hakansabunis/tr-academic-research-agent-index huggingface dataset:
Türk Yaylarının Başarımı
Performance of Turkish Bows
Yazar: Karpowicz, Adam; Bir, Atilla; (çev. Atilla Bir), Adam Karpowicz
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 1, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: Ok, yay, okçuluk, Türk menzil okçuluğu ; Arrows,bows,archery,Turkish distance archery

In this paper three flight bows (menzil), two war bows (tirkeş) and two target bows (puta) made by the author himself are tested for arrow velocity and efficiency. The testing was done with a shooting machine designed to release an arrow at the instant a desired draw length was reached. The force-draw curves for some of the tested bows are given and discussed. It is apparent that, even in the case of war and target bows braced higher then the flight bow. The bows stored a considerable amount of energy, which can easily be determined by the area under the measured force-draw curves. But, since the arrow velocity depends on the draw weight of the bow, it is difficult to compare different draw weights of the bows directly. The ratio of arrow mass in grains to the bow weight in pound is a useful factor used to make or facilitate the comparison. A grain/lb versus velocities and lengths diagram is derived for different types of Turkish bows. At the end of the paper, the experimental data’s concerning different types of Turkish bows are listed on a table. One can conclude at the level of performance that the Turkish bows are equal to the modern bows which are made of modern synthetic materials.

In this paper three flight bows (menzil), two war bows (tirkeş) and twotarget bows (puta) made by the author himself are tested for arrow velocity andefficiency. The testing was done with a shooting machine designed to release anarrow at the instant a desired draw length was reached. The force-draw curvesfor some of the tested bows are given and discussed. It is apparent that, even inthe case of war and target bows braced higher then the flight bow. The bowsstored a considerable amount of energy, which can easily be determined by thearea under the measured force-draw curves. But, since the arrow velocitydepends on the draw weight of the bow, it is difficult to compare different drawweights of the bows directly. The ratio of arrow mass in grains to the bowweight in pound is a useful factor used to make or facilitate the comparison. Agrain/lb versus velocities and lengths diagram is derived for different types ofTurkish bows. At the end of the paper, the experimental data’s concerningdifferent types of Turkish bows are listed on a table. One can conclude at thelevel of performance that the Turkish bows are equal to the modern bows whichare made of modern synthetic materials.
Ali Kuşçu ve Regıomontanus: Dışmerkezli Dönüşümler ve Kopernik Devrimi
Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: Eccentric transformations and Copernican revolutions
Yazar: Ragep, (çev.yavuz Unat), F. Jamil
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 1, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: Ali Kuşçu, Regiomontanus, Kopernik, güneşmerkezli kuram, dışmerkezli dönüşümler, astronomi tarihi ; Ali Qushji,Regiomontanus,Copernicus,heliocentric theory,eccentric transformations,history of astronomy

In 1973, Noel Swerdlow presented a new and significant reconstruction of how Copernicus arrived at the heliocentric theory. This reconstruction was based upon a set of notes in Copernicus’s hand. These notes provided compelling evidence that Copernicus had transformed Ptolemy’s epicyclic models of the planets into eccentric models as a first step in developing a Sun-centred astronomy. Curiously Ptolemy denied this, claiming that this was possible only for the outer planets. Regiomontanus gives a brief sketch and prof of the crucial theory for the inner planets, which would allow Copernicus to convert all the planets from epicyclic to eccentric models. Whatever subsequent use was made of them, Regiomontanus’s own motivation for including these propositions at the beginning of book XII remain unclear. One possibility is that Regiomontanus does not claim credit because he was not in fact the originator of the proposition. Indeed it would seem, based on evidence presented in the sequel, that an older contemporary of Regiomontanus named Ali Qushji may well have been the discoverer of the crucial proposition and that Regiomontanus learned of it either while in Italy or through the intermediation of Cardinal Bessarion, who had originally suggested to Regiomontanus and his collaborator Georg Peurbach that they write the Epitome.

