Kent mobilyaları tasarımında kullanılabilecek kavramsal bir model /
Yazar: SEÇİL YAYLALI
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. SEMRA AYDINLI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering
Dizin: Kentsel mobilya = Urban furniture

Özet:
Kentteki gündelik hayatta ortak kullanım alanları olan kentsel mekanlar kentlileri ortak bir yaşantı çevresinde sosyalleştirir. Bu mekanlarda geçirilen süreler doğrultusunda kullanıcıların ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kent mobilyaları yerleştirilir. Kent mobilyaları tasannu kenti simgeleyen detaylar olarak bakıldığında, kent için oldukça önemlidir. Kent mobilyaları ancak dinamik bir mekanizma olan kentin içinde tanımlanabilirler. Kent kimliği, kent kültürü, kent profili, kent imgesi gibi kavramları anlayarak, bunların kent mobilyaları ile karşılıklı etkileşimlerini ortaya sermek gerekir. Kent ile ilgili kavramlar olan kent kimliği, kent imgesi, kent profili ve kent kültürü gibi kavramlar açıklandı. Daha sonra çevresel algı kuramları yardımı ile kentsel imgeler ve kentsel imgelerden doğan bilişsel haritalarda kent mobilyalarının yeri sorgulandı. Bunun ardından endüstri ürünü olarak kent mobilyalarının tanımı yapıldı ve içerdiği elemanlar anlatıldı. Kent mobilyalarının oluşum süreci ve içerdiği evreler olan tasarım, üretim, yerleştirme ve kullanım süreçleri incelendi. Bu bilgiler ışığında, kent mobilyaları tasarımı alanında kullanılabilecek bir model üretildi. Bu model ise kent mobilyası tasannu ile ilgili kavramların taksonometrik sınıflandırma modeli olarak ortaya çıktı ve kent mobilyaları tasarımı alanında kullanılan diğer kavramlarla ilişkilendirildi. Kent mobilyala rı tasarımı alanında kulanılabilecek olan kavramsal bu model yardımıyla tasarımcılar geniş bir bakış açısyla en ufak bir noktayı bile gözden kaçırmadan, tasarım sürecinde tıkanıklıklar yaşamadan tasarım yapabilirler. Bu model yeni tasarım yaklaşımlarının da kullanılabileceği kullanıcılara duyarlı, katılımcı bir yöntemi ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır.

Abstract:
Human being is a social creature who shapes the environment and goes on living as a piece of that environment. There are urban spaces that are heavily used in daily lives. People do various kinds of activities in these environments. Sure people need some elements to use in these places. The elements which people need are urban furniture. Urban furniture effects our daily lives and living habits that's why we have to give importance to design these elements. Urban environments change culture to culture, country to county and even city to city. When you have been in an urban space of you have to be aware of in which city you are. Urban furniture is the details that show us the characteristics of that city that we are staying in. Every city has to have that rather urban furniture that has been related to its character. Urban furniture design is an important subject not only as a design of an element, it also includes social and cultural aspect of the problem. Urban furniture is a piece of a city moreover an urban space. City and the public spaces looked in. There are many definitions from different spouses. As there had been a social, economical, administrative approach and the views emphasising design and art in the city, there, one definition can be never enough to explain the idea of a city. The city is a dynamic living organism that includes much going on activities. City is a social event with administrative boundaries. City is a place where people built it for themselves to live in it. Cities are the places where most of the citizens work on different subjects such as trade, industry, service and administrative rather than agriculture. As Lewis Mumford says that cities are the biggest art objects of humanity it also behaves likes human beings. They born, live and die. Today cities are still borning. New cities are built day by day especially in the USA and in England. City lives but their lives are much longer than humans. Cities sometimes become sick and need operations. And of course they finish their life periods and die. It is known that cities firsts appear in the history at about four thousand years before Christian but they are quite small like neigbourhood units. By the time iron has been found cities become bigger and by the industrial era cities become huge. Nowadays in the end of changing cultures, information and communications cities changed. As far as a city appears in the history, urban furniture appears, because people have to supply their needs such as fountains and paving elements as primary needs. xivCity profile is a social and economical structure of a city. Identity of a city is the characteristic differences of a city. Their characteristics are the characteristics of the natural, social and the man made environments. They all connected. Urban furniture is the group of elements that are created by man made environments. City culture is the believes, art, social life habits, behaviour types, gathered information from years of the citizens. City culture is built by the citizens and their culture. City profile, identity, image and the culture are effected and effect by the design of the urban furniture in an