Proje ve yapım yönetimi araştırmalarında disiplinlerarasılık
Interdisciplinarity in project and construction management research
Yazar: UĞUR YILDIZ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. EMRAH ACAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Disiplin = Discipline ; Disiplinlerarası = Interdisciplinary

Özet:
Teknolojinin ilerlemesi ile birlikte, karşılaşılan problemler daha da karmaşık bir hal almaktadır. Bu karmaşık problemlere çözüm üretmek için özellikle son yüzyılda artık disiplinlerin tekil çalışmaları yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu sorunlara çözüm alternatifleri üretmek için farklı disiplinlerin bir araya gelmeleri kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Disiplinler arası işbirliği, globalleşen dünyamızda mutlak bir ihtiyaç halini almakta, disiplinler arası araştırmaya olan ilgi ise kimi alanlarda yavaş, kimi alanlar arasında hızlı bir şekilde hem Türkiye'de, hem de dünyada her geçen gün artmaktadır. 
Bu konuda ülkemizde ve yurtdışında farklı sektörler özelinde birçok farklı dalda çalışmalar olmasına rağmen, literatür taraması sonucunda Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi (PYY) alanında disiplinlerarasılığın ölçülmesi konusunda herhangi araştırmaya rastlanmamıştır. Halbuki yapım işi, farklı onlarca uzmanlık alanın bir arada ve ahenk içinde çalıştığı, başlı başına disiplinler arası bir iştir. PYY konusunda ise yeterli kaynak ve çalışmanın olmaması, bu araştırma boşluğunu doldurmak ve gelecek araştırmalar için bir başlangıç oluşturmak amacı ile bu tezin konusunu oluşturan disiplinlerarasılığı ölçme çabasının sebebidir.  
Bu kapsamda, PYY alanında yayın yapan dergiler Scopus veritabanının sunduğu Cite Score puanlama sistemi içinde belli bir metodoloji ile sıralanan dergiler içinden metodoloji bölümünde açıklanan kıstaslara sahip en yüksek puanları alan üç tanesi seçilmiştir. Cite Score sistemi PYY alanındaki dergileri sıralamak için ilk kez kullanılmış olup, daha önce aynı alandaki dergilerin sıralaması için 1997 yılında anket metodu ile yapılmış bir çalışma daha mevcuttur. Bu araştırmanın hedefi PYY alanında yayın yapan ve belirli kriterleri sağlayan en yüksek Citescore puanına sahip üç akademik derginin (1) Building Research & Information, 2) Journal of Construction Engineering & Management, 3) Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management) Ocak 2018 ile Aralık 2018 arasındaki sayıları dikkate alınarak disiplinlerarasılık oranlarının ölçülerek karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu bağlamda the editorial, errata(correction), editorial board, index, book review, commentary, miscellany, secondary article, non-article, viewpoint, discussion&closures, reviewers, awards, forum, in memoriam, special collection announcement, ve retraction başlıkları dışında kalan makaleler, 73x237 matrislik bir alanda meta analizi yöntemi ile tablolanmıştır. Meta analizinin sonuçları, biyolojik çalışmalarda bir bölgedeki türlerin çeşitliliğinin ölçülmesinde kullanılan Simpson Çeşitlilik İndeksi ve Shannon Çeşitlilik İndeksi kullanılarak seçilen üç dergi için de hesaplanmıştır. Kullanılan iki indeksde de paralel değerlere ulaşılmış ve Journal of Construction Engineering and Management dergisi en düşük değerleri almıştır. Bunun sebebi olarak bu dergide 2018 yılına ait sayılarda 1 yazarlı hiç makale bulunmayışı ve diğer katkı türleri arasında eşit dağılımın olmayışıdır. Başka bir deyişle, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management dergisi disiplinler arası çalışmalara diğer iki dergiye göre daha fazla yer vermektedir.
Çalışmanın örnekleminin ve kapsadığı zaman diliminin ileride yapılacak ilave çalışmalarla genişletilmesi planlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ileride yapılabilecek benzer araştırmalar için metodolojik açıdan yol göstermeyi ve PYY'nin diğer disiplin ya da sektörlerle karşılaştırılabilmesi için bir yaklaşım önermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Abstract:
With the advancement of technology, the problems encountered become even more complicated. In order to find solutions to these complex problems, especially in the last century, isolated efforts of individual disciplines are increasingly becoming insufficient. It is inevitable that different disciplines come together to produce solutions to these problems. Interdisciplinary cooperation is becoming an absolute need and interest in interdisciplinary research (IDR) has been increasing day by day in Turkey and the world.
Developing technology and increasing level of knowledge show that traditional disciplinary research has turned into an interdisciplinary mode of production. In recent years, the focus of interest in bibliometric articles in academic literature has been the relationship between interdisciplinary studies and scientific influence.
One of the main reasons for this situation is the importance of the role of IDR in the production of high and effective knowledge. Chen et al. (2015) analyzed the academic articles in order to measure the level of interdisciplinarity in their study. In this study, they analyzed both the most cited articles within the top 1% and papers with lower citation percentile ranks with the Simpson's Diversity Index. The results of the authors' study showed that the top 1% of the most cited articles were more interdisciplinary. Chen et al (Ibid.) concluded that IDR plays a very important role in producing high-impact information.
A wide and close area divided into rooms such as physics room, chemistry room etc. can be a good metaphor for the formation of disciplines. Sometimes these rooms are separated by high walls instead of thin lines. The interdisciplinary approach aims to eliminate these walls.
IDR combines information from different genres and areas to create new knowledge. In other words, interdisciplinary cooperation is a form of cooperation of the components of a relatively self-sufficient, with a minimum of two components. The application of an IDR is almost always based on this cooperation. Different disciplines can include many people from a large number of countries or institutions.
