Arazi kullanımı-ulaşım etkileşiminin irdelenmesi: Sultangazi örneği
Investigation of the interaction between land use and transportation: An example for Sultangazi Istanbul
Yazar: İZZET MUTLU
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. HÜSEYİN ONUR TEZCAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Ulaştırma Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Ulaşım = Transportation
Dizin: Kentsel arazi kullanımı = Urban land use ; Şehiriçi ulaşım = Urban transport

Özet:
Tez çalışmasında Sultangazi ilçesinin arazi kullanımının ulaşım sistemindeki değişimlerden nasıl etkilendiği, ilçede nasıl bir değişim yaşandığı ve bu değişimin ne tür sorunlar yaşanmasına sebep olduğu incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme yapılırken, Arazi Kullanımı ve Ulaşım Etkileşimine ilişkin modeller irdelenmiş, ulaşım sistemi ve arazi kullanımı arasındaki güçlü bağ ve bu iki olgunun birbirine olan etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra ulaşım sistemlerindeki gelişmelerin, ulaşım türü seçiminin yerleşim yerleri üzerindeki farklı etkileri incelenmiş ve ardından Dünyada yaşanan Sanayi Devrimi sonucunda gelişen şehirlerde görülen sorunlar ile Sanayi Devrimi'ni bizim gibi daha geç bir süreçte yaşayan ülkelerde yaşanan sorunlar arasındaki farklar incelenmiştir. Ardından İstanbul ili ve çalışma alanı olan Sultangazi ilçesinin tarihsel gelişim süreci, bu gelişim sürecinin mekâna yansıması incelenerek; bir bütünün parçası olarak planlanmak yerine tek başına çevresinden ayrı bir yerleşim gibi planlanan çalışma alanının geçirdiği değişim sonucunda bölgede yaşanan altyapı sorunları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra, çalışma alanının sosyal yapısı, nüfusu, arazi kullanım bilgileri gibi değişkenler tespit edilmiş olup Sultangazi'de ikamet eden katılımcılara ait sosyal ve ekonomik göstergeler, bölgede yaşanan sorunlar, yapılacak projelere bakış açıları, ulaşım talepleri ve günlük yolculuk bilgileri gibi verilere erişmek amacıyla anket çalışması uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan anketler neticesinde çalışma alanının bir kullanıcı profili çıkarılmış ve bu kullanıcıların yolculuk verileri, bölgede yaşadıkları ulaşım sorunları vs. hakkında verdikleri bilgiler değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda arazi kullanımı ve ulaşım etkileşimine bir bölgedeki halkın gözünden bakmamız mümkün kılınarak teoride karşımıza çıkacağını öngördüğümüz sorunların o bölgenin gerçek kullanıcıları tarafından da görülebildiği sonucuna varmamız mümkün olmaktadır. Bu durum, karar vericilerin hayata geçirmek istedikleri projeleri doğru örnekler ile halka daha sağlıklı bir şekilde anlatabileceklerini, gelecekte yaşanacak problemlere karşı üretilen çözümleri daha kolay uygulayabileceklerini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak İstanbul'un küçük bir kısmını kapsayan çalışma alanı Sultangazi ilçesinde yaşanan sorunların sebepleri irdelenerek çözülmesi için çalışmada elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Abstract:
In this thesis study, the effect of the changes in the transportation system on Sultangazi District's land use, what kind of changes occurred in the district and what kind of problems this change caused was investigated. While this study was carried out, land use and transportation interaction models were examined, and the strong link between the transportation system and land use and the interrelationship between these two factors were emphasized. Later on, the different effects of transportation type selection (public or individual transport; tram, bus, car, etc.)  in transportation systems and the transportation developments on settlement areas were examined. Then the differences between the problems in cities that developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution in the World and the problems in the countries that have experienced the industrial revolution in a later period like Turkey were explained. The historical development process of Istanbul and study area Sultangazi District and the reflection of this development process on the field were investigated and information given about the infrastructure problems experienced in the region, where as a result of being planned like a separate settlement from the periphery instead of being planned as a part of the whole. Moreover, variables such as the social structure of the study area, population and land use information were determined and the perception of survey studies were conducted to the participants in Sultangazi to gather information about the problems experienced in the region, overviews of the projects to be done, transportation demands and daily travel information. As a result of the surveys, user profile of the study area has been determined and the information provided by these users about the travel data and transportation problems, etc. have been evaluated. As a result of the evaluations, by making it possible to look from the viewpoint of the people of the region, it is possible to reach the conclusion that theoricatically forseen problems can be seen by the real users of that region. This shows that, if the decision makers will be able to explain the projects that they want to create with the right examples and in a more healthy way then they will be able to apply the solutions that are developed against the future problems more easily. As a result, the findings obtained in the study for evaluating the problems experienced in the Sultangazi District, which covers a small part of Istanbul, were evaluated and suggestions were presented.
