İstanbul Tarîki Sûfî Mesleği İcâzetnâmesindeki İnkıtâ‘: Reîsülkurrâ Abdurrahman Gürses Örneği
The Cessation (Inqiṭaʿ) in The Authorization Certificate of the Istanbul Style, Doctrie of Sufi: A Case Study of Chief Qur’an Reciter Abdurrahman Gürses
Yazar: Şahin Aynur, Hatice
Dergi: Bilimname No. 53, 2024
Anahtar kelimeler: Recitation of the Qur'an and Qiraat ; Kuran-ı Kerim Okuma ve Kıraat ; Qur'an,Qiraat,Certificate of Authorization,Chain of Taransmission,Inqita (The Cessation) ; Kur'an,Kıraat,İcazetname,İsnad,İnkita

Bu makalede, kıraat ilmi geleneğinde İstanbul Tarîki Sûfî Mesleği’nin bir temsilcisi ve son dönem reîsülkurrâlardan olan Abdurrahman Gürses’in icâzetnâmesindeki inkitâ‘ ele alınacaktır. Hz. Peygamber’den bu yana Kur’an ve kıraatlerin nesilden nesile aktarımında süregelen arz ve semâ yöntemleri, kıraat ilminde önemli yer tutmaktadır. Buna bağlı gelişen icâzetnâme uygulaması da kıraatlerin nakli noktasında ehemmiyet arz etmektedir. Zira icâzetnâmede en üstte Hz. Peygamber, en sonda ise bu nakil zincirinin son halkası olan kişi bulunmaktadır. Böylece kıraatler, râvîler vesilesiyle muttasıl bir isnâdla kaynağına ulaşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla isnâdın muttasıl olması, yani senette kopukluğun olmaması elzemdir. İlk dönemlerden itibaren uygulanan bu icâzet geleneği, Anadolu topraklarında da titizlikle sürdürülmüştür. İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin Anadolu’ya gelmesinden sonra, Anadolu’da kıraat ilmi adına bir inkişaf yaşanmıştır. Böylece kıraat ilmi tedrisatında uygulama çeşitliliğine dayalı farklı tarîkler ve meslekler gelişmiştir. Türkiye özelinde genel hatlarıyla İstanbul ve Mısır Tarîki şeklinde isimlendirilen bu kıraat tedrisatı uygulamaları, kendi içinde de ikişer mesleğe ayrılmaktadırlar. İlgili meslekler Mısır Tarîki için Mütkîn ve Atâullâh Mesleği, İstanbul Tarîki için Îtilâf ve Sûfî Mesleğidir. Bu çerçevede İstanbul Tarîki Sûfî Mesleği mirasının Osmanlı’dan günümüze aktarımında önemli isimlerden biri olan Abdurrahman Gürses’in icâzetnâmesindeki inkitânın giderilmesi ve alanın daha eski temel kaynaklarının yardımıyla muttasıl senedin tespiti araştırmanın temel gayesidir. Bu meyanda makalede, öncelikle icâzet geleneğine değinilmiş ve Abdurrahman Gürses hakkında malumat verilmiştir. Akabinde inkitânın takip edilebilmesi amacıyla icâzetnâme metnine yer verilerek isnâddaki kopukluğa dikkat çekilmiştir. Son olarak İstanbul Tarîki’nin Sûfî Mesleği’nin isnâdını aktaran eski ve temel kaynaklara müracaat ile muttasıl sened tespit edilerek şema şeklinde aktarılmıştır.

