Beden ürün diyaloğu: Beden odaklı analiz ve tasarımda yeni olanaklar
Body product dialogue: Body oriented analysis and new possibilities in design
Yazar: AYŞE ASYA GÜRGÜN ÖZDEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜLNAME TURAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Endüstriyel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Endüstriyel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2023
Konu: Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı = Industrial Design

Özet:
Bu çalışma kapsamında endüstrinin ve endüstrinin ürettiği ürünlerin kullanıcı bedeni ile kurdukları ilişki beden odağı üzerinden incelenecektir. Çalışma kapsamında endüstriyel ürünlerin beden deneyiminin analiz edilmesi, bu analize dair veriler oluşturmak ve bu verileri yazılı ve görsel kayıtlar ile elde etmek çalışmanın temel motivasyonudur. Çalışma kapsamında kullanıcıların endüstriyel ürünlere dair beden deneyimini incelemek ve bu deneyimi kayıt altına almak hedeflenmiştir. Bu hedef ile tasarım literatürüne ürün kullanıcı ilişkileri, kullanıcı deneyimi ve ürün tasarım süreci açılarından beden odaklı bir inceleme ile katkı sunulacaktır. Böylelikle araştırma tasarım alan yazını bakımından nesne ve beden arasında var olan diyalog biçimlerini ve ortak fiziksel alanı yeniden değerlendirilebilme, yoruma açabilme olanağını da işaret eder. Çalışma endüstrinin ürettiği ürünlerin insan bedeni ile kurduğu fiziksel diyaloğun analizini araştırma amacındadır. Bu amaçla temsilci olarak belirlenen nesne kümeleri üzerinden nesne ve beden diyalog olasılıklarının araştırılmasını hedefler. Çalışmanın hedeflediği araştırmanın amacı birinci yönü tasarım ürünlerinin kullanıcı bedeni ile kurduğu diyaloğun beden odaklı bir bakış ile analizi iken, ikinci yönü kullanıcı bedeni ile diyalog halinde olan endüstri ürünlerinin beden diyaloğunun analizidir. Her iki analizin de çalışmaya katkıları alan literatürü bakımından farklı değerleri işaret eder. Beden odaklı bir analiz kullanıcı bedenine dair alanı sorgulama, tartışmaya açma ve yeniden yorumlama imkânı sunarken, endüstri ürünlerinin kullanıcı bedeni ile kurduğu diyaloğu analiz etmek geleceğe dair yeni tasarım ürünlerinde yeni tasarım kriterlerinin aranmasına, kurgulanmasına imkân sağlar. Kullanıcı bedeni ile endüstriyel ürün arasında kurulan diyaloğun beden odağı ile analiz edilmesi, söz konusu diyaloğun geliştirilebilmesi, değiştirilebilmesi ve bu sayede yeni nesil ürünlerin tasarım biçiminin, kullanım pratiklerinin ve ürün dilinin güncellenmesine olanak sağlama potansiyeli taşır. Ürün tasarımında kullanıcıların Beden deneyiminin örtük bir veriden açık ve okunması kolay bir veriye aktarılmış olması tasarımcıya nesneye dair beden deneyimi yakalama ve yeniden kurgulama imkanını sunar. Bu olanak farklı amaç ve farklı kullanım pratiklerine ait nesnelere tasarım yoluyla yeni beden deneyimleri atayabilme potansiyelidir. Ürünlere dair beden deneyimini bir diyalog olarak yakalamak ve verilerle tartışmaya sunmak bu deneyimi yeniden kurgulayabilme imkanını da yoruma açar. Tasarım nesnelerinin beden ile çalışma biçimlerini, beden ile ortak kullandıkları alanı, temas yüzeylerini ve eylem pratiklerini araştırarak bu pratikleri diyalog biçimi olarak diyagramlar ile ortaya çıkaran çalışma, endüstriyel tasarım disiplini içerisinde beden ve nesne iletişimi /etkileşimini tartışmaya açmak hedefindedir.
Çalışma bu amaçla beden odaklı bir araştırma yürüterek ürünlerin beden ile çalışma biçimlerini dört diyalog alanı altında tartışmaya sunar. Araştırmanın yöntem çoklu nitel verilerin analiz edilmesine olanak sağlayan beden haritalama yöntemidir. Beden haritalama kullanıcıların beden deneyimlerini nicel veriler olarak yoruma açmaya imkân sağlayan beden deneyimi odaklı bir araştırma yöntemidir. Belirtilen dört diyalog alanı içerisine atanan sekizer temsilci nesne olmak üzere deney içerisinde toplam otuziki temsilci nesne kullanılmıştır.
