Geleneksel Türk evinde ışık üzerine bir deneme
The Light effects in a "Türk Evi"
Yazar: BİRİCİK İSKENDER
Danışman: PROF. DR. HÜLYA YÜREKLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1995
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Aydınlatma = Lighting ; Geleneksel Türk evi = Traditional Turkish house ; Geleneksel konut = Traditional dwelling

Özet:
Bu çalışma "Geleneksel Türk Evinde Işık Üzerine Bir Deneme" niteliğindedir. Işığın mimarlıktaki yeri ve geleneksel Türk mimarisi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş, Türk evi ve ışık konuları birlikte ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölüm; konuya giriş niteliği taşımaktadır. Burada tez konusunun önemliliği vurgulanarak, araştırmanın sınırları ve izlenecek yol ortaya konmuştur. Bu doğrultuda, tezde yer alacak diğer bölümler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde; "Mimarlıkta Mekan ve Işık Kavramları" ele alınmıştır. Öncelikle genel olarak mimarlık konusu incelenmiş, tanımlamalar yapılmış ve çeşitli yaklaşımlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra mekanın tanımı yapılmış, mekan türleri ve sınıflandırılmalarına yer verilmiş, mekanı nasıl algıladığımız sorusuna değinilmiştir. Mekanda açılma ve mekanın ışık-gölge ile ilişkisi kurularak ışık konusuna geçiş yapılmıştır. Işığın tanımlanmasının ardından, ışığın fonksiyonel, yapısal ve anlamsal sınıflandırılmalarından bahsedilerek, ışığın farklı kültürlerdeki, farklı zamanlardaki değişik kullanımları örneklendirilmiştir. Bu bölümde ayrıca ışık ve gölgenin fiziksel ve psikolojik getirilerinin yamsıra mekana katkıları da değerlendirilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde; "Geleneksel Türk Evinde Açılmaların Oluşumu" konusu incelenmiştir. Geleneksel ev kavramından yola çıkılarak, geleneksel Türk evinin tanımı yapılmış, daha sonra tipolojik değerlendirmelere yer verilmiş ve Türk evi odaları ve bu odalardaki açılmalar üzerinde durulmuştur. Geleneksel Türk evinde bu açılmaların oluşumlarını etkileyen faktörler belirlenmiştir. Bu faktörler tezin ana konusunu oluşturan Türk evinde ışık konusuyla beraber değerlendirilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde; "Geleneksel Türk Evinde Işık Kontrolünü Sağlayan Elemanlar" üzerinde durulmuştur. Türk evi odasında ışık kontrolünü sağlayan açılmaların tanımlamaları yapılmış ve ışığın Türk evine bu öğelerle içeriye alınmasına yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölüm; geleneksel Türk odasında doğal ışığın etkilerini ve kontrolünü gösteren bir uygulama niteliğinde olup, bu bölümde farklı pencere düzenleriyle ilgili yapılan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ışığın Türk evindeki önemi vurgulanarak yaptığımız bu çalışmanın karmaşık bir bütünde küçük bir saptama olduğuna değinilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda ışığın geleneksel Türk evinin oluşumundaki en önemli fiziksel faktörlerden biri olduğu düşüncesine varılmıştır.

