Türk Menzil Okçuluğu, Yay ve Okları
Turkish Distance Archery, Bows and Arrows
Yazar: Bir, Atilla; Kaçar, Mustafa; Acar, Şinasi
Dergi: Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, Vol. 8 No. 1, 2006
Anahtar kelimeler: Ok, yay, okçuluk, Türk menzil okçuluğu, nişan taşları, menzil taşları. ; Arrows,bows,archery,Turkish distance archery,target stones

Bows and arrows, like horses and tents, played a very important part in the lives of the ancient Turks on the steppes of Asia. These nomadic people who hunted on horseback armed with bows and arrows were a nation of archers, as were the Scythians, Avars, Mongols and the Tartars. In the early Ottoman period bows and arrows were the most effective weapons used by the army, but as firearms became increasingly reliable, arrows were gradually superseded by muskets and rifles from the middle of the 16th century. However the archery was not abandoned and lived as an important sport among the Turks until the beginning of the 20th century. Ottoman composite bows, which achieved their final form at the end of the 15th century, are reflex bows, which mean that when unstrung the limbs bend in the opposite direction. Ottoman arrows are the shortest known to have been used by any people. They were also slender, and this made them light, so they remained longer in the air and traveled extremely long distances. When the string of a bow is stretched, the archer’s muscle energy is stored in the form of potential energy on the bend limb of a bow. And secondly when the string is released the stored energy is transformed to the arrow in the form of kinetic energy. The bow producer’s object is to create the greatest energy by reaching the upper endurance limit of the used material. In Ottoman bows the reversal bending created an additional impulse, so that the initial acceleration of the arrow was extremely high. In this paper the construction and use of the Ottoman reflex bow is reviewed. A mathematical model for the shooting including the air friction is formulated, so the conditions and parameters for the optimum distance archery derived. The mathematical results are compared with real historical records.

Bows and arrows, like horses and tents, played a very important part inthe lives of the ancient Turks on the steppes of Asia. These nomadic people whohunted on horseback armed with bows and arrows were a nation of archers, aswere the Scythians, Avars, Mongols and the Tartars. In the early Ottoman period bows and arrows were the most effectiveweapons used by the army, but as firearms became increasingly reliable, arrowswere gradually superseded by muskets and rifles from the middle of the 16thcentury. However the archery was not abandoned and lived as an importantsport among the Turks until the beginning of the 20th century. Ottoman composite bows, which achieved their final form at the end ofthe 15th century, are reflex bows, which mean that when unstrung the limbsbend in the opposite direction. Ottoman arrows are the shortest known to havebeen used by any people. They were also slender, and this made them light, sothey remained longer in the air and traveled extremely long distances. When the string of a bow is stretched, the archer’s muscle energy isstored in the form of potential energy on the bend limb of a bow. And secondlywhen the string is released the stored energy is transformed to the arrow in theform of kinetic energy. The bow producer’s object is to create the greatestenergy by reaching the upper endurance limit of the used material. In Ottomanbows the reversal bending created an additional impulse, so that the initialacceleration of the arrow was extremely high. In this paper the construction and use of the Ottoman reflex bow isreviewed. A mathematical model for the shooting including the air friction isformulated, so the conditions and parameters for the optimum distance archeryderived. The mathematical results are compared with real historical records.