Landsat uydu görüntülerinin sınıflandırılması ve arazi örtüsü değişim analizi
Classification of landsat satellite images and analysis of land cover change
Yazar: SERCAN YILMAZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. SEDEF KENT PINAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Bilişim Enstitüsü / İletişim Sistemleri Ana Bilim Dalı / Uydu Haberleşmesi ve Uzaktan Algılama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği = Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Dizin: En yüksek olabilirlik = Maximum possibility ; Landsat uyduları = Landsat satellite ; Maksimum olabilirlik yöntemi = Maximum likelihood method ; Uydu haberleşme sistemleri =

Özet:
Günümüzde dünyanın büyük bir kısmı uzaktan algılama ile farklı spektral bölgelerde eş zamanlı olarak gözlemlenmekte ve temin edilen veriler birçok çalışma alanında kullanılmaktadır. 
En yaygın olarak kullanılan çalışma alanlarından biri de arazi örtüsünün analiz edilerek kentsel gelişimin izlenmesidir. Kentsel gelişim sonucunda arazi örtüsündeki değişimin belirlenmesi ile çok zamanlı uydu görüntü verileri ile zaman içindeki kentsel değişimin izlenmesi mümkündür. Kentsel gelişimin izlenmesi için farklı değişim tespit yöntemleri mevcuttur. 
En yaygın yöntemlerden biri verilerin sınıflandırılması ve sınıflandırma sonuçlarının karşılaştırılmasıdır. Arazi kullanımının yönetilebilmesi, planlanabilmesi, tasarlanabilmesi ve onarılabilmesi için arazi örtüsü tanınmalı ve kullanılan alanlar bilinmelidir. Arazi kullanımı/arazi örtüsü haritaları oluşturmak için uzaktan algılama tekniği yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu yöntemde farklı tarihlerde çekilmiş uydu görüntülerinin sınıflandırma sonuçları karşılaştırılarak arazi örtüsü değişimi belirlenebilmektedir. 
Bu çalışmada çalışma alanı olarak Antalya Manavgat ilçesi belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanının 1990 yılındaki Landsat 4-5 TM uydu görüntüsü ve 2021 yılındaki Landsat-8 uydu görüntüsü sınıflandırılarak 1990 ve 2021 yıllarına ait arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü haritaları elde edilmiştir. Her iki görüntüye de denetimli sınıflandırma işlemi uygulanmıştır. 1990 ve 2021 görüntüleri için sırasıyla %96,7 ve %94,4 doğruluk bulunmuştur.
Uydu görüntülerinin sınıflandırılmasıyla oluşturulan arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü haritalarının analizi yapılarak arazi örtüsünün zaman içindeki değişimi incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
Today, a large part of the earth is observed simultaneously in different spectral regions with remote sensing and the data obtained are used in many application areas. 
One of the most widely used application areas is the monitoring of urban development by analyzing the land cover. Monitoring urban change over time with multi-time satellite image data is possible by determining the change in land cover / use as a result of urban development. Different change detection methods are available for monitoring urban development. 
One of the most common method is classification of the data and comparison of the classification results. The land cover must be recognized and the used areas must be known so that the land use can be managed, planned, designed and repaired. Remote sensing technique is widely used to create land use / land cover maps. In this method, the land cover change can be determined by comparing the classification results of satellite images taken on different dates. 
Land cover indicates the physical materials covering the surface of the Earth. It refers to distribution of the surface that covers the ground such as water, bare soil, urban areas, vegetation etc. Land cover can refer to surface properties of natural objects such as seas and forests or man-made structures such as urban areas and agricultural areas [1].
Land cover features of a particular area are the results of some outcomes related to nature and socio-economic status of that area. Therefore, information about land cover is crucial to plan and apply land use programs. These programs aim to satisfy human needs and environmental well-being. Land cover information also helps observing the changes at surface in time. Land cover change plays a critical role observing the alterations in land use and climate change as well as needs of the public.  
Land cover change occurs mainly by land use. However, land use does not mean only land degradation. There are some reasons that affects climate and biodiversity including water use, urbanization, air pollution [2]. In order to maintain sustainable managing operations, land cover change detection is very important. Because, landscape changes are becoming very rapid and are affecting the ecosystems in the nature [3]. Understanding the land cover patterns provides a comprehensive data of specific region. This data is primary part of the decision making, management and monitoring programs of local or national organizations and authorities. In addition, governments and researchers use land cover change information to define natural sources [4]. 
For land cover detection, satellite remote sensing data is very useful [5]. High resolution satellite imagery has been widely utilized in latest times for urban ground structure analysis and natural resource tracking as it is feasible to distinguish between numerous ground structures of the earth thanks to high spatial and temporal resolution [6]. 
Geographical Information System (GIS) methods allow to acquire detailed mapping of land cover. Implementing GIS to remote sensing data makes land cover detection faster and more precise [7]. Development of high-resolution satellite images and advancement of image processing and GIS methods, observing land cover patterns have become more popular. 
Extensive number of studies have been conducted by researchers to analyze land cover change detection with remote sensing data [8,9]. Moreover, these studies have investigated the importance of pre-processing steps such as radiometric calibration, data extraction, and post-processing steps such as classification, cross tabulation.  
There are lots of Landsat remote sensing data have been gathered in last three decades. In addition, many of them are open to public and used by many researchers. 
Manavgat is the second biggest district in Antalya. It has area of 2283 km² and a population of 245.740 thousand at 2022. There is a significant population growth and urbanization in Manavgat.  
Therefore, land cover change detection of Manavgat is significant to make effective plans about urbanization and resources. There are previous studies investigating land cover changes of Manavgat. 
This study aims to investigate land cover change of Manavgat analyzing Landsat images in 1990 and 2021. In order to process Landsat images and conduct supervised classification, QGIS software was used. Performance of GIS technique and classification methods were tested.
In this study, Istanbul Antalya Manavgat town was determined as the study area. Landsat 4-5 TM satellite image of the study area in 1990 and Landsat-8 satellite image in 2021 were classified and land use / land cover maps for 1990 and 2021 were obtained. Supervised classification process was applied to the both images. 96.7% and 94.4% accuracy were found for 1990 and 2021 images, respectively. 
The land cover change over time is examined by making the analysis of the of land use / land cover maps created by classifying the satellite images.