Arap Dilinin Yapısından Kaynaklanan Çeviri Zorlukları
Translation Difficulties Arising from the Structure of the Arabic Language
Yazar: Hacıbekiroğlu, Abdullah
Dergi: Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 19 No. 1, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler: Arabic Language,Turkish,Translation,Equivalence,Collocation ; Arap Dili,Türkçe,Çeviri,Eşdeğerlik,Eşdizim

Çeviri, insanlık tarihi boyunca toplumlarınbilimsel, kültürel, edebî, diplomatik vs. nedenlerle başvurduğu bir yoldur.Toplumlar ve diller arasındaki etkileşim, bir topluma veya dile ait zenginliğindiğerine aktarılması kanalıyla etkin bir şekilde sağlanmıştır. Çeviri eylemininkendine has kural ve yöntemleri olmakla beraber birtakım zorlukları da vardır.Bu çalışmada daha çok çeviri deneyimi çerçevesinde karşılaşılan zorluklar elealınmıştır. Çalışmada ele alınan yapısal zorlukların başında okuma zorluğu gelmektedir.Bilindiği gibi Arap Dilinde hareke kullanımı bazı metinler dışında hemen hemenyok gibidir. Bu durum sessiz harflerin okunmasını zorlaştırmakta, doğru anlamve doğru çevirinin önünde bir engel oluşturmaktadır. Dilbilgisi kaynaklızorluklar da çeviri zorluklarına sebebiyet vermektedir. İyi düzeyde gramerbilgisine sahip olanlar bile dilbilgisi kaynaklı zorluklarlakarşılaşabilmektedir. Arapça i’râb kurallarının teorik düzeyden pratik düzeyeaktarılması ve bol metin deneyimi zorlukların aşılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu zorluklarörnek cümle ve metinlerle izah edilmiş, söz konusu cümlelerin tercümeleriyleilgili öneriler sunulmuştur. Eşdeğer ifadeler bulunmaya çalışılmıştır. Kaynak dil ile hedef dil arasındaki dil yapısı, kültür,üslup vs. gibi farklılıklar eşdeğer çeviri imkânlarını kısıtlamaktadır. Dillerve kültürler arasındaki tüm bu farklılıklara rağmen eşdeğer çeviri imkânlarıgösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Dillerin kendine özgü yapısından, çevirmenin bizzatkendisinden yahut iki dilin sahip olduğu kültürel farklılıklardan dolayı çeviriişleminde birtakım zorluklar yaşanabilir. Çevirmen her iki dilin deözelliklerine son derece hâkim olmalıdır. Böylece çeviri esnasında ortaya çıkanbu sorunların üstesinden gelecektir.

Abstract Translation is a way in which societiesthroughout human history have resorted for scientific, cultural, literary anddiplomatic reasons. The interaction between societies and languages iseffectively achieved through the transfer of wealth belonging to one society orlanguage to another. Translation action has its own rules and methods, but alsohas some difficulties. In this study, the difficulties encountered within theframework of more translation experience were addressed.One of the structural challenges we address in the study is thedifficulty of reading. As is known, the use of harekes in the Arabiclanguage is almost nonexistent except for some texts. This makes it difficultto read consonants and creates a barrier to correct meaning and correcttranslation. Grammatical difficulties also lead to translation difficulties.Even those with a good level of grammatical knowledge may face grammaticaldifficulties. The transfer of Arabic I’rab rules from the theoretical to thepractical level and the abundant textual experience will help overcome thedifficulties. These difficulties were explained with sample sentences and textsand suggestions were presented for the translation of these sentences.Equivalent statements have been attempted to be found. Differences between thesource language and the target language, such as language structure, cultureand style, restrict equivalent translation possibilities. Despite all thesedifferences between languages and cultures, equivalent translationpossibilities have been tried to be shown. Because of the unique structure ofthe languages, the translator himself or the cultural differences between thetwo languages, there may be some difficulties in the translation process. Thetranslator must be extremely familiar with the characteristics of bothlanguages. In this way, he will overcome these problems that arise duringtranslation.SummaryToday, translation activity should be considered as a social, cultural,economic and historical reality. In the historical process, translationactivity has always existed depending on many factors. The translation methodused over time has changed according to the characteristics of the period.Societies’ life styles and life perceptions are different from each other, andculture differs from one society to another. Intercultural communication isprovided through translation. Translation is an indispensable bridge betweensocieties, cultures and languages. Each culture must be fed from differentsources and communicate with different cultures to enrich its language, thoughtand art.Literary texts are important elements that establish links betweendifferent cultures and societies. There are literary works that reflect thecharacteristics of every society in many ways, including cultural, scientific,moral and social. Societies promote these entities through translation. It isalso able to recognize the cultures of other societies in this way. This is howcommunication and connection between cultures and societies are provided.Translation is one of the important methods used in language teaching.One of the main aims of foreign language teaching is to enable students to havethe ability to transfer the expression patterns in their mother tongue andtarget language from one language to another. Various texts are used in thetranslation activities and foreign language teaching process for students toacquire this ability. In the translation of these texts, grammatical, semantic,cultural etc. a number of differences and challenges may be faced. In ourresearch, we classified these difficulties under various headings and presentedsome suggestions.One of the structural difficulties in the Arabic language that wediscussed in the study is the difficulty of reading. The simplest and quickestway to overcome this is to use symbols called harekes. But the use ofharekes in the Arabic line is almost nonexistent except for some texts. Eventhose who know the language at intermediate or advanced levels face thechallenge of reading. The way to avoid this situation is to put harekes onletters that are worried about being misread. It will also play a key role forproper reading and comprehension of the dominance of the patterns of nouns andverbs and the rules of Arabic I’rab.Because languages have cultural elements within them, there are culturaldifferences between languages. For example, when translating metaphors, idiomsand proverbs, there should be an equivalent in the target language, taking intoconsideration the meaning rather than literal.Grammatical difficulties also lead to translation difficulties. Eventhose with a good level of grammatical knowledge may face grammaticaldifficulties. The transfer of the Arabic I’rab rules from the theoretical tothe practical level and the abundant textual experience will help overcomethese challenges.Translation first of all requires expertise in the field of translation.In addition to field expertise, a good knowledge of the source language'sexpression styles and culture provides a clear and understandable translation.Instability may occur during the translation process. Appropriate strategiesmust be determined to minimize translation losses and to make accuratedecisions.In this study, rather thanissues such as translation theories and the detailed history of translation,the difficulties encountered in personal translation experience aredemonstrated through sample sentences and texts. When necessary, suggestionsand proposals were presented and the place where each challenge in terms oftranslation science was stated. In addition, although there are differencesbetween languages and cultures, the possibility of translation has been pointedout, and it has been stated that appropriate equivalence can also be found inmany cases.The translation difficultiesmentioned in the research often arise from differences between the sourcelanguage and the target language. Each language has its own unique structure.Cultural differences between languages are also a case to be considered in translation.Texts containing cultural elements need to be conveyed comprehensively in thetarget language with appropriate equivalence. The existence of a verymeaningful and affluent vocabulary of the Arabic language requiresconsideration of both the phenomenon of polysemy and the use of classical andmodern dictionaries. This attention will ensure a clear, lean and fluidtranslation of statements. During the translation process, it is possible toalways face translation difficulties caused by many different reasons. In orderto minimize the losses and difficulties that can be experienced in translation,attention should be paid to the specific structures and cultural elements ofthe languages.