İstanbul'daki Orta Bizans dönemi kiliseleri ve çevrelerinin korunması için öneriler
Proposals for the conservation of Middle Byzantine period churches of Istanbul and their neighbourhoods
Yazar: MİNE ESMER
Danışman: PROF. DR. ZEYNEP AHUNBAY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2012
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
İstanbul'un UNESCO tarafından Dünya Mirası Listesi'ne alınan ?Tarihi Alanları? içinde, Bizans dönemi anıtları önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Çalışmada 843-1204 yılları arasında, başkent olarak tüm ekonomik, sosyal, mimari gelişmelerin merkezi durumundaki Konstantinopolis'te inşa edilerek, günümüze ulaşabilen kiliselerden üçü : Vefa Kilise, Atik Mustafa Paşa, Fethiye (Pammakaristos Manastırı Kilisesi) Camileri koruma disiplini açısından incelenmiş ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Tezin başlığı saptanırken yapıların üçünün de ilk yapım tarihleri olan Orta Bizans dönemi esas alınmıştır. Ancak Orta Bizans Dönemi yapılarının, tezde incelenen üç yapıda da görüldüğü üzere, Geç Dönem (1261-1453) ek ve onarımlarından ayrı ele alınamayacağı görülerek; bu ek ve onarımlar da çalışma kapsamında detaylı olarak incelenmiştir.İncelenen yapılar ve çevrelerinin özgün niteliklerinin korunması, kentsel belleğin sürekliliği ve içinde bulundukları dokuyla bütünleşik değer oluşturmaları açılarından önemlidir. Ortaçağ İstanbul'undan günümüze, mimari üslupları, mekan tasarımları, opus sectile, mozaik, fresk ya da keramoplastik bezeme öğeleriyle, eşsiz birer tarihi belge niteliği taşımakta olan bu üç anıt, dönemlerinin yapım tekniklerinin, estetik değerlerinin, mimari ve sosyal ortamlarının anlaşılmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Uzun zamandır kapsamlı bir bilimsel araştırmanın konusunu oluşturmayan bu yapılara, önemleri ve çevrelerinin de acil müdahale gerektirmesi dolayısıyla öncelik verilmiştir. Vefa, Çarşamba, Ayvansaray Semtleri'nde bulunan bu önemli anıtlar, uzun süren bakımsızlık ve koruma yönünde tutarlı bir program olmaması sonucu tahribe açıktır. Çalışmada ele alınan anıtlar ve çevreleriyle ilgili ayrıntılı tarihsel araştırma, hassas ölçümler, fotoğraf ve çizimle belgeleme yapılmış ve koruma sorunları irdelenmiş; her anıt ve çevresi için, deprem riskini de gözönüne alan, bakım, onarım, yönetim ve kullanım önerileri geliştirilmiştir.Ülkemizde, doğal ve kültürel miras konusunda devlet ve toplumun hassasiyetinin artması; uluslararası koruma kavramlarının tüm kesimler tarafından benimsenerek, siyasi irade ve karar süreçlerine yerleşmesi gerekmektedir. Süleymaniye ve Fener-Balat Kentsel Bölgeleri'nin, tutarlı ekonomik ve sosyal gelişme politikaları içeren bir kent ve bölge planlamasıyla canlandırılmaları uygun olacaktır. Yenileme projelerinden vazgeçilerek; mevcut bütçe varolan yapıların konservasyonunda kullanılmalıdır. Çarşamba ve Ayvansaray'daki zengin mimari ve arkeolojik mirasın uluslararası kabul görmüş koruma ilkelerine uygun şekilde, kültür turizmi için değerlendirilmesi gerekir; ancak bunun için ciddi çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.Tez kapsamında ayrıntılı olarak incelenen, üç anıt, ekler alarak ve çeşitli onarımlarla günümüze ulaşmıştır. Hem ilk tasarım dönemlerine ait kısımlar, hem de sonradan aldıkları ekler, Ortaçağ'dan günümüze, sanat ve mimarlık tarihine ışık tutan, önemli belgeler niteliğindedir. Ancak, üç anıtta da ortak olarak, kullanıcıların bilinçsizliği ve projesiz onarımlardan kaynaklanan aşırı müdahaleler, vandalizm sonucu tahripler, uygun olmayan eklerle, malzeme-strüktür sorunları ve bozulmalar gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda yapıların çevrelerinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik hazırlanan önerilerin, bundan sonraki çalışmalara bir altlık oluşturması hedeflenmiştir. Yapılarla ilgili hazırlanan öneriler ise yapılacak bir uygulama aşamasında dikkat edilmesi, öncelikle araştırılması gereken hususları ayrıntılı olarak belirtmektedir. Tezin, gelecek çalışmalarda bir rehber olarak kullanılması beklenmektedir. Bu konularda öngörülen yararı sağlayarak, çalışmanın, yapıların ve çevrelerinin korunmasına yönelik olumlu ve somut bir adım oluşturması umulmaktadır.