Ek olarak literatür içerisinden kullanımına karar verilen onaltı beden parçası seçilerek araştırma seti içerisine eklenmiştir. Temsilci nesne ve beden parçalarının çoklu eşleştirilmesine dayalı bir test tasarlanarak uzman kullanıcıların katılımı ile araştırma yürütülmüştür. Araştırma belirtilen ürünlerin kullanıcı bedeni ile kurdukları diyaloğun adört diyalog alanını ve atanan temsilci nesnelerin sağlamasını yaparak diyalog kavramının tartışmaya sunulmasını hedefler. Elde edilen bulgular bar grafikler ve radar diyagramlar ile görselleştirilerek analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu diyagramlar tezin hipotezi olan kullanıcı bedeni ve tasarım ürünü diyaloğunun dört ana grupta incelenebileceği fikrini verilerle görünür kılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre beden ve ürün arasındaki diyalog beden ile bütün, beden işlevinden bağımsız, beden ile işlevlenen ve bedenin devamında başlıkları altında özetlenen gruplara indirgenebilir. Bu indirgeme beden ve ürün diyaloğunu incelemek, tartışmak ve yeniden yorumlamak adına çeşitli okumalara imkân sağlamıştır.

Abstract:
Within the scope of this study, the relationship between the user body and the products produced by the industry will be examined through a body focus. The main motivation of the study is to analyze the body experience of industrial products, create data on this analysis, and obtain these data with written and visual records. With this goal, the design literature will be contributed with a body-oriented perspective in terms of product-user relations, user experience, and product design process. The study, which investigates the analysis of the physical dialogue between the products produced by the industry and the human body, aims to investigate the possibilities of object and body dialogue through object sets determined to be representative.
In industrial design, the body is the primary user of products, and its needs and limitations must be consideret in the design process. Products are designed for the body to use, and their usability depends on the physical and cognitive capabilities of the body. As part of the interdisciplinary nature of design, ergonomics is concerned with how products can be designed to be comfortable and efficient to use. Ergonomics is a vast field of science where there are several usage ratings. According to Nurmianto (1996), ergonomics is a study of the system in which humans, work facilities, and the environment interact with the main purpose of adjusting the working atmosphere to human beings. However, Tarwaka and Sudiajeng (2004) defined ergonomics as performance or the ability of a human depending on the comparison between the size of the work demands on the large ability of the worker (Panjaitan & Ali, 2019). Industrial design considers the physical dimensions of the body and how the body moves and interacts with the environment. The experiences of the body shape our understanding of the world, and our understanding of the world shapes our interactions with the body. Products are the enablers, facilitators or agencies for a significant part of these experiences. Products interact with the body in its sphere of action. With the aim to provide comfort, well-being, functionality, performance, or beauty, product design should consider the relationship between products and the body (Ferrao & Dias, 2014).
Today, all kinds of daily products such as smart phones, personal computers, watches, wearable technologies, home appliances, etc., are also updating the dialogs of products with users, as products and user bodies are in deeper communication. With the development of natural language as user product relation processing, more and more voice assistants are embedded in smartphones, such as Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri (2020). On the other hand, Augmented Reality (AR) technology enables a more intuitive interaction between users and products in the real world (Hammady, Ma, Ziad, & Strathearn, 2021). Today, we can say that products have developed through their interactions with the body. Not only smartphones,computers or watches, but a large part of everyday objects such as coffee machines, vacuum cleaners or even refrigerators interact with the user body. More generally, such personalized, data-driven tools are capable of adapting to individual rhythms and providing more biologically attuned support in a number of areas including physical and cognitive performance, sleep, clinical therapy, and overall wellbeing (Abdullah, Murnane, Matthews, & Choudhury, 2017).
In today's design perspective, where the dialogues between products and the user's body are getting intense and deep, examining these dialogues with a user body focused research through daily objects can present a different discussion. Should this dialog be updated only through the design of the objects' dialog with users, or can we, as designers, update this dialog by making it visible on the user body?
Today, especially user centeret design and user experience research which is currently working on daily objects, which are getting smarter day by day, we are in contact with in the design literature which makes a theoretical gap visible in the name of the user body. Research has focused on user habits, form and function of objects, users demands and needs and experiences. At this point, as the design focuses on products, there is a gap in the perspective of user bodies. By pointing out this gap, this study theoretically opens this body and product dialogue for discussion. Design products work and come into contact with the user body as recommended and only as determined. Updating this way of working with research that focuses on the user body, will provide the opportunity to discuss that it is changeable and to retesign daily dialogues. These dialogues with objects give a chance to rethink and design how we will talk to them, how and how much we will be exposed to each other, how we will use them or how they will interact with us. Design products process data about the user body more day by day. The products can recognize the voice tone, fingerprint, face and retina of the users. This participation to collect data about the user body usually implies human voice, touch, all kinds of bodily experience and also representation and structures of decision-making. The user can treat their body as it is defined as a dialog space. Identifying and re-discussing dialogue areas through a user-body-oriented roadmap within this information network will mean discussing and changing our dialogue with objects.