Abstract:
Human beings observe the world through a frame which is constructed by themselves, they differentiate outside from the inside, darkness from brightness and cold from hot. By doing so mankind creates a privilege for himself. In these relations with the environment, human beings first evaluate the visual effects and they try to understand the "place", boundaries and the other properties of their location. Finally after all these evaluations he perceives the place that he lives in with the aid of various physical elements. The space is the most important concept of architecture. It is not a usual practice to follow the nature of the material in representing space. By coordinating various representation elements according to definite principles, they create spaces which suit the physical needs and culture, also satisfy vision, tasting, hearing, smelling and touching senses and at the same time fit his habits, responses and instincts. In space representations, a role has been given to light that makes perception possible and also adds value to gain meaning and character together with the other elements. In the relation between light and representation; both historical, aesthetic, constructional and hidden psychological properties has been investigated. Many studies realised about the "Türk Evi" which had been lasted for five hundred years at Anatolia includes regional put in, plan types and the investigation of the elements of the "Türk Evi", but one of the most important elements; light, which determines the house and the room form has not been investigated. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the subject. Here the importance of the subject is indicated and both the limits and the strategy to be followed are clearly explained. Also in this chapter, the outline of the research and the method to be used is put forward. In chapter 2, space and light effects in architecture are investigated. The concept of architecture is explained according to different ideas of various writers. It is mentioned also that architecture is dependent on culture. On the other hand it is possible to define architecture as an art of perception. The definition of architecture from Vitruvius to our recent past depended on three main variables. These are "function", "technology" and "form". The interrelation between three variables build the fourth one which is semantic. The semantical XIdimension covers the changing relations between the pragmatic, formal and technical aspects. Form in architecture is an element that indicates destination and boundary to mass, space and surface concepts with the aid of colour, structure and light. Space and light as being the elements of form are the most important factors that makes architecture to continue is the architecture that is perceived by human being inside the structure. Human beings created the concept of architecture in order to satisfy cultural, physical, social and psychological needs by making use the contingencies of his environment and with the capacity of senses, ideas and perception. It is mentioned that human beings, society, system of values, "place" where we live in, art, science, technology and economy are the factors affecting architecture. Due to the principle of interrelation architecture is effecting everything that is related with the environmental system. Architecture is based on the element of space. Space is suggested as the raw material of architecture. Architecture is directly related with the space and uses it as a material and places the man at the centred of this space. Space is a bounded or purposeful void with the potential of physically linking things, it only becomes place when it is given a contextual meaning derived from cultural or regional content. While types of space can be defined by categories or typologies based on physical properties, each place is unique, on the character of its surroundings. This character consists both of concrete things having material substance, shape, texture, color and light and of more intangible cultural associations, a certain patina given human use over time. The theorists which deal with space, consider the concept of space in two main groups. While they are giving more importance to three dimensional geometric space in the first group, they mention about the perceptual space which is related to observation and personal experience in the other group.. Geometric space is objective. Those spaces can be defined through measurable and geometric concepts. Movement and light enforces the existence of geometric space.. Perceptual space is subjective. Those spaces are observed, lived and perceived by human beings who live in it. The light which is gives the third dimension to space is a part of perceptual space. Schulz defines the space as a form being perceived by socio-pyschological and cultural values and surfaces defining it. There are more than one space concept and those are in different levels. As an example Schulz defines five different spaces; xn. Pragmatic space. Perceptual space. Existential space. Cognitive space. Logical space Schulz, distinguishes these space concepts; the pragmatic space of physical action, the perceptual space of immediate orientation, the existential space which forms man's stable image of his environment, the cognitive space of the physical world and the abstract space of pure logical relations. They are all complementary to each other. The concept of space covers more subjects than perception and geometry. Geometric space can not reflect the spirit of the space to us. In the same way, perceptual space shows variances depending on time and human concept that covers both of these concepts is existential space. When classifying spaces, we can make use of contrasts. Those are geometric space/ perceptual space, architectural space/ existential space and interior space/ exterior space contrasts. The most important contradiction which connects the relation with light is interior/ exterior contrast. Architectural space can not be defined by only three dimensions. Human being creates the fourth dimension as he moves inside the building and gives all reality to space. This spatial experiment can only be seen in architecture. If