Abstract:
Istanbul, as the former capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, has a unique collection of Byzantine monuments which are part of a multi-layered urban fabric. Unfortunately, most of the Byzantine monuments and the neighborhoods in which these unique medieval buildings are situated, present a poor state of preservation today. They are in need of urgent care and call for preservation and improvement. Thus, three of the Middle Byzantine Era churches: Vefa Kilise Camii, Atik Mustafa Paşa Camii and Fethiye Camii (Pammakaristos Monastery Church) and their neighborhoods were chosen for this study. Since a wide period can be attributed to Byzantine architecture, Middle Byzantine Era with its specific building characteristics was chosen and all of the three monuments? first construction date belongs to the above mentioned period.After the Iconoclasm, in the Middle Byzantine Period (843-1204) Byzantine society changed radically and religion became the dominant factor in all areas of life. Private worshipping and increase in the number of monasteries resulted in a new form in church architecture. As several Byzantine specialists agree, this new form expresses itself both in Middle (843-1204) and Late (1261-1453) Byzantine Eras. As several specialists such as Professors Cyril Mango, Robert Ousterhout and Paul Magdalino agree, Middle (843-1204) and Late (1261-1453) Byzantine Eras can best be examined together due to the fact that all the Middle Byzantine Era structures had additions in the Late Byzantine Era. The aim of the study was to provide a thorough analysis and develop proposals for the three selected edifices which had been built between 843-1204 in Constantinople, as the capital of the Byzantine Empire and center of the economic, social and architectural development of the eastern Mediterranean civilization. The three edifices had additions and went through interventions in the Late Era (1261-1453). These additions and interventions were as well thoroughly examined in the course of this study.The concerns of the study were determined by the following research topics: 1. Current conditions of the physical-social environment of the selected medieval buildings, 2. The conditions of the monuments nearby, 3. Which building complex (monastery, building group, urban fabric etc.) were the selected edifices part of when they were first built ? 4. Previous observations, research, articles, 5.Traces of the previous interventions and dates of earthquakes, fires which might have caused them.In order to provide some insight to the abovementioned questions, various libraries (The Library of German Institute of Archeology in Istanbul, The Library of the Istanbul Research Institute, The Library of American Research Institute in Istanbul and archives (Dumbarton Oaks Archives (Washington, D.C., USA), The Archives of European Center for Byzantine and Post- Byzantine Monuments (Thessaloniki ), The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry of Turkish Republic, The Archives of the General Directorate of the Pious Foundations, The Archives of the IstanbulArcheology Museum were consulted for references. Regarding the Ottoman Archive documents, assistance from experts was received for the precise transcriptions of the manuscripts from Ottoman to Turkish. First, each building?s location was described and important monuments in their vicinities were dealt with. Then the long pasts and previous interventions of the buildings were explained. Photograph albums were composed and measured drawings were prepared with the help of a total station. Drawings were accompanied by detailed descriptions taking into account the new research and recent observations. To be able to conduct a thorough analysis, the fabric of the buildings and the changes which they have gone through were examined carefully. As a conclusion, evaluations on the buildings and their surroundings were made.The summer fellowship at ?Dumbarton Oaks Research Library? in 2008, provided some important photographs from the earlier field works and surveys. They have been of great help in making comparisons while writing the detailed descriptions. Since recent interventions have wiped out many key traces on the buildings, such archival photographs present more information than the current conditions of the buildings. When previous photographs from archives or dissertations were examined in detail, great losses such as the parapet slabs dating back to seventh century