Üretken sistemlerde mimari bağlamın hesaplanabilirliği
Computation of architectural context in generative systems
Yazar: ENVER ÇAKAR
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. SAİT ALİ KÖKNAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bölgesel mimari = Regional architecture ; Sayısal tasarım = Digital design

Özet:
Mimarlık pratiklerinde ve eğitiminde varlığı yadsınamaz bir gerçek olan bilgisayar teknolojileri, tasarım sürecinin birçok alanında varlık göstermeye başlamıştır. Bilgisayar teknolojilerinin mimarlık pratiğine dahil olmasıyla ürün, araç, ortam gibi değişikliklerin yanında bu teknolojilerin tasarım sürecine etkisi de gündeme gelmektedir. Bilgisayarın tasarım alanında kullanılmasının erken dönemlerinde genellikle temsil aracı olarak kullanılan bilgisayar teknolojileri günümüzde üretmek, tartışmak ve farklı formları araştırmak için bir araç olarak kullanılmakta ve öyle nitelendirilmektedir.
Tasarım araçları ve tasarım bilgisi olarak bağlam, tasarım sürecinde önemli konumlara sahiptir. Bu konuların teknoloji ile değişmekte olan tasarım sürecindeki durumları ve aralarındaki ilişki bu tezin araştırma konusunu oluşturmaktadır. 
Hesaplamalı tasarım araçlarının algoritmik, hesaplamalı becerileri bu araçları sadece tasarlananın işlendiği bir çizim programından ayırıp biçim araştırabilen ve üretebilen bir yapıya büründürmüştür. Bu beceriler hesaplamalı tasarım araçlarının tasarım süreci içerisinde yaratıcı sürece dahil olabilecek bir yapı kazanmasını sağlamıştır. Bu programlama biçimleri literatürde üretken sistemler olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.
Tasarım sürecinde veri, yani tasarım için kullanılan bilgi, sonuç ürünün şekillenmesindeki en etkili faktörlerdendir. Çeşitli bilgilerden oluşan tasarım verileri, tasarımın yapılacağı konuma ve çevresine dair önemli bilgiler içerebilmektedir. Üretilen tasarımın içerdiği bağlam ise tasarımda kullanılan veriye bağlıdır. İklim, sosyal yapı ve yapılı çevre gibi birçok faktör hem sürecin en başındaki veri olarak kullanılır hem de sonuç ürün olan mimarlığın çevresi ile kurduğu bağlamı ifade eder.
Bağlam, mimarlık tarihi sürecinde 1950'li yıllarda tarışılmaya başlanmıştır. Modernizm ve Uluslararası akıma tepki olarak doğan bağlam tartışması, bu akımların getirdiği yersizliği ve yapıların çevrelerinden kopuk olmasını eleştirmiştir. Başlangıçta genellikle yapılı çevre ile kurulan ilişki olarak yorumlanan mimari bağlam 1970'lerde kentsel bileşenlerin bağlamı, 1990'larda sadece fiziksel çevrenin değil algıladığımız her şeyin bağlamı olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bağlamın konusunun mimarlık ortamında zaman, mekan, araç ve kullanıcı gibi birçok faktörün etkisiyle yeni tanımlar ve yönelimler kazanmaya müsait olduğu bağlam tartışmalarının dönüşümünden anlaşılabilecektir. Mimari tasarım alanında üretken sistemlerin getirdiği değişimin bağlam tartışmasına yapacağı katkılar çalışma kapsamında araştırılmıştır.
Üretken sistemlerin ürünlerinin çevreleri ile kurdukları ilişkinin durumu çalışma kapsamında incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Üretken sistemlerin çalışma ve veriyi kullanma biçimleri teorik olarak ve örnekler üzerinden incelenmiştir.
Üretken sistemlerin bağlam kurma becerilerinin ya da potansiyellerinin öncelikle veri kullanma becerilerine göre ölçülmesi hedeflenmiştir. Ancak yapılan çalışma sonrasında anlaşılmıştır ki üretken sistemlerin kurdukları bağlam kullandıkları veri çeşitliliği ile sınırlı değildir. Biçim gramerleri ve Genetik algoritma üretken sistemleri kullandıkları veri çeşitliliği ile kuvvetli bağlamlar kurabilmektedir. Hücresel özdevinim, Lindenmayer sistemler ve Toplu zeka ve çoklu etmenler sistemleri ise çalışma biçimleri ve işleyiş süreçlerinde kendi içlerinde ürettikleri bilgiler ile yeni bağlamlar kurabilme imkanı geliştirmektedir. 
Üretken sistemlerin çevreden ve kullanıcıdan aldıkları veri haricinde, sistemin çalışma şeklinden gelişen yeni bağlam kurma potansiyellerinin var olması, üretken sistemlere mimari bağlam ilişkisinde önemli katkı sağlamaktadır.

Abstract:
Computer technologies, which is an undeniable reality in architectural practice and education, have begun to exist in many areas of the design process. The inclusion of computer technologies in the architectural practice brings about changes in the design process as well as the changes in the product, tool and environment. Computer technology, which is often used as a representation tool in the early stages of computer design, is now used and described as a tool for producing, discussing and researching different forms.
