hakansabunis/tr-academic-research-agent-index huggingface dataset:
Türkiye’de Pervane Çiçeğinde (Catharanthus roseus L.) Kök ve Kök Boğazı Çürüklüğüne Neden Olan Rhizoctonia solani AG-4’ün İlk Tespiti
First report of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root and crown rot on Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) in Turkey
Yazar: Tepedelen Ağaner, Güliz; Başbağcı, Gürkan
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 49 No. 2, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler: Catharanthus roseus,patojenisite,pervane çiçeği,Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 ; Catharanthus roseus,pathogenicity,Madagascar periwinkle,Rhizoctonia solani AG-4

Anavatanı Madagaskar olan pervane çiçeği (Catharanthus roseus L.) tek yıllık, çiçekli ve otsu özellikteki bir süs bitkisidir. Bu bitki park ve bahçeler için peyzaj amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Pervane çiçeğinde sorun olan en önemli hastalıkların başında Rhizoctonia solani’nin neden olduğu gövde, kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğü hastalığı gelmektedir. İzmir ilinde pervane bitkisinin yetiştirildiği alanlarda hastalıkla ilgili sorunlar gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle 2017 yılında İzmir ili Bornova ve Bayındır ilçesinden hastalıklı bitki örnekleri toplanmış ve yapılan izolasyonlar sonucunda R. solani izolatları elde edilmiştir. Patojenisite testi sonucunda izolatların pervane çiçeğinde kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğüne neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen izolatların morfolojik ve moleküler olarak tanılanması sonucu 5 adet R. solani AG-4 izolatı saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda tespit edilen R. solani AG-4 pervane çiçeği bitkisinde Türkiye için ilk kayıttır.

Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is an is annual, flowering and herbaceous ornamental plant originated in Madagascar. It is used for landscaping for parks and gardens. One of the most important disease in this plant is stem, root and crown rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Disease-related problems on the plants have been observed in growing areas in İzmir. For this reason, infected plant samples were collected from Bornova and Bayındır district in İzmir and R. solani isolates were obtained. As a result of the pathogenicity tests, all the isolates caused root and crown rot on Madagascar periwinkle. According to morphological and molecular identification methods, 5 R. solani AG-4 isolates were determined. This is the first report of R. solani AG-4 of Madagascar periwinkle in Turkey.
Sert Çekirdeklilerde Bakteriyel Kansere Neden Olan Pseudomonas syringae Pathovarlarının Klasik ve Moleküler Yöntemlerle Tanısı
Classical and Molecular Diagnosis of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars Causing Bacterıal Canker on Stone Fruits
Yazar: Ertimurtaş, Damla; Özaktan, Hatice
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 49 No. 3, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler: tanılama,PCR,Sert çekirdekliler,Pseudomonas syringae,Bakteriyel hastalık ; identification,PCR,Stone fruits,Pseudomonas syringae,Bacterial disease

Bakteriyel kanser belirtisi görülen şeftali, badem ve kiraz gibi sert çekirdekli meyve ağaçlarından izole edilmiş ve Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü Bakteriyoloji laboratuar stoklarına alınmış 15 Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) pathovarlarının LOPAT (levan oluşumu, oxidase, patateste pektolitik aktivite, arginin dehidrolaz, tütünde aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonu), GATTa (jelatinin hidrolizi, aesculinin hidrolizi, tyrosin aktivitesi, tartaric acid), karbon kaynaklarının kullanımı klasik tanı testleri ile tanısı yapılmıştır. Ayrıca patojenisite, in-vitro’da syringomycin üretimi ve buz çekirdeği oluşturma aktivitesi (INA) tanı testleri yapılmıştır. Klasik tanı testleri sonucunda kesin tanısı yapılamayan Pseudomonas syringae pathovarı izolatlarının moleküler tanısı yapılmıştır. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss)’nin syringomycin sentezinden sorumlu syrB geni ve Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum (Psm)’un coronatine sentezinden sorumlu cfl geni klasik PCR ile belirlenmiştir. Pss ve Psm’nin ayırt edilmesinde 4 housekeeping geni (cts, rpoD, gapA, gyrB) sekans analizleri yapılmıştır. Klasik ve moleküler tanı sonucunda 15 Ps pathovarının 9’u Pss olarak kesin tanısı yapılmıştır.

