Kültür ekonomisi: Bir kentin mirasının değerlendirilmesi, Diyarbakır örneği
Culture economy: An evaluation of the heritage for city of Diyarbakır
Yazar: DENİZ ÖZGÜL
Danışman: PROF. DR. EBRU KERİMOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Çağdaş kentsel gelişim politikaları yerel dinamikler, özgün kaynaklar ve değerlere odaklanırken,  rasyonel kentsel politikalar üretmek kentsel gelişimin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Küreselleşen dünya ve hızlıca değişen dinamiklerin etkileriyle kültürün yerel kalkınmadaki payı önem kazanarak artmaktadır (Dünya Bankası,2011; Kagan ve diğ,2018).Yeni ekonomik coğrafyada kentsel gelişimin yeniden kavramsallaştığı alanlardan biri olan kültür ekonomisini anlamak (Gibson ve Kong,2005),kültürden katma değer üretmek, kültürü kentin gelişimine entegre edebilmek kritik öneme sahiptir. Böylelikle kültür ve ekonomi iç içe geçmekte kentsel, bölgesel ve ulusal ölçeklerde kentsel ekonomik gelişime olanak tanıyan üretim girdisine dönüşmektedir (KEA,2006). Kentsel politikalara dahil olan somut ve somut olmayan miras varlıkları salt koruma algısından uzaklaşarak ekonomik katma değer üreten potansiyeller olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır (Perry ve diğ,2018).Bu çalışma tarih boyunca stratejik konumu sebebiyle etnik, toplumsal, politik, idari ve ekonomik açılardan önemli bir kent olan Diyarbakır'ın yerel kültürel kaynaklarını kültür ekonomisi perspektifinden değerlendirmektedir. Kent pek çok medeniyetin izlerini barındıran, kentsel kimlik için önemli somut miras varlıklarıyla ve somut olmayan mirasından sinema, edebiyat, geleneksel zanaatlar, festivaller, müzik ve gastronomisiyle kültürel açıdan oldukça güçlüdür. Bu çalışmada kültürün ekonomik katkı sağlaması ve kentin doğrudan miras potansiyelinden faydalanabilmesi için kültür temelli kentsel gelişim senaryoları ile kamu kurum kuruluşları, sivil toplum örgütleri, akademi, özel sektör, meslek odaları, yatırımcılar ve yerel için yol haritası oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma bütününde kentin edebiyat, sinema, geleneksel zanaatlar (çinicilik, çömlekçilik, bakırcılık, gümüşçülük, kuyumculuk, demircilik, dokumacılık),yerel festivaller/bayramlar, müzik ve gastronomisi ekonomik katkı sağlama potansiyelleri nedeniyle incelenmektedir. Kültürün bölge ve kentsel gelişme politikalarındaki rolü, kültür yaklaşımlarının sektörel ilişki biçimleri, ekonomik kalkınma politikalarında ve eylem planlarındaki kültürün işlevi, kentsel gelişim politikaları üreten kurumların kültürün ekonomik katkısına yaklaşım biçimleri, kararların uygulanma süreçlerindeki etkin iş birlikleri,  ana ve kilit aktörlerin mirasın ekonomik potansiyeline yönelik farkındalığı kültür ekonomisi ekseninde incelenip ilişkili kamu kurum kuruluşları, sivil  toplum örgütleri, akademi, meslek odaları gruplarıyla 23 adet aktör görüşmeleri yapılarak kentin en etkili kültür mirasının ne olduğu, sürdürülebilirlikle ilişkisi, konuya yönelik problemler/potansiyeller/öneriler nelerdir sorularına yanıtlar aranmıştır. En temeldeki sorunlar kültür odaklı ekonomik strateji, konuya ilişkin farkındalık, iş birliği ortamı, nitelikli iş gücü ve etkin çözüm eksikliği; ekonomik engeller, kent vizyonunun yenilikten uzak oluşu iken temeldeki fırsatlar;  kültür ekosistemiyle özgün kentin varlığı, geleneksel uygulamaların sürdürülmeye çalışılması ve güncel kültürel projelerin planlanması olarak tespit edilip Diyarbakır için kültürün kentsel gelişimdeki ekonomik katkısını ortaya çıkaran kültür eksenli kentsel gelişim stratejiler geliştirilmiştir.

