Belâgatte Metafor Problemi: Bir Anlam, Yapı ve Mecâz Sorunu Olarak İstiâre-i Mekniyye
Meaning Problem in Arab Rethoric: Implicit Methapor as a Meaning, Structure and Trope Problem
Yazar: Tala, Murat
Dergi: Bilimname, Vol. 2019 No. 38, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler: Arabic Language and Rhetoric,Trope,Metaphor,Isti‘āra,Implicit Metaphor ; Arap Dili ve Belâgatı,mecaz,metafor,metaforik söylem,istiare-i mekniyye

Arapçanın dilbilim, anlambilim, edebiyat bilimi, üslup bilim, hermenötik ve dil felsefesi alanlarıyla ilgili tartışmalar çoğunlukla belâgat ilmi çerçevesinde kümelenen eserlerde, yer alır. Bu eserlerde anlam problemi ayrıntılı ve tartışmalı bir şekilde irdelenir. Belâgat ilminde çok tartışılan konulardan biri istiâre-i mekniyye meselesidir. Bu makale belâgatin beyân ilmi konuları içinde ele alınan istiâre-i mekniyye konusuna yönelir. Araştırma istiâre-i mekniyye konusuna bir anlam, yapı ve mecâz problemi olarak bakar. Bu bağlamda araştırma özellikle istiâre-i mekniyyenin anlamı, karinesi ve istiâre-i mekniyyede gerçekleşen mecâzın türünün temellendirilmesi hakkındaki tartışmalara mercek tutar. Makale istiâre-i mekniyye problemi hakkındaki tartışmaları daha iyi anlamaya net bir zemin hazırlayacağı için öncelikle istiâre konusunun kavramsal ve yapısal çerçeveleri ile dilbilimsel ve felsefi perspektifleri hakkında bazı açıklamalara yer verir. Araştırma daha sonra istiâre-i mekniyye konusundaki tartışmaları irdeler. Çalışma istiâre-i mekniyyenin anlamı ve temellendirilmesi, istiâre-i mekniyyenin karinesi ve istiâre-i mekniyyedeki mecâzın çeşidi konularındaki problemleri ayrı ayrı ele alır. Bu bağlamda ortaya sürülen görüşleri özellikle ya Selef alimleri, Abdülkâhir el-Cürcânî, Zemahşerî, Sekkâkî ve Kazvînî gibi ekol sahiplerine veya Teftâzânî, Muhyiddin el-Kâfiyecî, Semerkandî ve İsâmeddin el-İsferâyînî gibi müstakil görüş ve tahkik sahiplerine nispet ederek açıklar. Araştırma ayrıca meseleleri temellendirirken konu içi yaptığı bazı değerlendirmeler ek olarak, diğer bazı hususlarda yaptığı bir genel değerlendirmenin ardından ulaştığı sonuçları beyan eder.

This article deals with the subject of the implicit metaphor [al-isti‘āra al-makniyya] as a problem of meaning and structure. In this context the study focuses on the discussions on the basis of issues of the meaning of the implicit metaphor and its hint [hint-karīna] and the type of trope [allagory, metaphor] occurring in the implicit metaphor. The research primarily explains the meaning of the metaphor. It also points to the linguistic and philosophical aspects of the isti‘āra [metaphor] and examines the discussions on the implicit metaphor.Arabic rhetoric [science of balāhga /al-‘ılm al-balāgha] has a feature that combines philosophy and linguistics and lay the foundations of cognitive linguistics. Because it deals with the issues of linguistics and philosophy functionally. It is also considered a pioneer of cognitive linguistics by addressing the cognitive issues of language. Discussions on the areas of Arabic linguistics, semantics, literary science, stylistic science and philosophy of language take place mostly in the works clustered within the framework of science of belāga, especially in commentary and annotations. One of the most debated issues in the science of balāgha is the issue of the implicit metaphor.As in the sentence “I saw a lion throwing stones”, metaphor is the word used for to make its simile [tashbīh]. The metaphor is mostly used about the verb of the person speaking. Metaphor is a word that is not used in its true sense. Isti‘āra is a form of metaphor [madjāz] and it is used in both the everyday language and the literary language.Isti‘āra [metaphor] is generally done by transferring human-specific elements to nature and nature-specific qualities to human. In this respect, isti‘āra is similar to simile. A hint and relationship [‘alākā-relevance] is necessary to show that meaning in metaphor is not the literal meaning of that word. Relationship means semantic relationship. The relationship of metaphor is similarity. The hint of metaphor may be composed of a single semantic element, or may consist of many interrelated meanings.The metaphor [isti‘āra] is built on a simile. The basic principles of the simile are four: the similiar element, the simulated element, the direction of similarity and the preposition of the simile. The similiar and simulated elements are not included in the sentence at the same time. The metaphor is established by the compulsory subtraction of one of these elements from the sentence. When constructing a metaphor, the borrowed word is similar to a dress borrowed from the simulated element for use by the similiar element.The implicit metaphor is a kind of trope in which there are similar elements in its structure, but the simulated element is not clearly stated. Salaf scholars, al-Zamakhsharī, al-Sakkākī, al-Ḳazwīnī and ‘Isāmaddīn al-Isfarāyīnī put forward different views on what the implicit metaphor is. According to the Salaf scholars, the implicit metaphor is the word used for the similiar element. According to al-Zamakhsharī, the implicit metaphor, is the simulated element that is extracted from the sentence. According to al-Sakkākī, the implicit metaphor is the letter of the similiar element borrowed for use about the simulated element. According to al-Ḳazwīnī, the implicit metaphor is the simile that is hidden inside / in the soul. According to ‘Isāmaddīn al-Isfarāyīnī the implicit metaphor is a form of the reverse simile [al-tashbīh al-maklūb].Some opinions have been put forward about the hint of the implicit metaphor. According to Salaf scholars, the hint of the implicit metaphor is the imaginary metaphor [al-isti‘āra al-takhyīliyya]. Al-Zamakhsharī allows the hint of the implicit metaphor to be the al-isti‘āra al-tahkīkīyya. According to al-Sakkākī, the hint of the implicit metaphor is imaginary metaphor. According to another determination, al-Sakkākī, like al-Zamakhsharī, the hint of the implicit metaphor to be [al-isti‘āra al-tahkīkīyya]. Al-Ḳazwīnī adopts the opinion of Salaf scholars in this regard. According to al-Khafiyajdī, the hint of the implicit metaphor must be an imaginary metaphor. Al-Isfarāyīnī makes similar explanations to al-Zamakhsharī’s views about the hint of the implicit metaphor.Metaphor is produced from the trope [al-madjāz]. Accordingly, the implicit metaphor is a kind of the trope. There is disagreement about what kind of the metaphor is a trope. This disagreement becomes evident at the point of whether the metaphor is a linguistic trope or an intellectual/cognitive trope [al-madjāz al-‘aklī]. According to the majority of the Arab rhetoric scholars, the metaphor is a linguistic trope. In al-Ḳazwīnī’s view, the words used in the implicit metaphor are used in their real meaning. In the final analysis, according to al-Sakkākī, the implicit metaphor and the imaginary metaphor are a linguistic trope. According to Salaf and al-Ḳazwīnī, the implicit metaphor is a cognitive trope.