Kastamonu Küre derin maden kuyusunun yerleşim yeri ve dolayının mühendislik jeolojisi ve jeomekanik değerlendirilmesi
Engineering geology and geomechanic research of Kastamonu Küre shaft and its vicintiy area
Yazar: MEHMET MURAT ORUÇ
Danışman: PROF. DR. REMZİ KARAGÜZEL ; PROF. DR. MAHİR VARDAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Jeofizik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Uygulamalı Jeoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Jeoloji Mühendisliği = Geological Engineering
Dizin: Jeoloji = Geology ; Jeomekanik = Geomechanics ; Jeomekanik sınıflandırma = Geomechanical classification ; Jeomekanik özellikler = Geomechanical properties

Özet:
Kastamonu İli, Küre bakır işletmesinde, üretimi tamamlanmış olan Bakibaba açık ocağında cevher arama sondajları yapılmıştır. Yeraltında 700 m kotundan başlayıp 270 m kotuna kadar ekonomik olarak işletilebilir yeni bir cevher varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu cevherin işletilebilmesi için uygun bir alana derin nakliye kuyusu açılması ön görülmüştür. Açılan kuyuda işletme katları olan 700-600-500-470-400-300 ve 270 metrelerine şafttan açılacak galeriler ile maden işletilecektir.Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda şaft açılması için üç farklı bölge belirlenmiştir. Bu bölgelerde Şaft ve civarının jeolojik, jeomekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için sondajlar yapılmış ve cevhere yakınlık, yerleşim alanına olan mesafe, topoğrafik uygunluk gibi çeşitli parametrelere göre şaft yeri belirlenmiştir.Çalışma alanında Küre formasyonu, bazaltik kayaçlar ve siyah şeyl yeralmaktadır. Şaftın açılacağı alandaki bazaltik kayaçlar liyas yaşlıdır. Bu çalışmada açılacak şaftın ve dolayısının yerleşim modelini oluşturmak için yapılan sondajlardan mühendislik jeolojisi parametreleri elde edilmiştir. Uygulamalara sondajlardan alınan karot örnekleri üzerinde fiziksel ve mekanik özellik deneyleri yapılarak başlanmıştır. Deneylerin sonuçlarına göre İTÜ-MJKM Vardar sınıflaması, RMR sınıflaması, ve Q sınıflaması yapılmıştır.Elde edilen verilerden yararlanılarak seçilen şaft alanında, şaft merkezinde yapılan 953 metrelik sondajın logu hazırlanmış, şaftın doğusunda ve batısında kalan şevlerin Rocscience Slide programı ile stabilite analizleri yapılarak güvenlik katsayısı (GS) hesaplanmış ve sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanan Phase2 kullanılarak şaft açılması sırasında oluşabilecek düşey, yatay ve toplam deplasmanların analizleri yapılmıştır.Buna göre şaft açılırken oluşacak toplam deplasmanlar 20 ile 70 cm arasında değişmektetir. 164-213, 256-764 ve 614-764 metreleri arasında ezik zonlar bulunmaktadır.

Abstract:
A copper ore has found betvveen depths of 270 and 700 m. As a result of presence in Bakibaba öpen mine by Etibakır Inc. This mass of öre have found economic for exploitation and studies have started to reach this öre. Trough this effort, at west of Bakibaba öpen pit have been foreseen to drill shaft and reach öre mine by this shaft.Küre copper mine area have been an important place since ancient times for mining operations. in particular around the Bakibaba mine area the presence of över 2 million tons slag, and old gallery of old supports proofs old mine operations. Mine area was purchased in 2004 by Cengiz Holding. Betvveen 2005-2009, 2.527,173 tons of öre produced öpen pit mine production activity in the Bakibaba öpen pit and production has been completed. A new öre have been identified with the drillings in Kastamonu, Küre, Bakibaba mine area. Some parts of mineral reserve loceted under Bakibaba öpen pit region and copper reserves is located in the region betvveen of 270 m to 700 m level.A suitable area has planned to operate the öre. Suitability of this area is bound as lithology, topographic situation, matter, distance, overseen by factors such as distance of residence. Öpen pit operation with multiple galleries that will become mine shaft operated 700-600-500-470-400-300 and 270 Meters. in this respect, the choice will be opened in the shaft is important to establish a connection with the existing Aşıköy galleries underground entity.Geological units in the study area are Liassic Küre Formation basalts and black shale. Copper mineralization in Küre mine area takes place in Küre formation of basaltic rocks. As the öre are massive and disseminated in basalts. Mineralization in the region as a result of intense hydrothermally altered basalts.For remove the new copper mine decided to build deep shaft on east of the Bakibaba öpen pit. in addition to this lowest elevation in the study area is 1000 m and the highest elevation of 1260 m. 700 m, 600 m, 500 m, 470 m, 300 m and 270 m elevations were determined as a layer of underground mining By Etibakır Inc.Construction elements that make up the operation of the underground mining of öre rock to put the relationship under appropriate conditions, the öre position, shape, size, hydrogeological data, mineralogical properties of rocks, faults, discontinuities, underground cavities, such as the many geological data utilized to determine the regions where it crushed zones.For these purposes, geological and geomechanical parameters of shaft area have to defined. 