Osmanlı Müelliflerinin Çalışmalarında Zeyd-Zeyneb Hadisesi Bağlamında Voltaire’in “Fanatizm veya Peygamber Muhammed’in Bağnazlığı” Adlı Tiyatro Eseri Üzerine Değerlendirmeler
In The Works of The Ottoman Authors Some Evaluations on Voltaire’s Theatrical Work “Mahomet The Prophet or Fanaticism” in The Context of Zayd-Zaynab Issue
Yazar: Hacıismailoğlu, Muhammed İhsan
Dergi: Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 19 No. 1, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler: İslam Tarihi,Hz Muhammed,Zeyneb bnt. Cahş,Hz Muhammed ve Fanatizm,Voltaire ; History of Islam,Muhammad,Zaynab bint Jahsh,Prophet Muhammad and Fanaticism,Voltaire

İslamiyet, tarih sahnesineçıkışından kısa bir süre sonra bu yeni dini kendilerine en büyük rakip olarakgören diğer din mensubu çevrelerin hedefi haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Kısa süreiçerisinde İslam’ın Arap Yarımadası’ndan Çin’e ve Ortadoğu’dan Avrupa içlerinekadar yayılması neticesinde başta Hıristiyanlık olmak üzere gayrimüslim dünyaİslam’a karşı bir mücadele içerisine girmişlerdir. Girişilen bu mücadele siyasive askeri alanda olduğu gibi, ilmî ve kültürel alanda da kendisini göstermeyebaşlamış ve yalnızca dinin kendisine karşı değil onu tebliğ eden peygamberineyani Hz. Muhammed’e karşı da yürütülmüştür.İslam’ın Doğu’da ve Batı’da kısazaman içerisinde hızlı bir ilerleyiş sağlaması, Batı toplumunun dikkatlerini buyeni din üzerine çekti ve onları İslam ve İslâmî ilimler üzerinde birtakımaraştırmalara sevk etti. Ancak Avrupalıların bu ilgisi İslam’a olan hayranlıklarındandeğil, onu yakından tanımak suretiyle hem İslam’a hem de Müslümanlara zararvermek istemelerinden ileri gelmekteydi. İşte bu doğrultuda Batı dünyası, İslampeygamberi Hz. Muhammed’i küçük düşürmek için haksız ithamlarla karalamayaçalışmışlar ve bu yönde çok sayıda eser yazmışlardır. Bu noktada en çokkullandıkları konu ise Hz. Peygamber’in aile hayatı olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’inçok eşliliği ve özellikle de evlatlığı Zeyd b. Hârise’nin boşamış olduğu hanımıZeyneb bint Cahş ile gerçekleştirdiği evlilik, Batılı yazarlar tarafından Hz.Peygamber’i ve onun özelinde de İslamiyet’i eleştiri ve hatta İslam’a saldırıamacıyla kullanılmıştır. İşte bu şekilde Hz. Peygamber ve İslamiyet hakkındatarihî gerçekleri çarpıtarak bir eser ortaya koyanlardan birisi de Fransızyazar Voltaire olmuştur. Voltaire’in kaleme aldığı ve birkaç kez Avrupatiyatrolarında da sahnelenen Le Fanatismeou Mahomet le Prophete Tragedie / Fanatizm veya Peygamber Muhammed’inBağnazlığı adlı piyesi başta Osmanlı kamuoyu olmak üzereİslam toplumunda büyük bir infial uyandırmıştır. Bu araştırmamızda konuylailgili rivayetler ve yorumlar üzerinden Osmanlı’nın son döneminde yazılmış veyabu dönemde yetişmiş müelliflerin Cumhuriyet döneminde kaleme almış olduğueserlerde konuya nasıl yaklaşıldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılacak ve onların birdeğerlendirmesi yapılacaktır.

