hakansabunis/tr-academic-research-agent-index huggingface dataset:
Anadolu Kültüründe Kilit (Doğu Ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Örnekleri)
The door lock in Anatolian culture
Yazar: Saraçoğlu, Semra; Karakaş, Bülent
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Key,lock,padlock,Anatolia,door ; Anahtar, kilit, asma kilit, Anadolu, kapı

Doors allow for opening between spaces, interior and exterior whereas door locks provide privacy and seclusion. A lock is a particular mechanism and a functional part of the door. Doors without locks serve for separation, but it is the lock or padlock which signifies posession. By definition, a lock is a shutting device working with the help of a part that can be installed and removed, such as a key or a button.Apart from its protective features, a certain type of lock is important in providing information about the sociological and cultural modes in a given period. In Anatolia, locks from the eastern and southeastern regions, presented in this article, carry simple mechanisms, mainly becuse the community did not demand complete isolation. Interdependence and collaboration typical of nomadic society was widespread in this part of the country for a very long period. Sophisticated locks were unnecessary in this setting. Different mechanical locks, however, with elaborate mechanisms were produced to display mastery, but these were not for common use.

Doors allow for opening between spaces, interior and exterior whereasdoor locks provide privacy and seclusion. A lock is a particular mechanism anda functional part of the door. Doors without locks serve for separation, but it isthe lock or padlock which signifies posession. By definition, a lock is a shuttingdevice working with the help of a part that can be installed and removed, suchas a key or a button.Apart from its protective features, a certain type of lock is important inproviding information about the sociological and cultural modes in a givenperiod. In Anatolia, locks from the eastern and southeastern regions, presentedin this article, carry simple mechanisms, mainly becuse the community did notdemand complete isolation. Interdependence and collaboration typical ofnomadic society was widespread in this part of the country for a very longperiod. Sophisticated locks were unnecessary in this setting. Differentmechanical locks, however, with elaborate mechanisms were produced todisplay mastery, but these were not for common use.
Ankara Yüksek Ziraat Enstitüsü’nde Mülteci Bilim Adamları
Emigré scientists at the Ankara Higher Institute of Agriculture
Yazar: Kadıoğlu, Sevtap
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Ankara Yüksek Ziraat Enstitüsü, mülteci bilim adamları, tarım eğitimi, bilim tarihi ; Ankara Higher Institute of Agriculture,émigré scientists,agricultural education,history of science

The opening of the Higher Institute of Agriculture (Ankara Yüksek ZiraatEnstitüsü) in 1933 in Ankara, and that of Istanbul University the same yearfollowing the Atatürk’s University Reformation were two major events havingsignificant impact on Turkish education and science. The aim in establishingboth institutions was to introduce the scientific methods of the new century intoTurkey. European scholars were recruited to both institutions for this purpose.Though most of the appointed academicians were from Germany. Almost all ofthe scientists arriving at the Istanbul University were those discharged fromtheir posts in German universities. On the other hand, scholars nominated by theReich held professorships in the Higher Institute of Agriculture in Ankara.Thus, while scholars worked as emigrants in Istanbul. Others worked asrepresentatives of German universities in Ankara from 1933 until early 1940s.There were, however, four émigré scientists in the Higher Institute ofAgriculture at Ankara: The geologists Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi and MaxPfannenstiel, the chemist Otto Gerngross, and the botanist Hans Bremer. Allfour contributed to the Turkish agriculture and geology as researchers,professors or/and advisers in Higher Institute of Agriculture and other Turkishgovernmental institutions.

The opening of the Higher Institute of Agriculture (Ankara Yüksek ZiraatEnstitüsü) in 1933 in Ankara, and that of Istanbul University the same yearfollowing the Atatürk’s University Reformation were two major events havingsignificant impact on Turkish education and science. The aim in establishingboth institutions was to introduce the scientific methods of the new century intoTurkey. European scholars were recruited to both institutions for this purpose.Though most of the appointed academicians were from Germany. Almost all ofthe scientists arriving at the Istanbul University were those discharged fromtheir posts in German universities. On the other hand, scholars nominated by theReich held professorships in the Higher Institute of Agriculture in Ankara.Thus, while scholars worked as emigrants in Istanbul. Others worked asrepresentatives of German universities in Ankara from 1933 until early 1940s.There were, however, four émigré scientists in the Higher Institute ofAgriculture at Ankara: The geologists Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi and MaxPfannenstiel, the chemist Otto Gerngross, and the botanist Hans Bremer. Allfour contributed to the Turkish agriculture and geology as researchers,professors or/and advisers in Higher Institute of Agriculture and other Turkishgovernmental institutions.
Hititlerin Astronomi Bilgisine Ve Hitit Takvimine Bir Bakış
An essay on the astronomical knowledge and the calendar of the Hittites
Yazar: Erginöz, Gaye
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Hititler, astronomi, astroloji, takvim, bayram rituelleri, tarım ; Hittites,astronomy,astrology,calendar,festival rituals,agriculture

