İstanbul ili Sultanbeyli ilçesi sıfır atık sisteminin kurulması
Establishment of zero waste system in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul
Yazar: TUNAHAN TANIŞ
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ YASEMİN DAMAR ARİFOĞLU
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Çevre Mühendisliği = Environmental Engineering

Özet:
Artan nüfus ve kentleşmeyle değişen yaşam standartları ile birlikte toplumların refah
seviyelerinin yükselmesi, tüketim alışkanlıklarının değişmesi ve taleplerin artmasına
sebep olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda satın alma gücündeki artış ve gelişen teknoloji atık
miktarlarını giderek arttırmaktadır. Atık kavramı herhangi bir üretim ve tüketim
faaliyetleri sonucunda ortaya çıkan, istenmeyen faydasız maddeler olarak tanımlanır.
Atıklar atık yönetimi hiyerarşisine göre yönetilmektedir. Atık yönetim hiyerarşisine
göre önce atıkların oluşumunun önlenmesi, oluşumu engellenemeyen atıkların
kaynağında azaltılması, kaynağında azaltılamayan atıkların yeniden kullanılması
tercih edilmektedir. Sonraki basamaklarda ise geri dönüşüm ve enerji geri kazanım
tercih edilmekte, en son olarak bertaraf yöntemi seçilmektedir. Küresel çapta
atıklarla mücadele edilirken, dünyada toplumun artan çevre bilinci ile birlikte çevre
koruma politikalarına yönelim artmaktadır. Sıfır atık kavramı bu faaliyetler
sonucunda meydana gelen atık türlerinin oluşumunu engellemek, israfı önlemek,
doğal kaynakların verimli kullanılmasını sağlamak, atıkları kaynağında ayrıştırmak,
atıkların geri kazanımını sağlayarak ekonomiye döndürülmesi yaklaşımıdır. Son
yıllarda tüm dünyada önemli bir atık yönetim modeli olan 'Sıfır Atık Yönetim'
modeli araştırılarak sıfır atık ve sıfır atık yönetimi kavramları ele alınmıştır.
Döngüsel ekonomi yaklaşımında ise atık olarak tanımlanan maddeler, ham madde
kaynağı olarak üretim aşamalarında tekrar kullanılmak üzere ekonomiye yeniden
kazandırılmaktadır.
T.C. Çevre Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı tarafından atıkları kontrol altına
alarak daha temiz bir dünya ve sürdürülebilir bir yaşam için 2017 yılında "Sıfır Atık"
projesine adım atılmıştır. Bakanlık bünyesinde başlayan bu proje öncelikle resmi
kurumlarda başlatılmıştır. Proje kapsamında bakanlığın en büyük paydaş
kurumlarından biri olan belediyelerde atık oluşumu olabildiğince engellenmiş,
atıkların türlerine göre toplanması ve atıkların geri dönüşümlerinin yapılması
sağlanmıştır.
Yapılan bu çalışmada pilot çalışma yeri olarak İstanbul ilinin Sultanbeyli ilçesi
belirlenmiştir. Sultanbeyli ilçesine ait sıfır atık yönetim sisteminin kurulması ve
yürütülmesi çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Nüfus yoğunluğu göz önünde tutularak atık
miktarları ve türleri hakkında bilgiler edinilmiştir. Ayrıca sürdürülebilir bir çevre için
atık yönetimi kapsamında yapılan çeşitli AB çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Atık sektörü
özelinde Ülkemizde ve dünyada yaşanan gelişmelerin atık yönetim sistemine etkileri
değerlendirilmiştir.

