İzmir'de fransız misyoner yapıları
French missionary buildings in izmir
Yazar: ŞİLAN BERİVAN GÜNEŞ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. VESİLE GÜL CEPHANECİGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Katolik = Catholic ; Latin Katolikler = Latin Catholics ; Misyonerlik = Missionary ; Osmanlı tarihi = Ottoman history ; İzmir = Izmir

Özet:
İzmir, coğrafi konumunun sağladığı ticari koşullar ile paralel gelişmiş bir şehirdir. Kuruluşundan itibaren birçok kültüre ev sahipliği yapan şehir, kozmopolit yapısını 20. yüzyıl başlarına değin muhafaza etmiştir. Özelikle 17. yüzyılda artan ve büyük çoğunluğu Hristiyan toplumlar tarafından yürütülen ticari faaliyetler zamanla şehre olan rağbeti arttırmıştır.  Nüfus hareketlilikleri ve çeşitli dini toplulukların faaliyet göstermesi ile misyoner cemaatler de şehirde tezahür etmeye başlamıştır. 

19. yüzyılda çeşitli imtiyazlardan yararlanan misyoner cemaatler,  himayesinde bulundukları devletlere göre çalışmalarını yürütmüşlerdir. Fransa, Osmanlı Devleti ile ilişkilerinde ayrıcalıklı devletlerden biri olmasıyla önemlidir. İlk imtiyazlardan birine sahip olmasının yanı sıra Osmanlı Devleti'nde dini himayeci devlet arayışında da müteşebbistir. Katoliklerin ilk koruyucu devleti vasfına sahip olan Fransa, Osmanlı Devleti'nde faaliyet gösteren misyonerlerin çalışmalarını desteklemiştir. Misyonerler ilk olarak İstanbul'da çalışmalarını yürütmüş, daha sonra ise İzmir'e yönelik faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır.  Fransiskenler, Dominikenler, Cizvitler, Lazaristler, Vincent de Paul Hayırsever Kızları, Hristiyan Okulları Erkek Kardeşleri ve Notre Dame de Sion Kız Kardeşleri Osmanlı Devleti bünyesinde faaliyet gösteren Katolik cemaatlerdir. İzmir'e ilk gelen misyonerlerden biri olan Fransızlar ilk yıllarından itibaren en aktif yılları 19. yüzyıl da dahil olmak üzere faaliyetlerini aralıksız sürdürmüşlerdir. 

Misyonerler, dini girişimlerinin yanı sıra faaliyetlerini yürüttükleri kilise, okul ve hastane gibi kurum yapıları ile bulundukları şehirlerde fiziksel etkiler bırakmışlardır. Tez çalışması kapsamında İzmir'de faaliyet gösteren misyonerlerin inşa faaliyetleri değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Fransız etkilerinin misyoner yapıları özelinde şehrin fiziksel çevresine olan tezahürüne odaklanarak İzmir'de faaliyet gösteren Fransız Katolik misyoner yapıları incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
İzmir is a city that has developed in parallel with its geographical location and trade. The city, which has hosted many cultures since its establishment, preserved its cosmopolitan structure until the beginning of the 20th century. The 17th century was the beginning of an important period for İzmir. The city began to develop, its population grew and its appearance began to change. 
The developing port of city has attracted the attention of many countries, especially Europeans. The Europeans that came to the city have settled mainly in the port area and reflected their traditions in this region. Therefore, in many travel books about Izmir, the European image dominating this region is emphasized. Especially the Levantine houses, churches and entertainment venues encountered at the entrances to the city from the port, and their similar appearance to European cities impressed the visitors.
The increasing dynamism of the city has become the focus of attention of religious communities as well as those interested in trade. Since the 17th century, missionary groups began to appear in the city and religious rivalries arose. One of the first missionary groups to arrive in the city was the French, but then other missionary groups realized that there were suitable conditions for their activities and have established their headquarters in İzmir. First of all, the Greeks, who were outnumbered by the non-Muslim people in the city, then the Armenians and Jews have become the target group of these activities over time. 
Missionary communities, which had various privileges in the 19th century, carried out their work according to the states they were under. France was important because it was one of the privileged states through its relations with the Ottoman Empire. In addition to having one of the first privileges, France was also an entrepreneur in the seeking for a religious protective state in the Ottoman Empire. Being the first protective state of Catholics, France supported the missionary activites in the Ottoman Empire. Missionaries first carried out their works in Istanbul, then they also continued their activities in Izmir. 
Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, Lazarists, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Brothers of Christian Schools and Sisters of Notre Dame de Sion were the Catholic communities being active within the Ottoman State. The French missionaries, who were one of the first missionaries to come to Izmir, continued their activities uninterruptedly from their first years, including their most active years as 19th century, until the war.
The French missionary activities started in İzmir with the invitation of the French Consulate, and then continued with their support. Therefore, within the scope of the study, missionaries who were active in Izmir under the auspices of the French Consulate were assessed. While the study covers the activities of the French Catholic missionaries from the date they first came to İzmir until the Republican period, it concentrates on the structures built in the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, especially considering the available sources.
The activities of the missionaries were not only limited to the ideas they aimed to spread, but also important with their effects on the physical environment of the settlements where they stayed. In this context, the construction activities of the missionaries carried out in İzmir were tried to be evaluated. The structures of the French Catholic missionaries operating in Izmir were examined by focusing on the manifestation of the French influences on the physical environment of the city, in particular on the missionary structures. 
Among the French Catholic missionary structures studies in Izmir, there are only four structures that have survived to the present day. These are St. Polycarpe Church, St. Jean Cathedral, Propaganda College, a school building operating as İzmir Foreign Trade Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, and the French Hospital Annex Building where is opeating as Alsancak Nevvar Salih İşgören State Hospital Emergency Service Building. The Lazarist Church, Providence College, St. Joseph College, Notre Dame de Sion School, and St. Jean School were severely damaged in the 1922 Izmir fire. However the André School was not affected by the fire, continued to provide education as St. Joseph College with the relocation. The school building was demolished and rebuilt in the following years. 
In the context of the thesis, the historical process of the French missionaries examined. Firstly, the relations of the missionaries with the Ottoman Empire specified, then their missions in Izmir and their construction activities presented in historical order. Considering the presumption of the French missionaries being the pioneers in other missionary groups who came to Izmir in the early period and may have formed institutions and organizations, French missionary buildings evaluated.