Tevellâ ve Teberrâ’nın Nizârî İsmâilî Yorumu: Nâsirüddîn Tûsî Örneği
The Nizārī Ismāilī Interpration of Tawallā and Tabarrā: Example of Nāsiruddīn Tūsī
Yazar: Işık, Harun
Dergi: Bilimname, Vol. 2019 No. 38, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler: Kalam,Nasiruddin Tusi,Tawalla,Tabarra ; Kelam,Nâsirüddîn Tûsî,tevellâ,teberrâ

Tevellâ ve Teberrâ İsmâilî inancın temel inanç esasları arasında yer alan ve Şîa’nın velâyet ilkesine tekabül eden iki ilkedir. Tûsî açısından tevhide götüren şeylere karşı tevellâ (sevgi) ve tevhitten uzaklaştıran şeylerden ise teberrâ (nefret), Allah’a inanan herhangi bir kimsenin hayatı boyunca dikkat etmesi gereken en önemli ilkelerdendir. Zira insanın manevi yönden tekâmülü veya düşüşü, ahirette kurtuluşu elde etmesi ya da hüsrana uğramasında bu ilkeler mühimdir. Bu iki duygunun doğru yönlendirilmesiyle insan, ahlâki bakımdan kendisini geliştirip rıza, teslimiyet, iman ve yakîn mertebelerine çıkarak Allah’ın hoşnutluğunu kazanacaktır. Aksi takdirde şeytanın yolunun takip edilmesi suretiyle yaratıcının gazabına maruz kalma söz konusu olacaktır. Bu iki duygunun insanın lehine veya aleyhine delil teşkil etmesi sahip olduğu kuvve-i hayvaniye, nefs-i nâtıkā ve aklı nasıl yönettiğiyle, özellikle zamanın imamının rehberliğine müracaat edip etmemesiyle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Dolayısıyla Tûsî, bilenen teolojik bir prensibi yeniden doğrulamaktan ziyade, hakiki tevellânın İsmâilî bir mümin tarafından nasıl kazanılacağını ve manevi bakımdan nasıl tekâmüle ulaşılacağını zâhirî ve bâtınî yönleri de ortaya koymak suretiyle tasvir etmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Şîi düşünceye göre önemli bir yere sahip olan tevellâ ve teberrâ prensibinin Nasîrüddin Tûsî tarafından kaleme alınan “Tevellâ ve Teberrâ” risalesi ışığında Nizârî İsmâilîleri açısından nasıl yorumlandığı analiz edilecektir. Ayrıca bu ilkeler hakkında başta Kur’an olmak üzere İslâmî gelenekteki bakış açıları da tahlil edilecek, aralarında karşılaştırmalar yapılacak ve düşünce farklılıkları tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

The treatise “Tawalla and Tabarra” which is one of the basic belief principles of Ismāilī faith and corresponds to the walayah principle of Shia is the first Ismāilī texts written by Tūsī in Kuhistan before moving to Alamut. The original text of the treatise can be found in the Akhlāq-i Muḥtashamī. In addition to this, it has been published in English in “An Anthology of Ismaili Literature: A Shi’i Vision of Islam” and then in “Shi’i Interpratations of Islam”. With this study, it has been analyzed how tawalla and tabarra principles, which have an important place according to Shiite thought, are interpreted in terms of Nizarī Ismāilīs in the light of the treatise written by Nasīruddīn Tûsî. In addition, other viewpoints in the Qur'an firstly and Islamic aspects on these principles have been analyzed. Comparisons have been made between them and differences in thought have been tried to be determined.In terms of Tûsî, tawalla (love) to the things taking to tawhid and tabarra (hate) to the things detracting from tawhid are among the most important principles that anyone who believes in Allah should pay attention to them throughout his/her live. These principles are central to the man in his/her spiritual rise or decline, salvation or frustration in the Hereafter. With the correct orientation of these two senses, human gains the pleasure of Allah by reaching out to the positions of consent, submission, faith and certanity through developing himself in terms of moral care. Otherwise, it is the point in question that he attracts the wrath of the Creator because of following the path of devil. Having evidence of these two senses in favour of or against the human beings is directly related with that how he/she manages his/her animal and rational soul faculties, and especially whether he/she applies to the commandment of the truthful commander of his/her time or not. Therefore, rather than reaffirming a known theological principle, Tūsī described how to acquire the true tawalla by an Ismāilī believer, and how to achieve spiritual development, by revealing both the exterior and interior aspects. At the same time, at the center of his eschatological thought is the attainment of the worthless and meaningless of everything other than Allah, and annihilated in Him. It is important in terms of reflecting Ismāilī discourse that he emphasize the exterior and interior aspects of ma’rifah, mohabbat, hijrah and jihad while explaining the concepts related with being able to be a ahl al-tawheed. He focuses on assent, resignation, certain information (yaqīn) and faith in obtaining tawhid as well.He reinterpreted these two principles from religious-moral, psychological-spiritual and exterior-interior perspective. It is seen in his treatise that he constantly makes tawalla a current issue and moves it to the center. The probable reason for this is that the contrario of tawalla is tabarra. According to him, both concepts are the cornerstones of being a genuine Ismāilī believer and obtaining tawheed. These two concepts are connected with Allah, Mohammad (pbuh) and believers in Sunni tradition. In Shia, besides Allah and His Messenger, they are related with Alī ibn Abu Talib, imams, those who loved them and those who did not love them. However, it was seen that Tūsī expanded tawalla and tabarra until the imam of the time, and directly associated with his divine guidance and the acceptance of religious-political authority. In explaining these concepts, he made an analysis of human nature and called attention to the obedience and dominance relationship between the animal-soul, the reasoning soul and the imam. In this analysis, he underlined the importance of transformation the evil tratits such as lust, anger, ambition of wealth and authority into good moral values such as mildness, chastity, altruism, reclusion, satisfaction and humility. If one moves like this, he/she will attain consent and surrender. This comes up with result tawalla and tabarra. All of them is important for shaping human life and view of life. Through this moral spiritual transformation, all the contradictions of good and evil, pleasure and pain, tawalla and tabarra will be destroyed and a complete peace and serenity will be achieved. According to him, the only way to correctly manage and direct the capabilities of man is to obey the imam of time. Because without the guidance of the imam of the time, neither these abilities can be in the right way, nor can faith be complete and perfect. Therefore, a believer is obliged to devote himself to anyone who is defined as the true teacher and master of religion in the language of Tūsī.