Mühendis Mektebi Âlisi'nin ilk Müdürü Mehmed Refik Fenmen'in hayatı ve eserleri
Mehmed Refik Fenmen the first Headmaster of Ottoman High School of Engineering: The life and works
Yazar: HANDE VURAL
Danışman: PROF. DR. AYTEKİN ÇÖKELEZ ; DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ BURAK BARUTÇU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı / Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology

Özet:
Mehmed Refik Fenmen, Osmanlı Devleti'nin ilk sivil mühendis okulu Mühendis Mekteb-i Âlisi'nin ilk müdürüdür ve yeni düzende yaptığı çalışmalar ile Mühendis Mektebi'nin ikinci kurucusu olarak görülmektedir. Müdüriyeti ile birlikte, ders kitaplarının hazırlanması ve basılması, Mühendis Mektebi Kütüphanesi'ni ve Mühendis Mektebi Bilim Müzesi'ni kurması önemli çalışmalarındandır. 1912 yılında Mühendis Mekteb-i Âlisi'nden ayrıldıktan sonra bir müddet serbest mühendis olarak çalışmış ve mühendislik eğitimi üzerine çalışmalarına önce Darülfünun'da Umumi Fizik Müderrisliği, daha sonra Zonguldak Maden Mühendis Mektebi'nin kurulmasıyla Zonguldak Maden Mühendis Mektebi Müdürlüğü ve fizik muallimliği yaparak devam etmiştir.
Bu çalışmanın amaçlarından ilki, Mehmed Refik Fenmen'in Mühendis Mekteb-i Âlisi'nde muallimlik ve müdürlük görevleri sırasında gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetlerini; kullanılan ders materyalleri, ders kitaplarının hazırlanması ve basılması, Mühendis Mektebi Kütüphanesi ve belki de en önemlisi Mühendis Mektebi Bilim Laboratuvarı bir diğer adıyla Bilim Müzesi üzerinden yapmış olduğu çalışmaları ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı, Mehmed Refik Fenmen'in geniş biyografisini ve bibliyografyasını ortaya koyarak, ilk sivil Mühendis Mektebi'mizin müdürüne saygımızı ve vefamızı sunmaktır.
Tezin yazımı sırasında T.C. Başkanlığı Cumhurbaşkanlığı, Devlet Arşivi ve İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Kurum Arşivi'nden yararlanılmış ve müdüriyet tarafından alınan kararlar üzerinden bu dönemde yapılan çalışmalar ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca T.C. Başkanlığı Cumhurbaşkanlığı, Devlet Arşivleri'nde yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda, Fenmen'in biyografisinde güncellemeler yapılmıştır. Akabinde, Fenmen tarafından yazılmış olan kitaplara ve makalelere ulaşılarak bu eserlerin künyeleri çıkarılmış ve özler ve kitapların içerikleri incelenerek bibliyografya hazırlanmıştır.
Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda, Mühendis Mektebi müderrislerinde gerçekleşen değişim, Mühendis Mektebi binasının, Fenmen'in müdürlüğü sırasında bulunduğu durum, öğrencilerin staj hareketlilikleri, Bilim Müzesi'ne alınan model ve aletler, Mühendis Mektebi Kütüphanesi için alınan kitaplar ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca Fenmen'in çağrısı ile yazılmış ve basılmış altı ders kitabı tespit edilmiştir. Fenmen tarafından sekiz farklı dergide kırk dokuz makale, on üç popüler bilim kitabı,  sekiz teknik kitap ve dört tercüme eserin yazılmış olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract:
This thesis study handles the life and works of Mehmed Refik Fenmen, who is seen as the first headmaster of the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering, the first civil engineering school of the Ottoman Empire, and the second founder of the Engineering School, one of the leading institutions of the time. Within the scope of the study, by scanning the documents in the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Directorate of State Archives and İ.T.U. Institution Archive, information about his biography and works of Mehmed Refik Bey was collected. This information was combined and arranged by making various updates. Furthermore, by reaching the books and articles written by Fenmen, a bibliography was prepared by examining the künye and the contents of the books. Although the access of many libraries has been limited due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the vast majority of Mehmed Refik Bey's books have been accessed from second-hand booksellers and the literature review has been completed.
