hakansabunis/tr-academic-research-agent-index huggingface dataset:
Küreselleşme ve Zanaatçı-­Teknoloji Ustalarının Çaresizliği
Globalization and the predicament of the artisan/technologist
Yazar: Danışman, Günhan
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 6 No. 2, 2005
Anahtar kelimeler: zanaatkâr, teknoloji ustası, endüstrileşme, küreselleşme, tekerlekçi, demirci, kalaycı, mekanik saatçi, sözlü tarih ; artisan,craftsman,technologist,industrialisation,globalization,wheel­wright,blacksmith,thinker,master mechanical watch,oral history

In spite of some significant  contributions  made by modern science and  technology within the last century to the betterment of the living conditions in  the developing world, the globalization of the industrial process, however, has  affected the professional life of the artisan/technologist adversely and caused  severe environmental crisis, as well as the end of the ways of practicing many  traditional arts and crafts. An oral history project  being conducted in Cilicia, Thrace and the city of Istanbul has been trying to illustrate the predicament of the artisan/technologist in the face of the growing globalization of the industrial  process. Four such interviews with different craftsmen are being summarized:A wheel­wright who was forced to turn into a sculptor of wood; A blacksmith who refuses  to retire until he can no longer swing his  hammer;A tinker fighting the third bridge over the Bosphorus to save his 50­year old shop; andA master mechanical watch repairer who hates the word ‘quartz’.

In spite of some significant  contributions  made by modern science and technology within the last century to the betterment of the living conditions in the developing world, the globalization of the industrial process, however, has affected the professional life of the artisan/technologist adversely and caused severe environmental crisis, as well as the end of the ways of practicing many traditional arts and crafts. An oral history project  being conducted in Cilicia, Thrace and the city of Istanbul has been trying to illustrate the predicament ofthe artisan/technologist in the face of the growing globalization of the industrial process. Four such interviews with different craftsmen are being summarized:A wheel­wright who was forced to turn into a sculptor of wood; A blacksmith who refuses  to retire until he can no longer swing his hammer;A tinker fighting the third bridge over the Bosphorus to save his 50­yearold shop; andA master mechanical watch repairer who hates the word ‘quartz’.
İskenderun Dekovil Hattı
Narrow­gauged r ailway at Iskenderun
Yazar: Sandalcı, Mert
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 6 No. 2, 2005
Anahtar kelimeler: Anadolu, dekovil, demiryolu, İskenderun, Hatay, Türkiye ; Anatolia,narrow­gauged railway,Iskenderun,Hatay,Alexandrette,Antioch,Turkey

The purpose of this article is to summarize the fact that in the late 1800’s  the narrow­gauged railway was  one of the  first railways  to operate in  Iskenderun (Alexandrette), the port of Hatay (Antioch) in South­eastern Turkey.In the 19th century, Iskenderun had a swampy subterranean and in order to overcome this problem, the Ottoman government took action by constructing  a narrow­gauged railway which ran smaller scaled steam­engined trains.This steam­engined railway was used to transport boulder­rock material  to dry out  the swampy regions. But  importantly enough, the narrow­gauged  railway was also used for leisure purposes, for example transporting families to  picnic areas.It is sad to note that the narrow­gauged railway, as importantly as this, used in the building blocks of todays Iskenderun, has long been forgotten.

The purpose of this article is to summarize the fact that in the late 1800’s the narrow­gauged railway was  one of the  first railways  to operate in Iskenderun (Alexandrette), the port of Hatay (Antioch) in South­eastern Turkey.In the 19th century, Iskenderun had a swampy subterranean and in orderto overcome this problem, the Ottoman government took action by constructing a narrow­gauged railway which ran smaller scaled steam­engined trains.This steam­engined railway was used to transport boulder­rock material to dry out  the swampy regions. But  importantly enough, the narrow­gauged railway was also used for leisure purposes, for example transporting families to picnic areas.It is sad to note that the narrow­gauged railway, as importantly as this,used in the building blocks of todays Iskenderun, has long been forgotten.
Osmanlı Tıbbında‘Müfred Devâ’ Kullanımı ve ‘Müfredât’ Eserlerinin Genel Özellikleri
The materia medica (müfredat) and the use of simple drugs in Ottoman medicine
Yazar: Bedizel zülfikar, Mükerrem; Aydın, Mükerrem
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 6 No. 2, 2005
Anahtar kelimeler: materia medica,Ottoman medicine,simple drugs ; müfred deva,müfredat eserleri,Osmanlı tıbbı

