Yüklenici inşaat firmaları için çok kriterli performans ölçme modeli
Multi-criteria performance measurement model for construction contractors
Yazar: IŞILAY TEKÇE
Danışman: PROF. DR. ATTİLA DİKBAŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2010
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi = Analytical hierarchy method ; Müteahhitler = Contractors ; Performans ölçümleri = Performance measurements ; İnşaat = Construction

Özet:
Son yirmi yılda global ölçekte artan rekabet, müşteri talepleri ve yüksek kalite gereksinimleri inşaat endüstrisini performans ve performans ölçümü kavramları hakkında daha fazla dikkat harcamaya zorlamıştır. İnşaat endüstrisinde performans ölçümü genellikle finansal yönelimli ve performans araştırmaları da büyük oranda proje seviyesine odaklıdır. Ancak son zamanlarda firma seviyesinde performansın değerlendirmesi ve yönetimi için talep artmıştır. İnşaat endüstrisinde firma seviyesinde performans ölçümü kavramsal çerçevesi geliştirmeye odaklı birkaç çalışma sözkonusudur. Diğer endüstrilere kıyasla inşaat endüstrisi, performans ölçümü uygulamalarında hiç bir zaman lider olmadığı gibi, düşük performansı ile ilgili üne de sahiptir.Bugüne kadar pek çok araştırmacı, Türk inşaat endüstrisinde düşük performansa sebep olan sorunlara dikkat çekmiştir. Türk yüklenici inşaat firmalarının bir çoğunun sistematik ve formel performans ölçme yaklaşımlarına sahip olmadığı bilinmektedir. Ancak konu ile ilgili olarak daha önce, Türk yüklenici firmaları özelinde bir ?performans ölçme modeli veya sistemi? çalışmasına literatürde rastlanmamıştır. Böylelikle, Türk yüklenici inşaat firmaları için firma performansının kendi perspektifinden ölçülmesi için kapsamlı birçok kriterli performans ölçme modeli geliştirilmesi tez konusu olarak seçilmiştir.Tez kapsamında, geliştirilen çok kriterli performans ölçme modeli, literatürde bulunan mevcut performans ölçme modelleri, ve kavramsal performans ölçme çerçeveleri incelenerek formülize edilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım içeriksel geçerliliğin sağlanması açısından önemlidir. AHS (analitik hiyerarşi süreci) yöntemi ile model bileşenlerinin önem ağırlıkları belirlenmiştir.Tez, araştırma kapsamında ele alınan konu ile ilgili literatür araştırmaları, yapılan alan çalışmaları ve analiz bölümlerinden oluşmaktadır. Konu ile ilgili literatür araştırmaları modelin oluşturulmasında tamamlanan önemli aşamalar olmuştur. Tez çalışması altı bölümde yapılandırılmıştır.İlk bölüm giriş bölümü olup; tez kapsamında ele alınan problem tanıtılmış, kapsam ve sınırlamalar açıklanmıştır.İkinci bölümde, tez çalışmasının metodolojisi ve metodolojiye uygun olarak çok kriterli performans ölçme modelinin geliştirilmesi sürecinde yapılan dört alan çalışmasının amaçları, örneklem özellikleri, soru formlarının tasarlanmasındaki esaslar, veri toplama prensipleri ve elde edilen verilerin analiz prosedürleri açıklanmıştır.Alan çalışması-A, yüklenici inşaat firmalarının performans ölçme, kıyaslama ile ilgili mevcut uygulamalarının belirlenmesi, konuyla ilgili pratiklerin anlaşılması, ve modelin 4. düzey bileşenlerini oluşturacak anahtar performans göstergelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Alan çalışması-B ile model bileşenlerinin göreceli önem ağırlıkları Analitik Hiyerarşi yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Alan çalışması-C ile modelin geçerliliğinin araştırılması ve alan çalışması-D ile çok kriterli performans ölçme modelinin test edilmesi/sınanması amaçlanmıştır.Üçüncü bölüm, açıklanan metodoloji hedeflerine uygun şekilde yapılan literatür araştırmalarının yer aldığı problemin arka planının ve çözüm bileşenlerinin analiz edildiği bölümdür.Dördüncü bölümde modelin oluşturulma adımları ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.Modelin geliştirilme aşamaları aşağıda özetlenmiştir;1. Adım: Çok kriterli performans ölçme modelinin yapılandırılması.[1. Aşama]: Performans boyutlarının ve performans kriterlerinin belirlenmesi.[2. Aşama]: Anahtar performans göstergelerinin belirlenmesi.[3. Aşama]: Anahtar performans göstergelerinin geçerlenmesi.2. Adım: Model bileşenlerinin ağırlıklandırılması. (Analitik hiyerarşi süreci yöntemi)[4. Aşama]: Performans boyutlarının ve performans kriterlerinin önem ağırlıklarınınbelirlenmesi.[5 Aşama]: Anahtar performans göstergelerinin önem ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi.3. Adım: Modelin geçerliliğinin araştırılması.[6 Aşama]: Modelin geçerlenmesi.4. Adım: Modelin test edilmesi.[7. Aşama]: Modelin test edimesi.5. Adım: Modelin uygulanması.[8 Aşama]: Modelin uygulama adımlarının, ölçme yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi.Beşinci bölümde, alan çalışmalarından elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiş ve bulgular değerlendirilmiştir.Sonuç bölümünde, genel olarak performans ölçme uygulamalarına ilişkin elde edilen sonuçlar, geliştirilen model ve modelin uygulama yaklaşımına ilişkin genel değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır .Geliştirilen çok kriterli performans ölçme modeli performans boyut ve performans kriterlerinden oluşan 4 düzeyli hiyerarşik bir yapıda oluşturulmuştur. Model, yüklenici inşaat firması yöneticilerine, performans ölçme sistemlerini oluştururken kullanabilecekleri kapsamlı ve pragmatik bir araç önermektedir.

