İslam ülkelerinde uluslararası insan hakları hukukunun yürürlüğe konulması ve uygulanması; problemler ve beklentiler
The enforcement & implementation of international human rightslaw in Islamic countries; problems and prospects
Yazar: SYED MUHAMMAD FARRUKH BUKHARI
Danışman: PROF. DR. CÜNEYT YÜKSEL
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2021
Konu: Hukuk = Law
Dizin: Birleşmiş Milletler = United Nations ; Uluslararası hukuk = International law ; Uluslararası sözleşmeler = International conventions ; İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirisi = Human Rghts Universal Communique ; İnsan hakları = Human rights ; İslam ülkeleri = Islamic countries

Özet:
Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku (UİHH), dünyanın hukuki, ekonomik,
sosyal, kültürel ve diplomatik dinamiklerini önemli ölçüde değiştirdi. Birleşmiş
Milletler (BM tarafından desteklenen insan hakları normlarına bağlı kalmak,
uluslararası ilişkilerde medeni sayılmak için esastır. Birçok yerde BM, insan haklarına
herhangi bir ayrıntı vermeden, soyut terimlerle açıkça atıfta bulunmaktadır. Bu
eksiklik, İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi (İHEB), Medeni ve Siyasal Haklar
Sözleşmesi (MSHS), Ekonomik ve Kültürel Haklar Sözleşmesi (ESKS) ve diğer çeşitli
uluslararası insan hakları belgelerinin, bu normatif yapının uygulanmasına ilişkin
belirli özel araçlar ve mekanizmalarla birlikte benimsenmesiyle azaldı.
İslam devletlerinin neredeyse tamamı, BM destekli bu insan hakları
sözleşmelerine taraftır. Ancak aynı zamanda bu devletler, sözleşmelerin çeşitli
hükümlerine çekince koydukları için birbiriyle bağlantılı ve bölünmez bir bütün olan
insan haklarıyla ilgili bu normların bir bütün olarak ve eksiksiz şekilde uygulanmasını
neredeyse imkansız hale getirmişlerdir.
Gerçek şu ki, bu çok bilinen insan hakları normlarının yürürlüğe konulması
diğerlerinin yanı sıra, BM ve uluslararası hukukun zayıflığını ve ayrıca UİHH
sözleşmelerine taraf olan, özellikle de anayasalarında kendilerini İslam devleti olarak
ilan eden Pakistan, İran ve Suud Arabistan gibi imzacı devletlerin ideolojilerindeki
farklılıkları da içeren birçok faktör tarafından engellendi. Bu da, insan hakları
normlarının İslam dünyasına Batı'da olduğu gibi nüfuz etmemiş olmasından
kaynaklandı. Bu devletlerin anayasaları, tüm kanunların İslam'ın temel emirlerine uyması
gerektiğini açıkça belirtir. Bu devletler ayrıca, anayasal sistemlerine uymadığı için
UİHH sözleşmelerinin çeşitli hükümlerine çekince koymuşlardır.
Öte yandan, BM antlaşma sisteminin UİHH'ye saygı duyulmasını ve
uygulanmasını teşvik edecek kadar güçlü olmadığını görüyoruz. Örneğin, sözleşmeleri
denetleyen BM komiteleri izleme organı olduklarından mahkemeler gibi hareket
edemezler. Onların görüş ve yorumları mahkeme kararları gibi bağlayıcı değildir. BM
Şartı ile tanınan, "devletlerin egemenliği" ve "uluslararası hukukta rıza ilkesi" gibi
kavramlar, UİHH'nin insanlığa sunduğu normların gerçekleşmesine de engel
oluşturmaktadır.

Abstract:
International Human Rights Law has dramatically changed the legal,
economic, social, cultural, and diplomatic dynamics of the world. Adhering to the
UN's sponsored human rights norms is essential for being considered civil in the
comity of nations. The UN Charter at several places expressly refers to human rights
in abstract terms without furnishing any details about them. This flaw was subsided by
the adoption of UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR and various other International Human rights
instruments together with certain special tools and mechanisms for the enforcement of
that normative structure.
Almost all of the Islamic States are parties to these UN sponsored Human
Rights Treaties, however, these have also put reservations on several provisions
thereby rendering the application of these norms in its entirety and fullness in standstill
and unachievable as it is asserted that human rights are interdependent, indivisible and
interrelated.
As a matter of fact, the enforcement and implementation of these muchcelebrated human rights norms have been marred by numerous factors which include
inter-alia the weakness of the UN and international law itself as well as the differences
in the ideologies of the signatory State parties to the International Human Rights Law
treaties particularly the constitutionally declared Islamic States such as Pakistan, Iran,
Saudi Arabia etc., due to which these norms have not been able to penetrate the Islamic
world as they have in the west. The constitutions of these States explicitly state that all
the laws are required to conform to the basic injunctions of Islam. These States have
also reserved various provisions (normative as well as procedural) of the International
Human Rights Law treaties on account of their being inconsistent with their
constitutional frameworks.
On the other side we notice that the treaty system of the United Nations is not
strong enough to induce respect and implementation of International Human Rights
Law. For instance, the nature of the Committees being monitory bodies and their
comments as views or opinions can not be an apt substitute of a regular court system
and the binding decisions which the courts and not the committees render. The notions
like sovereignty of the States which is acknowledged under the United Nations Charter
and the principle of consent in international law are also an impediment in the
actualization of the norms International Human Rights Law offers to humanity.
Research methodology for the research underhand is based on the principle of
IRAAC i.e. (Issue, Rule, Application, Analysis, and Conclusion). This essentially
involves the identification of the issue or issues involved, it then follows with the
search for the finding of a relevant rule, principle, or law regarding that issue to be
followed by the analysis of the issue in the light of the found rule, principle, or law.
These three steps then help reaching and drawing an apt conclusion.
I intended to bifurcate the research into three chapters. The first chapter
comprised of the evolution of International Human Rights Law and particularly
emphasises the place of enforcement tools it offers for its actualization and realization.
It also involves the discussion on how individuals have been made subjects and
addressees of international law and been conferred substantive rights. The discussion
extends and incorporate the analysis of the procedural mechanisms IHRL has to offer
for the implementation of its substantive provisions together with its relevance for the
benefit of individuals. The appraisal also takes into account the obligations of State
Parties under the UN sponsored human rights law and a considerable mention as to
what is the status and response of the Muslim world to that.
The second chapter provides the details on the dealings of Muslim world with
IHRL. The countries are chosen carefully and purposively to the exclusion of secular
republics from the Muslim world to remain as close to the relevancy and theme of
discussion as possible. These include Pakistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia which are
constitutionally declared Islamic states and wherein Islam plays (as they pretend) a
role and regulates their cultural, social, economic, legal, and political fabric.
Third chapter is reserved for the critical assessment based on the first two
Chapters and delves into detail with reference to the paradoxes the Muslim world
generally and Islamic world particularly are encountering together with their reasons.
It considers the issues and problems, which emanates when an Islamic state signs and
ratifies a UN sponsored Human Rights Treaty, both at international as well as national
arena. What are the consequences which emerge after the ratification and how do they
reconcile the apparently discrepant systems of law with one another?
The discussion also involves the sources of law in Islam and how are they
interpreted which have a direct bearing with reference to the understanding of the
topic. Human Rights then are critically seen in the light of the multi-interpretive
discourse of the basic sources of Islam and understood by various leading scholars of
the time and its compatibility will be adjudged leading to the conclusion of this
research project.