Bir Kur’an Üslubu Olarak Şarta Bağlanan Hüküm Üzerinden İmkânsızlığın İfade Edilmesi
The Expression of Impossibility through Conditionals as a Quranic Style
Yazar: Aksoy, Soner
Dergi: Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 19 No. 1, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler: Tafsīr,Quran,Language,Style,Conditional,Impossibility ; Tefsir,Kur’an,Dil,Üslup,Şart,İmkânsızlık

Belli bir mekân vezaman aralığında nâzil olan Kur’an, Allah’ın iradesinin dilsel bildirimidir.Bütün insanlığın muhatap kılındığı bu dilsel bildirim hiç kuşkusuz Arap dilininimkân ve sınırları içerisinde varlık kazanmıştır. Dolayısıyla “Her dilselbildirim, varlık kazandığı bağlam ve bütünlük doğrultusunda anlam kazanır.”gerçeğini dikkate aldığımızda ilahî kelamın doğru anlaşılmasında Arap dili vebu dilin ifade özellikleri merkezi bir konuma sahiptir. Arap dilinin veKur’an’ın temel ifade özelliklerinden birisi ise şart cümleleridir. Bu bağlamdayapacağımız çalışmanın temel gayesi genellikle imkân vurgusu içeren şartifadelerinin Kur’an’da bir üslup olarak imkânsızlık bağlamında kullanıldığınıtespit etmek ve bu şekilde Kur’an üslubunun anlaşılmasına katkı sunmaktır. Buamaç doğrultusunda ilk olarak Kur’an’ın şart üslubunun anlaşılmasını kolaylaştırmakiçin Arap dilinde ve Mantık ilminde şartlı ifadelerin nasıl bir anlamçerçevesinde kullanıldığı üzerinde durulacaktır. Daha sonra Kur’an’da hükmünşarta bağlanması meselesine değinilerek, ayetler örnekliğinde şarta bağlananhüküm üzerinden imkânsızlığın ifade edilmesi üslubu incelenecektir. Buçalışmada Kur’an’da birçok ayette imkân vurgusu anlamındakullanılan şartlı ifadelerin, bir Kur’an üslubu olarak bir kısım ayetlerdeimkânsızlık vurgusu bağlamında kullanıldığı sonucuna ulaşıldı. Bu tespitin Kur’an’ınüslup düzeyinde anlaşılmasına katkı sunacağı gibi, imkânsızlık vurgusu içerenşartla ilgili ayetlerin lafzından anlaşılacak yanlış okumaların ve manalarınönüne geçeceği kanaatindeyiz.

AbstractThe Quran,which was revealed in a certain place and time, is a linguistic manifestationof the will of Allah. This linguistic manifestation, which was sent to allmankind, undoubtedly gained its existence within the limits and possibilitiesof the Arabic language. Therefore, the Arabic language and its features have acentral role in the correct understanding of the divine message, as everylinguistic manifestation gains its meaning according to its context andlinguistic integrity. One of the features of the Arabic language and the Quranis conditional statements. In this context, the main purpose of this study isto determine the use of conditionals, which are generally used to expresspossibility, as a way of expressing impossibility as a style in the Quran tocontribute to the better understanding of the Quranic style. For this purpose,firstly, in order to better understand the Quran’s conditional style, howconditional expressions are used in the Arabic language and the Logic will bediscussed. Then, the use of conditional expressions in the Quran will beexamined, and the style of expressing impossibility though conditionals will beexamined through examples from the verses of the Quran. In this study, it isfound that the conditionals, which were generally used to express possibilityin the Quran, were used to express impossibility in some verses. It is hopedthat this study will contribute to a better understanding of the Quran in termsof style and it will help to prevent misunderstandings of the verses which useconditionals to express impossibility.SummaryThe Quran is averbal statement of the divine will, sent to all humanity in a certain placeand time. This divine statement was presented to the understanding of humanitywithin the possibilities and limitations of the Arabic language, taking accountof the realities and limitations of the world within which human beings live.Therefore, it is of importance to know the language in which the Quran wasrevealed in order to better understand the Quran. In this context, many Muslimscholars have regarded the knowledge of the Arabic language and its linguisticfeatures as a prerequisite for understanding the Quran correctly. Furthermore,a variety of linguistic features and styles was used in the Quran. One of thestyles used in the Quran is conditional statements. It is observed that eventhough the conditional statements are generally used to express possibility inthe Arabic language and the Quran, in some verses it is used to expressimpossibility. Moreover, there seems no academic study which focuses solely onthis topic. Studies on the conditional expressions in the Quran are mostlyabout syntax and language. Furthermore, although there are many studies on theconditionals in terms of language and style in the Arabic language, there is a scarcityof studies in the Turkish language. In this study, the conditionals, which havebeen studied in the Islamic scientific tradition, especially in the context ofsyntax, logic, and fiqh, are examined as a Quranic style of the expression ofimpossibility. It is hoped that this study will contribute to a betterunderstanding of the Quran in terms of style and it will help to preventmisunderstandings of the verses which use conditionals to expressimpossibility. For this purpose, firstly, how conditional style is used in theArabic language and the Logic will be examined to provide a generalunderstanding of the conditionals. Secondly, the use of conditionals in theQuran is explored and how conditionals were used to express impossibility inthe Quran are examined through examples from the verses of the Quran.Conditionalshave a wide range of use in terms of language and style in the Arabic language.For example, the relationship between the parts of the conditionals, namely thehypothesis and the conclusion can be real or figurative. Moreover, it is statedthat there are three different meaning relationships between the hypothesis andthe conclusion. Therefore, this wide range of conditional use offers differentpossibilities for the understanding of the verses of the Quran. Additionally,conditional statements are divided into two basic categories in the field ofLogic and they are discussed in great detail. When we look at the field oftafsir, it can be observed that the commentators (mufassirun) have taken thisgeneral framework about the conditionals in the field of Logic into account. Inother words, a number of commentators have sought to understand the conditionalstatements used in the Quran based on their usage in the classical Logic.Especially, some commentators have sought to prove that it is logically correctto use conditionals to express impossibility through their usage in theclassical Logic. In addition to this, other commentators have sought tointerpret conditional statements that emphasise impossibility in the Quran interms of style, rather than in terms of logic.Thus, based onthe usage of the conditionals in the Arabic language and the Logic, this studystresses that the conditionals, which were generally used to expresspossibility in the Quran, were also used to express impossibility in someverses. The study, therefore, suggests that this usage of the conditionalsshould be taken into account in the future Quran translations and readings.Moreover, it can be argued that neither a purely logical language nor a purelyliteral language was used in the Quran. For example, some conditionals whichhave false conclusions in terms of Logic were used in the Quran on a literarybasis. On the other hand, to reduce these expressions merely to a literaryground does not seem to be the right approach, as it will blur their meanings.At this point, it can be argued that the Quran used an “upper language” whichto a certain extent included logical and literal language. Another finding ofthe study is that overlooking the linguistic style and features of the Quranopens the door to many different readings and makes the text say the thingsthat it does not really say. Therefore, it is important to note that eventhough interpretive differences which arise from the possibilities of theQuranic language and style offer richness and diversity of meaning,interpretations which exceed the limits and possibilities Quranic language andstyle does not lead to the richness of meaning, rather it leads to ambiguityand confusion.