Havacılık endüstrisinde yer alan kobi'lerin organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeyinin rekabet gücü ve firma performansına etkisinin modellenmesi
Modeling the effect of organizational development level of smes in the aviation industry on competitiveness and business performance
Yazar: METEHAN KALEM
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. MURAT BASKAK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Mühendislik Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering

Özet:
Türkiye'nin 21. yüzyılın başından beri özellikle havacılık endüstrisinde atmış olduğu adımlar, Türk endüstrisi için de yeni bir yatırım alanı oluşturmuştur. Özellikle KOBİ düzeyindeki işletmelerin bu endüstriye yönelmesi, hem havacılık endüstrisinin Türkiye'de gelişiminin itici gücü olmakta, hem de bu alanda çalışacak olan KOBİ'ler için büyük fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Havacılık endüstrisinin yüksek teknoloji içeren üretimi gerçekleştiriyor olması; bu sektörde nitelikli işgücü, yüksek kalite beklentileri, geniş tedârik zinciri yapısıyla yüksek bilgi paylaşım düzeyi ve tümleşik bir tedârik zinciri yönetim sistemi gereksinimlerini oluşturmaktadır. KOBİ'lerde bu gereksinimlerin karşılanabilmesi, organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeyinin boyutlarını oluşturduğu gibi, bu boyutların firmalara sektörde rekabet gücü sağlayacağı ve işletme performanslarını olumlu yönde etkileyeceği öngörülmektedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye'de ve dünyada havacılığın gelişimi incelenmiş olup, havacılığın gelişiminden ve gelecek yönelimlerden sözedilmiştir. Türkiye'de havacılık faaliyetlerinde bulunan ana yüklenicilerin gereksinimlerinden ve alt yüklenici olarak faaliyetlerde bulunacak olan KOBİ'lerin beklentilerine yönelik ayrıntılı literatür çalışması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca KOBİ'lerin havacılık sektöründeki kısıtları ve havacılık sektöründeki faaliyet alanları hakkında araştırma sonuçlarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında TUSAŞ alt yüklenicisi olan 66 firmadan 75 farklı anket verisi alınmış olup, ilgili çalışma, stratejik düzey kararları barındırması nedeniyle ağırlıklı olarak müdür ve üstü çalışan düzeyinin katılımıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında sektörel kısıtlar nedeniyle veri toplanmasının sınırlı kalması nedeniyle, Kısmî En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi'ni temel alan Smart PLS programı yeğlenmiştir.
Yapılan literatür taraması ve saha gözlemleriyle havacılık endüstrisinde yer alan KOBİ'lerin organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeylerine ait etmenler belirlenmiş olup, bu düzeylerin rekabet gücü ve işletme performansına etkisi, SmartPLS programında yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında havacılık endüstrisinde çalışan KOBİ'lerin organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeyi; Nitelikli İşgücü Düzeyi, Network Düzeyi, Kalite Yönetim Sistemi Düzeyi, Tedârik Zinciri Yönetimi Düzeyi, ERP Kullanım Düzeyi, Ar-Ge ve İnovasyon Düzeyi olarak 6 boyut altında incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 3 doğrudan, 1 de dolaylı etkiye yönelik oluşturulan hipotezler sorgulanmıştır. Bu sorgulama kapsamında havacılık sektöründe KOBİ'lerde organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeyi ile rekabet gücü arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir etki bulunmuştur. Rekabet gücü ve İşletme performansı arasında da anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir etki bulunmuştur. KOBİ'lerde organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeyi ile işletme performansı arasında anlamlı bir etkiye rastlanmamış olup, KOBİ'lerde organizasyonel gelişmişlik düzeyinin işletme performansı üzerinde rekabet gücünün aracı etkisi ile anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır.

Abstract:
The steps taken by Turkey, especially in the aviation industry, since the beginning of the 21st century have created a new investment area for the Turkish industry. The orientation of SME-level enterprises towards this industry is both the driving force of the development of the aviation industry in Turkey and offers great opportunities for SMEs that will work in this field.
The problems and development processes of SMEs are discussed in detail in this study. Additionally, the reasons for OEMs' outsourcing are included and outsourcing methods are explained in detail. Within the scope of the study, the features of aviation industry products are defined and production needs in aviation standards are included. Since aviation productions are strategic productions, the importance of nationalization activities has been mentioned. What SMEs should do within the scope of these activities is included. The relationship between the main contractor and the SME is defined in detail. The use of subcontractors is almost mandatory for companies in the aviation industry due to the high operating costs and multi-system and fragmented structures. In this context, companies always want to expand and improve their supply chains. SMEs, which form the backbone of countries' industries, are of great importance at this point. For this reason, SMEs have been observed as structures that can meet the needs of the aviation industry, with their relatively cheap investment costs and fast and agile organizations.
A detailed literature study has been conducted on organizational development in SMEs, and among the dimensions within the scope of this study, dimensions that are important for the aviation industry have been selected.
The aviation industry carries out high-tech production; In this sector, qualified workforce, high quality expectations, high level of information sharing with a wide supply chain structure and an integrated supply chain management system constitute the requirements. Meeting these requirements in SMEs constitutes the dimensions of the level of organizational development, and it is envisaged that these dimensions will provide companies with competitive power in the sector and positively affect their business performance.
