hakansabunis/tr-academic-research-agent-index huggingface dataset:
Hasta Hakları, Etik ve Hemşirelik
PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS, ETHICS AND NURSING
Yazar: Bayık, Ayla
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 16 No. 1, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Hasta hakları,etik. hemşirelik ; Patient's rights,ethics,nursing

Hasta hakları temel olarak insan haklarının, değerlerinin ve özel olarak da kişilik haklarının sağlık hizmetlerine uygulanmasını açıklamakta ve dayana ğını insan hakları ile ilgili temel bilgilerden almaktadır. Tıp etiği kapsamında yararlılık, hastaya zarar vermeme, adalet, yaşama saygı, hastaya kötü davran mama, gizlilik, özerkliğe saygı, aydınlatılmış onam ilkeleri Hemşirelik Etik Kodlarında da yer almaktadır. Ülkemizde 1998 yılında yeniden düzenlenen Hasta Hakları Yönetmeliği hasta haklarını yasal boyutta ele alır ve korunmasını sağlar. Hemşirelik uygulamalarında da hemşirelerin etik ilkelere ve etik kurallara dik kat etmesi bir zorunluluktur. Sağlık kuruluşlarında hemşirelerin hemen tümü, bakım verirken sürekli etik ikilemlerle karşılaşırlar ve doğru karar vermede güçlükler yaşarlar. Bu güçlüklerin üstesinden gelmede, etik karar verme sürecinde hemşireler etik kuramlardan ve etik modellerden yararlanarak etik ikilemleri sistemli biçimde çözebilirler. Bu makalede hasta haklarına ilişkin ülkemizdeki son yönerge ve etik problem çözme konusunda hemşirelere yönelik bilgiler veril miştir

Patient's Rights basically clescribe the application of the values into health services and get it roots from the krıowledge relating human rfghts. ICN Code for nurses covers alt the medical ethicat principles -beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonorny. justice. respect to iffe, inforrned consent. confidentiality and veracity. The Regulation on Patient's Bill of Rights whiclı was revised by Turkish Government in 1998 examines the Patient's Rights legally and enables them be protected. It is art obligation for nurses to give care by applyiny to the ethical principles an d ntles. In al/ heath care settıngs, nurses confront with ethical dileınntas white they are performing nursing interventions and experience djfliculties. Nurses could overcorne these difficulties by applying and using ethical theories and ethical models and resolve ethical dilemmas systematicolly and easily. This paper overviews recent regulation on Patient's Bill Of Rights and give sorne information about ethical problem solving process for nurses
Denizli İl Merkezi Yataklı Tedavi Kurumlarında Doğum Yapan Annelerin Emzirme Tutumlarının Değerlendirilmesi
THE EVALUATION OF MOTHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS  BREASTFEEDING WHO GAVE BIRTHS IN DENIZLI CENTRAL  HOSPITALIZED TREATMENT INSTITUTIONS
Yazar: Tuzcu, Ayla; Zencir, Mehmet
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 16 No. 1, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Emzirme,emzirme tutumu ; Breast feeddig,breast feeding attitude

Bu araştırma: 1-30 Haziran 2000 tarihleri arasında Denizli İl Merkezi yataklı tedavi kurumlarında doğum yapan annelerin, emzirme tutumlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini bu dönemde doğum yapan  n=604  kadından, çalışmayı kabul eden 505 anne araştırma kapsamına alınmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında tanıtıcı bilgileri içeren bilgi formu ve ernzirme tutumunun değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Ekizler tarafından geliştirilen, Emzirrne Tutumunu Değerlendirme aracı kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha Güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmıştır  a= 0.81 . Veriler yüz yüze görüşme tekniğiyle toplanmıştır, Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde istatiksel analiz olarak Kruskal Wallis Varyans Analizi. Mann Whitney U Testi. Sperman Sıra korelasyonu, Pearson Korelasyonu, One-Way Anova. 'Dikey EISD ve t testi kullanılmıştır