AbstractAs it is known, shortly after its appearanceon the stage of Islam, Islam has become the target of other religious circles,who regard this new religion as their greatest rival. As a result of the spreadof Islam from the Arabian Peninsula to China and from the Middle East toEurope, the non-Muslim world, especially Christianity, entered into a struggleagainst Islam. This struggle began to manifest itself in the scientific andcultural spheres as well as in the political and military spheres, and not onlyagainst the religion itself, but also against the Prophet Muhammad. The rapid progress of Islam in the East andthe West in a short period of time drew the attention of Western society tothis new religion and led them to research on Islam and Islamic sciences. However,this interest of Europeans was not due to their admiration of Islam, butbecause they wanted to harm both Islam and Muslims by getting to know thereligion closely. In this direction, the Western world tried to defame the ProphetMuhammad with unfair accusations and wrote many works for this. The subjectthey used most was the family life of the Prophet Muhammad. The polygamy of theProphet Muhammad and especially his marriage with Zaynab bint Jahsh, who hadbeen divorced by his adopted son Zayd b. Harithah, was described by Westernwriters and it was used to criticize Muhammad and Islam and even to attackIslam. In this way, one of the authors who distorted the truth about the ProphetMuhammad and Islam is theFrench writer Voltaire. Voltaire’s play Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le Prophete Tragedie / Mahometthe Prophet or Fanaticism, which hasbeen staged several times in European theaters, has aroused great indignationin Islamic society, especially in the Ottoman public. In this research, therumors and comments about the subject were tried to be evaluated.SummaryShortly after its appearance on the Worldstage, Islam became the target of other religious circles, who regarded thisnew religion as their greatest rival. As a result of the spread of Islam fromthe Arabian Peninsula to China and from the Middle East to Europe, thenon-Muslim world, especially Christianity, entered into a struggle againstIslam. This struggle began to manifest itself in the scientific and culturalspheres as well as in the political and military spheres and was targeted notonly against the religion itself but also against the Prophet Muhammad. The rapid progress of Islam in the East andthe West in a short period of time drew the attention of Western society tothis new religion and led them to research Islam and Islamic sciences. However,this interest of the Europeans was not due to their admiration of Islam, but itwas because they wanted to harm both Islam and Muslims by getting to know thereligion closely. This way, the Western world tried to defame the Prophet Mohammad withunfair accusations and produced many works on this subject. The subject theyused most was the family life of the Prophet Muhammad. The polygamy of theProphet Muhammad and especially his marriage with Zaynab bint Jahsh, who hadbeen divorced by his adopted son Zayd b. Harithah was described by Westernwriters and it was used to criticize Muhammad and Islam and even to attack Islam. One of the authors who distortedthe truth about Muhammad and Islam in this regard is the French writerVoltaire.  Voltaire’s play Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le PropheteTragedie / Mahomet the Prophet or Fanaticism, which has been staged several times in European theaters, has arousedgreat indignation in Islamic society, especially in the Ottoman public.Zaynab bint Jahsh is the daughter of Prophet  Muhammad’s aunt. Whereas Zayd b. Harithah is Mohammed’s freed slave. After hisrelease from slavery, Mohammed adopted him. Prophet Muhammad married Zayd to Zaynab. But this marriage didn’t lastlong and Zayd and Zaynab got divorced. A few months later, Prophet Muhammad received a revelation from Allah that ordered him tomarry Zaynab. In this verse, the Quran aims to eliminate the situation which itis forbidden to marry the adopted son’s divorced wife in ancient Arabtraditions. Muhammad marriedZaynab after Allah’s command and this Arabic tradition has disappeared. The marriage of Mohammed and Zaynab was to be muchdiscussed by the orientalists in the following centuries. Orientalistsmanipulated this issue to attack Islam. It was often claimed that thepermission to marry an adopted son’s divorced wife was only declared becauseMuhammad wanted to marry Zaynab. But this is a definite slander of theorientalists. Because, if Muhammad’s real wish was to marry Zaynab he wouldhave done this a long time ago.Many orientalists made false claims about Muhammad’smarriage to Zaynab. The French writer Voltaire also wrote a play about thisevent. Voltaire wrote this theater play about Prophet Muhammad, hisadopted son Zayd and Zayd’s divorced wife Zaynab who married the Prophet Muhammad after being divorced by Zayd. It was written based onthe marriage of the Prophet and Zaynab. This work of Voltaire, which continuedto be discussed both in his own period and in the later years, in set in anexotic land, with false identities, that describes an illegal play of love,long-lost fathers and children find each other and all are described as acomplex tale that leads to murder or suicide.In this work, Voltaire described Muhammad in veryhumiliating terms. In the West, the idea of Prophet Muhammad was alreadynegative. Voltaire’s play seems to have increased the negativity of Muhammad’sperception much further. Therefore, there have been great reactions andobjections to this theater play in Islamic society.