Ancient societies, in order to record natural phenomena and social events, observed the motions of the celestial bodies. The Anatolian Hittites followed this tradition which they inherited from Mesopotamian culture. They developed certain ideas to explain the natural phenomena they could not fully comprehend. They observed the various natural phenomena including celestial bodies which they believed to reflect the ‘opinions’ of the Gods.The primary sources providing information on the Hittite astrology are the texts on fortune telling and the feast rituals inscribed on the clay tablets excavated at Hattusha, the capital city of the Hittites in Asia Minor. These cuneiform tablets contain astrological omens of Mesopotamian origin regarding the Moon, the Sun and the stars. Celestial observations were important for the Hittites, and they regarded their celestial observations as messages sent by the Gods. The astrological tablets witness that Hittites studied solar and lunar eclipses and interpreted these celestial events as connected to the future of their land and society. Despite the lack of sufficient information on the Hittite calendar, it has been established that it is generally in compliance with those used in Mesopotamia. The Hittite lunar calendar was closely related with seasonal changes and the agricultural life.

Ancient societies, in order to record natural phenomena and social events,observed the motions of the celestial bodies. The Anatolian Hittites followed thistradition which they inherited from Mesopotamian culture. They developedcertain ideas to explain the natural phenomena they could not fully comprehend.They observed the various natural phenomena including celestial bodies whichthey believed to reflect the ‘opinions’ of the Gods.The primary sources providing information on the Hittite astrology are the textson fortune telling and the feast rituals inscribed on the clay tablets excavated atHattusha, the capital city of the Hittites in Asia Minor. These cuneiform tabletscontain astrological omens of Mesopotamian origin regarding the Moon, the Sunand the stars. Celestial observations were important for the Hittites, and theyregarded their celestial observations as messages sent by the Gods. Theastrological tablets witness that Hittites studied solar and lunar eclipses andinterpreted these celestial events as connected to the future of their land andsociety. Despite the lack of sufficient information on the Hittite calendar, it hasbeen established that it is generally in compliance with those used inMesopotamia. The Hittite lunar calendar was closely related with seasonalchanges and the agricultural life.
Astronomik Düzenlilikten Sosyo-Matematik Uylaşıma Takvim
Calendar: From astronomical regularity to socio-mathematical consensus
Yazar: Ayan, Dursun
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Folk calendars,sociology of everyday life,weather-lore,protopositivism,Uluğ Takvimi,Saatli Maarif Takvimi,socio-mathematics,socioastronomy,folk meteorology in Turkey ; Halk takvimleri, hava tahmini, proto-pozitivizm, sosyo-matematik sosyo-astronomi, Uluğ Takvimi, Saatli Maarif Takvimi, Türkiye‟de halk meteorolojisi

Although, positivism is a modern concept, its roots were embedded in human life before its formulation, because basic mathematics was in use with numbers and symbols to organize the daily life. Measuring instruments and calendars were characteristic examples of this phenomenon and it‟s possible to call this state as “proto-positivism”. Astronomy, as a result of its cosmic structure, is an exact science. On the other hand, sociology is concerned with social life which is highly complex. Since the early stages of history, societal cultures involved rules in accordance with the daily life based on the movements of the Moon and the Sun. The present work aims to study this process in the light of socio-mathematical and socio-astronomical concepts as based on Uluğ Takvimi, a folk calendar published in 1940 in Turkey. The days of the year are listed and the related important meteorological features are defined by referring to the late 19th and early 20th century calenders published in Turkey.

