Akıllı hareketlilik ve engelsiz erişimde yön bulma teknolojileri: Bir veri modeli önerisi
Wayfinding in smart mobility and barrier-free access: A data model proposal
Yazar: ÇİĞDEM AKDEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. HATİCE AYATAÇ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Akıllı hareketlilik = Smart mobility ; Erişim = Access ; Veri modelleri = Data models ; Yön bulma = Direction finding

Özet:
Kentler, pek çok farklı dinamik tarafından şekillenen ve sürekli değişim geçiren yaşam alanlarıdır. Sanayi devrimi ile başlayan kentleşme sürecinde, kentlerin ve kentlilerin çeşitli sorunlarla başa çıkmak için yöntemler geliştirdiği bir gerçektir. Her kent, kendi potansiyelleri ve ihtiyaçları çerçevesinde ele alınarak, daha yaşanabilir ve sürdürülebilir alanlar yaratmayı hedeflemektedir. 20. yüzyıldan itibaren bilimde yaşanan hızlı gelişmelerle, teknik ve teknolojik çözüm önerileri kentsel yaşama da adapte edilmeye başlanmıştır. Kentlerin mevcut kaynaklarının ve altyapısının en verimli şekilde kullanılması, kentteki sorunlara hızlı ve yerinde müdahalelerin yapılması, tüm bu çözümler için de teknolojinin entegre edilmesini baz alan "akıllı kent" anlayışı da 21. yüzyılın temel akımlarından biri haline gelmiştir. 
Akıllı kent kavramı konusunda farklı tanımlar bulunsa da, kısaca, vatandaşı odağına alan ve kentteki problemlere karşı teknolojiyi kullanarak çözümler üreten, kentte verimliliği arttıran bir anlayış olarak özetlenebilir. Akıllı kenti meydana getiren bileşenleri, kentsel problemler için farklı kollardan çözümler üretmektedir. Akıllı devlet, akıllı ekonomi, akıllı yaşam, akıllı çevre, akıllı vatandaş gibi bileşenleri olan anlayışta, akıllı hareketlilik ve akıllı ulaşım konusu da üzerinde çalışılan önemli konulardan bir tanesidir. Akıllı hareketlilik(mobilite) kavramı, ulaşım ve erişilebilirlik üzerine kurgulanan, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri ile desteklenen bir sistemi içerir. 
20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren temel vatandaşlık hakkı olarak görülmeye başlanan erişilebilirlik kavramı da, kentteki kullanım alanları ve hizmetlere erişim ile elektronik hizmetler dahil olmak üzere bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine erişimi kapsamaktadır. Erişilebilirlik kavramı, bireylerin topluma tam ve eşit katılımının sağlanması için bir ön koşul olmakla birlikte, dezavantajlı grupların karşılaştığı erişim sorunlarının giderilmesi yönünde çalışmalarla tanımlanır. Hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde kanun ve yönetmeliklerce tanımlanan erişilebilirlik,  binaların, açık alanların, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin ve diğer kentsel hizmetlerin engelli bireyler tarafından güvenli ve verimli şekilde kullanılmasını kapsar. Yine de günümüzde kentin ve kentteki binaların, altyapının yetersiz olması, erişilebilirlik standartlarına uygun üretilmemesi, tasarım yapılırken yalnızca sağlıklı bireylerin düşünülmesi gibi sebeplerden ötürü, erişilebilirliğin sağlanması adına engeller oldukça fazladır. 