Interdisciplinary studies also involve the incorporation of two or more disciplines into one activity. A research project in any field can be given as an example. IDR, pulls information from many areas such as sociology, anthropology, economics, et al. As new needs and professions emerge, there is a need for unified areas that transcend the general boundaries of existing disciplines. Large engineering teams are often interdisciplinary because a power plant, cell phone production or any project requires various areas of expertise. It emphasizes that all the definitions of the interdisciplinary approach are generally focused on integration and that there must be interaction between them.
Many factors contributed to the unification of disciplines. One of them is that individuals perceive the world in a holistic way. Both perception and behavior appear as a pattern of multiple disciplines. Secondly, the reason we can evaluate is that the rapidly developing and changing knowledge together with the technology has put new working areas in the foreground. Each discipline evaluates problems from their own point of view. However, especially complex problems can not be distinguished as economic, physical or chemical problems. No discipline has superiority over another in the regulation of scientific knowledge. Moreover, science is developing day by day and the organization of scientific knowledge is changing.
Successful collaborative research is beneficial for both science and society. Most important scientific discoveries have survived through this cooperation up until today. Many large-scale undertakings have been exceptionally successful, but nowadays interdisciplinary research (IDR) is more widely used in small-scale projects for interdisciplinary problem solving. Therefore, IDR is recognized as an effective method that needs to be promoted globally and adequately financed. There are many studies on IDR measurement and evaluation. Especially in the last decade, the community interested in bibliometry has increasingly concentrated on this field and the problem of slow progress in this area.
At the end of the study, the results of the meta-analysis were reported and visualized in the form of tables and graphics, and the status of the interdisciplinarity in the P&CM field was questioned. The aim of this study is to develop a new methodology for future studies and provide a benchmark score for the comparison of the P&CM field with other disciplines in the following years.
Although there are many different studies in this field in Turkey and abroad, in different sectors, a quick review of the literature shows that there has not been any research on interdisciplinary measurement in the field of P&CM. Construction work is an interdisciplinary task, in which many different fields of expertise work together and in harmony. The motivation of this thesis is the lack of adequate resources and studies in the P&CM field and the aim of the thesis is to develop a method for measuring interdisciplinarity in the P&CM field to fill a research gap and create a source for future similar research.
In this context, Scopus database's Cite Score scoring system was used and three journals that fall into the filtration criterias that will be detailed in the methodology section of the thesis with the highest scores were selected for analysis. According to our literature research, Cite Score system used for the first time in order to rank the journals in the field of P&CM. 
The aim of this research is to analyze the degree of interdisciplinarity for the three academic journals that have the highest Citescore score in the field of Project and Construction Management. The interdisciplinarity ratio of the year 2018 measured for the following scholarly journals:
1)	Building Research & Information,
2)	Journal of Construction Engineering & Management
3)	Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management
The selected journals examined one by one, between the time period of January 2018 and December 2018, and all the titles excluding the editorial, errata(correction), editorial board, index, book review, commentary, miscellany, secondary article, non-article, viewpoint, discussion&closures, reviewers, awards, forum, in memoriam, special collection announcement, and retraction were examined in the meta table. The main topics examined in the meta analysis were;  the article names, the keywords used, the names of the authors, the institutions and universities they are affiliated with, the departments or professions, the country of the institution where they work for. This meta table was prepared by filling in the data of three journals for one year and covering a data matrix of approximately around 17,301 boxes in a 73x237 area. For the authors whose departmental information were not reported in articles, a manual research has been done on websites such as Linkedin, Researchgate, in addition to the Google search engine. If no information was found about the departmants of authors, e-mails were sent to co-authors of the articles to gather the required information. Reports from the responding authors were entered into the table, but NO-INFO tag was used for the authors whose departments were unclear and these authors' articles  left outside of the analysis. After this step, monodisciplinary and interdisciplinary articles were determined by using the departmental information of the authors and then the results of the meta analysis were analyzed by using the Simpson's Diversity Index and the Shannon's Diversity Index. These indices are primarily used in biological studies to measure the diversity of the species in a given location. In this study, both indices were used to measure the diversity of interdisciplinarity of the three different scientific journals that had been previously selected.
In the analysis, three categories were taken into consideration in the calculation of interdisciplinarity ratio: interdisciplinary studies with one author (single disciplinary studies), multi-author (single disciplinary studies) and co-authors with at least 1 different disciplines. Proportional distribution of these categories were determined for all 3 journals examined within the scope of the study and presented as tables and graphics.
The results of the Simpson and Shannon Index calculations for the articles in the journals examined in the scope of the study are given in the findings section of the tables. Both Simpson and Shannon indexes show that Building Research and Information takes the first place in terms of the diversity and distribution of the types of contributions in the published articles, followed by Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management and Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management has the lowest value because there is no single-authored article as a variety of contribution types and there is an imbalance among other types. In other words, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management gives more space to multidisciplinary studies than the other two journals.
This thesis can only be seen as a preliminary study. The researcher obtained results using only 1-year data of 3 leading journals in the field of P&CM. The time limit of 1 year can be seen as the initial limitation of the study. The scope of the study can be easily expanded either by increasing the number of academic contribution types described above or by increasing the time frame based on the analysis. Thus, the tendencies of journals published in the field of P&CM on interdisciplinarity can be monitored more accurately.
This study is a methodological source for research from other sectors which can be done in the future and it can be compared with other disciplines or sectors. It can also be a reference value for the measurement of the interdisciplinarity of academic journals in the P&CM area that might be published in the following years.