This research has been performed in the Center of Denizli: la deseribe the  breast feeding attitudes of the women who gave births in the hospitals between  June 1 and 30 June in 2000. 505 of the 604 Women inuolved iri the study.  For the collection of the data: the data form includes informative knowledge  and a breastfeeding evaluation form by Ekinler were used. Cronbach Alpha  Reliability Coefficients of scale was calculected. The data were collected by the  technique of irwervieving face to face. We use Kruskai Wallis Vanjans Analysis.  Mann Whitney U test and Pearson as the statistical analysis in the evaluation of  data.  The auerage breast feeding attitude points of the mothers were 85.82±23.21.  lt has been determined that the points of breast feeding attitude was deceased by  rising theages of mothers and farhers. As the educational is getting higher the  points of attitudes towards breastfeeding, who gave blrth the auerage breast  feeding attitude points of the mothers who lived in the apertmerıt were higher  than the who lived in the villages. Breast feeding attitudes of the rnothers who  have been giyen education for breast rnilk vere lower same education.  This research shows that the mothers breast feeding attitude points decreased  according to Ekizter' study.
Manisa İli Temel Sağlık Hizmetlerinden Yararlanan Kadınların Düzenli Jinekolojik Muayene Yaptırmama Nedenlerinin İncelenmesi
STUDY ON THE CAUSES AS TO WHY WOMEN BENEFITTING  FROM THE PRIMARY HEALTH SERVICES IN THE CITY OF MANİSA  FAIL TO HAVE REGULAR GYNECOLOJIC EXAMINATİ0N
Yazar: Bolsoy, Nursen; Şenol, Selmin
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 16 No. 1, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Düzenli jinekoloJik muayene ; Regular gynaecological examinatlon

In our society. tlıe gynecological diseases of women's reproductiue organs are seen very Oen. Usually  hey come to the heaIth institution after the disease has becoıne so worse and serious that it is almost impossible to treat and cure it. As is the case. we have. aimed at .finding out the causes of the married wornetı's not hauing any regular gynecological e_xamination. We have interviewed 275 rnarried women who make use of the basic tecrit,' serııices in the city of Manisa in order to search for the causes of their not having regular gynecological examination. As a result of this study. it has been understood that the women regard it unnecessary to have regular gynecological examination unless they have got any health disorders of thad kind and alsa that  hey have not been able to find health institution whith systemic services where they can have regular gynecological examination

In our society. tlıe gynecological diseases of women's reproductiue organs are seen very Oen. Usually  hey come to the heaIth institution after the disease has becoıne so worse and serious that it is almost impossible to treat and cure it. As is the case. we have. aimed at .finding out the causes of the married wornetı's not hauing any regular gynecological e_xamination. We have interviewed 275 rnarried women who make use of the basic tecrit,' serııices in the city of Manisa in order to search for the causes of their not having regular gynecological examination. As a result of this study. it has been understood that the women regard it unnecessary to have regular gynecological examination unless they have got any health disorders of thad kind and alsa that  hey have not been able to find health institution whith systemic services where they can have regular gynecological examination
FETÜSE ZARARLI ETMENLER
DAMAGING FACTORS TO FETUS
Yazar: Çoban, Ayden Özkan; Saruhan, Aynur
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 3, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Fetüse zararlı etmenler,gebelik ; Damaging faktors in fetüs,pregnancy

Gebelikte teratojenik  bebeğin herhangi bir etki ile sakat oluşu  dönem, son menstruasyondan sonraki ilk 10-12 haftaya kadar olan süredir. erken ✓ teratojenik dönemde {ilk 10 hafta  teratojene maruz kalinırsa, fetüste konjenital kalp hastalığı veya nöral tüp defekti ortaya çıkabilir. Geç teratojenik dönemde, son menstruasyonu izleyen 10 haftadan sonra, teratojen ajana maruz kalınırsa fetüste kulak ve damak anomalileri oluşabilir