23 drilings which have 30 m. depth and a bore hole wihch is 953 m depth are made to get information about the area litholoy and geomechanical parameters. Study area contains Küre formation, basaltic rock and black shales. A model of undergorund has made to see which differences are usual to see there while shaft opening.The ores are usually associated with faults along the black shale-basalt contacts that are always involved in this case the sequence of basalt ores. Ores have been disseminated in altered basaltic rocks around the location of massive öre bodies. The contact zones of disseminated öre has different spills.The geological modeling of öre is seen that the NW-SE extension. Descend to 270 m the upper elevations of northeast is spreading to the southwest. The black shales which has bed quality rock in the western region of the land. Besides, basalts are in the parts of eastern region. The black shale forms a boundary almost ali depth of with öre.Most suitable for these purposes the opening of the shaft of the three different regions were determined. The shaft and the surrounding areas, geological, and geomechanical properties of matter, made soundings to determine the proximity, the distance from residential areas, according to several parameters, such as topographic shaft where eligibility is determined.Firstly RQD data was used to determine the geomechanical proporties of study area. For each production layers was created for RQD distrubition maps. RQD values are generally between 25% - 60%. Some parts of area are fractured however in some parts are highly fractured. Weak and strong zones are shown us for the specified depths on three-dimensional geomechanical model.Mechanical properties of rock were determined by rock mechanics testing. Triaxial compression strength, indirect tensile strength and uniaxial compression strength values were determined by laboratory testing. Also elastic parameters were determined with tensile-deformation graphics.According to the data of Mz-304 bore hole uniaxial compressive strength data rocks are poor and fair strenght. Obtained from the testing for the bore hole and maximum compressive strength 66.68 MPa, vvhile the lowest value is 1.17 MPa. Cohesion values varies in direct proportion to the uniaxial compressive strength.Underground rock explosions, roof falls, understanding of problems such as openings and closings and control of strength the heels of the rock at the side of the excavation to be carried out with sufficient information about the strength and deformation behavior. Therefore, stress-strain graphs created with the values the uniaxial of compressive strength. Begin with the tranlation on the main discontinuity in the merger of increased micro-discontinuities and fracture occurs.Physical properties which are saturated unit weight, dry unit weight, porosity, water absorption and the vacancy rate values were determined.in this study, Müller rock mass classification, Q rock classification and RMR rock mass classification were made:For the classification of Müller, discontinuity measurements were made the surface. The most important feature of the Müller rock classification is to taking into account the size of system. According to Müller classification rock setting is weathered rock.According to the Q classification of rock setting is weak and very weak. RMR value of the side is generally between 20-60 on levels. Particularly middle and poor quality rocks are seen in the area. There are very poor rocks especially in west partofarea.The lithology of the bore hole is as follows; 0-6 meters, artificial fiil, 6-18.3 meters limonite and 18.3 to 953 meters basalt. The limonite rock is between 6-18.3 meters. Basalt is between 18.3-956 meters.in order to fınd the parameters of rock mass, İTÜ, MJKM Vardar classification and Heok-Brown failure criterion was used. According to Heok-Brown failure criteria, obtained very high crock values.For simulating and assessing rock mass parameters of the proposed production levels, which are 700, 600, 500, 470, 400, 300 and 270 meters, repsentetive core samples are taken from drillings and the following tests are performed on MTS brand 1600 kN capacity, hydraulic, servo controlled press.? Physical properties? Uniaxial compressive strength? Indirect Shear StrengthUniaxial compressive strength changes between 66.7 and 6.74 mega-pascals. The indirect shear strength changes between 3.24 and 0.95 mega-pascals.164-213 meters, 256-329 meters and 614-764 meters, indicating the production levels 400, 470 and 500 meters are named as disturbed and weathered zones. For meşe zones extra precautions may be required.According to the laboratory tests the in-situ rock mass properties are determined using Q and MJKM (EGRM)-VARDAR classifications. The rock mass parameters are used to simulate stability of the 1000 m deep transportation shaft using fınite element sofhvare named Phase2.in the analysis 0.1-0.6 meters of total displacements are calculated. According to calculations it is seen that at least 80 cm thick reinforced concrete lining is needed for the required stability during long term mining period.By using the ali parameters a bore hole loğ of Mz-304 have made. Geo drills loğ also made and compared each other. The safety factor of slopes behavour the shaft is determined by using Rocscience Slide application. The deplasmants of shaft are determined by using Rocsience Phase2 application which use finite element method to solve.Using data obtained in the selected shaft, the shaft 953 meters of drilling logs prepared in the center of the shaft east and west by the safety factor of slope stability analysis program with Rocscience Slide (GS) were calculated using fınite element method and Phase2 might occur during the opening of the shaft using a vertical, horizontal and the total displacements were analyzed.Accordingly, the total displacements occur between 20 and 70 cm between the shaft opening. Crushed zones located between the 164-213, 256-764 and 614-764 meters.