Yeşil bina sertifika sistemlerinde yangından korunma
Fire protection in green building certificate systems
Yazar: GÖKÇE SAADET ARPACI
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. NURİ SERTESER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Geçmişten günümüze üzerinde yaşadığımız gezegenimizin kaynakları hızla tükenmekte ve bu durum sürdürülebilirliğin önemini günden güne artırmaktadır. Sanayi devriminden sonra özellikle hızlanmış olan bu süreç, sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilirliğin teşvikiyle ilgili çalışmaları zorunlu kılmıştır. Tüm sürdürülebilirlik adı altındaki çalışmalarda temel amaç, gelecekte nesillere kaynakları tükenmemiş ve yaşanabilir bir dünya bırakmaktır. 
Dünyadaki mevcut yeşil bina sertifika sistemlerinin ortak amacı da bunu sağlamak ve teşvik etmektir. Bina tasarımında yer alan ya da yeşil bina sertifikası almak için işletme sürecinde yapılan tüm değişiklikler, binaya ve kullanıcılarına zarar verebilecek önemli riskler içerebilir. Bunlardan bazıları; bina kabuğunda kullanılan yalıtım malzemeleri, atriumlar, sızdırmazlık-yanmazlık katkıları, PV panelleri, güneş tüpü benzeri aydınlatma elemanları, yatay ve/veya düşey konumlandırılmış peyzaj elemanları, atık depolama bölümleridir. Diğer hususların yanında yeşil binaların yangın performansının değerlendirilmesi için, binanın yangın emniyetini etkileyen ana tasarım ve sonradan oluşabilen birincil değişiklikler üzerine yoğunlaşmış araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Yeşil bina sertifika sistemlerine sahip olabilmek için yerel yönetmelik ve standartların dışında alınabilecek yangın emniyet önlemlerinin, binanın sürdürülebilirlik kriterlerini sağlama yönünde bütünleyici olması gereklidir. 
Bu tez çalışmasının temel amacı, dünyada yaygın olarak kullanılan yeşil bina sertifika sistemlerinde yangın emniyet önlemleri konusunda mevcut olan içeriği incelemek, bu önlemler bakımından aralarındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları değerlendirmek ve sertifikalandırmanın gereklilikleri ile ilgili kararlarda yangın emniyeti açısından ortaya çıkması muhtemel risklere vurgu yapmaktır. 
Sertifika sistemlerinin çoğunda yerel yönetmelik koşullarının sağlanması yeterli bulunurken yapılan çalışmada, sertifika kriterlerini sağlamak için alınan tasarım kararlarının yangın emniyeti açısından içerebileceği potansiyel riskler nedeniyle mevcut yönetmeliklerin bu konuları da dikkate alacak şekilde gözden geçirilmesi gerektiğine işaret edilmektedir. 
Çalışmada yangın emniyet önlemleri ile ilgili içerik incelemeleri, DGNB, BREEAM, LEED, SBtool, CASBEE, HQE, Green Mark, Green Star, Estidama ve B.E.S.T sertifika sistemlerinin kılavuzlarında yürütülmüş ve örnek olarak ele alınan sertifikalı ve sertifikasız (sürdürülebilirlik niteliklerine sahip) kullanımda olan binaların hem projeleri üzerinde hem de yerinde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. 
Sertifika sistemlerinde yapılan incelemelere göre yangınla ilişkilendirilebilecek içeriklere ait puanların toplam içerik puanlarına oranlanması sonucunda ortalama olarak bir yeşil bina sertifika sisteminin yaklaşık olarak %30 içeriğinin yangın ile ilişkilendirilebilir olduğu sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. 
Yeşil binaların oluşturduğu risk unsurları belli başlıklar altında toplanmış, risk seviyeleri belirlenmiş ve olası yangın senaryolarından en az hasar görme durumu veya olası yangın senaryolarının hiç meydana gelmemesi için mevcut yangın yönetmeliği koşulları da dikkate alınarak öneriler getirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The resources of our planet, where we live on from past to present, are running out rapidly and this increases the importance of sustainability day by day. This process, which has accelerated especially after the industrial revolution, has made the promotion of sustainability a necessity. Many studies are being carried out for this purpose. The main purpose of all studies conducted under the name of sustainability is to leave a resourceful and livable world for generations to come. 
The purpose of green building certification systems is to ensure and encourage this. Any changes in terms of the design of the building or changes in the building operation process to obtain a green building certificate may include many fire safety risks. There is a need for research and studies on the fire performance of green buildings that focus on the primary design process, construction process and subsequent primary changes that affect the fire safety of the building. Green building certified buildings must comply with local regulations and fire safety measures must be integral for meeting the building's sustainability criteria. The main purpose of this study is to examine and emphasize the content available on fire safety in green building certification systems, which are widely used throughout the world.