Although, positivism is a modern concept, its roots were embedded inhuman life before its formulation, because basic mathematics was in use withnumbers and symbols to organize the daily life. Measuring instruments and calendars were characteristic examples of this phenomenon and it‟s possible tocall this state as “proto-positivism”. Astronomy, as a result of its cosmic structure, is an exact science. On the other hand, sociology is concerned with sociallife which is highly complex. Since the early stages of history, societal culturesinvolved rules in accordance with the daily life based on the movements of theMoon and the Sun. The present work aims to study this process in the light ofsocio-mathematical and socio-astronomical concepts as based on Uluğ Takvimi,a folk calendar published in 1940 in Turkey. The days of the year are listed andthe related important meteorological features are defined by referring to the late19th and early 20th century calenders published in Turkey.
Çevre Avrupası'nda Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi VI. Uluslararası Kongresi, International Symposium on Science and Technology in European Periphery  (STEP's VIth Meeting) / İstanbul, 18-22 Haziran 2008
Çevre Avrupası'nda Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi VI. Uluslararası Kongresi, International Symposium on Science and Technology in European Periphery  (STEP's VIth Meeting) / İstanbul, 18-22 Haziran 2008
Yazar: Günergun, Feza
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Çevre,Avrupası'nda,Bilim,Teknoloji

“Science and Technology in European Periphery” (STEP) grubunun VI. bilimsel toplantısı, İ.Ü. Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümü Bilim Tarihi Anabilim Dalı tarafından 18-22 Haziran 2008 tarihinde İstanbul'da düzenlendi. Kongre'de eski toplantılarda ele alınan, ancak grup üyeleri tarafından araştırılmaya devam edilen konular (Bilimde Tartışmalar, Bilim Kitapları, Bilimsel Geziler, Bilimin Popülerleştirilmesi) yanında, bir önceki toplantıda (Minorca 2006) yeni tema olarak seçilmiş olan “Bilimde Tartışmalar” üzerine bildiriler sunuldu. Kongre, T.C.Başbakanlık Tanıtma Fonu, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA) ve İDO'nun değerli katkılarıyla gerçekleştirildi. 1999 yılında Barselona'da kurulan STEP'in kuruluş amacı ve geçtiğimiz yıllarda düzenlediği toplantılara www.uoa.gr/step adresinden ulaşılabilir.

“Science and Technology in European Periphery” (STEP) grubunun VI. bilimsel toplantısı, İ.Ü. Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümü Bilim Tarihi Anabilim Dalı tarafından 18-22 Haziran 2008 tarihinde İstanbul'da düzenlendi. Kongre'de eski toplantılarda ele alınan, ancak grup üyeleri tarafından araştırılmaya devam edilen konular (Bilimde Tartışmalar, Bilim Kitapları, Bilimsel Geziler, Bilimin Popülerleştirilmesi) yanında, bir önceki toplantıda (Minorca 2006) yeni tema olarak seçilmiş olan “Bilimde Tartışmalar” üzerine bildiriler sunuldu. Kongre, T.C.Başbakanlık Tanıtma Fonu, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA) ve İDO'nun değerli katkılarıyla gerçekleştirildi. 1999 yılında Barselona'da kurulan STEP'in kuruluş amacı ve geçtiğimiz yıllarda düzenlediği toplantılara www.uoa.gr/step adresinden ulaşılabilir.
Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa: ‘Lineer Cebir’in Mucidi
Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha - The Inventor of ‘Linear Algebra’
Yazar: Schubring,  (çeviren: Sevtap Kadıoğlu), Gert
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 2, 2007
Anahtar kelimeler: Vidinli Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa, Lineer Cebir, matematik tarihi

Linear algebra constitutes today one of the most important basic theoriesof modern mathematics. During the period of the curricular reform movement,also called "modern mathematics", linear algebra even replaced propergeometry teaching within the school curriculum. While comparingmathematical cultures, it might be useful to comment on developments at the“periphery”, where their innovations often go beyond the state of the art attainedin the “metropoles,” even though these innovations may be noticed indirectly atbest. Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha (1832-1901), educated at the ‘Mühendishane’(Military School of Engineering) at Istanbul, was active there and in privateendeavours of teaching mathematics and the sciences. His Linear Algeba sawtwo editions in Istanbul in 1882 and 1892. Tevfik Pasha's notion of “linearalgebra” originates from an approach aiming at generalizing the notion ofmultiplication to lines in the two- and the three-dimensional case, thusestablishing a version of vectorial calculus. His focus on Argand as his sourceof motivation was conditioned by the lens of reception as practiced by Tait’sschool of quaternionists.