Tie teratogenic period in alman pregnants is the first 10-12 weeks from the last rnenstrual period  LMP . Exposure to a known teratogen in the early teratogenic period  c 10 weeks  atay result irt congenital heart disease or neurat tube dcfect. Late in, the teratogenie period, Le about 10 weeks from LMP, exposure to a teratogenie drug will lead ta malformation of the ear or palate
KRONIK YORGUNLUK SENDROMU
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME
Yazar: Durmaz Akyol, Asiye
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 3, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Yorgunluk,kronik yorgunluk sendromu Key Words: Fatigue,chronic fatigue syndrome ; Fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome

Kronik Yorgunluk Sendromu; kronik Yorgunluk İmmun Disfonksiyon Sendromu, Myaljik Ensefalopati, Izlanda Hastalığı ve Postviral Sendrom olarak da adlandınlmakta olup kadın, erkek ve çocukları etkileyen kronik bir düşkünlük hastalığıdır. Kronik yorgunluk sendromu  KYS  düşkünlüğe varan zayıllama. 6 aydan uzun süren şiddetli yorgunluk, fiziksel yada mental aktiviteleri kötü leştiren ve dinlenmekle geçmeyen kompleks bir bozukluktur. Kronik yorgunluk sendromunun nedeni yada nedenleri tam olarak saptanamarmştır ve özel bir tanılama testi yoktur. Hemşirelerin yorgunluğa ilişkin başarılı hemşirelik uygulamaları için yorgunluğun başlangıcı, süresi ve günlük yaşam aktivitelerine olan etkisini bilmeleri gerekir

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome  CFS  is an illness that can aillict men, women and clıildren. Syndrome is alsa called Chronic Fatigue lmmun Disfunction Syndrome, Myalgic Encephalomyelitts. Izlanda Disease. Postviral Syndrorne. CFS is a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profounct _fatigue that is not Improved by bad rest and that mali be worsed by physical er mental activity. The cuuse er causes of CFS have not beenfully idented: and no understand the onset. duration and impact offatigue activities of daily living for nursing intervention sucesfully. lrr Ihts artiele. causes. symptotns. tests for diognosis.sinıtlar ınedical concli tions, treatrnent and nursing activities have been reviewied and 2000 overview of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Strategies developed by Center for Dtsease Control and Prevention  CDC  were giyen
DİJİTAL ZEHİRLENMESİNDE HEMŞİRENİN SORUMLULUKLARI
RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSE IN DIGITALIS TOXICITY
Yazar: Durmaz Akyol, Asiye
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 3, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Dijitalis,dijital toksisitesi,dijital glikozitleri,hemşirenin sorumlulukları ; Digitalis,Digitalis toxicity,digitalis glikozids,nurses responsibility

Digitolis toxicity is a continuing problem. Digitalis toxicity may occur in any   patient taking digitalis. It is more likeiy to occur in hospitalized patients who are   receiving dluretics that may cause potassium Ioss. Digitalis toxicity alsa is COMI11011 in   nonhospitalized persons with tong-term digitalis therapy.   Patients should be observed by the nurse carefully for signs, symptoms   and electrocarcliographic changes suggestfng digitalis toxicity.   In this article; derlvates, indications and contra indications, tlıerapeutic   toxic effects of digitalis medication have been reviewed and the responsibilittes of   nurses related to toxic effects,signs-symptorns and early diagnosis of digitalis   toxicity and teaching the patient for reducing toxicity have been explained.

