1923-1960 döneminde Gaziantep'in imarı: Süreç ve aktörler
The development of Gaziantep in 1923-1960 period: Process and actors
Yazar: MİNE ÖZOVACI KILIÇ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. VESİLE GÜL CEPHANECİGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
1923 yılındaki rejim değişikliğinin ardından Cumhuriyet Dönemine geçişle Türkiye, her anlamda pek çok değişim yaşamaya başlamıştır. Şüphesiz ki bu değişimin en çok hissedildiği mecralardan biri de kentlerdir. Bilhassa 1930'larda yasal düzenlemelerle başlayan bu kentsel dönüşüm süreci, genç cumhuriyetin ülkülerini yansıtan sağlıklı ve modern kentler oluşturulması gayesi ile tüm yurtta bir imar ve planlama hareketi başlatmıştır. İşte böyle bir ortamda pek çok olanaktan yoksun, 20. yüzyıl başında maruz kaldığı işgaller sonucu kentsel dokusu ciddi tahribata uğrayan bir Anadolu kenti olan Gaziantep'in bu dönüşümü nasıl yaşadığı sorusu tezin temel sorunsalıdır. Bu bağlamda tezin amacı, planlı imar dönemleri olan 1938-1960 yılları arasında bir Anadolu şehrinden cumhuriyet kenti kimliğine evrilme sürecinin aktörleri ve bu zaman diliminde imar planlarının şehrin gelişiminde ne kadar etkili olduğunun incelenmesidir. Gaziantep'in ikinci imar planlı dönemi olan 1950-1960 arası zaman dilimi, şehrin hızla gelişmesi, imar hareketlerinin artması, pek çok aktörün imar sahasına girmesi veya var olan aktörlerinin rollerinin değişmesi gibi nedenlerle tezin ana odağını oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu zaman aralığının doğru okunabilmesi adına öncelikle 1923-1960 arası dönemdeki Türkiye kent planlaması düzenlemesi, bu süreçteki kurumsallaşma ve dönem koşulları incelenmiştir. Ardından, Cumhuriyet öncesi şehrin tarihsel, fiziksel ve sosyoekonomik arka planının ortaya koyulmasına gayret edilmiştir. Sonraki bölümde, imar plansız erken Cumhuriyet Devrinde (1923-1938) yapılan imar çalışmalarına değinilmiş, ilk imar planı öncesi kentin içinde bulunduğu vaziyet özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Akabinde şehrin birinci ve ikinci imar planları, tasarım ilkeleri, imar sahasındaki aktörler ve bu dönemlerde uygulamaya geçen imar hareketleri ile süreçleri planların hazırlandığı dönemlerde içinde bulunan ülke şartları da göz önünde bulundurularak ortaya konmaya ve değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç ve değerlendirme bölümünde ise tüm çalışma sonucu ortaya konulan veriler değerlendirilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.
Tez çalışmasının ana materyalleri, dönemin yerel ve ulusal dergi, gazete gibi süreli yayınları, dönem görselleri, imar planları, haritalar ve arşiv belgeleridir. Ayrıca Gaziantep ile ilgili yayınlar ve kentin geçmişiyle ilgili anı ve bilgi birikimleri olan kişilerle yapılan kişisel görüşmeler de çalışmaya katkı sağlamıştır. Verilerin ve sürecin doğru değerlendirilebilmesi adına Türkiye kentsel planlama tarihi ve kentsel planlamaya etki eden yasal düzenlemeler de incelenmiş ve çalışmada kullanılmıştır.

Abstract:
After the regime change in 1923 with the transition to Republican Period, Turkey has begun to experience many changes in many fields. The break with the Ottoman Empire, modernization and the principles of the new state have been tried to be realized with the transformations initiated in almost every area of the country. Undoubtedly, one of the channels where this change is felt most is the cities. Especially, this urban transformation process which was begun with legal regulations in the 1930s has started a public improvement and planning movement throughout the country in order to create healthy and modern cities reflecting the ideals of the young republic. In the 1930s, the transition from the urban regulation practices inherited from the Ottoman Empire to an institutional urban planning approach has begun. Since the 1920s, especially in the capital Ankara, urban plannings have been tried to be prepared for all provinces. In an such environment, the question of how Gaziantep, which lacks of many opportunities and is an Anatolian city, whose urban fabric has been severely damaged due to the occupations it faced at the beginning of the 20th century, experienced the transformation is the main problem of the thesis. Gaziantep is a border province that has been home to many civilizations and has a culture of thousands of years and a traditional urban fabric, mostly developed during the Ottoman period. For this reason, it is interesting to see how the city met this change with its rooted urban culture and texture.
