Denizcilik aile işletmelerinde kurumsallaşma
Institutionalization in maritime family-owned businesses
Yazar: BARIŞ DEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. LEYLA TAVACIOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2022
Konu: Denizcilik = Marine ; İşletme = Business Administration
Dizin: Aile işletmeleri = Family enterprises ; Denizcilik = Maritime ; Kurumsallaşma = Institutionalization

Özet:
Kurumsallaşma gelişen pazar koşullarında işletmelerin hayatta kalabilmeleri için son derece önemlidir. Kurumsallaşabilen işletmeler, iş ve işlemleri standart hale getirerek, kişilerden bağımsız bir sistem içerisinde yönetim fonksiyonlarını gerçekleştirebilmektedirler. Bu da profesyonel bir yönetim anlayışının doğmasına sebep olmaktadır.
Aile işletmeleri dünya ekonomisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Denizcilik sektörü incelendiğinde de işletmelerin büyük bir kısmının aile işletmesi olduğu görülmektedir. Genellikle babadan oğula geçen bir yönetim anlayışıyla yönetilen ve kurumsallaşmayı başaramayan bu işletmeler, sürdürülebilirlik açısından büyük sorunlar yaşamakta ve birçoğu ikinci kuşağa erişemeden faaliyetlerini durdurmaktadır.
İşletmelerin mevcut kurumsal yapılarını ölçmek, işletmenin hangi kurumsal yönetim fonksiyonlarında eksikliklerin olduğunu anlamaya yaramaktadır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren gemi işletmeciliği firmalarına yönelik bir kurumsallaşma seviyesi ölçeği geliştirilerek, işletmelerin mevcut kurumsal yapıları incelenmiştir. Kurumsallaşma süreçlerinden hangi aşamalarda eksikliklerin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kurumsallaşma fonksiyonları arasındaki ilişkiler incelenerek birbirlerine etki eden faktörler analiz edilmiştir.
Çalışmada İMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odasına kayıtlı, Türk Bayraklı gemilere sahip ve aile işletmesi konumunda olan 177 gemi işletmeciliği firmasında çeşitli pozisyonlarda çalışan 193 kara personeline anket uygulanmıştır. Anket sonuçları SPSS 23.0 istatistik programında analiz edilmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde önce Keşfedici Faktör Analizi (KFA) yapılarak ölçekte yer alan ifadelerin faktörleşmeleri sağlanmıştır. Başta 18 olan ifade sayısı 14 ifadeye düşürülmüştür ve ifadeler 3 faktör altında toplanmıştır. Faktörler, literatür ve uzman görüşleri yardımıyla; etkin örgüt yapısı, iç denetim ve yetki devri olarak adlandırılmıştır. KFA ile birlikte güvenilirlik analizleri yapılan ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini test etmek adına Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. KFA ve DFA sonuçlarına göre ölçek güvenilir ve geçerli bulunmuştur.
Ölçekte yer alan faktörler arasındaki ilişkileri test etmek için SPSS AMOS 23.0 istatistik paket programında Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) uygulanmıştır. Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile yapılan hipotez testleri incelendiğinde, Türk denizcilik aile işletmelerinde etkin bir örgüt yapısının oluşturulmasının, yetki devri ve iç denetimi faaliyetlerini olumlu yönde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Yetki devrinin iç denetime doğrudan ve anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı görülmekle birlikte, aracı değişken analizi yapılarak elde edilen sonuca göre etkin örgüt yapısının yetki devri ve iç denetim arasında tam aracılık etkisiyle bir köprü görevi gördüğü anlaşılmıştır.
İşletmelerin kuşaklarıyla kurumsallaşma seviyeleri arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı Anova Analizi ile test edilmiştir. Analiz sonucuna göre işletmelerin kaçıncı kuşak bir işletme olduğuyla kurumsallaşma seviyeleri arasında istatiksel olarak bir anlamlılık olmadığını görülmüştür.
