Kahramanmaraş ve Kayseri illeri uygulama örnekleri analizleri ile Sakarya ili entegre toplum taşıma sistemi için bir model önerisi
A model proposal for Sakarya public transportati̇on system with analysis of Kahramanmaraş and Kayseri̇ provinces application examples
Yazar: MUHAMMED YUSUF KAHVECİ
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ HAKAN ASLAN
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / İnşaat Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Ulaşım = Transportation

Özet:
Sakarya ili toplum taşıma sistemleri farklı paydaşlar tarafından yürütülmektedir. Özel halk otobüsleri, minibüsler ve belediyeye ait otobüslerle günlük yolculuk talepleri karşılanmaya çalışılmaktadır. İşletilen sistemlerin birbirinden bağımsız olması, yolculuk taleplerine göre sefer sayılarının ve taşıt kapasitelerinin optimize edilmeden hizmete sunulması gibi unsurlar, mevcut kent toplum taşıma sisteminin bir bütün olarak verimsiz işletme ile sonuçlanmasına neden olmaktadır. Verimsiz işletme ise gereksiz maliyet yükü olarak bölgenin gelişimi üzerinde etkiye sahiptir.
Bahsedilen verimsizliğin temelinde otobüs, minibüs ve dolmuş hatlarının birbirlerine pararlel olarak çalışarak benzer güzergahlarda birden fazla seçenek ile aynı amaca hizmet etmesi gereken toplum taşıma unsurlarının birbirleri ile rekabet halinde olmasıdır. Bu şekilde yakıt ve personel verimliliği düşmekte kapasitesinin altında çalışan hatlar oluşmaktadır.Bir diğer konu ise minibüs ve dolmuş hatlarının elektronik veriler doğrultusunda planlanmayan, ihtiyacı karşılamaya yönelik plansız oluşan rotaların plansız kullanılan taşıt kapasitelerinin kendi içlerindeki verimsiz çalışma şartlarıdır.Bu durum, kent toplum taşıma sistemine ait farklı unsurların entegre edilmesi ve yeni bir sistemin oluşturulmasını gerektirmektedir.
Yeni sistem önerisi için halihazırda bahsedilen değişimin yapıldığı, minibüs sistemlerinin kaldırılarak belediyeye ait halk otobüsleri ve belediye otobüsleri ile toplum taşıma sistemlerinin devamının sağlandığı Kahramanmaraş ve Kayseri illerimiz değerlendirmeye alınmıştır.Bu illerimizde yapılan dönüşüm çalışmaları araştırma kapsamında incelenecek ve bu dönüşümlerin başarılı olup olmadığı tespit edilecek ve elde edilen çıkarımlardan Sakarya ilimiz için bir model oluşturulacaktır.
Kahramanmaraş ve Kayseri illerimizin incelenmesi iki yaklaşım etrafında  gerçekleşmiştir.Bu yaklaşımlar müşteri odaklı bakış açısı ve sistem sağlayıcısı odaklı bakış açısıdır.Müşteri odaklı bakış açısında sistem kullanıcılarına belirlenen kritrlerleri inceleme adına sorular hazırlanmış ve anket çalışması yapılmıştır.Anket çalışması her iki ilimiz içinde yapılan dönüşüm öncesi ve sonrası memnuniyeti ölçmeyi hedeflemektedir.Katılımcıların cevapları ve yorumları doğrultusunda anket çalışmaları yorumlanmış ve araştırma yapılan illerimiz Kahramanmaraş ve Kayseri'de kullanıcıların sistemin değişmesinden memnun oldukları tespit edilmiştir.Diğer yaklaşım olan sistem sağlayıcı odaklı bakış açısında ise belediyeler ile görüşmeler yapılarak yeni sistemde taşınan yolcu sayıları, yeni maliyetler ile gelir gider dengesi üzerinde araştırma yapılmış ve yeni sistemin ne kadar verimli olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.Bu şekilde hem sistemi kullanan halkımız hemde sistemin sağlıklı bir şekilde işlemesi ile sorumlu olan belediyelerimizin gerçekleşen dönüşüm sonrası memnuniyetleri, dönüşümün fayda ve zararları tespit edilmek istenmiştir.
