Tokat Yüksek Kahve koruma projesi
Restoration project of the Yuksek Kahve in Tokat
Yazar: SEDA YÜZER
Danışman: PROF. DR. KEMAL KUTGÜN EYÜPGİLLER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2016
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Mimari = Architectural ; Mimari arşiv = Architectural archive ; Mimari cephe = Architectural front ; Mimari malzeme = Architectural material ; Mimari çevre = Architectural environment ; Mimari ögeler = Architectural elements ; Mimari ögeler = Architectural elements ; Restorasyon = Restoration

Özet:
Yüksek Kahve, Tokat'ın eski kent merkezi olarak bilinen Behzat semtinde, 67 ada 1 parsel üzerinde konumlanmaktadır. Ön cephesinde yer alan ahşap bezeme üzerinde yazan Osmanlıca tarihe göre 1903 yılında inşa edildiği düşünülmektedir. Tokat'ın siyasi ve kültürel tarihine yakinen tanıklık etmiş bir sivil mimari yapıdır. Yapının özgün işlevi hakkında kesin bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Ulaşılan kaynaklarda siyasi toplantıların ve halka hitap konuşmalarının Yüksek Kahve'de yapıldığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra yapı bir dönem otel olarak kullanılmıştır. Eski kent merkezi olan Behzat Çarşısı'nda yer alması ve tarihi olaylara ev sahipliği yapması sebebiyle yapının hem konaklama hem de siyasi bir toplanma mekanı olarak yapıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Gerek Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemde gerekse Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonraki dönemde birçok devlet adamını ağırlamış, siyasi toplantıların ana mekânı olmuştur. Kurtuluş Savaşı yıllarında birçok kez yapının balkonundan halka konuşmalar yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak Paşa, dönemin reisicumhuru Celal Bayar, Başvekil Adnan Menderes Yüksek Kahve'nin balkonundan halka hitapta bulunmuşlardır. 
Bodrum kat, zemin kat ve birinci kattan oluşan yapı mevcut durumda ticari amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Yol kotunda kalan bodrum katında, birbirinden bağımsız ticarethaneler yer alır. Zemin katı ise kahvehanedir. Yapının birinci katına ulaşım kahvehane içinden sağlanmakta olup bu kısım atıl durumdadır. 
Tokat'ın sivil mimari örnekleri arasında önemli bir yere sahip olan Yüksek Kahve'yi konu alan bu tezin amacı, Yüksek Kahve'nin mimari özelliklerini analiz etmek, hazırlanacak restitüsyon çalışmasının ardından, yapının restorasyonu için gereken projeyi geliştirmektir. 
Çalışma, yapının yerinde ölçümlerinin yapılması, rölöve çizimlerinin hazırlanması, sistematik bir şekilde fotoğraflanması, hasar ve malzeme analizleriyle başlamıştır. Rölöve çalışmasının ardından, restitüsyon çizimleri için yakın çevrede yer alan kültür varlıkları araştırılmış, yapının mevcut durumu kapsamlı bir biçimde incelenmiş, özgün olmayan eklerin analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca sözlü tarih araştırmaları ve arşivlerden derlenen eski fotoğraflar Yüksek Kahve'nin özgün haline ışık tutmuş ve restitüsyon çizim seti oluşturulmuştur. 
Restitüsyon çizimlerinin ardından yapılan restorasyon projesinde yapı için yeni bir işlev belirlenerek, günümüz yaşamına katılması amaçlanmış, mevcut sorunlarına yönelik onarımlar ve yeni işlevine uygun çağdaş donanımlarla müdahale önerileri sunulmuştur.

Abstract:
Tokat is located in Central Black Sea part of Black Sea Region in Yeşilırmak basin. The city land is mostly under the influence of Black Sea south and southwest continental climate rather than north and northeast of it. Due to being more inland, Tokat has vegetation that different from Black Sea's tight and humid coastal zone.  Yet, it owns a flora reminding coastal area. Tokat is divided into two parts by Yeşilırmak, flowing through the city. The northern side of the city was established on level and created ensuing parts with new districts. As for southern side, the main establishment center of Tokat, it has historic fabric that consists of districts which located on three sides of the castle and two sides of slopes, levels, valleys, streets and houses.  