A brief historical review of medical treatment  indicates  that  diseases  were cured either by “simple” (müfred) or composed (mürekkeb) drugs derived  from plants, minerals and various animal products. In this respect, the usage of these drugs  has  always  been an issue of great  interest in all cultures ranging  from the Chinese, Indian, Islamic to the Western.The present  article is  based on medical works  compiled in Turkish  between  the XVth and XVIIIth  centuries. It  examines  the concepts of simple drugs (müfred deva) and materia medica (müfredat), the use of ‘simple drugs’,  and the principles followed in their application. The general characteristics  of the works  on simple drugs  is  elucidated. The article  also aims  to identify the significance of treatment with simple drugs in Ottoman medicine.

A brief historical review of medical treatment  indicates  that  diseases were cured either by “simple” (müfred) or composed (mürekkeb) drugs derived from plants, minerals and various animal products. In this respect, the usage ofthese drugs  has  always  been an issue of great  interest in all cultures ranging from the Chinese, Indian, Islamic to the Western.The present  article is  based on medical works  compiled in Turkish between  the XVth and XVIIIth  centuries. It  examines  the concepts of simpledrugs (müfred deva) and materia medica (müfredat), the use of ‘simple drugs’, and the principles followed in their application. The general characteristics  ofthe works  on simple drugs  is  elucidated. The article  also aims  to identify thesignificance of treatment with simple drugs in Ottoman medicine.
Darülfünun Öğrencilerinin Balkan Savaşı Eylemleri ve Edirne Seyahati
Darülfünun students’demonstr ations for the Balkan War and their journey to Edirne
Yazar: Dölen, Emre
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 6 No. 1, 2004
Anahtar kelimeler: Balkan  War,Darülfünun,Edirne,Turkey ; Balkan Savaşı,Darülfünun,Edirne,Türkiye

In the prelude of the first Balkan War (1912­13) Gazi Ahmed  Muhtar Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier. The first action of his cabinet was to remove the martial law in July 1912. This  provided suitable conditions  for political  actions  in Istanbul. The Government’s  apathy towards  the war preparations  undertaken by the Balkan states  to end the Ottoman rule led Darülfünun  (University) students to make demonstrations in order to urge the government to  take actions.As  a result  of these demonstrations, the Government  re­instituted  the martial law and started to undertake reforms in Rumeli instigated by European  powers. As  Serbian  and Bulgarian forces entered Ottoman territories on  16th  October 1912, the Ottoman government declared war the day after. The city of Edirne was besieged by the Bulgarian army and the city had to survive under deplorable conditions until 22nd July 1913 when the Ottoman forces reclaimed  the city in 1913. Right  after the release of the Edirne, Darülfünun  students initiated an aid campaign and organised a journey to the city in order to convey  the aid material to its citizens who had much suffered during the occupation.

In the prelude of the first Balkan War (1912­13) Gazi Ahmed  MuhtarPasha was appointed Grand Vizier. The first action of his cabinet was to removethe martial law in July 1912. This  provided suitable conditions  for political actions  in Istanbul. The Government’s  apathy towards  the war preparations undertaken by the Balkan states  to end the Ottoman rule led Darülfünun (University) students to make demonstrations in order to urge the government to take actions.As  a result  of these demonstrations, the Government  re­instituted  themartial law and started to undertake reforms in Rumeli instigated by European powers. As  Serbian  and Bulgarian forces entered Ottoman territories on  16th October 1912, the Ottoman government declared war the day after. The city ofEdirne was besieged by the Bulgarian army and the city had to survive underdeplorable conditions until 22nd July 1913 when the Ottoman forces reclaimed the city in 1913. Right  after the release of the Edirne, Darülfünun  studentsinitiated an aid campaign and organised a journey to the city in order to convey the aid material to its citizens who had much suffered during the occupation.
Ziraat ve Sınaat Tercüme-i Fünun Odaları Mecmuası Üzerine Bir İnceleme
A Turkish journal on agricultural sciences: Ziraat ve Sınaat Tercüme­i  Fünun Odaları Mecmuası
Yazar: Kadıoğlu, Sevtap
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2004
Anahtar kelimeler: Agriculture,Periodical,Turkey ; Tarım,Ziraat,Dergi,Süreli Yayın,Türkiye

