Kayseri meydanının Cumhuriyet dönemi modernizm yaklaşımı bağlamında değişimi: Eski hükümet konağı örneği
The change of the city square of Kayseri in the context of Republican era modernism: The former government house example
Yazar: KADRİYE MERVE ARIN SAMANCI
Danışman: PROF. DR. MEHMET MURAT GÜL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra devletin resmi politikası olan çağdaşlaşma kentler üzerinde de etkisini göstermiştir. Başkent Ankara başta olmak üzere birçok Anadolu şehri için imar planı çalışması yapılmıştır. Cumhuriyet Döneminin önemli merkezlerinden olan Kayseri de imar çalışmaları yapılan kentler arasında yer almıştır. İmar çalışmalarıyla kent orta çağ karakterini kaybetmiş, ulus-devlet anlayışıyla yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Birçok şehirde kentleşme çalışmalarında Cumhuriyet Meydanı düzenlemesi ayrıca önemsenmiştir. Şehir merkezlerinde Atatürk heykeli ve Hükümet Konağının bulunduğu idari binalarla çevrili modern Cumhuriyet Meydanları çağdaş kenti simgeleyen unsur olmuştur. İmar çalışmaları doğrultusunda Kayseri'de çağdaş bir kent çehresi oluşturmak gayesiyle yeni kamu binaları, modern yaşam mekanları içeren sanayi yerleşkeleri, halkın eğitimini ve çağdaşlaşmasını hedefleyen eğitim yapıları gibi pek çok yapı inşa edilmiştir. Söz konusu yapılarda Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi etkileri görünmüştür. 
Geçmişi MÖ 4. yüzyıla kadar giden yüzyıllar boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış Kayseri şehrinde Roma Döneminden Cumhuriyet Dönemine kadar birçok döneme ait tarihi eser yer almıştır. Ancak 20. yüzyılda hızlı bir dönüşüm geçiren Kayseri kentinde Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi yapıları kısa süre ayakta kalabilmiştir. Cumhuriyet Meydanında yer alan Hükümet Konağı, Tan Sineması, Alemdar Sineması, PTT, Tekel Binası, Sait Azmi İş Hanı, Turizm Tanıtma Binası, Şehir Kulübü, Belediye Oteli gibi yapılar modern anlayışta tasarlanmıştır. Yeni bir dönemin ilk ürünlerinden olan bu yapılar daha sonraları meydan genişletme çalışmaları kapsamında yıkılmıştır. Bu nedenle bu tez çalışmasında, Kayseri kentinde kent merkezi çevresinde Cumhuriyet Döneminde yapılan ve günümüzde var olmayan kamu yapılarını incelemek amaçlanmıştır. İnceleme yapılırken Kayseri'nin kentsel gelişimi ve dönemin mimari anlayışı göz önünde bulundurularak değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Söz konusu yapılar hakkında erişilen tarihi bilgiler ile birlikte yapıların mimari betimlemelerine yer verilmiştir.
Bu tez kapsamında, öncelikle Kayseri'nin kentsel gelişim sürecini incelemek açısından kentin ilk haritası olan 1881 tarihli haritadan başlayarak 1933 yılında hazırlanan ilk imar planı, 1945 Kemal Ahmet Aru planı, 1975 Yavuz Taşçı planı ele alınmıştır. Ardından çağın eğilimlerini anlamak açısından Ankara ve Kayseri'deki bazı örnek yapılarla Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi mimarlığının özellikleri irdelenmiştir. Kayseri imar planları ve Cumhuriyet dönemi mimarlığı bağlamında kent meydanı çevresindeki Cumhuriyet Dönemi yapılarının değişimi araştırılmıştır. Yıkılmış olan yapılara dair bilgiler resmi kurumların arşiv dosyalarından ve dönemin gazete haberlerinden faydalanılarak edinilmiştir. Son olarak Cumhuriyet Döneminde kentlerde yeni rejimi yansıtan hükümet konaklarından Kayseri şehrinde yer alan örnek incelenmiştir. 54 yıl kullanılmış taş yapı hakkında kaynaklarda sadece yapım ve yıkım yılları yazılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile yapının planları ortaya çıkarılmış, mimari özellikleri çağdaşı yapılarla kıyaslanarak incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
Modernization, which is the official policy of the state after the proclamation of the Republic, has also affected the cities. Development plans have been made for many Anatolian cities, especially Ankara.  Kayseri is one of the important centers of the Republican period, was also included among the cities with reconstruction work. The city has lost its medieval character with urban studies and has been reorganized with the understanding of nation-state. 