In 1973, Noel Swerdlow presented a new and significant reconstruction of howCopernicus arrived at the heliocentric theory. This reconstruction was basedupon a set of notes in Copernicus’s hand. These notes provided compellingevidence that Copernicus had transformed Ptolemy’s epicyclic models of theplanets into eccentric models as a first step in developing a Sun-centredastronomy. Curiously Ptolemy denied this, claiming that this was possible onlyfor the outer planets. Regiomontanus gives a brief sketch and prof of the crucialtheory for the inner planets, which would allow Copernicus to convert all theplanets from epicyclic to eccentric models. Whatever subsequent use was madeof them, Regiomontanus’s own motivation for including these propositions atthe beginning of book XII remain unclear. One possibility is thatRegiomontanus does not claim credit because he was not in fact the originatorof the proposition. Indeed it would seem, based on evidence presented in thesequel, that an older contemporary of Regiomontanus named Ali Qushji maywell have been the discoverer of the crucial proposition and that Regiomontanuslearned of it either while in Italy or through the intermediation of CardinalBessarion, who had originally suggested to Regiomontanus and his collaboratorGeorg Peurbach that they write the Epitome.
Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Anadolu'da Bir Bitki Toplayıcısı: Eugène Bourgeau (1813-1877)
A botanical collector in Anatolia in the 19th century: Eugène Bourgeau (1813-1877)
Yazar: Baytop, Asuman
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 1, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: Turkish flora,botanical expeditions,collectors,E.Bourgeau,history of botany ; Türkiye florası, bitki toplamaları, toplayıcılar, E.Bourgeau, botanik tarihi

Eugène Bourgeau (1813-1877) bir Fransız gezgin-toplayıcıdır. Paris'te,P.B.Webb'in özel herbaryumunun kuratorluğunu yapmış, "AssociationBotanique Française d'Exploration" da ve daha sonra "Muséum Nationald'Histoire Naturelle"de gezgin-toplayıcı olarak görev almıştır. 1845'ten itibarenbaşlıca Kanarya adaları, İspanya, Kuzey Afrika, Kuzey Amerika ve Meksikagibi birçok ülkeden bitki toplamış, 1860 ve 1862'de E.Boissier'nin isteği üzerineiki kez Anadolu'ya gelmiş, Antalya-Elmalı ve Gümüşhane-Bayburt yörelerindedolaşmış, Anadolu gezilerinde toplam 1500'e yakın bitki örneği temin etmiştir.Boissier'nin Flora Orientalis'inde 1195 örneği yer almıştır. Flora of Turkey'egöre Bourgeau, Anadolu'dan 79 yeni taksonun tipörneğini toplamıştır.Bunlardan 52'si Güney Anadolu'dan, 27'si Kuzeydoğu Anadolu'dandır.E.Cosson, Compositae familyasından yeni bir cinse 1849'da onun adınıvermiştir: Bourgaea Cosson (= Cynara L.). İngiliz hükumetinin Kuzey Amerika1857-1859 araştırma gezisi sırasında, Banff yakınındaki bir dağa MountBourgeau adı verilmiştir

Eugène Bourgeau (1813-1877) is a French traveler-collector engaged inParis in the "Association Botanique Française d'Exploration" and later in the"Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle". He has been earlier curator of theWebb Herbarium. From 1845 on, he visited mainly the Canary Islands, Spain,North Africa, North America and Mexico. In 1860 and 1862, on the wish ofE.Boissier (1810-1885), he visited Anatolia, collected from Antalya-Elmalı andfrom Gümüşhane-Bayburt regions ca. 1500 specimens. Boissier cites in hisFlora Orientalis 1195 of his specimens. According to Flora of Turkey,Bourgeau has collected from Anatolia the type specimens of 79 new taxa, fromwhich 52 are from South Anatolia and 27 from the North-east. E.Cosson (1815-1889), named after Bourgeau in 1849 a new genus in the Compositae: BourgaeaCoss. (= Cynara L.). During the 1857-1859 British North America expedition,his name was given to a mount situated at the vicinity of Banff: the MountBourgeau.
İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin Yerleşim Tarihçesi Üzerine Notlar
Historical Notes on Istanbul University and its Main Campus
Yazar: Günergün, Feza; Kadıoğlu, Sevtap
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 1, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fatih Medresesi, Darülfünun, Atatürk Üniversite Reformu, Türk öğretim kurumları ; Istanbul University,Fatih madrasa,Darulfunun,Atatürk University Reformation,Turkish educational institutions

Historians trace back the history of Istanbul University to the 15th century. Three educational institutions are associated with the history of Istanbul University. The first is the medrese founded by the Otoman Sultan Mehmed II in Istanbul following the conquest of the city; the second is the Darülfunun, where education was regularly given from 1900 on; and the third is the Istanbul University established in 1933 by the University Reformation initiated by Atatürk. The present article gives a short history of these three institutions, dwelling on the history of its central building, the university gardens, the library of rare collections, and the history of the buildings housing the Faculty of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Letters, the Biology Department and the Department of Astronomy.