The aim of the thesis is to examine the actors of the evolving process from an Anatolian city to a republican city identity between the years 1938-1960 which are the planned public improvement periods and how effective the master plans in the development of the city during this period. Gaziantep's second master plan period, 1950-1960, is the main focus of the thesis. Because the year 1950 can be accepted as a breking point for all Turkey as well as Gaziantep in terms of many aspects. The transition to multi-party system, recovery of economical stutiation etc. have been brought many changes to Turkey's urban development. For instance, the change of economical policy has been caused to industrilization of cities and this caused to the rapid development of the city. Also, the increase of puclic works movements, the entry of many new actors into the public improvements' area or the change of the roles of existing actors have been occured due to the new regulations and recovery of economy. The post-1950 period, which was the focus of the thesis is notable for the history of urban education in Turkey. Because, in this period, urbanism started to become an autonomous discipline by separating from architecture.
In order to read this time period (1923-1960) correctly, institutionalization and period conditions and Turkey's urban planning regulations in the period from 1923-1960 were examined were examined first. Also, basic master planning charasteristics and approaches of the era 1923-1960 were tried to specified in order to evaluate Gaziantep's master planning and public improvements process correctly. Then, it is made an effort to put forward the historical, physical and socioeconomic background of the Pre-Republic city. In this chapter, in order to reveal the cultural infrastructure of the city, the civilizations that lived in Gaziantep and the people who governed the city were investigated. Besides, the position of pre-Republican structures in the city is determined in order to understand how the city of Gaziantep has developed physically.
In the fourth section firstly, the developments in the early Republic Period (1923-1938) without a master plan were mentioned and the situation of the city before the first master plan was tried to be summarized. The preparation process for the transition to the planned period was investigated. In the following, the years 1938-1950 which is the period of the city's first master plan which is implemented was examined. Gaziantep's first master plan was finished in 1938 by German architect-planner Hermann Jansen who prepared the master plan of the new capital Ankara. In this respect, the first master plan of the city is interesting. Design principles, actors in the field of developments of city and the public improvements movements and processes implemented in these periods were tried to be put forward and evaluated by taking into consideration the conditions of the country in the periods when the plans were prepared. All the processes of the structures created with limited opportunities in the urban planning process, which the young republic has just started to experience, are examined. Besides, the reasons of the need of a new master plan was scrutinized.
In the fifth chapter, the second master plans of the city which was prepared by Kemal Ahmet Aru and Kemali Söylemezoğlu who are the lecturers of ITU was tackled. Although the master plan remained in practice until 1973, the thesis was terminated in 1960 due to the change of actors in the zoning area and the disruption of the works. In the changing world and Turkey, their design principles, actors in the field of developments of city and the puclic improvements movements and processes implemented in these periods were tried to be put forward and evaluated by taking into consideration the conditions of the country in the periods when the plans were prepared. Also, Jansen and Söylemezoğlu & Aru's design principles were endeavoured to compare to each other. The traces of the transition from a foreign planner to a Turkish planner and their approaches were investigated.
In terms of one of the main objectives of the thesis is to determine the actors and their roles in the development process, the year 1950 and beyond are very important era which has transformations and new dinamics not only in Gaziantep but also in the whole country. The balance between central administration and local administration has been changed in that period. New actors come into development area and so on. In addition, the whole development process, from construction decisions of public and civil structures and open spaces, to the selection of sites and by whom the projects are provided, has been tried to be covered in a wide range.
In the conclusion and evaluation part, the data presented as a result of the whole study were evaluated and interpreted. The questions were asked about the implementations on the city, reasons of non-compliance with the master plan, and the answers were argued with the light of regulations, Turkey's and also Gaziantep's socioeconomical conditions. At the same time, the convenience of the plans to Gaziantep's technical, economical and even topography was argued in the conclusion and evaluation part. It was revealed that the modern and Republican identity which was planned for Gaziantep was put into life when and through what processes.
The main materials of the thesis are periodicals such as local and national magazines, newspapers, period visuals, master plans, maps and archive documents. Especially, daily or weekly newspapers were searched and used for putting forward the Gaziantep's development process. In addition, publications about Gaziantep and personal interviews with people who have memories and knowledge about the past of the city contributed to the study. On behalf of the evaluation of the process and data correctly towards history of Turkey's urban planning and legislations affecting urban planning were examined and used in the study.
The thesis focused on Gaziantep's urban transformation during the planned development periods is expected to contribute to future studies which will be dealing with the process of the change of the other cities in the Republic Period urban identity in Turkey.