Sedad Hakkı Eldem yalı bahçelerinin peyzaj tasarımı açısından incelenmesi
Analyzing bosphorus mansion gardens, designed by Sedad Hakki Eldem, in terms of landscape architectural design
Yazar: ENVERİNA QORRAJ
Danışman: PROF. DR. ZEYNEP KUBAN TOKGÖZ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Türk bahçe sanatı = Turkish garden art ; Türk bahçeleri = Turkish gardens

Özet:
Bu tez, "Türk Bahçeleri" kitabının yazarı Sedad Hakkı Eldem'in mimari yaklaşımını anlamaya ve yalı bahçelerinin peyzaj mimarisi açısından incelenmesine yönelik hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmaya, Salt Araştırma Merkezi Sedad Hakkı Eldem Arşivi'nde bulunan kendisine ait proje çizimleri, yazılı ve görsel materyal, proje açıklama metinleri, kendisiyle gerçekleştirilen söyleşiler, mimari yapıları ve Türk bahçeleri konusunda yapılan araştırmalar ışık tutmuştur. 
Tezde, Eldem'in mimarlığını özgün kılan temel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve geleneksel Türk bahçeleri üzerinden yapılan okumalarla Eldem'in bahçe mimarisinin bileşenlerinin örneklerle tespit edilmesi ve incelenmesi öngörülmüştür. Çalışmada, Eldem'in 1931-1984 yılları arasında inşa edilen yalıların bahçeleri seçilmiştir.
Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde, Eldem'in araştırmacı yönü ve mimarisinin gelenekle olan bağlarından kısaca bahsedilirken, tezin kapsamı ve tezde izlenen yönteme değinilmiştir. 
İkinci bölümde, araştırmacı, eğitimci ve mimar Sedad Hakkı Eldem'in çalışmaları, yayınları ve metinleri aracılığıyla, bahçe/peyzaj üzerine görüşleri anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca, yalı mimarisi ve yüzyıllar boyunca gelişen, değişen bahçe yaklaşımını anlamaya yönelik, yalı bahçelerinin tarihi üzerinde durulmuştur. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde sahil saray ve yalı bahçeleri örnekleri üzerinden ortak bahçe bileşenleri tespit edilmiştir. 
Üçüncü bölümde, tespit edilen ortak bahçe bileşenleri yapısal ve bitkisel peyzaj olarak iki ana başlık altında incelenmiştir. İncelemede, eski Türk bahçelerinin özellikleri üzerinden, Eldem'in bahçe mimarisinde geçmişten günümüze yaşanan değişimin, bahçelerin şekillenmesinde nasıl etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. 
Dördüncü bölümde, Eldem'in mimari yaklaşımı dört farklı dönemde ele alınırken konut mimarisinin, geçmiş ile kurduğu ilişkinin bahçelere yansımasına bakılmıştır.
Sonuç bölümünde, Eldem'in yalı bahçeleri ile ilgili genel bir değerlendirme ve önemli görülen örnekler üzerinden Eldem'in bahçe mimarisini özgün kılan özelliklerden söz edilmiştir.
Ekler bölümünde ise yalı bahçelerini kataloğu hazırlanmıştır.

Abstract:
This thesis is a case study to understand the architectural approach of Sedad Hakkı Eldem, the author of the book "Turkish Gardens", and to examine the Bosphorus mansion gardens in terms of landscape architecture. Sedad Hakkı Eldem's original project drawings, written and visual materials, project description texts, interviews, buildings he designed and his own researches on Turkish gardens, found in the Salt Research Center Sedad Hakkı Eldem Archive, have highlighted this thesis.
In this study, it is foreseen to determine the basic characteristics of Eldem's architectural design and to determine and examine the components of Eldem's garden design elements by reading through traditional Turkish garden design. Within the study, the gardens of the mansions built between 1931-1984 by Eldem are chosen to be examined. 
In the introductory part of the study, while briefly mentioning Eldem as a researcher and the connection between his architecture and tradition, the scope of the thesis and the method followed in writing the thesis have been mentioned. 
In the second part, as a researcher, educator and architect, Sedad Hakkı Eldem's point of view about the garden / landscape, are tried to be explained through his projects, publication and written media. In addition; in order to understand the mansion architecture and the changing, developing garden approach over the centuries, the history of the bosphorus mansion gardens has been emphasized. In the historical process, common landscape components have been identified between the examples of coastal palace and mansion gardens. 
In the third part, the common landscape components identified, are examined under two main topics; the hardscape and the softscape. In this study, it is examined that how the process of Eldem's garden architecture approach from past to present, has reshaped the garden design, analyzing the characteristics of the old Turkish gardens. 
