PHASE — Special phase
where the request is redirected to a new location if its URI changed
during a rewrite.
This is implemented by the request going through
the NGX_HTTP_FIND_CONFIG_PHASE again.
No additional handlers can be registered at this phase.

NGX_HTTP_PREACCESS_PHASE — A common phase for different
types of handlers, not associated with access control.
The standard nginx modules
ngx_http_limit_conn_module
and

ngx_http_limit_req_module register their handlers at this phase.

NGX_HTTP_ACCESS_PHASE — Phase where it is verified
that the client is authorized to make the request.
Standard nginx modules such as
ngx_http_access_module and
ngx_http_auth_basic_module
register their handlers at this phase.
By default the client must pass the authorization check of all handlers
registered at this phase for the request to continue to the next phase.
The satisfy directive,
can be used to permit processing to continue if any of the phase handlers
authorizes the client.

NGX_HTTP_POST_ACCESS_PHASE — Special phase where the
satisfy any
directive is processed.
If some access phase handlers denied access and none explicitly allowed it, the
request is finalized.
No additional handlers can be registered at this phase.

NGX_HTTP_PRECONTENT_PHASE — Phase for handlers to be called
prior to generating content.
Standard modules such as

ngx_http_try_files_module and
ngx_http_mirror_module
register their handlers at this phase.

NGX_HTTP_CONTENT_PHASE — Phase where the response
is normally generated.
Multiple nginx standard modules register their handlers at this phase,
including
ngx_http_index_module or
ngx_http_static_module.
They are called sequentially until one of them produces
the output.
It's also possible to set content handlers on a per-location basis.
If the
ngx_http_core_module's
location configuration has handler set, it is
called as the content handler and the handlers installed at this phase
are ignored.

NGX_HTTP_LOG_PHASE — Phase where request logging
is performed.
Currently, only the
ngx_http_log_module
registers its handler
at this stage for access logging.
Log phase handlers are called at the very end of request processing, right
before freeing the request.

Following is the example of a preaccess phase handler.

static ngx_http_module_t ngx_http_foo_module_ctx = {
NULL, /* preconfiguration */
ngx_http_foo_init, /* postconfiguration */

NULL, /* create main configuration */
NULL, /* init main configuration */

NULL, /* create server configuration */
NULL, /* merge server configuration */

NULL, /* create location configuration */
NULL /* merge location configuration */
};

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_handler(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_table_elt_t *ua;

ua = r->headers_in.user_agent;

if (ua == NULL) {
return NGX_DECLINED;
}

/* reject requests with "User-Agent: foo" */
if (ua->value.len == 3 && ngx_strncmp(ua->value.data, "foo", 3) == 0) {
return NGX_HTTP_FORBIDDEN;
}

return NGX_DECLINED;
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_init(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_handler_pt *h;
ngx_http_core_main_conf_t *cmcf;

cmcf = ngx_http_conf_get_module_main_conf(cf, ngx_http_core_module);

h = ngx_array_push(&cmcf->phases[NGX_HTTP_PREACCESS_PHASE].handlers);
if (h == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

*h = ngx_http_foo_handler;

return NGX_OK;
}

Phase handlers are expected to return specific codes:

NGX_OK — Proceed to the next phase.

NGX_DECLINED — Proceed to the next handler of the current
phase.
If the current handler is the last in the current phase,
move to the next phase.

NGX_AGAIN, NGX_DONE — Suspend
phase handling until some future event which can be
an asynchronous I/O operation or just a delay, for example.
It is assumed, that phase handling will be resumed later by calling
ngx_http_core_run_phases().

Any other value returned by the phase handler is treated as a request
finalization code, in particular, an HTTP response code.
The request is finalized with the code provided.

For some phases, return codes are treated in a slightly different way.
At the content phase, any return code other that
NGX_DECLINED is considered a finalization code.
Any return code from the location content handlers is considered a
finalization code.
At the access phase, in
satisfy any
mode,
any return code other than NGX_OK,
NGX_DECLINED, NGX_AGAIN,
NGX_DONE is considered a denial.
If no subsequent access handlers allow or deny access with a different
code, the denial code will become the finalization code.

Variables

Accessing existing variables

Variables can be referenced by index (this is the most common method)
or name (see below).
The index is created at configuration stage, when a variable is added
to the configuration.
To obtain the variable index, use
ngx_http_get_variable_index():

ngx_str_t name; /* ngx_string("foo") */
ngx_int_t index;

index = ngx_http_get_variable_index(cf, &name);

Here, cf is a pointer to nginx configuration and
name points to a string containing the variable name.
The function returns NGX_ERROR on error or a valid index
otherwise, which is typically stored somewhere in the module's
configuration for future use.

All HTTP variables are evaluated in the context of a given HTTP request,
and results are specific to and cached in that HTTP request.
All functions that evaluate variables return the
ngx_http_variable_value_t type, representing
the variable value:

typedef ngx_variable_value_t ngx_http_variable_value_t;

typedef struct {
unsigned len:28;

unsigned valid:1;
unsigned no_cacheable:1;
unsigned not_found:1;
unsigned escape:1;

u_char *data;
} ngx_variable_value_t;

where:

len — The length of the value

data — The value itself

valid — The value is valid

not_found — The variable was not found and thus
the data and len fields are irrelevant;
this can happen, for example, with variables like $arg_foo
when a corresponding argument was not passed in a request

no_cacheable — Do not cache result

escape — Used internally by the logging module to mark
values that require escaping on output.

The ngx_http_get_flushed_variable()
and ngx_http_get_indexed_variable() functions
are used to obtain the value of a variable.
They have the same interface - accepting an HTTP request r
as a context for evaluating the variable and an index
that identifies it.
An example of typical usage:

ngx_http_variable_value_t *v;

v = ngx_http_get_flushed_variable(r, index);

if (v == NULL || v->not_found) {
/* we failed to get value or there is no such variable, handle it */
return NGX_ERROR;
}

/* some meaningful value is found */

The difference between functions is that the
ngx_http_get_indexed_variable() returns a cached value
and ngx_http_get_flushed_variable() flushes the cache for
non-cacheable variables.

Some modules, such as SSI and Perl, need to deal with variables for which the
name is not known at configuration time.
An index therefore cannot be used to access them, but the
ngx_http_get_variable(r, name, key) function
is available.
It searches for a variable with a given
name and its hash key derived
from the name.

Creating variables

To create a variable, use the ngx_http_add_variable()
function.
It takes as arguments a configuration (where the variable is registered),
the variable name and flags that control the function's behaviour:

NGX_HTTP_VAR_CHANGEABLE — Enables redefinition of
the variable: there is no conflict if another module defines a variable with
the same name.
This allows the
set directive
to override variables.

NGX_HTTP_VAR_NOCACHEABLE — Disables caching,
which is useful for variables such as $time_local.

NGX_HTTP_VAR_NOHASH — Indicates that
this variable is only accessible by index, not by name.
This is a small optimization for use when it is known that the
variable is not needed in modules like SSI or Perl.

NGX_HTTP_VAR_PREFIX — The name of the
variable is a prefix.
In this case, a handler must implement additional logic to obtain the value
of a specific variable.
For example, all “arg_” variables are processed by the
same handler, which performs lookup in request arguments and returns the value
of a specific argument.

The function returns NULL in case of error or a pointer to
ngx_http_variable_t otherwise:

struct ngx_http_variable_s {
ngx_str_t name;
ngx_http_set_variable_pt set_handler;
ngx_http_get_variable_pt get_handler;
uintptr_t data;
ngx_uint_t flags;
ngx_uint_t index;
};

The get and set handlers
are called to obtain or set the variable value,
data is passed to variable handlers, and
index holds assigned variable index used to reference
the variable.

