Mekanda animizm üzerine bir araştırma
A research on spatial animism
Yazar: İKBAL EREN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. YASEMİN ALKIŞER BREGGER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Akıllı tasarım = Intelligent design ; Arayüz tasarımı = Interface design ; Bilgisayar destekli tasarım = Computer aided design ; Dijital tasarım =   ; Etkileşimli mimari = Interactive architecture ; Mimari mekan = Architectural space ; Vernaküler mimari = Vernacular architecture ; İnteraktif medya tasarımı = Interactive media design

Özet:
Güncel dönemde, teknolojik gelişmeler sonucunda, mimari tasarım yönünden mekansal dönüşümlere tanıklık edilmektedir. Bu dönüşümler giderek, ağ sistemlerine tüm yönleriyle bağlı, bilgiyi işleyebilen, çevresel faktörlere karşı tepki oluşturan ve bunu mekansallaştıran, canlılık performansları sergileyen, insan-gibi veya kendilerine has hibrit canlılar olarak algılanan mekanların ortaya çıkması, yaygınlaşması ve deneyimlenmesi ile sonuçlanmaktadır.
Arkaik dönemlerde pratik edilmiş bir inanış biçimi olarak animizm, güncel mekansal oluşumlar karşısında, dünya ile ilişki kurma bağlamında tekrar araştırılabilir ve mekanın canlılığı ve bu canlılığın karşılık bulduğu kavramlar ve mekansallıklar bağlamında tartışılabilir duruma gelmektedir. Animizm, ilkel toplumlarda, çevre ile bağ kurmanın temel bir kavramı olmuş, bu bakış açısı aracı ile dünyadaki tüm varlıkların metaforik bağlamda canlı ve bilinçli olduğu varsayılmıştır. Animizm, bu açıdan, Kartezyen bölünme ve ayrıştırma sistemlerinin sınıflandırmalarına karşın bir anarşi figürü olarak yer alarak sınırların sorgulanmasında rol oynamaktadır. Animizm, hibritliğin, esnekliğin, iletişimin, değişkenliğin ve geçiciliğin mekanla olan ilişkilerini kurmanın kavramsal bir aracı haline gelmektedir. Animizm, canlı ve cansız, ilkel ve medeni, nesne ve özne, mekan ve insan, rasyonel ve irrasyonel, hayal ve gerçek arasında kalan alacakaranlık bölgelerde yer almakta ve modern ışık konisinin dışında kalan bu nispeten karanlık topografyalarda gerçekleştirilebilecek mekansal bir araştırmanın yol göstericisi olmaktadır.
Güncel durumda animizm, metaforik düzeyde mekanlardaki canlılık ilişkilerinin okunmasında ve oluşturulmasında kullanılabilir bir araç olmakla birlikte, metafor çekirdeğinin üzerine tasarım katmanının da eklenmesi ile gerçek anlamda canlılık performansları gösteren yeni-animizm mekanların inşa edilmesi ile de karşılık bulmaktadır. Tez kapsamında, animizm mekanları olarak belirtilen mekanların, kullandıkları canlılık metaforları ve tasarım biçimleri açılarından incelemeleri yapılarak, animizm mekanlarının karakteristik özellikleri; faillik, etkileşim, bedenlenme, ekoloji ve muğlaklık kavramları olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu temel kavramların kullanıldığı alan çalışması olarak, Kadıköy'de konumlanan Yoğurtçu Parkı özelinde, metaforik animizm bakış açısına dayalı, koşu ve tenis oynama eylemleri ile bağlantılı mekansal bir okuma ve bir yeni-animizm mekanı önerisi olarak, aynı parkta bir tenis duvarı tasarımı önerisi olan iki deneme gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Tüm çalışmanın sonucunda, animizm mekanlarının sınır pratiklerini bozuma uğratmaları ile çeşitli hibrit mekanlar oluşturdukları, bu mekanları deneyimleyen kullanıcıların ise bedensel, sosyal ve bilişsel etkinliklerinin artarak, mekan ile oyun oynama kapasitelerinin yükseldiği ve mekan ile kullanıcı arasında hayalgücünü ön plana çıkaran yaratıcı bir karşılaşma oluştuğu neticesine varılmaktadır.

Abstract:
Animism is a way of seeing, defined by Western anthropologists and thought to be unique to primitive societies. This point of view is based on the idea that all beings in the universe are alive and conscious. Thoughts, words, stars and houses are as alive as humans and have a life of their own. The idea of animism as an extension of the West's colonization practices has been underestimated and characterized as a cognitive backwardness specific to primitives, children, and mental patients. The information systems developed after the Enlightenment period have been criticized in the context of providing the development of the modern world, as well as the existence of living-lifeless, subject-object women-men, etc. categories and the creation of many restrictions and division practices. In the current situation, many space formations that break the boundaries and appear as "in-between" beings question the existing categories of modernity. The idea of animism can be used as a means of reading and producing spaces as a conceptual tool that can be used in the investigation of these hybrid situations and this concept, which evolved from prehistoric times to the current period, can be a new way of establishing relationships with spaces.
In this study, it has been found important to define the concept of animism from pre-modern times to contemporary life in the architectural design literature and it is set out in this context. In order to understand this concept, which emerged as a fundamental feature of primitive thought systems, it was found remarkable to understand primitive thought by focusing on the lifestyles of societies that are defined as "savage", their relationship with the world and the ways of establishing space. In fact, it is seen that the societies that are considered as wild are defined as "primitive" by the Western society, which considers itself superior to other societies, and they live a holistic, meaningful and rational life in their microcosmos.
