Modern ve post-modern dönem mekânsal yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi: Şandigar, Poundbury ve Orestad örneği
A review on modern and post modern spatial approachs: Chandi̇garh, Poundbury and Orestad
Yazar: DERYA GÜRSEL
Danışman: PROF. DR. MEHMET OCAKÇI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Kentsel tasarım = Urban design ; Postmodern mimari = Postmodern architecture

Özet:
Kentler, tarihsel süreçte üretim ve toplumsal mekanizmaların şekillendirdiği mekanlardır. Sosyal, ekonomik ve teknolojik kırılmalara tanıklık eden ve beraberinde biçimlenen mekanlar, insanlığın ideal kent arayışının da sembolüdür. 
Üretimin birikim alanı olan kent, aynı zamanda bir düşünce alanı da olmuştur. Bu düşünce alanını düzenleme disiplini olarak kentsel tasarım da "iyi"yi aramış, toplumun içerisinde bulunduğu konjonktüre uygun mekansal yaklaşımlar üretmiştir. 
"Üretilen düşünce" bazen zamana ve mekana paralel olmuş, bazen de  zamanın ve mekanın ötesine geçmiştir. Kentlerin üretim ve düşünce ile olan ilişkisi bu anlamda diyalektik bir süreçtir. İşte bu yüzden kentsel tasarım yaklaşımları ve mekansal yansımaları, dünya durdukça tartışılacaktır. 
Tez çalışmasının amacı dönemsel yaklaşımların ve ortaya konulan ilkelerin mekanda bıraktığı izleri tartışmaya açmak olarak belirlenmiştir. 
Çalışma öncelikle modern ve post-modern kentsel tasarım yaklaşımlarının, tarihsel gelişimini ele almış, dönemlerin ortaya koyduğu mekansal ilkelerin tespitini yapmıştır. Bu bağlamda modern dönemde öne çıkan "belirlemecilik, standartlaşma, bütünsellik, homojenlik ve ulus devlet" kavramlarına karşı; post-modern dönemde "bağlamsallık, esneklik, parçacıllık, heterojenlik ve küresel sermaye" kavramlarının, dönemlerin mekânı biçimlendirme yaklaşımları olarak belirdiğinin tespiti yapılmıştır.
Tespiti yapılan kavramlara bağlı olarak üçüncü bölümde; modern ve post-modern dönemde tasarlanan üç farklı örnek üzerinden, bu yaklaşımların yansımaları değerlendirilmiştir. Modern dönem örneği olarak Şandigar kenti, post-modern dönem kentleri olarak da Poundbury ve Orestad kentleri ele alınmıştır. 
Şandigar kentinde modernizmin bütün mekansal yaklaşımları gözlenmiş, Poundbury ve Orestad kentlerinde ise post-modern kentsel tasarım yaklaşımlarının yanı sıra modern döneme ilişkin izler bulunmuştur.
Sonuçta yapılan değerlendirmede yaklaşımların mekânda farklı düzeyde etkilerinin olduğu görülmüş, dönemsel tasarım yaklaşımlarının mekânsal yansıma bulduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract:
Cities have always formed by production and social systems. Also been a reflection area of social revolutions and all break points of historical process, which makes urban space; the place of wonder of mankind. It is commonly held on: produce for good and better places according to socio-economic context but not always been succesfull on implemantion. So "idea have been produced" not always go forward to the "idea that have been designed".
This study examines footprints of modern and post modern design to understand the impacts of design approaches on urban space.
To support hypothesis, research tries to understand the progress of modern and post modern thought on space and tries to explore linkage between typology and urban diversity. Exploring this linkage provides a better understanding of where urban design stands as a profession in the context of globalization in 21th century.
These issues are evaluated in four chapters which are "Introduction", "Modern and Post Modern Urban Design Approaches in Historical Context", "Examination of Urban Design Aproaches: Fieldwork on Urban Design Practices", "Outcome".
The Introduction part of the study introduces the aim, the scope and the method. Second chapter begins with discussion about modern and post-modern urban design approaches. It's been examined that socio-economic developments caused common and spatial changing process, which has been called modernization and formed every parametrs of life. Even if Modernization was so up to shape the society, it seemed unable to solve problems and has been critized with being so totalitarian. some intellectuals has attempted to new way of searching. 
