Önleyici koruma ve sürdürülebilirlik bağlamında bir örnek: Hasanpaşa gazhanesi
müze gazhane / An example in the context of preventive conservation and sustainability: Hasanpaşa gazhane / museum gazhane
Yazar: JENİSA GÜNEŞ
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ GÜLSÜM TANYELİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Hasan Paşa = Hasan Pasha ; Müzeler = Museums ; Sürdürülebilirlik = Sustainability ; Önleyici koruma = Preventive conservation

Özet:
Kültürel mirasın minimum müdahale yoluyla özgünlük ve bütünlük değerleri ile korunmasını ve sürekliliğini sağlayan yöntemleri içeren önleyici koruma, Yakın dönemde koruma alanında yapılan çalışmalarla kültürel mirasın korumasında en yararlı, sürdürülebilir ve kuramsal olarak da en uygun koruma yaklaşımı olduğunun kabul edilmesi ile önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile kültürel mirasın önleyici korunmasına yönelik planlama ve uygulama sürecinde yaşanan sorunların incelenmesi ve sürdürülebilir bir koruma yaklaşımına rehberlik etmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Restorasyon uygulama süreci sonrası yeniden işlevlendirilerek kent yaşamına kazandırılan Hasanpaşa Gazhane Binaları'nın özgünlük ve bütünlük değerleri ile korunarak geleceğe aktarılması, kent belleği ve teknoloji tarihi açısından sahip olduğu kimliğin kaybolmaması son derece önem taşımaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında literatür araştırması, yerinde inceleme ve görüşmeler sonucunda çeşitli yapı elemanları, malzemeler ve yapım teknikleri ile inşa edilen Hasanpaşa Gazhane Binaları'nın kendine özgü koruma sorunları, bu sorunların önlenmesi için alınabilecek önlemler ve kullanılacak yöntemler belirlenmeye çalışılmış, yapı elemanları ve malzemelerin yaşam döngülerine göre sürdürülebilir ve kuramsal olarak da uygun yöntemler ile koruma sağlayacak önleyici yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde, çalışmanın amacı ortaya koyulmuş, çalışmanın kapsamı ve bu kapsam içinde izlenen yöntem aktarılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, önleyici koruma kavramının tanımı ele alınmış, kavramın tarihsel gelişimi incelenmiş ve günümüz koruma anlayışı içindeki yeri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bölümde önleyici korumaya yönelik oluşumlar ve yapılan çalışmaların başarısı yapılacak planlama için temel oluşturmak üzere incelenmiştir. Bölüm sonunda endüstriyel miras alanlarındaki önleyici çalışmalara ve bu konuda kuramsal yaklaşımlara yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, koruma ve sürdürülebilirlik kavramları arasındaki ilişki incelenerek, kültürel mirasın korunmasında önleyici korumayı içeren yaşam döngüsü odaklı sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımının önemi vurgulanmış, kültürel mirasın önleyici korunması ve sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik yapılacak planlamanın hazırlık süreci ve aşamaları belirlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, sürecin temelini oluşturan aşamalar incelenmiş, planlama için genel bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Dördüncü bölümde, örnek olarak incelenen Hasanpaşa Gazhane Binaları'nın koruma durumları değerlendirilmiş; binaların yapım teknikleri, yapımda ve onarımlarda kullanılan yapı elemanları ve malzemeleri, geçirdiği değişimler, yapılan onarımlar ve karşılaşılan koruma sorunları ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş ve risk oluşturan etkenler tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen risklerin önlenmesi ya da azaltılmasına yönelik denetim, periyodik kontrol ve bakım gibi önleyici koruma yöntemleri ve süreçleri belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve yaşam döngüsü odaklı sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımına rehberlik edecek öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise çalışmanın bütünü değerlendirilmiş, Hasanpaşa Gazhane Binaları için sürdürülebilir korumanın sağlanması için planlamanın gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.