Digitolis toxicity is a continuing problem. Digitalis toxicity may occur in any   patient taking digitalis. It is more likeiy to occur in hospitalized patients who are   receiving dluretics that may cause potassium Ioss. Digitalis toxicity alsa is COMI11011 in   nonhospitalized persons with tong-term digitalis therapy.   Patients should be observed by the nurse carefully for signs, symptoms   and electrocarcliographic changes suggestfng digitalis toxicity.   In this article; derlvates, indications and contra indications, tlıerapeutic   toxic effects of digitalis medication have been reviewed and the responsibilittes of   nurses related to toxic effects,signs-symptorns and early diagnosis of digitalis   toxicity and teaching the patient for reducing toxicity have been explained.
HEMŞİRELİKTE ÖRGÜTLENMENİN ÖNEMİ
IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDING ORGANIZATIONS IN NURSING
Yazar: Erefe, İnci
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 3, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Örgüt,hemşirelikte örgütlenme,hemşirelik örgütleri ; Organization,nursing organization

Elerrışirelik örgütlerinin temel görevi, toplumun sağlık niteliğini yükselt rnektir. Örgütler toplumlara nitelikli sağlık bakımı sunulması amacı ile hernşi relik ve ebelik eğitimini, klinik uygulamalarını, yönetimini. liderlik ve araştırmalannı güçlendirecek programlar geliştirerek, mesleksel mükemrnelliği sağla maya çalışırlar. Bu makalede, ulusal ve uluslar arası düzeyde önemli hemşirelik örgütleri tanıtılnıış ve hemşirelik mesleğine ve toplumlara olan yararları kısaca açıklan mıştır

Basic M i S S i O n of nursing organizations is to irnproue the quatity of health of the community. They camına ta prornoting and strengthening prqfessional excellence through development of prograrnmes that will strengtlien nursing and midwdery education, dinle& practice. management, leadership and research for the purpose of emproving the delivery of quality health care to commurtilies. In  his artiele. importarıt ruırstng organizations of national and internattonal levet are presented. and their functions and bengfits to nursing prqfession and to communities are briejly explained.
KADINLARIN JİNEKOLOJİK MUAYENE ÖNCESİ   KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
THE INVESTIGETION OF THE ANXSIETY LEVELS OF WOMEN  BEFORE THE GYNECOLOGICAL- EXAMINATION
Yazar: Şirin, Ahsen; Nar, Makbule
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 3, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Durumluk Ansiyete, Sürekli Anksiyete, jinekolojik muayene ; State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, gynecological-examination

This study was made to determine and evaluaie the State -Trait Anxiety levels of women be.fore the gynaecological-examination. Tlıe women who carne to the Ege University Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department Out Patient Service between 27 December -7 January 2000 have been included in this researcfı.Tlıis study's sample group consisted of one hundred 15-49 age old wornen wlio applied for gynaecological exarnination. For data collection it has been used a quastiorınaire which was developed by the researchers and the State -Trait Anxiety Levet &clic developed by Spielberger and his friends. Aecording to the results. 54% of the women were 40 years old and over, 25% were graduated from high school, 86% have had a gynaecologic examination. 86% were applied for a gynaecological complaint. frı this study. it was ,found the mean point of State Anxiety level as 3c =55.79 and the Tnea.rı point of Trait Amiety level as g =47.93

This study was made to determine and evaluaie the State -Trait Anxiety levels of women be.fore the gynaecological-examination. Tlıe women who carne to the Ege University Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department Out Patient Service between 27 December -7 January 2000 have been included in this researcfı.Tlıis study's sample group consisted of one hundred 15-49 age old wornen wlio applied for gynaecological exarnination. For data collection it has been used a quastiorınaire which was developed by the researchers and the State -Trait Anxiety Levet &clic developed by Spielberger and his friends. Aecording to the results. 54% of the women were 40 years old and over, 25% were graduated from high school, 86% have had a gynaecologic examination. 86% were applied for a gynaecological complaint. frı this study. it was ,found the mean point of State Anxiety level as 3c =55.79 and the Tnea.rı point of Trait Amiety level as g =47.93
HEMŞİRELERİN İNTRAVENÖZ KATETERİ OLAN HASTALARDA  FLEBİT GELİŞİMİNE İLİŞKİN BİLGİLERİ İLE FLEBİTLİ  HASTALARA YAPTIKLARI UYGULAMALAR
KNOWLEDGE OF THE NURSES ABOUT THE PATIENTS WHO HAVE  INTRAVENOUS CATHETER AND THE NURS1NG INTERVENTIONS  TO PHYLEBITES
Yazar: Kar Ade Ni Z, Gül T E N; B Aykal, Di L E K; Özb Akka Loğ Lu, B E R İ L
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 3, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: İntravenöz kateter,flebit,hemşirelik girişimleri ; Intravenous catheter,phylebihitis,treatment

