Koca Sinan Külliyesi restorasyon projesi /
Yazar: SEVGİ ÖZTİRYAKİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. AYŞE ZEYNEP AHUNBAY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1995
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Koca Sinan Paşa Külliyesi = Koca Sinan Pasha Complex ; Restorasyon = Restoration

Özet:
Bu tezin konusu İstanbul Bayezıt'ta yer alan koca Sinan Paşa Külli yesi ' nin restorasyonudur. Bu çalışma 6 bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde tezin amacı ve çalışma metodları açıklanmıştır. Tezin amacı külliye yapılarının restorasyon projelerinin hazırlanması ve yeni kullanım önerilerinin sunulmasıdır. Ayrıca bu bölümde külliye nin bulunduğu Bayezıt semtinin Bizans döneminden bugüne kadar tarih gelişimi anlatılmış, külliyeyi yaptıran Sadrazam Sinan Paşa ve yapan Mimar Davut Ağa hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Külliyenin 1592-1594 yılları arasında yapıldığı belirtilmiştir. İkinci bölümde külliye yapılarının ayrıntılı tanımı yapılmış iç mekânları, cephe düzenleri, tayışıcı sistemleri, kullanılan yapım teknikleri ve malzemeler açıklanmıştır. Külliye yapılarından medrese Uç kolda hücrelerin dizildikleri "U" plan şemasına sahiptir. Dershane U'nun açık kısmında kuzeye doğru yerleştirilmiştir. Medresenin ortasında dikdörtgen bir avlu, çevre sinde kubbe ile örtülü revaklar yer almaktadır. Revaklar da üç kolda kubbeyle örtülü 16 hücre ile çevrilidir. Dışta 16 kenarlı olan türbe içte sekizgene dönüşmektedir, sebil ise beşgen planlıdır. Ayrıca aynı bölümde yapılardaki bozulmalar açıklanmıştır. Külliye yapılarında kullanıcıların meydana getirdikleri değişiklikler yanında, yapıların strüktürlerinde problem olmadığı, malzeme yüze yinde kir, kararma, aşınma, bitki yetiştiği görülmüştür. Üçüncü bölümde 16. yüzyıl sonunda Osmanlı Devleti 'nin içinde bulundu ğu durum ve bu dönemde yapılan Osmanlı medrese, türbe ve sebilleri anlatılmış; Koca Sinan Paşa Medrese, Türbe ve Sebilinin Osmanlı mimarisindeki yerlerine değinilmiştir. Koca Sinan Medresesi küçük vezir külliyelerinin ilk anıtsal ve güzel örneğidir. Koca Sinan Pa şa Sebili ise klasik bir sebil olarak Lale dönemine kadar etkili olmuştur. Dördüncü Bölümde Koca Sinan Paşa Medresesi, Türbe ve Sebili aynı dö nemlerde yapılan benzer örneklerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde külliye yapılarının restitüsyonları araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu yapıların çok fazla değişime uğramadıkları ve genel de özgün yapılarını muhafaza ettikleri görülmüştür. Altıncı bölümde Külliye yapılarının restorasyonu düşünülerek yapıla ra müdahaleler önerilmiş ve yeni kullanım önerileri sunulmuştur. Külliye tarih boyunca İstanbul'un ticaret merkezi olan Bayezıt bölgesinde yer aldığı için medreseye "Türk El Sanatları Çarşısı" işlevi verilmesi, cadde köşesinde yer alan sebile ise asıl işlevine uygun olarak su, meyve suyu vb. içeceklerin satıldığı bir büfe ola rak kullanılması önerilmiştir.

