Enerji verimliliği uygulamalarında adaptif yol aydınlatmaları
Adaptive road lighting in energy efficiency applications
Yazar: İSA ASLAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. SERMİN ONAYGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Enerji = Energy
Dizin: Adaptif farlar = Adaptive headlights ; Enerji verimliliği = Energy efficiency ; Yol aydınlatması = Road lighting

Özet:
Sokak aydınlatmaları ulaşım sisteminin önemli bir alt yapısını oluşturmaktadır. Standartlar doğrultusunda tasarlanmış bir aydınlatma sistemi trafik kazalarının azaltımını sağlarken, aynı zamanda sokakta işlenebilecek suçların önlenmesine de yardımcı olmaktadır. Sokak aydınlatmalarının uzun saatler çalışıyor olması ise insanların gece dışarıda özgürce dolaşmalarını sağlayarak sosyoekonomik yapının gelişiminde yardımcı olmaktadır. Aydınlatma günlük hayatımızda önemli bir rol oynuyor olmasına rağmen, ekonomik ve çevresel açıdan getirmiş olduğu mali yüklerden dolayı, sistemin sürdürülebilir olması önemli bir parametredir. Dünya üzerinde artan nufüs, kısıtlı olan enerji kaynaklarının kullanımını bir kez daha gündeme getirmiştir. Bundan dolayı enerji tüketiminin azaltılması, yaşam standartları ve konfordan ödün vermeden enerjinin doğru ve verimli bir şekilde kullanılması için çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Şehir içi enerji tüketiminde önemli bir paya sahip olan sokak aydınlatmalarının da sürdürülebilir, güvenilir ve enerji verimli sistemler olarak tasarlanması için standartlar hazırlanmakta ve projeler yürütülmektedir.
Teknolojide yaşanan gelişmeler ile daha az bakım gerektiren ve daha az enerji tüketimi sağlayan LED'li sistemler aydınlatma tasarımlarında yerini almıştır. Yol aydınlatmalarında LED'e dönüşüm ile elde edilebilecek enerji tasarruf değerlerinin yüksek olabilmesi için trafik güvenliğini tehlikeye sokmayan kontrol stratejileri ile otomasyon sistemlerinin kullanılması önerilmektedir. Otomasyon sistemleri kullanılarak yaratılacak kontrol stratejilerinin, yol aydınlatma standartlarında belirtilmiş olan aydınlatma kalite kriterlerinden ödün verilmeden gerçekleştirilmesi beklenmektedir. Değişen çevre koşulları, yolun kullanım durumu ve trafik akışındaki yaşanan değişimlerin anlık olarak takip edilmesi ile yeni aydınlık seviyeleri yaratılarak bu kalite kriterlerinin korunumu sağlanabilmektedir. Ayarlanabilir yol aydınlatması olarak tanımlanabilen bu sistemler Adaptif Yol Aydınlatması – ARL diye adlandırılmaktadır.
Son yıllarda ARL sistemi hakkında yapılan çalışmalar yoğunluk kazanmış olsa da mevcut literatürdeki çalışmalar genellikle laboratuvar ortamında oluşturulan prototip sistemler ya da simülasyon şeklindeki uygulamalardır. Gerçek yol tesisatlarında farklı strateji ve senaryoların uluslararası standartlara göre uygulandığı saha çalışmalarının sayısı azdır. Bu konuda yol gösterici örnek uygulama, rapor ve şartname çalışmalarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada doğru tasarlanmış LED'li yol aydınlatmalarında farklı kontrol stratejilerine sahip Adaptif Yol Aydınlatması uygulamalarının enerji tasarruf oranlarına katkılarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Enerji tasarruf oranları, taslak çalışması yürütülen EN 13201-5 standartında tanımlanmış enerji performans göstergeleri kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Mevcut durumda YBSBL'lı armatürlerle aydınlatılan M2 aydınlatma sınıflı yolun LED'e dönüşümü ile başlanmış, güneş batış
ve doğuş saatlerine göre yol aydınlatmasının çalıştığı süreler, trafik yoğunluğu değişimi, ortam koşulları ve yağmurlu gün sayısı gibi veriler analiz edilerek yol aydınlatması otomasyon senaryoları oluşturulmuştur. LED'e dönüşüm ile %68,19 oranında enerji tasarrufu sağlanmıştır. Sonraki süreçte yolda önceden öğreti sistemine dayalı merkezi kontrol stratejisi (statik) ile araç takip sistemli stratejilerin (dinamik) birlikte kullanıldığı hibrit stratejili bir kontrol yöntemi geliştirilmiştir. Statik ARL uygulaması ile %35,57 oranında ek enerji tasarrufunun elde edilebileceği, hibrit ARL uygulaması ile tasarruf oranının %45,93'e yükseleceği hesaplanmıştır. Yağış koşulları dikkate alındığında, statik adaptif ARL uygulaması ile %23 oranında enerji tasarrufu sağlanırken, hibrit ARL uygulamasında yağışlı koşullar dikkate alındığında enerji tasarruf oranı %29,69'a düşmektedir.

