İstanbul Fenari İsa Camisi/Konstantinos Lips Manastır Kilisesi restitüsyon ve koruma önerileri
İstanbul Fenari Isa Mosque/Konstantinos Lips Monastery restitution and conservation proposals
Yazar: GÜLÇİN KAHRAMAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. YEGAN KAHYA SAYAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Fenari İsa Camisi (Konstantinos Lips Manastır Kilisesi) İstanbul'un Fatih ilçesi Aksaray semtinde yer almaktadır. Bu bölge Bizans döneminde Lykos Vadisi, Osmanlı döneminde ise Yenibahçe olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Günümüzde ise önemli yolların kesişim ağında olan Vatan Caddesi üzerinde bulunmaktadır.
Yapı, Erken Bizans döneminin büyük ve bazilikal planlı dini yapılarından Orta Bizans döneminin "Kapalı Yunan haçı" plana geçişteki öncü yapılardan olması nedeniyle mimarlık tarihi açısından önemli bir anıt eserdir. Geç Bizans döneminde dehlizli plan tipinde yapılmış olan güney kilise, kuzey kilisenin güney kısmına ustalıkla birleştirilmiş ve yapı genişlemiştir. 14. yüzyılın sonlarında da yapının güney ve batısına "L" şeklinde paraklesyon mekânı eklenerek yapı bir kompleks haline gelmiştir. Güney kilise ve paraklesyon; edebiyat, sanat ve mimaride "Palaiologos Rönesansı" olarak adlandırılan dönemin zengin dekorasyonunu taşımaktadır.  Osmanlı döneminde yapılmış ekler ve düzenlemeler ile birlikte yapı cami olarak işlevlendirilerek önemini sürdürmüştür. Cumhuriyet döneminde yapılmış onarımlar ile günümüzdeki görünümüne ulaşmıştırç
Bu çalışmada eklektik bir düzende olan yapının tarih içerisinde geçirdiği süreçler, aldığı mimari ekler ile kazandığı kimlik, Bizans, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet dönemindeki müdahaleler ile günümüzde geldiği durum analiz edilmiştir. Bu analizler mimari boyuttan, eleman boyutuna, yapım tekniğinden malzemesine kadar incelenmiştir. Yapı eklemli bir yapıda ve her bir  parçası farklı özelliklere sahip olduğu için ayrıntılı belgeleme çalışmaları yapılmıştır, dönem analizleri ile hasar analizlerini gösteren analitik rölöveler hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda yapının çevresi ile birlikte durumu, yapı yoğunluğu, zemin kotları ve çevresel faktörler de göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. 
Belgeleme çalışmaları ve arşiv belgeleri ışığında Bizans dönemine ait üç, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi'ne ait izlerle birlikte yapıda beş farklı dönem özelliği tespit edilmiştir. Farklı dönemlerin sentezi olan yapının çözümlenmesi ve koruma sorunlarını tayin etmek zor olmaktadır. 
Yapının rölöve tespitleri, görsel ve yazılı belgeler ile benzer dönem yapılarının mimari özellikleri birlikte değerlendirilerek farklı dönemlere ait izlerin yapıda meydana getirdiği değişimleri anlayabilmek için yapının Orta Bizans döneminden günümüze kadar eklenerek büyümesi kademeli olarak görülecek şekilde restitüsyon önerileri hazırlanmıştır. Böylece araştırmacılar için verimli ve önemli bir kaynak oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir. 
Yapı Bizans ve Osmanlı dönemleri için önemli bir yapı olmasına rağmen, günümüzdeki kent dokusu içerisinde kaybolmuştur. İmar faaliyetleri nedeniyle, yükselen yol seviyeleri, çok katlı binalar ile yapının çevresinin sarılması ile parseli içerisinde sıkışmış durumda kalmış,  silueti içinde algılanamaz hale gelmiştir. Bakımsızlık nedeniyle de yapıda strüktürel ve yapısal hasarlar meydana gelmiştir.
