Şifahî ve Kitâbî Geleneğin Buluşma Noktası: Mukabele
The Meeting Point of Oral and Written Tradition: Muqabala
Yazar: Önder, Halil İbrahim
Dergi: Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, Vol. 25 No. 1, 2024
Anahtar kelimeler: Recitation of the Qur'an and Qiraat ; Kuran-ı Kerim Okuma ve Kıraat ; Qiraat,The Holy Qur’an,Muqabala,al-‘Arda al-akhirah,Ramadan ; Kıraat,Kur’ân-ı Kerîm,Mukabele,Arza-i Ahîre,Ramazan

Karşılıklı okuyan ve dinleyenlerin bir ay boyunca Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i hatmetmesini ifade eden mukabele, Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) ramazan ayına özgü sünnetlerindendir. Zira mukabele, “arza” olarak bilinen ve ramazan aylarında Hz. Cebrail (a.s.) ile Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.) arasın-da gerçekleşen, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in karşılıklı tilâveti anlamında muârazasına dayanmaktadır. Müslüman fert ve toplumlar, Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) sünnetine ittibâ ve Allah’ın ipi olan Kur’an’a sarılma arzusuyla her ramazan ayında bu muârazayı gerçekleştirme gayretinde olmuş-lardır. Dilden kulağa, okuma (kıraat) ve dinlemenin (semâ) tekrarı şeklindeki bu uygulamayla, her ramazan ayında, istinsah edilmiş mushaflar ve onların okunuş kaideleri tekrar edilerek ne-silden nesle aktarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada temeli Asr-ı saâdet’e dayanan mukabele ibadet, estetik, tarih, sosyo-kültür ve pedagoji yönlerinden incelenmiştir. İbadet yönü öne çıkan mukabelenin mezkûr cihetlerden incelenmesi, ilgili literatüre katkıda bulunacak ve farklı bakış açıları kazan-dıracaktır. Araştırmada literatür taraması ve veri analizi yöntemleri esas alınmış, mukabele etra-fında asırlar boyunca oluşan kültür ve tecrübenin iz ve akislerinin ortaya konulması amaçlan-mıştır. İslâmî kültürdeki önemine rağmen mukabele akademik anlamda müstakil olarak ince-lenmemiştir. Mukabelenin ibadet olma yanında farklı yönlerine dikkat çekilmesi ve bu yolla literatüre katkı sunulması çalışmanın öne çıkan hususiyetleridir.

Muqabala, which refers to the recitation of the Holy Qur’an for a month by those who read and listen to each other, is one of the most remarkable sunnahs of Ramadan, which has been practiced in homes and mosques since the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The practice of muqa-bala, also known as arza, refers to the reciprocal recitation of the Qur'an that took place between the Angel Jibril and the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) during the month of Ramadan. As a result of following the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) and the desire to adhere to the Qur'an, which is referred to as the 'rope of Allah,' Muslims have made efforts to carry out this practice every Ramadan. This process, fundamentally involving the oral repetition of qira’ah (recitation) and sama (listening), also ensured the annual oral reinforcement of written manusc-ripts of the Qur'an and their recitation rules. Through this sacred activity, the transmission of the Qur'an was preserved and passed down from generation to generation. The annual ’arza (oral transmission) practice during Ramadan is rooted in the oral transmission of the Qur’an, beginning with the recitation from Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), subsequently to the Companions, and then among the Companions themselves. Mus-lims, just like the Prophet (PBUH), have endeavoured to perform this arza every Ramadan. The Qur’an’s recitation and teaching methods, particularly in the science of Qira’at (recita-tion), have historically relied on the arza method. Over time, this method gained recognition under various names, such as sama, arza, hifz, and ada, and it remains central to Qur’anic edu-cation, especially in the context of muqabala. In the muqabala tradition, reciprocal recitation and listening align with the principles of arza and sama, ensuring accurate and melodious Qur’anic recitation and facilitating its transmission to subsequent generations. Therefore, the muqabalas read every Ramadan have played an important role in the repetition and transmis-sion of the unchanged methods in the teaching of the Qur'an and Qiraat from Asr-u Saadah (the Age of Bliss) to the present day. The relationship between Arza and I’tikaf is one of the remarkable details on the subject. I’tikaf, in which time is completely devoted to worship by distancing oneself from the worldly occupations, is an act of worship that the Prophet (PBUH) always performed during the months of Ramadan. Since I’tikaf and ’arza are menti-oned together in the related narrations and the number of days spent here is the same, it is highly probable that these moments of itikaf are the time periods when the ’arza takes place in Ramadan. The Prophet (PBUH) promised many rewards to those who read and listen to the Holy Qur'an, learn and teach it. Believers who want to be the recipients of these rewards have continued their habits of reading the Qur'ân al-Kerîm in mosques and individually for centu-ries. Reading and listening to the word of God, which is a worship, in the month of Ramadan, and completing the Qur'an from beginning to end in homes and mosques means, first of all, to confirm the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH). In addition, the importance of muqabala in the preservation and transmission of the Qur'ân al-Kerîm from generation to generation is no-teworthy. The desires and wishes of the believers at the point of reading and listening to the muqabala are based on the understanding of obeying the Prophet's (PBUH) sunnah, achieving his glad tidings and spending the blessed month of Ramadan full of worship. The recitation of the Qur'ân al-Kerîm with a maqam and harmony along with the observance of tajweed will increase its effect. Therefore, it is important to recite the muqabalas with a certain aesthetic harmony and beauty. Indeed, throughout history, it has been noted that famous qaris, through their captivating muqabala recitations, attracted the community’s attention and filled mosques. Since muqabala is recited and listened to collectively in homes and mosques, its cultural and social aspects are also significant. Muqabalas, extending from the time of sahur to before and after almost every prayer time, ensured that the spiritual atmosphere was felt individually and socially throughout Ramadan. In this study, analyzes and evaluates the Sunnah of muqabala, rooted in the Asr al-Sa‘adah (Golden Age), is examined from religious, aesthetic, historical, cultural, social, and educational perspectives. The aim of the research, which is based on litera-ture review and data analysis methods, is to reveal the traces and reflections of the deep-rooted experiences and traditions that have developed around muqabala over the centuries. It has been concluded that a deep-rooted tradition has formed around muqabala, which has been continuing for centuries, and some additional proposals have been put forward with the wish that this tradition be preserved.