Evsel ve sanayi kaynaklı ambalaj atıklarının yönetimi: Bursa örneği
Management of domestic and industrial packaging waste: Bursa city
Yazar: GİZEM ORHAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. OSMAN ATİLLA ARIKAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Bilimleri, Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Çevre Mühendisliği = Environmental Engineering

Özet:
Hammaddeden işlenmiş ürüne kadar, bir ürünün üreticiden kullanıcıya veya tüketiciye ulaştırılması aşamasında, taşınması, korunması, saklanması ve satışa sunulması için kullanılan malzeme Ambalaj Atıklarının Kontrolü Yönetmeliği'ne göre ambalaj olarak tanımlanmıştr. Yasal mevzuata göre oluşan ambalaj atıklarının alıcı ortama bırakılması yasaklanmış olup, ekonomik değeri yüksek olan bu atıkların yönetimi önem kazanmıştır. Ambalaj atıklarının önlenmesi için çalışmalar yürütülmekte olup, oluşumu önlenemeyen ambalaj atıkları ise; tekrar kullanım, geri dönüşüm ve geri kazanım yolları ile tekrardan ekonomiye kazandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca ambalaj atıklarının geri kazanılmasıyla birlikte doğal kaynaklar korunur, enerji tasarrufu sağlanır ve depolama alanlarına gönderilen atık miktarları azalır.
AB uyum sürecinde ülkemizde ambalaj atıklarını yönetimi konusunda çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Ambalaj Atıklarının Kontrolü Yönetmeliği ile bu çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Fakat yönetmeliğin uygulanması sırasında paydaşlar bazı aksaklıklar yaşamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada; ambalaj atıklarının yönetiminde uygulamada yaşanan problemler ortaya konmuş, ambalaj atıklarının entegre yönetimi amacıyla eğitim ve bilinçlendirme çalışmaları, mevzuatta yer alan paydaşların yetkileri, evsel ve sanayi kaynaklı ambalaj atıklarının ayrı yönetilmesi hususlarında öneriler sunulmuştur.
Çalışmada Bursa ili baz alınarak sanayi kaynaklı ve evsel kaynaklı ambalaj atıklarının yönetimi değerlendirilmiştir. Bursa ili 2016 yılı verileri incelenerek, belediyelerin topladığı ambalaj atığı miktarları ve ambalaj atıklarının toplanmasını sağlayan lisanslı firmaların verimleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca sanayi kaynaklı ambalaj atıklarının oluşum miktarlarını tespit etmek amacıyla Bursa ilinde faaliyet gösteren farklı sanayilerden kaynaklı birim üretim başına oluşan ambalaj atığı miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Tez kapsamında sanayi kaynaklı ambalaj atıklarını toplayan lisanslı bir TAT incelenmiş ve maliyet analizi yapılmıştır.

Abstract:
The natural resources are rapidly consumed because of the increasing consumption. The search for new resources and the management of wastes should be done more effectively because of rapid depletion of resources. In waste management, it is inevitable to evaluate packaging wastes with higher economic value. Packaging wastes occur both from domestic and industrial production.
Packaging means all products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer. Non-returnable items used for the same purposes are also considered to constitute packaging.
The waste management hierarchy and producer responsibility form the basis of waste management policies. The first step is prevention of waste during production and reduction of waste quantities. The second step is reuse, recycling and recovery while the final step is disposal according to the hierarchy. According to the principle of producer responsibility; all the waste disposal costs are covered by the manufacturer.
There is a new trend in waste management: circular economy. A circular economy is a regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimised by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops. This can be achieved through long-lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recycling. This is contrast to a linear economy, which is a 'take, make, dispose' model of production. Extended producer responsibility is one of the key pillars on to achieve on a circular economy objectives.
EU waste management schemes vary in terms of implementation and objectives. While some countries consider packaging waste within general waste management plans, some countries have developed separate management plans for each type of waste. For example, Belgium and Germany have separate legislative and waste management plans for each region. On the other hand, France, Romania and Spain have prepared national waste management plans which have been supported with regional implementation plans.
As Turkey is aiming to become a member of the European Union, it is urgent that a waste treatment system in line with EU standards consisting of principles of waste prevention, waste minimization, appropriate treatment, and safe disposal. Turkey has stipulated regulations on waste treatment based on the Environmental Law No: 2872 stipulated in 1983 and laws in line with the European Union Waste Framework Directive stipulated after 2007. From the organizational side, the Ministry of the Environment and Urbanization has been restructured to be the ministry in charge of waste management policies in July 2011. In addition, municipalities have become the responsible organization to conduct waste management from collection to disposal based on the "Metropolitan Municipality Law" and "Municipality Law".
In 2005, the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning promulgated a new Regulation on the Control of Packaging Waste, which gives the responsibility of covering the cost of recycling, and recovery of the packaging wastes to the ones whom introduce the packages to the market.
In Turkey, the most common disposal method is sanitary landfill. Although there are still dumpsites the number of landfills has increased from 15 in 2003 to around 80 in 2016 serving more than 75% of the municipal population. Composting and biomethanization facilities have been built for the treatment of biodegradable wastes. In addition, one MSW incinerator with a capacity of 3000 tons/day in Istanbul is under the construction stage. The number of licensed material recovery facilities (MRF) has increased from 15 in 2003 to more than 350 in 2016.
Although the goal is to increase recycling rates to 60% by 2020 according to the Regulation on the Control of Packaging Waste, recycling is still not widespread in Turkey due to low awareness and lack of policies to promote recycling such as standards for recycled products or incentives for recycling activities.
Strategic Plan 2013-2017 of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning has strategic objectives and detailed targets for each area. The Plan aims to build waste collection centers for municipalities for the target population of 400,000 as basis for waste collection, separation, and recycle as well as centers for education and awareness-raising where people learn about waste reduction at source and separate collection.
In this study, the problems of packaging waste management in Turkey, have been discussed. Suggestions have been made to improve packaging waste management, such as training and awareness-raising activities, responsibilities of the stakeholders, and separate management of domestic and industrial packaging wastes.
In the study, the waste data for the Bursa province in 2016 were examined. The amount of packaging waste collected by municipalities and the efficiency of licensed companies that collect packaging waste have been determined. The results show that all municipalities in Bursa collect packing wastes with contract collection and separation facilities. It is determined that the collection efficiency of the packaging waste is in between 15-43 %.
In addition, the amount of packaging wastes per unit production originating from different industries (textile, food, automotive and supplier industries) in Bursa province was calculated. The results show that the unit industrial packaging waste production is very high. It has been determined that the recycling facilities collecting both industrial and domestic packaging waste have very high efficiency.
Within the scope of the thesis, a licensed collection and separation facility which collects industrial packaging waste, was examined and its cost analysis was carried out. The results of the cost analysis show that the entire income comes from sales to recycling plants. Whereas the highest expense cost is the payments to industrial companies for the purchase of packaging wastes. The other main expense costs are personnel payments, transportation payments and diesel and vehicle expenses.
Education, good planning, continuous and sustainable implementation and institutionalized collection separation facilities with long-term contracts are recommended for more efficient packaging waste management in Turkey.