In this article, the cessation in the certificate of authorization of Abdurrahman Gurses who is among the recent chief reciters (of the Holy Qur’an), and a representative of the Sûfî Profession of the Istanbul Style of the Qur’anic Recitation within the tradition of the science of Qur’anic Recitation (Qiraat) will be discussed. The methods of “ard” (reciting to a qualified listener) and “sema” (to listen and correct whenever necessary as a qualified professional) that have been among the on-going practices towards a reliable transmission of the Qur’an and its Recitations (Qiraat) throughout generations since the Prophet’s (pbuh) times, has a key role in the science of Qur’anic Recitation. The corresponding development of “the certification of authorization” practice also carries a significant importance in terms of the source of Qur’anic Recitations. Because in the certification of authorization, Muhammed (s.a.s.), is at the supreme level, and the individual who gains the right to receive this trust is at the lattermost level. Thus, the Qur’an, no matter how much time passes after its revelation, reaches its source through a continuous chain of transmission, via the narrators (ravis) who carry out the transmission. Therefore, it is essential that there is no disconnection in the chain of transmission. The tradition of granting the certificate of authorization was implemented sensitively from early times and continued meticulously in the lands of Anatolia. After the arrival of Ibn al-Jazari to Anatolia, there has been an improvement in the Science of Qiraat in Anatolia. Thus, different styles and doctrines have evolved based on the diversity of educational program applications in the science of Qur'anic Recitation.These applications of educational programs in the science of Qur'anic Recitation are named Istanbul and Misir Styles in general terms and also branch into two doctrines within themselves. The related doctrines are the Doctrines of Mutkin and Ataullah for the Misir Style, and for the Istanbul Style, the Doctrines of Itilaf and Sûfî. In this context, the primary goal of this research is to remove the discontinuity in the certificate of authorization of Abdurrahman Gurses, who is one of the significant names in transmitting the heritage of the science of Qur’anic Recitation from the Ottoman era to the present day, particulary within the Sûfî Profession of the Istanbul Style of the Qur’anic Recitation, and to determine the continuous chain by the help of older primary sources. In this respect, the article first discusses the tradition of certification and provides information about Abdurrahman Gurses. Subsequently, in order to trace the discontinuity, the text of certification is provided and the discontinuity in the chain of transmission is highlighted. In conclusion, by referring to the ancient and foundational sources that transmit the chain of the Istanbul Style’s Sûfî Profession, the continuous chain is established and presented in schematic form.Abdurrahmân Gürses was born in 1909 in Soğuksu village which is part of the Hendek district in Sakarya. He completed his memorization of the Holy Qur'an at the age of thirteen or fourteen. Afterwards, he took lessons in tâlim (learning the correct pronounciation and recitation techniques of the Qur'an), tajweed (rules of articulation, pronunciation, and intonation of the Qur'an), sarf (morphology of Arabic grammar), nahiv (syntax of Arabic grammar), and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from several teachers in Hendek district. Later on, he went to Istanbul and took a madrasah education. After madrasahs were abolished, he returned to Hendek and remained there until 1934. In 1934 he went back to Istanbul, and settled in Üsküdar. He studied the ten qiraat (ashara taqreeb) according to the Sûfî Doctrine of Istanbul Style from Fehmî Efendî, the mosque imam and preacher of Üsküdar Selimiye Mosque. He completed his education and received his certificate from this scholar in 1937. After Gönenli Mehmet Efendi, Abdurrahman Gürses received the title of Reisülkurrâ (chief reciter of the Holy Qur'an) in 1991. In addition to his duties as an imam and preacher in various mosques, he taught ilm-i qiraat (the science of Qur'anic recitation) at the Haseki Education Center, affiliated with the Presidency of Islamic Affairs, from the year 1976 to 1998. Here, Gürses granted certificates of authorization in aşere-takrib (ten qiraats - detailed articulation and proficiency in Qur'anic recitation) to more than a hundred students. In addition to the mentioned center, he taught and certified many other students as well. Among Gürses's students are İsmail Biçer, Ramazan Pakdil, Fatih Çollak, Hafız Osman Şahin, Talip Akbal and the current Reîsülkurrâ (the chief reciter of the Holy Qur'an) Mustafa Demirkan. Abdurrahman Gürses who dedicated his life to Qur'anic education, passed away on August 10, 1999.