Yapı için çevresi ile birlikte bütüncül bir koruma yaklaşımına ihtiyaç vardır. Yapının çevresindeki yolların yoğun trafik akışı düzenlenmeli, Vatan Caddesi katılımındaki yol kamulaştırılarak yapı parseline katılmalıdır. Koruma amaçlı imar planına uyularak yapı çevresindeki yüksek katlı yapılaşmalarda kat azaltma çalışmalarına gidilmelidir. Yapı mevcut yol kotlarından çok aşağıda ve gömülü vaziyettedir. Hem siluet algısı hem de yapısal sorunlarının çözümlenebilmesi için çevresinin açılması ve yapı parselinin düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. Yapı parseli güney yönünde genişleyemeyeceği için (Vatan Caddesi'nden dolayı) kuzeyinde kalan yapılarda kamulaştırmaya gidilerek bir bahçe düzenlemesi yapılmalıdır. Parsel içerisindeki niteliksiz şadırvan ve tuvalet kısmı da kaldırılarak yeni düzenleme içerisinde projelendirilmelidir.

Abstract:
Fenari İsa Mosque (Konstantinos Lips Monastery Church)is located at Aksaray district of İstanbul's Fatih sub province. This region has been called as Lykos Valley during the Byzantine period and Yenibahçe during the Ottoman period. Today, it is located on the Vatan Street which is at the intersection of important venues.
The building is one of the pioneering buildings in the Middle Byzantium with "Greek Cross" layout plan and it is a significant monumental structure in regards to the architectural history. The northern church is the Lips Monastery Church which was built by Konstantinos Lips in 907 A.C. Empress Theodora, had the southern church, which is in the ambulatory church plan, made as a family cemetery and had the northern church repaired at the end of the 13th century or in the first quarter of the 14th century. The southern church, which was built in the ambulatory church plan, had been connected to the southern section of the northern church skillfully. The building had been expanded by the addition of an "L" shaped Parecclesion area at the southern and western sections of the building at the end of the 14th century. The parecclesion and the southern church, which were added in the late Byzantine period, reflect the impacts of the "Palaiologan Renaissance" as in literature, arts, and architecture.
This structure complex has functioned as a mosque and has not lost its significance alongside with the additions and arrangements made at the Ottoman Period. The building has achieved its contemporary condition through the restorations made in the Republican period.
In this study, the processes that the building, which has an eclectic order, has encountered throughout the history, the identity that it has achieved through the architectural additions, the condition that it has achieved through the interventions during the Byzantine, Ottoman and Republican periods have been analyzed. These analyses have been conducted from the architectural dimension to the dimension of the elements, and from the construction technique to its materials. As the building has an articulated structure and each section of the building has different characteristics, it is difficult to document and it requires a detailed study. Thus, detailed three dimensional measurements of the building has been made with the 3D Laser Scanner method, and the ortho-photo data has been created from those three dimensional measurements. The ortho-photo datas have been prepared in the computerized digital environment with the relief making technique and the analytic that includes the chronological analysis and damage analysis have been transferred to the reliefs. The architectural details of the structure, its decorations and plastic structural elements are also examined in the detail scale and they have been documented. In those studies, the environment of the building alongside with its condition, building density, ground levels and environmental factors have also been taken into consideration.
The walls of the Northern church, which is a mid-Byzantine period structure, are averagely 1.00 meters wide and composed of four lines of stone, five lines of brick bond beam arrangement. That arrangement continues until the marble level corniche at the upper elevation of the column heads on the wall distinctions of Naos place. After the level corniche, the walls are made with bricks until the upper cover of the vault. The pointy arches at Naos,with a height of 58 - 60 centimeters, have been made with volcanic tuff stones in the Ottoman period. 
The horizontal pointing heights between all the bricks and all the stones are approximately 5 – 6 centimeters in length and in the pointing technique, a curvature has been given to the pointing with a soft hand tool.
The wall masonry technique of the southern church alongside with the parecclesion is different than that of the northern church. While the average width of the eastern wall of the southern is 1.00 m, the western and southern walls are approximately 1.27 m wide. The brick sequence of 1 line of stone and 1 line of brick continues as such in four-line sequence consecutively. This four-line brick stone sequence arrangement is divided by five-line brick bond beam. The horizontal pointing widths are 5-7 centimeters and unlike those in the northern church, they are not concave, instead they have been made with the beveled pointing technique which was the common pointing technique in the Palaiologan period. 
