Doğal gaz dağıtım süreçlerinde yaşanan olası problemler ve çözüme yönelik bütünleşik mekansal veri altyapısı tasarımı
Possible problems in natural gas distribution processes and the design of an integrated spatial data infrastructure for solutions
Yazar: TUĞÇE CEVAHİROĞLU
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. AHMET ÖZGÜR DOĞRU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Uygulamaları Ana Bilim Dalı / Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry

Özet:
Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS), coğrafi veri kullanan özel şirketlerde ve kamu kurumlarında bilgi akışını hızlandırmakta ve mekansal sorgulamada kullanılmaktadır. Bilgi ve bilişimde meydana gelen hızlı gelişmelerle birlikte, CBS tabanlı projelere yatırım yapmak, bu projelerle bilgiye daha hızlı ulaşmak, daha çabuk karar vermeye sebep olmaktadır. Planlamadan yapım aşamasına kadar her bir evrede Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin kullanımı, kurum ve şirketlere daha etkin karar vermelerini sağlamaktadır. Nüfusun artmasına neden olan olaylar kentlerde çarpık kentleşmeye, bununla birlikte altyapı problemlerine sebep olmaktadır. Bu altyapı problemlerini en kolay ve en hızlı şekilde çözmek coğrafi bilgi veri tabanlarıyla mümkündür.
Doğal gaz, enerji sektörünün baş kahramanlarından biridir. Doğa dostu olan bu enerji kaynağı düşük karbon salınımı sayesinde günümüzde dünyanın hemen hemen her yerinde kullanılmaktadır. Kullanımı yaygınlaştırılmaya çalışılan bu enerji kaynağı da beraberinde bazı risk ve problemler getirmektedir. Bu risk ve problemlerin en büyükleri patlamalar ve yangınlardır.  Patlamalara ve yangınlara sebebiyet verecek bütün problemlerin acil bir şekilde çözümlenmesi ve bu çözümlerin yine acil bir şekilde uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın esinlenilmesinde rol oynayan en büyük etkenler günümüzde artmakta olan depremler ve bu depremlerin neden oldukları yıkımlar, bir diğeri ise kazılar sırasında delinen, patlatılan doğal gaz borularıdır. Bu iki konu hakkında bir çok önlem alınılmasına karşın problemler altyapı kurumlarının birbirleriyle olan iletişimsizlikleri ve bazı altyapı borularının kaç metre derinlikten veya nereden geçtiği bilinmediğinden ötürü hala daha devam etmektedir. Diğer problemler ise mekansal veri problemleri, imalat aşaması problemleri, iç tesisat problemleri, işletme problemleri ve abone problemleridir. Hepsi kendi içinde aciliyeti en yüksek problemlerden oluşmaktadırlar.
Bu çalışmada, amaç doğal gaz altyapısı için tek bir sistem oluşturulmasıdır. Doğal gaz altyapı yatırımlarının en doğru biçimde yönetilmesi için, konumsal ve öznitelik verilerinin toplanıp saklandığı ve analizlerinin yapılıp, raporlandığı ve böylece kullanıcılara ulaştığı tek bir coğrafi bilgi sisteminin kurulması gerekmektedir. Bu sistemle birlikte, doğal gaz sektöründeki risk ve problemler en aza indirgenerek can ve mal kayıplarının önüne geçilmiş olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın en büyük amacı da budur. Bununla birlikte kullanım kolaylığı ve ulaşılabilirliği sayesinde zamandan da tasarruf sağlanmış olacaktır. Bu sistemin sağlıklı bir şekilde kurulup, sürdürülebilinmesi için büyük bir CBS altyapısı kurulmalı, veri alışverişleri güncel tutulmalı, uzaktan kontrol sistemi çevrimiçi olarak kullanılabilmeli, bu sistem genişletilebilmeli ve gerçek zamanlı uydu görüntülerinden aktif olarak ve doğru bir şekilde faydalanabilinmelidir. Bunun yanı sıra aboneler için de yapılacak uygulamayla konum/adres bilgileri, telefon bilgileri, servis kutusu gibi problemler hızlıca çözüme kavuşacaktır.
CBS altyapısı oluşturmak için kamusal, özel veya korumalı verilere yani bilgilere ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada yöntem olarak Unified Modeling Language yani birleşik modelleme dili (UML) sınıf diyagramları kullanılmıştır. UML dili yazımında Tükiye Ulusal Coğrafi Bilgi Sisteminin (TUCBS) 2020 yılı yayınlanan 1.0 sürümü kullanılmıştır.

Abstract:
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), accelerate the flow of information in private companies and public institutions using geographic data and are used in spatial query. With the rapid developments in information and informatics, investing in GIS-based projects, accessing information faster with these projects, causes faster decision-making. The use of Geographic Information Systems at each stage from planning to construction enables institutions and companies to make more effective decisions. The events that cause the population to increase cause unplanned urbanization in cities, as well as infrastructure problems. It is possible to solve these infrastructure problems in the easiest and fastest way possible with geographic information databases. Geographical information databases are a system that enables many operations such as analysis, storage, control, viewing and updating. Therefore, the existence of such a system and making use of it is very important.
