Haliç tersanelerinin tarihsel-teknolojik gelişim süreci ve koruma önerileri /
Yazar: T. GÜL KÖKSAL
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. TANYELİ GÜLSÜN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1996
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Restorasyon = Restoration ; Tarihi koruma = Historic preservation ; Tarihsel gelişim = Historical development ; Teknolojik gelişmeler = Technological developments ; Tersaneler = Shipyards ; İstanbul-Haliç = İstanbul-Haliç

Özet:
Haliç'in kuzey yakasında, Galata - Hasköy arasında kıyı şeridinde yer alan İstanbul Tersanesi, Osmanlı teknoloji ve sanayi tarihinin en önemli tesislerinden birisidir. İstanbul'un fethinden sonra kurulan ve 15. yy'dan günümüze kadar uzanan tersanenin tarihçesi hem özgün Osmanlı arşiv malzemesi, hem de görsel ve inşai belgeler aracılığıyla izlenebilmektedir. Bugün Haliç - Camialtı - Taşkızak Tersaneleri'nde yüzyıllar boyunca kesintisiz süren ardarda yapımlar sonucu oluşmuş geniş bir mimari ürün birikimi vardır. Ancak İstanbul Tersanesi'nin henüz kapsamlı bir tarihi araştırması yapılmamıştır. Ayrıca bu alanda mevcut tarihsel - konstrüktif belgeler de tespit edilmemiştir. Tersanenin faaliyetinin halen devam etmekte oluşu sözkonusu tarihsel mimarlık ürünlerinin sürekli olarak yenileriyle yer değiştirmesine, dolayısıyla da yok olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle tersanenin mimari - teknolojik mal varlığının kapsamlı bir dökümünün acil olarak yapılması gerekmektedir. Tez kapsamında öncelikle tersaneler hakkında genel bir bilgi verilmiş (Bölüm 1), ardından bölgenin kentsel dokusu ve tarihçesiyle ilgili yayınlar incelenerek 15. ve 20. yüzyıllar arasındaki tarihsel-teknolojik gelişim süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır (Bölüm 2). Tersane bölgesinin incelenmesiyle mevcut tarihi yapılar ve yapı kalıntıları tespit edilerek ayrıntılı analizleri yapılmıştır (Ek A ve B). Ayrıca sözkonusu yapılar dışında günümüze ulaşamayan ya da bölgeden uzaklaştırılan yapılar hakkında da tarihçe, görsel malzeme ve bilgi verilmiştir (Bölüm 3). Tarihçe ve alan çalışmaları ışığında, bölgeye ait haritalar, planlar, gravürler, minyatürler, resimler, litografiler ve fotoğraflar gibi görsel malzemeler yardımıyla dönem restitüsyonları hazırlanmış ayrıca ulaşılabilen tüm bilgiler restitüsyon çizimleri üstüne işlenmiştir (Ek C, D ve E). Tersanenin korunma durumunun ele alındığı son bölümde (Bölüm 4) önce Avrupa'daki bazı tersanelerin mevcut durumları incelenmiştir. Daha sonra İstanbul Tersaneleri'ne yönelik koruma öneri planlan hazırlanmıştır. Bu planların ilkinde tersane fonksiyonunun devam etmesi durumunda bölgede mutlaka korunması gereken yapılar, kaldırılabilecek yapılar, niteliksiz ekler, sağlıklılaştırılması gereken alanlar gösterilmiştir (Ek F). Diğerinde ise tersanenin bölgeden uzaklaştırılması durumu göz önüne alınarak mevcut yapılara yeni fonksiyonlar ve bölgenin korunması, temizlenmesine yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir (Ek G). Tersanenin tarihçesi, mevcut durumu ve geleceğinin ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş olduğu tez, ileride bölge ile ilgili ayrıntılı araştırmalar ve sıhhileştirme girişimleri öncesinde konuya daha bilinçli ve doğru yaklaşılabilmesi için bir ön çalışma ve başvuru kaynağı olma niteliği taşımaktadır.

