İçme suyu dağıtım sistemlerinde su kayıplarının azaltılması ve basınç yönetimi: Florya örneği
Reducing water losses and pressure management in drinking water distribution systems: Florya example
Yazar: UFUK BAL
Danışman: PROF. DR. ŞEVKET ÇOKGÖR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Hidrolik ve Su Kaynakları Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering

Özet:
İçme suyu dağıtım sistemlerinin ana görevi suyu kaynağından alıp abonelere istenilen miktar ve basınçta iletebilmesidir.
Bu hatlar şehirlerin can damarları olup onlar için büyük önem arz etmektedir. İçme suyu dağıtım hatlarının modellenmesi, tasarımı, bakımı ve onarımındaki sorumluluk küçük şehirlerde belediyeler büyük şehirlerde ise sular idarelerine aittir. Bu idareler etkin ve verimli bir içmesuyu yönetimi yapmak arızalara anında müdahale de bulunmak, kaçak kullanımları sona erdirmek için bu sistemi kontrol altında tutmalıdır. Oluşacak arızalarda müdahalelerde veya mekanik ekipmanların montajı-demontajı durumunda yapılacak su kesintileri sırasında etkilenen abone sayısının minimum ölçekte olması istenmektedir. Ayrıca sisteme verilen suyun kaynağından ulaştığı son noktaya kadar izlenerek daha etkin ve verimli bir sistem oluşturulması her idarenin hedefidir.
İçmesuyu dağıtım sistemlerinde hidrolik modelleme, mevcut veya yapılması planlanan (içme suyu, atık su veya yağmur suyu) dağıtım şebekelerinin, belli formüller, parametreler ve veriler kullanarak bilgisayar programı aracılığıyla analiz etmemizi sağlayan simülasyon aracıdır. Bu sayede, dağıtım sisteminin tasarımı, uzun veya kısa vadeli master plan çalışmaları, içme suyu deposunun analizleri, arıtma tesisi analizleri, yangın sistemi analizleri, kayıp-kaçak analizleri, su kalitesi analizleri, enerji verimliliği işletmeleri ve günlük işletme operasyonlarının daha verimli bir şekilde yapılmasını sağlamaktadır.
Basınç yönetimi ise, içme suyu dağıtım sistemlerinde basınç ile sızıntı arasındaki ilişki nedeniyle kayıplarla mücadelede en önemli ve faydalı yöntemlerden biridir. Kaçakların oluşma sıklığının azaltılması, boruların daha uzun ömürlü olmasının sağlanması, yüksek basınçların asgari düzeye indirilmesi, basınç dalgalanmalarının azaltılması ve kaçınılmaz sızıntıların azaltılmasında basınç yönetimi en temel uygulamaların başında gelmektedir.
DMA (İzole Ölçüm Bölgesi) ise, içme suyu dağıtım sistemlerinde belirli bir bölgenin su tüketimini izlemek ve kontrol etmek için oluşturulan izole bir alt bölgedir. DMA oluşturma işlemi sayesinde, belirli bir bölgedeki su tüketimini izleyebilir ve kaçakları tespit edebilirsiniz. Bu sayede su kaynaklarının daha etkin ve verimli bir şekilde kullanılmasına katkı sağlar.
Bu tez çalışmasında İstanbul ili Bakırköy ilçesi Sefaköy Depo ve Terfi Merkezinden çıkan Ø 1600 lük terfi hattının besleme bölgelerinin WaterGems uygulaması kullanılarak modellemesi yapılmıştır. Bakırköy ilçesinin tamamı Bahçelievler depo, Sefaköy Cazibe-Terfi hatları ve Sarayburnundan gelen Ø 1600 Güney Boğaz Geçişi hattı ile beslenmektedir.

