İstanbul arazi kullanımının karbon salımı üzerindeki etkisi
The effect of Istanbul land use on the carbon emission
Yazar: MELİS KARLI
Danışman: PROF. DR. HANDAN TÜRKOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Karbondioksit salınımı = Carbondioxide emission ; Kentsel arazi kullanımı = Urban land use

Özet:
Günümüzde aşırı kentleşme, sanayi faaliyetlerinin artması ve nüfusun büyümesine bağlı olarak gerçekleşen fosil yakıt kullanımı, ormansızlaşma ve tüketim alışkanlıklarının artması doğada ve kentsel alanlarda yaşam döngüsü olumsuz etkilemiştir. Özellikle bu açıdan önemli bir sorun potansiyeli taşıyan metropoliten alanlarda etkili çözümlerin üretilmesi için doğru sorun tespiti yapılması ve kentsel alana ilişkin verilen kararların iklim değişikliği üzerindeki etkisinin sorgulanması gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında arazi kullanım kararlarının enerji ve yakıt tüketimine bağlı olarak karbon salımı üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma gerçekleştirilirken ilk olarak iklim değişikliği ve karbon ayakizi konularına değinilmiş olup, bu konularda uluslararası alanda yapılmış olan çalışmalardan bahsedilmektedir. Sonrasında ise Türkiye'nin bu süreçte izlemiş olduğu tutum ve karbon salımı konusunda diğer ülkeler arasındaki konumu hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Yine karbon salımına yönelik olarak çalışma alanı olarak belirlenmiş olan İstanbul'a ilişkin yapılmış araştırmalara yer verilmiştir. Sonrasında karbon salımın hesaplanması konusunda uluslararası alanda hazırlanmış yöntemler açıklanmıştır. İstanbul'un karbon salımı üzerinde etkili olabilecek demografik, mekânsal ve enerji kullanımına ilişkin veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Enerji ve yakıt tüketim değerleri ile arazi kullanım verileri arasında ilişki kurulmuş olup, böylece gelecekte verilecek olan arazi kullanım kararlarının karbon salımı açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılabilecek aynı zamanda mevcut durumun analizi yapılarak ilgili kentsel bölgelere özgü önlemlerin alınmasını olanak sağlanacaktır.
İstanbul metropoliten alanı için gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma sonucunda arazi kullanım fonksiyonları (konut, ticaret ve sanayi) arasında konut alanlarının enerji ile yakıt tüketimi (doğalgaz ve elektrik tüketimi) bakımından toplam karbon salımlarının en yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlçe bazlı olarak konut alanlarında karbon salım değerleri incelendiğinde de nüfus büyüklüğü, yapı sayısı ve toplam inşaat alanı bakımından öne çıkan Esenyurt, Küçükcemece ve Bağcılar ilçelerinin karbon salım değerlerinin de yüksek olduğu; ticaret alanlarında ise doğalgazdan kaynaklı karbon salımı Bakırköy, Beşiktaş ve Beyoğlu ilçelerinde, elektrikte kaynaklı karbon salımının ise Şişli ilçesinin en yüksek olduğu; sanayi alanlarında da Esenyurt, Silivri ve Arnavutköy ilçelerinin karbon salım değeri bakımından öne çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca inşaat alan büyüklüğü başına düşen karbon salım dağılımı ile ilçelerin toplam karbon salımlarının farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Abstract:
The need for people to live together as a social being led to the formation of cities. Urbanization is defined as the increase in the number of cities resulting from the reflection of economic developments to the space and consequently social processes such as organization, division of labor and specialization in society. According to the statement of the United Nations, 55% of the world's population lives in cities and it is estimated that this ratio will reach 68% in 2050.
Today, excessive urbanization, increasing industrial activities and increasing fossil fuel usage, deforestation and increasing consumption habits due to population growth have negatively affected the life cycle in nature and urban areas. As a result of this situation, unusual climate events such as sudden heat changes, rainfall, flood, hose increase, droughts are seen in different regions and vegetation and animal species disappear. According to the work done by IPCC due to the increase in temperature, it is proved with the statistics that this change in nature will upset the ecological system, changes in urban areas will be experienced, migrations will be seen, diseases will increase, droughts and scarcity due to this may also occur. Especially, correct problem detection should be done in this respect in order to produce effective solutions in metropolitan areas with a potential problem .