Usually, a null-terminated static array of
ngx_http_variable_t structures is created
by a module and processed at the preconfiguration stage to add variables
into the configuration, for example:

static ngx_http_variable_t ngx_http_foo_vars[] = {

{ ngx_string("foo_v1"), NULL, ngx_http_foo_v1_variable, 0, 0, 0 },

ngx_http_null_variable
};

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_add_variables(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_variable_t *var, *v;

for (v = ngx_http_foo_vars; v->name.len; v++) {
var = ngx_http_add_variable(cf, &v->name, v->flags);
if (var == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

var->get_handler = v->get_handler;
var->data = v->data;
}

return NGX_OK;
}

This function in the example is used to initialize
the preconfiguration
field of the HTTP module context and is called before the parsing of HTTP
configuration, so that the parser can refer to these variables.

The get handler is responsible for evaluating a variable
in the context of a specific request, for example:

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_variable_connection(ngx_http_request_t *r,
ngx_http_variable_value_t *v, uintptr_t data)
{
u_char *p;

p = ngx_pnalloc(r->pool, NGX_ATOMIC_T_LEN);
if (p == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

v->len = ngx_sprintf(p, "%uA", r->connection->number) - p;
v->valid = 1;
v->no_cacheable = 0;
v->not_found = 0;
v->data = p;

return NGX_OK;
}

It returns NGX_ERROR in case of internal error
(for example, failed memory allocation) or NGX_OK otherwise.
To learn the status of variable evaluation, inspect the flags
in ngx_http_variable_value_t (see the description
above).

The set handler allows setting the property
referenced by the variable.
For example, the set handler of the $limit_rate variable
modifies the request's limit_rate field:

...
{ ngx_string("limit_rate"), ngx_http_variable_request_set_size,
ngx_http_variable_request_get_size,
offsetof(ngx_http_request_t, limit_rate),
NGX_HTTP_VAR_CHANGEABLE|NGX_HTTP_VAR_NOCACHEABLE, 0 },
...

static void
ngx_http_variable_request_set_size(ngx_http_request_t *r,
ngx_http_variable_value_t *v, uintptr_t data)
{
ssize_t s, *sp;
ngx_str_t val;

val.len = v->len;
val.data = v->data;

s = ngx_parse_size(&val);

if (s == NGX_ERROR) {
ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ERR, r->connection->log, 0,
"invalid size \"%V\"", &val);
return;
}

sp = (ssize_t *) ((char *) r + data);

*sp = s;

return;
}

Complex values

A complex value, despite its name, provides an easy way to evaluate
expressions which can contain text, variables, and their combination.

The complex value description in
ngx_http_compile_complex_value is compiled at the
configuration stage into ngx_http_complex_value_t
which is used at runtime to obtain results of expression evaluation.

ngx_str_t *value;
ngx_http_complex_value_t cv;
ngx_http_compile_complex_value_t ccv;

value = cf->args->elts; /* directive arguments */

ngx_memzero(&ccv, sizeof(ngx_http_compile_complex_value_t));

ccv.cf = cf;
ccv.value = &value[1];
ccv.complex_value = &cv;
ccv.zero = 1;
ccv.conf_prefix = 1;

if (ngx_http_compile_complex_value(&ccv) != NGX_OK) {
return NGX_CONF_ERROR;
}

Here, ccv holds all parameters that are required to
initialize the complex value cv:

cf — Configuration pointer

value — String to be parsed (input)

complex_value — Compiled value (output)

zero — Flag that enables zero-terminating value

conf_prefix — Prefixes the result with the
configuration prefix (the directory where nginx is currently looking for
configuration)

root_prefix — Prefixes the result with the root prefix
(the normal nginx installation prefix)

The zero flag is useful when results are to be passed to
libraries that require zero-terminated strings, and prefixes are handy when
dealing with filenames.

Upon successful compilation, cv.lengths
contains information about the presence of variables
in the expression.
The NULL value means that the expression contained static text only,
and so can be stored in a simple string rather than as a complex value.

The ngx_http_set_complex_value_slot() is a convenient
function used to initialize a complex value completely in the directive
declaration itself.

At runtime, a complex value can be calculated using the
ngx_http_complex_value() function:

ngx_str_t res;

if (ngx_http_complex_value(r, &cv, &res) != NGX_OK) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

Given the request r and previously compiled
value cv, the function evaluates the
expression and writes the result to res.

Request redirection

An HTTP request is always connected to a location via the
loc_conf field of the ngx_http_request_t
structure.
This means that at any point the location configuration of any module can be
retrieved from the request by calling
ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, module).
Request location can change several times during the request's lifetime.
Initially, a default server location of the default server is assigned to a
request.
If the request switches to a different server (chosen by the HTTP
“Host” header or SSL SNI extension), the request switches to the
default location of that server as well.
The next change of the location takes place at the
NGX_HTTP_FIND_CONFIG_PHASE request phase.
At this phase a location is chosen by request URI among all non-named locations
configured for the server.
The
ngx_http_rewrite_module
can change the request URI at the
NGX_HTTP_REWRITE_PHASE request phase as a result of
the rewrite
directive and send the request back
to the NGX_HTTP_FIND_CONFIG_PHASE phase for selection of a
new location based on the new URI.

It is also possible to redirect a request to a new location at any point by
calling one of
ngx_http_internal_redirect(r, uri, args) or
ngx_http_named_location(r, name).

The ngx_http_internal_redirect(r, uri, args) function changes
the request URI and returns the request to the
NGX_HTTP_SERVER_REWRITE_PHASE phase.
The request proceeds with a server default location.
Later at NGX_HTTP_FIND_CONFIG_PHASE a new location is chosen
based on the new request URI.

The following example performs an internal redirect with the new request
arguments.

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_redirect(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_str_t uri, args;

ngx_str_set(&uri, "/foo");
ngx_str_set(&args, "bar=1");

return ngx_http_internal_redirect(r, &uri, &args);
}

The function ngx_http_named_location(r, name) redirects
a request to a named location. The name of the location is passed as the
argument.
The location is looked up among all named locations of the current
server, after which the requests switches to the
NGX_HTTP_REWRITE_PHASE phase.

The following example performs a redirect to a named location @foo.

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_named_redirect(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_str_t name;

ngx_str_set(&name, "foo");

return ngx_http_named_location(r, &name);
}

Both functions - ngx_http_internal_redirect(r, uri, args)
and ngx_http_named_location(r, name) can be called when
nginx modules have already stored some contexts in a request's
ctx field.
It's possible for these contexts to become inconsistent with the new
location configuration.
To prevent inconsistency, all request contexts are
erased by both redirect functions.

Calling ngx_http_internal_redirect(r, uri, args)
or ngx_http_named_location(r, name) increases the request
count.
For consistent request reference counting, call
ngx_http_finalize_request(r, NGX_DONE) after redirecting the
request.
This will finalize current request code path and decrease the counter.

Redirected and rewritten requests become internal and can access the
internal
locations.
Internal requests have the internal flag set.

Subrequests

Subrequests are primarily used to insert output of one request into another,
possibly mixed with other data.
A subrequest looks like a normal request, but shares some data with its parent.
In particular, all fields related to client input are shared
because a subrequest does not receive any other input from the client.
The request field parent for a subrequest contains a link
to its parent request and is NULL for the main request.
The field main contains a link to the main request in
a group of requests.

A subrequest starts in the NGX_HTTP_SERVER_REWRITE_PHASE
phase.
It passes through the same subsequent phases as a normal request and is
assigned a location based on its own URI.

The output header in a subrequest is always ignored.
The ngx_http_postpone_filter places the subrequest's
output body in the right position relative to other data produced
by the parent request.

Subrequests are related to the concept of active requests.
A request r is considered active if
c->data == r, where c is the client
connection object.
At any given point, only the active request in a request group is allowed
to output its buffers to the client.
An inactive request can still send its output to the filter chain, but it
does not pass beyond the ngx_http_postpone_filter and
remains buffered by that filter until the request becomes active.
Here are some rules of request activation:

Initially, the main request is active.

The first subrequest of an active request becomes active right after creation.

The ngx_http_postpone_filter activates the next request
in the active request's subrequest list, once all data prior to that request
are sent.

When a request is finalized, its parent is activated.

