Kentsel yapılaşmış çevrenin oluşumunda dış mekan yaşantısının yeri ve işlevi: İstanbul Taksim Meydanı örneği
The Place and the function of outdoor life, throughout the formation of urban structure
Yazar: HÜLYA HATİPOĞLU
Danışman: PROF. DR. HANDE SUHER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1994
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Dış mekan = Outdoor ; Kentsel tasarım = Urban design ; Kentsel çevre = Urban environment ; İstanbul-Taksim = İstanbul-Taksim

Özet:
İnsan varlığı, toplumsallaşmak ve bütünleşmek" zorunda olan dinamik bir varoluştur. "İnsan Varlığı Kavramı" ile ilgili teoriler ve psikoloji, çevresel psikoloji, sosyoloji gibi disiplinlerdeki çalışmalar "Kentsel Dış Mekan Yaşantısı "nın insanın bütünleşmesinde önemli bir rolü olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buradan hareketle yapılan çalışmada, geçmişten günümüze değin kentsel yerleşmelerdeki dış mekanların ve içerdikleri yaşantısının yukarıda bahse dilen disiplinlere ait bulgular ışığında, inşan için önemi incelenmiştir. 6 Bölümden oluşan çalışmanın 1. bölümünde konunun amacı, yöntemi ve kapsamı açıklanmıştır. 2. Bölüm; ilgili konuda geliştirilen çalışmaya temel olma sı amacıyla "Dış Mekan Yaşantısı"nı insan-yapılaşmış çevre etkileşimi yönünden sözkonusu disiplinler ışığında inceleyerek kentsel dış mekan özelliklerini ele almaktadır. 3. Bölüm kapsamında, 2. bölümde belirlenen çerçeve doğrultusunda "Dış Mekan" ve "Dış Mekan Yaşantısı" tarihsel sürekliliği içinde geçmişten günümüze kadar incelenmektedir. 4. Bölüm; alan çalışmasına konu olan Taksim Meydanı 'nın da içinde yeraldığı İstanbul'un kentsel dış mekanları ve içerdikleri yaşantı 3. bölüm için belirlenen çerçeve doğrultusunda incelenmektedir. 5. Bölümde "Taksim Meydanı" yapılan anket yardımıyla elde edilen bulgular, kuramsal bilgiler ve gözlemler çerçevesinde incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. 6. Bölümde, yapılan incelemeler sonunda kenti kent kentliyi kentli yapan en önemli özelliklerden birinin. "Kentsel Dış Mekan Yaşantısı" olduğu ve bu yaşantının yeniden canlandırılmasının ancak tasarımda "Kentsel Dış Mekan" kav - ramının temel hedef alınmasıyla mümkün olacağı görüşüne varılmıştır. Bu çerçevede kent merkezine yönelik tasarımlarla yönlendirici olabilecek planlama ilkeleri tanımlanmıştır. viii

Abstract:
In this work, the importance of 'outdoor spaces and the life within them', taking place in urban structure throughout the historical development, is studied. The aim of this work in this connection is to help the further work on architecture, urban design and urban planning. The studies and the related examples throughout the history on the subject is examined by literature survey. In addition to the results of this survey, to recognize and define the present situation in a more healthy way, an inquiry is held through the users of Taksim Square in a systematic manner considering the changes; and the development of the subject is supported by field analysis. This work contains six sections: Section 1: The aim, methodology and contents of the work are examined. Section 2: The work on architecture and urban planning.; should be taken together with the psychology, environmen tal psychology, ontology and sociology disciplines which bring new points of view to the human nature and needs. Therefore this section studies the importance of outdoor life for man independent from the time under the light of these disciplines bringing a new point of view to the human nature and needs, and covers 'outdoor life" in the man-urban structure interaction context. This study, made in the above mentioned context, indicate that the basic concept we call "Urban Outdoor Life" is a factor which should be emphasized and taken into conside ration for urban structure designs. As a result of this study, one develops the hypothesis that human physical and psychological behavioural patterns should be considered as a main factor for urban structure designs in terms of outdoor life within the human urbanization process. ixSection 3: Under the lights of the explanations given in Section 2, this section aims to study outdoor spaces within urban structure where man, whose basic need is proven to socialize and to unite with his environment, spends a considerable part of his social life, in terms of its historical continuity. Assuming that study of the place and function of the urban outdoor spaces and outdoor life in their historical process would be helpful to define the place and importance of the outdoor spaces wi thing the present urban life, this section aims to develop this subject by means of examples. The study made in this context indicates that: o The pre-Industrial Revolution cities developed in accordance with pedestrian circulation which was the most efficient form of movement for relationship purposes; o The urban outdoor space form, composed of two basic units i.e. 