urban space. According to Rob Krier there are two main types of urban spaces; streets and the squares. Squares era the places where various kinds of activities occur and which have a static structure and surrounded by buildings. Streets have dynamic structure and where people pass by. People spend quite allot time in these places and they need many things that can be satisfied by the help of urban furniture. Urban experiences are the experiences when we live in the urban spaces. These experiences shape our life styles. It is a complex and enjoying process to understand a city by experiences. People come to urban spaces to be together and be in a social place changed by users' culture. Placemaking is giving an identity of a place by reorganising it by putting a work of public art, urban design and artifact that helps people to define, reveal, enrich, expand or otherwise make accessible the meaning of particular environment. By placemaking directions can be provided, sense of connection, identity, belonging can be created and memories can be brought back. In third chapter environmental perception theories are explained and how the perceptions change our images and cognitive maps. Environmental perception is important when we are dealing with urban furniture that is a part of the urban space and the city. Perception is the process of obtaining information form and about one's surrounding. It is active and purposeful. It is where cognition and realty meet. There have been several majors attempts to describe and explain why we perceive what we do. They have influenced envorimental design theory very much, particularly by their efforts to develop aesthetic philosophies. There are different envorimental perception theories. In the geştalt theory of perception form, isomorphism and field forces are important. Getalt psychologist compiled a list of factors that influenced the perception of form. They are the "laws" of proximity, similarity, closure, good continuance, closeness, area and symmetry. The transactional theory of perception emphasises the role of experience in perception and focuses on the dynamic relationship between person and environment. The ecological theory of perception is a radical one that regards the senses as perceptual system. The cultural theory of perception emphasises the importance of the cultural background of the people. Kevin Lynch found environmental images to be analysed into three components; identity, structure and meaning. These components are important to build our city images. Imagibility and regability are important to understand and feel relaxed in a city. There are five important elements that effect the city image that is; paths, edges, xvdistricts, nodes and landmarks. These are the elements of cognitive maps in our minds. These elements structure the maps in the minds that are called cognitive maps. Cognitive mapping is the process whereby people acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative location and attributes of physical environment. The images so formed include obtained from direct experience, from what has heard about a place and form imagined information. The cognitive maps that people have of the layout of the cities and buildings differ from person to person. The fourth chapter looks into the urban furniture as an industrial design object. Urban furniture is the furniture which place in open public spaces and the user is unknown and has various fountains according to users' demands. Although There is different types of classifications of urban furniture it has been preferred to classify it according to functions. A. Urban furniture according to their functions 1. Entertainment, recreation, sports: sculptures, benches, canopy, play and sports equipment, and some special ones 2. Service and shopping: bus stops, telephone boxes, kiosks, bollards, clocks, city WC, parking machines, cycle parking 3. Communication: traffic and orientation panels, advertisement and information panels, flag pillars B. According to infrastructure and landscape 1. Infrastructure: paving elements, litter bins, lights, infrastructure grates, 2. Landscape: Fountains, pools, tree grates, flower boot, flower protectors. Occurring process of the Urban Furniture is the combination of the design, production, placement and usage of the elements. All these processes are seriously connected to each other and a designer knows all the processes. Design process is the time when problem is first occurred till the idea has been completed. Then production process comes. Placement and usage processes are important for urban furniture design because any one can not make a design without knowing the others. In design process, it is always more functional to plan a multi-disiplinary work. In a group of many professions and making cooperatins in well going group is always beneficial for the quality of the designed element. More people see more But it is also hard to organise that kind of groups. There are different kinds of design process theories for different kind of elements. Urban Furniture includes many elements that need different kind of design process. But there can be a general process that can be used in urban furniture elements: 1. Demand