Çok aile konut tasarımına yönelik bir evrensel tasarım modeli
A universal design model for multi-family housing design
Yazar: SENNUR YILMAZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. FAZİLET YURDANUR DÜLGEROĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Tez kapsamında evrensel tasarım ilkelerinin çok aile konut tasarımına etkileri üzerine çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle tez kapsamında çalışılacak bu konu belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen konunun hangi amaca hizmet edeceği açıklanmıştır. Tez kapsamında farklı kullanıcı kategorileri incelenerek, tasarımların kişiselleştirilebilecek özellikte tasarlanması gerekliliğine değinilmektedir. Tasarımların kişiselleştirilebilmesi ve konunun ortaya koyulabilmesi amaçlı tanım ve kavramlar açıklanmıştır. Başta evrensel tasarım kavramı ve çok aile konutu kavramı olmak üzere çeşitli tanım ve kavramlar irdelenmiştir. 
Çok aile konutu piyasası açısından Evrensel Tasarım kavramı değerlendirilirken, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de konu ile ilgili kanun ve yönetmeliklere yer verilmiştir. İstanbul'da iki farklı bölgeye ait çok aile konutu örnekleri incelenmiştir. Bu örnekler, tez kapsamında irdelenen farklı kullanıcı kategorilerine göre evrensel tasarım ilkelerine uygunluk yönünden incelenmiştir. Tez çalışmasının kapsamı, evrensel tasarım kavramının, konut konusundaki yansımalarının incelenmesini ve bu kavramın günümüzde hızla yükselen çok aile konutlarında uygulanma oranının arttırılabilmesi için yapılacak tasarımları içermektedir. Tezde evrensel konutların hangi prensipler ile tasarlanacağı konusu incelenmiştir. 
Tez çalışmasında kullanıcı kategorileri ve evrensel tasarım temaları arasındaki bağıntının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Kullanıcı kategorileri; boyut, kültür ve cinsiyet, beceri ve yaş olarak sıralanmaktadır. Temalar üst başlığının altında ise; evrensel tasarımın 7 adet ilkesi sıralanmaktadır. Bunlar; kullanımda esneklik, eşitlikçilik, algılanabilir bilgilendirme, düşük fiziksel güç harcanması, tasarımda hata payı, basit/sezgisel kullanım ve   yaklaşım/kullanım için boyut/alan sağlanmasıdır. Kullanıcı kategorileri ve evrensel tasarım temaları arasındaki ilişkilerin önemi incelenmiştir. 
Tez çalışmasında iki farklı alan araştırması yapılarak veri toplamak amaçlanmıştır. Tasarımcı farkındalığını ölçen bir anket çalışması ve Türiye'de evrensel tasarım kavramının çok aile konut tasarımına etkilerinin ölçülmesi amacıyla bir alan araştırması yapılmıştır. Alan araştırması anketi sonucunda edinilen bilgiler analiz edilmiştir ve sonuçlar tablolaştırılmıştır. Anket sonuçlarından sağlanan edinimler ışığında Esenyurt ve Bakırköy bölgelerinden seçilen çok aile konutu örnekleri incelenmiştir. Seçilen çok aile konutu örnekleri üzerinden yapılan alan araştırmasında ise konut içi ve konuta ait ortak kullanım alanlarından edinilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmenin, evrensel tasarıma ve çok aile konutlarının tasarım sürecine yol gösterici olması hedeflenmiştir.

Abstract:
Within the scope of the thesis, a research is made about the effects of the principles of the Universal Design on housing design. Until the last years, it was observed that the vast majority of designs to be done according to the average size. But individuals can not always be in the average size. For example, different user categories are listed as; size, culture / gender, age and skills. Rather than designing different products for the changing needs of the individuals in these categories, it is aimed to design products suitable for the use of individuals in all categories. The 'design for all' concept was named starting from the submission requirements on equal terms to all individuals. In recent years awareness has been increasing in this regard. Different user categories were examined in the thesis. Also, the necessity of designing the designs to be customizable is mentioned. 
In the first part of the thesis, the purpose, scope and method of the thesis are included. The aim of the thesis studies are to introduce universal design principles and to emphasize the positive effects of the application of these principles. The scope of the thesis study is to examine the reflection of universal design concept on housing design. Also, the scope includes designs to be made to increase the application rate in the concept of multi-family housing. 