Some of the direct and indirect fire safety risks in green buildings are as follows: the insulation materials used in the coating, sealing and non-flammable additives, atria, PV panels, solar tube-like lighting elements, horizontal and vertical landscape elements, waste storage sections. Precautions should be taken for situations that may be related to fire.  The risk of fire incident should be taken into consideration from the design phase to the construction phase and throughout the life cycle of the building. Most certification systems find local regulatory requirements sufficient, but we cannot be sure about the adequacy of the regulations in the regions where the building is located. 
Active and passive methods on fire protection discussed in the regulations can be made more environmentally friendly. In addition, issues that are not covered by the regulation can be added in the regulations. In the study, the matters of fire protection content were examined in the guides of DGNB, BREEAM, LEED, SBtool, Casbee, HQE, Greenmark, Greenstar, Estidama and B.E.S.T certification systems. The results are compiled and added to the thesis content.  According to this review, the content that can be associated with fire was proportioned to the total content score. It has been concluded that in average, approximately 30% of the green building certification system criteria are attributable to fire.
The number of research and studies conducted in unison for fire protection and sustainability is very low compared to the studies in other areas.
The most comprehensive study in the field was published in November 2012 by the Worcester Polytechnic Institute with the NFPA assignment. This research has been published under the title "Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings". The method applied in this report is hereby updated and used as the method of examining certificates and projects. The issues that can be associated with fire hazard in the selected certificates are determined and presented in tables. Possible fire hazard risk factors are gathered under certain headings related to green buildings. Hazard levels and potential mitigation strategies are indicated in the table. Sources of concern are expressed with certain symbols, and these symbols are indicated in the charts. 
Certified and uncertified (but environmentally friendly) buildings have been inspected both in terms of projects and on-site with checklists. Evaluations were made with the data reached, and related fire safety risks were explained and supported with photographes. 15 buildings were examined within the scope of the thesis. While 10 of them have green building certificates and 4 of them have certificate applications, one of them has not yet applied for a certificate.
The topics subject to review are as follows:
•Structural Materials and Systems
•Exterior Materials and Systems
•Interior Materials and Finishes
•Interior Space Attributes
•Building Systems & Issues
•Alternative Energy Systems
•Building Site Issues
These titles are handled at various levels and processed into matrices. Risk levels were evaluated with the 4 colors used in the matrices. Red is used for high risk level, orange for average value and yellow for low risk level. Green features in the building are indicated with a "✓" sign. The features that are not available in the examined building are indicated with the "x" sign. The features for which the relevant data cannot be reached are indicated with the "b" mark.  The results obtained were processed into these matrices. Evaluations could only be made in line with the data obtained. Many stakeholders were interviewed during the data access process.  The common view of stakeholders involved in different stages of the life cycle of the building is to attach importance to integrated project management. Stakeholders must exchange ideas in all processes. The project should be carried out with a separate consultant for each title of the building that is handled in all processes (building design, construction, operation etc..). Fire safety risks can be reduced in green projects with fire consultants among the stakeholders. In addition, the measures taken for fire safety can be made more environmentally friendly. Solutions can be developed when carbon emissions and other issues are considered from this perspective. However, both fire safety concerns and sustainability concerns can be resolved on a common ground. 
Among the buildings examined, no major differences have been observed in the examined conditions of projects that have a certificate or have not yet received a certificate. This is due to the fact that the projects reviewed are subject to the same local regulations. It is possible that different local regulatory conditions contain different sanctions. For example, the use of gray water and rainwater has a risk of microbiological corrosion. For this reason, the use of these kind of water in sprinkler systems is not applied in Turkey. It is possible to find these applications in different parts of the world. This suggests that there may be other safety risks pertaining to the region. For this reason, in some headings, safety risks are expressed independently of the relevant regional regulation conditions. 
The fact that a building is certified in the projects examined does not cause major differences in terms of fire safety measures. In fact, the environmental impact of active and passive fire safety measures in the projects is not included in the green building certification process and this was expressed by some stakeholders interviewed during the reviews. It is important that the building meets the safety conditions first, but it should not be ignored that environmentally friendly choices can be made in these safety measures.
In addition, case studies were included while evaluating the certificates. In these cases, fires originating from PV panels take a larger place. There is a need for a data infrastructure that can be used to get detailed information about fire cases and to access statistical data. Sufficient data infrastructure, which would gather statistical information on relevant studies, is not available in Turkey and same can be said throughout the world. While statistical numbers do not include details, some project and project-related information, which can set an example as cases, couldn't be shared due to some reservations. For this reason, precise statistical data regarding fire hazards that generally occur in green buildings could not be done within the scope of the thesis. Further research and development are required in the field.
As a result, the possible fire safety risks of the green building criteria discussed in various certificates exist to a certain extent. The number of studies on the interface of these two fields is quite low. New and comprehensive studies are needed at this interface. Studies should be carried out for the database infrastructure, where the cases are handled in more detail (and where the cause of the fire and the information about the project are shared to a certain extent). 
Emphasis should be made on integrated project management, and priority should be given to fire safety measures at every stage of the building's life cycle, from design to end of life. To encourage this, there should be credits in the green building certificate systems. In Turkey, all criteria in terms of "fire safety" for the green building certificate systems should be regulated in the related local regulations. Legal sanctions should also be considered.