In the fourth part of the thesis; Eldem's architectural approach in four different periods and the impact of the connection between residential architecture and the history on garden design have been discussed.
In conclusion, an overall evaluation about bosphorus mansion gardens of Eldem and his unique design elements have been made through selected projects.
A mansion gardens catalog has also been prepared within this thesis study and added to appendix.
As a result of research and study within the scope of the thesis, it is clear that Sedad Hakkı Eldem defends the necessity of creating a national architecture unique to Turkey. Thereof, he thinks that the tradition can not be imaged by the details of form and decoration, but that the new architecture can be created by associating it with the Turkish national tradition and using modern technology. Eldem is in the view of not adhering to Western-based styles in architecture, but to get the technical knowledge and technology of Western civilization. Eldem aims to protect his own cultural identity, despite the attempts of westernization and modernization. However, he believes that this can only be achieved through the development of a society which can create its own cultural productivity within its own modernity.
Eldem refers to history, in order to protect his cultural identity; continuously researches all aspects of Turkish architecture and documents them as a source to establish an intellectual background. His historical references are always abstract and interpretive. As a result of his researches, Eldem passes down works on both architecture and landscape Architecture for the determination and preservation of Turkish characteristics. Between 1930 and 1940, he prepared an archive of plan, view and section drawings of the mansion, sea and palace gardens in Istanbul.
As the author of "Turkish Gardens", Eldem sees the garden as a complementary element of the Turkish house. Eldem explains the reason why not designing any "Turkish gardens" in his house projects, as not the impracticability but the lack of interest of the employer. But when his gardens are analyzed, both the common, major structural and cultural characteristics of traditional Turkish gardens and the distinctive features of Eldem style, appear in his garden components.
Modular arrangement, which is one of the distinctive features of Eldem style, appears in garden design as seen in waterside architecture. The modulation, seen on the façade, under the eaves and on the interior ceilings of his waterside architecture, is observed to be repeated on the floor in the garden design. The modular arrangement of the windows repeated vertically on mansion facades, was used as a measure and pattern in the flooring of the garden. This modulation varies according to the facade design and a unique solution is developed for each waterside mansion. 
Eldem, as also seen in the old Turkish gardens, uses other garden pavilions such as sofa and pergola. He evaluated the natural potential of the existing garden in his landscape design. As it should be in any garden, he has preserved the existing green foliage and made it a part of his design. His love for the trees can be read from the garden plans. He has developed solutions for the protection of existing trees. When designing places for primary users, he used the trees as architectural objects where they could sit and relax within the garden. 
As in the old Turkish gardens, Eldem took advantage of the shade of trees by designing sofas under. The tree has become the primary shade structure. Knowing that no build architectural element can give the effect of a tree, he has protected the trees and used them in planting design. For example, even Ilıcak Yalısı has three different garden pavilions, Eldem does not desist from the idea of having a sofa under the shade of the great plane tree in the garden. The pavilion structures in Eldem's gardens are directly related to his waterside architecture. For instance, if the waterfront designed is designed in a traditional style, then the pavillion should be build using the same design language. For example, the pergola in the garden of Ilıcak Yalısı, which carries the traces of traditional architecture, is also traditional; it has the characteristics of the bower used in old Turkish gardens. It has an octagonal plan and is surrounded by climbers. 
The mansions, which do not carry abstract references derived from the characteristics of traditional Turkish houses, were designed in line with the modernist discourse of the period. In the Rıza Derviş Residence, the bower is far from traditional, but have in common style with architecture. An example of this effect is the camera designed in a geometric structure that blends with the plain, simple architecture. Brow, designed in a geometric structure that blends with the plain, simple architecture of the mansion, is an example of this effect.
Sedad Hakkı Eldem has continued his lifelong researches on traditional Turkish civil architecture. Eldem examined the landscape architecture along with the residential architecture. He made researches on the characteristics of traditional garden architecture and the methods applied in garden design. Having documented this research in a way to create an infrastructure for his own architecture, the architect abstracted the features derived from traditional Turkish gardens and included them in his garden designs. 
Eldem has shown a garden design approach that uses the new technology and takes advantage of the innovations required by the modern period, without being bound to the styles of foreign origin. Eldem attaches more importance to the garden than the residence. When designing the living space, he handles the house together with its surroundings and wants it to appear as a part of nature. In Eldem's design approach, the garden has been always effective and restrictive in the settlement of the mansion.
As a result; when Sedad Hakkı Eldem waterside gardens are examined in terms of landscape architecture, both the characteristics of traditional Turkish gardens and the unique components of Eldem's architectural approach can be seen.