İkonografik ve İkonolojik Eleştiri Yöntemi Bağlamında Cadılar Bayramı Filminin Türsel Analizi
Genre Analysis of The Film Halloween Kills in The Context of Iconographic And Iconological Critical Method
Yazar: Sunal, Gözde; Öztarkan Özyurt, Pınar
Dergi: Intermedia International E-journal, Vol. 9 No. 16, 2022
Anahtar kelimeler: Communication and Media Studies ; İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları ; Horror Movie,,Slasher,,Genre Analysis,Iconographic,Halloween Kills Film,Halloween Kills Film ; Korku Sineması,Slasher,Tür Analizi,İkonografi,Cadılar Bayramı Öldürür Filmi

İlk yıllarında kayıt altına aldığı gündelik hayatı gösteren sinema, zaman içinde kurmaca hikayelere de yer vermeye başlar. Bu hikayelerde de gerçek hayattan esinlenen sinemanın komedi, müzikal, korku gibi birçok türde ürettiği filmler üretimin gerçekleştiği ortama bağlı yansımalar taşır. Bu çalışma, korku sinemasının alt türü olan slasher filmlerinin zaman içinde geçirdiği dönüşümleri inceleyerek değişen ekonomik, siyasal ve toplumsal değerlerin slasher filmlerinin ikonlarını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymayı amaçlar. Edebiyat eserlerinde benzer temalar ile oluşan türler sinemada da karşılık bulur. Türleri oluşturan içerikte her türün sahip olduğu ikonografi ayırt edici özellik taşır. Aynı zamanda filmler, sinematografinin sağladığı imkanlar ile anlatının vermek istediği duyguyu izleyicisine yönetmenin isteği doğrultusunda aktarır. Bu aktarımın taşıdığı mesaj özellikle korku filmleri bağlamında düzene, iktidara, sisteme, aileye, kısaca siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal her alana dair eleştirilerin rahatlıkla sunulması açısından ikonografiye kolaylıkla yansıtılabilir. Bu nedenle çalışma, öncelikle sinemada tür kavramına yer vererek korku türünün günümüze kadar olan tarihine bakmayı hedeflemektedir. Ardından çalışmada, örneklem olarak seçilen Cadılar Bayramı Öldürür (2021) filminin ikonografisi üzerinden bir tür analizi yapılacaktır.  Çalışma, ahlak sorgulayan ve gelenekselliğe yönlendirme yapan ilk slasher ikonlarının değişen politikalar nedeni ile farklılaşmasını ve ideolojinin ikonografi üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koyması nedeni ile önem taşımaktadır.

The moving image has been attracting people's attention since the first day and makes the cinema a socializing space with the start of the mass screening in the halls. Cinema, which conveys images from everyday life to the audience as well as in its early years, begins to include fictional stories over time. In these stories, cinema inspired by real life also carries reflections related to the social environment with the films it produces. With the discovery of new techniques such as fiction, the narrative possibilities in cinema also develop, forming a film language over time.Social culture, which has become differentiated after the industrial revolution, creates genres in literature with the need to produce products according to increasing demands for profit in a commercial context. Genres formed with similar themes in literary works also find a response in cinema, which is fed by literature. The similarity of the visual product and the plot revealed by the cinematographic uses such as light, camera movements, space, decor, layout that cinema allows helps to diversify genre films in different genres such as comedy, musical, horror. Thus, iconography, which is owned by each genre in the content of films that respond to audience demands and make up genres, becomes a distinctive feature. These uses, which differentiate the species, also contribute to the formation of subspecies belonging to each species. While showing similarities with the main genre, subgenres that constantly address similar themes and orientations also continue to exist as long as they meet the demands and expectations of the audience.With the First World War, filmmakers experienced difficulties in Europe, while with the formation of star actors in America, the growth of decor, the establishment of large studios and the development of film technique, American (Hollywood) cinema becomes a production and distribution industry. In this way, cinema, which has the ability to influence its audience through cinematography, also allows American culture to spread to the World through films.Using the opportunities provided by the cinema, the director also reflects his point of view on the political position of society through cinematography on his films. Thus, films reflect the cultural values of the society in which they are produced, while also having traces in a critical context. Horror films that introduce and disturb their audience with obscurity in genre films also provide the most appropriate iconography for the presentation of social, political and economic criticism. The feeling of fear caused by obscurity and inexperience finds a place in films as a result of the desire for relaxation born when an individual sitting in a comfortable chair knows that others will not be affected by watching the events they have experienced. The sense of fear created by situations such as the state of chaos caused by war environments and the unknowability of tomorrow, the industrial revolution and the pace of social changes has given direction to horror films in the history of cinema. In these films, which present social problems, political situations and economic effects as a sub-message, different sub-genres are formed over time with horror icons such as monsters, natural disasters, religious elements or killers. These films, which can easily turn the element of criticism into a horror icon, also have the opportunity to influence and direct viewers through these elements of symbolic criticism in the subgenres they are divided into.This study aims to reveal how changing economic, political and social values affect the icons of slasher films by examining the transformations that slasher films, a subgenre of horror cinema, have undergone over time. For this purpose, the film Halloween Kills (2021), which deals with the theme of Halloween, which American culture is trying to introduce to the World and adopt, was chosen as an example. In the study, information was also given about the previous films that were released as Halloween series and genre analysis was performed on the iconography of the sample film. Based on the method of iconographic and iconological criticism applied by art historian Erwin Panofsky to visual material, an attempt was made to analyze the deep meaning that certain scenes carry. While Panofsky's iconography method represents the meaning of the image at first glance, the main meaning of the scene is tried to be explained by examining the social and political conditions that were effective during the production of the film for the iconological method.With the help of the study, it was seen that the first slasher icons who questioned morality and directed to traditionalism differed due to changing policies and moved towards a modern line. This situation reveals the influence of the existing ideology on iconography.