Abstract:
Preventive conservation is defined as protection of cultural heritage by controlling its environment, preventing agents of deterioration and damage from becoming active. It includes methods that ensure the preservation and sustainability of cultural heritage with the values of authenticity and integrity through minimal intervention. With the studies carried out in the field of conservation in the recent period, preventive conservation is considered to be the most pragmatic, sustainable and theoretically appropriate intervention given that conservation seeks to pass on the heritage of cultural importance and value to future generations. In this study, it is aimed to examine the problems experienced in the planning and application process for the preventive conservation of cultural heritage and to guide a sustainable conservation approach. Hasanpaşa Gazhane are composed of a large variety of elements, materials, and construction techniques and subject to deterioration as a result of the physical, biological and chemical risk factors. In this study the deteriorations and specific problems of the buildings, the measures that can be taken to prevent these problems and the methods to be used are tried to be determined. In this scope, as a result of literature research, on-site examination and interviews, a suggestion to preventive conservation methods and sustainable process in the case study of Hasanpaşa Gazhane is aimed to be presented. Hasanpaşa Gazhane, which started production as gasworks in 1891, has gone through various phases since its establishment. Hasanpaşa Gazhane was divided into several sections for the production, purification, and storage of gas. Buildings were constructed to be used for various functions such as gasometers used for storage of the gas, horizontal/vertical retorts used for generating the gas, purifiers. Various building materials and techniques were used in these structures, which were built as masonry, reinforced concrete, steel, and mixed systems. Hasanpaşa Gazhane was closed in 1993 due to the harmful effects of the production process and the increased use of natural gas. Then demolition and dismantling began, machineries were disposed of since the the gasworks has not been seen as a cultural heritage. With the contribution of some non-governmental organizations, it has been accepted that the buildings of Hasanpaşa Gazhane and the area is a cultural heritage with the cultural values and the project phase has started after a long bureaucratic process. An interdisciplinary study was carried out with the participation of project owners, project consultants and contractors during the restoration phase. The decisions taken by the participations for the conservation of the buildings guided both the project revisions and the restoration phase. After being restored buildings of Hasanpaşa Gazhane are re-used as a social and cultural area with the name of Museum Gazhane. In this way, the buildings of Hasanpaşa Gazhane are preserved with their authenticity and integrity values and pass on future generations. This functional sustainability is another aspect of sustainability; bringing to life of values that complete their existence functionally but continue their existence physically, with another function after the restoration phase. It is important that transformation of this industrial heritage is not lost in terms of urban memory and history of technology. In the introduction chapter of the study, the aim, scope and research methods of the study are explained. The aim of the study is to deal with the planning process for the prevention of the factors that cause deterioration and damage to the cultural heritage buildings and pose a risk for the conservation and sustainability, and to make suggestions to conservation methods through the example of the buildings of Hasanpaşa Gazhane. This study was developed based on the buildings of Hasanpaşa Gazhane as an example, but another aim of the study is to develop preventive approaches that will provide sustainable conservation for other cultural heritage structures through the sampled buildings. The study includes literature research about the concepts of preventive conservation and sustainability, processes, methods and suggestions for preventive conservation, the risk factors that cause deterioration and damage to cultural heritage and suggestions against these risks.  In the second chapter, the definition and the development of preventive conservation are examined and its place in the field of conservation is evaluated. In this chapter, the success of studies is being tried in different European countries are examined to form the basis for the preventive conservation guide. At the end of the chapter, preventive measures in industrial heritage areas were explained. In the third chapter, the relationship between the conservation and sustainability was explained. The life-cycle-oriented sustainability approach that includes preventive conservation, covers all the sustainability aspects -environmental, economical and theoretical- because it ensures long-term benefits in term of costs minimization and deterioration slowing down. The planning process of the guide to be prepared for the preventive conservation and sustainability of the cultural heritage are determined. In this scope, the stages that form the basis of the planning and application process were examined, a framework for preventive conservation plan was created and the content of the recommendation guide was created. In this chapter, the risk factors that cause physical, biological, chemical deterioration and damage to cultural heritage are examined. Environmental conditions such as relative humidity, temperature, light; natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires, floods or extreme weather conditions; theft and vandalism, inappropriate intervention, neglect and inadequate maintenance are the main risk factors for the cultural heritage. Identification of the deterioration and damages arising from these factors is important in the process of determining preventive conservation methods for a sustainable conservation approach. Following the determination of risk factors for cultural heritage, methods for its preventive conservation are determined. These methods include technical methods such as research, periodic inspection, monitoring, housekeeping maintenance and simple repairs as well as planning and management strategies as disaster management, visitor management. In the fourth chapter, the conservation status of Hasanpaşa Gazhane structures has been evaluated. Evaluation of the conservation status of the cultural heritage includes all the information about the materials and techniques used in its construction or repairs, the functions of the building, the changes, and effects it has undergone, and the current state of the building. These informations are the historical layers that form the identity of the building from its first construction to the present. In this chapter preventive methods such as periodic inspection, monitoring housekeeping and maintenance are tried to be determined to prevent or reduce the risks, and suggestions are developed to guide the life-cycle-oriented sustainability approach. Good housekeeping, regular inspection and maintenance of buildings are necessary to ensure that the building elements and materials last longer, to preserve the authenticity and integrity of the buildings, and to ensure sustainability. Material list, inspection checklist, periodic inspection schedule and periodic maintenance schedule are prepared for the determination and programming of preventive conservation methods for the buildings of Hasanpasa Gazhane. Periodic inspection and maintenance schedules are recommended according to the life cycles of the elements and materials of the buildings. In the conclusion chapter the whole of the study was evaluated, and the necessity of the plan and the guide was emphasized in order to ensure sustainable conservation for the buildings of Hasanpaşa Gazhane.