Larisa (Buruncuk) akropolündeki propylon'un mimari-tipolojik özellikleri
Architectural-typological features of the propylon in Larisa (Buruncuk)
Yazar: EMRAH KAPULU
Danışman: PROF. DR. NEJAT TURGUT SANER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Tarih = History

Özet:
Bu yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında, Aiolis antik kentlerinden biri olan Larisa (Buruncuk) akropolündeki propylon konu alınmıştır. 1932 yılındaki kazıda ortaya çıkarılan yapı, 2017-18 Larisa Yüzey Araştırması kapsamında tekrar incelenmiş ve bu iki çalışma neticesinde elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. 
Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında Larisa'nın tarihçesine, yerleşim özelliklerine, mimari arka planına ve kısmen araştırma tarihçesine değinilmiştir. Bu tarihsel ve mimari arka plan ile yapının kent ile olan ilişkisinin çözümlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışmanın üçüncü kısmında Larisa Propylonu'nun belgelenmesine, tanımlanmasına, yapının mimari özelliklerine ve sorunlarına yer verilmiştir. Bu araştırmadan önce yapı ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar bu bölümde incelenmiştir. Belgeleme çalışmaları kapsamında yapının üzerinde bulunduğu sur ve temenos duvarı ile ilişkili taş planı, uzun ve kısa yönde iki kesiti ve görünüş çizimleri ve farklı detaylarda fotoğraflanması yapılmıştır. Yapı ile ilgili 1932 ve 2017-18 arazi çalışmaları karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapının mevcut kalıntı durumu tanımlanmış, mimari özellikleri ve karşılaşılan sorunlar belirlenmiştir. Yapılan belgeleme çalışmaları ve kalıntıların ayrıntılı tanımlanması ile Larisa Propylonu'nun plan tipolojisinin ve mimari özelliklerinin kavranabilmesinde altlık olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışmanın dördüncü kısmında propylon mimarisi ana hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Propylon yapı türünün tanımlamaları ve özellikleri derlenmiş ve belirli açılardan Larisa Propylonu ile benzerliklerin görüldüğü örnekler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Propylon mimarisi ve tarihsel sürecinin incelenmesi ile Larisa Propylonu'nun kendi yapı türü içerisinde nerede konumlandığının anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışmanın son bölümünde 20. yüzyıl Larisa rapor yayınındaki bilgiler, yapının mevcut kalıntı durumu ve alanda bulunan propylon'a ait olarak yorumlanan mimari parçaların özellikleri değerlendirilmiş ve propylon mimarisinin genel özelliklerine dayanılarak çeşitli restitüsyon önerileri üretilmiştir. Bu öneriler kapsamında Larisa Propylon'unun rölöve çizimleri üzerinden restitüsyon plan, kesit ve görünüşleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu öneriler üretilirken dayandırılan gerekçeler ve ortaya çıkan restitüsyonların nitelikleri ayrıca tartışılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada temel amaç,  yapının belgelenmesi ve mimari özelliklerinin tartışılması ile özgün bir yapı tipi olan propylon mimarisi içinde nerede konumlandığını kavrayabilmektir. Plan biçimlenişi ve inşaat ayrıntılarının incelenmesiyle, özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve restitüsyon önerilerinin üretilmesi hedefler arasındadır.

Abstract:
This study focuses on the propylon located on the Acropolis of Larisa (Buruncuk), one of the ancient cities of the Aeolis region. The building was discovered during the excavations carried out in 1932 and was reexamined in 2017-18 as a part of the Larisa Survey. The data obtained from these two studies are evaluated in this research.
The first part of this thesis study presents Larisa's settlement history and its research background. According to Homer, Aiols have lived in Thessalia in Greece before Anatolia. In 1200-1050 BC, after the Trojan War Aiols tried to settle in the geography known as northern/central aegean shores of Anatolia, but they faced the resistance of the ¨Pelasgian¨. According to Strabon, after the city was captured, it was named as, "Larisa Phrikonis" by Aiols in memory of Phrikonis Mountain in their homeland. In 546 BC, the Kingdom of Lydia was destroyed by the Persians and all of Anatolia went under Persian control. According to Xenophon, Cyrus placed his Egyptian mercenary in Larisa, and for this reason, the city was known as the "Egyptian Larisa". The Peloponnesian Wars began between Sparta and Athens in 431 BC. In this process, Larisa has been damaged together with many other cities. Around 425 BC, it was invaded by Athens and some buildings were destroyed. After that, this damaged area was repaired and new buildings were built. In 334 BC, the cities of Aiolis went under the rule of Alexander the Great, and then under the Kingdom of Pergamon. Around 279 BC, The city was destroyed by Galatians and was not inhabited again. 
The first archaeological excavations at Larisa began in 1902. It was excavated between 1902 and 1904. In 1932, a second excavation campaign was conducted as a continuation of the earlier work of 1902. The excavations at Larisa were carried out as a Swedish-German collaboration. Information obtained from these excavations can be found in a three-volume publication titled Larisa am Hermos, which was published between 1940 and 1942. Since 2010, an architectural survey has been going on in Larisa under the direction Prof. Dr. Turgut Saner (ITU).
