hakansabunis/tr-academic-research-agent-index huggingface dataset:
Materialism, Phenomenal Subject and Its Ontological Status
Materialism, Phenomenal Subject and Its Ontological Status
Yazar: Arıcı, Murat; Arıcı, Murat
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Phenomenal subject, self-consciousness, phenomenal consciousness, materialism, physicalism.

Phenomenal consciousness, which is philosophical mystery in a lot of ways, is one of the most central problems of contemporary philosophy of mind. In the analytic tradition, the materialist/physicalist approach has been the dominant approach to understanding the nature of phenomenal consciousness. The first thesis of this paper is that “phenomenal subject,” along with the qualitative character, is the other essential element of phenomenal consciousness. Based on this thesis, the paper aims to put forward and justify the following two claims about the ontological status of phenomenal subjects and the possible reactions of the materialist/physicalist thesis to this status: (1) Phenomenal subjects are not ontologically vacant; rather they substantially exist, and (2)this ontological substantiality causes materialism to face an inevitable dilemma: The substantial existence of phenomenal subjects either must be explained away in materialist/physicalist terms as it is attempted to in the case of other mental items, or the substantial existence in question must be denied. On both options, materialist view is closer to fail than to succeed.

Phenomenal consciousness, which is philosophical mystery in a lot of ways, is one of the most central problems of contemporary philosophy of mind. In the analytic tradition, the materialist/physicalist approach has been the dominant approach to understanding the nature of phenomenal consciousness. The first thesis of this paper is that “phenomenal subject,” along with the qualitative character, is the other essential element of phenomenal consciousness. Based on this thesis, the paper aims to put forward and justify the following two claims about the ontological status of phenomenal subjects and the possible reactions of the materialist/physicalist thesis to this status: (1) Phenomenal subjects are not ontologically vacant; rather they substantially exist, and (2)this ontological substantiality causes materialism to face an inevitable dilemma: The substantial existence of phenomenal subjects either must be explained away in materialist/physicalist terms as it is attempted to in the case of other mental items, or the substantial existence in question must be denied. On both options, materialist view is closer to fail than to succeed.
Peter L. Berger’s Understanding of Alienation: Loss of Dialectical  Consciousness
Peter L. Berger’s Understanding of Alienation: Loss of Dialectical  Consciousness
Yazar: Tekin, Ferhat
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Peter L. Berger, alienation, dialectical consciousness, phenomenological sociology, religion.

This study is focused on the understanding of alienation in Peter L. Berger. It should be noted that Berger’s view on alienation is highly connected with his phenomenological sociology. In this respect, his ideas regarding alienation are generally different from the other sociologists, who deal with the same subject. According to Berger, alienation is given in the socialization process of the individuals, so it is anthropologically obligatory. In other words, alienation is a process in which the dialectical relationship among ‘individual’ and ‘his world’ is lost in the minds. In a sense, people could forget that the world mentioned above are cooperatively produced and maintained. In this respect, an ‘alienated consciousness’ is a consciousness, which is not ‘dialectical’. Finally, Berger emphasizes that the true relationship among ‘human’ and ‘world’ is disordered on the mind and while the ‘procreator’ is recognized as only a product, actor becomes a subject that is just affected externally. For Berger, the only way to avoid from alienation is to recognize the socio-cultural world as a consequence of human’s own activity and so providing the ‘cohesiveness’ instead of understanding socio-cultural world as natural facts.

This study is focused on the understanding of alienation in Peter L. Berger. It should be noted that Berger’s view on alienation is highly connected with his phenomenological sociology. In this respect, his ideas regarding alienation are generally different from the other sociologists, who deal with the same subject. According to Berger, alienation is given in the socialization process of the individuals, so it is anthropologically obligatory. In other words, alienation is a process in which the dialectical relationship among ‘individual’ and ‘his world’ is lost in the minds. In a sense, people could forget that the world mentioned above are cooperatively produced and maintained. In this respect, an ‘alienated consciousness’ is a consciousness, which is not ‘dialectical’. Finally, Berger emphasizes that the true relationship among ‘human’ and ‘world’ is disordered on the mind and while the ‘procreator’ is recognized as only a product, actor becomes a subject that is just affected externally. For Berger, the only way to avoid from alienation is to recognize the socio-cultural world as a consequence of human’s own activity and so providing the ‘cohesiveness’ instead of understanding socio-cultural world as natural facts.
Existentialist Thought According to Jean Paul Sartre
Existentialist Thought According to Jean Paul Sartre
Yazar: Çelebi, Vedat; Çelebi, Vedat
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: J. P. Sartre, existence, essence, freedom, god, nausea.

