Yapı malzemesi ve çevre etkileşimi
Building materials and their relationship with environment
Yazar: ALİ YALÇINKAYA
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ALİ YALÇINKAYA
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1995
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Yapı malzemeleri = Building materials ; Çevre faktörleri = Environmental factors ; Çevresel etkileşim = Environmental interaction

Özet:
Çevre sorunları bütün dünyada olduğu gibi Ülkemizde de gündemde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Çevre sorunları pek çok sektörle ilgili olup, karmaşık bir ilişki bütününü oluşturmaktadır. Binaların üretilmeleri ve kullanılmaları sırasında ortaya çıkan çevre sorunları nedeniyle mimarlık da çoğu zaman bu ilişki bütününün bir parçası olmaktadır. Bu nedenle tez kapsamı içinde yapı üretiminde kullanılan malzemelerin çevre ile olan etkileşimi incelenmiştir. Çevre kirliliğinin oluşmasında önemli etkenlerden olan enerji üretimi için fosil yakıtların kullanılmaları ve bu kullanım sonucu ortaya çıkan kirlilikler değerlendirilmiş, temiz enerji kaynaklan ve kullanım şekilleri incelenmiştir. Atmosfere yayılan kirletici gazların sebep olduğu sera etkisi ve asit yağmurlarının çevreye ve doğal hayata verdiği zararlar tanımlanmıştır. Çevreyi kirleten, bozan ve zarar veren yapı malzemelerinin belirlenmesi, kullanım etkilerinin araştırılması ve alternatiflerinin aranması yönünde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Malzemelerin üretimleri için kullandıkları enerji miktarları, hammadde kaynağının ve üretim alanının seçilmesi, yerel kaynak kullanımı, endüstri ve diğer sektör atıklarının yapı malzemesi üretiminde kullanılması ve bunların çevre sorununa getirdiği katkılar açıklanmıştır. İç ortam havasının kirlenmesi ve bunun sonucu ortaya çıkan sağlık sorunları ve Hasta Bina Sendromu konuları, yapı malzemesinin konuyla ilişkisi işlenerek ortaya konmuş ve malzemelerin binaların işletilmeleri sırasında iç ortama yaydıkları emisyonlar tanımlanmıştır. Bu sorunun çözümü için yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiş ve yapı malzemesinin çevreyle ilgili bir sorun oluşturmayacak şekilde seçilmesi için bazı kriterler verilmiştir.

Abstract:
The environment is deteriorating in both the industrialized and the developing parts of our planet. The problem is thus most definitely a global concern. In Turkey rapid industrialization and urbanization caused damages on the environment. As it is known the restoration of a deteriorated environment is much more expensive and difficult than the preventation of environmental deterioration. Complete restoration is moreover rarely possible. Because of these reasons it is necessary to start studies for protection of environment. Industrial sectors and some others change the environment and cause environmental problems. Architecture is one of these sectors with the energy and material requirements of the houses and buildings during construction, usage and demolishing stages. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the pollution effects of building materials and the ways of protection against them. To reduce or eliminate the negative impact of the material requirements of buildings on the environment. In human as well as natural ecosystems, flows of energy and materials are the engines that drive everything else. As a rule, they are taken for granted. Energy, water and the chemical elements are necessary to its dynamics and most essential functions. Man-made systems, in particular experience enormous difficulties in regulating flows. We continually face with too much or too little energy or materials, and these account for a great many of the dysfunctions in the environment. Buildings exist through taking materials for their construction. Their resource is taken from earth. And as it is known that resources are not infinite. Man changes the environment by taking materials from it. Because of this reason, we must investigate methods of construction that would not deteriorate the environment and save environment. The data for this thesis has been collected primarily by a widespread of literaturewhich deals with subject. This thesis consists of five parts. In the first part, generally the problem dealing with material and energy flows which effects the environment have been explained. In the second part, energy, environment and materials and the concepts according to these terms have been defined. This definitions can be seen as follows: a) Energy is the ability to do work. It is found as a power source in many places and forms on planet earth. The important problem dealing with environmental problems depends on how to use it efficiently. Some of energy sources are; - Sun-radiation - Tides (The gravitational forces of moon, earth and sun) - Radioactive reactions that occur underground earth - Nuclear fusion - Organic reactions. Energy can be classified as renewable and non-renewable energy. - Renewable energy is found at nature continiously or the energy renewing itself at some periods. The examples for renewable energy are solar, wave, wind, wood and hydrostatic energy. - Non-renewable energy is found at some finite sources and brought out by man. The example for non-renewable energy is the energy produced by fossil fuels. b) Environment is the physical, biological and socio-cultural conditions where inhabitants survive. Everything surrounding the inhabitant from the smallest part to the biggest part consists environment. Human changes, damages and pollutes