there is no limitation human being can not perceive the space. Perception of the space changes according to the position of the person. Space perception may be influenced by various factors such as:. Motion. Time ". Scale. Light During the perception of surrounding space some factors such as the real measures, ratio, physical and structural properties of surface elements, dimensions of empty parts, their shape and position, dimensions and densities of the included objects play important roles. Those holes in the space are the openings which reflect inside life's to their bodies. Full/ empty; transparent/ opaque contrasts on the outer surfaces during the daylight and light/ dark performances during the nights together with space openings becomes the life symbols of the buildings. The light coming from the openings of space is a natural characteristic of space which exists in the building. Although illumination is a vital element for life, it is also an essential part of building space as allowing us to see the characteristics of limited emptiness. xinArchitecture is a mirror that reflects the light and shadow that joins together. It can control light only with shadow as a representation element to perceive the space. According to L.Kahn; "All material in nature, the mountains and the streams and the air and we, are made of Light which has been spent, and this crumbled mass called material casts a shadow, and the shadow belongs to Light". "Always the same, always different, light reveals what is". The contradiction in this phrase explains us that the reflection of the light in nature is physically the same but it may carry many other meanings psychologically for human beings with changing levels of perception, colour, movements and directions etc. which can not be simulated. Therefore it's very difficult to define.. Light is perceptive and subjective.. Light is physical and objective.. Light is a reality well known but unreachable. Light is a sacred.. Light is essential depending on the fields of expertise. Light is an architectural reality. As having unlimited values with regard to the effectiveness in architecture light has many other different properties; Light is coloured. Light is strong. Light is active. Light carries a differentiating character. Light carries a special gusto. We should not consider light only in connection with space in architecture. Light has another property from the part of view of meaning. We can analyse the light in three different ways for the sake of understanding its value more easily although it has many other meanings for the human beings when you consider it separately than architecture.. The pragmatic part of light covers the handling of light in application. From the functional point of view one can investigate light from four very special points. Those are;. Light and space. Light as an object. Light from a series of object. Light from surfaces. The structural part of light covers the characteristics and the interrelation connections. We can summarise those as follows; xiv. The light intensity. Glare. The colour of light. The direction of light. Light and shadow. The meaningful part of light covers the effects of light on human beings. Each place, each object and everyone radiates a light to its surrounding. Light, object and place can be understood by their mutual relations. The things that binds the world together are created by light. Light can not take different shapes as easy as water does. On the other hand the objects help light to be perceived. Its use in architecture reflects this in the best way. In chapter 3, starting from the concept of traditional house the definition of it has been given first. The evolution of "Türk Evi" its importance in the pattern of the Turkish city is explained. The typologies of "Türk Evi" is investigated by the help of the works of S.H. Eldem and D. Kuban. A house typologies of D. Kuban and the plan types of S.H. Eldem is based mainly on room units and structural units such "sofa", "hayat", "eyvan " respectively. Turkish family structure and style affected the design of "Türk Evi". There had not been much differences between the rooms. There was a separate function for room units but there was no specialization. They were used for different kinds of functions, in the different times of the day. In the room of a "Türk Evi" you can contact with the outside visually by openings and jetty. Women nearly spend all of their life inside the house. For this reason they constructed high walls, small windows not only for defense but also to keep themselves from curious eyes. The upper parts of "Türk Evi" established the contact with the outside world and by using light, enriched the space. The factors that affected the development of "Türk Evi" can be listed as being cultural, socio-economical, technological and environmental and those factors also affected the openings in the room. In this section it's mentioned about cultural, social and physical factors in connection with the openings in a "Türk Evi" and concequently one of the important factors that creates Türk Evi "light" has been investigated. The factors that effect the formation of openings in the room of "Türk Evi" can be listed as follows;. Topography. Technology and Material. Climate. Light xvIn chapter 4, it's focused on windows and jetties that allow light control in "Türk Evi". These are the elements which fortify the existence and continuation of "Türk Evi" which supports the various images about "Türk Evi" and gives hints about the inside of the houses and strengthens the image. In chapter 5, an objective investigation was carried out for the effects of various openings and different window designs, in the room of "Türk Evi", and light and the control of light space is investigated. As a result it's reinforced that the light is an important variable in the formation of the traditional Turkish house. It has been concluded that light is the most important physical factor which determines the characteristics of "Türk Evi". After stressing that the light in a space is very dynamic and has a very subjective character in this study the analyses is emphasized on the room which is only a part of the "Türk Evi". xvi