İkinci konutların tasarımında geleneksel Türk evi tasarım ilkelerinin kullanılması
Using the design principles of the traditional Turkish house in second house planning
Yazar: RANA KUTLU
Danışman: PROF. DR. S. METE ÜNÜGÜR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1999
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Konut tasarımı = Housing design ; Tasarım ilkeleri = Design principles ; Türk evi = Turkish house ; İkinci konut = Second home

Özet:
Ülkemiz, Cumhuriyet dönemiyle gelişen sanayi hareketlerine paralel olarak, büyük bir şehirleşme sürecine girmiştir. Sanayileşme köyden kente doğru göçe neden olmuştur. Tüm bu gelişmeler, ulaşım sorunları, çevresel kirlilikler gibi pekçok sonucu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu sorunlara zorlaşan iş hayatının olumsuz baskısı da eklenince insanlar içinde bulundukları bu durumdan, daha uzak mesafelerdeki dinlenme alanlarına kaçarak kurtulmaya çalşmışlardır. Gelişen ekonomik şartlar ile birlikte ikinci konut talebi de artarak, günde güne ihtiyaç şekline dönüşmüştür. Ancak genelde olduğu kadar özelde ikinci konut örüntüsünde yanlış planlamalar ile istenmeyen kötü sonuçlar ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Anadolu insanının uyumlu çevresini oluşturan başarılı sivil mimarlık uygulaması olan Geleneksel Türk Evi tasarımı ilkelerinin, yemden yorumlanarak ikinci konutların tasarımında kullanılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, tezin birinci bölümünde; ikinci konut talebinin doğma nedenleri ile bu örüntünün olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde; ikinci konutların tanımı ve özellikleri, turizm ile ilişkisi, Dünya' da ve Türkiye'de ikinci konutların gelişmesi açıklanmaya çalışılarak konunun tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise; problemin belirlenmesi çerçevesinde, ikinci konutların analizi yapılmıştır. Bu analizde, ikinci konutların çevresel etkileri, sosyal- ekonomik etkileri, bu konutların gelişmesinde yasal düzenlemelerin etkisi ve mekansal dağılımım etkileyen faktörler ile ikinci konutların holistik yapısı irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde ise; Geleneksel Türk Evi tasarım ilkeleri araştırılmıştır. Bu bölümde, Türk evi tanımlan, Türk evinin tipolojik analizi, geleneksel Türk konut ve mimarisinden elde edilecek tasarım kavram ve ilkeleri ikinci konut tasarımında yol göstermek amacıyla detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde; İkinci konut tasarımında Geleneksel Türk Evi tasarım ilkelerinin kullanılması amacıyla, geleneksel aile yaşamı ve geleneksel konut, çağdaş Türk konut mimarisinin kültürel özü, kültürel özün çağdaş Türk konutu açısından irdelenmesi, geleneksel aile yaşamı kültür değerlerinin günümüz konut taraşımı açısından incelenmesi, tarihsel- kültürel süreklilik bağlamında ikinci konut konularına açıklamalar getirilmiştir. Tezin altıncı bölümünde, Alan çalışması olarak tanımlanan Tekirdağ sahil şeridinde ikinci konut olarak inşa edilen villa siteler, önceki bölümlerde geliştirilen holistik yapı ve Geleneksel Türk Evi tasarım kriterleri açısından incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar bölümünde ise; bu çalışmanın amacına ne derecede ulaştığının irdelenmesi ve sonuçlarının yorumlanmasına yer verilmektedir.