Various periodicals on agricultural arts were published in Turkey towards the end of the 19 thcentury. They were issued either by state institutions such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the School of Agriculture or by agricultural societies or individuals. A number of them were long­lived journals  whereas  the others ephemeral. The earliest two periodicals  were the Vasıta­i  Servet  (Means  ofWealth) and the Ziraat Gazetesi (Newspaper of Agriculture). The journal understudy, the Ziraat ve Sınaat Tercüme­i Fünun Odaları Mecmuası (Journal of theChamber for the Translation of Agricultural Sciences  and Arts) was issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. It  aimed to introduce agricultural knowledge and techniques  to a wider public and assist those involved in agricultural pratices.The journal included articles  on various  kinds  of soils, the cultivation of fruitsand cereals, the breeding of horses, the anatomy of plants and the history ofcommerce.

Various periodicals on agricultural arts were published in Turkey towards the end of the 19 thcentury. They were issued either by state institutions such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the School of Agriculture or by agricultural societies or individuals. A number of them were long­lived journals  whereas  the others ephemeral. The earliest two periodicals  were the Vasıta­i  Servet  (Means  ofWealth) and the Ziraat Gazetesi (Newspaper of Agriculture). The journal understudy, the Ziraat ve Sınaat Tercüme­i Fünun Odaları Mecmuası (Journal of theChamber for the Translation of Agricultural Sciences  and Arts) was issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. It  aimed to introduce agricultural knowledge and techniques  to a wider public and assist those involved in agricultural pratices.The journal included articles  on various  kinds  of soils, the cultivation of fruitsand cereals, the breeding of horses, the anatomy of plants and the history ofcommerce.
İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ BİLİM TARİHİ ANABİLİM DALI’NIN ÇALIŞMALARI (2000­2003)
The Department of History of Science, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University: 2000­2003 Activity Report
Yazar: Erginöz, Gaye
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2004
Anahtar kelimeler: Bilim Tarihi,İstanbul Üniversitesi,Türkiye,Osmanlı Bilimi,öğretim ; History of Science,Istanbul University,Turkey,Ottoman science,teaching

Articles  introducing the 1994­2000  activities  of the Department  ofHistory of Science (Istanbul University) have been previously compiled and published by F. Günergun in Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (Science in Ottoman Studies, 1998) and  Türkiye’de Bilim, Teknoloji  ve Tıp  Tarihi Çalışmaları (2000), respectively. This article will present the teaching and research activities carried on in the department  in the years  2000­2003. It  includes  theundergraduate and graduate teaching programs; the abstracts of the MA and PhD  thesis  prepared  in the department, the list of publications  of thedepartment’s  staff members.Conferences  given in the department  by invited speakers, lectures  delivered by the  staff members in various  institutions,nominations and promotions are also noted. The article includes the programs ofsymposia initiated by the department as well as the list of articles published in the Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (vol. III­V, 2001 - ­2004), a biannual scholarly journal edited by F. Günergun and published by Istanbul University.

Articles  introducing the 1994­2000  activities  of the Department  of History of Science (Istanbul University) have been previously compiled and  published by F. Günergun in Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (Science in Ottoman  Studies, 1998) and  Türkiye’de Bilim, Teknoloji  ve Tıp  Tarihi Çalışmaları  (2000), respectively. This article will present the teaching and research activities  carried on in the department  in the years  2000­2003. It  includes  the undergraduate and graduate teaching programs; the abstracts of the MA and  PhD  thesis  prepared  in the department, the list of publications  of the department’s  staff members.Conferences  given in the department  by invited  speakers, lectures  delivered by the  staff members in various  institutions, nominations and promotions are also noted. The article includes the programs of symposia initiated by the department as well as the list of articles published in  the Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (vol. III­V, 2001 - ­2004), a biannual scholarly  journal edited by F. Günergun and published by Istanbul University.
Müderris Dr. Âkil Muhtar Bey'in “Darülfünunumuz Hakkında Bazı Mülahazat” Adlı Risalesi
Professor Dr. Âkil Muhtar’s memor andum on the Darülfünun
Yazar: Dölen, Emre
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2003