Create a subrequest by calling the function
ngx_http_subrequest(r, uri, args, psr, ps, flags), where
r is the parent request, uri and
args are the URI and arguments of the
subrequest, psr is the output parameter, which receives the
newly created subrequest reference, ps is a callback object
for notifying the parent request that the subrequest is being finalized, and
flags is bitmask of flags.
The following flags are available:

NGX_HTTP_SUBREQUEST_IN_MEMORY - Output is not
sent to the client, but rather stored in memory.
The flag only affects subrequests which are processed by one of the proxying
modules.
After a subrequest is finalized its output is available in
r->out of type ngx_buf_t.

NGX_HTTP_SUBREQUEST_WAITED - The subrequest's
done flag is set even if the subrequest is not active when
it is finalized.
This subrequest flag is used by the SSI filter.

NGX_HTTP_SUBREQUEST_CLONE - The subrequest is created as a
clone of its parent.
It is started at the same location and proceeds from the same phase as the
parent request.

The following example creates a subrequest with the URI
of /foo.

ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_str_t uri;
ngx_http_request_t *sr;

...

ngx_str_set(&uri, "/foo");

rc = ngx_http_subrequest(r, &uri, NULL, &sr, NULL, 0);
if (rc == NGX_ERROR) {
/* error */
}

This example clones the current request and sets a finalization callback for the
subrequest.

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_clone(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_http_request_t *sr;
ngx_http_post_subrequest_t *ps;

ps = ngx_palloc(r->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_post_subrequest_t));
if (ps == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

ps->handler = ngx_http_foo_subrequest_done;
ps->data = "foo";

return ngx_http_subrequest(r, &r->uri, &r->args, &sr, ps,
NGX_HTTP_SUBREQUEST_CLONE);
}

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_subrequest_done(ngx_http_request_t *r, void *data, ngx_int_t rc)
{
char *msg = (char *) data;

ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_INFO, r->connection->log, 0,
"done subrequest r:%p msg:%s rc:%i", r, msg, rc);

return rc;
}

Subrequests are normally created in a body filter, in which case their output
can be treated like the output from any explicit request.
This means that eventually the output of a subrequest is sent to the client,
after all explicit buffers that are passed before subrequest creation and
before any buffers that are passed after creation.
This ordering is preserved even for large hierarchies of subrequests.
The following example inserts output from a subrequest after all request data
buffers, but before the final buffer with the last_buf flag.

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_chain_t *in)
{
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_buf_t *b;
ngx_uint_t last;
ngx_chain_t *cl, out;
ngx_http_request_t *sr;
ngx_http_foo_filter_ctx_t *ctx;

ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_foo_filter_module);
if (ctx == NULL) {
return ngx_http_next_body_filter(r, in);
}

last = 0;

for (cl = in; cl; cl = cl->next) {
if (cl->buf->last_buf) {
cl->buf->last_buf = 0;
cl->buf->last_in_chain = 1;
cl->buf->sync = 1;
last = 1;
}
}

/* Output explicit output buffers */

rc = ngx_http_next_body_filter(r, in);

if (rc == NGX_ERROR || !last) {
return rc;
}

/*
* Create the subrequest. The output of the subrequest
* will automatically be sent after all preceding buffers,
* but before the last_buf buffer passed later in this function.
*/

if (ngx_http_subrequest(r, ctx->uri, NULL, &sr, NULL, 0) != NGX_OK) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

ngx_http_set_ctx(r, NULL, ngx_http_foo_filter_module);

/* Output the final buffer with the last_buf flag */

b = ngx_calloc_buf(r->pool);
if (b == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

b->last_buf = 1;

out.buf = b;
out.next = NULL;

return ngx_http_output_filter(r, &out);
}

A subrequest can also be created for other purposes than data output.
For example, the
ngx_http_auth_request_module module
creates a subrequest at the NGX_HTTP_ACCESS_PHASE phase.
To disable output at this point, the
header_only flag is set on the subrequest.
This prevents the subrequest body from being sent to the client.
Note that the subrequest's header is never sent to the client.
The result of the subrequest can be analyzed in the callback handler.

Request finalization

An HTTP request is finalized by calling the function
ngx_http_finalize_request(r, rc).
It is usually finalized by the content handler after all output buffers
are sent to the filter chain.
At this point all of the output might not be sent to the client,
with some of it remaining buffered somewhere along the filter chain.
If it is, the ngx_http_finalize_request(r, rc) function
automatically installs a special handler ngx_http_writer(r)
to finish sending the output.
A request is also finalized in case of an error or if a standard HTTP response
code needs to be returned to the client.

The function ngx_http_finalize_request(r, rc) expects the
following rc values:

NGX_DONE - Fast finalization.
Decrement the request count and destroy the request if it
reaches zero.
The client connection can be used for more requests after the current request
is destroyed.

NGX_ERROR, NGX_HTTP_REQUEST_TIME_OUT
(408), NGX_HTTP_CLIENT_CLOSED_REQUEST
(499) - Error finalization.
Terminate the request as soon as possible and close the client connection.

NGX_HTTP_CREATED (201),
NGX_HTTP_NO_CONTENT (204), codes greater
than or equal to NGX_HTTP_SPECIAL_RESPONSE
(300) - Special response finalization.
For these values nginx either sends to the client a default response page for
the code or performs the internal redirect to an
error_page location if that
is configured for the code.

Other codes are considered successful finalization codes and might activate the
request writer to finish sending the response body.
Once the body is completely sent, the request count
is decremented.
If it reaches zero, the request is destroyed, but the client connection can
still be used for other requests.
If count is positive, there are unfinished activities
within the request, which will be finalized at a later point.

Request body

For dealing with the body of a client request, nginx provides the
ngx_http_read_client_request_body(r, post_handler) and
ngx_http_discard_request_body(r) functions.
The first function reads the request body and makes it available via the
request_body request field.
The second function instructs nginx to discard (read and ignore) the request
body.
One of these functions must be called for every request.
Normally, the content handler makes the call.

Reading or discarding the client request body from a subrequest is not allowed.
It must always be done in the main request.
When a subrequest is created, it inherits the parent's
request_body object which can be used by the subrequest if
the main request has previously read the request body.

The function
ngx_http_read_client_request_body(r, post_handler) starts
the process of reading the request body.
When the body is completely read, the post_handler callback
is called to continue processing the request.
If the request body is missing or has already been read, the callback is called
immediately.
In unbuffered mode, the callback can be called before the whole body is read.
The function
ngx_http_read_client_request_body(r, post_handler)
allocates the request_body request field of type
ngx_http_request_body_t.
The field bufs of this object keeps the result as a buffer
chain.
The body can be saved in memory buffers or file buffers, if the capacity
specified by the
client_body_buffer_size
directive is not enough to fit the entire body in memory.

The following example reads a client request body and returns its size.

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_content_handler(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_int_t rc;

rc = ngx_http_read_client_request_body(r, ngx_http_foo_init);

if (rc >= NGX_HTTP_SPECIAL_RESPONSE) {
/* error */
return rc;
}

return NGX_DONE;
}

void
ngx_http_foo_init(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
off_t len;
ngx_buf_t *b;
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_chain_t *in, out;

if (r->request_body == NULL) {
ngx_http_finalize_request(r, NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
return;
}

len = 0;

for (in = r->request_body->bufs; in; in = in->next) {
len += ngx_buf_size(in->buf);
}

b = ngx_create_temp_buf(r->pool, NGX_OFF_T_LEN);
if (b == NULL) {
ngx_http_finalize_request(r, NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
return;
}

b->last = ngx_sprintf(b->pos, "%O", len);
b->last_buf = (r == r->main) ? 1 : 0;
b->last_in_chain = 1;

r->headers_out.status = NGX_HTTP_OK;
r->headers_out.content_length_n = b->last - b->pos;

rc = ngx_http_send_header(r);

if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK || r->header_only) {
ngx_http_finalize_request(r, rc);
return;
}

out.buf = b;
out.next = NULL;

rc = ngx_http_output_filter(r, &out);

ngx_http_finalize_request(r, rc);
}

The following fields of the request determine how the request body is read:

request_body_in_single_buf - Read the body to a single memory
buffer.

request_body_in_file_only - Always read the body to a file,
even if fits in the memory buffer.

request_body_in_persistent_file - Do not unlink the file
immediately after creation.
A file with this flag can be moved to another directory.

request_body_in_clean_file - Unlink the file when the
request is finalized.
This can be useful when a file was supposed to be moved to another directory
but was not moved for some reason.

request_body_file_group_access - Enable group access to the
file by replacing the default 0600 access mask with 0660.

request_body_file_log_level - Severity level at which to
log file errors.

request_body_no_buffering - Read the request body without
buffering.