Abstract:
The maritime arsenal ("tersane" in Turkish) of Istanbul is one of the most important complexes in the whole Ottoman history of industry and technology. It stretches continuously on a two-kilometer stripe along the northern coast of the Golden Horn between Galata and Hasköy. Today, in the region of Golden Horn, Camialti and Taşkızak Arsenals, there are large building complexes, factories and drydocks that were constructed in successive stages, often erasing the edifices of the earlier periods. There are reliable sources that reveal that the Arsenal was active even at the age of Mehmed the Conqueror. At least from early 16th century onwards, its history can be traced with the help of Ottoman archival material, visual and architectural documents, besides "in situ" remnants of the past. Here the building activities begun in 16th century with tens of covered shipbuilding slips ("göz or çeşm" in Turkish, "votti" in Italian) and then with huge shipbuilding sheds, large docks which were called "mağaza", drydocks (among the earliest in the world), workshops and factories. Except a few summarized monographic studies, a comprehensive history of the arsenal is not written yet. Even a detailed inventory of its architectural heritage does not exist. Because of the lack of information, a detailed recording of the area and its technological - architectural contents has to be made immediately. This thesis, in which a complete documentation and a detailed analysis of the arsenal hopes to fill this large lacuna in the history of Ottoman industrial archaeology. Today (1995) Istanbul Arsenals contain three officially different areas- namely Golden Horn, Camialti and Taşkızak Arsenals (exist in frontier of Beyoğlu). Golden Horn and Camialti Arsenals belong to the Turkish Shipbuilding Industry Company. XIVThe Golden Horn Arsenal occupies the city block #916 and (the other one which is called) Camialti is on block #1045. The Taşkızak Military Arsenal is located on the same city block with Camialti Arsenal. Many buildings which are located between Galata and Hasköy, are related to the history of the Istanbul Arsenal. These buildings are; Kasımpaşa Ship Quay, North Naval Area Commandership, North Naval Area Headquarters ( formerly it was used as the barracks of the galleons' crews), Naval Workshops for clothmaking, Naval Hospital and additional buildings, sporting establishments, Çorlulu Ali Paşa Mosque, Camialti Arsenal, Taşkızak Arsenal and the Palace of Aynalikavak (Appendix A and B) (Part 1.1) Istanbul Arsenal was the place where the construction, upkeep and repair of the warships were carried out. The training and education of the naval personnel and other works concerning naval affairs also, took place with in the Arsenal (Part 1.3). After the conquest of Istanbul, Kadırga Harbor (Kontoskalion Harbor and dock) which was used as an arsenal by the Byzantine, which was placed on the south coast of the Istanbul peninsula, was used for a brief period by the Ottomans too. Then, the north coast of Golden Horn was chosen as the place of arsenal by the Conqueror and the first arsenal consisting of a few "volti" and a " divanhane" was built (Part 2.1 and 2.3) (Figure 2.4). Istanbul Arsenal, in the 15th century, consisted the old "divanhane", a small mosque, a prison (bagno, bagne, St. Paul prison in Western sources), a prison mosque and some "volti" (Part 2.3). In the 16th century, the arsenal area was surrounded by a new wall. Arsenal's "volti" became to cover whole coast. A new divanhane, and its small mosque, magazins and an arsenal prison were constructed (Figure 2.4) (Part 2.4). In the 17th century, as an addition to the original arsenal region, Arsenal Garden's Palace, ("Tersane Bahçesi Kasrı"), a royal palace, a magazine for the shipbuilding materials were built (Part 2.5). In the 18th century the Çorlulu Ali Paşa Mosque (1707), a new "divanhane" (1722), a giant crane (1773) ("macuna" in Turkish), the barracks for the galleons' crew (1780-4) ("Kalyoncular Kışlası" in Turkish), a Geometry Room for naval instruction (1776-82) ("Hendese Odası" in Turkish), a storehouse (1 784), the first drydock (1796-9) and two large cranes were erected on the arsenal region (Part 2.6 and Appendix E and A). Çorlulu Ali Paşa Mosque, Kalyoncular Kışlası and the drydock are still standing. XVIn the 19th century, new shipyards (1805) ("kızak" in Turkish), a second drydock (1821-5), a rolling-mill ("haddehane" in Turkish), and a furnace (1831), an iron foundry and a sawmill (1835) ("demirhane" and "bıçkıhane"), steel factory (1851), iron-store (1852), the third drydock (1857-70), a new "divanhane" (1869), barracks (on the Golden Horn region), an iron-store, repair shop, steel furnace, an "endazehane" and a "modelhane" (model makingworkshop) (1888-9) were added (Part 2.7), (Appendix D and C). In the 20th century, new