Organize sanayi bölgelerinde endüstriyel simbiyozun enerji verimliliğine etkisi
Effects of industrial symbiosis on energy efficiency in organized industrial zones
Yazar: ARZU MÜYESSEROĞLU
Danışman: PROF. DR. SERMİN ONAYGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering ; Enerji = Energy

Özet:
Dünya genelinde nüfusun artması, gelişen teknolojiler, hayat standartlarının yükselmesi, sanayileşme, kaynakların verimsiz kullanımı gibi nedenlerle enerji talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Enerjiye ulaşım ve enerji güvenliğinin sağlanması, dışa bağımlılığın azaltılması, iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele, hava kalitesinin iyileşmesi, rekabet gücünü artırma ihtiyacı gibi mevcut odak alanları, enerji kaynaklarının çeşitlendirilmesi ile birlikte enerji verimliliği çözümlerine ağırlık verilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Enerji verimliliğini arttırmaya yönelik gerçekleştirilebilecek endüstriyel simbiyoz; farklı endüstriyel süreçlerin ve sistemlerin entegrasyonu ve optimizasyonunu içeren ve ilhamını doğadan alan bir kavramdır. Amaç, kaynak verimliliğini artırmak ve olası atıkları azaltmak için endüstriler arasında malzeme, enerji, su ve diğer kaynakların, yan ürünlerin veya değerli atıkların değişiminin sağlanması ve ayrıca gerekli olduğu durumlarda ilgili altyapı ve hizmetlerin paylaşımıdır.
Endüstriyel simbiyozun hedefi, mümkün olduğunca kaynakların verimli ve yeniden kullanıldığı kapalı bir döngü sistemi oluşturmaktır. Simbiyoz, proseslerdeki ham madde ihtiyacını ve süreçlerin çevresel etkilerini azaltabilecek ortam şartları yaratmaktadır. Ayrıca, katılan endüstriler için maliyet tasarrufu sağlayan daha sürdürülebilir ve dayanıklı bir endüstriyel ekosistem oluşturmaya da yardımcı olabilmektedir.
Endüstriyel simbiyoz örnekleri, endüstriyel tesisler arasındaki atık ısı değişimi, su arıtma tesislerinin paylaşımı, bir endüstriyel sürecin yan ürünlerinin başka bir endüstriyel süreç için girdi olarak kullanılması, bilgi ve lojistik paylaşımı gibi konuları kapsamaktadır. Endüstriyel simbiyoz imalat, enerji, tarım ve lojistik gibi çeşitli sektörlere uygulanabilmektedir.
Endüstriyel simbiyoz uygulamalarını hayata geçirmek ve devamlılığını sağlamak adına tarafların yeni fikirlere açık ve istekli olmaları, karşılıklı güven ortamını sağlamaları, koordine hareket etmeleri, bilgi ve kaynak paylaşımını sağlayabilmeleri gerekmektedir.  
Bu kapsamda tez çalışmasında öncelikle enerji verimliliği ve endüstriyel simbiyoz kavramları incelenmiş, enerji politikalarında enerji verimliliğinin yeri ve önemine değinilmiştir. Ayrıca endüstriyel simbiyozun enerji politikalarındaki yeri ve diğer politika mekanizması araçları ile ilişkisi de irdelenmiştir. Enerji verimliliği ağları gibi iş birlikçi yapılar ve yükümlülük sistemlerinin enerji bağlamındaki yasal düzenlemeler içindeki rolleri vurgulanarak ele alınmıştır. Tez aynı zamanda bu konularla ilgili iyi uygulama örneklerini içermektedir. Vaka çalışması olarak bir organize sanayi bölgesi üzerinden endüstriyel simbiyozun enerji verimliliğine etkisini gözlemlemek amaçlanmıştır. Belirlenmiş bir organize sanayi bölgesinde işletmeler arası uygulanabilecek potansiyel endüstriyel simbiyoz çalışmaları değerlendirilerek simbiyotik ilişkilerin enerji verimliliği üzerindeki etkileri ve oluşturabileceği faydalar incelenmiştir. Seçilen organize sanayi bölgesinde bulunan işletmelerin faaliyet alanlarıyla ilgili bilgiler toplanarak, bu sektörel bilgiler harita üzerinde görselleştirilmiştir. Organize sanayi bölgesinin çevresi, potansiyel büyüme bölgelerini içermektedir. Bu durum mevcut ve büyüme bölgesine taşınacak işletmeler veya yeni yatırım yapacak olanlar arasında gelişebilecek endüstriyel simbiyoz ağı adına büyük bir potansiyel oluşturabilir. 
