Osmanlı Uygulamaları Işığında Küçüklerin Evlendirilmesi ve Veli İzinsiz Nikâh
The Marriage of Smalls in the Ottoman Practices and Marriage without the Parents
Yazar: Korkmaz, Ömer
Dergi: Bilimname, Vol. 2019 No. 37, 2018
Anahtar kelimeler: Fiqh,Marriage of Minors,Guardian,Custody,The Option of Puberty ; Fıkıh,Küçüklerin Evlendirilmesi,Veli,Velâyet,Buluğ Muhayyerliği

Küçüklerin velileri tarafından evlendirilmesi İslam hukukçuların çoğu tarafından muteber kabul edilmiştir. Diğerlerinin aksine Hanefî fakihler velilerin sınırını çok geniş tutmuşlar, bununla birlikte küçüklere buluğ muhayyerliği hakkı tanıyarak oluşabilecek olumsuzlukları önleme yoluna gitmişlerdir. Hanefî mezhebini esas alan Osmanlı Devleti’nde de uygulama bu yönde olmuştur. Öte yandan küçüklerin evlendirilmesinin meşruiyeti konusu, diğer bir tabirle evlenmede velâyet konusu, günümüz İslâm hukukçuları tarafından tartışılan ve güncelliğini koruyan bir meseledir. Ne var ki konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda bu görüşün İslâm toplumları tarafından ne derece benimsendiğine ve uygulandığına pek değinilmez. Bu çalışmada, küçüklerin evlendirilmesi ve veli izinsiz nikâh konusu, tarihî bir vakıa olarak ele alınmış olup uygulamalar çerçevesinde İslam toplumunda yaygın olup olmadığına dair bazı tespitlere ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak uygulamaların ne yönde cereyan ettiğini gösteren kayıtların Osmanlı dönemine ait olması nedeniyle Osmanlı dönemine ait uygulamalara odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada XVIII. yüzyıl Adana şer‘iyye sicilleri temel kaynak olarak kullanılmakla birlikte Osmanlı’nın farklı bölgelerine ait bazı evlilik defterlerindeki veriler de yeri geldikçe kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca Hukûk-ı Aile Kararnamesi’ndeki küçüklerin evlendirilmesi ile ilgili madde ve bu maddeye yönelik eleştiriler de tespit edilen bulgularla karşılaştırılmıştır. Böylece söz konusu araştırmada XVIII. yüzyılın başlarından kararnâmenin yazıldığı tarih olan 1917 yılına kadar Osmanlı toplumunda küçüklerin evlendirilmesiyle ilgili uygulamaların boyutunun ne olduğuna dair genel bir çerçeve çizilmesi hedeflenmiştir.

The marriage of minors by their parents has been recognized by most Islamic jurists. Unlike the others, the Hanafi sect imams kept the boundaries of these parents very wide, but they decided to prevent the negativity of the children by recognizing the choice of adolescence. This was also the case in the Ottoman Empire based on the Hanafi sect. However, the issue of the legitimacy of the marriage of minors, in other words, the issue of marriage is a matter that is discussed and discussed by contemporary Islamic jurists. However, in the studies on the subject, it is hardly mentioned how this view is adopted and applied by Islamic societies. In this study, it has been tried to reach some determinations about whether the marriage of minors and parental unauthorized matter are common in Islamic society within the framework of practices. However, due to the Ottoman period, the records of the applications in the Ottoman period were focused on the applications. Although Adana documents are used as the main source, data from some maritime books belonging to different regions of the Ottoman Empire have been used. In addition, the article about the marriage of minors in the Family Law Decree and the criticisms against this article were compared with the findings. Thus, in this study, it was aimed to draw a general framework about what the size of the practices related to marrying minors in the Ottoman society until the year 1917, when the decree was written.The issue of custody in marriage is a matter that is discussed and kept up-to-date by Islamic jurists from the period of imams to the present. What is the custody of this issue, the framework of the authority of the parent and the persons who are under the custodians, are discussed in detail. It is stated that there is no difference of opinion except for a few opinions about the fact that it can be married by the parents of the young girls and boys. Even in some studies today, some comments are made that the marriage of minors is contrary to the Qur'an. However, in relevant studies, the extent to which this view is adopted and implemented by Islamic societies is hardly mentioned. Again, in the marriage of adolescent girls who are said to be the focal point of the problem, the dimensions of the authority of the parent are discussed on the theoretical ground, but the extent to which such marriages are concluded in Islamic societies is not over-emphasized. In this study, marriage of minors and parents' unauthorized marriage practices will be discussed by taking into account the short theoretical knowledge and practical reflections. There are some examples from the Ottoman period as the records that reflect the practices belong to the Ottoman period. In the study, while the 18th century Adana documents are used as the main source, the data obtained in some marriage books will be used as the place where they are. As a result of this study, it was determined that the marriage of minors was not as common as in Ottoman society. In the 18th century Adana documents, there are no special marriage registers in which marriage contracts are recorded regularly, but information is provided in the cases that are reflected in the court. In addition, article 7 of the Family Law Decree prohibiting the marriage of minors was criticized and the information given revealed that the marriage of minors was extremely rare in the Ottoman society. Considering this information, it can be concluded that the marriage of minors in the Ottoman society is very rare. However, much more detailed research is needed to say whether marriage is common in Ottoman society. Therefore, by examining similar marriage registers in this respect, healthier results can be achieved.It is not true that the marriage to which the minor is a party may be unrecorded. Because for something to be unregistered, it must not be recognized by law. The marriage of minors was accepted as legitimate by all sects and the subject was included in the fiqh books. Therefore, there are no data indicating that the marriage of minors is not consciously recorded, and there is no reasonable justification for this. In the case of parental consent, we can say that in the 18th century in Adana the marriage process was very difficult to realize in the process of marriage without the consent of women and men. In particular, women can appeal to marriages that they do not want, and if there is nothing contrary to the law, these objections are decided by the court.