Sartre, as in all the existential philosophers, argues that the existence of the people precedes essence and essence is determined within the existence. According to Sartre, the essence of human existence is not predetermined. Sartre defends that, correlating the matter of existence and essence with free will, free choices made by human within his possibilities constitues his essence. Because, according to Sartre, man himself decides what needs to be. He is the only creatures who first exists and then creates himself, he is like he created himself. Sartre is an existential atheist. For this reason, his understanding of being and existence is related to his atheism. A human having an absolute freedom in the absence of God  is in despair and pessimism. For Sartre, absolute freedom which is the main feature of the existence, makes an individual the reason for everything. Man condemned to freedom creates an essence for himself with his own choice. Crushed under the heavy responsibility that has brought, individual faces feeling of nausea since his existence. In this article, it has been attempted to present his thoughts on existentialism with reference to J. P. Sartre's basic concepts.

Sartre, as in all the existential philosophers, argues that the existence of the people precedes essence and essence is determined within the existence. According to Sartre, the essence of human existence is not predetermined. Sartre defends that, correlating the matter of existence and essence with free will, free choices made by human within his possibilities constitues his essence. Because, according to Sartre, man himself decides what needs to be. He is the only creatures who first exists and then creates himself, he is like he created himself. Sartre is an existential atheist. For this reason, his understanding of being and existence is related to his atheism. A human having an absolute freedom in the absence of God  is in despair and pessimism. For Sartre, absolute freedom which is the main feature of the existence, makes an individual the reason for everything. Man condemned to freedom creates an essence for himself with his own choice. Crushed under the heavy responsibility that has brought, individual faces feeling of nausea since his existence. In this article, it has been attempted to present his thoughts on existentialism with reference to J. P. Sartre's basic concepts.
Logical Behaviorism
Logical Behaviorism
Yazar: Malcolm, Norman; Malcolm, Norman; Altuner, Ilyas
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Logical behaviorism, Wittgenstein, Carnap, asymmetry, attitudes and behaviors ; Logical behaviorism, Wittgenstein, Carnap, asymmetry, attitudes and behaviors.

The paper deals exclusively with the doctrine called ‘Logical Behaviorism’. Although this position does not vogue it enjoyed in the 1930s and 1940s, it will always possess a compelling attraction for anyone who is perplexed by the psychological concepts, who has become aware of worthlessness of an appeal to introspection as an account of how we learn those concepts, and he has no inclination to identify mind with brain. There, of course, are other forms of behaviorism, and of reductionism, which is might have discussed in this essay. From Carnap’s point of views, it will serve its purpose if it leads the reader into the writings of Wittgenstein, who is easily the most important in the philosophy of mind. It should not be expected, however, that the reflections and observations of his Philosophical Investigations or his Zettel will somehow add up to another theory. To use his metaphor, philosophical work of the right sort merely unties knots in our understanding.

The paper deals exclusively with the doctrine called ‘Logical Behaviorism’. Although this position does not vogue it enjoyed in the 1930s and 1940s, it will always possess a compelling attraction for anyone who is perplexed by the psychological concepts, who has become aware of worthlessness of an appeal to introspection as an account of how we learn those concepts, and he has no inclination to identify mind with brain. There, of course, are other forms of behaviorism, and of reductionism, which is might have discussed in this essay. From Carnap’s point of views, it will serve its purpose if it leads the reader into the writings of Wittgenstein, who is easily the most important in the philosophy of mind. It should not be expected, however, that the reflections and observations of his Philosophical Investigations or his Zettel will somehow add up to another theory. To use his metaphor, philosophical work of the right sort merely unties knots in our understanding
The Influence of Cogito and Position of God to Subjects of Knowledge and Belief in Descartes’ Philosophy
The Influence of Cogito and Position of God to Subjects of Knowledge and Belief in Descartes’ Philosophy
Yazar: Atış, Naciye
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Metaphysics, epistemology, cogito, God, substance, essence, knowledge, belief.