Denizcilik aile işletmelerinin kurumsallaşma seviyelerini tespit etmek adına frekans analizi yapılmıştır. Frekans analizi sonuçlarına göre Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren aile sahipli gemi işletme firmalarının 3,51'lik bir ortalamayla yarı/orta seviyede kurumsallaştıkları tespit edilmiştir.
Bu çalışma, denizcilikte kurumsallaşma alanında yapılan ilk nicel çalışmadır. Ayrıca literatürden farklı olarak, armatörler ve işletme sahiplerinin görüşleri yerine kara personelinin görüşleri ele alınmıştır. Bu şekilde armatör ve işletme sahiplerinin kendi işletmelerini değerlendirirken oluşabilecek taraflı tutumların engellenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
Institutionalization is extremely important for businesses to survive in developing market conditions. Institutionalized companies can perform their management functions within a system independent of individuals by standardizing business and operations. This leads to the emergence of a professional management approach.
Family businesses play an important role in the world economy. They constitute 80-98% businesses around the world, make up around 70-75% annual global GDP, and account for 50-80% jobs. Institutionalization studies of family businesses have been a popular topic over the last two decades. The reason is that the researchers think institutionalization is necessary for the sustainability of family businesses due to intense competition conditions in the market. It is also emphasized that the use of institutional theory for family businesses can explain the relationships between family, business and ownership structure.
Most of the world ship management companies are traditionally established as family businesses. These businesses have applied to some managerial changes in order to adapt to the developing and changing market conditions. The corporate governance approach has provided businesses with various opportunities in this regard. Corporate governance meets the needs of businesses such as managing their business with certain standards independently of individuals, adopting a professional management approach, using human resources effectively, overcoming the problems experienced in the selection of inheritance and heir, and performing internal audit activities successfully. When the large-scale and family-run ship management companies that carry out regular line transportation around the world are examined, it is seen that these companies can create a brand value by succeeding in institutionalization.
Since the ship management is managed according to international standards due to its own structure, it forces the companies to some stages of corporate management. The International Safety Management Code (ISM) was developed to achieve standardization for ship management companies. The ISM Code is a quality management system and is expected to trigger businesses to cooperate with management; however, this is not always the case due to human factor and owners perspective. 
The ship management companies operating as family businesses in Turkey, generally managed with a management approach that is passed from father to son. After the head of the family, the children's lack of necessary skills and knowledge or their preferences not to continue in the maritime sector can negatively affect the continuity of the companies. Similarly, in cases where there is more than one child in the family, it is seen that ship-sharing in the enterprises and company separations occur with the death of the family head. This causes the business to be divided into smaller parts and disappear over time instead of growing and developing. Despite all these negativities, it is encountered with problems such as the shipowners do not look forward to institutionalization, they see it as a costly business and they think that it is not reliable to delegate the decisions to be taken in their business to professionals.
Measuring the existing corporate structures of the companies helps to understand which corporate governance functions of the company have deficiencies. For this reason, in this study, an institutionalization level scale was developed for the ship management companies operating in Turkey and the existing institutional structures of the copanies were examined. It has been determined in which stages there are deficiencies in the institutionalization processes. In addition, the relations between the institutionalization functions were examined and the factors affecting each other were analyzed.
