Sıfır enerjili konut binalarında ısı pompası ve PV uygulamalarının enerji performans yaşam döngüsü ve maliyet analizleri
Energy performance life cycle and cost analysis of heat pump and pv applications in zero energy residential buildings
Yazar: MEHMET YILMAZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. HATİCE SÖZER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Enerji = Energy

Özet:
Bu çalışmada, bir konut binasının enerji ihtiyacının yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından sağlanarak sıfır enerji performansına ulaşması hedeflenmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinden ısı pompası ve fotovoltaik sistemler bir konut binasına entegre edilerek enerji performans analizleri, binanın yaşam döngüsü sürecinde enerji maliyet analizleri ile birlikte gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, aynı bina için uygulanan konvansiyonel sistemlerin performansları ile karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir.  
Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde tezin amacı açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca konut yapılarının enerji tüketimlerinin azaltılması ve doğrudan doğadan karşılanması amacıyla ısı pompalarının, fotovoltaik sistemlerinin literatürde güncel karşılıkları araştırılmıştır. Konut özelinde gerçekleştirilen maliyet ve yaşam döngüsü analizlerinin yöntemleri yine güncel kaynaklardan araştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. 
Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde yerden ısıtma sistemlerinin tarihsel süreci açıklanmıştır. Sırasıyla sistemin M.Ö. 5000'li yıllarda Kore ve Çin'deki uygulamaları, miladın ilk yıllarında Roma İmparatorluğundaki örnekleri ile günümüze kadar süregelen Osmanlı hamamları ve modern zaman uygulamaları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. 
Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ısı pompası sistemi açıklanmıştır. Isı pompalarının tarihsel gelişimini açıklamakla başlayan bölüm, sistemin çalışma prensipleri, kullandığı kaynakları ve sistem parçalarını tanıtmakla devam etmiştir. Ayrıca ısı değiştirici diye adlandırılan borulama tipleri açıklanmış ve güneş enerjisi ile birlikte kullanılan hibrit ısı pompaları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. 
Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde modellenecek yapı tanıtılmıştır. Ayrıca yapı için kullanılacak yerden ısıtma boru boyutlandırması detaylı olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bölümün ilerleyen kısımlarında ise modelde kullanılacak toprak kaynaklı ısı pompasının kapasite hesabının ve seçilecek boru cinsi ve boyutları detaylı bir şekilde hesaplanmıştır. 
Çalışmanın beşinci bölümünde modellemesi yapılan yapının enerji tüketimleri irdelenmiştir. Modelleme için bir enerji analiz yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Yazılıma model tanıtıldıktan sonra iki senaryo için analiz yapılmış ve sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. İlk senaryoda yapının ısıtılması için doğalgaz kombisi kullanılmıştır. İkinci senaryoda ise ısınma ve soğutma için ısı pompası yani elektrik kullanılmıştır. Her tüketim kalemi ayrı ayrı olarak ve toplam tüketim olarak kWh bazında enerji sarfiyatları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilerleyen kısımlarında ısı pompalı model için çatıya güneş enerjisi sistemi kurulumu ve hesaplama süreci detaylı olarak açıklanmıştır. Sistem kurulumu sonucunda hibrit sistemin enerji tüketiminin tamamı yenilenebilir kaynaklardan sağlanmıştır. 
Çalışmanın altıncı bölümünde yaşam döngüsü analizi yapılmıştır. Öncelikle yapıda kullanılan belirli başlı malzemelerin metrajları kilogram cinsinden belirlenmiştir. Bir analiz yazılımı ile yapının elli yıllık yaşam döngüsü analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu aşamada yapının; yapım, kullanım, yenileme-onarım ve yıkım olarak dört farklı kategoride tükettikleri enerji verileri ve karbon salınım değerleri üç senaryo sistemi içinde hesaplanmıştır ve karşılaştırılmıştır 
Çalışmanın yedinci bölümünde maliyet analizi yapılmıştır. Maliyet analizi kısmında kombili sistem, ısı pompalı sistem ve hibrit sistem için ayrı ayrı ilk yatırım maliyeti ve yıllık enerji tüketim maliyetleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu sistemlerin 50 yıllık toplam maliyetleri dolar para birimi olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar yapılırken Fed'in yıllık enflasyon verileri kullanılarak tüm hesaplamalar enflasyon düzeltmesi ile yapılmıştır.  
Çalışmanın son bölümünde tüm sonuçlar karşılaştırılmış ve değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda toprak kaynaklı ıs pompası ve fotovoltaik sisteminin bir arada kullanıldığı modelin 50 yıllık toplam değerlendirme bazında bakıldığında finansal ve çevresel etki bakımından en uygun seçenek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Abstract:
In this study, it is aimed to achieve zero energy performance by meeting the energy need of a residential building from renewable energy sources. Heat pump and photovoltaic systems, which are among the renewable energy technologies, were integrated into a residential building and energy performance analyzes were carried out together with energy cost analyzes during the life cycle of the building. The results of the study were compared with the performance of conventional systems applied for the same building. 
In the first part of the study, the aim of the thesis is explained. In addition, the current equivalents of heat pumps and photovoltaic systems have been researched in the literature in order to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings and meet directly from nature. The methods of cost and life cycle analysis performed for the house have been investigated and evaluated from current sources. 
In the second part of the study, the historical process of floor heating systems is explained. Respectively the system's BC. In the 5000s, information about its practices in Korea and China, examples of the Roman Empire in the early years of the Gregorian period, and Ottoman baths that have continued until today and modern time practices are given. 
In the third part of the study, the heat pump system is explained. The section, which started with explaining the historical development of heat pumps, continued by introducing the operating principles of the system, the resources it uses and the system parts. In addition, the types of piping called heat exchangers are explained and information is given about hybrid heat pumps used with solar energy. 