Abstract:
While contemporary urban development policies focus on local dynamics, unique resources and values, producing rational urban policies is the basis of urban development. In order to eliminate the diversity and increasing uncertainty of urban challenges in the competitive global order, strategies and solutions produced to develop today's cities with innovative, resilient, flexible approaches that fit the new economic order constitute the most fundamental issues of planning. In this context, with the effects of the globalising world and rapidly changing dynamics, the share of culture in local development is gaining importance and increasing (World Bank, 2011; Kagan et al., 2018). Understanding the cultural economy, which is one of the areas where urban development is reconceptualised in the new economic geography (Gibson and Kong, 2005), generating added value from culture, creating new employment opportunities, enabling urban opportunities, integrating culture into the development of the city, and revealing the power of the city-culture relationship has become a critical issue in today's conditions. In this way, culture and economy are intertwined, blurring the boundaries between them and turning into production inputs that enable urban economic development at urban, regional and national scales (KEA, 2006). Cultural economy, which is defined as the ability to use cultural resources for economic revival, has emerged as a response to the crises in urban development with the industrial revolution and has become a comprehensive new field of study from social benefit to economic development. Although culture and economy are treated as two completely different concepts, they have become an important element that can help cities succeed in production processes and take part in urban development strategies in the cyclical platform and during the development of modern economies. Creating 20 million jobs worldwide by 2020, culture and culture-related sectors have started to be frequently included in national and international agendas and sustainable development goals. By entering the agendas of local governments through culture-related productions, cultural initiatives, projects, strategies and policies, global cultural policies have tended towards localisation and have become a strategic value area and a sector that can be invested in, embracing new developments in today's conditions. In recent years, the fact that many countries have policy documents directly related to culture in addition to their economic development and strategy plans, have activities for implementation and incentives for this scope, and have action plans prepared in detail is another concrete example of the re-instrumentalisation of culture. As a result of changing and transforming new perspectives on cultural heritage, tangible and intangible heritage assets included in urban policies are moving away from traditional approaches such as conservation, renovation, preservation, transferring to future generations, and the perception of physical intervention or being a burden on urban economies, and are emerging as potentials that can provide input to global and local economies that generate economic added value, create new areas of competition, and open opportunities for new business models (Perry et al., 2018). The formation of new approaches to cultural heritage, the existence of various contributions of culture to economic development, its power to create an investment area and increase interaction with other related sectors have increased its place in the literature. In addition to the strong economic effects of culture; the physical environment structured and renewed through culture changes its appearance and quality in its current state, its social and cultural effects become visible and stronger with the expansion of the sphere of influence, it is included in urban policies for sustainable urban development, it extracts the potential of culture to produce and increase its socio-spatial impact. Thus, it can reveal the strong and dominant aspect of the cultural economy, which is one of the intersection areas of culture and economy. All these draw a picture of the reflections of culture on multidimensional axes. The aim of this research is to reveal the economic potential of culture and to emphasise the importance of the economic contributions of culture in urban development. This study evaluates the local cultural resources of the city from the perspective of cultural economy in the case of Diyarbakır, which has been an important city in terms of ethnic, social, political, administrative and economic aspects due to its strategic location on the Silk Road in the Mesopotamia region throughout history. Within the scope of the study, Diyarbakır's local dynamics in the context of cultural economy and how culture can be shaped by urban development policies and become one of the local economic inputs are questioned, and the awareness and consciousness of the issue are evaluated in terms of actor groups. Diyarbakır, which is the study area, has diverse and rich tangible heritage assets that are important for urban identity, containing the traces of many civilisations, and strong intangible heritage such as cinema, literature, traditional crafts, festivals, feasts, festivities, music and gastronomy are important indicators of the city's heritage pattern. Important dynamics such as the richness of the cultural background of the city, the diversity of local resources, the originality of the ethnic structure pattern, traditional productions in which culture is in a central position, festivals, holidays, festivals, unique traditions that have been trying to be continued for years, planned activities related to culture planned by public institutions, non-governmental organisations, professional chambers, foundations, private enterprises and individual initiatives are actually the most concrete evidence that the city has a strong cultural ecosystem and that its tangible and intangible cultural assets have a strong cultural context. In this study, it is aimed to create a road map for public institutions, non-governmental organisations, academia, private sector, professional chambers, investors and local people with culture-oriented urban development scenarios in order for culture to provide economic contribution and for the city to benefit directly from its heritage potential.  In the whole study, the city's literature, cinema, traditional crafts (tiling, pottery, coppersmithing, silversmithing, jewellery, blacksmithing, tinsmithing, weaving), local festivals / festivals, festivals, music and gastronomy, the city's heritage has been examined because they are important elements and dominant professions in local economies in the past periods of the city. The role of culture in development policies at regional and urban scales, how culture is perceived and how culture is approached, sectoral relations of cultural approaches, the function of culture in economic development policies, strategy plans and action plans, the approach of institutions producing urban development policies towards the economic contribution of culture, effective cooperation in the implementation processes of policy decisions, the awareness of the main and key actors regarding the economic potential of heritage and the practices, investments and policy decisions in this direction are examined in the axis of cultural economy. The basis of the research is to emphasise the economic contributions of culture. In the methodology of the study, 23 actor interviews were conducted in August/September 2023 four categories with groups of related public institutions, non-governmental organisations, academia, professional chambers, which have current studies on culture, produce policies, practices, initiatives and projects, and answers were sought to the questions of what the most effective cultural heritage of the city is, how it is related to sustainability, and what are the problems/potentials/suggestions for the city to produce added value from culture. The findings are classified under the headings of awareness, sustainability, cooperation, policy documents, qualified workforce, economy and finance, institutionalization and promotion. The most fundamental problems are the lack of culture-oriented economic strategy, awareness on the subject, effective cooperation environment, qualified workforce/skilled intermediate staff and solution-oriented practices; The underlying opportunities are the lack of institutionalization, economic obstacles, the lack of innovation in the city vision and the approach to development by preserving the traditional situation; It is defined as the existence of a unique city with its cultural ecosystem, trying to maintain traditional practices and planning current cultural projects, revealing the economic contribution of culture in urban development for Diyarbakır, placing the cultural economy in a central position in the local economy, preparing an environment that can keep sectoral activities alive in line with current developments and providing input to development strategies.These strategies have five main themes; education strategies, strategies for policy decisions, physical infrastructure development and infrastructure improvement strategies, socio-cultural infrastructure development strategies have been developed under the title of culture-oriented urban development strategies for Diyarbakır, and these are supported by current international examples from the perspective of sustainability. The study contributes to the literature by offering important policy suggestions for culture-oriented urban development, specifically for a strong city like Diyarbakır, and provides guidance for future research by drawing attention to the issue of culture, which is almost not included in Turkey's urban development policies. Increasing the number of similar studies is a necessity for awareness on the subject, and this study is also important in terms of filling this literature gap.