Tez çalışmasında vaka çalışması ve literatür araştırması ışığında, endüstriyel simbiyozun işletmelere sağlayabileceği sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel faydaları göstermek amaçlanmıştır. Bu yaklaşımla coğrafi yakınlığı olan işletmeler arasında endüstriyel simbiyoz uygulamalarının kullanımı ve devamlılığı artabilecek, işletmeler temiz üretime dönük bakış açısı kazanabilecektir. Ayrıca, böylesi kapsamlı sistemlerin politikalar, devlet veya yerel teşvikler tarafından desteklendiğinde daha kapsamlı ve sürdürülebilir olabileceğine de dikkat çekilmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Abstract:
Energy demand is increasing as a result of a number of factors, including the expanding global population, advanced technology, rising standards of living, industrialization, and resource waste. The recovery from the pandemic, the load on the supply chain, and political decisions made by governments have all contributed to an energy crisis. The significance of putting an emphasis on diversified energy sources and encouraging energy efficiency measures has been highlighted by the need to ensure energy security, ensure access to energy, reduce reliance on foreign sources, combat climate change, improve air quality, and increase competition. Nations take political action to ensure energy security, reduce carbon emissions, and quicken the transition to sustainable energy sources. Each nation faces unique initial circumstances and saving potentials due to factors including its structure, geography, local energy resources and energy conversion technologies. Countries that want to achieve their energy efficiency goals use a variety of policies and policy mixes. Efforts to achieve sustainability goals in the energy sector are supported through practices such as green energy policies, energy efficiency regulations and international collaborations. One of the crucial aspects is government implementation of green energy policies that encourage the production and use of renewable energy sources. Tax breaks and renewable portfolio standards are examples of policies that encourage the development of clean energy projects. Additionally, energy efficiency regulations are important because they establish minimum standards for appliances, buildings, and industries. These policy restraints  encourage the use of energy-efficient technologies, eliminating energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. International collaborations, such as the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (2015), let nations share best practices, technologies, and financing for sustainable energy initiatives. Furthermore, expenditures in research and development trigger energy sector innovation, resulting in improved efficiency and renewable energy technologies. While corporate sustainability programs and public awareness campaigns encourage companies to take steps to reduce their negative environmental effects, the public is educated about sustainable energy practices through these channels. The energy sector may take significant steps toward sustainability by combining these activities, battling climate change, and securing a cleaner, more sustainable future.
The application areas of energy efficiency, which has an undeniable place in order to lead a sustainable life in harmony with nature, is quite wide. The diversity of application areas can be described with examples such as the improvement of insulation, lighting efficiency, ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings and residences, the dissemination of fuel-saving technologies and electric vehicles in the transportation sector, irrigation efficiency in the agricultural sector, the integration of information technologies and the development of measurement and monitoring methods, the use of efficient motors in industrial organizations. 
One of the areas where energy efficiency can be achieved is industrial symbiosis, due to its potential for improving sustainable and energy efficient practices. The term industrial symbiosis, refers to partnerships between businesses that are close to each other and ideally in the same structured industrial zone, and it is believed to have convenient impacts on the economy, the environment, and society. Its an innovative method which involves the integration, collaboration and optimization of various industrial processes and systems. The intention is to promote the exchange of materials, energy, water, byproducts, or valuable wastes among corporations in order to boost resource efficiency and minimize potential waste, as well as to encourage the sharing of appropriate infrastructure and services where necessary. 
The goal of industrial symbiosis is to build a closed-loop system in which resources are reused efficiently and extensive manner. Symbiosis fosters circumstances that can reduce raw material consumptions while minimizing environmental impacts. Furthermore, it has the ability to minimize costs for participating companies while also contributing to the establishment of a more resilient and environmentally friendly industrial ecosystem. In addition to providing regional growth, industrial symbiosis can raise welfare levels by creating self-sufficient regions. Thus, it can increase the share of companies in achieving energy efficiency and climate targets. 
Business are required to collaborate, set up an atmosphere of mutual trust, be open to new ideas, and share information and resources in order to put industrial symbiosis practices into place and make sure they continue to operate. Thus, applications can be long-lasting, potential new participants to the system can be encouraged, adaptation of businesses can be accelerated and a more sustainable business environment can be created.