Linear algebra constitutes today one of the most important basic theories of modern mathematics. During the period of the curricular reform movement, also called "modern mathematics", linear algebra even replaced proper geometry teaching within the school curriculum. While comparing mathematical cultures, it might be useful to comment on developments at the “periphery”, where their innovations often go beyond the state of the art attained in the “metropoles,” even though these innovations may be noticed indirectly at best. Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha (1832-1901), educated at the ‘Mühendishane’ (Military School of Engineering) at Istanbul, was active there and in private endeavours of teaching mathematics and the sciences. His Linear Algeba saw two editions in Istanbul in 1882 and 1892. Tevfik Pasha's notion of “linear algebra” originates from an approach aiming at generalizing the notion of multiplication to lines in the two- and the three-dimensional case, thus establishing a version of vectorial calculus. His focus on Argand as his source of motivation was conditioned by the lens of reception as practiced by Tait’s school of quaternionists.
Kuzey Anadolu’da Amerikalı Bir Bitki Toplayıcısı: Carl Tobey (1918-1991)
An American Plant Collector in Samsun: Carl Tobey (1918-1991)
Yazar: Baytop, Asuman
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 2, 2007
Anahtar kelimeler: Turkish flora,botanical collections,collectors,C. Tobey,history of botany ; Türkiye florası, bitki toplamaları, toplayıcılar, C. Tobey, botanik tarihi.

Carl Tobey (1918-1991) came from New York to Samsun in 1955 to stay for only one year, but he lived there till the end of his life, acting as a teacher of English in the Turkish lycée, Samsun Anadolu Lisesi. He was fond of planting, gardening and collecting. He sent his plant collection to P.H. Davis (1918- 1992), the editor of Flora of Turkey project in Edinburgh. According to the citations of his 1140 specimens accepted in Flora of Turkey (1965-2000), he collected between 1964 and 1969, from 14 North Anatolian provinces, as Zonguldak, Kastamonu, Sinop, Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Çorum, Amasya, Tokat, Sivas, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, Erzurum. All his specimens in the Flora were numbered, but most undated. Only 9 specimens were bearing a date. His original collection is in Edinburgh. He also has specimens in Kew (K) and in Turkey, in ISTO (982 specimens) and in ISTE (57 specimens). We think that he has collected more than 6000 specimens in Turkey, but believe that only the Herbarium of Edinburgh (E) can tell about the exact or nearly exact number. Tobey is the collector of the types of 7 new taxa. They come from Zonguldak, Sinop, Amasya, Ordu, Giresun, Tokat and Sivas. Two species’ names bear the epithet tobeyi: Doronicum tobeyi J.R. Edmondson (the collector is Tobey) and Salvia tobeyi Hedge (the collector is P.Sintenis).

Carl Tobey (1918-1991) came from New York to Samsun in 1955 to stayfor only one year, but he lived there till the end of his life, acting as a teacher ofEnglish in the Turkish lycée, Samsun Anadolu Lisesi. He was fond of planting,gardening and collecting. He sent his plant collection to P.H. Davis (1918-1992), the editor of Flora of Turkey project in Edinburgh. According to thecitations of his 1140 specimens accepted in Flora of Turkey (1965-2000), hecollected between 1964 and 1969, from 14 North Anatolian provinces, asZonguldak, Kastamonu, Sinop, Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Çorum,Amasya, Tokat, Sivas, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, Erzurum. All his specimens in theFlora were numbered, but most undated. Only 9 specimens were bearing a date.His original collection is in Edinburgh. He also has specimens in Kew (K) andin Turkey, in ISTO (982 specimens) and in ISTE (57 specimens). We think thathe has collected more than 6000 specimens in Turkey, but believe that only theHerbarium of Edinburgh (E) can tell about the exact or nearly exact number.Tobey is the collector of the types of 7 new taxa. They come from Zonguldak,Sinop, Amasya, Ordu, Giresun, Tokat and Sivas. Two species’ names bear theepithet tobeyi: Doronicum tobeyi J.R. Edmondson (the collector is Tobey) andSalvia tobeyi Hedge (the collector is P.Sintenis).
Prof. Kâmil Karamanoğlu'nun (1920-1976) Botanik Gezileri ve Bitki Koleksiyonu
The botanical expeditions of Prof. Kâmil Karamano ğlu (1920-1976) and his plant collection
Yazar: Baytop, Asuman
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 2, 2007
Anahtar kelimeler: Kâmil Karamanoğlu,flora of Turkey,collectors,pharmaceutical botany,history of botany ; Kâmil Karamanoğlu, Türkiye florası, toplayıcılar, farmasötik botanik, botanik tarihi.