Abstract:
Street lighting is an important infrastructure of the transportation system. A lighting system designed in line with the standards not only helps to reduce traffic accidents, but also helps to prevent crimes that can be committed on the street. The fact that street lighting works for long periods of time helps people to move freely outside at night, helping the development of the socioeconomic structure. Although lighting plays an important role in our daily lives, the sustainability of the system is an important parameter due to the financial burden it brings in terms of economic and environmental aspects. The increasing population in the world has once again brought the use of limited energy resources to the agenda. Therefore, efforts are being made to reduce energy consumption, to use energy correctly and efficiently without sacrificing living standards and comfort. Standards are being prepared and projects are being carried out in order to design street lighting, which has an important share in urban energy consumption, as sustainable, reliable and energy efficient systems.
The most commonly used method to reduce electrical energy consumption for outdoor lighting is to control the time period of the luminaire. Basically, for this job, photocells or astronomical relays that work with the on-off logic according to the amount of light in the environment are used. However, these systems with low sensitivity may malfunction on cloudy days and especially at dawn. The possibility of error is reduced by the use of astronomical relays. In addition to controlling the time period with new approaches, adaptive systems that adjust the lighting according to the changing traffic and environmental conditions are used. With these systems, energy savings can be achieved without jeopardizing traffic safety, and maintenance management is also facilitated as the luminaires can be controlled remotely.
With the developments in technology, LED systems that require less maintenance and provide less energy consumption have taken their place in lighting designs. It is recommended to use control strategies and automation systems that do not endanger traffic safety in order to achieve high energy saving values that can be achieved by conversion to LED in road lighting. It is expected that the control strategies to be created using automation systems will be realized without compromising the lighting quality criteria specified in the road lighting standards. By following the changing environmental conditions, usage status of the road and the changes in traffic flow instantly, these quality criteria can be maintained by providing new light levels. These systems, which can be defined as adjustable road lighting, are called Adaptive Road Lighting - ARL. Although the studies on the ARL system have gained intensity in recent years, the studies in the current literature are generally prototype systems created in the laboratory environment or applications in the form of simulation. The number of field studies in which different strategies and scenarios are applied according to international standards in real road installations is few. There is a need for guiding sample applications, reports and specification studies in this regard.
In this study, it is aimed to examine the contribution of Adaptive Road Lighting applications with different control strategies to energy saving rates in properly designed LED road lighting. Existing literature information and applications about adaptive road lighting automation system components and control methods are examined, and the energy saving rates that can be achieved with control strategies created by using traffic and meteorological data of a real road are compared. Energy saving rates are calculated using the energy performance indicators defined in the EN 13201-5 standard, which has been drafted. With the defined energy performance indicators, the amount of energy required to illuminate the road at a sufficient level and the amount of energy consumed per unit area in a one-year period were taken into consideration.