Mehmed Refik Fenmen started his career as a professor in 1908 and became the headmaster of the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering in 1910, and he carried out the works of preparing and printing the textbooks, and establishing the Engineering School Library and the Engineering School Science Museum. After leaving this job in 1912, he worked as a freelance engineer for a while and continued his studies on engineering education with the General Physics professorship he had done in Darülfünun. With the establishment of Zonguldak Mining Engineering School, he served as director and teacher of physics there. As a result of the research carried out in this study, various information was obtained about the change in the Engineering School professors, the situation during the management of the Engineering School building, the internship mobility of the students, the models and tools taken to the Science Museum, the writing and printing of the textbooks, and the books purchased for the Engineering School Library.
In 1910, with the civilization movement that took place in the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering, Mehmed Refik Bey went on a European tour to examine the engineering schools abroad. Here, he visited the professors at the Drest, Berlin, Zurich, and Paris engineering schools and their opinions were obtained. During this trip, a two-year contract was signed with Belgian Monsieur May and Monsieur Dikman to work at the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering. Later, the contracts of the professors were renewed and they continued to give lessons.
Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi was located in the Artillery School building in Halıcıoğlu. In the process of becoming civilian and transitioning to the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering, he first started at the Industrial Regiments Barracks in Tophane. With land purchased in Gedikpaşa, it is planned to build a building that is suitable for the engineering school. A competition was held for this plan, but since there was no winner, Architect Kemalettin prepared a plan and the construction process was started. The construction, which was left unfinished with the start of the First World War, could not be completed after the land was transferred to the Ministry of Education. On the other hand, it was found appropriate to show a plot of land from Şişli to the Headmaster of the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering instead of this land, and in 1914, the Ayazağa Campus Land was transferred to the Ministry of Public Works and the Engineering School Building was found suitable to be built here.
It was decided to establish the Science Laboratory, also known as the Science Museum, which was planned to be used during education at the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering. Under the studies in the İ.T.U. Institution Archive and the literature, it is understood that the museum was opened while passing to the new building of the school. Afterwards, the documents show that it has been bought machines and models for the museum from MJ Conpenher (Paris), Swiss Amseler Lagon, M. Papault and Rovelle (Paris), F. Krantz, M. Peter Koch, M. Delugrasse (Paris), Politechischer Arbeits Institut. In addition, sample and model donations were accepted from engineers within the country and Europe.
This study handles the activities of Fenmen during the years of 1908-1912 when he was a professor of Electricity and Applications and Physics, and as a headmaster in 1910-1912 at the Engineering School. During this period, the preparation of the textbook and the printing of the prepared books were considered as a priority due to the lack of course materials, and Mehmed Refik Bey, as a pioneer, prepared the lecture notes for Electricity and Practice and Physics for his courses for publication. When İ.T.U. Mustafa İnan Library Rare Books Hall was examined, it was determined that six lecture notes written by Mehmed Refik Bey, Ziya Bey, Monsieur May, and Monsieur Dikman were published in two years.
After the Master of the Ottoman Highschool of Engineering moved from the Artillery School building to the Industrial Regiment Barracks in Halıcıoğlu, the number of books in the school was found insufficient. As a result, there was a need to improve the library in the school. When the documents in the I.T.U. Institution Archives were examined, it was identified that technical journals and books were obtained from Dunod and Pinat (Paris) firm, M. Beranger (Paris), Herr Leddihn, Paris Dölo Vipanya Library. In addition, it has been determined that the library here has been expanded by accepting book donations from people and institutions in the country and abroad.
Finally, within the scope of the bibliography part of this study, it was determined that forty-nine articles, thirteen popular science books, eight technical books, and four translated works were written by Mehmed Refik Fenmen in eight different journals. He has a wide range of publications on current topics such as Quantum Philosophy and General Relativity, as well as the working principles of machines such as automobiles, radios, telegraphs, radios, and televisions, as well as how to use and repair them. These publications were examined under four categories in this study; It appeals to those who are educated or want to have a profession, such as periodicals written for people who are scientifically literate, interested in popular science and have a technical knowledge base, popular science works written to create a science-literate public, and textbooks written for the Engineering School technical books and translated works.
This thesis which was written primarily based on first-hand documents, examining the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Directorate of State Archives and İ.T.U Institution Archives will contribute to the History of Science and Technology literature, by presenting a comprehensive bibliography that draws a general framework about Mehmed Refik Bey's updated biography and books and includes accessible articles.