Within the scope of this study, the development of aviation in Turkey and the world was examined, and the development of aviation and future trends were mentioned. A detailed literature study was conducted regarding the requirements of main contractors engaged in aviation activities in Turkey and the expectations of SMEs that will operate as subcontractors.
Companies that directly produce aircraft parts such as machining, surface treatment and composite manufacturing in the aviation industry in Turkey were selected as the Research Population. 38 statements were included in the survey created via Google Forms. Participants in the study were asked to answer on a 5-point Likert scale. In addition, 11 demographic questions were included in order to better analyze the current situation of the sector and the companies participating in the study.
Within the scope of the study, 75 different survey data were received from 66 companies that are subcontractors of TAI, and the study was carried out with the participation of mainly managers and senior employees, as it involves strategic level decisions.
Research results about the constraints of SMEs in the aviation sector and their areas of activity in the aviation sector are shown in detail in the data analysis section.
Within the scope of the study, a lot of information was collected from subcontractor companies regarding their demographic structures. Demographic findings have shown that many companies in the aviation sector have actually been engaged in production activities in other sectors for a longer time. When the turnovers of the companies in the sector are examined, it is seen that the distribution is not balanced. Field observations carried out within the scope of the thesis concluded that this is due to the fact that strategic partnerships are being established with some companies within the scope of critical production and the business volume in these companies is higher than other subcontractor companies. Companies operating in the sector are expected to demonstrate their quality competence with at least one international certificate.
In the study, normality analysis was included to show that the collected data were normally distributed. Reliability analysis is included to show that the designed questions measure well.
The effect of the variables in the study on each other and the accuracy of the hypotheses created in this context were intended to be tested, and it was aimed to present this with a path analysis. Within the scope of the study, the Smart PLS program based on the Partial Least Squares Method was preferred. The advantages of the Partial Least Squares method over other structural equation model analysis methods and regression analysis method are included in the scope of the thesis.
Due to the small size of the relevant data set, it was thought that it would be more accurate to use the least squares method (PLS) instead of the covariance-based (CB) method as the analysis method.
Through literature review and field observations, the factors related to the organizational development levels of SMEs in the aviation industry were determined, and the effects of these levels on competitiveness and business performance were examined with the structural equation model in the SmartPLS program. Within the scope of the study, the organizational development level of SMEs working in the aviation industry; It was examined under 6 dimensions: Qualified Workforce Level, Network Level, Quality Management System Level, Supply Chain Management Level, ERP Usage Level, R&D and Innovation Level. SME organizational development level was examined as layer 2. The structure proposed in the study was modeled as multi-layered in order to be better explained.
The main purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between SME organizational development level, competitiveness and business performance. In addition, it was checked whether competitiveness mediates the SME organizational development level and business performance. Essentially, four hypotheses were tried to be verified. First hypothesis; There is a significant and positive relationship between the organizational development level and competitiveness of SMEs in the aviation industry. Second Hypothesis; There is a significant and positive relationship between the organizational development level and business performance of SMEs in the aviation industry. Third Hypothesis; There is a significant and positive relationship between competitiveness and business performance. Fourth Hypothesis; Competitiveness has a mediator role between the organizational development level of SMEs and the relationship between business performance.
The measurement model was created to be two-layered. Convergent and discriminant validity analyzes were conducted to observe that measurement errors were at the lowest level and to check whether the scale gave accurate results. Additionally, Multi-Collinearity analysis was performed to measure linearity. As a result of the analyses, there was no need to extract data.
The hypotheses regarding the 3 direct and 1 indirect effects listed above were questioned. In this inquiry, the significance of the PLS SEM model or the importance of the variables in the model was determined by the bootstrapping method. The number of samples commonly accepted in the literature is 5,000 for this process. Within the scope of this thesis, the value 5,000 was taken. As a result of the process, factor loadings and T (significance) coefficient were examined and the model was made interpretable.
Additionally, analyzes such as Explanation coefficient, Effect Size and Predictive Power were conducted to evaluate the Structural Model. From all of these analyses, the model measured as a valid model.
Within the scope of this inquiry, a significant and positive effect was found between the level of organizational development and competitiveness in SMEs in the aviation sector. A significant and positive effect was also found between competitiveness and business performance. No significant effect was found between the level of organizational development and business performance in SMEs, and it was determined that the level of organizational development in SMEs had a significant and positive effect on business performance through the mediating effect of competitiveness. All hypotheses were confirmed except the second hypothesis. The reason why the second hypothesis could not be confirmed was that the concept of business performance was tried to be measured with financial performance expressions within the scope of this study. If business performance is explained with different, more comprehensive subheadings as mentioned in the literature, the result can be expected to be positive.
The study has been created as a guide for SMEs who want to take part in production activities in the aviation industry, defining in detail the qualifications and requirements required by the sector. A thesis has been created that can be used by people who want to work on the subject and by aviation clusters, associations and organizations. Detailed field studies and observations have provided a multidimensional perspective for other studies, as the issue has been examined from the perspective of both the subcontractor and the main contractor.