Abstract:
Water distribution systems are systems consisting of pipelines, valves, hydrants, meters and other elements used to deliver  water from the treatment plant to end users. The purpose of  water distribution systems is to provide sufficient, quality and pressurized water. These lines are the lifelines of cities and are of great importance to them. The responsibility for modeling, designing, maintaining and repairing  water distribution lines belongs to municipalities in small cities and water administrations in large cities. These administrations must keep this system under control in order to make effective and efficient  water management, intervene in malfunctions immediately, and end illegal uses. During interventions in case of malfunctions or during the installation and removal of mechanical equipment, it is desired that the number of subscribers affected during water cuts is at a minimum level. In addition, it is the goal of every administration to create a more effective and efficient system by monitoring the water supplied to the system from its source to its final point.
Modeling in  water distribution systems is a simulation tool that allows us to analyze existing or planned ( water, wastewater or stormwater) distribution networks using certain formulas, parameters and data through a computer program. Its purpose is to use  and utility water effectively and prevent waste in line with the protection and increase of efficiency of water resources. With this study, it is also aimed to improve water quality, reduce water losses, ensure water supply security, reduce water costs and increase the performance of water administrations.
Modeling of  water distribution systems is carried out using various mathematical and computer-aided methods. These methods include hydraulic modeling, geographic information systems (GIS), optimization techniques, artificial intelligence applications, risk analysis and decision support systems. Thanks to these methods, the current situation of  water distribution systems is analyzed, future needs are predicted, alternative scenarios are created and the most suitable solutions are selected.
Modeling of  water distribution systems is an important tool for both newly established and existing systems. With this study, while ensuring the sustainability of water resources, human health and welfare are also protected. Therefore, modeling of  water distribution systems is one of the fundamental subjects of water engineering.
Pressure management is one of the most important and useful methods in combating losses due to the relationship between pressure and leakage in  water distribution systems. Reducing the frequency of leaks, ensuring that pipes have a longer lifespan, minimizing high pressures, reducing pressure fluctuations and reducing inevitable leaks are among the most basic applications in pressure management.
Pressure management in  water distribution systems is a process carried out to keep the pressure at an optimal level in a system and prevent pressure fluctuations. Pressure management provides many benefits such as reducing water losses, improving water quality, preventing pipe failures, ensuring water supply security, reducing water costs and increasing the performance of water administrations.
Pressure management is an important tool for both newly established and existing systems. While ensuring the sustainability of water resources with pressure management, human health and welfare are also protected. Among the equipment required for pressure management are various tools such as pressure sensors, regulators, valves, indicators and control devices. Pressure management areas can also be created for pressure management by isolating sub-regions (DMA).
Pressure management areas are regions determined according to elevation differences in  water distribution systems and where pressure distribution is homogeneously provided. The hydraulic model of the system is used to create DMA and adjustments are made to ensure the necessary pressures at critical points. Thanks to DMA, stress in high-pressure regions is reduced, water losses and excessive water supply are prevented, background losses are reduced and system efficiency is increased.
Although pressure management seems like a simple concept, it is actually a very complex and important process. Pressure management provides benefits for both the system and users. With pressure management, both material and moral losses are prevented. With pressure management, both natural resources are protected and human life is secured. Therefore, pressure management is a subject that needs to be considered in every field.
DMA is a method used in  water distribution systems. DMA stands for District Metered Area. The purpose of DMA is to divide the system into isolated regions in order to manage  water systems more easily, reduce the amount of lost-leaked water, provide pressure and energy optimization, increase water quality and monitor system performance.
To create DMA, the hydraulic modeling of the system is done and design criteria are determined. Then, valves, meters, pressure sensors and other equipment are placed in suitable places between the main pipes, main pipes and secondary pipes of the system. Thus, water flow and pressure can be measured at the entrance and exit of each DMA region. In addition, the boundaries of each DMA region are determined and mapped.

The DMA method contributes to the efficient and sustainable operation of  water distribution systems. Thanks to DMA regions, the hydraulic situation of the system is better understood, water resources are better planned, water supply and demand are better balanced, the causes of water loss are better detected and necessary interventions are made faster. The DMA method is a system management tool that complies with international standards.
In this thesis study, the modeling of the feeding regions of the Ø 1600 lift line coming out of Sefaköy Depot and Lift Center in Bakırköy district of Istanbul was done using WaterGems application. The entire Bakırköy district is fed by Bahçelievler depot, Sefaköy Attraction-Lift lines and Ø 1600 South Strait Crossing line coming from Sarayburnu.
The line examined in this thesis subject feeds Basınköy and Şenlikköy Neighborhoods at 1-54 m elevations. In this study, the region was modeled with DMA (Isolated measurement zones). As a result of modeling, the system was divided into isolated sub-regions. With the created 4 isolated regions, it was planned that the system would work more effectively and efficiently. By placing them at the entrances of these regions, it was ensured that the system worked at optimum pressure. Thus, it was aimed to reduce water losses caused by high pressure. Water leaks in the relevant region have decreased from 27.39% to 13.16%. With this study, necessary improvements were made and contributed economically.