Tokat hosted many civilizations from past to present and it enriched its socio-cultural assets with the traces they left behind. In addition to registered edifices, there are also civil architecture housings that are examples of extant conventional house texture in city center and towns. Natural disasters like fire, earthquake, unconscious repairs, destructions and wars prevent many architectural works of art to reach today. While many extant works are situated in city center, boroughs are important in terms of monumental and civil architecture buildings. Monumental structures such as; inns, hammams, caravanserais, bridges, Islamic monasteries, mosques, fountains, castles and civil architecture structures like mansions and conventional houses are significant buildings that brings the past of the city the present. The settlement formation of Tokat was started from foot slope of the castle, just like most of the cities, and in 15th and 16th centuries, mosques, masjids and madrasahs spread to plains from foot slope of the castle. Social and commercial changes within the city caused alterations on the city plan. Tokat, a tenable castle city, being located on trading route ranging from İstanbul to Tabriz, on east-west trading routes, gained a commercial city identity inevitably. 
There had been a major earthquake in the city in 1415 and after a second earthquake in 1498, the city saw a decrease of population. Until the end of 16th century, population showed an increase and the city kept this increase until the mid-17th century. In 17th century the city shielded its commercial dynamism. A proof of this situation is the population growth while another proof is the presence of inns and tradesman bazaars in this period. The magnitude of Voyvoda Inn, built in 1631 on southern side of Tokat castle, provides crucial proof to the importance of commercial functions of the city in 17th century. 
Towards the end of 19th century, road constructions were begun to transfer agricultural products of region to European markets easily and expeditiously. Ottoman government requested for a road survey from a French committee. Based on results of surveys, a road plan was generated and in 1886 plan was put into practice. As a result of studies the road coming through Turhal, diverts to Sivas passing through Tokat and Çamlıbel. Junction of the north – south axis road at the Behzat Deresi (stream) became an administrative center for the region. Public buildings such as Government Office, courthouse, gendarmerie, town hall and hospital were constructed on the eastern side of Behzat Deresi. Thus, structuring on foothills of the city tended towards Behzat Deresi region. Due to situation of public buildings on this side, city center gradually moved to Behzat district as well. Historical clock tower in Behzat Meydanı (square) is another data that proves district's function as city center. 
Bey Sokağı (street) located near Behzat district, has a silhouette with civil architecture mansions and registered monumental structures. In those periods, traditional houses around Tokat Castle, Sulusokak, Halit Sokak were residences of low and middle-income families while others in Bey Sokak, Beyhamam Sokak and some in Behzat Çarşısı (market) were houses of rich merchant families. 
Unfortunately, preservation works conducted at sites such as Bey Sokak, Beyhamam Sokak and Halit Sokak with intense traditional residence texture, are not sufficient. Such that, it has been observed that some residences which constitute important examples for traditional Tokat houses in means of interior space and historical silhouette, have not been registered.  Currently, registered houses lose their architectural characteristics everyday as they face neglect and misuse. An evaluation study should be conducted to comprehend current situation and precautions for preservation should be taken for houses with risk of collapse. 
Yüksek Kahve that was studied within scope of thesis, is situated on lot 67 block 1in Behzat district known as the old center of city. Due to Ottoman date present on wooden decoration of front façade, it is accepted that the building was constructed in 1903. No definite information has been obtained during research regarding the original function of building.  Yüksek Kahve is used for commercial purposes today, basement spaces are used as shops and storages. Entrances to those spaces in basement are provided through Behzat Çarşısı and Behzat Bulvarı. Entrance gates and interior layouts lost their originality in great degree. Signs and shutters cover original structural elements while woodworks of gates and façade have been replaced. Yüksek Kahve situated on rising ground from Behzat Çarşısı toward Behzat Deresi, has shop ground levels on lower levels. . 
First story of Yüksek Kahve is used as coffeehouse. South façade's concrete stairs provides entrance to balcony and then coffeehouse. Section used as coffeehouse has been exposed to many unqualified interventions as the rest of the building. Original floor level has been raised approximately 100 cm while window sills of south façade have been taken to same level as floor. Walls have been covered with unqualified materials such as tiles and melamine coated chipboards, original ceiling have been covered with plastic paint. Western side has been accessorized with a sliding door and window, providing access to balcony and first story. Moreover, greatest interference to building was done in 1956 when a concrete annex structure was added to eastern façade. Concrete mass have been integrated with original structure through demolishing of eastern wall of Yüksek Kahve's ground level, providing a connection among interior spaces. Through demolishing of structural elements such as original wall and windows, annex was supplied with an entrance. 