Abstract:
With the increasing population and changing living standards with urbanization, the
increase in the welfare levels of the societies causes the consumption habits to
change and the demands to increase. In this context, the increase in purchasing power
and developing technology are increasing the amount of waste. The concept of waste
is defined as undesirable useless substances that arise as a result of any production
and consumption activities. Solid wastes are substances that originate from domestic,
commercial or industrial activities, are intended to be disposed of by the consumer,
but must be disposed of regularly for environmental, human health and social
reasons. Solid waste management covers all sectors producing waste and all the links
of the waste management chain in a particular residential area. It consists of the steps
of separating and reducing the waste at the source for reuse and recycling, collecting
and transporting, processing and ensuring final disposal. Waste is managed
according to the waste management hierarchy. According to the waste management
hierarchy, it is preferred to prevent the formation of waste first, to reduce the wastes
that cannot be prevented at the source, and to reuse the wastes that cannot be reduced
at the source. In the next steps, recycling and energy recovery are preferred, and
finally, the disposal method is chosen. New areas were needed to remove the waste
from the living area due to the increasing amount of waste over time. The constant
search for new areas is not sustainable, and the existence of reusable materials in the
resulting solid wastes has resulted in a radical change in the understanding of waste
management. With this change, it was aimed to recycle packaging waste, to prevent
the amount of waste from occurring at the source and to reduce it, and to reduce the
amount of waste to be disposed of. It is aimed to provide maximum efficiency and
social benefit from wastes by minimizing the negative environmental effects of
wastes. While dealing with wastes on a global scale, the tendency towards
environmental protection policies is increasing with the increasing environmental
awareness of the society in the world. The concept of zero waste is an approach to
prevent the formation of waste types resulting from these activities, to prevent waste,
to ensure efficient use of natural resources, to separate wastes at their source, and to
recycle wastes to the economy. In recent years, the 'Zero Waste Management' model,
which is an important waste management model all over the world, has been
researched and the concepts of zero waste and zero waste management have been
discussed. In the circular economy approach, the materials defined as waste are
reintroduced into the economy to be used again in the production stages as a raw
material source.
T.R. The "Zero Waste" project was initiated in 2017 for a cleaner world and a
sustainable life by controlling wastes by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization
and Climate Change. This project, which started within the Ministry, was first
initiated in official institutions. Within the scope of the project, waste generation in
municipalities, one of the biggest stakeholder institutions of the ministry, was
prevented as much as possible, and the collection of wastes according to their types
and the recycling of wastes were ensured. Zero waste is the most holistic innovation
of sustainable waste management systems. The reuse, repair and production of
products for recycling brought along an economy approach that minimizes and
ultimately eliminates waste. Zero waste is an approach that reduces the carbon
footprint of cities and takes an important place in the fight against climate change. A
zero waste approach strategy is adopted in provinces, districts and municipalities in
order to address the difficulties in solid waste management and to minimize the
amount of solid waste produced and disposed of. The zero waste approach has
become a pioneer in order to encourage recycling and reuse as much as possible in
the districts. Zero waste minimizes waste by reducing consumption, maximizing
recycling and enabling products to be reused, repaired or returned to nature or the
market without being thrown away or wasted.
First of all, waste is a public health problem, a substance that must be removed from
society as quickly and cheaply as possible. Zero waste is an approach that tackles
waste problems in society and is used in various sectors, municipalities, public and
private institutions, hospitals, factories, etc. implemented in places. While there is a
lot of information in the literature with this approach, in which waste is brought into
the economy and waste generation is minimized, very few studies have been found
on the measurement and evaluation of waste.
This study reveals that the scope of zero waste studies is very diverse and the concept
of zero waste is constantly evolving through various programs, plans, policies and
strategies. Also, this study shows that the zero waste approach is implemented with a
holistic zero waste strategy in Sultanbeyli district. The study highlights that counties,
provinces and countries at a larger scale can achieve zero waste targets by
developing a national zero waste strategy, integrating zero waste initiatives through
waste management policy and promoting society.
In this study, Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul province was determined as the pilot
study area. The studies on the establishment and execution of the zero waste
management system of the Sultanbeyli district were examined. Considering the
population density, information was obtained about the amount and types of waste.
In addition, various EU studies conducted within the scope of waste management for
a sustainable environment were examined. The effects of the developments in our
country and the world on the waste management system have been evaluated in the
waste sector.
Changes in the amount and volume of solid waste, the fact that the issue is handled
by different disciplines, and that the solid waste service is basically a local service
has resulted in the emergence of many different concepts, methods and application
forms in solid waste management. The aim of this study is to explain some concepts
and their meanings used in solid waste management in Sultanbeyli municipality.
Zero waste management applied in Sultanbeyli district has been examined and the
municipality is responsible for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021; The amounts and
distributions of household, paper, plastic, glass, textile, vegetable oil, battery and tire
waste types were investigated. It has been determined that the highest amount of
waste generated in the district in every three years is domestic waste. Domestic
waste, as a type of municipal solid waste, is the waste produced by households.
While 91% of the wastes generated in 2019 were domestic wastes, 91% in 2020 and
93% in 2021 were domestic wastes. It has been determined that the most common
type of waste after household waste in the district is paper waste. Paper waste
constitutes 7% of the waste generated in 2019, 6% in 2020 and 6% in 2021