The algorithmic, computational skills of computational design tools have transformed these tools from a drawing program in which the design is designed and able to formulate and produce them. These skills enabled computational design tools to gain a structure that could be included in the creative process during the design process. These types of programming are classified as generative systems in the literature.
Access to geometric forms that cannot be reached by traditional design tools has been made possible by the use of computational design tools. However, when the various structures produced by computer technologies are examined, the relations of the structures with the built environment, social environment and various environmental data, in other words, the architectural context is the subject of discussion.
The debate of context, which is a natural component of the architectural design process, began to emerge in the 1950s due to the lack of relation with the environment of building and belong to the site that comes with modernism and the international style movement. It has been the subject of discussion from many perspectives until today. In this study, in order to understand the context, the studies are sometimes directly related to the context term and sometimes completely different, but they are related to site and environmental sensitivity. In this study, in order to understand the context, the term of context sometimes taken directly what it means, but sometimes context researched under different subjects, but the subjects related to site and environmental sensitivity. The results from these contextual examinations can be evaluated from two perspectives. When examined within itself, the periods in which context discussions intensified and changed have similarities in different theories. In particular, as a result of the great changes brought by modernism and the international style to the architectural environment after the war, it can be considered as an important starting point for the context debate. The context debate, which began in the 1950s and 1960s with a righteous quest, contained many different insights considered within the context of the site. Some of them are ecological environment, building structure, sociological environment and so on. However, by the 1970s, the discussion of context had taken the form of repetition of historical forms and became a definition of physical context. The issue of context, which is a much more comprehensive subject, evolved into a subject that defines eclecticism and the reuse of old forms.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the discussion of context and location came to the fore that context is not just about reproducing historical building forms. Architectural context is not only the physical relationship the building has with its environment, but also what we cannot see are elements of the architectural context. In this period, the definition of context has changed from historical formalism. Context has become a phenomenon that covers everything we feel about the environment. In architectural terms, this interpretation is a form of definition that reinforces the priorities of the position of the structure and the unique context of the building. This context definition is more convenient to create not only the information which is the composition of formal elements, but also the information that will produce the unique form of the structure. 
The conception of context, which has different meanings in various periods since its emergence, means the search for harmony that reinforces the feeling of belonging to the site until a certain period through visual and aesthetic similarity. The concept of context discussed today supports the establishment of a visual relationship with the site but includes many other relationships. Although the topography and conditions of the existing environment of the building are primarily addressed, it covers social, cultural, economic, historical, legal and all other naturals, artificial and physical conditions on a larger scale. In this respect, context can accommodate a network of geographical, cultural, economic, historical or political relations. 
For some designers, the physical conditions and data of the environment constitute the context. The concept is created by accessing concepts with contextual data. In other words, the design concept can be defined by context. However, it can change the result from the personal interpretation of the designer, while reaching from concept to concept, from concept to concept. How contextual data is evaluated and conceptual priorities may vary from the designer's perspective. For example, the priorities of the context can be considered as natural beauty, historical texture, landscape and industrial structure by an expert designing tourism facilities and transportation, energy source, transfer of goods and services.
Data in the design process, collected information used for design, is one of the most influential factors in shaping the product. Design data consisting of various information may contain important information about the location and environment of the design. The context of the design produced depends on the data used in the design. Many factors such as climate, social structure and built environment are used as the data at the beginning of the process and the context which is the result is the context established by architecture.
The main incentives to adopt generative design systems in architecture are to support human designers and use computational capabilities to automate part of the design process. Exploring the wider design area and supporting design production, productivity (limited time multiple design examples), cost reduction (reduced time and labor), optimization, accuracy, consistency, etc. is one of the main objectives.
Generating algorithmic design tools are called generative systems in the literature and are generally evaluated under five titles: Shape Grammars, L-Systems, Cellular Automata, Genetic Algorithms, and Swarm Intelligence.
The transformation of architectural context in the history of architecture has the potential to gain new meanings every day with the changing processes and tools developed in the field of architectural design. How generative systems can contribute to the architectural context discussion and their contributions are examined under two headings. In the context of the study, since we define the place of the architectural context in the architectural design process as the transformation of data into information, that is, transferring information into the final product, first and foremost, how and what kind of data the systems can handle. Secondly, it was examined how productive systems process the data they receive, and whether they define new information, that is, new contexts they derive from this data.
It is thus possible to understand how generative systems are involved in the creative process in the architectural design process from a contextual perspective. The fact that context brings another perspective to understand the place in the design process is an important contribution of productive systems to the context debate. The context has been discussed under many different topics, and today it is possible to read the process context differently through generative systems.
Design tools and design knowledge have an important position in the design process. The situation of these subjects in the changing design process with technology and the relationship between them constitute the subject of this thesis. The status of the relationship between generative systems and their environment is tried to be examined within the scope of this study. The ways in which generative systems use work and data are examined theoretically and through examples.
In the perspective of fundamental of architectural, generative systems are important to create a different discussion on their potential to establish context with the contemporary tools and its position in contemporary architecture. Therefore, it is important to consider the context when developing computational design tools to be developed.