In this study, which was carried out in the Black Sea region, the road chosen as an example has two-lane departure and two-lane return roads and double console lighting poles illuminated from the central median. The area where the application is made consists of 11 lighting poles. Daily operational profiles for road lighting is luminaires operate constantly at full power throughout the night time each day. The lighting class of the road illuminated by luminaires with HPS lamps has been determined in accordance with the EN 13201-1 technical report. According to this technical report, the class value of the sample road was obtained as M2. Illumination values of the road were analysed by using the photometric and electrical data of the sample road. While it should provide a luminance level of 1.5 cd/m2 on the road surface according to standards, the average road surface luminosity has calculated as 2.84 cd/m2 with the existing installation. This is an example of how high power is chosen in road lighting installations with HPS lamps in Turkey. The dark working hours data during the year were also examined and the energy performance values of the sample road were calculated according to the draft EN 13201-5 standard.
In the second stage, the existing lighting system of the sample road was preserved and HPS lamps have replaced with LED lamps in accordance with TEDAS specifications. In the design phase of the road lighting, the lighting criteria recommended for M2 class road lighting in the technical report CIE 115 were taken as basis. By converting the sample road to LED, the energy performance values of the road were calculated while luminaire constantly at full power throughout the night time each day. In the third stage of the thesis, it is aimed to adjust the luminous flux levels of LED lighting fixtures during dark hours, taking into account the changing traffic density and environmental conditions during the day. Different lighting classes to be created in accordance with the standards were determined by the method given in CEN/TR 13201-1, taking into account the traffic flow and environmental variables during the hours when lighting is needed. According to this method, illuminance levels should be adjusted according to road lighting classes M2, M3, and M4 at determined times of the day. In the study, firstly, the static ARL strategy, in which M2, M3 and M4 lighting classes are applied at specified time intervals, was analysed. With this strategy, it is essential to create the required lighting levels at predetermined time intervals. In order to provide the required lighting levels on the road surface, the reduction of luminaire luminous flux levels and the reduction rates in the drawn power values were determined specifically for the system. In the next process, a hybrid strategy control method was developed in which central control strategy (static) based on pre-teaching system and strategies with vehicle tracking system (dynamic) were used together. In this method, vehicle tracking system was applied during the hours when the M4 lighting criteria were met when the traffic density was low. With the sensors placed on the street lighting poles, the vehicle crossing will be detected and the illuminance level of the road will be adjusted according to M4, and in the absence of a vehicle, the luminous flux will be reduced to 10% of the maximum luminous flux, which is called "the night level". By adapting this scenario according to the vehicle transit times between 01:00 and 05:00, the annual operating times of the installation at M4 and night levels are calculated. These designed strategies were made by considering dry weather conditions. Since the driving visibility conditions become difficult in rainy weather conditions, the scenario of operating the road lighting installation in rainy weather conditions in such a way that the M2 lighting class conditions are constantly provided has been integrated into the static ARL and hybrid ARL scenarios.
Since correct designs could not be made at the project stage in the existing installation with HPS lamps, the average road surface luminosity is higher compared to the M2 lighting class. For this reason, a 68.19% energy saving probability has been calculated in LED conversion, where the average road surface brightness in accordance with the standards is provided. The aim of the study is to examine the contribution of ARL applications to energy saving rates in properly designed LED road lighting. For this purpose, in the analyses carried out using real field and meteorological data, it has been calculated that 35.57% additional energy savings can be achieved with the centrally controlled static ARL application, while the savings rate will increase to 45.93% in the hybrid ARL where dynamic control with vehicle tracking sensor is integrated. This shows that dynamic automation scenarios with vehicle tracking sensors can increase the energy saving rate during low traffic hours. On the other hand, when precipitation conditions are taken into account, 23% energy saving was achieved in the static ARL application compared to the non-automated lighting system with LED lambs. Considering the rainy weather conditions for the hybrid ARL application, it has been calculated that it provides 29.69% energy savings compared to the non-automated lighting system with LED lambs.
With this study, it has been seen that energy saving rates can be increased by applying automation strategies suitable for traffic density, traffic speed and meteorological conditions in road lighting conversion projects to LED. With the results obtained, the hypothesis of the thesis, "High energy saving rates can be achieved in urban road lighting installations with LED conversion and hybrid technology control system" is also confirmed by a real application example. However, detailed field studies and data analyses are needed, taking into account the geometry, lighting classes and seasonal conditions of the road so that the scenarios and strategies implemented do not adversely affect traffic safety.