The request_body_no_buffering flag enables the
unbuffered mode of reading a request body.
In this mode, after calling
ngx_http_read_client_request_body(), the
bufs chain might keep only a part of the body.
The request flag reading_body indicates that the request body
reading is still in progress.
To read the next part, call the
ngx_http_read_unbuffered_request_body(r) function.
The return value NGX_AGAIN indicates that more body data
or buffer space is needed.
If bufs is NULL after calling this function, no body data is
available at the moment.
The request callback read_event_handler will be called when
more client body data is available.

Request body filters

After a request body part is read, it's passed to the request
body filter chain by calling the first body filter handler stored in
the ngx_http_top_request_body_filter variable.
It's assumed that every body handler calls the next handler in the chain until
the final handler ngx_http_request_body_save_filter(r, cl)
is called.
This handler collects the buffers in
r->request_body->bufs
and writes them to a file if necessary.
The last request body buffer has nonzero last_buf flag.

If a filter is planning to delay data buffers, it should set the flag
r->request_body->filter_need_buffering to
1 when called for the first time.

Following is an example of a simple request body filter that delays request
body by one second.

#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>
#include <ngx_http.h>

#define NGX_HTTP_DELAY_BODY 1000

typedef struct {
ngx_event_t event;
ngx_chain_t *out;
} ngx_http_delay_body_ctx_t;

static ngx_int_t ngx_http_delay_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r,
ngx_chain_t *in);
static void ngx_http_delay_body_cleanup(void *data);
static void ngx_http_delay_body_event_handler(ngx_event_t *ev);
static ngx_int_t ngx_http_delay_body_init(ngx_conf_t *cf);

static ngx_http_module_t ngx_http_delay_body_module_ctx = {
NULL, /* preconfiguration */
ngx_http_delay_body_init, /* postconfiguration */

NULL, /* create main configuration */
NULL, /* init main configuration */

NULL, /* create server configuration */
NULL, /* merge server configuration */

NULL, /* create location configuration */
NULL /* merge location configuration */
};

ngx_module_t ngx_http_delay_body_filter_module = {
NGX_MODULE_V1,
&ngx_http_delay_body_module_ctx, /* module context */
NULL, /* module directives */
NGX_HTTP_MODULE, /* module type */
NULL, /* init master */
NULL, /* init module */
NULL, /* init process */
NULL, /* init thread */
NULL, /* exit thread */
NULL, /* exit process */
NULL, /* exit master */
NGX_MODULE_V1_PADDING
};

static ngx_http_request_body_filter_pt ngx_http_next_request_body_filter;

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_delay_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_chain_t *in)
{
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_chain_t *cl, *ln;
ngx_http_cleanup_t *cln;
ngx_http_delay_body_ctx_t *ctx;

ngx_log_debug0(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,
"delay request body filter");

ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_delay_body_filter_module);

if (ctx == NULL) {
ctx = ngx_pcalloc(r->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_delay_body_ctx_t));
if (ctx == NULL) {
return NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
}

ngx_http_set_ctx(r, ctx, ngx_http_delay_body_filter_module);

r->request_body->filter_need_buffering = 1;
}

if (ngx_chain_add_copy(r->pool, &ctx->out, in) != NGX_OK) {
return NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
}

if (!ctx->event.timedout) {
if (!ctx->event.timer_set) {

/* cleanup to remove the timer in case of abnormal termination */

cln = ngx_http_cleanup_add(r, 0);
if (cln == NULL) {
return NGX_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
}

cln->handler = ngx_http_delay_body_cleanup;
cln->data = ctx;

/* add timer */

ctx->event.handler = ngx_http_delay_body_event_handler;
ctx->event.data = r;
ctx->event.log = r->connection->log;

ngx_add_timer(&ctx->event, NGX_HTTP_DELAY_BODY);
}

return ngx_http_next_request_body_filter(r, NULL);
}

rc = ngx_http_next_request_body_filter(r, ctx->out);

for (cl = ctx->out; cl; /* void */) {
ln = cl;
cl = cl->next;
ngx_free_chain(r->pool, ln);
}

ctx->out = NULL;

return rc;
}

static void
ngx_http_delay_body_cleanup(void *data)
{
ngx_http_delay_body_ctx_t *ctx = data;

if (ctx->event.timer_set) {
ngx_del_timer(&ctx->event);
}
}

static void
ngx_http_delay_body_event_handler(ngx_event_t *ev)
{
ngx_connection_t *c;
ngx_http_request_t *r;

r = ev->data;
c = r->connection;

ngx_log_debug0(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, c->log, 0,
"delay request body event");

ngx_post_event(c->read, &ngx_posted_events);
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_delay_body_init(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_next_request_body_filter = ngx_http_top_request_body_filter;
ngx_http_top_request_body_filter = ngx_http_delay_body_filter;

return NGX_OK;
}

Response

In nginx an HTTP response is produced by sending the response header followed by
the optional response body.
Both header and body are passed through a chain of filters and eventually get
written to the client socket.
An nginx module can install its handler into the header or body filter chain
and process the output coming from the previous handler.

Response header

The ngx_http_send_header(r)
function sends the output header.
Do not call this function until r->headers_out
contains all of the data required to produce the HTTP response header.
The status field in r->headers_out
must always be set.
If the response status indicates that a response body follows the header,
content_length_n can be set as well.
The default value for this field is -1,
which means that the body size is unknown.
In this case, chunked transfer encoding is used.
To output an arbitrary header, append the headers list.

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_content_handler(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_table_elt_t *h;

/* send header */

r->headers_out.status = NGX_HTTP_OK;
r->headers_out.content_length_n = 3;

/* X-Foo: foo */

h = ngx_list_push(&r->headers_out.headers);
if (h == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

h->hash = 1;
ngx_str_set(&h->key, "X-Foo");
ngx_str_set(&h->value, "foo");

rc = ngx_http_send_header(r);

if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK || r->header_only) {
return rc;
}

/* send body */

...
}

Header filters

The ngx_http_send_header(r) function invokes the header
filter chain by calling the first header filter handler stored in
the ngx_http_top_header_filter variable.
It's assumed that every header handler calls the next handler in the chain
until the final handler ngx_http_header_filter(r) is called.
The final header handler constructs the HTTP response based on
r->headers_out and passes it to the
ngx_http_writer_filter for output.

To add a handler to the header filter chain, store its address in
the global variable ngx_http_top_header_filter
at configuration time.
The previous handler address is normally stored in a static variable in a module
and is called by the newly added handler before exiting.

The following example of a header filter module adds the HTTP header
"X-Foo: foo" to every response with status
200.