The window columns and the level corniches of both churches have been made with marble elements. Greek scripture has been observed on the marble corniches of the column heads during the relief documentation of the structure. It has been determined that those scripture were the information regarding the funerary and grave rituals and those elements have been brought as gatherings to be used at the building from a necropolis area nearby. Additionally, the column heads under those corniches have the characteristics of the early period and each one of them have been documented as gathering materials having different details.
Immediately after this thesis study, a restoration works on the building have started. During those works, by taking brick and mortar samples from the appropriate places of the wall surfaces that would have a restoration, analyses have been made at the Istanbul Technical University, Architectural Faculty, Building Structures Laboratory.
Under the light of detailed documentation of the structure, three different period characteristics of the Byzantine period and alongside with the marks on the building belonging to the Ottoman and the Republican Periods, a total of five different period characteristics have been determined on the building. The analysis of the building which is a synthesis of different periods has been difficult. The restitution problems of the building, the marks on the building, published sources and the samples of the Mid and Late Byzantine period structures in İstanbul and Thessaloniki   carrying similar characteristics of building construction techniques have been documented by the conducted inspections and they have been evaluated together. In order to understand the changes that the marks belonging to different periods created on the building, restitution suggestions have been prepared would make the gradualexpansion of the building visible since the 10th century until today. Thus, it has been believed that this would be a more productive and significant source for the researchers. Previously, in the publications regarding the structure, while a three-corridor layout plan was suggested for the Mid-Byzantine period restitution, when the restitution problems have been investigated in detail, a five-corridor restitution suggestion of the northern church has been prepared just like the one in Brunov's restitution suggestion.
Due to the development activities, the building has been surrounded by roads and multistory buildings, and it has become undetectable in the city's silhouette. Additionally, the neglect of the building puts the building into an unqualified view. Although it is a significant building for the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, today it is not valued in regards to the urban identity.
In regards to the other structures of the church that had been within the monastery complex in the 10th and 14th centuries no other information has been accessed. In the typicon of the structure, there are information regarding the functions of the buildings around the structure, however no information regarding the architectural characteristics of the building have been provided. In the older maps, the other buildings around the structure that belong to the monastery are not visible. It is not possible to think considering the protection and survival of the structure that brings together the important architectural layers of different periods in the scale of a single building. For the presentation of the building, and for understanding the silhouette of the building within the urban identity, there is a need for a holistic protection approach alongside with its surrounding area. 
The traffic flow of the roads around the building that have been compressed into the building's parcel has to be arranged, and the road at the Vatan street joint has to be expropriated and added to the building's parcel. By obeying the zoning plan which has a protection intention, there has to be a story reduction work at the high buildings around the structure. As the structure is below the the existing road levels and in a buried state, its surrounding area needs to be opened and the parcel of the structure has to be arranged for both the silhouette perception, and also the solution of the structural problems of the building. As the building's parcel may not expand towards the south, (due to Vatan street), a garden arrangement needs to be made by expropriation of the buildings at the northern part of the structure. The disqualified fountain and restroom area within the parcel has to be removed and needs to be resolved in the new arrangement.
Responsible people, which is under the possession of the General Directorate of Foundations, need to be appointed for following up of the damages of the structure, as a regular inspection works on-site has to be planned. For simple repairs and periodical maintenance, an annual budget needs to be formed and at the intervals of 3 months, 6 months (especially before and after winter) or 1 years, inspections need to be made unless there is any specific problem (such as natural disaster). By moving out of the restitution suggestions of the building, arrangements that would make the northern aisle more visible should be made and archeological excavations need to be made and remnants that belong to the northern aisle need to be unearthed and exhibited. In regards to the building, advertising documents, publications, booklets, educational programs, educational trips need to be arranged and protection consciousness needs to be spread. Starting from formal education, publications that would attract the attention of the public from every walk of life need to be prepared. With the joint work of the General Directorate of Foundations and the Ministry of Culture, a research fund needs to be created to investigate the problems of the structure and structures of similar period, to support scientific works, and to publish the studies. To grab the attention of the visitors, the significance of the building needs to be mentioned in İstanbul's cultural tourism and the transportation networks around the building need to be evaluated as an opportunity.