Abstract:
The subject of this thesis is the restoration of the Koca Sinan Pasha Complex (1593) at Bayezit in Istanbul. The complex comprieses a madrasa with sixten cells an classrom, the mausoleum of the founder and public fountain (sabil). This study consists of six parts: In the first part, the aim of the study and the methods adapted for the study are explained. In Adition, the historical development of Bayezit where the complex is situated from the Byzantine period up to the present time, the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha who had built the complex and the architect Dawud Agha who had constructed it have been studied. The aim of the thesis is to prepare the restoration project and to present proposals for the re-use of the complex. The Bayezit district which is in the centre of the historical peninsula had contained the biggest square of city in the Byzantine period, the Palace square in the Ottoman period. The Divanyolu street which was called the "Mese" during the Byzantine period is one of the most important street both of the Byzantine and the Otoman period. Many architectural complexes dating from the 17 th. century are lining this important street. After the conquest of Istanbul, the commercial center of city has concentrated in the Bayezt district had expanded to the Golden Horn. The First bedesten, the taht el-kal'a bath and the Mahmud Pasha Complex in the Sultan Fatih Period, the Covered Bazaar and hans in the 17 th. and 18 th. century were built between Bayezit and Eminönü districts. Among these hans the Kükçü Ha (the 15 th. century), the Valde Han (the 17 th. century), the Çuhacı Han (the 18. th. century), Simkeshane and Hasan Pasha Han (the 18 th. century) are the most important ones. Koca Sinan Pasha Complex was built by the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha. Sinan Pasha who is the Conqueror of Yemen was one of the grand viziers of the Sultan Murat III and Mehmet III. He died in 1596 and was buried in his mausoleum. He has waqfs have been in Aydın, Fethiye, Malkara, Koçanik, Eyüp, Yemen, Dimyad, Üsküp, Uzunabad, Üsküdar, Kasımpaşa, Damascus, Thessaloniki, Mecca, iarende, Philipopolis, Bursa, Mihaliç, Aleppo, Bilecik, Tripoli (Syria), Van and Tebriz. The Complex was constructed by architect Dawud Agha, who succeeded the famous Ottoman architect Sinan and became the chief architect of - xxii -the Ottoman Empire in 1588. Among his buildings the Amber Agha Complex on Divanyolu (1580), the Nişancı Mehmet Agha Mosque and mausoleum at Karagümrük (1584 1 992 H. |), the Hadım (Mesih) Mehmet Pasha Mosque at Karagümrük (1586 1 994 H. |), the İncili Kiosk in front of the Topkapi Palace (1589 (997 H. |), the Sepetçiler Kiosk at Sirkeci (1591 1 999 H. |), the Cerrah Mehmet Pasha Mosque (1594 H. H. ), the Gazanfer Agha Complex near Valens Aqueduct (1596 1002 1004 ) are the most important ones. He died in 1599 from plague while he was building the Valide Sultan Mosque at Eminönü. The Complex was built between 1592 and 1594. The madrasa was founded as a darülhadis where the Prophet Mohammed's words and acts were taught. After the abolition of madrasas in 1920' s the madrasa was used by shoesmakers for 35 years. It was restored between 1959 and 1961. Later, it was used by an institude attached to the University of Istanbul. Recently the madrasa was taken over by an association which uses it as its social center. The description of the Complex is presented in Part II. The Complex which is at Çarşıkapı is situated at the corner of Yeniçeriler and Bileyciler Streets. The Complex is surrounded by walls at the south and west, shops in the nortwest, buildings in the north and east. The Madrasa has "U" plan where the cells are placed on three sides. The madrasa has a rectangular courtyard with a shadirvan in the middle. The classroom is outside the courtyard, a feature which is not common for ottoman madrasas of the classical period. The courtyard is surrounded by rivaks which are covered by domes. Behind the riwaks there are 16 cells which are also covered by domes. There are 8 columns around the octogonal marble pool of the shadirvan which has a lead-covered pyramidal roof. The riwaks have circular marble columns, 2.23 m. high. The columns have capitals with muqarnas decoration. There are two-centered pointed arches between columns and walls. The transition elements are pendentives. The madrasa has 16 cells with square plans. The cells measure approximately 370x370 m. The floors of the cells are covered with hexagonal imitation bricks. The cells are covered by domes with pendentives as transition elements. A door and a window are placed on the courtyard facades of the cells. The cells at the corners of the "U" have passages covered with barrel vaults. On the external walls of the cells, there are two rows of windows and a fireplaces in between. The classroom has a portico. Decorative arches are between two columns and a pillar. The portico is covered by a panel vault in the middle and by two domes at the sides. The classroom consists of a square planned room and a iwan at the north. Its floor is covered with hexagonal imitation bricks. The dome which is covering the main space is supported by arches and squinches. The iwan is covered by a barrel vault. -xxiii-On the south of facade of the classroom, there are windows on both sides of the entrance door. On the upper part of the porch there are three windows with pointed arches. On the west facade of the classroom, there are three rectangular windows at the bottom and three windows with pointed arches at the top. On the both sides of the iwan, a window with a pointed arch is placed. On the north facade of