#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>
#include <ngx_http.h>

static ngx_int_t ngx_http_foo_header_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r);
static ngx_int_t ngx_http_foo_header_filter_init(ngx_conf_t *cf);

static ngx_http_module_t ngx_http_foo_header_filter_module_ctx = {
NULL, /* preconfiguration */
ngx_http_foo_header_filter_init, /* postconfiguration */

NULL, /* create main configuration */
NULL, /* init main configuration */

NULL, /* create server configuration */
NULL, /* merge server configuration */

NULL, /* create location configuration */
NULL /* merge location configuration */
};

ngx_module_t ngx_http_foo_header_filter_module = {
NGX_MODULE_V1,
&ngx_http_foo_header_filter_module_ctx, /* module context */
NULL, /* module directives */
NGX_HTTP_MODULE, /* module type */
NULL, /* init master */
NULL, /* init module */
NULL, /* init process */
NULL, /* init thread */
NULL, /* exit thread */
NULL, /* exit process */
NULL, /* exit master */
NGX_MODULE_V1_PADDING
};

static ngx_http_output_header_filter_pt ngx_http_next_header_filter;

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_header_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_table_elt_t *h;

/*
* The filter handler adds "X-Foo: foo" header
* to every HTTP 200 response
*/

if (r->headers_out.status != NGX_HTTP_OK) {
return ngx_http_next_header_filter(r);
}

h = ngx_list_push(&r->headers_out.headers);
if (h == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

h->hash = 1;
ngx_str_set(&h->key, "X-Foo");
ngx_str_set(&h->value, "foo");

return ngx_http_next_header_filter(r);
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_header_filter_init(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_next_header_filter = ngx_http_top_header_filter;
ngx_http_top_header_filter = ngx_http_foo_header_filter;

return NGX_OK;
}

Response body

To send the response body, call the
ngx_http_output_filter(r, cl) function.
The function can be called multiple times.
Each time, it sends a part of the response body in the form of a buffer chain.
Set the last_buf flag in the last body buffer.

The following example produces a complete HTTP response with "foo" as its body.
For the example to work as subrequest as well as a main request,
the last_in_chain flag is set in the last buffer
of the output.
The last_buf flag is set only for the main request because
the last buffer for a subrequest does not end the entire output.

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_bar_content_handler(ngx_http_request_t *r)
{
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_buf_t *b;
ngx_chain_t out;

/* send header */

r->headers_out.status = NGX_HTTP_OK;
r->headers_out.content_length_n = 3;

rc = ngx_http_send_header(r);

if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK || r->header_only) {
return rc;
}

/* send body */

b = ngx_calloc_buf(r->pool);
if (b == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

b->last_buf = (r == r->main) ? 1 : 0;
b->last_in_chain = 1;

b->memory = 1;

b->pos = (u_char *) "foo";
b->last = b->pos + 3;

out.buf = b;
out.next = NULL;

return ngx_http_output_filter(r, &out);
}

Response body filters

The function ngx_http_output_filter(r, cl) invokes the
body filter chain by calling the first body filter handler stored in
the ngx_http_top_body_filter variable.
It's assumed that every body handler calls the next handler in the chain until
the final handler ngx_http_write_filter(r, cl) is called.

A body filter handler receives a chain of buffers.
The handler is supposed to process the buffers and pass a possibly new chain to
the next handler.
It's worth noting that the chain links ngx_chain_t of the
incoming chain belong to the caller, and must not be reused or changed.
Right after the handler completes, the caller can use its output chain links
to keep track of the buffers it has sent.
To save the buffer chain or to substitute some buffers before passing to the
next filter, a handler needs to allocate its own chain links.

Following is an example of a simple body filter that counts the number of
bytes in the body.
The result is available as the $counter variable which can be
used in the access log.

#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>
#include <ngx_http.h>

typedef struct {
off_t count;
} ngx_http_counter_filter_ctx_t;

static ngx_int_t ngx_http_counter_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r,
ngx_chain_t *in);
static ngx_int_t ngx_http_counter_variable(ngx_http_request_t *r,
ngx_http_variable_value_t *v, uintptr_t data);
static ngx_int_t ngx_http_counter_add_variables(ngx_conf_t *cf);
static ngx_int_t ngx_http_counter_filter_init(ngx_conf_t *cf);

static ngx_http_module_t ngx_http_counter_filter_module_ctx = {
ngx_http_counter_add_variables, /* preconfiguration */
ngx_http_counter_filter_init, /* postconfiguration */

NULL, /* create main configuration */
NULL, /* init main configuration */

NULL, /* create server configuration */
NULL, /* merge server configuration */

NULL, /* create location configuration */
NULL /* merge location configuration */
};

ngx_module_t ngx_http_counter_filter_module = {
NGX_MODULE_V1,
&ngx_http_counter_filter_module_ctx, /* module context */
NULL, /* module directives */
NGX_HTTP_MODULE, /* module type */
NULL, /* init master */
NULL, /* init module */
NULL, /* init process */
NULL, /* init thread */
NULL, /* exit thread */
NULL, /* exit process */
NULL, /* exit master */
NGX_MODULE_V1_PADDING
};

static ngx_http_output_body_filter_pt ngx_http_next_body_filter;

static ngx_str_t ngx_http_counter_name = ngx_string("counter");

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_counter_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_chain_t *in)
{
ngx_chain_t *cl;
ngx_http_counter_filter_ctx_t *ctx;

ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_counter_filter_module);
if (ctx == NULL) {
ctx = ngx_pcalloc(r->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_counter_filter_ctx_t));
if (ctx == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

ngx_http_set_ctx(r, ctx, ngx_http_counter_filter_module);
}

for (cl = in; cl; cl = cl->next) {
ctx->count += ngx_buf_size(cl->buf);
}

return ngx_http_next_body_filter(r, in);
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_counter_variable(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_http_variable_value_t *v,
uintptr_t data)
{
u_char *p;
ngx_http_counter_filter_ctx_t *ctx;

ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_counter_filter_module);
if (ctx == NULL) {
v->not_found = 1;
return NGX_OK;
}

p = ngx_pnalloc(r->pool, NGX_OFF_T_LEN);
if (p == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

v->data = p;
v->len = ngx_sprintf(p, "%O", ctx->count) - p;
v->valid = 1;
v->no_cacheable = 0;
v->not_found = 0;

return NGX_OK;
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_counter_add_variables(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_variable_t *var;

var = ngx_http_add_variable(cf, &ngx_http_counter_name, 0);
if (var == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

var->get_handler = ngx_http_counter_variable;

return NGX_OK;
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_counter_filter_init(ngx_conf_t *cf)
{
ngx_http_next_body_filter = ngx_http_top_body_filter;
ngx_http_top_body_filter = ngx_http_counter_body_filter;

return NGX_OK;
}

Building filter modules

When writing a body or header filter, pay special attention to the filter's
position in the filter order.
There's a number of header and body filters registered by nginx standard
modules.
The nginx standard modules register a number of head and body filters and it's
important to register a new filter module in the right place with respect to
them.
Normally, modules register filters in their postconfiguration handlers.
The order in which filters are called during processing is obviously the
reverse of the order in which they are registered.

For third-party filter modules nginx provides a special slot
HTTP_AUX_FILTER_MODULES.
To register a filter module in this slot, set
the ngx_module_type variable to
HTTP_AUX_FILTER in the module's configuration.

The following example shows a filter module config file assuming
for a module with just
one source file, ngx_http_foo_filter_module.c.

ngx_module_type=HTTP_AUX_FILTER
ngx_module_name=ngx_http_foo_filter_module
ngx_module_srcs="$ngx_addon_dir/ngx_http_foo_filter_module.c"

. auto/module

Buffer reuse

When issuing or altering a stream of buffers, it's often desirable to reuse the
allocated buffers.
A standard and widely adopted approach in nginx code is to keep
two buffer chains for this purpose:
free and busy.
The free chain keeps all free buffers,
which can be reused.
The busy chain keeps all buffers sent by the current
module that are still in use by some other filter handler.
A buffer is considered in use if its size is greater than zero.
Normally, when a buffer is consumed by a filter, its pos
(or file_pos for a file buffer) is moved towards
last (file_last for a file buffer).
Once a buffer is completely consumed, it's ready to be reused.
To add newly freed buffers to the free chain
it's enough to iterate over the busy chain and move the zero
size buffers at the head of it to free.
This operation is so common that there is a special function for it,
ngx_chain_update_chains(free, busy, out, tag).
The function appends the output chain out to
busy and moves free buffers from the top of
busy to free.
Only the buffers with the specified tag are reused.
This lets a module reuse only the buffers that it allocated itself.