Historians trace back the history of Istanbul University to the 15thcentury. Three educational institutions are associated with the history ofIstanbul University. The first is the medrese founded by the Otoman SultanMehmed II in Istanbul following the conquest of the city; the second is theDarülfunun, where education was regularly given from 1900 on; and the third isthe Istanbul University established in 1933 by the University Reformation initiated by Atatürk. The present article gives a short history of these three institutions,dwelling on the history of its central building, the university gardens, the libraryof rare collections, and the history of the buildings housing the Faculty ofPharmacy, The Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Letters, the BiologyDepartment and the Department of Astronomy.
Adnan Adıvar İçin Övgü ve Eleştiri
Adnan Adıvar on praise and appraisal
Yazar: Etker, Şeref
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: Adnan Adıvar,Fuat Köprülü,Ali Nüzhet Göksel,Hasan Ấli Yücel,history of science,critique ; Adnan Adıvar, Fuat Köprülü, Ali Nüzhet Göksel, Hasan Ấli Yücel, bilim tarihi, eleştiri

Abdülhak Adnan Adıvar (1882-1955), physician, liberal politician, and historian of science, published his pioneering study entitled La science chez les Turcs Ottomans (1939) in Paris. The small volume was received with genuine interest by Western scholars. The second revised and enlarged edition published in Istanbul: Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim (1943) caused controversy among Turkish intellectuals: Adnan Adıvar was lauded a as ‘savant’ by some literati, an attribute which he immediately shied away from. He was not deterred by chauvinistic reactions either. What Adıvar esteemed was criticism that would allow him to reconsider his reading of primary sources, and to position his conclusions in a universal perspective. Prof. Fuat Köprülü’s recension published in the daily Akşam was of particular significance. It is noteworthy that Adnan Adıvar himself had earlier expressed similar views in his assesment of Süheyl Ünver’s Selçuklu Tababeti (1940). Hasan Ấli Yücel was both a personal supporter and a critique of Advar

Abdülhak Adnan Adıvar (1882-1955), physician, liberal politician, andhistorian of science, published his pioneering study entitled La science chez lesTurcs Ottomans (1939) in Paris. The small volume was received with genuineinterest by Western scholars. The second revised and enlarged edition publishedin Istanbul: Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim (1943) caused controversy among Turkishintellectuals: Adnan Adıvar was lauded a as ‘savant’ by some literati, an attribute which he immediately shied away from. He was not deterred bychauvinistic reactions either. What Adıvar esteemed was criticism that wouldallow him to reconsider his reading of primary sources, and to position hisconclusions in a universal perspective. Prof. Fuat Köprülü’s recension publishedin the daily Akşam was of particular significance. It is noteworthy that AdnanAdıvar himself had earlier expressed similar views in his assesment of SüheylÜnver’s Selçuklu Tababeti (1940). Hasan Ấli Yücel was both a personalsupporter and a critique of Advar.
Tanzimat’ın Kent Reformları: Türk İmar Sisteminin Kuruluş Sürecinde Erken Plânlama Deneyimleri (1839-1908)
Urban reforms of Tanzimat: Early planning practices in the formation process of Turkish reconstruction system (1839–1908)
Yazar: Özcan, Koray
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: Tanzimat, kent reformları, Türk imar sistemi, plânlama deneyimleri, Türkiye ; Tanzimat,urban reforms,Turkish reconstruction system,planning practices,Turkey

The aim of this paper is to examine the planning practices initiated by the urban reforms of Tanzimat and realized throughout the period of 1839–1882. These examinations are based on three hypotheses. Firstly, the preTanzimat Turkish reconstruction system was based on the legal and spatial background formed by the order or disorder related to the organization of urban spaces. Secondly, the dualist structure was originated by the Tanzimat reforms through legal regulations lead to spatial differences in urban spaces. Thirdly, the Turkish planning practices in Tanzimat period were influenced by the Western planning practices. In this respect, the methodology of the study is based on analyzing the legal documents such as the manifestos (ilmühabers), the regulations (nizamnames) and the laws (kanunnames) related to urban planning and also the plans and maps of Turkish towns issued during that period.