The second half of the 19th  century witnessed a number of attempts to  establish in Istanbul, an institution of higher education aiming the instruction of the civilians. Founded in 1900, the “Darülfünun­i Osmanî”  (Ottoman  University) lived for about three decades. The University Reformation of 1933, abolishing the Darülfünun, paved the way for the  establishment of the present  day Istanbul University.The Darülfünun was much discussed during the first decades of the 20th  century and attempts were made to secure its reformation. Dr. Akil Muhtar [Özden] (1877- ­1949), professor of pharmacodynamy at Darülfünun’s Medical  Faculty, was  also involved in these debates. His  20­page pamphlet  titled  Darülfünunumuz Hakkında Bazı Mülahazât (Memorandum on the Darülfünun, Istanbul 1924), exposed his critics regarding the organisation, the teaching staff and the location (at Haydarpaşa) of this institution and put forward the measures  to be taken for its reformation.

The second half of the 19th  century witnessed a number of attempts to establish in Istanbul, an institution of higher education aiming the instruction ofthe civilians. Founded in 1900, the “Darülfünun­i Osmanî”  (Ottoman University) lived for about three decades. The University Reformation of 1933,abolishing the Darülfünun, paved the way for the  establishment of the present day Istanbul University. The Darülfünun was much discussed during the first decades of the 20th century and attempts were made to secure its reformation. Dr. Akil Muhtar[Özden] (1877- ­1949), professor of pharmacodynamy at Darülfünun’s Medical Faculty, was  also involved in these debates. His  20­page pamphlet  titled Darülfünunumuz Hakkında Bazı Mülahazât (Memorandum on the Darülfünun,Istanbul 1924), exposed his critics regarding the organisation, the teaching staffand the location (at Haydarpaşa) of this institution and put forward the measures to be taken for its reformation.
İstanbul Darülfünunu Fen Fakültesi Kimya Zümresi Müderris Muavini Mehmed Ali Kağıtçı
The formative years of M.A. Kağıtçı,  industrial chemist and paper engineer
Yazar: Etker, Şeref
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2003

Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı (1899-1982), a leading figure in the emergence of modern paper industry in Turkey, began his studies in 1919 at the Faculty of Sciences of the Darülfünun, the institution of higher education, which was later transformed to the Istanbul University.As the German academic staff at the Faculty of Science left Istanbul following the armistice ending World War I, the task of teaching industrial and biochemistry -- subjects of primary interest for Kağıtçı – fell on professor Dr. Cevad Mazhar who was to became his mentor. Kağıtçı completed his chemistry training in 1922 and soon after he was nominated assistant to Cevad Mazhar. In postgraduate work, Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı focused exclusively on paper manufacturing and went to Germany in 1925 and France in 1926 to study the processing techniques of cellulose. He left his academic post in early 1927 to complete his degree of “Ingénieur papetier” in Grenoble. Kağıtçı devoted his career to paper production in Turkey, and expressed his dedication to his profession by choosing Kağıtçı (papermaker) as his family name.

Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı (1899-1982), a leading figure in the emergence of modern paper industry in Turkey, began his studies in 1919 at the Faculty of Sciences of the Darülfünun, the institution of higher education, which was later transformed to the Istanbul University.As the German academic staff at the Faculty of Science left Istanbul following the armistice ending World War I, the task of teaching industrial and biochemistry -- subjects of primary interest for Kağıtçı – fell on professor Dr. Cevad Mazhar who was to became his mentor. Kağıtçı completed his chemistry training in 1922 and soon after he was nominated assistant to Cevad Mazhar. In postgraduate work, Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı focused exclusively on paper manufacturing and went to Germany in 1925 and France in 1926 to study the processing techniques of cellulose. He left his academic post in early 1927 to complete his degree of “Ingénieur papetier” in Grenoble. Kağıtçı devoted his career to paper production in Turkey, and expressed his dedication to his profession by choosing Kağıtçı (papermaker) as his family name.
Kârhâneden baruthâneye Karaman Eyaleti’nde güherçile üretimi (18–19. yüzyıllarda)
From workshop to gunpowder mill: Saltpetre production in the province of Karaman in the 18th-19th centuries
Yazar: İnce, Yunus
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 13 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Barut, güherçile, Osmanlı Devleti, Karaman Eyaleti ; Gunpowder,saltpetre,Ottoman State,Karaman Province