Through triangular balcony on western section of building, entrance is gained to first story and another room facing the western façade. First story is idle, not being used. 
Yiksek Kahve is a civil architecture structure that has been a close witness to political and cultural history of Tokat. Sources convey that Yüksek Kahve housed political meetings and public announcements. Also, the structure has been used a hotel for some time. Its situation at Behzat Çarşısı, the former city center, and its history of housing historical events give the impression that the building served as both accommodation and political meeting space. In both pre-republic and republican eras, it accommodated many statesmen, served as main space of political gatherings. It is known that building's balcony served as a dais for public announcements during Liberation War years. Marshall Fevzi Çakmak Pasha, then president Celal Bayar, then Prime Minister Adnan Menderes have addressed people from the balcony of this building. 
This study concentrating on Yüksek Kahve that has a significant place among civil architectural examples of Tokat, aims to analyze architectural characteristics of Yüksek Kahve and develop a restoration project for the building after a restitution project. 
This study begins with on-site measurements, survey drawings, systematic photographing, analysis of damage and materials. Survey studies consist of three sections. Initially, current conditions of structure, relation to surrounding structures, interior layout and façade have been transferred into drawings. Survey measurements have been conducted by total station and laser meter. After survey drawings, material analysis has been conducted as the second phase of survey studies. For every kind of material seen in structure, legends have been created and variety of materials has been documented through legend. In the third phase of survey studies, deterioration analysis has been conducted. Through this study, every structural and material deterioration, innovation and inappropriate restorations observed at Yüksek Kahve have been drawn. 
After detailed survey studies, restitution drawing have been done. During research, no source of documenting drawing or photograph of Yüksek Kahve's interior has been found. Photographs documenting exterior of structure in Cinlioğlu Archives have provided great data for restitution works. Through restitution project, novel conditions of interior characteristics and façade layout have been documented. Cultural assets of immediate surroundings have been researched, current situation of structure has been studied comprehensively and unauthentic additions have been analyzed. Also, through oral history research and old photographs obtained from archives shed light on original situation of Yüksek Kahve while providing base for restitution drawing sets. 
During restoration project conducted upon restitution drawings, a new function for the structure have been determined, gaining of structure to present day life has been aimed while proposals of restorations for current problems and contemporary installations in compliance with new function have been presented. During preparation of restoration project, social and cultural requirements of immediate surroundings have been taken into consideration based on data obtained through restitution works. In restoration works, it has been proposed to sustain Yüksek Kahve with its authentic identity while preserving its historical and aesthetic values. It has been deemed appropriate to create a Museum of Republic in the building due to Yüksek Kahve's close attestation to history of city along with Yüksek Kahve and Behzat district's accommodation of many political figures such as Atatürk. Spaces in basement floor have been proposed to function as commercial areas selling local traditional products of Tokat. Ground floor and first floor has been proposed to function as sections housing exhibition rooms of the museum. Concrete structure that was a later addition to eastern side and concrete building covering rear façade of structure in northern side, have been proposed to be demolished. Space that would be created by demolishment of annex on eastern side, has been considered for a garden. 
Proposed interventions for removal of inappropriate additions and stoppage of deterioration at Yüksek Kahve have been defined in restoration projects. Interventions regarding restoration are cleaning (removal of inappropriate additions, cleaning of façades, cleaning of interior walls, floors and decorations), strengthening, completion, restoration-reconstruction and installation of contemporary accessories subsequently. It has been considered appropriate to remove fillings preventing functioning of doors and windows, floor coverings that are unsuitable, along with plasters and paints. Due to restitution data, it has been considered appropriate to reconstruct all later additions of door and window woodworks and wall on east façade. It has also been suggested to remove all currently deformed Turkish style roof tiles and to renew roof covering with new Turkish style tiles.
In conclusion section, Yüksek Kahve's importance and meaning for immediate surroundings have been expressed and necessities of preservation of structure with its authentic values have been emphasized. Data obtained through research and analytical documentations have been evaluated and proposed suggestions for integration of monument with its vernacular environment have been explained. Revival of Yüksek Kahve and its proximity is possible through structure's preservation in compliance with Behzat district's historical texture.
Yüksek Kahve in Behzat has a very central location with easy access. It is necessary to restore the building as soon as possible and preserve structure with an appropriate function.