Gadîr-i Hum Hadisesinin Değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of the Ghadir Khumm Incident
Yazar: Arslan, İhsan
Dergi: e-Makalat Mezhep Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 12 No. 2, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler: Religious Studies ; Din Araştırmaları ; Prophet Muhammad (pbuh),Ali,Shi’a,Ghadir Khumm,Succession ; Hz. Peygamber,Hz. Ali,Gadîr-i Hum,Şîa,Velâyet

Bu araştırmada Hz. Ali’nin velâyeti incelenirken Şîa ve Ehl-isünnetin temel kaynakları referans olarak kullanılmıştır. Şîa’ya göre Hz.Peygamber, Hz. Ali’yi Gadîr-i Hum denilen yerde vasî tayin etmiş, başta Hz. EbûBekir ve Hz. Ömer olmak üzere orada bulunanlar ise buna tanıklık etmişlerdir.Görüşlerini âyetlerle desteklemeye çalışan Şîa, bu düşüncesini İslâm’ın beştemel şartından biri olarak kabul etmiştir. Ehl-i sünnet ise Gadîr-i Hum’dameydana gelen olayı Hz. Ali’nin Yemen seferi dönüşü askerler arasında yaşananbazı problemlerle ilişkili olarak değerlendirmektedir. Yapılan incelemedeŞîa’nın Hz. Ali’nin vasiliğini meşrulaştırmak için kullandığı âyetlerin konuylailgili olmadığı değerlendirmesinde bulunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda Hz. Ali’ninyaşadığı dönemlerde meydana gelen iktidar mücadelelerinde olayın kahramanlarınınâdeta akıl tutulması yaşayarak onu hatırlayamamaları, bu hadisenin mezhebîduygu ve düşüncelerle inşa edilerek kurgulandığı sonucunu doğurmuştur.

In this research while examining Ali's succession, thebasic sources of Shi'a and Ahl-i Sunnah were used as reference. According tothe Shi’a, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) assigned Ali as his successor at the placecalled Ghadir Khumm and those who were there, particularly Abu Bakr and Umarwitnessed that. Shi’a, who tries to support his views with verses, accepts thisevent as one of the five basics of Islam, whereas Ahl’i Sunnah sees this eventtook place at Ghadir Khumm as related to some problems between Ali and thesoldiers occurred after the expedition from Yemen. In this study it wasconcluded that the verses which Shi’a using to justify Ali’s succession are notrelevant. In this context, the inability to remember, as if with an abdicationof reason, of people who witnessed the events at Ghadir Khumm, in the powerstruggles while Ali was living led to the conclusion that this incident wasconstructed with sectarian feelings and thoughts.SummaryGhadir Khumm, which consists of acombination of the Word ghadir meaning “dense woodland” and the Word hummeaning “pond” in Arabic, was on the left side of the road between Meccaand Madina away from Cuhfe about one, two, three or four miles. It was a pondthat had become a swamp and reeds due to frequent rains.The Ghadir Khumm Incident which Shia considers as the most importantvalid evidence for Ali’s succession has been controversial throughout thehistory. The basic of this controversion is viewpoint of the both sides.According to Shia belief, while the Muslims were returning from the FarewellPilgrimage, when the verse saying “O Apostle! Deliver what has been sent downto you from your Lord; and if you don't do it, you have not delivered Hismessage (at all); and Allah will protect you from the people “(Qur’an 5: 67)”was revealed Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) delivered a lengthy sermon inwhich he announced Ali was his heir by saying “Anyone who has me as his mawla,has Ali as his mawla.” Yet more Shia claimed that Ali received thecongratulations of the Muslims who acclaimed him as Amir al-Mu’minin. Amongthese well-wishers were the later caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. Shia stated thatafter the oaths of allegiance and congratulations the official appointment ofAli as Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) successor was completed with the revelation ofthird verse of Al-Ma'idah saying: “This day I have perfected your Religion foryou: Completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as yourReligion.” According to the Shia this event is one of the five basics of Islam.However, the witnesses of this incident did not make it a current issue in thecourse of the power struggles. Even Ali did not mention about it during the AbuBakr’s caliphate despite the fact that he uttered his annoyance about AbuBakr’s caliphate several times. It means even Ali was aware of his succession.Because the clear evidence like this would be an enormous opportunity for Aliand his supporters. However, the main actors of the conflict were almost withinthe eclipse of reason and could not remember this evidence which definitelycould heal the breach.The basis of the Ghadir Khumm incident, which Shia has turned into anobject of faith, is far from being convincing. For, the matter mentioned in thesixty-seventh verse of Al-Ma'idah, which is connected with this event, is notabout the succession of Ali but just announcement of all the commands andprohibition which Allah orders at any cost. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) whopursued the balance between all the parts of the society was wary of public’srevulsion when the verses were revealed about the Jews, Christians andpolytheists. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was worried about people’s reactionand by sending this verse, Allah eliminated the fear that the Messenger of Him(pbuh) and made it clear that he did not need to worry about and that he wasspiritually protected. In terms of tafsir methodology it is not a correctapproach to try to understand the verses by decontextualizing them. For, thethird verse of Al-Ma'idah was decontextualized by Shia in compliance with theirfactional views. In this context, when this verse is taken into considerationbefore and after, it is seen that it is not related to imamat orsuccession but includes provisions on haram, halal, orders and prohibitions.This verse being one of the last verses and revelation of no further orders andprohibitions on legislation supports this view. Allah tried to prevent peoplefrom misunderstanding by sending the revelation clearly. For this reason, ifAli’s succession had been determined by Him it would have been revealed andunderstood clearly.The Sunnî sources connects the event with Ali’s campaign in Yemen, fromwhich he had just returned prior to accompanying Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) on theFarewell Pilgrimage. In Ghadir Khumm the soldiers who participated thiscampaign accused of Ali the distribution of booty, bondswoman issue, notletting riding on zakat camels and wearing clothes belongs to the booty duringthe expedition. Thereupon, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) made a speechemphasizing the importance of friendship and brotherhood in order to placateboth sides and settled the matter by saying “Anyone who has me as his comrade,has Ali as his comrade” in this context. Therefore, The Ghadir Khumm incident,which Shia has turned into a matter of faith, was constructed with sectarianfeelings and thoughts and its legitimacy was supported by versesdecontextualized.