Kent coğrafyasında diyalektik bir yöntem olarak ritimanaliz: istanbul, kadıköy kent araştırmaları üzerine
Rhythmanalysis as a dialectical method in urban geography: the case of ıstanbul, kadIkoy urban researches
Yazar: EMRE SÖYLEMEZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. TURGAY KEREM KORAMAZ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Lefebvre, Henri = Lefebvre, Henri

Özet:
Gündelik yaşam, kenti ve kentsel yaşamı anlamak için tartışılan çok boyutlu bir kavramdır. Özellikle endüstri devriminden sonra kalabalıklaşan ve karmaşıklaşan kentsel mekandaki gündelik yaşam, zamanın anlık kesitinden anlaşılamayacak kadar çok sayıda dinamikler dizisinin anlaşılmasında önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Kapitalizm etkisindeki gündelik yaşamı oluşturan kentsel ve toplumsal dinamiklerin okunmasında, kentsel yaşamı an'dan çıkarıp bir süreç olarak ele almayı sağlayan ritim ve ritimanaliz konusu önem kazanmaktadır. 1931'de Lúcio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos'un "La rythmanalyse" kitabıyla başlayan ve Henri Lefebvre'in "Gündelik Hayatın Eleştirisi" (1981) serisinin 3. cildinde kentsel anlamda ele aldığı ritim ve ritimanaliz konusu, kentlere kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.
Lefebvre'nin ölümünün ardından derlenip yayınlanan "Ritimanaliz: Mekân, Zaman ve Gündelik Hayat" (2004) kitabı, geçmişte çoğunlukla modern kartezyen mekân düşüncesiyle ele alınmış kentin karmaşık yapısını okuyabilmek adına alternatif bir yöntem olarak gözükmektedir. Toplumsal yaşamın kentsel mekânda kendini gösteriş biçimini, diğer bir anlamıyla toplumun gündelik yaşamını, bir dizine oturtarak anlamaya çalışan bu yöntem, sürekli akış halinde olduğu varsayılan zaman boyutunu toplum-mekân boyutuyla birlikte ele almada önemli bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Lefebvre'nin (2004) "Muhalefetteki birlik" (unity in opposition) olarak adlandırdığı diyalektik bir görüş olan bu yöntem, karmaşık yapıların tüm boyutlarıyla kapsamlı şekilde anlaşılması için fırsat sunmaktadır.
Lefebvre'nin tanımladığı ritimanaliz kavramında, ritimlerin çıkış noktası olarak kozmolojik, ekolojik ve fizyolojik (solunum, sindirim vs.) döngüler baz alınmaktadır (Lefebvre, 2004). Bu döngülerin gündelik yaşamda mekânsal ve toplumsal ritimler olarak kendini göstermesi, kent coğrafyası özelinde ağırlıkla kentsel mekân bağlamında olmaktadır. Bu sebeple İstanbul gibi karmaşık yapısına rağmen toplumsal özelliklerinin mekânsal yapı üzerinden okunabildiği bir kent özelinde ritim ve ritimanaliz perspektifi geliştirilmesi düşünülmüştür. Yapısındaki hem dinamik hem de özgün niteliklerden dolayı Kadıköy bölgesi vaka alanı olarak seçilmiştir.
Yöntem olarak Kadıköy özelinde, değişim olgusuna odaklanan birçok sayıda şehircilik çalışması ele alınmış, ritimanaliz ve kent coğrafyası adına kavramsal tartışmalar yapılmıştır. Lefebvre'nin bakış açısına paralel şekilde yapıbozumcu bir yaklaşım benimsenmiş ve analitik bakış açısının aksine ritimanaliz, diyalektik bir yöntem olarak ele alınmıştır. "Kent Coğrafyasında Anahtar Kavramlar" (Latham, McCormack, McNamara, & McNeill, 2009) kapsamında ele alınan çalışmaların amacı, kapsamı, yöntemi ve önemi tanımlanmış ve ritimanaliz perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. "1-Konum ve Hareket, 2- Yaplı Çevre, 3- Öngörü ve Deneyim, 4- Sosyal ve Politik Organizasyon ve 5-Yerleşim Yeri ve Alışkanlıklar Çalışmaları" olacak şekilde 5 başlık altında 10 adet seçili bilimsel çalışmadaki yaklaşımların ve yöntemlerin, gündelik yaşamın temel dinamikleri olan ve diyalektik tartışmaların gerçekleşmesini sağlayan zaman-mekân-toplum boyutlarını ele alabilme kapasiteleri ortaya konmuştur. Böylece bir mekânın zaman ve toplumla olan ilişkisini birarada çözümleyebilmek adına ritimanaliz bakış açısının kullanılması ile elde edilebilecek kazanımlar belirlenmiştir.

Abstract:
Everyday life is a multidimensional concept that is discussed to understand the city and urban life. Especially after the industrial revolution, everyday life in urban space, have become crowded and complex. However, it also has become an important tool in understanding the series of dynamics that are too many to be understood from the instant section of time. 
The subject of rhythm and rhythmanalysis, which enable this series of dynamics to take urban life out of the moment and consider it as a process,with alternative time models (cyclic-linear), gains importance in the reading of urban and social dynamics that constitute in everyday life under the influence of capitalism.