Abstract:
Increased competition, customer demands, and higher quality requirements in the global environment have all forced the construction industry to pay much more attention to the concept of ?performance? over the last two decades. The inadequacy of traditional financially based performance measurement approaches and the introduction of non-financial measures have been the triggers for much of this attention. Hence, all construction organizations are forced to think differently about how they conduct their business and how to be capable of improving their performance. However, effective and efficient management of contractors? organizational performance requires commitment to effective performance measurement. As a result, there has been a substantial need emerged for thinking on performance and performance measurement in the discipline of construction management.The construction industry has mainly relied on financially focused performance measurements, and studies on performance measurement systems (PMSs) have been carried out at the project level. However, recently, the demand for performance evaluation and management at the company level has increased. A few previous efforts have aimed to develop a conceptual framework for firm level performance, but there have been few follow-up studies. In this regards, the main objective of this research study is to develop a multi- criteria performance measurement model for contractors. This model would enable contractors to measure their business performance by using performance dimensions, criteria and related KPIs which were important for their performance perceptions.In comparison to other industries construction has not been a leader in performance measurement practice and known worldwide for its poor measurement culture. Hence, it is worthwhile understanding the need for a performance measurement framework for Turkish contractors? context. Many large contractors in Turkey are lacking an effective method to measure their performance. The need for measuring performance in structured and systematic approaches is also a necessity for Turkish construction contractors. Also, the shortage of the literature on Turkish construction contractors performance measurement have triggered the identification of the research problem. Having these aspects in mind, the aim of this thesis was to develop a multi-criteria hierarchical performance measurement framework using the data obtained from Turkish contractors.The thesis is structured into six chapters. Chapter one handles the background and definition of the problem, the scope and boundaries of research.Chapter two explains the methodology employed and surveys executed in the thesis. Questionnaire design and data collection principles also were also explained.In the development process of the model, four questionannaire surveyswere employed.This study begins with the investigation of performance measurement models and frameworks that are used and developed in construction industry and manufacturing industry context. The background of the research focused on the collection of data through ?knowledge acquisition?. The knowledge acquisition activities included are extensive literature reviews, questionnaires and correspondence with the experts in the construction contracting firms. The purpose of the knowledge acquisition is to capture the performance dimensions, performance criterias and KPIs perceptions of contractors for their firm performance especially for Turkish contractors context. It is also to reveal if any performance measurement approach is applied in the firm performance measurement process. Although the topic of performance measurement of contractors has been widely discussed in the literature, there has been any investigation for the existing situation of current applications of performance measurement in leading Turkish contractors. In this study, an analysis is made by using quantitative data obtained from a survey of 46 leading contractors which are the members of TCA (Turkish Contractors Association). The findings reveal the existing situation of performance measurement practices, applications and implementations of Turkish contractors in an empirical manner.The aim of the questionnaire survey-A was to assess current practices in business performance measurement in Turkish Contractors. A survey was conducted for investigating the business performance measurement practices in major Turkish Contractors.Considering the inherent complexities of the construction activity itself, only an adequate combination of criteria allows assessing the contractors? performance. Having set out the performance dimensions, related criteria and KPIs, the research then considered to develop a model that represents the relative importance weights of framework constructs by using Analytic Hierarchy