Endüstrileşmiş toplu konutta farklı kullanıcı gereksinmelerini karşılayıcı çözümler doğrultusunda bir mimari tasarım araştırması
An Architectural design analysis for achieving a solution in meeting the requirements of different user needs in industrialized mass housing
Yazar: H.ALEV BUĞDAY
Danışman: PROF.DR. EROL KULAKSIZOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1991
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Kullanıcı gereksinimleri = User requirements ; Mimari tasarım = Architectural design ; Toplu konutlar = Mass houses

Özet:
ÖZET Batıda Sanayi Devrimi ile hızlanan kırdan kente göç olayına bağlı olarak, kent nüfusunun hızla artması ve çeşitli nüfus hareketleri sonucu büyüyen konut açığına çözüm arayışları, II. Dünya Savaşından sonra "toplu konut" olgusunu ortaya çıkartmıştır. Teknolojideki son gelişmeler kullanılarak kapatılmaya çalışılan konut açığı, toplumsal özelliklerden gelerek, ailenin kuruluşu, bileşimi, gelir düzeyi vb. gibi etkenlere bağlı olarak değişen kullanıcı gereksinmelerine cevap vereme mişlerdir. Problem, temelde endüstrileşmiş sistemlerle tasarlanan konutlarla, kullanıcı gereksinmeleri arasındaki uyumsuzluktan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu uyum, ta sarıma kullanıcı katılımını olanaklı kılan, esnek planlama yaklaşımlarının uygulanabildiği sistemler yoluyla sağlanabilir. Bu çalışmada değişen kullanıcı gereksinmelerinin karşılanabilmesi doğrultusundaki tasarım yaklaşımlarının neler olabileceği, mevcut sistemle rin bu yaklaşımlarla nasıl bağdaştırılabileceği incelenmiş ve bir örnek üzerinde değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde toplu konut olgusunun tarihsel gelişimi üzerinde durulmuş ve sorunun çözümü ile ilgili çeşitli araştırmacıların görüş ve yaklaşımları incelenmeye çalışılarak, ülkemizdeki konut sorununa da kısaca değinilmiştir. İkinci bölümde kullanıcı gereksinmeleri kavramı ve bunların zaman içinde değişme nedenleri araştırılarak, değişmelerin konut mekanlarına nasıl yansıyacağı, üçüncü bölümde ise gereksinme değişikliklerini karşılamayı amaçlayan tasarım yaklaşımları ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde endüstrileşmiş sistemlerden birisi ile uy gulanan bir toplu konut örneği esneklik/değişebilirlik yönüyle incelenmiş ve sonuç bölümünde ise ülkemizde uygulanmakta olan sistemlerin bu yak laşımlara nasıl cevap verebilecekleri konusunda bazı öneriler getirilmiştir. IX

Abstract:
SUMMARY AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ANALYSIS FOR ACHIEVING A SOLUTION IN MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT USER NEEDS IN INDUSTRIALIZED MASS HOUSING Section 1: INTRODUCTION During the era beginning with Industrial Revolution the urban population has begun to grow in an increasing rate. This population growth combined with the effects of wars and natural disasters, especially after the Second World War, increased the shortage in housing to enormous levels. The problem is at tempted to be solved utilizing the times latest innovations in procedures and technologies which resulted the fact of "mass housing". However this ap proach, emphasizing the quantitative and technological aspects of house pro duction, has failed to satify the changing needs of users and has attracted se vere critisizm. The main purpose in the design process using industrialized systems ought to establish the link between the user needs and the product. One of the design approaches achieving this purpose is to provide "flexibility" and "variability" in the dewellings. Housing Problem in Turkey; Immediately after the year 1950, parallel to the increasing population growth rate, mechanization in agriculture, and the development of transportation systems, our country had moved to a process of urbanization. The housing shortage which increased in connection to the population growth is estimated 600.000 annually. This fact necessitates industrialization in the building technologies. However the problem must be solved qualitatively as well quan titatively. Thus a link between dwelling and user for delaying the functional obsofosence. Section 2: USER NEEDS A large portion of human beings daily life is spent in an artificial internal en vironment. The activities directed to create this environment is described as "building construction". However this created environment must be suitable for human beings to live by fulfilling their needs and desires as much as possible. User needs are the required conditions to be provided to the human beings in order to accomplish their activities efficiently. These requirements depend heavily on the environment and characteristics of the individuals. The indi vidual characteristics can be grouped in four categories as, physiological, psychological, socio- economical and cultural.User needs which vary in a large spectrum are generally classified into two groups: Physical User Needs: These are the conditions required for the accom plishment of an activity without creating an environmental disturbance. These conditions can be analyzed interms of. spatial,. climatic,. visual,. health,. audial,.security, requirements. The changes in user needs in the course of time take place in connection to the changes in social and family structure. Phycho-Socfal User Needs: These are the environmental conditions re quired in order to perform an activity without any psychological disturbance. Privacy, aesthetic and behavioral needs are considered in this category. Section 3: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN APPROACHES TO MEET THE DIFFERENT USER NEEDS The changes in the user needs during the course of dwelling use take place bas ically parallel to the changes in the family structure. These changes which ac celerate the functional obsolescence bring up the concept of flexibility, varia bility and adaptability. The dwellings which fail to meet the user requirements cause a functional ob solescence. This obsolescence can be analyzed in two dimensions as: -Physical obsolescence and, -relative obsolescence. In order to make the dwelling meet the changing needs the user must be brought to a more efficient position in the structural environment control. The dwelling characteristics which contradict with the expectations, behavi ours and accepted values of user cause a disturbance. Different approaches are proposed by various researchers for the purpose of introducing user participation in housing design. As to Habraken, the partici pation of the user to the housing design, depends architecturally upon the con cepts of "flexibility" and the "growth". Thus the inhabitants of the house can be involved, from the beginning, to the arrangement of the space which they will use. Turner and Alexander who have similar ideas propose the idea of shaping the dwelling in accordance with the characteristics of inhabitants. Their approach xisupposes that the users participate to the formation of environment with min imum, professional help and guidance. As mentioned before, in the process of user participation for delaying the ob solescence in the structural environment, the concepts such