The following example is a body filter that inserts the string “foo” before each
incoming buffer.
The new buffers allocated by the module are reused if possible.
Note that for this example to work properly, setting up a
header filter
and resetting content_length_n to -1
is also required, but the relevant code is not provided here.

typedef struct {
ngx_chain_t *free;
ngx_chain_t *busy;
} ngx_http_foo_filter_ctx_t;

ngx_int_t
ngx_http_foo_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_chain_t *in)
{
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_buf_t *b;
ngx_chain_t *cl, *tl, *out, **ll;
ngx_http_foo_filter_ctx_t *ctx;

ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_foo_filter_module);
if (ctx == NULL) {
ctx = ngx_pcalloc(r->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_foo_filter_ctx_t));
if (ctx == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

ngx_http_set_ctx(r, ctx, ngx_http_foo_filter_module);
}

/* create a new chain "out" from "in" with all the changes */

ll = &out;

for (cl = in; cl; cl = cl->next) {

/* append "foo" in a reused buffer if possible */

tl = ngx_chain_get_free_buf(r->pool, &ctx->free);
if (tl == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

b = tl->buf;
b->tag = (ngx_buf_tag_t) &ngx_http_foo_filter_module;
b->memory = 1;
b->pos = (u_char *) "foo";
b->last = b->pos + 3;

*ll = tl;
ll = &tl->next;

/* append the next incoming buffer */

tl = ngx_alloc_chain_link(r->pool);
if (tl == NULL) {
return NGX_ERROR;
}

tl->buf = cl->buf;
*ll = tl;
ll = &tl->next;
}

*ll = NULL;

/* send the new chain */

rc = ngx_http_next_body_filter(r, out);

/* update "busy" and "free" chains for reuse */

ngx_chain_update_chains(r->pool, &ctx->free, &ctx->busy, &out,
(ngx_buf_tag_t) &ngx_http_foo_filter_module);

return rc;
}

Load balancing

The
ngx_http_upstream_module
provides the basic functionality needed to pass requests to remote servers.
Modules that implement specific protocols, such as HTTP or FastCGI, use
this functionality.
The module also provides an interface for creating custom
load-balancing modules and implements a default round-robin method.

The least_conn
and hash
modules implement alternative load-balancing methods, but
are actually implemented as extensions of the upstream round-robin
module and share a lot of code with it, such as the representation
of a server group.
The keepalive module
is an independent module that extends upstream functionality.

The
ngx_http_upstream_module
can be configured explicitly by placing the corresponding
upstream block into
the configuration file, or implicitly by using directives
such as proxy_pass
that accept a URL that gets evaluated at some point into a list of servers.
The alternative load-balancing methods are available only with an explicit
upstream configuration.
The upstream module configuration has its own directive context
NGX_HTTP_UPS_CONF.
The structure is defined as follows:

struct ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_s {
ngx_http_upstream_peer_t peer;
void **srv_conf;

ngx_array_t *servers; /* ngx_http_upstream_server_t */

ngx_uint_t flags;
ngx_str_t host;
u_char *file_name;
ngx_uint_t line;
in_port_t port;
ngx_uint_t no_port; /* unsigned no_port:1 */

#if (NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_ZONE)
ngx_shm_zone_t *shm_zone;
#endif
};

srv_conf — Configuration context of upstream modules.

servers — Array of
ngx_http_upstream_server_t, the result of parsing a set of
server directives
in the upstream block.

flags — Flags that mostly mark which features
are supported by the load-balancing method.
The features are configured as parameters of
the server directive:

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_CREATE — Distinguishes explicitly
defined upstreams from those that are automatically created by the
proxy_pass directive
and “friends”
(FastCGI, SCGI, etc.)

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_WEIGHT — The “weight”
parameter is supported

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_MAX_FAILS — The
“max_fails” parameter is supported

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_FAIL_TIMEOUT —
The “fail_timeout” parameter is supported

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_DOWN — The “down”
parameter is supported

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_BACKUP — The “backup”
parameter is supported

NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_MAX_CONNS — The
“max_conns” parameter is supported

host — Name of the upstream.

file_name, line — Name of the configuration file
and the line where the upstream block is located.

port and no_port — Not used for
explicitly defined upstream groups.

shm_zone — Shared memory zone used by this upstream group,
if any.

peer — object that holds generic methods for
initializing upstream configuration:

typedef struct {
ngx_http_upstream_init_pt init_upstream;
ngx_http_upstream_init_peer_pt init;
void *data;
} ngx_http_upstream_peer_t;

A module that implements a load-balancing algorithm must set these
methods and initialize private data.
If init_upstream was not initialized during configuration
parsing, ngx_http_upstream_module sets it to the default
ngx_http_upstream_init_round_robin algorithm.

init_upstream(cf, us) — Configuration-time
method responsible for initializing a group of servers and
initializing the init() method in case of success.
A typical load-balancing module uses a list of servers in the
upstream block
to create an efficient data structure that it uses and saves its own
configuration to the data field.

init(r, us) — Initializes a per-request
ngx_http_upstream_peer_t.peer structure that is used for
load balancing (not to be confused with the
ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t.peer described above which
is per-upstream).
It is passed as the data argument to all callbacks that
deal with server selection.

When nginx has to pass a request to another host for processing, it uses
the configured load-balancing method to obtain an address to connect to.
The method is obtained from the
ngx_http_upstream_t.peer object
of type ngx_peer_connection_t:

struct ngx_peer_connection_s {
...

struct sockaddr *sockaddr;
socklen_t socklen;
ngx_str_t *name;

ngx_uint_t tries;

ngx_event_get_peer_pt get;
ngx_event_free_peer_pt free;
ngx_event_notify_peer_pt notify;
void *data;

#if (NGX_SSL || NGX_COMPAT)
ngx_event_set_peer_session_pt set_session;
ngx_event_save_peer_session_pt save_session;
#endif

...
};

The structure has the following fields:

sockaddr, socklen,
name — Address of the upstream server to connect to;
this is the output parameter of a load-balancing method.

data — The per-request data of a load-balancing method;
keeps the state of the selection algorithm and usually includes the link
to the upstream configuration.
It is passed as an argument to all methods that deal with server selection
(see below).

tries — Allowed
number
of attempts to connect to an upstream server.

get, free, notify,
set_session, and save_session
- Methods of the load-balancing module, described below.

All methods accept at least two arguments: a peer connection object
pc and the data created by
ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t.peer.init().
Note that it might differ from pc.data due
to “chaining” of load-balancing modules.

get(pc, data) — The method called when the upstream
module is ready to pass a request to an upstream server and needs to know
its address.
The method has to fill the sockaddr,
socklen, and name fields of
ngx_peer_connection_t structure.
The return is one of:

NGX_OK — Server was selected.

NGX_ERROR — Internal error occurred.

NGX_BUSY — no servers are currently available.
This can happen due to many reasons, including: the dynamic server group is
empty, all servers in the group are in the failed state, or
all servers in the group are already
handling the maximum number of connections.

NGX_DONE — the underlying connection was reused and there
is no need to create a new connection to the upstream server.
This value is set by the keepalive module.

free(pc, data, state) — The method called when an
upstream module has finished work with a particular server.
The state argument is the completion status of the upstream
connection, a bitmask with the following possible values:

NGX_PEER_FAILED — Attempt was
unsuccessful

NGX_PEER_NEXT — A special case when upstream server
returns codes 403 or 404,
which are not considered a
failure.

NGX_PEER_KEEPALIVE — Currently unused

This method also decrements the tries counter.

notify(pc, data, type) — Currently unused
in the OSS version.

set_session(pc, data) and
save_session(pc, data)
— SSL-specific methods that enable caching sessions to upstream
servers.
The implementation is provided by the round-robin balancing method.

Examples

The
nginx-dev-examples
repository provides nginx module examples.