In the fourth part of the study, the structure to be modeled is introduced. In addition, floor heating pipe sizing to be used for the building has been calculated in detail. In the following sections of the section, the capacity calculation of the ground source heat pump to be used in the model and the type and dimensions of the pipe to be selected were calculated in detail. 
In the fifth part of the study, the energy consumption of the building modeled was examined. An energy analysis software was used for modeling. After introducing the model to the software, analysis was made for the two scenarios and the results were compared. In the first scenario, the gas boiler was used to heat the building. In the second scenario, heat pump, namely electricity, is used for heating and cooling. Energy consumption was compared for each consumption item separately and on total kWh basis. In the following parts of the study, the installation and calculation process of the solar system on the roof for the heat pump model is explained in detail. As a result of the system installation, the entire energy consumption of the hybrid system was provided from renewable sources. 
Life cycle analysis was performed in the sixth part of the study. Firstly, the quantities of certain materials used in the building were determined in kilograms. Fifty-year life cycle analyzes of the building were made with an analysis software. At this stage, the building; The energy data and carbon emission values that they consume in four different categories as construction, use, renewal-repair and demolition are calculated and compared within three scenario systems. 
In the seventh part of the study, cost analyze was made. In the cost analysis section, the first investment cost and annual energy consumption costs are determined separately for the combi system, heat pump system and hybrid system. In addition, the total 50-year costs of these systems are calculated in dollar currency. While making calculations, all calculations were made with inflation adjustment by using Fed's annual inflation data. 
In the last part of the study, all results are compared and evaluations are made. As a result of these evaluations, it was determined that the model, in which the ground source heat pump and the photovoltaic system are used together, is the most appropriate option in terms of financial and environmental impact when viewed on the basis of a 50-year total evaluation.  
In today's world, humanity's energy demand is increasing day by day, thanks to the developing technology and increasing level of prosperity. Fossil fuels are used today to meet this energy demand. It is an obvious fact that this energy production technique, which causes carbon emissions, harms the living spaces of the world. Especially ozone depletion and global warming; researchers have enabled them to give importance to energy production from renewable energy sources and to the efficiency of these techniques. 
The soil is a renewable energy source that has a constant temperature beyond a certain depth. The ground source heat pump, on the other hand, is a tool that allows this heat to be transported with a certain piping system. The purpose of the process here is to provide ambient comfort conditions by transmitting the heat from the place where the temperature is high to the place where it is low through the surface areas of the pipes. 
The sun is a renewable energy source that can produce electricity directly with a tool called a panel thanks to its rays. The process here consists of the direct solar rays coming from the sun, chemically reacting with the special silicon elements in the panel, producing electrons and thus obtaining a current. 
Today, Turkey's private energy consumption in 2017 to about 90% is consumed by 4 units. These; Industry is 31% in the first rank, transportation 26.5% in the second, houses 21% in the third, commercial and public buildings 13.5% and others 9%. 
Turkey is the total natural gas consumption in 2018 was realized as 49.329 million Sm³. This consumption is mainly used for 36.9% electricity generation, 25.75% in houses and 24.3% in industry. According to data from the energy market supervisory authority, the natural gas consumption per person per household in 2018 was 626 m3. 
Turkey is in total electricity consumption billed the year 2018 164.433 TWh. This consumption is divided into 5 groups as shares. First, industry is the first with 41.52%, businesses in the second place with 29.23%, residential, ie houses, third with 23.45%, and agricultural irrigation and lighting are in the last place with 5.81% in total. 
As seen in the data of natural gas, Turkey's energy consumption and has a large share of electricity generation. Natural gas is used because management policies of the Republic of Turkey as an important heating fuel in Turkey. Reducing the consumption of natural gas, which is a fossil resource, and choosing renewable energy sources instead will provide an undeniable benefit in the long run. For the stated reasons, in this thesis, the necessary modeling and calculations have been made for the transition to renewable sources such as heat pumps for heating. 
Today, with the advancing scientific studies and increasing energy demand, such technologies will gain more importance in our lives. Such systems will be used in the not too distant future, especially due to the increasing energy prices and environmental effects of fossil fuels. With the increasing investments in renewable energy around the world, the prices of such energy providing equipment are falling rapidly with each passing day. Present in the coming period to increase the purchasing power of recovery Turkey's economy, reduction of costs, increase people's environmental awareness, legislation and bureaucracy in the coming days with further improvement is inevitable widespread use of such systems.  
Considering the data obtained from the study, it is very important that the architectural works are first created with designs that benefit from the energy of nature as much as possible for house construction. Material selection, analysis and producing zero energy home in Turkey with a good planning of ancillary equipment to be used has been understood as possible. The first condition for building zero energy houses is to obtain the possible profit from nature with a good architectural design and to minimize the building costs. Then, the comfort conditions and consumption habits of the users are optimized and the energy analysis of the building is calculated and an economical and environmentally friendly living space can be achieved throughout its life. The study shows that using ground source heat pumps instead of meeting the energy needs by consuming natural gas has saved 11.5% in CO2 emission and 33.5% in energy consumption after 50 years. In the case where the heat pump is supported by photovoltaic and all the required electrical energy is met from the sun, when the 50-year total values are considered, it has saved about 60% in CO2 emission and 55% in energy consumption compared to the conventional combi system. In 2021, photovoltaic systems are becoming widespread with the increase in domestic rates and a rapid decrease in the global price. It is estimated that heat pumps will experience the same process in the following periods. Especially with the localization of heat pump technologies and mass production, it seems possible to use them in zero energy houses with the widespread application of them and the decrease in investment costs.