The city has been constructed on two hills in terms of settlement plan. Located on a higher hill than Larisa West, Larisa East meets the defense needs of the city with its triangular plan and a settlement on its skirts. Larisa West consists of an acropolis, a broader settlement area and a necropolis. Acropolis is surrounded by a wall with eight towers in 500 BC. After this wall was demolished at the beginning of the 4th century BC, the area it surrounded was expanded and the wall was rebuilt. The palaces in acropolis are the symbol of the administrative power of the city. The "Old Palace", dated to 550 BC, is located in the southeast of the acropolis. Another palace that is located in the north of the acropolis is the "New Palace" dated to 350 BC. The sanctuary of Athena is also located on the acropolis and includes The Temple of Athena, stoa and altar. Temple is dated to 600s BC. In 425 BC, the sanctuary was expanded and the "Northeast Building" and propylon were built.
In the next part of this thesis study, documentation studies and architectural features of the propylon were investigated. During the 1902-1934 field surveys, the propylon was excavated and documented in 1932. As part of the 2017-18 field surveys, architectural drawings of the building were produced and building was photographed in various details. Acropolis plans of 500 BC and 450 BC were examined and, the presence of another door called "pforte" where propylon is located was noticed. The propoylon that was focused on this thesis study was first noticed at Acropolis plans of 430-20 BC. The location of the previous door was preferred. Propylon buildings that are associated with sanctuary are commonly seen in an axial arrangement with temple and altar. However, in Larisa, this interaction was guided by direction. 
The rectangular Larisa propylon dated to the Classical period is 4.53 x 8.10 m in dimensions. It is thought that the building is divided into three main portions with two walls in the north and south. Four wall traces are connecting these walls. In this respect, it differs from the general typology. The first part encountered while approaching the city, is narrower than other portions. It is thought to be 80 cm lower than the rest of the remains. The remains of the second portion are mostly the parts of the building's foundations. However, there are also some parts that are thought to be the wall pedestal. On the south wall, there is a corner block with facade in the south and east, which is thought to be visible. In other words, this corner must belong to the south anta wall on the eastern front. On this wall, three more blocks with similar labor were found in the continuation of the block. The north wall is expected to have corner blocks like those of the south anta wall. However, a suitable location has been determined in the current situation, although no such block is present. On the northern facade of the building, a polygonal wall is observed, which is very clearly prepared to be visible. The relationship of the blocks with each other, the careful and skilled craftsmanship suggest that this part is a visible stone wall base of the structure (if the upper side is mudbrick). The masonry consists of blocks with flatter edges and sharp corners, unlike Lesbos. In addition, it can be said that they are about the same level with the blocks which are thought to be wall bases in the south anta wall. This masonry is not in the form of a straight line but continues with a series of fluctuations in connection with the weave. Despite the reduction of the blocks on the walls surrounding the last place and the deterioration of the wall plan, it is thought that the blocks are the parts of the building's foundations due to the workmanship and the relationship they established with each other. However, the level that was considered to be visible in the previous place and the stone blocks at the same level in the last place were not processed in the same quality. Therefore, it is considered that there may be a difference of level within the structure. The fact that the current remains of the building are intensively on the foundation level and give limited information about the upper side of building necessitates a focus on the traces on the blocks.
In the third part of the study, the general propylon architecture was examined with specific examples in order to better understand the architectural features and typology of Larisa Propylon and to determine where it is located in its structure type. The propylon is defined as the monumental gateway, developed in the Greek Architecture, which was used for the transition to the religious sanctuary or temenos area in the early period. In later periods, it was used as an entrance structure for various public buildings such as the agora, gymnasion, bouleterion. Widely the "H" type of plan, front with the prostylos layout design was applied. However, other than these principles, there are other designs.
Propylons dating from the Archaic period have an entrance section that is mainly arranged in the form of "distylos" and "in-antis" and used Doric order. A variety of materials such as limestone, wood and adobe are used. However, it presents a different designs from the propylon design principles of the period. In the classical period, the propylon plan type is mostly in-antis or "in-turned antae" and uses  Doric order. The building material of the period is mostly limestone, but although it is rare, marble is used more intense than the Archaic period. In the Hellenistic period, the outer part of the entrance is usually designed as "tetrastylos", while the interior is designed as "distylos" and" in-antis" or "in turned antae". The material selection of the period is marble and limestone.
In the last part of the study, there are suggested restitutions for the structure. The known architectural elements about the superstructure of the propylon are the part of a column of 40 cm diameter, that was found to the north of the propylon, and another drum piece made of 49 cm high Phokaia stone which is thought to be related to this doric order by Boehlau and Kjellberg. Although these remains were identified with propylon, these claims can not be proven. Today, there are no known ornamental architectural parts in the field. Based on this information, with the present features and general characteristics of propylon architecture was examined and various alternatives were tried for the plan typology of the building.
The plan scheme of the Larisa propylon is defined roughly as a structure with two enclosures and one door opening, with prostylos entrance. However, due to the lack of architectural remains, a definite conclusion could not be made and alternatives were created for plan and facade arrangements. The missing data on the facade arrangement in these trials were determined according to the Doric scheme ratios of Vitruvius. 
The dynamics of the plan in the produced restitution were determined by the column layout of the front area, the arrangement of the wall after the front area (having an in-turned antae  arrangement or having two columns or a door wall) and the column layout of the western facade. These variables were appropriately combined to produce alternatives. Tetrastlos and distylos facade arrangements are among the column layout selections due to their widespread use. Although there is a narrow distance to the Tetrastylos transition, there is no evidence to prove otherwise. In the distylos order, there are problems in passing the distance gap. But for both facade arrangements, no evidence of these problems has been found.
This thesis study aims to understand where the building is located within the propylon architecture, by documenting and discussing the architectural features. With the study of plan formation and construction details, determination of the characteristics and production of restitution options are among the objectives.