Selymbria (Silivri) Kalesi ve Nekropolü üzerine arşiv belgeleri ışığında yeni değerlendirmeler
New Considerations on Selymbria (Silivri) Castle and Necropolis in the light of archive documents
Yazar: MERVE ÇİÇEK
Danışman: PROF. DR. NEJAT TURGUT SANER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Tarih = History

Özet:
Bu çalışma Selymbria (Silivri) Kalesi ve Nekropolü hakkında yeni arşiv belgeleri ışığında yeni değerlendirmeler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında kalenin 18. ve 19. yüzyıllardaki durumunun incelenebileceği iki adet gravür ile tezde kaynak olarak faydalanılan önceki araştırmalar tanıtılmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü kısmında Selymbria (Silivri) kentinin yerleşim özelliklerine ve kentin tarihsel gelişimine değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde Selymbria Kalesi'nin kapıları ve duvar hatları incelenmiştir. Selymbria Kalesi'ne ilişkin daha önce yapılan araştırma ve yayınlardan faydalanarak kale mimarisi ile bilgiler sunulmuş, bir grup yeni yazılı ve görsel arşiv belgesi bu bölümde değerlendirilmiştir. İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Arşiv Belgeleri, Bulgaristan Devlet Arşivi Belgeleri, Balkan Harbi sırasında Bogdan Filov tarafından çekilmiş fotoğraflar ve Sofya'da yayınlanan Rodina isimli dergide yayınlanmış bir adet kartpostal bu bölüm içinde ele alınmıştır. Değerlendirilen bu belgeler yeni bilgiler sunması ve görsel içerik oluşturması açısından araştırmanın önemli parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca, Akkaya, Dirimtekin ve Covel'in planları karşılaştırılarak ve yerinde gözlemler yapılarak oluşturulan plan üzerinde kalenin kaybolan ve günümüze ulaşan bölümleri işaretlenmiştir. İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Arşiv Belgeleri'nde yer alan kaleye ait sur kalıntısı içeren iki adet dosya da harita üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Kapılar ve duvar hatları üzerinde yer alan yazıtlar ayrıntıya girmeden genel hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Selymbria Kalesi'nin yapım sürecinde kullanılan malzeme ve yapım teknikleri alt başlıkta değerlendirilmiştir. Malzeme ve yapım teknikleri kalenin tarihlendirilmesinde ilgili bazı yeni tarihlendirme önerileri sunmaktadır. Sonraki bölümde Osmanlı Arşiv Belgeleri'nde yer alan Selymbria (Silivri) Kalesi ile ilgili yazışmalar ve iki adet harita değerlendirilmiştir. Bu belgeler kalenin 18. ve 19. yüzyıldaki önemi ve işlevselliği hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Altıncı bölümde Selymbria'nın antik nekropol alanı genel hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri'nde yer alan nekropol alanına ait arşiv dosyaları 1/1000 ölçekli plan üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Mezarlara ait küçük buluntulara ilişkin bilgiler ayrıca ayrıntılı biçimde değerlendirmeye alınmamıştır. Son bölümde Selymbria Kalesi'nin kale ve aşağı yerleşme ilişkisinin anlaşılabilmesi için, Selymbria Kalesi ile benzerlik gösteren veya karşılaştırma imkanı sağlayan Antik ve Ortaçağ kalelerinden örnekler incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
This study aims to present new evaluations about Selymbria (Silivri) Castle and its Necropolis in the light of new archive documents.  In the first part of the study, the aim, the scope of study and the methods that used are explained. The scope of the thesis is mainly limited to the castle. The architectural features of the structures and buildings in the castle and the archival documents related to these buildings have not been evaluated. In the second part of the study, two engravings in which the situation of the castle in the 18 th and 19 th centuries can be examined and the previous researches used as sources in the thesis are introduced. Academic studies about the architecture of Selymbria (Silivri) Castle are limited. The available resources are insufficient to provide an integrative information about the castle architecture. With this study, Information about the architecture of the castle is brightened little more with the help of archival documents. In the third part of the study, settlement characteristics of Selymbria (Silivri) and historical development of the city are mentioned. In the fourth chapter, the gates and wall lines of Selymbria (Silivri) castle are examined. Benefiting from previous researches and publications on Selymbria (Silivri) Castle, Information on the architecture of the castle has been presented and a group of new written and visual archive documents have been evaluated in this section. The archives of the Istanbul Archaelogical Museums, The documents of the Bulgarian