Gerçekleşen dönüşümden iki ilimizde de halk ve belediyelerimiz yeni sistemin işlemesinden daha memnunken bazı ek faydalarda tespit edilmiştir. Sistemin veriminin artmasının yanında minibüs ve dolmuşların kalkması ile ulaşımda kart kullanımı zorunlu hale gelmiş, böylece tüm yolculuk verileri belediyelerin elinde hizmet kalitesinin ve veriminin arttırılması için doneler olarak kullanılırken dolmuş ve minibüslerde belli olmayan, vergisi olmayan kazanç ortadan kalkmış, tüm ulaşım sistemi vergilendirilebilir ve takip edilebilir hale gelmiştir.Halkımızı doğrudan ilgilendiren faydalardan biri de şoförlerin belediye çalışanı olarak belirli disiplin kriterleri doğrultusunda ve zamanında görev başında olmaları, araçlarda bulunan güvenlik kameraları ile yapılan gözlemlerle kullanıcıların güvenliğinin artmasıdır.Yine kameralar ve ses kayıtları sayesinde şoförlerin disiplin kurallarına uyumu incelenirken diğer yandan kullanıcılar arasında gerçekleşme ihtimali bulunan bir güvenlik sorununda hızlı bir şekilde güvenlik güçlerine ulaşmak mümkün olmaktadır.
Bu anlamda Kahramanmaraş ve Kayseri uygulamaları incelenmiş ve yapılan çalışmanın somut faydaları ortaya çıkmış ve Sakarya ilimiz için bir model oluşturulmuştur. Kahramanmaraş ve Kayseri illerinde gerçekleşen faydaların Sakarya ilimizde de gerçekleşmesi hem halkımız hemde belediyemizin faydasına olacağı tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract:
Public transport systems of Sakarya province are carried out by different stakeholders. Daily travel demands are tried to be met with private public buses, minibuses and also system called dolmus.Dolmus is basicly type of small private bus which has its own management, own route and aslo its own timetable. Factors such as the fact that the operated systems are independent from each other, and that the number of trips and vehicle capacities are put into service without optimizing the travel demands, cause the existing urban community transportation system as a whole to result in an inefficient operation. Inefficient operation, on the other hand has an effect on the development of the region as an unnecessary cost burden.
The basis of the mentioned inefficiency is that the bus, minibus and dolmus lines work in parallel with each other which should serve the same purpose with more than one option on similar routes, are in competition with each other. In this way, fuel and personnel inefficiency increases and lines operating below their capacity are formed. Another issue is inefficient working conditions of the vehicle capacities of the minibus and domus lines, which are not planned in accordance with data, and unplanned vehicle capacities of the routes that are formed to meet the need. It requires the integration of different elements of the system and the creation of a new system.
For the new system proposal, Kahramanmaraş and Kayseri provinces, where aforementioned change has already been made, minibus systems have been removed, and the continuity of municipal public buses and public transportation systems have been taken into consideration. From the inferences made, a model will be created for our Sakarya province.
The examination of Kahramanmaraş and Kayseri provinces was carried out around 2 approaches. These approaches are the examinations made with a customer-oriented perspective and a system provider-oriented perspective. In the customer-oriented perspective, questions were prepared for the system users in order to examine the criteria determined and a survey was conducted. It aims to measure the satisfaction before and after the transformation. In line with the comments and answers of the participants, the survey studies were interpreted and it was determined that the users in Kahramanmaraş and Kayseri, where the research was conducted, were satisfied with the change of the system. The numbers, new costs and the income-expense balance were investigated and it was tried to determine how efficient the new system was.