In many cities, Cumhuriyet Square arrangement has been considered important in urbanization studies. Most Anatolian city centers, the modern Cumhuriyet Squares which is surrounded by the Atatürk statue and the administrative buildings with the Government House, was the symbol that represented the modern city. In line with the master plan, many buildings such as new industrial campus with modern living spaces, educational buildings aiming to educate and modernize the public have been built in order to create a modern city face in Kayseri. The effects of Early Republican Period on these structures were observed.
The city of Kayseri, which hosted many civilizations after  6th century BC, included many historical monuments from the Roman Period to the Republic Period. However, in the twentieth century, Kayseri underwent a rapid transformation and the early Republican period structures were able to survive for a short time. According to the data obtained as a result of the researches, the longest used structure of these structures survived for 62 years. This building is the PTT building, followed by Sait Azmi İşhanı, used for 60 years, Tekel building used for 54 years, and Alemdar Hotel used for 50 years. The shortest-standing structure is the first Post Office building used for about 10 years. It is thought that the tourism building has been used for about 20 years. Tan Cinema was used for about 30 years.
Within the scope of this thesis, first in order to understand the trends of the era, some examples of buildings in Ankara and Kayseri were examined. Then, master plan of the city in order to study of the urban development process of Kayseri was prepared by Kemal Ahmet Aru in 1933 and other plans respectively Kemal Ahmet Aru plan 1945, Yavuz Taşçı plan 1975, Bülent Berksan plan 1986 was discussed. In the context of the development plans of Kayseri and the architecture of the Republican period, the changes of the Republican Period structures around the city square were investigated. 
The information about the demolished buildings was obtained from the archive files of the official institutions and the newspaper news of the period. Lastly, the sample of the government mansions that reflect the Republican Period in the cities of Kayseri were examined. In the case of the 54-year-old stone structure, only the years of construction and destruction were written by historians. With this study, the plans of the building were unearthed and the architectural features of the building were compared with the buildings of the existing period.
The buildings such as Government House, Tan Cinema, Alemdar Cinema, PTT, Tekel Building, Sait Azmi Business Center, Tourism Promotion Building, City Club and Municipality Hotel are all designed in modern understanding. It was observed that all of the buildings in question consisted of simple geometric forms, generally dominated by right angles to the designs, and were far from any ornament referring to history. The buildings are examples of a modern, functional, rational approach between the First National Architecture and Second National Architecture periods. 
These structures, one of the first products of a new period, have been later demolished as part of the expansion works. In addition, some of the buildings are located in the parcel where Zeynel Abidin Tomb is located. These buildings were Alemdar Cinema, PTT Building, Tekel Building, Sait Azmi İş Hanı, Tourism Promotion Building and it was demolished during the evacuation of the relatives of Zeynel Abidin Tomb. For this reason, in this thesis, it is aimed to examine the public buildings in and around the city center of Kayseri which do not exist today.
The most important building in the city is the Government House. The former Government House of Kayseri was also emphasized in the researched buildings. The reason for this is that the governmental mansions in our country in the Republican period were in an important position within the understanding of the period. In order to ensure the organization of the new nation-state and to form a modern city face, official buildings such as government buildings, public houses, factories, hospitals, schools were built. 
One of the steps taken for a modern lifestyle is the effort to establish "Cumhuriyet Square", which is surrounded by administrative buildings as a public city space. These administrative structures, with their large gardens and sidewalks, have created public spaces to revive the social life around them. Government mansions have ideological meanings as a visible symbol of the new regime in the centers of cities with their features such as modern designs and creating public spaces around them. These structures, which are regarded as prestige structures of the city, show the dominance of the state. 
With these ideas in the background, many cities were built as government mansions. For this reason, Kayseri Government House, which is a ring of the chain, is the most valuable of the Republican buildings in the square. For this reason, the example of the former Government House of Kayseri was chosen as the focus of the study.
On the other hand, after the Government House was demolished, it was discussed that the Governor's Office building, which was held with a competition, would be demolished and the old Government House rebuilt in the same place. It is noteworthy that the city's third government building has been built and the reconstruction of the former Government House is on the agenda, while it has not been more than a hundred years since the Western-style management approach. Three different Government Houses were located in the same area. The location of the building was important in every period since it was located near the monumental buildings of different ages.
It is possible to read the modernization movements of the city center on a macro scale with city plans and on a micro scale with the change of the buildings in the square. During the study, the urban development of Kayseri and the architectural understanding of the period were considered. In addition to the historical information about the structures in question, the architectural descriptions of the structures are included.