Hastanelerde yenilenebilir enerji kullanımlarının araştırılması: Biruni Üniversite Hastanesi örneği
Renewable energy use in hospitals: The case of Biruni University Hospital
Yazar: HANDENUR YÜKSEL
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜLŞEN AYTAÇ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Enerji = Energy
Dizin: Hastaneler = Hospitals ; Yenilenebilir enerji = Renewable energy ; Üniversite hastaneleri = University hospitals ; İstanbul-Sefaköy = İstanbul-Sefaköy

Özet:
Günümüz toplumunda rolü ve önemi büyük olan hastaneler, enerji talebi en fazla olan kurumlar arasında bulunmaktadır. Günün tüm saatlerinde çalışan bu kurumların sağlık hizmeti vermesi ve kullanıcı konforunu sağlaması için devamlı bir enerji ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde bu enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak için yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerine başvuran hastanelerin sayısı hızla artmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji hastaneler için oldukça önemlidir. Hastanelerin yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerini tercih etmelerinde öncelikle iklim değişikliği, enerji bağımsızlığının önemi ve ekonomik kaygı etkili olmaktadır. Buna ek olarak hastanenin bulunduğu ülkenin gelişmişlik seviyesi, kentsel veya kırsal alanda bulunması ve hastanenin büyüklüğü seçilen yenilenebilir enerji stratejilerini etkilemektedir.
Yenilenebilir enerji uygulamaları yenilenemez enerjiden farklı olarak büyük alanlar kaplamaktadır. mekânsallığıyla tanımlanan yenilenebilir enerji uygulamaları, yeryüzünde bir peyzaj ve altyapı oluşturmaktadır. Her yenilenebilir enerji türü kendine özgü bir mekânsal karakter oluşturmaktadır. Buna ek olarak yenilenebilir enerji uygulamalarının peyzajdaki ve altyapıdaki izi enerji üretim amacına göre değişmektedir. Bu uygulamalar amacı enerji satışı olan enerji santralleri, amacı enerji tasarrufu olan mimari ölçekteki yenilenebilir enerji uygulamaları ve birden fazla amacı olan hibrit mimari uygulamaları olarak üçe ayrılmaktadır. Her bir yenilenebilir enerji türünün ve uygulamasının ekolojik, estetik ve sosyoekonomik etkileri değişmektedir.
Araştırmanın amacı yenilenebilir enerjiye peyzaj disiplinin sahip olduğu bütüncül bakış açısıyla bakarak hastanelerde yenilenebilir enerji potansiyellerini Sefaköy'de yeni yapılan Biruni Üniversite Hastanesi örneği üzerinden araştırmak ve bu uygulamaların oluşturduğu peyzaj ve altyapıyı incelemektir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için literatür araştırması ve alan çalışmasından faydalanılmıştır. Literatür araştırmasında yenilenebilir enerjinin mekânsal karakterini ve ekolojik, estetik ve sosyoekonomik etkilerini araştırmak için karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Buna ek olarak hastanelerin seçtiği yenilenebilir enerji stratejilerini anlayabilmek için ise tipoloji çalışması yapılmıştır.
Biruni Üniversite Hastanesi gelişmekte olan bir ülkede ve kentsel alanda bulunan büyük ölçekli bir hastanedir. Çalışmada hastanenin tipolojisi ve yenilenebilir enerji türleri ve uygulamalarının mekânsal karakteri göz önünde bulundurularak Biruni Üniversite Hastanesi için yenilenebilir enerji türleri ve teknolojileri araştırılmış, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımları önerilmiştir. Buna ek olarak önerilen yenilenebilir enerji uygulamalarının hastaneye ve çevreye katkıları araştırılmıştır. Enerji talebinin Türkiye'deki ortalama bir konuta göre beş bin sekiz yüz katı olacağı tahmin edilen Sefaköy'deki Biruni Üniversite Hastanesinde yapılacak yenilenebilir enerji uygulamalarının hastane, çevre ve yenilenebilir enerji altyapısı için oldukça önemli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Abstract:
Energy, which has become one of the biggest issues in recent years, is the primary resource for people, society, countries and the world to live and function. The exponential increase in the population in the last century, the development of technology and the widespread use of electronic devices have caused today's society to become much more dependent on energy compared to previous centuries. Today, most of worlds energy need is met from non-renewable sources, as in the last century. However, environmental problems caused by the use of non-renewable energy sources are increasing day by day and reaching dangerous dimensions. Furthermore, various global and national problems cause the unit price of fossil fuels to increase. For these reasons, consumers have sought different energy policies, countries and institutions have started to choose new energy sources to produce their own energy. Natural resources with unlimited energy production potential are the first considered option.
Renewable energy is the energy derived from natural and repetitive energy flows. Renewable energy applications, unlike non-renewable energy, cover large areas. Defined by their spatiality, renewable energy applications create a landscape and infrastructure on the earth's surface, and therefore, have begun to attract the attention of landscape architects who play a role in the design of spaces and even infrastructures. Thence the concept of renewable energy has begun to take place in the landscape discipline. Also it has been emphasized that landscape architects, who have a holistic perspective, can play a role in the designs of renewable energy applications that generate landscape and infrastructure.
