Rus edebiyat eleştirisinde Dostoyevskiy /
Yazar: LEYLA HAFIZOĞLU
Danışman: PROF. DR. NİLÜFER KURUYAZICI
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Ana Bilim Dalı / Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatı = Western Linguistics and Literature

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Abstract:
There are many interpretations about Dostoevsky in Russian
literature criticism. We have classified them in our study according to the
year they were published and according to their executive structures. Our
aim was to examine Dostoevsky under the magnifying glass of Russian
literature criticism. The study consists of five main sections. After the
introduction part we determined the notion of criticism in general, then we
tried to see what kind of critiques there have been made in Russian
literature. The second main section comprises the life of Dostroevsky and
his works of art. The life of Dostevsky and his works are tightly bound
together and explain each others. In the third main section we introduced
all the critiques comprising the first critique of Dostoevsky's piece of work
which then drew the profound attention of the critical circles and the rest
of the critiques made unit his death. In the succeeding fourth main section
we assessed the new interpretations made about the writer by the
symbolists at the beginning of the twentieth century. Again in the same
sections the opinions of the critics were taken during the Soviet period.
Moreover, also in this section, the rich Russian immigrant's literature
criticism about Dostoevsky has explained the general outlines and its
representatives. In the last section, the critiques having the subject of
Dostoevsky have been assessed along with a brief summary of our
study. The study ends up with an appendices section where the
bibliography and outline have been placed.
The original talent of Dostoevsky who met the profound
interest of the literature circles even with his first work of art was
first discovered by the founder of the contemporary Russian criticism
Vissarion Bellinsky. But Bellinsky died in the years when he was
writing his greatest novels, so the relations between his successors
and Dostoevsky got cold. Dostoevsky's world of art, the fantastic
realism of his works could not be explained sufficiently by his
contemporary critics who considered one's life totally bound to the
social conditions.
During the seventies and eighties, not only his opponents, but
everyone, like N. Strahov, who defends him, shared Dobrolyubov's
opinions concerning the works of Dostoevsky. The spiritual ties of
Dostoevsky who was assessed as odd, sick, and cruel talent have
cut off with the readers of the generation of seventies and eighties.
In the threshold of the 20th century, prior to the Russian Revolution,
the symbolists have already "discovered" Dostoevsky. The spiritual
revolution, realised by Dostoevsky, was mentioned in the works and
essays of N. Berdyaev, D. Merejkovsky, S. Bulgakov, V. V. Rozanov,
Vy. Ivanov. Nevertheless, the viewpoint of the symbolists which
simplified the philosophical and ethical problems in Dostoevsky's
works totally to religious, could not understand writer's system of
thoughts and the originality of the Russian realistic literature in its
whole sense.
1921 was an important year in the literature criticism having the
subject Dostoevsky. Due to the looth anniversary of his birth, his
memorandums were published which helped for the examining of the
creative process of his letters and novels. Immediately after the 1917
Revolution, the Soviet critics approached the writer's works with a
scientific viewpoint dependant on the flow of history and literature.
In the literature criticism of thirties, and fifties, the question what is
Dostoevsky's place within the Russian literatme, has changed intro
whether or not he belongs to the Russian realism at all. The critics who
assessed the realism as an ideology applied to arts, declared the influence
of Dostoevsky upon his readers as harmful. Dostoevsky's works of art
were not published in Soviet Union within this period. The campaign
organised against his works, his enquires, and the bookstores, has
separated Dostoevsky from the Russian literature and from the scientists
who have devoted their lives to him. In the sixties, the Soviet literature
science has expanded the limits of the Realistic understating.
Dostoevsky's fantastic realism was examined in relationship whit the
Russian realistic literature of the 19th century. After, in the seventies and
the eighties, the place of Dostoevsky in the Russian realistic literature was
tried to be detennined by comparison with the other Russian writers. The
writer's relations with Shchedrin, Turgenev, Bellinsky, Nekrasov were
examined.
In the nineties, Russian began to reconstruct herself in every field.
These renovations also occurred in the field of arts and literature. So, the
days of banishment of Dostoevsky ended up and new interpretations were
written about him, Along with all these changes, fIrst of all the works of
immigrant thinker like Lev Shestov, K. Mouchulsky, Zenkovsky about
Dostoevsky also reached the Russian readers.
What most has influenced the critiques about Dostoevsky,
undoubtedly was the contemporary aspect of his art. As it is known, the
writer usually chose the subjects of his works from the newspaper's pages
and from the political events influenced the day. That's why. Those who
examined his art when he was a live and postmortem weren't satisfied just
whit an aesthetical criticism, but have also examined the ideological
problems taking an important part in his works. As Dostoevsky was a
writer, he was also important as an ideological writer, as a thinker in their
opinions. The main reason for the interest of the contemporary man getting
greater day by day against Dostoevsky, is that the social, the spiritual, and
. the ethical tension of the 20th century which was the century- of the two
world wars, revolutions, technological revolutions, fmds its expression in
the tension in the writer's works. Dostoevsky, who has got an
extraordinary intuition concerning the states of despair of the society and
the individual's life, is far from showing life as ethical, calm, and in
harmony. We witness the underground powers which have got the
capacity for greatest blow under the shell of the ordinariness,
waiting ready to burst out every moment.
The reality is not something consisted of the needs of present
days. It also comprises what is still secret today but in the future
will outburst. There are some people who make visible this secret,
who talk about it, Just like Dostoevsky,