The concept of rhythm is based on the word "array" as its dictionary meaning which comes from the Greek word "rhythmós". The concept of rhythm is defined as "the harmony of sound arising from the regular repetition of the stress, length or sound characteristics of a note in a verse, weighing" (Turkish Language Association,2020). In 1931 with the book "La rythmanalyse" by Lúcio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos, the subject of rhythm and rhythmanalysis has started to be used outside the discipline of music. Then the concept is addressed in an urban context with the third volume of Henri Lefebvre's "Critique of Everyday Life" (1981) and offered a comprehensive perspective to cities. 
After the "Critique of Everyday Life" (1981), the book called "Rhythmalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life" (2004) has compiled and published after the death of Lefebvre. It has seemed to be an alternative method to read the complex structure of the city, which was mostly dealt with in the modern cartesian space (space as a whole of designed lines, surfaces and coordinates). This method/consept tries to understand the way of social life by showing it in urban space as a directory. It provides an important perspective in integrating the dimension of time which is assumed to be in a constant flow to the dimension of society-space. 
In the rhythm analysis concept defined by Lefebvre, cosmological, ecological and physiological (respiration, digestion, etc.) cycles are taken as the starting point of rhythms (Lefebvre, 2004). These rhythms are defined by many comparative decompositions such as repetition and difference rhythms, mechanical and organic rhythms, discovery and creation rhythms, cyclical and linear rhyrthms, continuous and discontinuous rhythms, quantitative and qualitative rhythms,  (Lefebvre, 2004, p. 9). 
In the way of understanding rhythms, unlike individual rhythms, the coexistence of multiple rhythms is a situation that needs to be analyzed. It may be possible with this assessment to demonstrate compliance and non-compliance, and to regulate the non-compliance. Lefebvre classified these rhythms as arrhythmia, polyrhythmia, and eurhythmiathese in different situations. Arrhythmia means a disorder in a single rhythm or in the union of more than one rhythm, polyrhythmia means a combination of different rhythms without arrhythmia and eurhythmia means the harmonious and creative interaction of multiple rhythms together. 
The phenomenon of rhythm brings to light the issues of "change and repetition, identity and difference, contrast and continuity" (Elden, 2004, p. Xii). Because of that, the concept of rhythmanalysis can be one of the most powerful tools for understanding order, order distortions and changes.
This dialectical method called by Lefebvre (2004) as "unity in opposition", provides an opportunity for a comprehensive understanding of all aspects of complex structures. Dialectical thinking is a great advantage for urban studies to be able to evaluate the various bindings that alternative phenomena can create together at the same time. Instead of a single context, the dialectical thinking way offers a multi-dimensional thinking system.
These cycles show themselves as spatial and social rhythms in daily life especially in the context of urban space in urban geography. For this reason, it is thought to develop a rhythm and rhythmanalysis perspective in a city like İstanbul where social features can be read over the spatial system despite its complex structure. Kadıköy region is chosen as a case area due to its dynamic and unique features in its structure. The fact that it is open to many interactions due to its geographical location brings out many factors that affect the change of its social structure. It is located at the intersection of different modes of transport due to the sea relation and the junction point of the two continents. These situations create polyrhythmia in most regions of Kadıköy and any changes that occur at local and urban scale also affect the rhythm of Kadıköy. The rapid response of these effects in the social space further intertwines the cosmopolitan structure.
Many studies on Kadıköy from the past to the present are trying to understand the original urban structure and social order of Kadıköy by using quantitative and qualitative methods. These studies, which adopt different methods and approaches, can reach definite conclusions in line with their objectives and the scope they have determined. These final conclusions, which they obtained in line with the research questions, remain one-dimensional for cities that are a multidimensional and dialectical phenomenon.
As a method in this study, many urbanism studies focusing on the phenomenon of change in Kadıköy have been considered. In these studies, conceptual discussions were held on behalf of rhythmanalysis and urban geography. In parallel with Lefebvre's perspective, a deconstructive approach has been adopted and rhythmanalysis is treated as a dialectical method. The purpose, scope, method and importance of the studies discussed within the scope of "Key Concepts in Urban Geography" (Latham, McCormack, McNamara, & McNeill, 2009) are defined and evaluated from the perspective of rhythmanalysis. 10 selected scientific studies under 5 titles which are the main dynamics of everyday life as "1-Location and Movement, 2- Constructions, 3- Envisioning and Experience, 4- Social and Political Organization and 5-Sites and Practices Studies" were determined. The potential of these studies to address the time-space-society dimensions were revealed to enable the dialectical discussions to take place. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages that can be obtained by using rhythmanalysis as a method have been determined in order to analyze the relationship of space with time and society together.
Thanks to the rhythmanalysis studies, it is investigated how the local and unique dynamics of cities manifest themselves in daily life under the influence of capitalism in many different countries around the world. In Turkey, the subject of rhythmanalysis in urban studies is more taken into consideration in recent years and offers alternative perspectives to support traditional analysis methods. With this study, it is aimed to understand cities and daily life in all dimensions, so that predictions and predictions are made more comprehensively if rhythmanalysis is used as a method in the future.