State Archives, photographs taken by Bogdan Filov during the Balkan War and a postcard which is published Rodina journal in Sofia are covered in this section. These documents are an important part of the research in terms of presenting new information as well as creating visual content. Orta Kapı and Kır Kapı were identified through photographs taken during the Balkan War (1912-1913) from Bulgarian State Archives and Bogdan Filov Archives. In addition, the plans of Akkaya, Dirimtekin and Covel are compared and On-site observations about the missing and surviving parts of the castle are marked on the plan. The two archives about the fortress which is found in the Archaeological Museums of İstanbul are also shown on the map. The inscriptions on the doors and wall lines have been handled in general terms without going into detail. The materials and techniques used in the construction process of Selymbria Castle are discussed as a sub-titles. Used materials and construction techniques in the Castle creates new arguments and assumptions about the date of construction. The remains of the earliest construction process of the castle reflect the technique of the fifth and seventh centuries on the western and northern lines. Information that the castle was repaired in the eighth century is contained in an inscription on the Orta Kapı. In addition, Dirimtekin mentioned knitting techniques reflecting eighth-century features on the northern line. It is understood from the technique used on the western line that the castle was also repaired in the ninth century. The techniques used in the late Byzantine period and traces of Ottoman period repairs are also found on the castle walls. In the next section, the correspondence about Selymbria (Silivri) castle in the Ottoman Archives and two maps are evaluated. There is a total of eleven documents related to the ancient Silivri Castle in the Ottoman archives. The documents are about on the request of permission to repair the castle or to use the stones of the castle in other buildings. The documents stress that the stone of the castle were not allowed to be sold and should be preserved. These documents provide information about importance and functionality of the castle in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Documents dated to the end of the 19 th century show that the castle had no military function at that time, only it had being seen as a prestige structure.  It is also mentioned in the correspondence that the castle should be restored as its original condition. The map prepared by Erkan-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye dated 1918 is important in terms of providing an information about the settlement of Silivri during the Ottoman period. In the sixth section, the ancient necropolis area of Selymbria (Silivri) is discussed in general terms. There are 27 files belonging to the Silivri (Selymbria) ancient necropolis between 1970-2010 in the archive of Istanbul Archaeological Museums. These files in the archival documents of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums are important in determining the spreading area and boundaries of the Selymbria Necropolis. The necropolis area is included in the thesis because of these archival documents. The archives of the necropolis in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums are colored according to their periods and shown on a 1/1000 scale plan. The tombs in the necropolis area have different typologies. The earliest tomb in the necropolis area is dated to the classical Greek period and the latest Tomb is to the Late Byzantine period Information on the small finds belonging to the graves has not been evaluated in detail. In the seventh section, in order to understand the relationship between Selymbria (Silivri) fortress and the lower settlement, examples from the ancient and medieval fortresses that are similar to the Selymbria (Silivri) fortress or provide a comparison opportunity are examined. Kadıkalesi, Antalya Kaleiçi settlement, Iznik settlement, Kıyıköy Castle, Selanik Castle, Tenedos Castle and Hadrianopolis Castle are the evaluated castles. In order to understand the relationship between the castle and the lower settlement, Kadi Kale, Kıyıköy Castle, Tenedos, Antalya, Thessaloniki were discussed as port settlements which are dated to the same periods as Selymbria Castle. In addition, the Hadrianopolis Castle, which is an example of the Castrum and provides a comparison with Selymbria (Silivri) Castle, has also been evaluated. In the evaluation and concluding section, the results obtained from sources and archive documents are evaluated.