Yıldız Hamidiye Camisi /
Yazar: SERMİN YÜCEL
Danışman: PROF. DR. AFİFE BATUR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: 19. yüzyıl = 19. century ; Avrupa mimarisi = European architecture ; Camiler = Mosques ; Osmanlı mimarisi = Ottoman architecture ; Yıldız Hamidiye Camii = Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque ; Yıldız Sarayı = Yıldız Palace ; İstanbul-Beşiktaş = İstanbul-Beşiktaş

Özet:
Bu araştırmanın konusu olarak, 19. Yüzyılın son döneminde İstanbul'un Beşiktaş İlçesi'ne bağlı Yıldız Semti'nde, Sultan II.Abdülhamid tarafından yaptırılan ve Osmanlı Eklektizminin en çarpıcı örneklerinden biri olan Yıldız Hamidiye Camii (1886) seçilmiştir. Yıldız Hamidiye Camii hakkında çeşitli kaynaklarda birtakım bilgiler mevcuttur. Bu bilgiler yapılan araştırmalarda derine inilmediği için sınırlı kalmıştır. Yapı Son Dönem Osmanlı dini mimarlığının son derece başarılı ve ilginç örneklerinden biridir. Çalışmamızdan ortaya çıkan sonuçları sıralayacak olursak; Yıldız Hamidiye Camii 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Eklektik üslubun görüldüğü bir yapıdır. Caminin mimarı olarak yazılı kaynaklarda dönemin saray başmimarı Serkis Balyan'ın ve Mühendis Dikran Cüberyan'm isimleri geçmektedir. Arşivlerde camiye ait yazılı bir belge ve projenin bulunamaması nedeni ile bu caminin yapımında iki sanatçının birlikte çalıştıklarını düşünebiliriz. 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı yaşam ve kültürünün değişimine bağlı fonksiyonel ve biçimsel bazı gereksinmeler, camilerin planlanmasında bazı değişiklikleri zorunlu kılmıştır. Yapı, tek kubbesi ve giriş cephesine eklenen Hünkar Dairesi ile küçük ölçekli bir saray izlenimi vermektedir.

Abstract:
Yıldız Hamidiye mosque was built in 19th century in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul by Sultan Abdülhamid the second. This mosque appears to be one of the most successful and interesting religious constructions of the last period Ottoman Architectural style. In the beginning of the 19th century, the "Industrial Revolution" made a new social construction and social characteristic directly towards for the desires of the workman and bourgeois class who had got strong power an a new economic construction. With a great influence in this period, architecture had started to change, new forms and new funtions had appeared and supplied with the new construction materials and construction tecniques being made by the industrialization. The Industrial Revolution had dramatic effects. As a result of it the population and trade capacity increased greatly and the production retalions changed a lot. The fast urbanization in the Industrial Revolution prevented architects from creating their own original styles so the same architectural styles that existed until the 1 9th century were used in buildings. In this period, different kinds of buildings like fabriques, train stations, post offices, theatre buildings were built. Cities started to change and the population increased. Industrial developments brought its own materials; steel, glass and concrete but these materiels was rejected by architects. The Industrial Revolution was the most important reason for the architectural tendency toward historicism, whereas the Ottoman adaptation of this tendency was based on little more that the inclination of the Ottomans towards occidenlism. European architecture had been much influenced by antique architecture since the Renaissance and classical elements are to be found on the architectural facades of each successive period up to the 19th century. In the 18th century Roman and Greek Art and in the 19th century Neo-Gothic, Romantism and Neo-Classicism was studied. At the beginning of the 18th century, Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi one of the Ottoman diplomats was sent to France to observe Western Culture. He was very much interested in the architecture and lifestyles in French Palaces at that century. When he returned to Istanbul, he told Sultan Ahmet III and Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Paşa what he had seen there and they were deeply impressed. That's why many kioks and pavilions were built in Istanbul in the 1 8th century. In Ottoman Empire having different religion and social character, the movements of revivals of past styles had arised from the aspects of variation called Xll"Westernization" which have been based on reobtaining of military, ecomonic and Politic losses of Empire, but these movements had been seemed as a copy of occidental thought, not been a concious movement. During the last part of its history, the Ottoman Empire, was introduced to a new concept of Westernization. As early as the beginning of the 18th century, increasing economic and political problems and continuous military losses had stepped up relation with the west, trying to keep the abreast of the developments of Europe. The Ottoman Empire was interested in European power emerged by industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution was in action in a very resticted area but later it expended through all other countries. The Ottoman Empire was not able to realize the Industrial Revolution completely, Except a few arrengements (opening some factories from different industries, railways and schools which give education on some branches, such as engineering, military, etc.) the other innovations were per ceived and used by a few people which from the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Selim III was the first one to set up an army apporiate to occidentals standarts. He established military school and educational Institutions. Their main aims was to regain their strength. However Occidentalism did not bring the expected radical changes to Ottoman Empire and their social life but it influenced the Ottoman Art greatly. The first years folbw the development of fine examples of not copying westren art but editing it into the Ottoman Architecture. This variation were reflected to the architecture with a socia-culturel and socio economic affects, and the influences of westernization upon visual design commenced with the earliest changes seen in applied decoration, after the second period of 18th century. Troughout the 19th century, western influences lorought a total changes in style. Also repid changes which was an unavoidable consequence of Industrial Revolution, completely altered traditions, visions and production style. Reaction to this revolution expresses itself best in arts, especially in architecture which has monumental aspects. Although developing technologies let architects use new materials (like iron, steel) and new tecniques (such as steel construction) they still prefered the revivals of past styles of European designs, such as Neo-gothic, Neo-classic, Renaissance, Baroque. By the end of the century a nev