Bireylerin çevre ve bilgi ile bütünleşmesini kapsayan bir süreç olan yön bulma (wayfinding), bu çalışma kapsamında, akıllı hareketlilik ve engelsiz erişimin sağlanmasında bir araç olarak ele alınmıştır. Çünkü, yön bulma sistemleri, kentlerde daha erişilebilir yaşam alanları oluşturmayı, kişiselleştirilmiş rotaları kullanıcıların tercihlerine göre kategorize ederek kullanıcıya aktarmayı hedefler. Ayrıca yön bulma sistemleri kullanıcıların deneyimlerini de sisteme dahil eder ve bireylerin bağımsız ve güvenli seyahat deneyimi yaşamalarını sağlar. Yön bulma sistemleri, insanların kolayca erişebileceği mobil uygulamalar üzerinden deneyimlenebildiği için, kullanıcılar için daha aktif ve kolay bir çözüm sağlar. Hareketlilik veritabanını ve yönlendirme algoritmalarını içeren yön bulma sistemleri, akıllı kent altyapısı ile kolaylıkla entegre edilebilir. Sürekli güncellenen ve kullanıcı deneyimleri ile desteklenen akıllı kent teknolojileri, yön bulma için veri altyapısını ve teknolojik yenilikleri beraberinde getirir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri, akıllı hareketlilik ve yön bulma teknolojilerinin, engelsiz erişimin ve erişilebilirliğin sağlanması, kentsel problemler için de bir takım çözümler getirmesi söz konusudur.  
Kentin kullanıcılarına kesintisiz, güvenli ve konforlu bir erişim deneyimini yaşatmak adına, öncelikle ülkemizin ve kentlerimizin eksikliklerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Dünya çapında yapılan başarılı örneklerin incelenerek, hareketlilik ve erişilebilirlik çözümlerinin irdelenmesi  ve bu bağlamda ilgili veri setlerinin ortaya koyulması, bu tez çalışmasının altlığını oluşturmaktadır. Ülkemizin akıllı kent konusundaki çalışmalarını incelemek, mevcut çalışmaların yeterlilik düzeyini anlayabilmek ve mevcut çalışmalara bağlı olarak potansiyel ve kısıtları belirlemektir. İstanbul gibi bir metropolde yaşayan bir kentli olarak, kentte erişilebilirliğin arttırılması amacı ile bu tez çalışması hazırlanmıştır.

Abstract:
Cities are living spaces that are shaped by many different dynamics and are constantly changing. It is a fact that in the urbanization process that started with the industrial revolution, cities and citizens developed methods to deal with various problems. Each city aims to create more livable and sustainable areas by considering its own potential and needs. With the rapid developments in science since the 20th century, technical and technological solution proposals have begun to be adapted to urban life. The "smart city" approach, which is based on the most efficient use of the existing resources and infrastructure of the cities, fast and appropriate interventions to the problems in the city, and the integration of technology for all these solutions, has also become one of the fundamental trends of the 21st century.
Although there are different definitions for the concept of smart city, it can be briefly summarized as an understanding that focuses on the citizen, produces solutions to the problems in the city by using technology, and increases efficiency in the city. The components that make up the smart city produce solutions for urban problems from different branches. Smart mobility and smart transportation is one of the important subjects studied in the understanding that has components such as smart government, smart economy, smart life, smart environment, smart citizen. The concept of smart mobility includes a system built on transportation and accessibility and supported by information and communication technologies.
The concept of accessibility, which has started to be seen as a fundamental right of citizenship since the second half of the 20th century, covers the usage areas and access to services in the city and access to information and communication technologies, including electronic services. While the concept of accessibility is a prerequisite for the full and equal participation of individuals in society, it is defined by efforts to eliminate the access problems faced by disadvantaged groups. Accessibility, defined by laws and regulations both in the world and in our country, covers the safe and efficient use of buildings, open spaces, information and communication technologies and other urban services by persons with disabilities. However, today, there are many obstacles to ensuring accessibility due to reasons such as the city and its buildings, insufficient infrastructure, not being produced in accordance with accessibility standards, and considering only healthy individuals while designing.
Wayfinding, which is a process involving the integration of individuals with the environment and information, is considered as a tool for providing smart mobility and unhindered access within the scope of this study. Because wayfinding systems aim to create more accessible living spaces in cities, and to categorize personalized routes according to users' preferences and transfer them to the user. In addition, navigation systems incorporate the experiences of the users into the system and enable individuals to experience independent and safe travel. As wayfinding systems can be experienced through mobile applications that people can easily access, it provides a more active and easy solution for users. Direction finding systems including mobility database and routing algorithms can be easily integrated with smart city infrastructure. Smart city technologies, which are constantly updated and supported by user experiences, bring along data infrastructure and technological innovations for direction finding. Information and communication technologies, smart mobility and wayfinding technologies provide unhindered access and accessibility, and provide some solutions for urban problems.