Metaphysics of Descartes is the first and preparation science of his philosophy. Because, Descartes makes epistemology. Descartes proves principles of this philosophy by metaphysics. These principles provide subject and assurance for accuracy of epistemology. Descartes says that cogito is the subject of epistemology and existence of God is the assurance for accuracy of it. Descartes calls these existences as substances in his metaphysics. These substances are two main, and the most important, existences of the philosophy of Descartes. This philosophy can not be made unless these two existences a reproven. Cogito is the contemplating and God is the creator existence of this philosophy. The relationship between these two existences in Descartes’ metaphysics influences how knowledge and belief are considered. That is why the importance of relationship between these two existences in Descartes’ philosophy is discussed in this paper. How does human being, who does everything as a thinking existence, form his relationship with knowledge and belief. The objective of this study is to understand the subject of knowledge and belief, by evaluating factors liying behind them, in Descartes’ philosophy.

Metaphysics of Descartes is the first and preparation science of his philosophy. Because, Descartes makes epistemology. Descartes proves principles of this philosophy by metaphysics. These principles provide subject and assurance for accuracy of epistemology. Descartes says that cogito is the subject of epistemology and existence of God is the assurance for accuracy of it. Descartes calls these existences as substances in his metaphysics. These substances are two main, and the most important, existences of the philosophy of Descartes. This philosophy can not be made unless these two existences a reproven. Cogito is the contemplating and God is the creator existence of this philosophy. The relationship between these two existences in Descartes’ metaphysics influences how knowledge and belief are considered. That is why the importance of relationship between these two existences in Descartes’ philosophy is discussed in this paper. How does human being, who does everything as a thinking existence, form his relationship with knowledge and belief. The objective of this study is to understand the subject of knowledge and belief, by evaluating factors liying behind them, in Descartes’ philosophy.
Causality in History from Edward Hallet Carr’s Perspective: Hegel’s Malignancy and Cleopatra’s Noses
Causality in History from Edward Hallet Carr’s Perspective: Hegel’s Malignancy and Cleopatra’s Noses
Yazar: Durğun, Serpil; Aşkın, Zehragül
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Edward Hallet Carr, casualty in history, indispensability in history, coincidence in history, coincidental reasons.

The aim of this study is to be researched for the problematic of causality of in history from Edward Hallet Carr’s perspective. Carr who brought into noval explanations to the issue of causality in history bases on two metamorphic items which were entitled as Hegel’s Malignity and Cleopatra’s Nose in asserting the sense of causality that ingenders the centre of his methodological attitudes. Metaphor that Carr hereby marked as Hegel’s Malignity comes out as a criticism aimed at Hegel and Marx’s determinist philosophy of history. As for metaphor that he marked as Cleopatra’s Nose puts it in the centre the thought that history will be able to carry the chance causes back as the chain of events that were identified within the aleatoric coincidences of history.

The aim of this study is to be researched for the problematic of causality of in history from Edward Hallet Carr’s perspective. Carr who brought into noval explanations to the issue of causality in history bases on two metamorphic items which were entitled as Hegel’s Malignity and Cleopatra’s Nose in asserting the sense of causality that ingenders the centre of his methodological attitudes. Metaphor that Carr hereby marked as Hegel’s Malignity comes out as a criticism aimed at Hegel and Marx’s determinist philosophy of history. As for metaphor that he marked as Cleopatra’s Nose puts it in the centre the thought that history will be able to carry the chance causes back as the chain of events that were identified within the aleatoric coincidences of history.
Is There Any Room for Spatial Intuition in Riemann’s Philosophy of  Geometry?
Is There Any Room for Spatial Intuition in Riemann’s Philosophy of  Geometry?
Yazar: Çevik, Dinçer
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Kant, Riemann, manifold, spatial intuition, space.

In his famous Habilitationsvortrag Riemann underlines important points on the very nature of space with respect to philosophy, mathematics, and physics. Although Riemann’s greatness in mathematics has been well acknowledged, and the importance and implications of his geometry studied widely by philosophers, the same does not seem to be true of his philosophy of geometry. In part, this paper is motivated by this very fact. In his Habilitationsvortrag Riemann sets aside the usual approaches that had been taken until then, and instead tries out new ideas and approaches. Riemann thought that while Euclidean geometry made an interesting proposal for the construction of a theory of space, there was in fact no a priori connection between the concept of space and the axioms of Euclidean geometry. He argued, then, that the fundamental concepts central to Euclidean geometry do not have to be part of every system of geometry imaginable. That is, the fundamental concepts of Euclidean geometry should not be thought of as necessary for the construction of all possible systems of geometry. Riemann wanted to depict nature from the perspective of its inner structures and one aspect of this endeavor entailed questioning the nature of space and geometry from heterogeneous points.