In the second part of the thesis, definitions and concepts are explained. Concepts related to human and concepts related to universal design are grouped under different headings. Concepts of human anthropometry and ergonomics are explained. Also in this part, different user categories are examined. The necessity of designing the designs to be customizable is mentioned. For example, different user categories are listed as; size, culture / gender, age and skills. Size category includes; wheelchair users and physical obstacle / walking aids. Culture and gender category includes; differences between nations, races and cultures and gender differences. Skill category includes; visual impairments, hearing impairments, and mental-neurological control problems. Age category includes individuals in different age groups. Rather than designing different products for the changing needs of the individuals in these categories, it is aimed to design products suitable for the use of individuals in all categories. In the part of the thesis on concepts related to universal design, the definition of the concept of universal design, the conditions of being universal and the concept of sustainability are mentioned. Universal design is a design and thought approach aimed at enabling people to use at every level of competence in all physical spaces and using all different products at every age. Seven principles that are universal conditions are listed and explained. They are; equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for approach and use. At the end of this part of the thesis, the concept of sustainability of universal design and personal views on the relationship with the human life cycle are mentioned. 
 
In the third part of the thesis, the developments in the world and in Turkey are examined while examining the place of universal design in the stage of designing multi family houses. Limitations of the research on universal design in multi family houses are listed as; geographical area, scope, time and information source. Thesis study covers all regions, mainly our country, as geographical area. The scope of the thesis covers the reflection of the concept of universal design on the issue of housing and the provision of these principles in the implementation of multi family housing. In the thesis, the principles on which the universal housing can be built are also mentioned. Since the early 2000s, growing urbanization was investigated in both in the World and in Turkey. In order to obtain information, survey research and field research were made in the thesis. 
In the fourth part of the thesis, information is given about the study model which is the result of the research made within the scope of the thesis and evaluation of the survey study aimed to measure designer awareness. Within the scope of the thesis, it is aimed to use 'Improvement Model'. In the thesis study, information about a model proposal, its components and its phases are given in order to improve the design of multi-family houses by applying universal design principles. In the survey study conducted within the scope of the thesis aimed at questioning the designer's awareness, 15 people working in positions such as project manager, technical group manager, designer architect from various companies and architectural branches, were interviewed. The survey consists of three sets of questions. The first set of questions are designed to see how designers understand the concept of universal design. With the answers given to this question group; the distinction between accessibility and inclusiveness, the conditions for designing for all, and the views of people concerned about the economic affordability of universal design. The second group of questions in the survey, question designers' experiences and designs. With the answers given to this group of questions; opinions were received on customer requests and physical accessibility in the urban dimension. In the third group of questions, the personal opinions of the designer on universal design and the suggestions of the designers were questioned. In the last group of questions, participants' opinions on comparing the guidelines and personal design understanding principles, ideas about the standard sources, removal of indoor and outdoor circulation obstacles, importance of the designed environment / product to look normal and universal design examples given by participants, were achieved. 
In the fifth part of the thesis, information has been given on the effects of universal design on multi-family housing design in Turkey, on the field research. In this field research on the effects of universal design in Turkey on multi-family housing design, selected examples of multi-family houses were examined according to multi-family housing categories. Information was obtained from inside and outside the selected examples of houses by observation and photography method. Regions of Bakırköy and Esenyurt from the European side of Istanbul has been selected to make the field research. The reason for this choice is the fact that the two selected regions contain different type of housing environments; luxury residences and like to be alongside the shantytowns. Nowadays, Esenyurt and Bakırkoy regions are rapidly differentiating due to newly built residences. Ever since the beginning of the 2000s, the rapidly developing regions of Istanbul, have changed from year to year. With the years 2000, it was aimed to examine the differentiation in these regions. In this part of the thesis, information has been given about the project name, project location, project type, total land area, project address information, project content, name of the architecture, residential types, housing numbers, housing blocks height, main concept and theme of the project, total construction area, percentage of green area, information about the commercial areas, all the blocks, the project site, elevator, parking, heating system, landscape design, security, social facilities and intelligent building system. Then, the layout of the projects and their general position, perspectives and concepts are explained. Architectural projects have been included and plans of residential buildings have been presented. After this information was supported by visuals and photographs, personal field research was started. Housing projects are divided into two as open spaces for common use and residential interiors. These places are photographed by the author of the thesis. The open spaces for common use are listed as; site entrance, parking, green areas, common areas, residential entrances, elevators, sports fields, swimming pool, stairs and corridors. In-house spaces; entrance, kitchen, bathroom, and furnishings are photographed in a manner that allows them to be assessed in terms of accessibility. At the end of this part of the thesis, a chart was prepared in which the study model was evaluated within the scope of the thesis. In the final part of the thesis study, the conclusion and proposals are given. To extend the use of universal design principles; It is aimed to inform the users and the authorities about universal design to make them be aware of the issue. It is mentioned that, to enable institutions and designers to implement universal design principles in multifamily houses, it is important to inform them adequately and properly about universal design principles. In this part, proposals have been made for the design of outdoor and indoor spaces of multi-family houses suitable for universal design principles. In the field survey, all the common areas and residential areas searched in the projects were examined according to universal design principles. Also, a chart was prepared to evaluate the requirements of housing projects and common problems identified. As a result, the general aim of the thesis is; universal design principles to be widely used in the design of households. For it to be, it is important to develop proposals appropriate to the budgets of central governments and their families.