constructions, and changes according to the new technological developments continued (Appendix A and B) (Part 2.9). In March 1995, the Arsenal was declaned to be as a historical site. And the registration of every individual arsenal area repairs and changes started. But without any official inspection are still taking place at the arsenal area. This means that the region has to be taken under conservation as soon as possible (Part 4.2). After the "History of the Arsenal" (Part 2), the existing buildings on the arsenal region were examined. Also the buildings that failed to exist till today and the ones abandoned were also stated (Part 3) (Appendix C, D and E). In Part 3.1, under the title of "Ship Types and Their Periods of Construction", the types of ships built in the arsenal and their relationship with architectural and technological organization of the arsenal were discussed. Within the study of the areas of ship construction, the "volti" which were used between the 16th and 17th centuries, the crane which was built in 1775, the dock which were built at the end of 1805, the drydocks and the factories and other industrial buildings were examined (Appendix E and D) (Figure 3. 1 - 3.25). In the Part 3.1.5, the history, use and the present condition of the drydocks were discussed. The first drydock (now called Drydock # 3) in the arsenal was built between 1796-9. During its construction, the Swedish chief engineer and Ottoman technicians worked under the Chairmanship of a certain Rhode (Figure 3.26). The first drydock was enlarged towards the land, 1874-6 ca. by Vasil Kalfa (Vassil Janide). The first drydock was used as a model to the second and third drydocks which were constructed later (Figure 3.47 and 3.48) (Appendix E and D). The second drydock (today called Drydock # 2) was completed between 1821-5. In 1849, it was decided to build a third drydock because of the inadequacy of the second one. But because of financial problems, the construction which was started in 1 857 was stopped in 1 870 (Appendix D and C) (Figure 3.30 - 3.46). XVIIn Part 3.1.6 which is about factories and industrial buildings, the buildings that could exist up today are also shown (Appendix C and A) (Figure 2.1 1 and 2.12, 3.49 and 3.50). The other buildings which were studied in detail in Part 3 are as follows:. Arsenal precinet wall and its gates, (Part 3.2).. Divanhanes that were built in the arsenal since the 15th century and their condition today (1995), (Part 3.3).. Arsenal prisons the exact position of which is a debatable topic (Part 3.4) (Appendix E, D and C).. AH of the mosques within the arsenal region and their history, (Part 3.5).. The cellars, with the materials inside and the provenance of these materials, (Part 3.6).. Arsenal Factories ("kârhane" in Turkish), (Part 3.7).. Arsenal Barracks, namely Kalyoncular, Azaplar and Kalafatçılar, (Part 3.8.1,3.8.2,3.8.3).. Educational buildings, (Part 3.9).. Naval Hospital, (Part 3.10).. Naval Museum, (Part 3.11).. Has Bahçe and Aynalikavak Palace (Part 3.12). In Part 4, the rebuilding activities and protection of the Golden Horn Arsenals were examined. First of all devastation caused by the fires on the arsenals from the 15th century was determined (Part 4.1). Then some European Arsenals and their present condition were searched as being a reference to the Istanbul - Golden Horn Arsenals (Part 4.2). Some European arsenals which were given as examples are London ("Docklands"), Liverpool ("Albert Dock"), "Gloucester and Chatham Dockyards from England, "Corderie" ( Rope Factory) a part of the Venice Arsenal from Italy and Bremer and Hamburg Docks from Germany (Part 4.2) (Figure 4.1 - 4.12). While making suggestions about the conservation of the arsenals, two possibilities, whether the arsenal can continue its function, or whether it can be moved away, were taken into consideration (Part 4.3) (Appendix F and G). In the case of the arsenal to continue its function, for the conservation of this area, the historical buildings within the arsenal have to be determined. It was suggested to make a detailed survey and an inventory of its architectural contents. Also the places that can be recovered and the ones that can be pulled away are also stated. All these information were shown on a drawing (Appendix F). XV11The first conservation suggestion is to make the Golden Horn Arsenal a museum. Camialti Arsenal can be reused as a research center. There is no change in the function of the Taşkızak Military Arsenal and therefore only suggestions for its recovering, rehabilitation and conservation were made (Part 4.3.2). Consequently, the thesis, which states the history, their present condition and the future of the arsenals in details, is hoped to be an introductory source for any research on this region so as to get a clear and a comprehensive approach to this problem.