Process Model (AHP).Analytic Hierarchy Process( AHP) is employed via the questionnaire survey-B. AHP is primarily a tool for the evaluation of alternatives and the selection of the best alternative. In the current application, however, there are no alternatives per se, and thus AHP, used here to determine the relative weight of each of the construct identified previously, is executed short of the final stage in which alternatives would be evaluated according to the weighted attributes. The questionnaire survey-B, was executed for eliciting the relative weights of the model constructs according to the evaluations from nine upper level managers of world-wide reputable Turkey?s leading construction contractors who were served on the AHP expert panel. The section outlines a concise review of AHP fundamentals, followed by a more detailed description of how AHP was specifically applied in the current study.The questionnaire survey-C was thus undertaken to look for empirical evidence by using statistical procedures for model validation and twenty-one managers of construction contracting firms were asked to rate different aspects of the model to gain quantifiable feedback.For the purpose of testing the multi-criteria performance measurement model the questionnaire survey-D was applied. The performance of the model is tested on nine worldwide big construction contracting firms and satisfactory results are obtained.The objective of accumulating knowledge by building on the findings of other researchers is a central characteristic of all organizational research. Hence chapter three presents the literature reviews carried out for this research and describes the performance dimensions, performance criterias and key performance indicators from this knowledge acquisition process step for formulating the multi-criteria performance measurement model.The objective of this section is to provide a summary of previous major studies on performance measurement in construction, to systematically investigate the existing performance measurement frameworks, and to provide insight on how to develop a model to meet measurement requirements for contractor performance based on the findings and limitations. Each framework focuses on different facets of performance. Therefore, in developing a comprehensive framework, it is only logical to build upon the principles of the existing frameworks. The logic of the model is to cover all performance perspectives from existing frameworks for comprehensiveness and thus enhancing the initial (content) validity of the formulated framework. Content validity is a measure of how well the items represent or tap the concept. Findings of this section are important for proving content validity for the research. To establish the content validity for this research, previous studies were reviewed to identify possible items to be included.Compiling key performance indicators from different perspectives for measuring construction firm business performance was an important step for determining the fourth level constructs of the multi-criteria performance measurement model.Chapter four describes the formulation of the multi-criteria performance measurement model. The formulation process started by integrating the performance perspectives of the existing models and frameworks. Determination of performance dimensions and criterias by a simple frequency analysis and normative refinement for proposed measurement model was explained in this section. The multi criteria performance measurement model uses the existing performance measurement models, frameworks with the addition of a number of elements and perspectives. The development steps of the model are briefly summarized as follows;1. Problem Structuring and Model Construction[Phase 1]: Identification of performance perspectives and criterias[Phase 2]: Identification of KPIs[Phase 3] :Validation of KPIs2. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) Procedure[Phase 4]: To find relative weights of performance perspectives and criterias[Phase 5]: To find relative weights of KPIs3. Validation of the model.[Phase 6]: Validation of the model4. Verification of the model.[Phase 7]: Verification of the model5. Application of the model.[Phase 8]: Proposing the measurement methods and application steps of the model.Chapter five, describes the analysis of the data that are obtained from four questionnaire surveys and findings of the analysis and the last section chapter six, presents the conclusions of the thesis.The multi-criteria performance measurement model proposed in this study uses a four-level hierarchical structure to combine financial and non-financial key performance indicators and research focuses on using performance measurement for internal management purposes from the internal measurement point of view. The developed multi-criteria performance measurement model represent a pragmatic tool capable of supporting construction managers in structuring an in-house performance measurement system and integrating the several key performance indicators.