iwan, two windows, one rectangular the other with a pointed arch are pierced. The mausoleum is situated to the west of the madrasa. The porch is placed in front of the entrance. The mausoleum has sixteen sides externally, but the number is reduced to eight in the interior of the building. The attached columns at the corners of the octogon have five sides. There are pointed arches between the columns. The mausoleum is covered by a dome which stands on a drum with sixteen sides. The transition elements are pendentives. On the facades of the mausoleum, there are windows and walls. The Fountain which is at the corner of the complex has an octogonal plan, it has windows which open on to the street. The fountain is covered by a lead-covered pyramidal roof. In the madrasah, the load bearing elements are walls in the cells and the classroom, columns at the riwaks. They are attached to pointed arches. The transition elements are pendentives in the cells, squinches in the classroom. Covering elements are domes at the riwaks, the cells and the classroom. A panel vault is placed between the domes in the riwak of the classroom. In the mausoleum the load bearing elements are walls and pilasters are polygonal in plan. They are attached together by pointed arches. In the mausoleum which is covered by a dome, the transition elements are pendentives. The dome stands on a drum with sixteen sides. The fountain which has an octogonal plan. The load bearing elements are marble columns at the corners of the octogon. They are connected to each other by pointed arches. The interior of fountain is covered by a dome. From the exterior a lead-covered pyramidal roof hides this elements. The transition elements are pendentives. In the Koca Sinan Paşa Complex, küfeki which is a kind of local organic limestone was used. Tufa with a pink colour was also used to obtain a constrasting colour efect on the decorative arches in the riwak of the classroom in the madrasah, on the arches of the upper of the mausoleum. Marmara marble used in the columns and their capitals at the door jambs and windows, at the steeples of the domes, at fountain (shadirvan) and in the public fountain (sabil). The other basic building material is brick. Bricks were used in the walls, in the structural and relieving arches at the transition elements, in the domes, cornices on the east and south facades, on the ground floors. The irons were used between arches at the rails of windows. The leads were used as a material for covering the roof on the mausoleum and the shadirvan. The building do not have serious structural problems. The main problems are due to erosion, stains on stone and marble surfaces, to - xxiv -Plants growing on stone surfaces. In the third section, the Ottoman raadrasas, mausolea and fountains which were built at the end of the 16 th. century are studied. The economic situations of the Ottoman Empire being bad due to wars and to internal rebellions, the small complexes built during this period do not have a mosque as the principal element but a madrasa. The mausolea dating from the end of 16 th. century have polygonal plans. Koca Sinan Pasha Complex is the first monumental and beautiful example of the small vizier complexes and its fountain is a nice classical example. Koca Sinan Pasha Madrasa, Mausoleum and Fountain are compared with the similar buildings of the same period in section IV. In section V the reconstitution drawings of the Madrasa were produced with the help of old photographs. The madrasah which changed too much as a block suffered by users. The courtyard facades of the madrasah were not plastered as the interior surfaces of the domes, pendentives which are transition element before and after the restoration in the years 1959-1961. The upper windows of the cells have been changed. In Ottoman Architecture upper windows used to have casement made of plaster of Paris. Therefore the windows of the madrasah should have had gypsum casement also. At the present the roof of the madrasah has lost its original covering. It should have had lead sheets. According to old photographs, there were decoration on the arches of the classroom, at sides and at the center of the domes. In section VI. the types of interventions for repairing the madrasa, the mausoleum and the fountain are discussed. New functions are proposed for the madrasa and the fountain without changing or damaging their original features. No structural problem is visible in the complex building. The accumulation of soon on the stone surfaces need cleaning. They can be cleaned by atomized water. The marble jams of the door and windows should be cleaned with AB 57 paste. The Complex being placed in a very lively commercial center and on one of the most important streets of Istanbul, the new function proposed for the madrasa is "Turkish Handicrafts Center". Each cell can be arranged as a shop and training center of the Turkish handicrafts like glassware, jewellery, carpets, kilims, calligraphy and marbled paper. The riwaks can be arranged for resting, the classroom for exhibition and meetings. The new function proposed for the fountain is a buffet which will serve only soft drinks as in the past. It is necessary also to do some work on the mausoleum of the grand visier Sinan Pasha. It can be opened to the public. The restoration techniques to be applied for the repair of the building are: -xxv-1) Consolidation 2. Re-integration 3. Cleaning 4. Re-cons true t ion At the end of the study, it was possible to define and propose ways for a sound conservation project for the complex. It is hoped that these measures will be taken by the Waqf administration which owns the monuments. -