15 Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) pathovars isolated from stone fruit trees such as peach, almond and cherry with bacterial cancer symptoms and kept in the Bacteriology laboratory stocks of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection were identified based on LOPAT (levan, oxidase, potato rot pectolytic activity, arginin dihydrolase, hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves), GATTa (gelatin liquefaction, aesculin hydrolysis, tyrosinase activity, utilization of tartaric acid), utilization of carbon tests classical methods. In addition, pathogenicity, syringomycin production and ice nucleation activity (INA) were used for the identification. Pseudomonas syringae pathovars were identified by PCR that cannot be diagnosed with classical tests. Molecular diagnosis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) strains were based on syringomycin synthesis (syrB) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum (Psm) strains were based on coronatine synthesis (cfl) were diagnosed using PCR. Also sequence analysis of 4 housekeeping genes (cts, rpoD, gapA, gyrB) were used to distinguish Pss and Psm. As a result of classical and molecular identification 9 of 15 Ps pathovars were identified as Pss.
Ege Bölgesi’nde Buğdayda Septorya Yaprak Lekesi Hastalığı (Zymoseptoria tritici)’nın Yaygınlığının Belirlenmesi ve Moleküler Tanılanması
Ege Bölgesi’nde Buğdayda Septorya Yaprak Lekesi Hastalığı (Zymoseptoria tritici)’nın Yaygınlığının Belirlenmesi ve Moleküler Tanılanması
Yazar: Eğerci, Yeşim; Öztürk, M Ömer; Hekimhan, Hakan; Uysal, Ayşe
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 49 No. 3, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler: Septoria Leaf Blotch,Zymoseptoria tritici,Wheat,ITS,Identification ; Septorya Yaprak Lekesi,Zymoseptoria tritici,Buğday,ITS,Tanılama

Buğday dünyada en çok üretilen ve pek çok ülkenin beslenme, ticaret ve ekim nöbeti sistemlerinde vazgeçilmez bir kültür bitkisidir. Buğday yetiştiriciliğinde verim ve kaliteyi olumsuz yönde etkileyen unsurların en önemlilerinden biri, fungal hastalıkların neden olduğu kayıplardır. Septorya yaprak lekesi hastalığı, buğday üretimini etkileyen önemli bir fungal hastalıktır. Ege Bölgesi’nin önemli buğday ekilişine sahip olan Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Denizli, Kütahya ve Manisa illerinde; 2015-2016 yılları arasında survey çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Surveyler sonucunda hastalık etmeninin yaygınlık oranı; 2015 yılında % 33.29, 2016 yılında ise % 25.02 ile en yüksek Manisa ilinde belirlenmiştir. Bunu sırasıyla 2015 yılında, %24.51, %22.83, %16.25 ve %11.90 ile Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Kütahya ve Denizli, 2016 yılında ise % 21.32, %18.67, %14.35 ve %8.62 ile Kütahya, Çanakkale, Balıkesir ve Denizli illeri takip etmiştir. Yapılan surveyler sonucunda, 185 hastalık belirtisi gösteren örnekten, 70 adet Z. tritici izolatı elde edilmiştir. Zymoseptoria tritici izolatlarının moleküler tanısı ITS-1 ve ITS-4 primer çifti ile yapılmıştır.

Wheat is the most produced in the world and it is indispensable in culture plant that according to nutrition, trade and rotation systems in many countries. One of the most important agents in the wheat cultivation yield and quality of adversely affecting fungal diseases are caused losses. Septoria leaf blotch disease is an important fungal disease affecting wheat production. Surveys were carried out between 2015 and 2016 in Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Denizli, Kütahya and Manisa provinces, which have important wheat cultivation in the Aegean Region. In 2015 and 2016, the prevalence of the disease as a result of survey was highest in Manisa province with 33.29% and 25.02%, followed by Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Kütahya, Denizli with 24.51%, 22.83%, 16.25% and 11.90% in 2015, Kütahya, Çanakkale, Balıkesir and Denizli with 21.32%, 18.67%, 14.35%  and 8.62%, respectively in 2016. In this surveys, 70 Z. tritici isolates were obtained from 185 samples which had disease symptoms. In the molecular diagnosis of Zymoseptoria tritici using primers ITS-1 and ITS-4.
Ege Bölgesi Çilek Üretim Alanlarındaki Viral Etmenlerin Tanılanması Üzerinde Çalışmalar
Studies on the Detection of Viruses in Strawberry Growing Areas in Aegean Region
Yazar: Yeşilçöllü, Sena; Gümüş, Mustafa; Paylan, İsmail Can
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 40 No. 1-2-3, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler: Strawberry, virus, detection, RT-PCR