The aim of this paper is to examine the planning practices initiated by theurban reforms of Tanzimat and realized throughout the period of 1839–1882. These examinations are based on three hypotheses. Firstly, the preTanzimat Turkish reconstruction system was based on the legal and spatialbackground formed by the order or disorder related to the organization of urbanspaces. Secondly, the dualist structure was originated by the Tanzimat reformsthrough legal regulations lead to spatial differences in urban spaces. Thirdly, theTurkish planning practices in Tanzimat period were influenced by the Westernplanning practices. In this respect, the methodology of the study is based on analyzing thelegal documents such as the manifestos (ilmühabers), the regulations(nizamnames) and the laws (kanunnames) related to urban planning and also theplans and maps of Turkish towns issued during that period.
İnas Darülfünunu hakkında notlar
İnas Darülfünunu hakkında notlar
Yazar: Etker, Şeref; Günergun, Feza
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: İnas,Darülfünunu,Ali Arslan

Sayın Ali Arslan ve Özlem Akpınar’ın Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları’nda yayımlanan (Cilt VI, Nr.2, s.225) “İnas Darülfünunu (1914-1921)” başlıklı yazısının kaynakları arasında geçmeyen, İstanbul Kız Muallim Mektebi 1933 – Darülmuallimat 1870 başlıklı yapıtta yer alan1 bu öğretim kurumuyla ilgili aşağıdaki bilgileri aktarmak ve yine yazıda değinilmeyen İnas Darülfünunu öğrencilerinin zorunlu hizmetine özellikle dikkat çekmek istiyorum

Sayın Ali Arslan ve Özlem Akpınar’ın Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları’nda yayımlanan (Cilt VI, Nr.2, s.225) “İnas Darülfünunu (1914-1921)” başlıklı yazısının kaynakları arasında geçmeyen, İstanbul Kız Muallim Mektebi 1933 – Darülmuallimat 1870 başlıklı yapıtta yer alan1 bu öğretim kurumuyla ilgili aşağıdaki bilgileri aktarmak ve yine yazıda değinilmeyen İnas Darülfünunu öğrencilerinin zorunlu hizmetine özellikle dikkat çekmek istiyorum
Asâr-ı Bâkiye ve Yazılış Yöntemi
Salih Zeki’s Methodology in Âsâr-ı Bâkiye
Yazar: Unat, Yavuz
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2005
Anahtar kelimeler: History of mathematics,History of science,Salih Zeki,Asâr-ı Bâkiye ; Bilim tarihi, Matematik tarihi, Salih Zeki, Asâr-ı Bâkiye.

History of science studies both the historical development of science and the instruments used by scientists. Two factors were decisive in the emergence of History of science: The accumulation of scientific knowledge from 16th century onwards, and the Enlightenment. History of Science, as an academic discipline, was founded by George Sarton (1884-1956) at Harvard University in 1936. In Turkey, Aydın Sayılı (1913-1993), a student of George Sarton paved the way for the institutionalization of this discipline. History of science studies in Turkey started at the turn of the 20th century: Salih Zeki (1864-1921) and Adnan Adıvar (1882-1955) were the first scholars who researched in the field. The present article aims to study the methodology used by Salih Zeki in Asâr-ı Bâkıye, one of the major works he compiled, to highlight the contribution of “Oriental scholars” to mathematical sciences. Published in 1913 in Istanbul, the first two volumes of Asâr-ı Bâkiye reflect Salih Zeki’s studies based on Islamic mathematical manuscripts as well as on the histories of mathematics published in the West. Thus, Salih Zeki who combined the knowledge he deduced from original mathematical works with that of the studies made by European historians of mathematics, can be considered as a pioneer in the Turkish historiography of science.

History of science studies both the historical development of science andthe instruments used by scientists. Two factors were decisive in the emergenceof History of science: The accumulation of scientific knowledge from 16thcentury onwards, and the Enlightenment. History of Science, as an academicdiscipline, was founded by George Sarton (1884-1956) at Harvard University in1936. In Turkey, Aydın Sayılı (1913-1993), a student of George Sarton pavedthe way for the institutionalization of this discipline. History of science studiesin Turkey started at the turn of the 20th century: Salih Zeki (1864-1921) andAdnan Adıvar (1882-1955) were the first scholars who researched in the field. The present article aims to study the methodology used by Salih Zeki inAsâr-ı Bâkıye, one of the major works he compiled, to highlight the contributionof “Oriental scholars” to mathematical sciences. Published in 1913 in Istanbul,the first two volumes of Asâr-ı Bâkiye reflect Salih Zeki’s studies based onIslamic mathematical manuscripts as well as on the histories of mathematicspublished in the West. Thus, Salih Zeki who combined the knowledge hededuced from original mathematical works with that of the studies made byEuropean historians of mathematics, can be considered as a pioneer in theTurkish historiography of science.
Salih Zeki ve Asâr-ı Bâkiye’nin 1960’larda Yapılmış Bir Çevirisi
Asâr-ı Bâkiye: An unpublished translation project (circa 1960)
Yazar: Şenkon, Hülya
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2005
Anahtar kelimeler: Salih Zeki,Asâr-ı Bâkiye,Islamic science,history of mathematics,history of astronomy,Turkish Mathematical Society ; Salih Zeki, Asâr-ı Bâkiye, İslam bilimi, matematik tarihi, astronomi tarihi, Türk Matematik Derneği