In the thought of animism, the distinction between subject and object stands at an important point. In this context, the Cartesian worldview was examined, and then the phenomenological views against this view were given. The state of animism, in which the object and object distinction is blurred and all beings actively influence each other, establishes a network of sensory relationships that take into account hybridizations, contradictions, mobility, uncertainty, emotions and subjectivity.
The equivalents of animism in architecture are discussed through two basic spines that are articulated on top of each other. The first of these, metaphorically deals with the spaces of animism. In the metaphoric situation, the place of animism is triggered by the reflection of the metaphor of vitality in the space and the realization of the sense of vitality created by this metaphor in the space. Another backbone is designed animism, which is the state of animism created by design. This form of animism is formed by designing the space in such a way that it can perform various vitality performances (adaptation, homeostasis, mutation, response to stimuli, metabolism activities, excretion, reproduction, growth and development, movement, nutrition and cellular structure, etc.). In this case, while the metaphor of vitality in the core of the space is still in place, animism spaces that are designed by articulating the design layer on this metaphor layer are formed.
It has been found important to reveal the characteristics of the spaces that can be defined as animism spaces and show vitality through metaphoric or design. These characteristics are classified under five headings; agency, interaction, embodiment, ecology and ambiguity. The place is perpetrator or actor; demonstrates the capacity of space to influence; examines the mutual effects of space with its environment; the ecology; the ambiguity evaluates the unknown, surprise and uncanny situations that can occur at any time in the context of all these characteristics / concepts.
In the application part of the study, two experiments were carried out for the Yogurtcu Park in Kadikoy. The first of these is the study of metaphoric animism space. In this context, the jogging and tennis activities in the park were investigated and the animations and the enrichment of the experience were enhanced through the transcripts. Another experiment is the design of animism space. For this purpose, based on the metaphoric relations established with the tennis wall in the park and the characteristics of the animism spaces, it was tried to design the wall space as an animism space by means of design. The proposed system is designed as a live wall design as a technological hybrid that generates energy of its own, capable of playing tennis against each other and giving different responses to the player with its modular structure and simulating the effects of the player and the ball on its surface.
In the context of architectural education, animism is a trigger of imagination and design. From this point of view, architectural education should be supported by encouraging the ability to relate and produce ideas rather than transferring knowledge, because current knowledge is changing at any time. In an architectural studio, which can be realized around the idea of animism, in order to understand the place and the place and to associate with it, the place can be used as a living, and the relationship networks can be used during the design process. During design, animism can be considered as the vitality performances that the space can exhibit and in this context, space design can be realized which establishes a relationship in balance with its environment. When architectural design is approached as the design of an original creature that will have a life of its own, rather than a space design, it will be inevitable to produce potentially exciting works because the idea of animism always contains excitement and creative imagination.
Designed animism spaces allow the rethinking of the definitions of architecture. Architects are not sculptors who produce forms, but become hybrid of storytellers, designers, programmers, choreographers, engineers and many other disciplines that produce fluid experiences. Instead of looking for the perfect space by applying traditional architectural processes or creating models with a single, static form, the space of animism is able to reproduce itself at any time. As a result, space exists as a new subject and creates a social environment with the person who experiences it.
Animism is not a romantic return to the past or nature. On the contrary, in the future, in the advanced stages of technological processes and modernity, it undertakes the role of being the key to relationships with objects, places, cities and the world, where artificial intelligence and intelligent materials will be fully integrated. At the same time, animism has always existed as a playful gate and a twilight topography that opens up the cracks in the imagination and creativity of the human being. For this reason, children are animists and all fairy tales are loaded with animism.Animism is a concept from the past, but not a longing for the past. The concept of animism, which is a creative alphabet that can play a role in both reading and constructing the spaces of today and the future, can be produced to form the language of the relationships between the hybridizing species, has evolved and has evolved from a "metaphor" to "designed and actual". Animism takes place as a resistance figure in which all others, plants, animals or buildings separated from the others can be found by being childlike, being primitive, not being in good health, and not conforming to what the society considers normal.
The categories identified between assets are available for distribution at any time. Other perspectives cause the space to be perceived in other ways. According to the Western world view, human beings live in a divided universe among objects, subjects, living people, lifeless things, and they have underestimated the belief of other peoples in animism that the world is not such a place. However, this point of view takes place in contemporary life by evolving as the basic interface of the diversity of life in the modern world. Animism is both a way of understanding and experiencing space in another way, as well as the key to a world perception based on empathy and unity, and at the same time a trigger of imagination and design.
It can be foreseen that this concept, which was born from the zero point in the history of humanity, has come up to date and may be included in many researches in the future. Future researchers may determine the characteristics of animism spaces in different ways and add or remove new ones to these basic concepts. These studies can be reproduced to establish and explore the vitality relationships of every conceivable place, such as objects, interiors, buildings, squares, stars, or space shuttles, for space readings that can be performed on metaphoric animism spaces. Considering animism in design is considered as a potential design approach for the architecture of a rapidly changing present and uncertain future in order to create an architecture that is constantly transforming and having its own life, if considered as the production of a living being. The concept of animism, which may come together on the common ground of scientific research that can be realized in many fields such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, robotics, virtual space, smart material, smart home, smart city, which came together as a result of the addition of technology to architecture, is also can be a base for future studies.