Numerous instances of resource sharing and company cooperation are included in industrial symbiosis. It involves procedures like waste exchange, in which the waste of one organization becomes the valuable input of another. Industrial symbiosis can be applied in a variety of sectors, including manufacturing, energy, agriculture, and logistics. Agricultural waste, for instance, can be utilized to make biogas or as organic fertilizer. Byproducts can be used when complementing industries are located nearby. By distributing supplies and tools across businesses, waste is reduced and equipment lifespan is increased. Exchanging surplus heat or making use of one another's energy supplies are both examples of energy integration. Fuel usage and emissions are reduced when transportation logistics are optimized. Instead of each facility having its own separate water treatment system, companies can share infrastructure such as wastewater treatment plants, purification systems, or recycling facilities. These examples offer us a general sense of the fields in which industrial symbiosis can be utilized, but symbiosis can be conducted in an extensive range of ways. 
For any investment, the economic aspect is the biggest driving force for businesses. Financial constraints, risks, payback periods, and the existence of alternative investments can create an barrier to creating a symbiotic structure. For this reason, before creating the structure, it is essential to fully examine the benefits and obstacles of creating this system in order to assess the economic viability of the system, to determine the potential and overall financial sustainability, revenue-generating potential and cost saving options.
Government policies and incentives can act as an accelerator for expanding practices while avoiding financial obstacles and implementation gaps. With the support of these incentives, financial assistance can be given to programs advertising industrial symbiosis, lowering investment costs and balancing risks. With the standards and regulations determined by the government, industrial symbiosis can play an significant role in achieving sustainability goals with the presence of other mechanisms. Regional, sectoral or social gains can be achieved with policies to act with common awareness and disseminate good practices, especially energy efficiency networks and obligations. Therefore, application of industrial symbiosis have the potential to benefit from the advantages that come with such mechanisms. Beyond that, it may be much easier to fulfill the commitments outlined in international agreements and reach the goals when networks and symbiosis studies created within industrial zones are supported by state policies and set on a strong basis.
The structure and decision-making mechanism are generated by an extensive number of mathematical models and decision-making methods, according to studies in the literature. Plus, it has been observed that platforms and websites are created where this information can be shared, and thus potential matches are provided with the information recorded on the system. That's because it is necessary to examine the interactions of inputs and outputs with other individuals in order to create such an ecosystem structure. There are studies that focus on regions with ongoing industrial symbiosis applications or, as in the case of this thesis's content, regions where the system is simulated and its potential is researched locally. Since it is known that each region, organized industry, business culture and operating styles are unique, researches that increase with such approaches are important in raising awareness about energy efficiency and living in harmony with nature.
In this context, the concepts of energy efficiency and industrial symbiosis were examined in the thesis study and information is given about the definitions, application areas and scopes of this subjects. Following that, the energy policies implemented in the world and in Turkey, the place and importance of energy efficiency in energy policies are mentioned. Furthermore, the role of industrial symbiosis in energy policies and its relationship with other policy mechanism tools are also included. Cooperative systems like energy efficiency networks and obligation schemes are also highlighted in addition to their role in energy regulations. Good practices on the subjects are also included in the thesis. 
As a case study, it is aimed to investigate energy consumption behaviors and identifying possible energy-saving options by implementing symbiotic practices within an industrial zone. Potential industrial symbiosis studies that can be applied between enterprises in a certain industrial zone are simulated, and the effects and benefits of symbiotic relationships on energy efficiency are examined. How energy consumption and carbon footprint can change if the symbiosis structure is applied and its effects on energy efficiency are examined.
Information has been gathered regarding to the fields of activity of the businesses which located in the chosen organized industrial zone. Afterwards, the field of activity information was visualized on the map and their geographical proximity was determined. The industrial zone's surroundings are indicated as well to contain potential growth zones. These data are used to simulate the network of industrial symbiosis that could develop between current enterprises and those that might move or invest into the industrial zone. Thus, it is aimed to determine the energy efficiency that may occur under conditions with and without symbiosis applications.
In the light of case study and literature research, it is aimed to show the social, economic and environmental benefits that industrial symbiosis can provide to businesses. Thus, the use of industrial symbiosis applications among businesses with geographical proximity in industrial zones can be expanded and maintained. It has also been mentioned that such comprehensive systems can be more comprehensive and sustainable when supported by policy and state or local incentives.