In this study, a questionnaire was applied to 193 shore-based personnel working in various positions in 177 family-run ship management companies registered with the IMEAK Chamber of Shipping, owning Turkish Flag ships. The survey results were analyzed in the SPSS 23.0 statistical program. The process of developing the institutionalization level scale was carried out in four stages: item generation and questionnaire design, pilot study, data collection and structuring of the scale, verification and evaluation of the structure of scale. In the item creation phase, firstly, an item pool was created with the help of the opinions of experts in the field and the literature. The intelligibility of the scale, its compatibility with grammar rules and its suitability for the maritime industry were tested. After the test was found suitable, a pilot study was conducted with a group of 43 people with similar characteristics to the sample of the study. The pilot study was conducted to test the reliability of the scale and its intelligibility by the participants. After the scale was found to be reliable and understandable, the main study was started. In the main study, firstly, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Barlet Sphericity Test was conducted to test the suitability of the expressions in the scale for factorization. As a result of the test, the expressions were found suitable for factorization. After this stage, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to ensure that the expressions in the scale were factored. The number of expressions, which was 18 at the beginning, was reduced to 14 and the expressions were gathered under 3 factors. With the help of factors, literature and expert opinions; effective organizational structure, internal audit and transfer of authority. Reliability analysis was performed with EFA. According to the results of the reliability analysis, both the institutionalization level scale and the three factors that make up the scale were found to be quite reliable. After this stage, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the construct validity of the scale. CFA analysis was applied in SPSS AMOS 23.0 statistical package program. According to the results of the CFA analysis, the model fit values were found to be quite good. In addition, according to the regression table, all expressions were found to be statistically significant. Finally, a discriminant validity test was conducted to understand whether each factor forming the scale tested different phenomena. According to the test result, it was seen that all factors had discriminant validity. According to EFA and CFA results, the scale was found reliable and valid.
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied in SPSS AMOS 23.0 statistical package program to examine the factors affecting the institutionalization levels of maritime family businesses. When the hypothesis tests made with the Structural Equation Model were examined, it was concluded that the creation of an effective organizational structure in Turkish maritime family businesses positively affected the transfer of authority and internal audit activities. It has been observed that transfer of authority did not have a direct and significant effect on internal audit. For this reason, it was tested whether there is a mediating effect of the effective organizational structure between transfer of authority and internal audit by conducting mediator variable analysis. According to the test results, it was understood that the effective organizational structure acts as a bridge between transfer of authority and internal audit with its full mediation effect. In addition, the Bootstrap method was applied to test the degree of this effect. According to the test result, the full mediation effect of the effective organizational structure was found.
Whether there is a relationship between the generations of the companies and the level of institutionalization was tested by Anova Analysis. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that there is no statistical significance between the level of institutionalization and the generation of the companies.
Finally, frequency analysis was applied to measure the institutionalization levels of maritime family businesses. It was determined that the averages given by the participants to the statements in the scale were 3,51. According to these results, the institutionalization level of the family-owned ship management companies in Turkey was found at half/medium level.
When the responses to the questionnaire were analyzed separately, the highest value among the averages was found the statement of "corrective actions are carried out as soon as possible regardless of market conditions as a result of nonconformities found" with a value of 4,11. The lowest average was found "there is a reward and punishment system for the employees in our company" with a value of 2,45. Additionally, "our seafarers have sufficient knowledge about the operation and requirements of the ISM Code." was found low value of 2,95.
In the conclusion section, the contributions of the study to the literature and practice were mentioned. With the help of raliable and valid data collection tool, the institutionalization levels of different types of ship management companies (e.g., family owned vs. non-family owned) can be compared. In addition, each institutionalization indicator of the ship management companies obtained within the scope of this study can be considered as a criterion and analyzed via multicriteria decision-making methods. Finally, this scale can be diversified by quantitative studies on the institutionalization of family and ownership in ship management companies.
The scale is also applicable to maritime family businesses and can be used in practice. Owners or senior managers of maritime family businesses can apply this scale to evaluate low attitudes based on employee answers. Thus, practices that negatively affect institutionalization in the organization can be identified and corrected.
The answers given by participants (1: completely disagree to 5: strongly agree) will determine the level of institutionalization of the business. The level of institutionalization will increase as the answers to the scale approach 5.
This study is the first quantitative study in the field of institutionalization in maritime. In addition, unlike the literature, the opinions of the shore-based personnel were discussed instead of the opinions of shipowners and business owners. In this way, it is aimed to prevent biased attitudes that may occur when shipowners and business owners evaluate their own businesses.