When the population increase is examined in the area where the Sultangazi is located, it is seen that as a result of the transportation investments made in Istanbul it is gaining momentum. That's why it is necessary to take measures by making development (regional) plans to prevent the population increase in Sultangazi, which is a settlement adjacent to the forest areas and drinking water basins located in the north of Istanbul and where the 3rd Bridge Connection Road is going to be constructed.
The fastest development process in the region occurred after the construction of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge. This development has happened because of the changes in the regional plans which were prepared before the construction of the bridge and allowed twice as large as the construction permit. However, it is seen that no new decisions were made for transportation and the road widths have not been increased increased. For this reason, while the regional plans are being made, the transportation plans have to be done together at the same time. That's why by implementing the regional plan with a transportation plan together, it is possible to reduce the problems that going to be experienced and will provide a more healthy living space for the people of the region.
If it is considered that the investments made in the district (Hospital, Municipality Service Buildings, Shopping Center, etc.) are functions to increase the traffic load, that's why it is possible to say that the transportation facilities should be taken into consideration when choosing the places to built these facilities. If the location of large complex structures are chosen by taking into consideration of the transportation facilities in the area, it can prevent the affect of the increasing traffic.
Streets in the Sultangazi district are generally 7 m service roads and that the structures on these streets are 4-storey residential buildings with no parking place, so it is said that it is not possible to find enough car parking place on the streets and pedestrians are not able to move comfortably because of the cars which parking on the streets. For this reason, it is necessary to rearrange the current zoning guide (Istanbul Zoning Guide) and parking regulations (Istanbul Parking Lot Regulations) to meet the parking needs of the residential areas and to meet the parking needs in the new buildings. As a matter of fact, with the developing technology, elevator and multi-storey car park applications can solve parking problems in restricted areas. When parking is required for residential areas, the number of vehicles parked on the roads will also decrease and people will be able to move more comfortably.
When the transportation network in Sultangazi is examined, it can be seen that the same service can not be offered to every region of the settlement. For this reason, in order to provide a better transportation service to all the citizens in the settlement, arranging ring services especially at peak times in different districts of the settlement to main transportation axes such as trams and subway routes will contribute to decrease the transportation problems.
The density of the heavy vehicles coming from the quarries in the area and their failure to comply with the traffic rules puts life and property safety of people living in the region into jeopardy. For this reason, connecting the quarries to the main roads from the north of them will prevent the heavy vehicles from entering the settlement areas of the Sultangazi.
Parking on the sidewalks cause serious problems to pedestrians at Eski Edirne Asfaltı, where the tram line is located and also constitutes the most important trade accomodation of Sultangazi. Also the presence of the tram detaches the two sides of the main street. For this reason, with a width of 30 m Eski Edirne Asfaltı can be used more efficiently, by taking measures to prevent vehicles from parking on the sidewalks to release the sidewalks to pedestrains and submitting the tram line to underground can connect the two sides of the main street and also by designing different routes to other public transportation lines on this route.
When it is tought that the investment made in a region is an important influence on the land use decisions, it is necessary for the local governments to take more precise decisions about the future with more detailed thinking about the problems to be experienced like population growth and demand of infrastructure. Therefore, the negative effects of the transportation investments that will be made in the district will have to be taken into consideration and the new demands that will be revealed will need to be resolved in the plannig decisions.