environment directly or indirectly. The usage of fossil fuels disappear C02 gas and this effects CO-02 change in nature. The equilibrium of C02-02 change is damaged. Photosynthesis process begins to failure with much C02 production. - xi -The synthetic materials produced from fossil fuels are nearly impossible to be cycled by nature. They have infinite life. They remain on the nature and cannot be destroyed. The production of HC and NOx by using fossil fuels effects the environment. These chemical gases and their compounds heat the atmosphere, this causes "green-house gas" effect. By means of this, climate change occurs. And sometimes inhabitants cannot accommodate to this changing conditions. Ecological equilibrium changes. Some present elements becomes destroyed, some non-present elements occurs and some of them increases. c) Materials; Buildings exist through taking materials for their construction from the earth. Every use of a material involves a transfer of energy. Moreover the choice of material can be further complicated by other elements used in its manufacture. The production, transportation, storage and usage of materials is important. The less energy consumer materials effect the efficiency in usage. More efficiency in usage means less environmental problems. Standardization, modular coordination, prefabrication and economical construction systems can decrease energy use whilst production. In the third part, Indoor air quality, pollutants and their sources have been explained. And the way of protection against them is investigated. People spend the majority of their time indoors, either in their home or workplace. There has been growing concern and uncertainty with the quality of the indoor environment in many countries, due to common adverse effects on comfort and health. This uncertainty has resulted from a number of factors: changing in design and operation of buildings to reduce energy consumption, tightening of the building envelope to reduce uncontrolled air leakage which contributes to the moisture deterioration of the building, new materials and related emissions. Engineers and building owners who design and operate the buildings believe that they have compliate the comfort standarts. They think, there is fresh air in the building and no reason for complaints. They thought man is the source of pollution and recommended fresh air design is based on this situation. It is assumed implicitly that the building materials and mechanical system are clean. The meaning of this assumption is that if the people were not inside, the quality of indoor air - XIIshould be as good as outdoor air quality. This is hardly ever not the reality, the building materials and the building itself can be a source of pollution. Buildings are being constructed with increasing amount of glues, adhesives and some likely materials which are known to emit chemical gases into indoor air. Work supplies, maintenance materials, consumer products and cleaning agents also emit Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and are strongly suspected of "Sick Building Syndrome" (SBS). This shows that emissions from building materials causes some diseases on people. This effects the productivity and economy directly. There are some ways to protect ourselves from this kind of pollution. Selection of building materials, bake-out process and demand controlled ventilation are some alternatives to hold fresh air indoors continiously. The better way to solve this problem is to use materials and products with low emissions of substances that does not cause health or comfort problems. This is especially important for sources that are close to occupants, such as furniture, furnishing, office supplies and personal care products. One way of reducing contaminants and emissions in indoor air is through source control. Many indoor air quality problems can be prevented during building design. Building materials are chosen for non-toxicity or lack of emission particulates and gaseous pollutants. A preliminary screening of the building materials may consist on the basis of chemical composition. Natural materials or those having the lowest content of non-inert substances or least emission of volatile or gaseous components must be selected. In the fourth part, the studies made about this subject and the difficulties against researchs are evaluated. Everything depends on the decisions of the architect at the beginning. The selection of materials, the quantity and usage of energy and the pollution appears during building construction problems need to be solved. At the end of this part some ways of protecting environment from building construction is given. In the fifth part, all the results of this research have been brought up and discussed by putting forward some recommendations. These can be outlined as; the less energy consumer material production saves the environment, the wastes of industrial sectorization can be used in production of building materials, the usage of local sources saves advantages, the distance and the way of transportation effects XIII -the emission rates, the recycliability of the material means less source and less energy usage during production, and the emissions from building materials changes the indoor air quality and effects the productivity and health. Green design needs environmentaly friendship and recycleable materials. This materials should be listed in some other researches according to this thesis's results to protect the environment.