This siudy was pfanned and imptied in two stages. The first stage was implied ta detennine the knowledge of nurses in the university hospital about uslng L V. catheter, treatment of I. V. iluid, syrnptoms and the treatrnent procedure for phylebihitis. The second stage was the obseruation of the patients for their syrnptorns during live days. The criteria were selection of the uein, symptorns for the phylebitis and interventions of nurses ta the patient who had phylebitis. Structured questionnaire was applied ta nurses and observations on the practices of nurses, were carried out by two independent obseruers. Results were evalu ated by the SPS,S software and Q-square statistical analysis. The riurses were found ta be successfut in their level of knowledge but their practices were not good enough compared k  their knowledge. Percentage of phylebitis in the investigated patients  t>1  67.24  was found higher  han the average  96 50 . There was a significant  p

This siudy was pfanned and imptied in two stages. The first stage was implied ta detennine the knowledge of nurses in the university hospital about uslng L V. catheter, treatment of I. V. iluid, syrnptoms and the treatrnent procedure for phylebihitis. The second stage was the obseruation of the patients for their syrnptorns during live days. The criteria were selection of the uein, symptorns for the phylebitis and interventions of nurses ta the patient who had phylebitis. Structured questionnaire was applied ta nurses and observations on the practices of nurses, were carried out by two independent obseruers. Results were evalu ated by the SPS,S software and Q-square statistical analysis. The riurses were found ta be successfut in their level of knowledge but their practices were not good enough compared k  their knowledge. Percentage of phylebitis in the investigated patients  t>1  67.24  was found higher  han the average  96 50 . There was a significant  p
AMELİYATHANE HEMŞİRELERİNDE İŞ DOYUMU VE STRES
JOB SATISFACTION AND STRESS IN OPERATING ROOM NURSES
Yazar: Özbayır, Türkan; Demir, Fatma; Dramalı, Alev
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 1, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: İş doyumu,ameliyathane hemşireliği,stres ; Job satisfaction. operating room nursing,stress

Bu çalışmada ameliyathane hemşirelerinin iş doyunnıntı ve stres düzeylerini belirlemek ve iş doyumu ile stresin ilişkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma 01.06.1999-01.09.1999 tat-filleri arasında İzmir ili içersinde yer alan toplam 14 hastane amellyathanelerinde çalışan ve olasılıksız örneklern yöntemiyle seçilen 150 hemşire ile gerçekleştirlimişlir. Tanınılayıcı tarzdaki bu çalışmada veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından soru kağıdı ile toplanmiştır. Soru kağıdı üç bölümden oluşmuştur. Birinci bölüm hernşirelerin sosyodemograrik verilerini içermektedir. İkinci bölümde strese yatkınlık ve stres belirtileri ölçeği. üçüncü bölümde ise, iş dayumu ölçeği yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucunda: ameliyathane hemşirelerinin strese yatkınlık ölçeği ve stres belirtileri ölçcğinden almış oldukları puan ortalamalan düşük bulunurken, iş doyurnlannın yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bulgularınnz literatüre benzerlik göstermektedir

