Anadolu’daki Tıbbın Doğuşu, Dünyadaki İlk Tıp Okulu Olarak: Gevher Nesibe Tıp Medresesi ve Darüşşifası
The Birth of Medicine in Anatolia, the First Medical School Worldwide: Gevher Nesibe Madrasah
Yazar: Dündar, Munis; Emekli, Rabia; Şener, Elif
Dergi: Bilimname, Vol. 2019 No. 39, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler: Tıbbi Genetik,Tıp,Tarih,Tıp Okulu,Gevher Nesibe

Tıp tarihi çok eskilere dayanan bir bilimdir. Tarih boyunca hastalıklar varlığını göstermiş ve bu hastalıklara tedaviler aranmıştır. Bu tedavi yöntemleri yaşayan bütün uygarlıklarda farklılık göstermiştir. Mezopotamya, Mısır, Hitit gibi yerleşik hayata geçen ilk medeniyetlerde hastalık tedavilerinde bakış açısı büyü ve tanrılara duadan ileriye geçememiştir. Zamanla insanların çevreye olan duyarlılığının ve gözlem gücünün artmasıyla beraber tedavi konusunda daha gerçekçi ve bilimsel yaklaşımlar gözlenmiştir. Tıbba bakış açısı geliştikçe hastane ve tıp okulu ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Diğer medeniyetlere göre daha akılcı bir yol izleyerek tedavi arayışına giren Hint Medeniyetinde hastaların tedavisi için ilk hastane örnekleri yaptırılmıştır. Tıbbın bilimsel dönemi diye nitelendirilen M.Ö. 700 yılında Antik Yunan’da, şu anki Datça Yarımadasında, tarihteki ilk tıp okulu olan Knidos açılmıştır. M.Ö. 5. yüzyılda ise Hippokrates felsefeyi tıptan ayırarak, bilimsel bir yaklaşım ile eğitim veren Kos tıp okulunu kurmuştur. Orta Çağda Avrupa’da tıp konusunda bilimsellikten uzak bir dönem yaşanırken; Anadolu Medeniyetlerinde tıpta bilimsel bir dönem yaşanmıştır. Selçuklular zamanında hastane karşılığı olarak darüşşifalar inşa edilmiştir. Bu darüşşifaların en büyük özelliği, hastane hizmetinin yanı sıra tıp eğitimi vererek hekimler yetiştiriyor olmasıdır. Bu darüşşifalardan en önemlisi Anadolu Selçuklu döneminde 1206 yılında hizmete açılmış olan Gevher Nesibe Tıp Medresesi ve Darüşşifası’ dır. Bu darüşşifa hem tıp okulu hem de hastaneyi aynı bina içerisinde barındırıyor olmasından dolayı dünyada bir ilki teşkil etmektedir. Gevher Nesibe Tıp Medresesi ve Darüşşifası şu an Kayseri’de restore edilmiş son haliyle Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından müze olarak halkın hizmetine sunulmuştur

Since the existence of humanity, various treatment methods have been sought to fight with diseases. The people who lived in the ancient time tried to cure themselves by observing the diseases and herbal ways. For centuries, the healing of plants has been replaced by prayer and magic to the gods, and as a result, medical science has been carried out by the clergy for many years. All the civilizations who lived have determined their own method of treatment. Anatolian lands had the priority on pioneering on modern civilization. Undoubtedly, one of the most important branches that science pioneered is medicine. The history of medicine in Anatolia can be categorized as Mesopotamia and Egypt, Hittite, Chinese, Indian, Greek Civilizations, Roman Empire and Turkish-Islamic Civilizations. According to the religious belief in Mesopotamia, the diseases were caused by demons, evil spirits and the like. The priests were also involved in the healing of the diseases. The priests believed that prayer was the most important cure for disease treatment, and they approached the patients in this direction. Although the medical science in Egyptian Civilization in 4000 BC was seen as a treatment concept carried out by the priests, it is seen that the medicine was a little more developed than Mesopotamia. It is remarkable that most of the information about medicine written in the papyrus from the Egyptian Civilization is still valid today. In the 2000 BC, the Hittite civilization established a new culture in Anatolia and tried to treat the diseases with magic and various herbal medicine. In short, when we look at Mesopotamia, Egypt and Hittite civilizations, it is seen that the priests played an important role in medicine and performed the treatments with magic and prayer. A new perspective in medicine has developed in Chinese civilization. Diseases are defined by a philosophical approach with Yin-Yang theory. A person's illness is proportional to the deterioration in body balance. Before treatment, the patient’s whole body is observed and the treatment method is determined accordingly. Acupuncture is the most remarkable treatment method in Chinese civilization. In Indian Civilization, the approaches adopted in Chinese medicine are also seen. In Indian civilization, a good observation was very prominent for the diagnosis of the disease. Surgical procedures had developed in Indian medicine. It is considerable in Indian civilization, special institutions have been built for the patients’ treatment. The most important period in Greek Civilization, where medicine is divided into three branches is the scientific period. In this period, medicine was separated from magic and religious symbols and the first steps of medicine were taken in scientific sense. The pioneer physicians such as Hippocrates were raised in this period. Knidos, the first medical school in history, was opened in ancient Greece in 700 BC before the scientific period of medicine. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates established the school of medicine in ancient Greece on the island of Kos, separating philosophy from medicine and providing a scientific approach. In Roman Empire, there was no development or progress in the field of medicine, and it was observed that only the current medical knowledge could be transferred to the next generations. In general, the influence of advanced medicine in Islamic civilizations is seen in the Middle Ages. The works of Muslim scientists were translated into Latin and spread throughout Europe of the Middle Ages. The advancement of medicine, which laid the foundations of full-fledged hospitals and set a model for other civilizations, was experienced in Turkish-Islamic civilizations. The medicine, which was developed in the Turkish-Islamic Civilizations with the guidance of the Holy Quran, gained a scientific meaning. In Islamic Civilizations, the buildings were built where medical education was given and the patients’ treated. The buildings named as hospitals now were known as darussifa, darussıhha and sifaiye in Islamic Civilizations. The young people who wanted to be educated in medical science were educated here. It is very difficult to distinguish the medical science in the Seljuk State, which settled in Anatolia and expanded to the borders of Byzantium, from Islamic Civilizations. Seljuk State, which were given great importance to all kinds of science has also developed in the field of medicine. The books, which were authored by well-educated scientists, were translated and had tried to be applied in Europe. Darussifas built in Islamic Civilizations were also built in Anatolian Seljuks. The patients were treated free of charge in these darussifas. The Darussifas were opened all over the country and provided important services. The most prominent of these darussifa is Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasah and Darussifa, which is the first health institution built by Anatolian Seljuks. This darussifa is takes an important place in history because of being the first medical school in the world that also provides hospital services. Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasah and Darussifa was built by Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev I, one of the Seljuk sultans, in memory of his sister in 1206. This building, which has undergone many restorations from past to present, now serves as the Gevher Nesibe Medical History Museum in Kayseri. In this review, we tried to give detailed information about Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasah and Darussifa.