Kent kimliği İznik ve Mudurnu yerleşmeleri örneği
Urban intentity: İznik and Mudurnu settlements
Yazar: MURAT ERTON
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. A. SEMA KUBAT
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1995
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Bolu-Mudurnu = Bolu-Mudurnu ; Bursa-İznik = Bursa-İznik ; Kentleşme = Urbanization ; Tarihsel gelişim = Historical development

Özet:
Hazırlanan araştırmada amaç, kentlerin kimliklerinin kentliler tarafından yeterince algılanıp algılanmadığının anlaşılması ile kent kimliğini, kentlerin tarihsel süreçleri boyunca ve günümüzde hangi kavramların etkilediğinin irdelenmesi olmuştur. Birinci Bölüm' de çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi açıklanmıştır. İkinci Bölüm' de kısaca yapılan kent tanımları gözden geçirilmiş ve kent kimliği kavramı ile bileşenleri irdelenmiştir. Üçüncü Bölüm' de kentleşmenin İlkçağlar' dan itibaren, ilk yerleşmelerle birlikte doğuşu ve günümüze kadar gelen kentleşmenin evrimi gözden geçirilmiş ve örnekler verilerek tarih boyunca kentlerin kuruluş nedenleri incelenmiştir. Dördüncü Bölüm' de Anadolu' daki kentsel yerleşmelerin tarihçesi ve kentlerin biçimlenişine değinilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmanın konusunu oluşturan Küçük Anadolu Kentleri' nin tarihsel gelişimi çeşitli başlıklar altında değerlendirilmiş ve yapısal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Beşinci Bölüm' de örneklem alanları olan İznik ile Mudurnu' da yapılan anket sonuçları ortaya konmuş, tarihçeleri ve genel coğrafi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra kentlerde yapılan imaj analizleri, sosyo-kültürel yapılan ve kentlerde kent kimliğini oluşturan kentsel öğeler irdelenmiştir. Altıncı Bölüm' de hem tezin genelinde hem de yapılan görsel araştırma çalışmasının sonunda ortaya çıkan sonuçların değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

Abstract:
The subject of the thesis is the urban identity: İznik and Mudurnu settlements. Thesis consists of six parts. This study has been done only to determine of urban identity of İznik and Mudurnu, hasn't been offered any suggestion. In the first part, the aim of the thesis has been explained. In the second part, the word city or town and the concept of identity and image of a city has been explained. The words town and city can indicate very many different kinds of environment, but their one essential meaning is that of a place for urban living. By " urban " is commonly understood an environment in which natural surroundings have become dominated by man-made surroundings. The nature of this environment can vary enormously, from a scrabble of mean houses to a most beautiful architectural composition, and so at the outset, we shall narrow down the meaning of the expression, " urban living " to its original Latin sense of city living - urbs ; a city. By a city we mean a place in which citizens, with rights of citizenship, live a civil life. Citizenship, civil, civic, civilised, civilisation, these are the words which denote for us the most advanced state of social organisation and behaviour that man has yet attained, and it is as a setting and as an instrument for this way of life that we would regard the meaning of the word " city ". What are the factors which make different from the others ?. The answer of this question is the " identity ". An environmental identity could only be understood by " perception". Also for understanding the meaning of identity we should understand what an image of a city is. There seems to be a public image of any given city which is the overlap of many individual images. Or perhaps there is a series of public images, each held by some significant number of citizens. Such group images are necessary if and individual is to operate successfully within his environment and to cooperate with his fellows. Each individual picture is unique, with some content that is rarely or never communicated, yet it approximates the public image, which, in different environments, is more or less compelling, more or less embracing. XIIIImage analysis limits itself to the effects of physical, perceptible objects. There are other influences on imageability, such as the social meaning of an area, its function, its history, or even its name. These will be glossed over, since the objective here is to uncover the role of form itself. It is taken for granted that in actual design form should be used to reinforce meaning, and not to negate it. The contents of the city images so far studied, which are referable to physical forms, can conveniently be classified in to five types of elements : 1. Paths 2. Edges 3. Districts 4. Nodes 5. Landmarks Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally or potentially moves. Edges are the lineer elements not used or considered as paths by the observer. They are the boundaries between two phases, lineer breaks in continuity : shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls. Districts are the medium - to - large section of the city, conceived of as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters " inside of ", and which are recognizable as having some common, identifying character. Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive focy to and form which he is travelling. Landmarks are another type of point - referance but in this case the observer does not enter within them, they are external. In the third part, the pervasive factors that shape physical organisations and spaces have been assessed. The urban form of traditional sattlements, most of them of the popular tradition, but also a few produced by elite designers in pre-industrial times, is rooted in pervasive factors that shape physical organisations and spaces. XIVIt can be said that the " design " of traditional settlements sprung from the morphology of the problem - morphology being the science of form, or of the various factors that their "designers" appear to have acted as channels for them. As facilitators or interpreters of powerful telluric forces, they repeatedly chose the same solutions throughout the world- for example, high ground or strategic crossroads as key sites for settlements. The morphology of traditional settlements has its roots in the physical characteristics of a site as they interface with the requirements of the social group. The key morphological factors can be grouped into 4 sets based on 1. The way in which nature and man - made features satisfy needs for protection and defence. 2. The way in which the physical and economic landscape allows for communication with other regions 3. The way in which the topography of a site suggests the constuction of a human settlement 4. The way in which climate leads to building solutions adapted to it. These four sets combine in various ways to explain major settlement typologies, land uses, densities, distributions, systematic organizations and growth and change characteristics. Their influence on community form is not merely utilitarian ; it is both cultural and spiritual. And it has greatfy enriched human inheritance, for it has produced design solutions that have persisted for centuries. In the fourth part, the settlemens in Anatolia from very early centuries up to the ones of 20th century has been assesed and small cities of Anatolia has been examined and tried to determine the changes in near past. The subject examined in two main parts : 1. General Characteristics of Small Anatolian Cities * quantitative characteristics * qualitative characteristics 2. Formal Change Processes of Small Anatolian Cities * before the industrial period * after the industrial period xvIn the fifth part, as accepted as samples, in settlement areas and vicinity of İznik and Mudurnu, general characteristics of cities, socio-cultural environments and economic dimensions are assessed according to the responses, obtained with application to 100 people of a questionnaire. People who participated the questionnaire were choosen from the citizens of cities who have been borned in the cities or living for more than 20 years. Then an image analyses and a large perspectively observation have been done on both cities for having a general idea about the identites of cities wheter they have been understandable and perceptible or not. In İznik and Mudurnu, urban identity formation, data has been investigated from three environment; natural, social, man-made view. Datas for İznik are; * İznik settlement has been placed inside of İznik city walls by İznik Lake * It has a rough topography * It has many underground waters * Its rural population is 17.240 * There lives three social group that socio-economically differs from each other; high, middle and low income groups * Man-made environment has been examined with the aid of urban environment elements which has determined by Kevin Lynch : - Paths, two main streets - Edges, city walls - Nodes, main square - Districts, old settlements and the new ones - Landmarks, Yeşil Mosque, Hagiasophia Museum, Old Oak Tree Datas for Mudurnu are; * Mudurnu settlement has been placed on a vaJley by Mudurnu Stream * It has a steep topography * It has many under and overground waters XVI* Its rural population is 5.237 * There lives also three social group like İznik * Man-made environment has been examined with the aid of urban environment elements which has determined by Kevin Lynch like İznik : - Paths, Ankara Road - Edges, two hills by the east and west - Nodes, main square and other small ones - Districts, old settlements, the main bazaar and high-ground settlements - Landmarks, Yıldırım Bayezit Mosque, Clock Tower, Old Oak Tree In the sixth part, according to the assessments obtained from questionnaires, observations and the image analysis, a general conclusion is reached. Those can be arranged as folloving : * The urban identity of Mudurnu has been formed historical, natural and social characteristics * İznik has difficulty in urban identity about the different groups living in the city * Socio - cultural characteristics of Mudurnu citizens are more powerful than the ones living in İznik and this effects the urban identity * As the citizens of Mudurnu can identify their city as a city of presence and history, the ones of İznik has an important problem about perception and identifying their city.