In order to provide the users of the city with an uninterrupted, safe and comfortable access experience, the shortcomings of our country and cities should be determined first. Examining the successful examples made around the world, examining the mobility and accessibility solutions and revealing the relevant data sets in this context constitute the basis of this thesis. It is to examine the studies of our country on smart city, to understand the adequacy level of the existing studies and to determine the potential and constraints depending on the existing studies. As a citizen living in a metropolis like Istanbul, this thesis study has been prepared with the aim of increasing accessibility in the city.
This thesis study consists of 5 chapters in total. These chapters are respectively in the form of introduction, conceptual and theoretical framework, smart cities, smart mobility and barrier-free access practices and policies, developing a data model in smart mobility and barrier-free wayfinding technologies, conclusions and recommendations.
In the first chapter, the purpose, justification, scope and limitations of the thesis, and research method are explained. Accordingly, the primary goal is to examine the solution proposals made in the world on smart mobility and barrier-free access, and to increase urban accessibility by supporting them with wayfinding technologies. The purpose of this study is to be a helpful resource by bringing together the relevant data sets and offering some solution suggestions for the application.
For this purpose, in the second part, literature research was conducted and a conceptual framework was presented. The concepts of smart city, smart mobility, accessibility, barrier-free access and wayfinding are examined. The research has been continued on the benefits of these concepts to the city and the citizens.
In the third chapter, smart mobility solutions of 20 cities around the world, which stand out with smart city solutions, are examined. These examined examples are cities with different dynamics from the continents of Asia, Europe and America. While choosing these cities, the main criterion was determined that the development potential of smart cities is high. 5 cities from Turkey were included in this study and a comparison of the world cities with Turkey was made. In addition to the subject of smart mobility, studies that can serve as an example in wayfinding systems are also discussed in the third chapter.
The fourth chapter of the thesis explains the relationship between smart mobility, barrier-free access and wayfinding technologies. In this section, the data used by wayfinding systems and their needs and the data required for smart mobility are presented. In addition, in this section, the results of the survey study prepared within the scope of the thesis are also included. 20 experts on smart city were asked about their approach to sustainable urban mobility and smart mobility parameters. In addition, the smart mobility implementation process in Turkey, the level of influence of the stakeholders in the development of smart city applications, and the individual contributions of the experts on this issue were also examined in the survey study.
Finally, the results of the studies and the data obtained from these results are explained. The requirements and relationship of wayfinding technologies in smart mobility and barrier-free access are examined. The missing aspects of our country and our cities in this regard have been revealed and some suggestions have been presented within the scope of the relevant subject.
Direction finding applications mainly use the mobility database and routing algorithm. In order to ensure unhindered access, environmental data and data containing personal requests should be added to these databases. The mobility database should include a digital terrain model, slope, length and width of roads, transport vehicles, surface and condition of roads, stairs and ramps. For the personalized routing algorithm, it is necessary to transfer the information about the density of pedestrian traffic, noise, lighting, weather, personal security and crime rates on the routes. Routes created through these data allow the user to move safely, comfortably and independently.
The basic structure of smart mobility includes users, information technologies, communication technologies, operational technology and physical infrastructure layers. Continuously updated traffic data, traffic service data, city map and weather data are important in providing active urban mobility.
As a result of the studies, smart mobility and wayfinding systems should be integrated with each other in order to ensure accessibility more effectively. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between smart mobility and navigation technologies. Wayfinding systems should be developed in order to ensure unhindered accessibility and enable people to move safely and independently in the city. While developing wayfinding systems, the cooperation of the infrastructure and data system used in smart city technologies can have positive results for accessibility. While navigation based on personalized routes and access system can serve the user by using the smart mobility database, it can provide input for the smart city database, thanks to the feedback it receives from the users. In this way, a sustainable application that both feeds and feeds the user can be produced. The definition of "citizen", which is at the center of the smart city, is also a factor that is both affected by and affects the city, as seen in these practices.