Abstract:
Tourism and second house development which is the most important impact on man- made environment of tourism, has existed in the areas that are hinge natural quality. Tourism and second houses have existed especially in coastlines. In this respect coastlines and flora, fauna living in these areas have distracted increasingly. All over the world and especially in Turkey, the phenomenon of " Second houses" has emerged in complex relations with Tourism sector, Tourism policies, coastal and environmental problems on one side; and the settlement structures- interrelations among these structures in urban and rural regions, legal and organizational structuring within the society and problems related to local governments, problems of natural cultural and historical conservation; demographic structures and movements, national- regional- urban and rural planning, the newly trends in various approaches implementations in planning, social and economical problems in relation with land ownership and transformation, on the other. Although having differences and structural changes between localities, there had existed summer- winter areal change in housing, throughout traditional life styles around 19 * century and before over Turkey. While the phenomenon of second housing in Turkey has begun since the early years of twentieth century, this phenomenon has gained quite different aspects at latel950' ies. The burst of qualitative and quantitative problems started in 1970' ies. 1980' ies were the years where increase in numbers and areal transformation were at their peak values. According the data collected within this research, areal increase and increase in numbers were at their highest points after 1985 and especially in 1990' ies. The idea of a second house became a new trend in the holiday patterns of middle income groups and was promoted energetically by contractors. The construction of resort houses rapidly increased in a haphazard fashion and resulted in the spoiling of the coastline and natural, cultural- historical areas in many places. Finally in 1978, a new law imposed limitations on the utilization of coastal sites. Various types of vacation complexes were built both by state organizations to provide the resort facilities for their personnel and by the private sector for commercial purposes, including rentals, term ownership and outright sale.Second house complexes are becoming the only vacation style and investment in Turkey where the public has no other alternative for domestic tourism. This situation is curtailing our tourism sector's source creating ability for new areas of activity. Since 1985 along with the increasing touristic bed numbers, many second house complexes have been built. These second house complexes covering our shores and rural areas. Today Turkish society still faces a vast and complex problem of second house. In this research, we aimed to find solution to the second houses in terms of design principles. According to this, we have searched the problems of second houses and effects of legal policies, especially on second houses in Marmara region. For this reason, as a case study, thirty-five examples have been examined in Tekirdağ in the Marmara region of Turkey. Then, Traditional Turkish houses' design principles have been examined. Finally, in the direction of these principles, interpretations have been made for shedding light on new, second house design. A house is the organization of communication, interaction, space, time and meaning while on the one hand reflects the characteristics, way of life, norms of attitudes, environmental preferences, images and the taxonomy of time and space of the ethnic group or culture to which it belongs, on the other hand it is a more personalized reflection of its' user. The users' images of their inner self, then- tendencies for self evidence and expression are reflected in the design and furnishing of house, giving them a personal and distinguished character. The Traditional housing environments are being seen as the environments on which the life style of their period is reflected successfully. The phenomenon which renders the traditional environments so successful is the achievement of the synthesis of Social Architecture and Physical Architecture on the level of perfection. In other terms; this success stems from reaching desirable environmental solutions, which give satisfaction and happiness to the inhabitants through the reflection of the intangible aspects of life such as social, cultural, economic, technological, etc. on the intangible architectural space and tangible interface surface encircling it. Interpretation of the Traditional Architecture in giving directions to the Second House design and determination of design principles: The quality which renders certain traditional environments contemporary and resisting against time is the achievement of the synthesis of Social Architecture and Physical Architecture which is valid in all periods. xn. Reflection of the life style on physical environment,. Rational interpretation of building materials and structures,. Handling and examination of the Building- Environment relations in wholeness, are some of the main concepts utilized in these environments. As a case study, in Tekirdağ, thirty- five second house settlements have been examined in respect to plan, construction system, material, building elements, building components and the case study has been handled in three steps. These are:. Determination of existing situation,. Determination of the design principles,. Determination of the design principles of the Traditional Turkish Architecture,. In the direction of these principles, making interpretations shedding light on new, second house design. Determination of existing situation has been realized through: Observation in place, interview with inhabitants and constructor. Determination of the design principles; research method has included the following steps: Examination of structural and constructive systems/components and building materials, determination of the physical environmental properties. Determination of the design principles of the Traditional Turkish Architecture; Literature research has included the following steps: Definition of the Traditional Turkish house and its' properties, investigation of the spatial factors ( socio- economic, cultural, technological etc.) In the direction of these principles; making interpretations shedding light on new, second house designs. According to research results, impacts on natural environment of second house development are expressed below:. Destruction of agricultural areas, forest areas and local vegetation because of second house development,. Elimination of flora and fauna,. Visual pollution because of second house. Air pollution. Water pollution on coastline because of second house and congestion. In the examples of Traditional Turkish Architecture in the organization of outer spaces, from private to public, a hierarchical order is observed, such as; inner court-yard (private), small neighborhood court- yard, small urban squares, urban open- spaces of bigger scales. xi nSpace organization at the scale of building:. Life-style is reflected on the architecture spaces. Types of motion, the way in which an action is realized rather that what action is realized gain importance.. Spaces are organized in such a way that they give an opportunity to use spaces for different functions and for intense use(different uses in different times or different uses at the same time). Various levels and storey are designed in space organizations; closed, semi-open and completely open spaces showing a very smooth transition between them create space richness.. The levels of object, furniture, building, building groups and urban structures show a wholeness and discrepancies are not very apparent. Figure 1 Multi-functional Usage in The Traditional Turkish House In Traditional Architectural environments space richness is created. Neither sterile spaces, nor the spaces giving the feeling chaos are created. With a sensitive equilibrium, the density of messages creates in a person various perceptions and the possibilities of making various interpretations. Beyond the values of being in harmony with nature and of aesthetics created with colors and textures of natural materials; positive influence from solar radiation is also realized. Most of today's man- made environments are examples in which; life styles are not reflected rationally on spaces; building shells can not function as climatic transformers, at the same time they lack aesthetic, cultural and environmental values; their respect for the natural environment is reduced for a minimum. From these angles; it is vital to determine the positive values achieved in traditional environments and to reach design principles and criteria shedding light on new, second house designs through interpretation of the Traditional environments of great value. xivAlthough there are some studies in the related literature under the heading of vernacular architecture, with in the framework of this study has not been handled elsewhere. For this reason, it is hoped that, the design principles of Traditional Turkish Houses may be useful in shedding light on new, second house designs. xv