To find out the incidence of strawberry viruses in the important growing areas of Aegean Region, the total of 221 plant samples were randomly collected from strawberry plantations with virus like symptoms in 2008 and 2009. The presence of Arabis mosaic virus (ArBV), Strawberry crinckle virus (SCV), Strawberry latent ring spot virus (SLRSV), Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV), Strawberry mild yellow edge virus (SMYEV), Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) and Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV) in the plant specimens were analysed by RT PCR. As a result of RT-PCR tests, it was observed that 85 samples out of 221 were infected with the viruses aforementioned at different levels. SCV in 10 samples, SMYEV in 48 samples, SMoV in 4 samples and ToRSV in 7 samples were found to be present. It was seen that 16 samples were infected with two or three viruses. On the other hand, the infections of SVBV, ArMV and SLRSV were not detected in any of the specimens collected by RT-PCR

To find out the incidence of strawberry viruses in the important growing areas of Aegean Region, the total of 221 plant samples were randomly collected from strawberry plantations with virus like symptoms in 2008 and 2009. The presence of Arabis mosaic virus (ArBV), Strawberry crinckle virus (SCV), Strawberry latent ring spot virus (SLRSV), Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV), Strawberry mild yellow edge virus (SMYEV), Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) and Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV) in the plant specimens were analysed by RT PCR. As a result of RT-PCR tests, it was observed that 85 samples out of 221 were infected with the viruses aforementioned at different levels. SCV in 10 samples, SMYEV in 48 samples, SMoV in 4 samples and ToRSV in 7 samples were found to be present. It was seen that 16 samples were infected with two or three viruses. On the other hand, the infections of SVBV, ArMV and SLRSV were not detected in any of the specimens collected by RT-PCR
Bazı Sebze Türlerinin Tohumlarındaki Viral Etmenlerin Saptanması Amacıyla Kullanılan Yöntemlerin Duyarlılık Durumunun Karşılaştırılması
The Comparison of the Sensitivity of Viral Detection Methods in Certain Vegetable Seeds
Yazar: Paylan, İsmail Can; Erkan, Semih; Ergün, Müge; Çandar, Ayşe
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 40 No. 1-2-3, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler: Vegetable, seed, virus, diagnosis method

The present study was conducted to compare the sensibility of different methods which are used to detect the agents of viral diseases in seeds of some vegetables which are important for fresh consumption and seed production in Turkey. For the study in question; total 43 seed samples were collected from the growers and seed companies and biological, serological and molecular methods were used for the detection of viral agents in these samples. The data from the experiments showed that 15 seed samples were not infected with any virus according to the results of all detection methods (DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, mechanical inoculation to test plants and symptomatology). On the other hand, their viral infection could not be detected by other methods, although 5 seed samples had some visual symptoms. Based on research results, the viral agents have determined in a total of 23 samples and all of the 23 infected samples by various viruses (%100) were detected by RT-PCR method. Besides, viral symptoms were observed in the 22 of 23 samples tested by DAS-ELISA (%96), 18 of 19 samples inoculated herbaceous test plants (% 95) and 7 of the 23 infected seed samples with various viruses (%30)

The present study was conducted to compare the sensibility of different methods which are used to detect the agents of viral diseases in seeds of some vegetables which are important for fresh consumption and seed production in Turkey. For the study in question; total 43 seed samples were collected from the growers and seed companies and biological, serological and molecular methods were used for the detection of viral agents in these samples. The data from the experiments showed that 15 seed samples were not infected with any virus according to the results of all detection methods (DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, mechanical inoculation to test plants and symptomatology). On the other hand, their viral infection could not be detected by other methods, although 5 seed samples had some visual symptoms. Based on research results, the viral agents have determined in a total of 23 samples and all of the 23 infected samples by various viruses (%100) were detected by RT-PCR method. Besides, viral symptoms were observed in the 22 of 23 samples tested by DAS-ELISA (%96), 18 of 19 samples inoculated herbaceous test plants (% 95) and 7 of the 23 infected seed samples with various viruses (%30)
TÜRKİYE'nin Trakya Bölgesi'nde Badem Virüs Hastalıklarının Saptanması Ve Virüslerin Tanılanması
Description and Detection of Almond Virus Diseases in The Trakya Region of Turkey
Yazar: Karabacak, Melis; Ilbağı, Havva
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 40 No. 1-2-3, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler: Prunus dulcis, PNRSV, PDV, PPV, RT-PCR

