Kentsel yenilemede sürdürülebilirlik, Emekyemez ve Arap Cami mahalleleri örneği
Sustainable urban renewal, case study: Emekyemez and Arap Cami districts
Yazar: SÜHEYLA TÜRK
Danışman: PROF. DR. NİLGÜN ERGUN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Kentsel alanlar = Urban areas ; Kentsel değişim = Urban change ; Kentsel yenileme = Urban redevelopment ; Sürdürülebilirlik = Sustainability ; Yenileme = Renovation

Özet:
İstanbul'da Beyoğlu yüzyıllar boyu gelişmenin ve ticaretin merkezi olmuştur. Beyoğlu, günümüze gelinceye dek çeşitli değişmelere uğramasına rağmen, İstanbul'un diğer tarihi bölgeleriyle kıyaslandığında, tarihsel niteliklerini ve yoğunluğunu hala koruyabilen bir bölgedir. Özellikle tanzimattan sonra, kendilerine tanınan ayrıcalıkların arttırılmasıyla, başta Avrupa kökenli Levantenler olmak üzere, Rum, Ermeni ve Musevi grupların semtteki etkinlikleri ve ağırlıkları yoğunlaşmıştırBu grupların Beyoğlu'na kazandırdığı önemli sosyal ve fiziksel nitelikler, buranın özgün ve kültürel bakımdan renkli bir semt haline dönüşmesini sağlamıştır. Haliç'in kuzeyindeki Galata bölgesi , karşısındaki tarihi yarımadadaki imparatorluk merkezi dışında gelişen bir yerleşimken, 13. Yüzyıldan itibaren bölgeye Cenevizlilerin yerleştirilmesiyle hızlı bir gelişim göstermiş, İstanbul'un fethinden sonra da bu özerk statüsünü korumuştur. Osmanlı imparatorluğu döneminde gelişmiş bir ticaret merkezi olan bölge , batılılaşmanın ilk ve en önemli etkilerinin yaşandığı yerdir. Ancak bu gelişme Cumhuriyet sonrası bir duraklama dönemine girmiş, özellikle 1950'lerde başlayan imar hareketleriyle, Galata'nın dokusundaki olumsuz değişiklikler hızla artmıştır.Çalışma alanı, Beyoğlu'nda , kuzeyde Büyük hendek caddesi, güneyde Marmara Denizi, batıda Yolcuzade İskender Caddesi ve doğuda da Galata kulesi sokakla sınırlanmaktadır. Bölgede yapılan çalışmanın amacı, değerlerin çok çabuk yitirildiği günümüzde, kültürel miras kalıntılarının ve tarihi yapıların yoğun olduğu bölgedeki tarihi dokunun sıhhileştirilmesi ve korunması, sosyal dokunun incelenmesi ve iyileştirilmesi , gelecek nesillere aktarılabilmesi için önerilerin geliştirilmesidir. Bölgenin karakteristik özelliklerini ve günümüzdeki durumunu ortaya çıkartmak amacıyla , alan üç kere farklı zaman aralıklarında gezilip fotoğraflanmıştır.Ayrıca çeşitli dönemlere ait harita ve fotoğraflardan fiziksel ve işlevsel değişim izlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bölgede hızlı değişim gösteren sosyal yapı profilinin belirlenmesine yönelik çalışmalar yapılmış gerek analizlerle gerekse de alan çalışmalarıyla elde edilen tüm bilgiler ışığında, çalışma alanının ve çevresinin korunması ve yaşatılmasına yönelik bir öneri geliştirilmiştir.