The first approach was compiled after the examination of EN 13816, which is the European public transport regulation. The principles here were made into questions to measure the satisfaction of people and it was requested to indicate the degree of satisfaction in the form of 7 scales. Looking at the overall results, satisfaction with the new system is more likely.
The first approach was compiled after the examination of EN 13816, which is the European public transport regulation. The criteria here were made into a question to measure the satisfaction of the public and it was requested to indicate the degree of satisfaction in the form of 7 scales. The satisfaction averages for the 13 determined criteria were higher or similar in the old system on the basis of some criteria. Looking at the overall results, satisfaction with the new system is higher.
In the second approach, system provider-oriented performance criteria were determined with the researches made in EN 13816 and the literature. It was aimed to measure the efficiency of the system.According to the results obtained, it was determined that the efficiency of the system increased.
As a result of the studies, it has been determined that the people in the provinces of Kayseri and Kahramanmaraş are satisfied with the transformation. Although the satisfaction levels change for some criterias, the result is that they are satisfied with the transformation.
In this attitude, elderly people have problems in following habits and technological developments. However, it can be said that this determination is mostly for the province of Kahramanmaraş. Due to the fact that the transformation made in Kayseri took place long ago, middle-aged and older participants in Kayseri have adapted to these technological applications in the long term.
As a result of the discipline that came with the transformation, the buses do not make sometimes very high speeds, sometimes very low speeds and unnecessary waiting, as in the old system, they constantly travel at the determined travel speed. After the transformation, it is not completed early or late in the same discipline in the first and last bus trips, it starts and ends on time. This is one of the main issues that increase the reliability of the system.
The obligation to obtain a psychotechnical certificate for those who will work on buses and the fact that they cannot have a criminal record, which is one of the conditions for obtaining this certificate, again increases the discipline and security of the system. In addition to the developments related to the drivers in security, technological developments have taken place. With the cameras in all vehicles, sounds and images are controlled instantly, and in case of any problem, the municipality can follow the event with the cameras and ensure that the security forces are transferred to the region quickly if needed, or impose the necessary sanctions on the responsible persons.
The increase in the capacity of the renewal of vehicles, the developments in issues such as air conditioning, cleaning and maintenance have directly affected the satisfaction. The public transportation directorates in the municipalities meticulously examine the complaints from the public and provide feedback.
Municipalities are obliged to meet the transportation needs of the people or to ensure that they are met by the private sector. With these transformation studies, our municipalities aim to meet the transportation needs of the people in the highest quality way. It is aimed to minimize the public's need for private vehicle ownership.
With the studies carried out in this way, the decrease in the use of individual vehicles, the minimization of waits with intersection systems without traffic lights, and the public transportation systems can compete with individual vehicles in terms of travel time.The formation of express bus lines with the use of passenger transfer systems is one of the important applications that will shorten the travel time. In this way, with the increase in the use of public transport, the traffic problems and noise pollution problems in the city centers will be solved, the carbon footprint on the basis of cities will decrease, and the decrease in the use of non-renewable energy sources will contribute to both nature and the country's economy. The scope of transformation studies should be enlarged and should be carried out according to city-regional planning, not only on the basis of public transportation, but also in a way to cover all transportation systems. An example of mentioned topic can be given to bicycle paths, rental bicycle applications and studies carried out in Sakarya province.The type of bicycle transportation, in which the carbon footprint is minimized, is one of the healthiest types of transportation that the public can use.As well as a successful public transport system, there has to be parks and gardens, sports fields, bicycle tracks, greened walking paths to minimize individual vehicles with long-term plans.
The creation of a community transportation system that is integrated with different transportation modes, integrated with city life and integrated with each other, will bring many intangible benefits when examined sociologically, besides the tangible benefits mentioned above. We hope that we will see our country as one of the best places in the world in terms of transporting society, with the transformations to be planned throughout our country by applying similar studies in accordance with the specific structures of other provinces.