'square' and "street1, has qualities enabling to establish the relationships between humans and humand and urban structure? In the process of changes and alterations started by Industrial Revolution, the above mentioned form broke down, thus cities turned into different places throughout said fast changes process is which many expansion, residence, health and transport problems, occurred: o Although the modern architectural planning movement, which aimed to create healthy spaces within cities that had gained unheard dynamics, secured light and air circulation in urban spaces by approaching to the urban structure problems unilaterally, it tore the relations hips between people and events. o These spaces, which took place in urban structure composed of human-scale outdoor spaces before Industrial Revolution, turned into the arena of vehicles instead of people and social activities after Industrial Revolution. Section 4: This section studies the urban structure and outdoor life in Istanbul, where Taksim square, subject of the field work, is located, under the frame explained in Section 3. xIt is observed that the transformation of the place and function of 'Urban Outdoor Spaces' within the urban structure, explained in the previous section, realized in the cities in Türkiye too. Beyaz it, Eminönü, Beşiktaş and Taksim squares within the urban structure of Istanbul lost their spatial qualities and rich outdoor life aspects in this transformation process. Section 5 : This section contains the evaluation of a survey and spatial analysis held in the target square. As the study target for urban outdoor spaces and outdoor life, I selected Taksim square which is located in urban structure of Istanbul and being an important urban outdoor space thanks to its features. A systematic survey was held with 100 randomly selected users who were asked to answer questions prepared in order to determine people's expectations from urban structure and life as much as possible. 20 questions were prepared in accordance with the study data, and were divided into 3 groups. Group 1, 2 and 3 contain the questions about the users' identity, the subject and the users' suggestions, respectively. Findings of the study are shown in tables, and general evaluations are given. Results of the field works are reviewed in the following 2 headings, under the formula stated in Section 2 and developed in accordance with the relevant theoretical data and personal observations! o Organization of movement o Spatial organization o Organization of utilization. Section 6. Contains the results and the, proposals. The whole work puts forward that, today; "the revival of urban outdoor life" can only be realized by taking "urban outdoor life concept" as a basic objective» At this point; the human needs, within the outdoor life and actions, can be collected under three headings coverage as a formulation as a leading force. Xio Organization of movement "A circulation system dominated by pedestrian movement and pedestrian areas" o Organization of space "Urban fabric shaped by public open space" o Organization of use "Mixed use". As the study. target for urban outdoor spaces and outdoor life, I selected Taksim square as it's, in urban structure of Istanbul and being an important urban outdoor space. When considered these three headings in this specific area? we can put foward these important findings: When we examine the field by the criteria of the Organization of Movement? Taksim square today, as it's dissolved in the traffic flow has not been exploited and cannot present its potentials. By the view of the criteria of organization of space, we wind a lack of ax most important peculiarity of a space which is enclosure. And its absence causes it to be an undefined place. So it cannot feed the most important psychological feeling of belonging somewhere. By the view of the criteria of the organization of use, we see that Taksim square cannot activate the space by the functional use and recreational use. This lack of activity affects the quality of space and causes it to be considered as poor. And as a final result, by this point of view, considering local differences of each item principles below for the city center are put forward, o Organization of movement. To improve the transportation conditions in forward of pedestrians. o Organization of space. The formation of urban structure; buildings and outdoor space must be considered and studied as a whole.. In this manner buildings of urban design must be interpreted as the identifing elements of the outdoor space. xiio Organization of use.. From the fnuctional point, proper functions much will add to the outdoor life, in accomandation with the present situation shold be offered. Conformity of the building program with the environment, bringing variety to the environment with the program. The inquiry done, at Taksim square and surroundings which is selected as the example, put forward that, the user's expectations are in the same direction. xxxi