The airn of this study was tv investigate ofjob satisfaetion and stress leoel of operating room nurses. The study was peribrmed from June 1999 to September 1999. Sample consisted of 150 nurses working operating room in 14 hospitaLs tocated in eity of Izmir. In this descriptive study data were collected using o. questionnaire .form bg researchers, gııestionnaire form was consisted of avec parts. Par 1 ineluded socio-demographics of nurses. Purt 11 inclucled the symptorns of stress and stress vulnerabiiity scales and part Ili consisted qfjob salisfaction inventoni. According to our findings; the swııptoms of stress and the stress uulnerability of operating room nurses were low. Mndings alsa showed ihat tlıejob satisfaetion of operating room rıurses was higher. Our .findings were sinıdar to literatures  Şahin. Durak-Batıgiiıı 1997. Gezer 1998 . GiRiş
NÖRAL TÜP DEFEKTLERİNİN ÖNLENMESİNDE  HEMŞİRELERİN BİRİNCİL ROLLERİ
PRIMARY ROLES OF NURSES IN PREVENTION OF NEURAL TUBE  DEFECTS
Yazar: Ertem, Gül Karacan
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 1, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Folik asid,Nöral tüb defekti ; Folic asid. Neural tube defect

Nöral tüb defektleri örneğin spina bifida ve anensefall ciddi doğum defektlerindendir. Bu defektler genellikle hamileliğin ilk ayında veya daha erken döneminde meydana gelirler. Gebeliğin ilk 4 haftası boyunca nöral tüb açiktir ve daha sonra spinal cord ve beyini oluşturacak şekilde kapanır. Nöral tüb defekti olan gebeliklerde nöral tüb düz.enli kapanmaz ve bebekte çok ciddi ve kalıcı lıasarlara yol açar. Folik asidfn, nöral tüb defektinin ilk kez ortaya çıkma ve tekrarlanma riskini walilıP-,1 bilinmektedir. Bu makalede de hemştrelerin bu gibi doğum defeklerindeki prinıcr rolleri anlatılmıştır.

New-al tube defects  NTD . such as spina bifida and anencephaly are serlous bira' defects. These defects occur uery carly, usunlly in the first rnorıth of pregnancy. During the _first four weeks of pregnancy. the rteural tube fs open and then cioses to Jbrm the spinal cord and brain. In NTD affected pregnancies the neural tube doesrı't dose properiy, and ilzis causes ıenj sertous and perrnonent damage in the baby. Folie asid has been slıown to recluce the risk of first time occurence of neural tube defects as well as recurrent risk. In this artiele, the rıurse's role in the primary prevention of these birth defects is described
KADIN ÜREME FONKSİYONLARI İÇİNDE PROSTOGLANDİNLER
PROSTOGLANDINS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE FONCTIONS OF  WOMEN
Yazar: Soğukpınar, Neriman
Dergi: Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 15 No. 1, 0
Anahtar kelimeler: Prostoglandinler, Kadın Üreme Fonksiyonu ; Prostoglandinş. Women Reproductive Function

Kadın yaşamında nıenarşta birlikte tüm üreme dönemi boyuneaşer alan ve çoğu zaman lokal olarak rnetabolize edilen prostoglandinler, obstetri ve jinekoloji alanında büyük bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu makalede: genel olarak prostogiandinleıin bulunduğu doku ve sıvılar ile etkide bulunduklan sisternler, ayrıca menstrüel sikius, gebeliğin oluşumu, gebeliğin sonlandınlması ile preeklarrıpsi J eklampsi'deki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur

The prostaglandins whiclı are mostly rnetabolised locally are avadable thro .igh the total reproductiue pen'od of women tfe. 'Mese proslaglandins have /Yeni important aspects in gynaecology and obsetrtcs. In this article. it has beerı pointed out the tissues, the tiquids and the meiabolits in which the prostaglanclins are generally found, the systems wlıtch can be ajfected bir prostaglandins, and [heir piace in menslrual eyele and also forrnatfon and encling of pregnancy