A.D were found out. They disappeared from the minaret balcony of Kilise Camii sometime after 1995 when they were photographed for the last time.Another contribution of the archival research was the photographs of the North Church of the Fethiye Camii taken by the Byzantine Institute of America when it was stripped completely out of its plaster during The Pious Foundations? repair in 1957-59. By the help of these photographs, which have not been evaluated in detail since they were taken, it was possible to compare the previous and current conditions. A book1 was published about Pammakaristos (the Fethiye Camii), but it was mainly based on the restoration of the Byzantine Institute of America in the South Church.After the 1980?s, suffering and deterioration for the cultural heritage have been experienced due to the unawareness of the society for the preservation of the cultural heritage. Rising value of the land in Istanbul with gaps in the Turkish legal system augmented the problems. All of the three churches have been repaired without any projects and permission from The Pious Foundations. Atik Mustafa Paşa, which was treated in the above mentioned manner, has some very severe structural problems, which can be viewed with the naked eye. The cracks and deformations should be carefully examined with non-destructive testing methods; the cracks should be monitored.A monument cannot be considered apart from its physical environment and neighboring settlements. Therefore, this dissertation focusing on three Middle Byzantine churches, also provides detailed information about their neighborhoods. Two of the inspected monuments are part of the areas on UNESCO?s World Heritage List and the third one has close interaction to the listed areas. Therefore their neighborhoods also have a role as important cultural heritage and should be improved along with the monuments themselves. As a result of the examination of the surroundings and legal dimensions, it is noteworthy to mention that the monuments and their neighborhoods are currently threatened by a law (Url-1) which came into force in 2006 and changed the status of the Süleymaniye and Ayvansaray from conservation sites to ?renewal areas?. The law presumes that the renewal areas have lost their unique cultural heritage and it enables total reconstructions of the physical environment. Although Süleymaniye and part of Ayvansaray are World Heritage Areas, they have been declared as renewal areas. However, they possess archeological remains in addition to their architectural features. The projects developed for these renewal areas will change the sizes of parcels, fabric and heights of the settlements as well as harming the Golden Horn Walls in priority and other archeological remains. Therefore, the authenticity of the areas will be consequently lost.The three Middle Byzantine-era monuments, which have been handled in the study, highlight the urban fabric and are unique historical assets which convey valuable information about the architectural styles, building techniques, decorative arts and social life of the Middle Ages. It is as important for their neighborhoods as the monuments themselves to preserve the authentic features, for the sustainability of the urban memory and integrated value of a monument with its physical and social environment. In the course of the study, data from library and archival research were collected, photographic surveys, measured drawings on the sites, descriptions and chronological analyses were prepared and evaluated in the scope of architectural conservation discipline. As a result, guidelines for the preservation and improvement of these medieval buildings and their neighborhoods were developed. Bearing in mind the earthquake risk, proposals for maintenance, repair, management and utilization of the architectural and archeological values were put forward.It is hoped that these guidelines and proposals will be of help for future studies. Environmental proposals for the neighborhoods are determined to be used as a base for future plans in urban conservation. The guidelines for the monuments can be used as a reference in case of an intervention on any of the three edifices. The parts of the monuments which should be ?carefully or in priority? examined/excavated are carefully indicated in the guidelines. Therefore the study is expected to be a concrete step for the conservation of the three edifices and their neighborhoods if the above mentioned goals can be achieved.