Prof.Dr. Kâmil Karamanoğlu (1920-1976), Ankara Üniversitesi EczacılıkFakültesi'nde, 1965'ten itibaren Farmasötik Botanik Kürsüsünü yönetmiş ve1966'da aynı fakültenin dekanlığına atanmış bir öğretim üyesidir. Bu dalda dersvermiş ve dersin kitabını yazmıştır. Araştırma olarak, Türkiye florası ileilgilenmiş, Anadolu'da gezmiş ve bitki örnekleri toplamıştır.Flora of Turkey (1965-2000) içinde, onun 239 örneğine rastladık.Örneklerinin 16'sı tipörnek durumundadır. 2'sinde toplayıcı kendisidir. 10'uP.H.Davis ile birlikte, 3'ü P.H.Davis ve A.Attila ile birlikte, 1'i H.Birand ilebirlikte toplanmıştır. Tipörnek toplayıcısı kendisi olmamakla beraber, 3 tür,niteleyicilerinde onun adını taşır. Karamanoğlu Türkiye’nin 61 ilinden bitki örneği toplamış ve toplamalarını 1942 ile 1970 yılları arasında yapmıştır.Örnekleri şu herbaryumlarda yer almıştır: AEF, ANK, E, GOET, ISTE, ISTF, Kve Hb.Hub.-Mor. ANK'da kayıtlara geçirilmiş örneklerinin sayısı 1897’dir.Kayıtlara henüz geçmemiş birçok örneği de vardır.

Prof. Dr. Kâmil Karamanoğlu (1920-1976) was head of the Departmentof Pharmaceutical Botany at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara Universityfrom 1965 on. He has been appointed dean of the same faculty in 1966. Helectured and wrote a textbook on Pharmaceutical Botany. As a researcher, hewas interested in the Turkish flora. He travelled through Anatolia and collectedplant specimens. The Flora of Turkey (1965-2000) cites 239 specimens of him.16 of them are type specimens. He is the collector of two of them, while he isco-collector in the others. Three species bear his name as epithet. He hasgathered from 61 provinces between 1942 and 1970. He has specimens in AEF,ANK, E, GOET, ISTE, ISTF, K and Hb.Hub.-Mor. His collection in ANKcounts 1897 registered specimens, where many others remain yet unregistered.
Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim Üzerinden O. Şevki Uludağ -  Fuat Köprülü Tartışması ve O. Şevki Uludağ’dan A. Adnan Adıvar’a Eleştiriler
Dr.Osman Şevki Uludağ disputes Professor Fuat Köprülü’s review of Science among the Ottoman Turks by A.Adıvar
Yazar: Yıldırım, Nuran
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 2, 2007
Anahtar kelimeler: sman Şevki Uludağ,Adnan Adıvar,Fuat Köprülü,Science among the Ottoman Turks,Turkish medical history ; Osman Şevki Uludağ, Adnan Adıvar, Fuat Köprülü, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim, Türk tıp tarihi

When published in 1943, Dr. Adnan Adıvar’s Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim (Science among the Ottoman Turks) met favorable criticism, especially from Professor Dr. M. Fuat Köprülü who praised Adıvar’s work for his objectivity. On the other hand, Köprülü pointed out that some authors, devoid of criticism, used to describe Ottoman history of science and medicine as imaginary and nationalistic. The medical historian Dr. Osman Sevki Uludağ whose works were referred to by Dr. A.Adıvar in his Science among the Ottoman Turks, published in the daily Tasvîr-i Efkâr a series of articles pointing to Adıvar’s shortcomings regarding Turkish medical history. In these articles Dr. Osman Şevki also responded to Fuat Köprülü’s general assessment of studies on Turkish history of medicine to date. The present paper aims to bring to light the criticism forwarded by F.Köprülü, A.Adıvar and O.Ş. Uludağ and re-evaluate based on present day researches.

When published in 1943, Dr. Adnan Adıvar’s Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim(Science among the Ottoman Turks) met favorable criticism, especially fromProfessor Dr. M. Fuat Köprülü who praised Adıvar’s work for his objectivity.On the other hand, Köprülü pointed out that some authors, devoid of criticism,used to describe Ottoman history of science and medicine as imaginary andnationalistic. The medical historian Dr. Osman Sevki Uludağ whose works werereferred to by Dr. A.Adıvar in his Science among the Ottoman Turks, publishedin the daily Tasvîr-i Efkâr a series of articles pointing to Adıvar’s shortcomingsregarding Turkish medical history. In these articles Dr. Osman Şevki alsoresponded to Fuat Köprülü’s general assessment of studies on Turkish history of medicine to date. The present paper aims to bring to light the criticismforwarded by F.Köprülü, A.Adıvar and O.Ş. Uludağ and re-evaluate based onpresent day researches.