Considering the impact of cities on carbon emissions, every decision to be made in urban planning is important. For this reason, carbon emissions in urban areas should be monitored continuously and the current situation should be evaluated and prevented carbon emissions should be taken into consideration while the possible impact of future decisions on carbon emissions should be taken into consideration. When the decisions taken in the field of urbanism to prevent carbon emissions are examined, it is seen that proposals for increasing the use of renewable energy and increasing pedestrian and bicycle rides are generally developed. However, thanks to the opportunities provided by the technology, it is possible to measure the carbon emission value of any decision made in the urban area. By taking into account the carbon emission value produced by each building, it can intervene to take the necessary mitigation measures.
In this study, the effects of land use decisions on carbon emission due to energy and fuel consumption were evaluated. Climate change and carbon footprint issues are mentioned in the first part of the study. While giving definitions of these concepts, other gases which have greenhouse gas properties besides carbon dioxide and the reasons of formation of these gases have been examined.
Afterwards relating to carbon emissions; international studies on these issues are mentioned. After that, information is given about attitude of Turkey  in this process to be followed and the position between the other countries in the field of carbon emissions. Also, researches about Istanbul which is designated as the study area for carbon emission, has been included. Later, prepared methods for calculating carbon emission in internationally area are explained. Then, the factors affecting the structure and urban scale which are effective in energy consumption and carbon emission were examined. Position, direction, height, window dimensions, etc. of structures many issues affect energy consumption. In urban areas, issues such as the way the buildings meet, sunbathing and shading times, access times related to land use functions have an effect on carbon emission. In this part, the national greenhouse gas inventory IPCC guide and the global protocol for community scale greenhouse gas emission inventory, which constitute the numerical basis of the study, are evaluated.
The datas on demographic, spatial and energy use that might have an impact on carbon emission of Istanbul were evaluated. The relationship between energy and fuel consumption values and land use data has been established, so that future land use decisions can be evaluated in terms of carbon emissions, at the same time, it will be possible to analyze the current situation and take measures specific to the relevant urban regions.
In this study conducted for the Istanbul metropolitan area, it is shown that the population increased approximately sevenfold from 1965 to 2018 and reached 15 million today. The average household size has been on a steady downward trend since 2009. When the number of people living in households is compared in 2000 and 2015, it is seen that single, double and triple households have increased and the number of living together has been decreasing. The districts with the highest population size are Esenyurt, Küçükcekmece and Bağcılar.
If we evaluate the spatial characteristics of Istanbul; It has been determined that housing areas have the highest share among the land use functions throughout the province, morever respectively followed by trade-housing, trade and industrial areas. The residential areas are mostly concentrated in Silivri, the commercial areas are in Fatih, the industrial areas are in Esenyurt and the residential and commercial areas are in the district of Ümraniye. There are predominantly 1-2-3 storey buildings throughout the province. The city's buildings with 15 or more floors are concentrated especially in Ataşehir district and the number of floors decreases as you move towards the walls. The structures are generally in good condition. Esenyurt, Ümarniye and pendik districts stand out in terms of construction area size.
The energy consumption of the district of Istanbul was evaluated based on natural gas and electricity consumption. Istanbul is a prominent province in terms of electricity and natural gas consumption due to its population size. The distribution of data on the province at the district level is important. In this study, data on energy consumption at district scale were obtained only in relation to the European side.
If we are to evaluate energy consumption depending on the value of carbon emission results; ıt was found to be the highest carbon emissions in housing among land use functions (housing, trade and industry) in terms of energy consumption (natural gas and electricity consumption).
This result was influenced by the dominance of residential areas throughout the province. When the carbon emission values of residential areas are examined on a district basis, it is observed that the carbon emission values of Esenyurt, Küçükcemece and Bağcılar districts which are prominent in terms of population size, number of buildings and total construction area are also high; In terms of trade, carbon emission from natural gas is the highest in Bakırköy, Beşiktaş and Beyoğlu districts, while carbon emission from electricity is the highest in Şişli district; It has been determined that Esenyurt, Silivri and Arnavutköy districts come into prominence in terms of carbon emission value in industrial areas. 
As stated in the literature section of the study, many factors such as location, form, volume, number of floors, window size, shading and sunshine times affect the energy consumption.
Within the scope of the thesis, the results of the analyzes carried out at provincial and district scale are presented. Although research conducted on a district and provincial basis gives close to realistic results, it can give an idea about the production and implementation of the top plan decisions. Detailed analyzes on the basis of energy consumption values on the basis of buildings and studies to develop plan decisions at the neighborhood scale are also recommended.