Dîvân-ı Hikmet’te “Yetim” İmgesinin Göstergebilimsel Açıdan İncelenmesi
The Semiotic Approach of the Orphan Image in the Divan-ı Hikmet
Yazar: Tutar, Hasan
Dergi: Bilimname No. 47, 2022
Anahtar kelimeler: Turkish Culture,Sociology of Religion,Ahmed Yesevî,Dîvân-ı Hikmet,Orphan Image ; Türk Kültürü,Din Sosyolojisi,Ahmed Yesevî,Dîvân-ı Hikmet,Yetim İmgesi

Türk kültürünün taşıyıcı sütunlarından olan Yesevî’nin Dîvan-ı Hikmet adlı eserinin yol göstericiliğinde, yetimleri başkasına muhtaç etmemek için Türkler kurdukları devletlerde yetimlerle ilgili birçok kurum ihdas etmiş ve bunları aile ocağı gibi korumuştur. Bu ocakların kurulmasında Hoca Ahmed Yesevî’nin Dîvân-ı Hikmet adlı eserinin ve onun icraatlerinin büyük bir payı vardır. Yesevî ve eserinin önemi, Türkistan’ın bozkırlarından insanlığa yön veren evrensel bir hüviyete sahip olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Türklerin dinî-tasavvufî hayatlarını derinden etkileyen Yesevî, tasavvuf gibi deruni boyutu olan bir anlayışı inşa ederken, dünyada olup-bitenlere bigâne kalmamıştır.  Dîvân-ı Hikmet’te Yesevî, yetim veya öksüz kalmış birinin fiziksel ve psikolojik/manevi ihtiyaçlara ilişkin sorumluluğun toplum fertlerine düşen önemli bir sorumluluk olarak görür. Yesevî yetim imgesini ele alırken üzerinde durduğu temel husus, yetimin anneyi ve babayı kaybetmesinden kaynaklanan sorunlara ilişkin değil, aksine yetime karşı toplumun sorumluluk bilincinin inşa edilmesidir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Ahmed Yesevî’nin Dîvân-ı Hikmet adlı eserinde onun sosyal sorumluluk ve insani duyarlılığının bir göstergesi olan “yetim” imgesini göstergebilimsel açıdan incelemektir. Araştırmada Dîvân-ı Hikmet’te “yetim” imgesi bağlamı ile birlikte göstergebilimsel açıdan çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, Ahmed Yesevî’nin yetim olgusuna özel bir önem atfettiği, aslında yetimler ve garipler üzerinden anlattığı olgunun, toplumsal dayanışma yoluyla ortadan kaldırılabileceği yönündedir. Bir vizyon ve misyon insanı olan Yesevî’nin yetim imgesine ilişkin beyan ve imaları, korunmaya muhtaç olanlara yardım etmeyen bir toplumun büyük bir medeniyet inşa edemeyeceğine ilişkin uyarılar içerir.

Ahmad Yasevi is the pioneer of the Sufi wisdom tradition in Turkish literature. His great work, Divan-ı Hikmet, is the first example of Turkish Sufi literature created after the adoption of Islam. Ahmed Yesevi, who is known as a "mystical poet" on the axis of wisdom containing religious advice, is a great "strategist" who, according to political theorists, transforms Anatolia and Rumelia into a homeland by giving "soul" to these geographies with his dervishes. He is a far-sighted, reasoned Turkish mystic. There are no special implications in his works that would shake public beliefs. Yesevi's wisdom consists of intertwined layers of meaning. Islam in the outer frame, Sufi thought in the second frame, and Turkish understanding of life, customs and traditions in the third frame. The meaning content of the wisdom is concentrated from the outside to the inside and progresses by forming the layers of Islam, Sufi tradition and Turkish culture. Man is a creature that has had to live longer depending on others among all living things since his birth. When a person becomes an "orphan" or orphan, he needs care just like in infancy. In Dîvân-ı Hikmet, the image of the orphan is used not only for those who have lost their parents but also for people who have become physically and psychologically in need of care. This concept is sometimes used for places in ruins due to neglect. The main focus of the Divan-i Wisdom is eliminating the orphans being "victims." It is a social responsibility that needs to be shown in this regard. Many pearls of wisdom express the effect of not fulfilling the said responsibility on orphans and the great human concern that the hearts of orphans will be destroyed. In this study, the place that Ahmed Yesevi spares for the orphan image in the world of the heart is emphasized, and the civilization Yesevi wants to establish through this concept is mentioned. Man is a creature that has had to live longer depending on others among all living things since his birth. When a person becomes an "orphan" or orphan, he needs care like in infancy. In Dîvân-ı Hikmet, the image of the orphan is used not only for those who have lost their parents but also for people who have become physically and psychologically in need of care. This concept is sometimes used for places in ruins due to neglect. The main focus of the Divan-i Wisdom is eliminating the orphans' state of being "victims." It is a social responsibility that needs to be shown in this regard. The effect of not fulfilling the said responsibility on orphans and the deep human concern that the hearts of orphans will be ruined is expressed in many pearls of wisdom. Under the guidance of Yesevi's Dîvan-ı Wisdom, one of the carrier pillars of Turkish culture, Turks established many institutions related to orphans in the states they established not to make orphans needy and protected them as a family hearth. Hodja Ahmed Yesevi's work is called Dîvân-ı Hikmet, and his actions have an outstanding share in establishing these hearths. The importance of Yesevî and his work stems from the fact that it has a universal identity that directs humanity from the steppes of Turkestan. Yesevî, who deeply affected the religious and mystical lives of the Turks, was not ignorant of what was going on in the world while he was building an understanding with an inner dimension like Sufism. In Dîvân-ı Hikmet, Yesevi sees the responsibility for an orphan or orphan's physical and psychological/spiritual needs as an important responsibility of the members of society. While dealing with the image of an orphan, the main point that Yesevî emphasizes is not about the problems caused by the orphan's loss of mother and father, but on the contrary, to build the society's sense of responsibility towards the orphan. The primary purpose of this research is to examine the image of "orphan," which is an indicator of his social responsibility and human sensitivity, in Ahmed Yesevi's work called Dîvân-ı Hikmet, from a semiotic point of view. In the research, the image of "orphan" in Dîvân-ı Hikmet has been analyzed in semiotics and its context. The research results are that Ahmed Yesevi attaches particular importance to the orphan phenomenon, and in fact, the phenomenon that he describes through orphans and strangers can be eliminated through social solidarity. The statements and allusions of Yesevi, a man of vision and mission, regarding the orphan image contain warnings that a society that does not help those in need of protection cannot build a great civilization.