ecole was born which was the mixture of all above styles "Eclestisist Architecture", Another important architectural style that should be emphasized in this period, is Orientalism. In the 19th century Ottoman Architecture depended on Europe. As the architectural expression was changing and revivals of past styles was turning into a style, traditional builders and their organization were being repleced by non-Moslem and foreign architects. These were the people who had more direct access to European sources of design through personel relations. So the Ottoman society especially architecture, was on the control of foreign artists and architects. XlllIn this period, the members of Balian Family worked as Ottoman Official Palace Architects and Ottoman Architecture was affected from some styles of European Art such as Eclectisism and Orientalism. That's why, the movements of revival of past styles were placed to Ottoman Architecture and had changed all rules forms of Traditional Ottoman Architecture both in public buildings and housing units. In this way, Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque which was built in 1885-1886, appears to be an important example of last period Ottoman religious architectural style which was a mixture of two different styles, Western Eclectisism and Islamic Orientalism. At these point, we would like to give a brief explanation about our research of Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque. In the Introduction chapter, we explained the reasons why the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque has chosen as a topic and we gave a brief knowledge about development of Ottoman Architecture. In the second chapter, at 19th century Ottoman and European socio-culturel and architectural situations and effects of European Industrial Revolution on the Ottoman Empire studied. The Ottoman Empire was interested in European power emerged by Industrial Revolution In the third chapter, we studied history of the Beşiktaş district and The Yıldız Palace which stand by near the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque. The Yıldız Palace is the last example of the Ottoman Palace buildings. The fourth chapter tells about the reasons of building this mosque and its architects. Also in this part, we gave a brief knowledge about the lifestory of Sultan Abdulhamid the second. Sultan Abdulhamid II was born in 21st September 1842 in Istanbul. He is the son of the Sultan Abdulmecid and Tîrimüjgan Kadınefendi. He succeeded to throne in 1876 instead of the his brother V.Murad. His management years (1878-1909) is known "Despotism Term." In the fifth chapter, Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque studied under the following titles; Plan Characteristics, Outer Facades, Inner Facades, The Clock Tower, Decoration and Ornaments. In the Decoration and Ornaments parts, marble decoration elements (like mihrab, minbar, marble brace) of thhe mosque, drawing ornaments and wooden ornaments mentioned. In the sixth chapter, we studied the place of Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque in the 19th century Ottoman Mosque Architecture. Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque compared with other Eclectisist religious buildings of the 19th century. These buildings are Üsküdar Selimiye Mosque, Nusretiye Mosque, Mecidiye Mosque, Dolmabahçe Mosque, Ortaköy Mosque, Altunizade Mosque, Aksaray Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque and Cihangir Mosque. XIVThe Conclusion and Suggestionschapter includes some results about Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque and Ottoman Architecture in 19th century. In this part, the other mosques which have the same properties of Eclectisist Period in Anatolia was compared with Istanbul mosques'. We can summarize the effective architectural properties of 19th century with these topics: 1. We can see the Indrian, Arabic, Islamic and European architectural properties in the Eclectisist style. 2. The domes of mosques' were reduced. 3. In this century cornerdomes only used for decoration. 4. They used ornaments (like rumi and palmet) on windows' foreheads and the other facades' foreheads. 5. In Eclectisist Term, foreign architects used a lot of ornaments on building mosques' minarets. Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque appears to be an important example of last period Ottoman religious architectural style. The other big mosques in Istanbul which was built with a new plan understanding in a cronologic order are; 1. 1804 -Üsküdar Selimiye Mosque 2. 1811 -Beylerbeyi Mosque 3. 1823-1826 - Nusretiye Mosque 4. 1843 -Yıldız Mecidiye Mosque 5. 1 853 -Dolmabahçe Mosque 6. 1853- Ortaköy Mosque 7. 1854-Teşvikiye Mosque 8. 1871 -Aksaray Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque 9. 1889-Cihangir Mosque One of the conslusion is, Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque requeries Western and Eastern Eclectisist architectural characteristics, The building reflects Western Eclectisism with its Neo-gothic style windows, at the same time it reflects Eastern Eclectisism with its inner decoration. XVThe Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque's roof ıs flat except the centre part of the building which was covered with a high-hooped dome that sits on the four columns. The North Entrance of the mosque was changed for to the necessity of the using building in the 19th centruy. At the end of the 18th century some functional and formal necessities caused some changes in the Sultan Pavilions. One of the important functional necessity is becoming crowded personal of the Sultan's stuff. This caused some changes on the Traditional Friday Ceremonies (Cuma Selamlık Törenleri). The second conclusion is, Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque seems like a small pavillion or palace. Only the high-hooped dome gives the original mosque image to the building. We have found two architects name according to the some written sources: Serkis Balian (The members of Balian Family and The Master Builder of Palace Architects) and Engineer Dikran Cüberyan. There is not a certain written soucers about the architect of the building in the Official Archives. For this reason our last conclusion is, both of architects worked together in this building. The main reason of this study, comprising of six chapters, is to examine the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque, which was built in 1885-1886 in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul by Sultan Abdulhamid the second. Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque appears to be one of the most important examples of the last period of Ottoman Eclecticist Style. In this study, we give a global outlook of the subject and mentions about the goal and method of the investigation.