After drawing a historical frame with analyzing each important planning and urban design principals in terms of their affects on urban space, its been conculudad that; modern urban design thinking is based on "determinism, standardization, totality, homojenity and nationality". Critics that modern urban design faced, shaped post modern urban thinking. Post-modernism have always seemed an alternative of modernism and is a rejection of totality. It emphasises the benefits of diversity. At the end, post-modern situation has emerged and it accepted contextuality, pluralism, localization, diversity and liberty instead of determinism, standardization, totality, homojenity and nationality of modern view.  
Third chapter aims a better understanding about reflections of urban design principals on urban space. With discussing the outcomes of the second chapters concepts and the principals that stated as "periodical" three urban areas have been selected to examine hypothesis. As an example of modern period Chandigarh from India have been selected. As an example for post modern period Poundbury from England and Orestad from Denmark has been selected. The reason that there are two examples from post modern period is; post modern urban design have different representations. So it haven't been possible to find certain one to state as an post modernist city which equals to Chandigarh, the city that symbolizes modern urban design thinking.
Examination of Chandigarh asserted that, totality in urban design was highly perceived in modernist city because of the zoning principals. Runing as a life control system, zoning have designed the macroform of city and the citizen's twenty four hours. This determinist aspect have, also formed the public spaces which has no connection with Indian context. It also  been concluded that with architectural control system; the standardization is highly ruling the urban pattern.
Poundbury, England has been selected as post modern urban area. Poundbury is one of the first examples of new urbanism movement. The contextuality of design concept; which primarly emphasized by old English architectural style, forms urban pattern. Poundbury also been highlighted with its flexible plan and architectural pattern which aims to create unique urban landscape. It also been analysed that with its hierarcihal system that Leon Krier uses to describe the city, resembles monocentric urban models and zoning principals.
The other example is Orestad from Kopenhag. From the very start of Denmark famous Fingerplan, Orestad is part of TOD area. Urban pattern has been divided into four district which has different functional characters. Pattern presents a similar structure as zoning plans do, which divide urban functions into different zones. It also examined that, even with unconditional architectural styles, there is a sense of homogeneity in place.
At the end of this chapter, three urban areas been compared by basic approaches which been staten in second chapter.  So the reflexions of determinism/contextuality, totality/diversity, standardization/pluralism, homojenity/heterogeneity and nationality/liberty has been criticized over Chandigarh, Poundbury and Orestad. It's been detected that Chandigarh and Orestad have similar zoning principals which divides city into functional areas. Opposite from all, Poundbury have mixed use areas and design certainly treated land more fragmental. 
Another approach; totality and unity can be perceived easly in Chandigarh from urban space and also be easly understood by city's anatomic idendification by Le Corbusier. Chandigarh's macroform has been determined according to Corbusier's thought of unity, and urban element are working as piece of an one big system. But opposite from Chandigarh both Poundbury and Orestad's design have segmental understanding of space. Also the implementation of design process of post modern period examples, which look urban space as pieced and makes different design groups to deal with it makes it even more clear. 
Standardization and pluralism is another concept which been analyzed on case areas. The formal spatial organization of fordist production and it's periodical term, modern city took shape as same as the production does. Connected social and production area, transition hubs which feeds the system and one urban core that is the place city is showing its plus value. As we discuss on Chandigarh, one urban core, standart production areas and strong linkages can all be seen. Besides, in Pounbury even if design tried to break down the standardization in land, fixed path distances, minimum necessity rates and hiyerarcical city center system are shaping the macroform again make it more dependent to Dorset and acting in monocentric way. 
Areas also represents different characteristics on homojenity/heterogeneity. It came out on fore in Chandigarh that idea of one universal good, has shaped the space with the idea of unity and similarity. As a result, architectural promenads which been made of similar blocks, long roads confined with same function has shown up. So both urban and social space have homogenous character. It's remarkable that Orestad been detected as "becoming more homogenious" despite all its architectural variety. Because the architectural landscape is becoming more competitor, even a house project can compete with an concert hall in Orestad and this kind of production is creating unidentified spaces. Also the social groups that can afford to live in is been detected as one of the facts of social homogeneinty.
In conclusion, hypothesis have been proved. Urban design practices represents approaches of their time. Also it has been detected that, its impossible to state; post modernism is a total disenaggenment from modernism. With acceptance of; design thinking is dynamic process, it should be staten that; modernism is still in progress, in post modern period.