as "flexibility", "variability" and "adaptability" came into agenda. However there is a broad international debate about the conceptualization of these terms among archi tectural institutions. Some of the researchers define flexibility as "the response capability of a sin gle dwelling to the varying user needs without altering the building system." Variability, on the other hand, is defined as "a behaviour that necessiates to alter the building system in order to meet the differing requirements and ac tivities". Some other researchers do not differentiate between these terms and prefer only the term "flexibility" for both concepts. Flexibility can be classified in two ways: i. Initial flexibility: The building system and it's elements allow the architec ture create different designs (schemes). ».Continuous architectural flexibility: In industrialized housing, the building system allows altering the spaces without changing the support structure. As to another classification the "design flexibility" term denotes the flexibili ty prior to the use of the dwelling and the "usage flexibility" after the con struction of the building. The approaches aiming flexibility which allow the user participation can be analyzed in three groups:. Static flexibility: A permenant flexibility which is provided thru plan qual ity.. Continuous flexibility: A flexibility which allows a change in the spatial ar rangement with respect to desires and preferences. Approach (A): Allows the unrestricted change in the living spaces, except the wet units, service units and transport units. Approach (B) Flexibility is provided thru the spatial zones in the support structure. SAR METHOD In this method, developed by Habraken, the structural elements that form the housing unit are divided into two groups as: -Transport elements (supports) -Movable-detachable units. xiiUsers can determine their own dwelling using the detachable units within the support structure. PSSHAK APPLICATION This application is introduced and developed by N.Hamdi and N.Wilkinson. This study is aimed to redefine the responsibilities of the individuals participating the housing process and to explore the important role of the user. PSSHAK ap plication is a combined approach in which a traditional support system is ap plied while the internal arrangement is rather industrialized. Approach (C): This approach is directed to provide flexibility thru indepen dent spatial arrangements. Using a specific structural system, it is connected to an integrated installation network and aims to create totally independent living spaces. Marelles Project can be shown as an example to this approach. This project depends on a transport system model which includes infrastruc- tural equipment. This project which is entirely actualized using prefabricated elements, has provided the possibility of settling equipment in accordance with the user desires and preferences..Growth Flexibility: It can be defined as the addition of new spaces to the structure for new functions. This is multi-dimensional and non-reversible activity. One of the important problems in growth is such that it necessiates a form change in the building. Therefore, only the spaces on the external facade have the possibility to grow and the core is created in the center. In general growth may be classified as being. directional or axial,. scale,. form. The approaches aiming flexibility emphasize the constructional techniques and the building system principles. The decision on constructional systems can be made after the determination of permenant and detachable sections. In general, these decisions depend on the connections of the structural system with other sub- systems and the technological properties of the elements. Section 4: ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIALIZED MASS HOUSING PROJECT IN TERMS OF FLEXIBILITY In this section, the "Yunuskent" mass housing project of Eskişehir which is financed by Emlakbank will be evaluated in terms of flexibility/variability aspects. The houses are being produced using prefabricated broad size panel system as 8-storey blocks. There is a maximum span of 7.00 meters and 1.20 meters of design module. Other characteristics are: -The support system is made of support walls in both longitudinal and per pendicular axis directions, -The floor elements are placed in the longer axis of the buildings, xiii-Facade elements are also used as support, -There exists walls in the dwelling unit that have support function and the in stallations within these walls cause difficulty in changing these units, -System is designed without taking a planning grid into consideration, -Division walls are not easily detachable units. When all the above properties are taken into consideration it is certainly clear that the varying requirements can not be met by the system. In order to accomplish this, appropriate decisions are needed during system selection process. Section 5: RESULTS-CONCLUSIONS In this thesis study, the approaches aimed to meet the varying user needs in industrialized mass housing are analyzed. The basic observations and conclusions can be summarized as follows: -Due to population growth and various social causes, especially after the Sec ond World War, a great amount of housing shortage occured. The industrial ized mass housing had been seen as a panacea to this problem but they failed to meet the changing user needs in the course of time. -The factors such as social characteristics, family structure, income level, etc. caused these changes. Parallel to these changes the users are tending to change or widen their dwelling space. This can only be provided by "flexible", "variable" or "extendable" systems. -The joint objective of these systems is to provide to the users the possibility of shaping their own dwelling in accordance with their desires and needs. -The transfer of these approaches to the systems that are currently being used in Türkiye do not seem suitable for the time being. The most important aspect of the current systems that restrain the design, is the support structure form. The functional attributes of the design such as "flexibility" and "variability" are also affected from the form of support structure. Within the context of approaches analyzed in this study, the following points can provide partial solution alternatives in achieving "flexibility" and "variability". -The support structure has to be resolved as much as possible in the external shell of the dwelling, xiv-Single spaces have to be created which will allow placing maximum amount of internal spaces. -The single space should be divided using light and easily detachable elements which are the products of advanced technology. -The arrangements should be accomplished in accordance to a planning grid. The proposal aimed at finding a solution to the problem depend upon the orga nization of production and usage of these systems. Taking the state of national economy and the technological level into consideration, the cost dimension of the system selection process must also be investigated. xv