Güherçile; potasyum nitrat, kalsiyum nitrat ve sodyum nitratın genel adıdır. İlk kez Eski Çin’de ve Hindistan’da göçebelerin göç hareketleri sırasında yakmış oldukları ateş ile bulunmuştur. Taocu simyacılar; bilinemezci kozmik felsefe ilkeleri çerçevesinde yapmış oldukları bazı deneyler neticesinde, güherçilenin patlayıcı özelliğinin farkına varmışlardır. Eski Çin’de keşfedilen güherçile, buradan da dünyaya yayılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti ihtiyaç duyduğu barutu topraktan elde ettiği güherçile ile üretmiştir. Kükürt ve odun kömürü barutu oluşturan diğer bileşenlerdir. Osmanlı Devleti barut üretirken %75 güherçile, %12,5 kükürt ve %12,5 odun kömürü kullanmıştır. Devlet ihtiyaç duyduğu güherçileyi bazı gelir kaynaklarını bu alana tahsis ederek karşılamıştır. Devletin başlıca barut üretim merkezleri baruthânelerdir ve bunlardan da en önemlisi İstanbul Baruthânesidir. İstanbul Baruthânesi ihtiyaç duyduğu güherçilenin büyük bir kısmını Karaman Eyaleti’nden temin etmiştir. Nitroselüloz ve nitrogliserinin keşfi ile güherçile, ateşli silahlardaki önemini kaybetmiştir.

Saltpetre is the general name given to potassium nitrate, calcium nitrateand sodium nitrate. It was discovered in Ancient China and India by nomadsbuilding fires in the course of their journeys. Taoist alchemists came to knowabout saltpetre’s explosiveness through their experiments to comprehend theuniverse within the concepts of agnostic cosmic philosophy. Discovered in thefar east, saltpetre use spread to all over the world. In the Ottoman Empire, saltpetre needed to produce gunpowder wassupplied from the saltpetre soil. Sulphur and charcoal were the other ingredientsof gunpowder. Ottoman gunpowder was composed of 75% of salpetre, 12.5 %of sulphur, and 12.5 % charcoal. To procure the demanded saltpetre, theOttoman state alloted tenures in this field. The most important gunpowder mill(baruthane) of the empire was the Zeytinburnu gunpowder mill in Istanbul,which procured most of its saltpetre from the province of Karaman, in centralAnatolia. Following the discovery of nitro-cellulose and nitro-glycerine,saltpetre lost its prominence as an explosive.
Ondokuzuncu Türk mimarlık çizimlerinden bazı yeni örnekler
Nineteenth century Turkish architectural drawings: Reflections on some new examples
Yazar: Tuncer, Orhan
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 13 No. 1, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler: Türk mimarlık tarihi, resimleme, tasarım teknikleri, su yolları haritası, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu. ; History of Turkish Architecture,illustration,presentation techniques,water supply maps,Ottoman Empire

Elimizde Anadolu Selçuklu ve 19. yüzyıla kadarki Osmanlı döneminden binalarla ilgili mimari çizim yoktur. Oysa İstanbul Halkalı ve benzeri su yolları haritaları ne kadar yararlı bilgiler vermektedir. Bu ömürsüz nesnelerin zamana yenik düştüğü anlaşılıyor. Hassa Mimarlar Ocağı işlikleri yakılmasaydı, çok yararlı bilgilerimiz (projeden maketlere kadar) elimizde olacaktı. Mimarlık tarihi ve çizim yöntemlerimiz (teknoloji) için elimizde sadece iki yöntem kalıyor; birincisi, arşiv araştırmalarımızı; ikincisi yeniden çizimlerimizi (rölöve) oldukça hızlandırmak. Bu çalışmada, T. C. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan Tanzimat dönemine ait bazı çizimler tanıtılacak, yöntem ve amacı üzerinde durulacaktır.

Architectural drawings of the buildings from the time of the AnatolianSeljuks (11th-14th centuries) and pre-19th century Ottomans are not available.These frail structures of this period seem to have been defeated by time. Themaps of the Halkalı waterways in Istanbul, however, provide much usefulinformation in this respect. If the workshops of the Imperial Corps of Architectshad not been burned down in later years, we would be in the possession of verydetailed technical information from constructions plans to scale models. Under these circumstances, two methods can be used to complement thehistory of architecture and drawing techniques: firstly, to conduct archivalresearch, and secondly to expedite the surveying works of extant buildings. Thepresent study aims to introduce some of the architectural drawings from the 19thcentury conserved at the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives (Istanbul), andemphasise their drawing methods and purpose of design.