Together with the Kamus-i Riyaziyât (Encyclopaedia of Mathematics), the Asâr-ı Bâkiye is Salih Zeki’s major work on the history of mathematics and astronomy. The first volume covering the history of spherical trigonometry and the second treating the history of arithmetics were both published in Istanbul in 1913. The third volume on astronomy remained unpublished. A project of translating the first three volumes into modern Turkish was initiated by Nazım Terzioğlu (1912-1976) professor of mathematics at Istanbul University in early 1960s or possibly earlier.A commission composed of professors of mathematics, astronomy, physics and history of medicine was formed in 1961 to decide on the publication of Salih Zeki’s works. The manuscript of the Asâr-ı Bâkiye translation which consists of 411 type-written pages is actually kept in the archives of the Turkish Mathematical Society. The present paper aims to introduce this translation which could not be published for reasons unknown to us.

Together with the Kamus-i Riyaziyât (Encyclopaedia of Mathematics),the Asâr-ı Bâkiye is Salih Zeki’s major work on the history of mathematics andastronomy. The first volume covering the history of spherical trigonometry andthe second treating the history of arithmetics were both published in Istanbul in1913. The third volume on astronomy remained unpublished.A project of translating the first three volumes into modern Turkish wasinitiated by Nazım Terzioğlu (1912-1976) professor of mathematics at IstanbulUniversity in early 1960s or possibly earlier. A commission composed ofprofessors of mathematics, astronomy, physics and history of medicine wasformed in 1961 to decide on the publication of Salih Zeki’s works. Themanuscript of the Asâr-ı Bâkiye translation which consists of 411 type-writtenpages is actually kept in the archives of the Turkish Mathematical Society. Thepresent paper aims to introduce this translation which could not be published forreasons unknown to us.
Salih Zeki’nin ‘Teslis-i Zaviye’ Konusundaki “Bir Hendese Meselesi” Adlı Yazı Dizisi
Salih Zeki's articles on the trisection of an angle
Yazar: Bir, Atilla; Kaçar, Mustafa
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2005
Anahtar kelimeler: Salih Zeki,history of mathematics,trisection of an angle,Resimli Gazete ; Salih Zeki, matematik tarihi, açının üçe bölünmesi, Resimli Gazete

Trisecting an angle by using geometric methods and tools (a ruler and a pair of compass only) is an ancient problem which was desperately attempted over 2500 years. We know since Newton that this problem can not be solved by recourse to geometry, except for particular angle degrees. Throughout centuries, however, several amateur mathematicians claimed to have found a complete geometric solution.In a series of articles titled “A geometry problem concerning the trisection of an angle” published in Resimli Mecmua in 1891-1892, Salih Zeki discussed the problem in detail. He gave the main proofs concerning the trisection and showed why proposed solutions are not geometric. Furthermore, he discussed the proofs given by Masdariyecizade Hüseyin Efendi, teacher of mathematics at the Mühendishane-i Berri Humayun (Imperial School of Engineering). Hüseyin Efendi, arguing that he found a solution in 1823, had asked a commission of mathematicians to confirm it. While discussing Hüseyin Efendi’s solution, Salih Zeki also referred to the work of a the Ottoman mathematician Vidinli Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa (1832-1901) and his book entitled Linear Algebra (Istanbul 1882, 1892) on the quaternions.

Trisecting an angle by using geometric methods and tools (a ruler and apair of compass only) is an ancient problem which was desperately attemptedover 2500 years. We know since Newton that this problem can not be solved byrecourse to geometry, except for particular angle degrees. Throughout centuries,however, several amateur mathematicians claimed to have found a completegeometric solution.In a series of articles titled “A geometry problem concerning thetrisection of an angle” published in Resimli Mecmua in 1891-1892, Salih Zekidiscussed the problem in detail. He gave the main proofs concerning thetrisection and showed why proposed solutions are not geometric. Furthermore,he discussed the proofs given by Masdariyecizade Hüseyin Efendi, teacher ofmathematics at the Mühendishane-i Berri Humayun (Imperial School ofEngineering). Hüseyin Efendi, arguing that he found a solution in 1823, hadasked a commission of mathematicians to confirm it. While discussing HüseyinEfendi’s solution, Salih Zeki also referred to the work of a the Ottomanmathematician Vidinli Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa (1832-1901) and his book entitledLinear Algebra (Istanbul 1882, 1892) on the quaternions.