Almond Prunus dulcis is a well known fruit grown for its unripe fruits and delicious seeds in Turkey. Agro ecological conditions in Trakya are suitable for almond production and promise great potential for establishment of commercial almond orchards. Some prevailing virus infections on almond trees however have reduced yield and quality in the region. In order to describe diseases and identify viruses 158 flower and 260 leaf samples were collected from symptomatic trees in 10 districts of region in 2010. By employing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS–ELISA), TAS-ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV) and Plum pox virus (PPV) viruses were identified. As a result of detection studies 31.15 % samples was found infected with PNRSV, 4.23 % of them had PDV, 1.92 % of them were infected with PPV individually and 1.54 % of them however infected with the mixture of PNRSV+PDV and PNRSV+PPV. So 38.85% of almond leaf samples were found infected with viruses in Trakya region of Turkey

Almond Prunus dulcis is a well known fruit grown for its unripe fruits and delicious seeds in Turkey. Agro ecological conditions in Trakya are suitable for almond production and promise great potential for establishment of commercial almond orchards. Some prevailing virus infections on almond trees however have reduced yield and quality in the region. In order to describe diseases and identify viruses 158 flower and 260 leaf samples were collected from symptomatic trees in 10 districts of region in 2010. By employing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS–ELISA), TAS-ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV) and Plum pox virus (PPV) viruses were identified. As a result of detection studies 31.15 % samples was found infected with PNRSV, 4.23 % of them had PDV, 1.92 % of them were infected with PPV individually and 1.54 % of them however infected with the mixture of PNRSV+PDV and PNRSV+PPV. So 38.85% of almond leaf samples were found infected with viruses in Trakya region of Turkey
Asma Petri Hastalığının Savaşımında Sıcak Su Uygulamasının Etkililiği Üzerinde Araştırmalar
Efficacy of Hot Water Treatment for the Control of Grapevine Petri Disease
Yazar: Poyraz, Dilek; Onoğur, Ersin
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 40 No. 1-2-3, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler: Grapevine, Vitis vinifera, Petri disease, Phaeoacremonium oleophilum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, hot water treatment

Former studies in a research project on the Petri disease in vineyards has revealed that grafted-rooted vine saplings produced in nurseries in Aegean Region were infected by Phaeoacremonium oleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, the causal agents of Petri disease. Depending on this evidence, firstly in vitro effect of the hot water applications on the mycelial growth of the pathogens was examined and thresholds for the development on agar in temperature-time combinations were determined. Hereafter, the effect of the selected temperature-time combinations on the root and shoot growth and decontamination of infected vine cuttings in pots in climate chamber investigated and it was found that, the temperature-time combination of 50-51 oC/ 30’ provided the best result for the decontamination of the cuttings, however growth of treated cuttings in pots was negatively affected

Former studies in a research project on the Petri disease in vineyards has revealed that grafted-rooted vine saplings produced in nurseries in Aegean Region were infected by Phaeoacremonium oleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, the causal agents of Petri disease. Depending on this evidence, firstly in vitro effect of the hot water applications on the mycelial growth of the pathogens was examined and thresholds for the development on agar in temperature-time combinations were determined. Hereafter, the effect of the selected temperature-time combinations on the root and shoot growth and decontamination of infected vine cuttings in pots in climate chamber investigated and it was found that, the temperature-time combination of 50-51 oC/ 30’ provided the best result for the decontamination of the cuttings, however growth of treated cuttings in pots was negatively affected
Köpek Dişi Ayrığı Yaprak Beyazlaşma Fitoplazması (BGWL)'nın Köpek Dişi Ayrık Otundan Kök Kaynaşması Sistemi Yoluyla Buğday Bitkilerine (Triticum Spp.) Deneysel Olarak Taşınması
Experimentally Transmission of Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) White Leaf Phytoplasma to Wheat Plants by Root-Bridge Modality
Yazar: Çağlar, Behçet Kemal; Satar, Serdar; Elbeaıno, Toufic
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 40 No. 1-2-3, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler: Transmission, Root-bridge system, 16S rDNA, PCR, RFLP

Bermuda grass white leaf phytoplasma (BGWL) was previously reported in Turkey. In the study, transmission of agents from Bermuda grass to wheat (Triticum spp.) plants was experimentally investigated by a root-bridge system in August 2012, Adana. Twelve Bermuda grass plants, infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis, strain M6 from Turkey and showing symptoms of light green to yellow streaks on the leaves and bushy growth, were taken out from soil separately and transplanted to two plastic pots. Two hundred of wheat seeds were sown in to each pot between diseased Bermuda grass plants. After two months under net screen, wheat plants in the pots started to turn into yellow color, compared with healthy control plants. All infected wheat plants were positive when 16S rDNA-amplifying primers were used in nested PCR, contrarily to the healthy ones used as negative controls. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays conducted on the 16S primed-DNA of BGWLphytoplasma PCR-positive samples yielded a uniform profile and similar to the strain M6 of the BGWLphytoplasma used as an inoculum. This information was further confirmed by sequence analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of BGWL disease to another host, different from Bermuda grass plants, by root-bridge