occurs 2. Collection of Data 3. Defining Design Criteria 4. Decision Making 5. Alternative Designs 6. Realising a Model xviAnd 7. Feedback Process can be seen in each step and it is continuos There are new design approaches that can be used in the files of urban furniture design. Collaborative environmental design Ian a process through which all the people effected by designing can become meaningfully involved in the design process. It is a reform which designers and users are equal partners not in just shaping the result of the design, but in determining the goals and aims of the design process itself. In contextual design, the design process is redirected from a fixed aim - the production of physical form- to variable aims- the tailoring of design to explicate, rather than implicitly, addresses user's perception. Intangible design is the design of experience itself. It is the design in space and time the invisible designs that complement a process, such as the use of a computer software. Designers have to know allot about the production process to, avoid the possible mistakes. There are some materials that are commonly used in urban furniture like Mattel, wood, concrete, plastics and less used ones like natural stones, ceramics and glass. There are different production processes for different elements. Moulding, cold shaping and connecting different parts is the most used techniques. Most of the elements are produced industrial production in some case's prototype production is used because of the high costs. In production process quality and standardization are also things that have to be taken care of. Placement of the these elements and the amount of the elements placed and how they are fixed in urban environments are important for urban furniture system to realise its function, not to cause accidents and be beneficial for the users. The amount has to be the exact what is needed and fixations have to be the rightist way. In usage process physical factors, accidents and vandalism are important. They all destroy the elements. But vandalism can be minimised by design. There is a silent dialog with the urban furniture and the user, they both effect their lives. The communication has to be perfect that if user feels that it belongs to his culture, surrounding and live he wants to protect the urban furniture. Urban furniture need repairment and care that has to be done by the local governments. The last chapter according to Trum and Bax explains the taxonomy of concepts then this model the field of urban furniture design. Concepts concern both architectural objects and processes..The taxonomy provides a conceptual tool for a systematic, consistent and complete description field of architecture. Trum and Bax say that the taxonomy may be used as an instrument for analysis of existing buildings or building designs, but it can be also as a design-aid. Concepts may guide designers design thinking and action. Concepts may use as a means to call up those images, to develop, elaborate, and combine them and in this way using all available creative and imagination in favour of the quality of the design. If during design such an image would not come up in the designers' fantasy, he simply would not be able to go on, because he has not the faintest idea how to continue. Everyone who has ever made a design, will recognise this problem. xvnA model as a taxonomy of the concepts in urban furniture design will help industrial designers for a systematic approach. It can help designers in gaining time and will be useful. By the help of these model designers can jump one concept to an another so they will not lose time. This model is made of five stages and it these stages are lowering the scale as getting in to the problem: 1. Multi-dimentional Phenomenon 2. Cultural Phenomenon 3. Mental Scale Concept 1. Professional Phenomenon 2. Scientific Phenomenon 3. Aesthetics Phenomenon 4. Spatial Scale Concept 1. Formal Phenomenon 2. Temporal Phenomenon 5. Planning Scale Concept 1. Social Phenomenon 2. Economics Phenomenon 6. Design Scale Concept 1. Performance 2. Stability 3. Makability 4. Security This model has a relationship with its concepts and with design, production, placement, and usage part of urban furniture that are quite important. According to these relations we can see that these concepts are all quite gift and we can see one in the others. As the conclusion it has been tried to organise the taxonomy of the concepts as a model for the field of urban furniture design. That will help designers to control the subject, not to lose time and being aware of the needs of users. User- responsive designs have to produce and designers have to develop a view that design should be a response to the whole of life. Design its self has to be redefined in term of people's experience and then it can be applied to public spaces that will make users happier and will be more beneficial. Dynamic and multisensory experiences of design users can be used in design stages. Experience and perception together will give a perfect combination when designers are working on public spaces. To protect the identity of our cities urban furniture must be designed according to culture and image of the cities.