This discussion will contribute to today's design literature by presenting a roadmap, where products develop new ways of communicating with the user body. Based on the assumption that the relationship between the body and products is multi- layeret and complex, this thesis assumes that there is an ongoing dialogue between the body and the products that surround us in daily life. Products are designed to be used by the body, while products can also shape the body, both physically and culturally. And this takes the discussion out of the realm of classical ergonomics. Within the framework of this research, how the body establishes a dialogue with products, how the body adapts to products, and the process that occurs when the body is exposed to the products has been discussed in terms of "gains, sanctions, and adaptation" practices. The final goal here is to determine "what the user's body is exposed to" with the industrial daily objects surrounding us and propose new paths for designing accordingly. At this point to define the problem following questions can be stated:
- How the dialogue between the body and products emerge and how can such a communication be depicted in a concrete way?
- How can bodily experiences be enabled through products, and be recorded and visualized.
The study analyzes the physical dialogue of the industrial products with the human body through object sets determined as representatives. By revealing practices of the body and product communication/interaction as a form of dialogue, the ways designed objects work with the body, space and action practices they use in common with the body is put into discussion. In order to make this dialogue visible between the user body and objects, an experiment focused on the users' body and based on their feedback on the objects was designed. At this point, the problem definition of the study is formulated as follows:
-What does the body experience with objects and within the organization of the objects? How can this be revealed as a form of dialogue and what does the body learn during this dialogue process?
On the other hand, the concept of the Buffer Zone, a key term in this thesis, is used to express the optimum environment or conditions necessary for a living thing to continue its life, especially in the fields of biology, psychology, and agriculture. Buffer zone concept; if it is defined on the basis of political geography, the protected area between two or more negative impact areas can be defined as an area that provides peace and prosperity. However, the literature, primarily in the fields of agriculture, biology, and psychology, distinguishes the areas that can be consideret incompatible or dangerous for the species. It has been concluded that "the protected area" is used to determine the region that provides the necessary conditions for the survival of the generation among the literature scanned on the concept.
By dividing the dialogues of the objects with the body into routines and subroutines according to their forms of action, their usage practices, a common dialogue area has been constructed according to the similarity of the interaction established by the object and the body. This common dialogue area has been divided into four main groups as; "the whole with the body", "the continuation of the body", "functioning with the body", and "independent of the body movement", and these dialogue areas denote the object and the body dialogue forms. Representative objects gatheret under these areas in the study are refrigerator, washing machine, dishwasher, coffee machine, oven, cabinet, fork, pen, walking stick, tennis racket, wristwatch, toothbrush, shoes, table, armchair, toilet bowl, dentist chair, sunbed, bathtub, chair, bed, vacuum cleaner, iron, blender, treadmill, mixer, skateboard, lamp, air conditioner, sewing machine, and umbrella. There are 32 representative objects grouped under 4 main dialogue areas in total in the study. In each main dialogue area there are 8 objects. The main point in defining the body parts is to be able to make an analysis in which the body itself becomes a road map. Objects are accepted as entities that can reach and create paths to the body parts. The main point in defining the body parts is to be able to make an analysis in which the body itself, thus, the more paths there are from the object to the body, the more accessible the body becomes. Body mapping aims to divide the parts that make up the body and mark them as body parts. With the object that is supposed to be related or communicating. It is analyzed how many body parts the object reaches. The results of the analysis were visualized with spider diagrams, and it was tested whether the objects were suitable for grouping under the default groups. The study is based on the idea that body maps can be obtained by matching the relevant body parts by multiple matching with representative objects. The experiment, which was revealed by the body mapping method, determined representative objects and it has emerged to analyze, visualize, and use the dialogue of the determined body parts with diagrams based on this dialogue. The dialogue between the experiment and the body and the industrial object was visualized as academic data and opened for examination. The results of the conducted experiment provided the four main body dialogue groups. The four main dialogue areas determined during the experiment were interpreted with spider diagrams by processing the data revealed by the users on body parts and selected products.
The outputs of the research are open to interpretation and discussion through three different focuses. Data that can be discussed were obtained from the focus on industrial products, user body, and design discipline. With this view, the designer is also open to interpreting the body buffer zone as the person who can enable the circulation of the object between the groups that are determined and expressed. While a body-focused analysis offers the opportunity to question, discuss, and reinterpret the field of the user body, analyzing the dialogue established by industrial products with the user body enables new design criteria to be sought and fictionalized in the new design products for the future. Analyzing the dialogue established between the user body and the industrial product with a body focus has the potential to enable the development and change of the dialogue in question, thus enabling the design style, usage practices, and product language of new-generation products. The fact that the body experience of the user is transferret from implicit data to clear and easy-to-read data in product design offers the designer the opportunity to capture and reconstruct the body experience of the object. This possibility is the potential of assigning new body experiences to objects belonging to different purposes and different usage practices through design.