Code style

General rules

maximum text width is 80 characters

indentation is 4 spaces

no tabs, no trailing spaces

list elements on the same line are separated with spaces

hexadecimal literals are lowercase

file names, function and type names, and global variables have the
ngx_ or more specific prefix such as
ngx_http_ and ngx_mail_

size_t
ngx_utf8_length(u_char *p, size_t n)
{
u_char c, *last;
size_t len;

last = p + n;

for (len = 0; p < last; len++) {

c = *p;

if (c < 0x80) {
p++;
continue;
}

if (ngx_utf8_decode(&p, last - p) > 0x10ffff) {
/* invalid UTF-8 */
return n;
}
}

return len;
}

Files

A typical source file may contain the following sections separated by
two empty lines:

copyright statements

includes

preprocessor definitions

type definitions

function prototypes

variable definitions

function definitions

Copyright statements look like this:

/*
* Copyright (C) Author Name
* Copyright (C) Organization, Inc.
*/

If the file is modified significantly, the list of authors should be updated,
the new author is added to the top.

The ngx_config.h and ngx_core.h files
are always included first, followed by one of
ngx_http.h, ngx_stream.h,
or ngx_mail.h.
Then follow optional external header files:

#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>
#include <ngx_http.h>

#include <libxml/parser.h>
#include <libxml/tree.h>
#include <libxslt/xslt.h>

#if (NGX_HAVE_EXSLT)
#include <libexslt/exslt.h>
#endif

Header files should include the so called "header protection":

#ifndef _NGX_PROCESS_CYCLE_H_INCLUDED_
#define _NGX_PROCESS_CYCLE_H_INCLUDED_
...
#endif /* _NGX_PROCESS_CYCLE_H_INCLUDED_ */

Comments

“//” comments are not used

text is written in English, American spelling is preferred

multi-line comments are formatted like this:

/*
* The red-black tree code is based on the algorithm described in
* the "Introduction to Algorithms" by Cormen, Leiserson and Rivest.
*/

/* find the server configuration for the address:port */

Preprocessor

Macro names start from ngx_ or NGX_
(or more specific) prefix.
Macro names for constants are uppercase.
Parameterized macros and macros for initializers are lowercase.
The macro name and value are separated by at least two spaces:

#define NGX_CONF_BUFFER 4096

#define ngx_buf_in_memory(b) (b->temporary || b->memory || b->mmap)

#define ngx_buf_size(b) \
(ngx_buf_in_memory(b) ? (off_t) (b->last - b->pos): \
(b->file_last - b->file_pos))

#define ngx_null_string { 0, NULL }

Conditions are inside parentheses, negation is outside:

#if (NGX_HAVE_KQUEUE)
...
#elif ((NGX_HAVE_DEVPOLL && !(NGX_TEST_BUILD_DEVPOLL)) \
|| (NGX_HAVE_EVENTPORT && !(NGX_TEST_BUILD_EVENTPORT)))
...
#elif (NGX_HAVE_EPOLL && !(NGX_TEST_BUILD_EPOLL))
...
#elif (NGX_HAVE_POLL)
...
#else /* select */
...
#endif /* NGX_HAVE_KQUEUE */

Types

Type names end with the “_t” suffix.
A defined type name is separated by at least two spaces:

typedef ngx_uint_t ngx_rbtree_key_t;

Structure types are defined using typedef.
Inside structures, member types and names are aligned:

typedef struct {
size_t len;
u_char *data;
} ngx_str_t;

Keep alignment identical among different structures in the file.
A structure that points to itself has the name, ending with
“_s”.
Adjacent structure definitions are separated with two empty lines:

typedef struct ngx_list_part_s ngx_list_part_t;

struct ngx_list_part_s {
void *elts;
ngx_uint_t nelts;
ngx_list_part_t *next;
};

typedef struct {
ngx_list_part_t *last;
ngx_list_part_t part;
size_t size;
ngx_uint_t nalloc;
ngx_pool_t *pool;
} ngx_list_t;

Each structure member is declared on its own line:

typedef struct {
ngx_uint_t hash;
ngx_str_t key;
ngx_str_t value;
u_char *lowcase_key;
} ngx_table_elt_t;

Function pointers inside structures have defined types ending
with “_pt”:

typedef ssize_t (*ngx_recv_pt)(ngx_connection_t *c, u_char *buf, size_t size);
typedef ssize_t (*ngx_recv_chain_pt)(ngx_connection_t *c, ngx_chain_t *in,
off_t limit);
typedef ssize_t (*ngx_send_pt)(ngx_connection_t *c, u_char *buf, size_t size);
typedef ngx_chain_t *(*ngx_send_chain_pt)(ngx_connection_t *c, ngx_chain_t *in,
off_t limit);

typedef struct {
ngx_recv_pt recv;
ngx_recv_chain_pt recv_chain;
ngx_recv_pt udp_recv;
ngx_send_pt send;
ngx_send_pt udp_send;
ngx_send_chain_pt udp_send_chain;
ngx_send_chain_pt send_chain;
ngx_uint_t flags;
} ngx_os_io_t;

Enumerations have types ending with “_e”:

typedef enum {
ngx_http_fastcgi_st_version = 0,
ngx_http_fastcgi_st_type,
...
ngx_http_fastcgi_st_padding
} ngx_http_fastcgi_state_e;

Variables

Variables are declared sorted by length of a base type, then alphabetically.
Type names and variable names are aligned.
The type and name “columns” are separated with two spaces.
Large arrays are put at the end of a declaration block:

u_char | | *rv, *p;
ngx_conf_t | | *cf;
ngx_uint_t | | i, j, k;
unsigned int | | len;
struct sockaddr | | *sa;
const unsigned char | | *data;
ngx_peer_connection_t | | *pc;
ngx_http_core_srv_conf_t | |**cscfp;
ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t| | *us, *uscf;
u_char | | text[NGX_SOCKADDR_STRLEN];

Static and global variables may be initialized on declaration:

static ngx_str_t ngx_http_memcached_key = ngx_string("memcached_key");

static ngx_uint_t mday[] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

static uint32_t ngx_crc32_table16[] = {
0x00000000, 0x1db71064, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x26d930ac,
...
0x9b64c2b0, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xa00ae278, 0xbdbdf21c
};

There is a bunch of commonly used type/name combinations:

u_char *rv;
ngx_int_t rc;
ngx_conf_t *cf;
ngx_connection_t *c;
ngx_http_request_t *r;
ngx_peer_connection_t *pc;
ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t *us, *uscf;

Functions

All functions (even static ones) should have prototypes.
Prototypes include argument names.
Long prototypes are wrapped with a single indentation on continuation lines:

static char *ngx_http_block(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_command_t *cmd, void *conf);
static ngx_int_t ngx_http_init_phases(ngx_conf_t *cf,
ngx_http_core_main_conf_t *cmcf);

static char *ngx_http_merge_servers(ngx_conf_t *cf,
ngx_http_core_main_conf_t *cmcf, ngx_http_module_t *module,
ngx_uint_t ctx_index);

The function name in a definition starts with a new line.
The function body opening and closing braces are on separate lines.
The body of a function is indented.
There are two empty lines between functions:

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_find_virtual_server(ngx_http_request_t *r, u_char *host, size_t len)
{
...
}

static ngx_int_t
ngx_http_add_addresses(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_http_core_srv_conf_t *cscf,
ngx_http_conf_port_t *port, ngx_http_listen_opt_t *lsopt)
{
...
}

There is no space after the function name and opening parenthesis.
Long function calls are wrapped such that continuation lines start
from the position of the first function argument.
If this is impossible, format the first continuation line such that it
ends at position 79:

ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,
"http header: \"%V: %V\"",
&h->key, &h->value);

hc->busy = ngx_palloc(r->connection->pool,
cscf->large_client_header_buffers.num * sizeof(ngx_buf_t *));

The ngx_inline macro should be used instead of
inline:

static ngx_inline void ngx_cpuid(uint32_t i, uint32_t *buf);

Expressions

Binary operators except “.” and “−>”
should be separated from their operands by one space.
Unary operators and subscripts are not separated from their operands by spaces:

width = width * 10 + (*fmt++ - '0');

ch = (u_char) ((decoded << 4) + (ch - '0'));

r->exten.data = &r->uri.data[i + 1];