Natural gas is one of the main heroes of the energy industry. This energy source, which is environmentally friendly, is used almost everywhere in the world today, thanks to its low carbon emission. This energy source, the use of which is tried to be widespread, brings some risks and problems with it. The biggest of these risks and problems are explosions and fires. Incidents that cause explosions and fires in natural gas networks include terrorist attacks, unauthorized excavations and illegal gas use. All problems that will cause explosions and fires must be solved urgently and these solutions must be implemented urgently. The biggest factors that play a role in the inspiration of this study are the increasing earthquakes and the destructions caused by these earthquakes, and the other is the natural gas pipes that were drilled and exploded during the excavations. Although many precautions have been taken on these two issues, the problems still continue due to the incommunicability of the infrastructure institutions with each other and the unknown depth of some infrastructure pipes or where they pass. On the other hand, since the issue of terrorism cannot be resolved, sabotage continues and therefore natural gas pipelines are damaged. Since the line is damaged, explosions and fires are inevitable. Other problems are spatial data problems, manufacturing phase problems, internal installation problems, business problems, subscription problems. They all consist of the most urgent problems in themselves. However, although some problems seem unsolvable, they can be minimized in the presence of a certain system.
In this study, the aim is to create a single system for natural gas infrastructure. In order to manage natural gas infrastructure investments in the most accurate way, it is necessary to establish a single geographic information system where spatial and attribute data are collected and stored, analyzed, reported and thus reached to users. With this system, risks and problems in the natural gas sector will be minimized and loss of life and property will be prevented. This is the main purpose of this study. In addition, thanks to its ease of use and accessibility, time will be saved. In order for this system to be established and maintained in a healthy way, a large GIS infrastructure should be established, data exchanges should be kept up-to-date, the remote control system should be used online, this system should be expanded and real-time satellite images should be used actively and accurately. 
Today, the lack of data still continues. The best way to fix this is to keep the data up to date. For the up-to-dateness of the data, exchanging data from other institutions and subscribers will be a solution to this.
First of all, natural gas GIS infrastructure model was designed. This infrastructure forms the basis of natural gas. Thanks to this infrastructure, in case of any leakage gas or malfunction, only the gas of the subscriber or the valve to which the subscriber is connected will be closed quickly and a solution will be found quickly. On the other hand, as it will be easier and faster to access information such as which valve is on which line, which subscribers or which buildings they contain, which stations are fed by these lines, in inquiries made by distribution companies, it will provide great convenience for the lines to be laid in the future and speed up the emergency response.
To support the city's information process and to establish a comprehensive data management system for the entire underground pipe network, the municipality should cooperate with transportation, electricity, water, highways and other departments. Thanks to inter-institutional data exchanges, dynamic data such as where the power line passes, which roads are open in disasters such as floods and landslides, the shortest roads with low traffic density, and current address changes will also be fast. Therefore, emergency response will be easier, faster and safer in such cases. 
Another issue is Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), which is a remote control system. SCADA is currently used for steel grids. However, considering the earthquakes that are natural disasters, this system should be installed and placed on the valves on the polyethylene lines perpendicular to the fault lines. It will prevent unnatural disasters that will occur after the earthquake, namely the explosion of natural gas pipes or post-explosion fires. 
Another solution proposal that should be found in this GIS infrastructure is the use of real-time satellite images and traffic density maps. It will be a great advantage to be in constant communication with the companies of meteorology and real-time traffic density applications. Using real-time satellite images and bluetooth systems of meteorology and traffic density applications, establishing routes to the valves of the relevant places as quickly as possible after natural or unnatural disasters will prevent bigger disasters. In this way, material and moral losses will be minimized.
With this GIS infrastructure, subscribers will be able to easily perform transactions such as the first gas application, GIS-based box tracking, invoice inspections and payments, leak gas notification, malfunction notifications and current address updates without leaving their homes. In addition, with the application to be made for subscribers, problems such as location/address information, telephone information, service box will be solved quickly.
One of the reasons why this system is planned under a single roof is its convenience. Convenience means easy to understand and time saving for both companies and customers. This is because all systems work at the same time and interact with each other at the same time. On the other hand, since a large and single system will be planned, institutions should take measures to prevent the system from slowing down.
Public, private or protected data, that is, information, is needed to create a GIS infrastructure. In this study, Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams were used as a method. The class diagram method is one of the most widely used common methods. The class diagram method of uml was chosen in order to provide solutions to natural gas problems. UML consists of public, private and protected data. Public data means publicly available. Access to private data outside the class is prohibited. And finally, protected data means that the access is restricted.
Energy Resources Theme Data Description Document has been published by the Energy Resources Theme Working Committee. Infrastructures are designed using the latest standards of TUCBS. The 1.0 version of TUCBS, published in 2020, was used.
Geographic Information Systems play a major role in the efficiency of natural gas. Processing, managing, reporting, storing, analyzing spatial and non-spatial data and enabling the user to use this data effectively can only be achieved with a good GIS infrastructure. For this reason, with a properly planned and implemented GIS infrastructure, most of the problems experienced in natural gas will be solved.