In recent years, many countries, institutions and organizations have started to set renewable energy targets. Considering the global energy crises, the cheapening of renewable energy technologies and climate change, it can be predicted that renewable energy applications will become more widespread day by day.
One of the institutions that prefer to use renewable energy applications are hospitals. Hospitals, which have a great role and importance in today's society, are among the institutions with the highest energy demand. These institutions, which work at all hours of the day, have a constant need for energy in order to provide health services and save human lives. Nowadays, the number of hospitals that apply to renewable energy technologies to meet this energy need is increasing rapidly. Climate change, the importance of energy independence and economic concerns are primarily effective in hospitals preference for renewable energy technologies. Thus renewable energy is becoming more important for hospitals. In addition, it is absolute that institutions with a much higher consumption amount compared to others lead new energy policies. Hospitals, which are of great importance for the society, are at the forefront of these consumers.
Healthcare is a competitive industry, so one hospital's adoption of renewable energy strategies will lead other hospitals to turn to renewable energy sources. Hospitals will set an example for other institution and have the potential to cause a chain interaction in the use of renewable energy. Therefore, it is predicted that it will be useful in many ways to examine the concept of renewable energy, which has just entered the landscape literature, through a hospital example.
The aim of the research is to look at renewable energy from the holistic perspective of the landscape discipline and to investigate the renewable energy potentials in hospitals through the example of the newly built Biruni University Hospital in Sefaköy. To present a proposal of applications also to examine the landscape and infrastructure formed by these applications. In order to achieve this aim and to answer the main question of this research, which is "What are the potential renewable energy uses for Biruni University Hospital?", literature research and fieldwork were carried out.
Firstly, the concept of renewable energy in landscape discipline was examined. Each type of renewable energy creates its own unique spatial character. In this part of the research, the landscape and infrastructure formed by renewable energy types and applications were examined. In addition, the character of renewable energy applications in the landscape and infrastructure varies according to the purpose of energy production. Therefore renewable energy applications are divided into tree category by its purpose of energy production. These tree applications are power plants with the aim of selling energy, renewable energy applications in architectural scale with the aim of energy saving, and hybrid architectural applications with more than one purpose. Also ecological, aesthetic and socioeconomic effects of each renewable energy type and application varies. In order to understand the spatial character and ecological, aesthetic and socioeconomic effects of renewable energy well, the comparative analysis method was used.
In this section, the following conclusions was reached. First of all, as the amount of energy produced renewable energy applications increases, mostly the area covered by these applications also increases. That power plants are large-scale projects and renewable energy applications that have the most spatial equivalent, has the most energy production, most ecological and socio-economic impact, the most negative impact in terms of aesthetics. Renewable energy applications at architectural scale are small-scale applications, the spatial equivalent and the amount of energy production are much less compared to power plants, in addition, they have minimal ecological, aesthetic and socioeconomical effect. Lastly it has been concluded that the scale of the hybrid architectural applications varies according to the scope of the project, therefore the spatial equivalent, the amount of energy production and the ecological and socio-economic effect vary according to the project. Unlike the other applications hybrid architectural applications has the most positive effect in terms of aesthetics.
In addition to these, energy densities of renewable energy types were tried to be compared, which is is related to the energy produced per unit area. However, it has been concluded that it is not meaningful to compare the energy densities of renewable energy types, since the energy efficiency of renewable energy types and the area they cover vary from geography to geography.
In the next phase of the research the reasons why hospitals prefer renewable energy are searched. A typology study was made to understand the factors affecting hospitals renewable energy strategies. It is understood that country's level of development is associated with the infrastructure in the country, the number of qualified employees, economic power and more. It determines the diversity of renewable energy that can be applied. The location of the hospital in a rural or urban area affects the spatial dimensions of the renewable applications to be implemented since there is hardly any available space in cities. Lastly as the hospital size increases, the energy demand grows proportionally. In a hospital where energy demand is high, strategies that include more than one renewable energy application are required to meet the energy needs.
In the last phase of the research a field study was conducted for Biruni University Hospital. By using the information obtained from the literature studies, the sample of Biruni University Hospital was examined and thus it was aimed to strengthen the interdisciplinary information exchange. First of all, the physical, political, ecological and social conditions of the geography where Biruni University Hospital is located were examined, since renewable energy sources are specific to the place. Biruni University Hospital is a large-scale hospital located in a developing country and urban area. Considering these characteristics of the hospital, appropriate renewable energy types and uses for Biruni University Hospital were selected. Architectural scale and hybrid architectural renewable energy applications were deemed appropriate within the boundaries of Biruni University Hospital. Among these uses, it has been concluded that the renewable energy type with the most alternatives is solar energy. In addition to the renewable energy applications that can be made within the borders of the hospital, it has been suggested that energy exchange can be made from the renewable energy plants around the hospital.
Finally, the traces and effects of the proposed renewable energy uses on the landscape and infrastructure were examined. It has been concluded that the renewable energy applications and uses that is proposed for Biruni University Hospital in Sefaköy are quite important for the hospital, environment and renewable energy infrastructure.