Bermuda grass white leaf phytoplasma (BGWL) was previously reported in Turkey. In the study, transmission of agents from Bermuda grass to wheat (Triticum spp.) plants was experimentally investigated by a root-bridge system in August 2012, Adana. Twelve Bermuda grass plants, infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis, strain M6 from Turkey and showing symptoms of light green to yellow streaks on the leaves and bushy growth, were taken out from soil separately and transplanted to two plastic pots. Two hundred of wheat seeds were sown in to each pot between diseased Bermuda grass plants. After two months under net screen, wheat plants in the pots started to turn into yellow color, compared with healthy control plants. All infected wheat plants were positive when 16S rDNA-amplifying primers were used in nested PCR, contrarily to the healthy ones used as negative controls. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays conducted on the 16S primed-DNA of BGWLphytoplasma PCR-positive samples yielded a uniform profile and similar to the strain M6 of the BGWLphytoplasma used as an inoculum. This information was further confirmed by sequence analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of BGWL disease to another host, different from Bermuda grass plants, by root-bridge
Ascochyta Rabiei'nin TÜRK İzolatlarının Solanapyrone Üretimi ve Nohutlar Üzerindeki Fitotoksiteleri
Solanapyrones Produced by Turkish Isolates of Ascochyta rabiei and Their Phytotoxicity on Chickpeas
Yazar: Türkkan, Muharrem; Dolar, Fatma Sara
Dergi: The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, Vol. 39 No. 1-2-3, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler: Ascochyta rabiei, Pathotype, Chickpea, Solanapyrones, Bioassay

Randomly selected four isolates were grown on Czapek Dox liquid medium supplemented with metal cations for 7, 14 and 21 days in order to determine kinetics of solanapyrones production during in vitro growth of Turkish isolates of Ascochyta rabiei. After culture filtrates were passed through the C18 cartridge, the solanapyrones were eluted with 2 ml acetonitrile. Quantitation of solanapyrones was determined with LC/MS analyses. Maximum solanapyrones production of the isolates was observed on 14th day of incubation. Therefore, quantitation of solanapyrones of the rest 63 isolates of A. rabiei was also determined on the 14th day. Of the 67 A. rabiei isolates used in the present study, it was determined that 66 (98.5 %) isolates produced solanapyrone A, 18 (26.9 %) isolates produced solanapyrone B and 64 (95.5 %) isolates produced solanapyrone C. Toxicity of solanapyrones on both sensitive (ILC 1929) and resistant (ILC 3279) chickpea cultivars were demonstrated by the living cell bioassay. The LD50 concentrations for solanapyrone A, B and C in the bioassay for the sensitive cultivars were respectively 18.6, 23.2 and 96.8 µg/ml while those for the resistant cultivars were respectively 34.5, 36.2 and 109.3 µg/ml. The LD50 concentrations of the mix of solanapyrones in the sensitive and resistant cultivars were respectively 42.4 and 45.4 µg/ml

Randomly selected four isolates were grown on Czapek Dox liquid medium supplemented with metal cations for 7, 14 and 21 days in order to determine kinetics of solanapyrones production during in vitro growth of Turkish isolates of Ascochyta rabiei. After culture filtrates were passed through the C18 cartridge, the solanapyrones were eluted with 2 ml acetonitrile. Quantitation of solanapyrones was determined with LC/MS analyses. Maximum solanapyrones production of the isolates was observed on 14th day of incubation. Therefore, quantitation of solanapyrones of the rest 63 isolates of A. rabiei was also determined on the 14th day. Of the 67 A. rabiei isolates used in the present study, it was determined that 66 (98.5 %) isolates produced solanapyrone A, 18 (26.9 %) isolates produced solanapyrone B and 64 (95.5 %) isolates produced solanapyrone C. Toxicity of solanapyrones on both sensitive (ILC 1929) and resistant (ILC 3279) chickpea cultivars were demonstrated by the living cell bioassay. The LD50 concentrations for solanapyrone A, B and C in the bioassay for the sensitive cultivars were respectively 18.6, 23.2 and 96.8 µg/ml while those for the resistant cultivars were respectively 34.5, 36.2 and 109.3 µg/ml. The LD50 concentrations of the mix of solanapyrones in the sensitive and resistant cultivars were respectively 42.4 and 45.4 µg/ml