In his famous Habilitationsvortrag Riemann underlines important points on the very nature of space with respect to philosophy, mathematics, and physics. Although Riemann’s greatness in mathematics has been well acknowledged, and the importance and implications of his geometry studied widely by philosophers, the same does not seem to be true of his philosophy of geometry. In part, this paper is motivated by this very fact. In his Habilitationsvortrag Riemann sets aside the usual approaches that had been taken until then, and instead tries out new ideas and approaches. Riemann thought that while Euclidean geometry made an interesting proposal for the construction of a theory of space, there was in fact no a priori connection between the concept of space and the axioms of Euclidean geometry. He argued, then, that the fundamental concepts central to Euclidean geometry do not have to be part of every system of geometry imaginable. That is, the fundamental concepts of Euclidean geometry should not be thought of as necessary for the construction of all possible systems of geometry. Riemann wanted to depict nature from the perspective of its inner structures and one aspect of this endeavor entailed questioning the nature of space and geometry from heterogeneous points.
Machiavelli and Machiavelianism
Machiavelli and Machiavelianism
Yazar: Kesgin, Ahmet
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Machiavelli, Machiavelianism, politics, political philosophy, ethics.

Machiavellianism has been interpreted for around five hundred years originated from Machiavelli’s ideas.  According to this idea, political actions should not be restricted by considerations of morality, of good or evil. However, many of the notions which are connected with the term Machiavellianism were not explicitly stated by Machiavelli but only implied in his political writings. The history of Machiavellism is as much a history of misunderstandings as a history of the impact of Machiavelli's true ideas. In this article, it is evaluated the roots of Machivellism where they are based on his ideas and various insights of Machiavellianism during the history.

Machiavellianism has been interpreted for around five hundred years originated from Machiavelli’s ideas.  According to this idea, political actions should not be restricted by considerations of morality, of good or evil. However, many of the notions which are connected with the term Machiavellianism were not explicitly stated by Machiavelli but only implied in his political writings. The history of Machiavellism is as much a history of misunderstandings as a history of the impact of Machiavelli's true ideas. In this article, it is evaluated the roots of Machivellism where they are based on his ideas and various insights of Machiavellianism during the history.
The Problem of Alienation in the Works of Franz Kafka
The Problem of Alienation in the Works of Franz Kafka
Yazar: Çiçek, Nuri
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Franz Kafka, philosophy, literature, relation of philosophy and literature, alienation.

The objective of this study is to analyze the problem of alienation through in the works of Franz Kafka. Alienation is one of the most important issues of individual in the contemporary world which could be observed in every aspect of life. The description of human relations has been properly narrated in the literal works. For this reason, Franz Kafka’s works were studied as a sample of philosophy and literature relationship within the scope of alienation problem.

The objective of this study is to analyze the problem of alienation through in the works of Franz Kafka. Alienation is one of the most important issues of individual in the contemporary world which could be observed in every aspect of life. The description of human relations has been properly narrated in the literal works. For this reason, Franz Kafka’s works were studied as a sample of philosophy and literature relationship within the scope of alienation problem.
Religious Belief as an Evolutionary Accident
Religious Belief as an Evolutionary Accident
Yazar: Bloom, Paul; Çifçi, Osman Zahid
Dergi: Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler: Evolution, religion, dualism, social structures, evolutionary accident ; Evolution, religion, dualism, social structures, evolutionary accident.

This chapter discusses how religious belief emerges as a byproduct of ‘highly structured’ systems, or preexisting adaptations in the social world. It starts by presenting evidence that argues that the universals of religion exist because of the general habits of the human mind: The thought of having ‘agents and designers’ of everything, and having a common sense on dualism that bodies and souls are distinct. It further explains the implications of these habits of thinking.

This chapter discusses how religious belief emerges as a byproduct of ‘highly structured’ systems, or preexisting adaptations in the social world. It starts by presenting evidence that argues that the universals of religion exist because of the general habits of the human mind: The thought of having ‘agents and designers’ of everything, and having a common sense on dualism that bodies and souls are distinct. It further explains the implications of these habits of thinking