Abstract:
A city doesn?t a total which comes in the form of people and infrastructures, a city is a mixture of all of them in a complicated way. Towards the activities and process continue in cities and city life, the wasting away of natural resources in time has become a current issue in these days. With the improving of cities and increasing possibilities of city life, population has occured from immigration and it has increased. Thus social differences has started in communities. Various problems have become and this had people to find solutions. Social decompositions have occured from social differences in communuties and this has become a problem in metropoles and big cities. The people, who abondoned the cities with the result of suburbanisation, are turning back to rutty and disused historical areas close to city centers because of their convenient locations. The city parts which are frazzled and failed former function, are considering and planning again. The city parts are redeveloping and renewaling with political, governmental, economical, social sequence of actions which are flexible and feasible for change. In the process of urban renewal, a concept has been discussed nowadays named sustainability. Sustainability principles are explained with variable laws agreements. Urban renewal activities are planning according to sustainability principles an cities are designing with respect to sustainability. Usually, in the urban renewal project in historical areas, cultural functions are given as a concept. But in time, low-income residents become living from the renewaled area replacing with middle-income working class. For mitigating this situation, urban renewal projects should plan with the sustainable principle. It should be primary objective to improve local economy and to give importance to local requirements. The plans should appeal to everyone. In this context, the definition of urban renewal and the explanation of types of urban renewal were discussed. Under the title of urban revitalisation, gentrification and commercial gentrification were investigated. After that, urban renewal aspects were discussed. Legal aspects of urban renewal in Turkey in the course of history and legal aspects of urban renewal were explained. Sustainable aspects of urban renewal were investigated and legal aspects of sustainabilty in urban renewal were discussed. After all these literature study, the investigation study of urban renewal samples from the world and case study were carried on together. The urban renewal samples were selected according to have similaries with case area. The urban renewal samples were selected from Europe, U.S.A., Canada, Asia and Turkey. It was given importance for samples designed with sustainable principles and commercial gentrification samples in historical urban areas were investigated. In addition, the recommenations were improved for avoiding direct or indirect displacement and the strategies from the world samples were discussed to mitigate it.The case study, which has carried on at the same time, was selected from county of Beyoğlu, İstanbul. For many centuries, Beyoğlu has been a development and trade center in İstanbul. Although Beyoğlu has faced various changes until today, when compared the other historical regions of İstanbul, it is one of districts which can still conserve its? historical characteristics and concentration in which physical structure deformations are seem less. Particularly, after Tanzimat Period, the activities and efficiencies of Levantines of Europian origin especially Greek, Armenian and Jewish groups were more concentrated in the district due to the increase of the privileges given to them.The important social and phisical qualities contributed to Beyoğlu by these groups, caused this district to turn into a colourful one in original and cultural aspects.Galata region which situated North side of Golden Horn, developed outside of The Ottoman Empire center that situated Peninsula. Begining of the 13.century, Geneose were located in the area, the area protected its special status after the congestion of İstanbul.The area was the center of trade of the Ottaman Empire period, where contemporary development has experienced at first and most powerful way. Development paused after the republican period, Galata tissue changed negatively with the rebuilding program from the begining of 1950s.The study area is bordering between Bankalar Street is the North side, Tershane Street is the South side, Kemeraltı Street is the East side and Yolcuzade İskender Street is the West side in Beyoğlu. The study area places the boundaries of Arapcami and Emekyemez districts. The study area shelters Bankalar Street, valuable cultural heritage remains and monuments. The aim of the work in the region is upgrading of the sanitary tissue where cultural heritage and historic buildings are concentrated although values are being lost quickly in today?s world. Moreover, examining and improving the social fabric and to develop recommondations will be transmitted these heritages to new generations. The goal of revealing area?s characteristics and situations, photos from area have been taken in three times in different periods. Phisical and functional changes in various periods will try to be monitored from the maps and photos. Analyses were made by municapility were investigated and planning studies were discussed. Analysis of current usage was made. List of land values in last decade was taken from municapility and they were evaluated. List of businesses has worked in last decade were found from the Chamber of Commerce. Opened and closed bussiness were investigated and checked the functional change in last decade. Census list of 2007 was investigated, and the profile of residents were determined. Questionarres were made with bussinesses to identify the profile of changing social structure.Around Perşembe Pazarı Street in the study area, mainly were used by commercial function at the 18.th century. The other areas were used by residental function which is established from historical maps. At the begining of 20th century, Voyvoda Street and Tershane Street which situate between Arap Mosque and Tophane Kapısı district were full of bussiness buildings. All of these show us, the history of commercial function has attended since 18th century. Emekyemez district was mainly used by residental function. After Turkish ? Greek population exchange, property tax and Cyprus problems, Greek origin Turkish residents left from the area. New residents situated in area from different cities of Anatolia with the immigration and the manufacturing function has started in the area. After that period, residental usage replaced between manitacturing and commercial function. Thus, the area has turned to outdated and ragged.Urban renewal projects has increased in Beyoğlu during the last decade. The study area is bordering between Galata Tourism Center Project is the northeast side, Perşembe Pazarı Urban Renewal district project is the southside, Galataport Cruise Port Project is the east side, Haliç Cultural Special District Project is the west side in Beyoğlu. The observation of Beyoğlu in last years is the day after day changes and the study area might effect from that. In recent days, the historical Ottoman Bank and Sumer Bank buildings are sold and transforming to museum and bouteque hotel this development might accelerate the urban renewal process. The rumour business sector and equipment sector will be transformed to tourism sector in the area made the companies to buy buildings. The axle of Bankalar Street and the east side of Arap Mosque has the majority of khans and monumental buildings, has Genoise Houses and court. It is remarkable that the area is transformin to tourism function rapidly from the boutuque hotel projects. 1/1000 development plan designed at 2010 that gave new functions and that shows the signals of radical changes.The aim of the work in the region is upgrading of the sanitary tissue where cultural heritage and historic buildings are concentrated although values are being lost quickly in today?s world. Moreover, examining and improving the social fabric and to develop recommondations will be transmitted these heritages to new generations. With the help of structural analysis and research studies, we will develop a proposal to sustainable conservation and revitalization of study area and sorroundings.