Type casts are separated by one space from casted expressions.
An asterisk inside type cast is separated with space from type name:

len = ngx_sock_ntop((struct sockaddr *) sin6, p, len, 1);

If an expression does not fit into single line, it is wrapped.
The preferred point to break a line is a binary operator.
The continuation line is lined up with the start of expression:

if (status == NGX_HTTP_MOVED_PERMANENTLY
|| status == NGX_HTTP_MOVED_TEMPORARILY
|| status == NGX_HTTP_SEE_OTHER
|| status == NGX_HTTP_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT
|| status == NGX_HTTP_PERMANENT_REDIRECT)
{
...
}

p->temp_file->warn = "an upstream response is buffered "
"to a temporary file";

As a last resort, it is possible to wrap an expression so that the
continuation line ends at position 79:

hinit->hash = ngx_pcalloc(hinit->pool, sizeof(ngx_hash_wildcard_t)
+ size * sizeof(ngx_hash_elt_t *));

The above rules also apply to sub-expressions,
where each sub-expression has its own indentation level:

if (((u->conf->cache_use_stale & NGX_HTTP_UPSTREAM_FT_UPDATING)
|| c->stale_updating) && !r->background
&& u->conf->cache_background_update)
{
...
}

Sometimes, it is convenient to wrap an expression after a cast.
In this case, the continuation line is indented:

node = (ngx_rbtree_node_t *)
((u_char *) lr - offsetof(ngx_rbtree_node_t, color));

Pointers are explicitly compared to
NULL (not 0):

if (ptr != NULL) {
...
}

Conditionals and Loops

The “if” keyword is separated from the condition by
one space.
Opening brace is located on the same line, or on a
dedicated line if the condition takes several lines.
Closing brace is located on a dedicated line, optionally followed
by “else if / else”.
Usually, there is an empty line before the
“else if / else” part:

if (node->left == sentinel) {
temp = node->right;
subst = node;

} else if (node->right == sentinel) {
temp = node->left;
subst = node;

} else {
subst = ngx_rbtree_min(node->right, sentinel);

if (subst->left != sentinel) {
temp = subst->left;

} else {
temp = subst->right;
}
}

Similar formatting rules are applied to “do”
and “while” loops:

while (p < last && *p == ' ') {
p++;
}

do {
ctx->node = rn;
ctx = ctx->next;
} while (ctx);

The “switch” keyword is separated from the condition by
one space.
Opening brace is located on the same line.
Closing brace is located on a dedicated line.
The “case” keywords are lined up with
“switch”:

switch (ch) {
case '!':
looked = 2;
state = ssi_comment0_state;
break;

case '<':
copy_end = p;
break;

default:
copy_end = p;
looked = 0;
state = ssi_start_state;
break;
}

Most “for” loops are formatted like this:

for (i = 0; i < ccf->env.nelts; i++) {
...
}

for (q = ngx_queue_head(locations);
q != ngx_queue_sentinel(locations);
q = ngx_queue_next(q))
{
...
}

If some part of the “for” statement is omitted,
this is indicated by the “/* void */” comment:

for (i = 0; /* void */ ; i++) {
...
}

A loop with an empty body is also indicated by the
“/* void */” comment which may be put on the same line:

for (cl = *busy; cl->next; cl = cl->next) { /* void */ }

An endless loop looks like this:

for ( ;; ) {
...
}

Labels

Labels are surrounded with empty lines and are indented at the previous level:

if (i == 0) {
u->err = "host not found";
goto failed;
}

u->addrs = ngx_pcalloc(pool, i * sizeof(ngx_addr_t));
if (u->addrs == NULL) {
goto failed;
}

u->naddrs = i;

...

return NGX_OK;

failed:

freeaddrinfo(res);
return NGX_ERROR;

Debugging memory issues

To debug memory issues such as buffer overruns or use-after-free errors, you
can use the
AddressSanitizer (ASan) supported by some modern compilers.
To enable ASan with gcc and clang,
use the -fsanitize=address compiler and linker option.
When building nginx, this can be done by adding the option to
--with-cc-opt and --with-ld-opt
parameters of the configure script.

Since most allocations in nginx are made from nginx internal
pool, enabling ASan may not always be enough to debug
memory issues.
The internal pool allocates a big chunk of memory from the system and cuts
smaller allocations from it.
However, this mechanism can be disabled by setting the
NGX_DEBUG_PALLOC macro to 1.
In this case, allocations are passed directly to the system allocator giving it
full control over the buffers boundaries.

The following configuration line summarizes the information provided above.
It is recommended while developing third-party modules and testing nginx on
different platforms.

auto/configure --with-cc-opt='-fsanitize=address -DNGX_DEBUG_PALLOC=1'
--with-ld-opt=-fsanitize=address

Common Pitfalls

Writing a C module

The most common pitfall is an attempt to write a full-fledged C module
when it can be avoided.
In most cases your task can be accomplished by creating a proper configuration.
If writing a module is inevitable, try to make it
as small and simple as possible.
For example, a module can only export some
variables.

Before starting a module, consider the following questions:

Is it possible to implement a desired feature using already
available modules?

Is it possible to solve an issue using built-in scripting languages,
such as Perl
or njs?

C Strings

The most used string type in nginx,
ngx_str_t is not a C-Style
zero-terminated string.
You cannot pass the data to standard C library functions
such as strlen() or strstr().
Instead, nginx counterparts
that accept either ngx_str_t should be used
or pointer to data and a length.
However, there is a case when ngx_str_t holds
a pointer to a zero-terminated string: strings that come as a result of
configuration file parsing are zero-terminated.

Global Variables

Avoid using global variables in your modules.
Most likely this is an error to have a global variable.
Any global data should be tied to a configuration cycle
and be allocated from the corresponding memory pool.
This allows nginx to perform graceful configuration reloads.
An attempt to use global variables will likely break this feature,
because it will be impossible to have two configurations at
the same time and get rid of them.
Sometimes global variables are required.
In this case, special attention is needed to manage reconfiguration
properly.
Also, check if libraries used by your code have implicit
global state that may be broken on reload.

Manual Memory Management

Instead of dealing with malloc/free approach which is error prone,
learn how to use nginx pools.
A pool is created and tied to an object -
configuration,
cycle,
connection,
or HTTP request.
When the object is destroyed, the associated pool is destroyed too.
So when working with an object, it is possible to allocate the amount
needed from the corresponding pool and don't care about freeing memory
even in case of errors.

Threads

It is recommended to avoid using threads in nginx because it will
definitely break things: most nginx functions are not thread-safe.
It is expected that a thread will be executing only system calls and
thread-safe library functions.
If you need to run some code that is not related to client request processing,
the proper way is to schedule a timer in the init_process
module handler and perform required actions in timer handler.
Internally nginx makes use of threads to
boost IO-related operations, but this is a special case with a lot
of limitations.

Blocking Libraries

A common mistake is to use libraries that are blocking internally.
Most libraries out there are synchronous and blocking by nature.
In other words, they perform one operation at a time and waste
time waiting for response from other peer.
As a result, when a request is processed with such library, whole
nginx worker is blocked, thus destroying performance.
Use only libraries that provide asynchronous interface and don't
block whole process.

HTTP Requests to External Services

Often modules need to perform an HTTP call to some external service.
A common mistake is to use some external library, such as libcurl,
to perform the HTTP request.
It is absolutely unnecessary to bring a huge amount of external
(probably blocking!) code
for the task which can be accomplished by nginx itself.

There are two basic usage scenarios when an external request is needed:

in the context of processing a client request (for example, in content handler)

in the context of a worker process (for example, timer handler)

In the first case, the best is to use
subrequests API.
Instead of directly accessing external service, you declare a location
in nginx configuration and direct your subrequest to this location.
This location is not limited to
proxying
requests, but may contain other nginx directives.
An example of such approach is the
auth_request
directive implemented in
ngx_http_auth_request module.

For the second case, it is possible to use basic HTTP client functionality
available in nginx.
For example,
OCSP module
implements simple HTTP client.