Türkiye'deki toplu konut üretiminde dikkate alınan vernaküler tasarım kriterlerinin üretim süreçlerine bağlı olarak değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of the considered vernaculer design criteria at the mass housing production in Turkey based on building production processes
Yazar: BENGÜSU İBİŞ
Danışman: PROF. DR. ELÇİN FİLİZ TAŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Konutun tek tek değil toplu olarak üretilmesi ve özellikle alt gelir grubu için olan konut açığının kapatılması konusunda niceliksel olarak en etkili yöntemdir. 20.yüzyılın başında sanayileşme ile artan kent nufüsu ve 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrasındaki konut ihtiyacı o dönemde devletleri ve ilgili diğer kurum ve kuruluşları toplu konut üretimine yönlendirmiştir. Dünyanın pek çok yerinde işçi sınıfı ve alt gelir grubu için farklı mimari formlara toplu konutlar üretilmiştir. Ancak 1970'lerin sonların gelindiğinde toplu konut ve toplu konut alanlarına dair eleştiriler artmıştır. Bu eleştiriler özellikle konutun tekil iç çözümlerinden ziyade, bulunduğu konuma, çevresel ve kentsel donatılarının eksikliğine, insanın sosyal bir varlık olma olgusuna uymayan tasarımları üzerinedir. Amerika'da ve Avrupa'da toplu konut bölgelerinin zaman içerisinde suç alanlarına dönüştüğü görülmüştür. 1977'de Amerika'daki Pruit-Igoe toplu konutlarının yıkılması hem modern mimarlığın çöküşü hem de o zamana kadar üretilmiş toplu konutlara en büyük eleştiri olarak kabul edilir. Bu süreçten sonra dünyada farklı toplu konut arayışları başlamıştır.
Türkiye'de de tüm dünyada olduğu gibi aynı dönemlerde konut sorunu ortaya çıkmış ve hem sayısal olarak hem niteliksel olarak farklı konut üretim modelleri ile konut sorunana çözüm aranmıştır. Ancak yıllar içerisinde artan nüfus ve köyden kente göçün artması nedeniyle özellikle şehirlerdeki konut ihtiyacı sağlanamamıştır. 1984 yılında Toplu Konut İdaresi'nin kurulması ise Türkiye toplu konut üretiminde yeni bir döneme girmiş ve bu tarihten günümüze kadar en büyük toplu konut yapıcısı olarak en önemli aktör sağladığı konut kredileri, kendi eliyle ürettiği toplu konutlar ve sağladığı arsalar da düşünüldüğünde TOKİ olmuştur. 
2003 senesinden itibaren TOKİ'nin kendi konutlarını kendi bünyesinde ve iştirak şirketlerinin bünyesinde gerçekleştirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu tarihe kadar konut ihtiyacında devam eden açık TOKİ'nin yetkilerinin arttırılması ile birlikte tekrar gündeme gelmiş ve bu tarihten itibaren TOKİ niceliksel olarak konut üretimine hız vermiştir. 2012 yılına kadar olan üretimlerin tip plan üzerinde gerçekleşmesi, her ile aynı konut bloklarının inşa edilmesi hem yıllar içerisinde kentlerin mevcut dokularına zarar vermiş hem de mimarlık çevreleri tarafından eleştirilmiştir. 2013 senesi itibariyle TOKİ eleştirileri dikkate almaya başlamış ve söylemlerinde yerel mimari ve yatay mimari vurgusu öne çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımın devamı olarak 2014 yılında  "7 İklim 7 Bölge Gelenekten Geleceğe Ulusal Mimari Proje Yarışması" açılmıştır. Yarışma şartnamesi mimarlık çevreleri tarafından eleştirilsede birçok mimar yarışmaya katılım göstermiş ve yarışma sonucunda ödül grubunda olan projeler hızlıca üretime başlamıştır. Bir yandan 2014 yılı yarışmasının projelerinin inşaatı sürerken 2017 yılında ise ilk yarışmanın devamı niteliğinde bu kez "7 İklim 7 Bölge Mahalle Ulusal Mimari Proje Yarışması" açılmıştır. Günümüzde 2017 yılında ödül grubunda olan projelerden yapımı tamamlanmış olan projeler bulunmazken, 2014 yılı yarışması dahilindeki ödül grubu projeleri kazandıkları bölgelerde ve bazıları da diğer bölgelerde hayata geçirilmiştir. Bu teze konu olan kısım ise, 7 iklim 7 bölge adı altında her bölgeye özgü tasarımlar elde etmek için yola çıkılan bir süreçte, hangi aşamalardan geçerek, hangi organizasyonel ilişkilerden kaynaklı olarak bir bölgeye özgü ödül alan bir projenin bir başka bölgelere uygulandığıdır. Bu amaçla literatür çalışması sonucunda elde edilen vernaküler konut tasarım kriterleri yarışmaya katılan ekiplere yöneltilerek bina üretim süreçlerine bağlı olarak dikkate alınan vernaküler tasarım kriterleri tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Uygulama sürecindeki ekipler ile de yapım sürecine ve sonuç ürüne dair ikinci bir anket çalışması yapılarak TOKİ'de toplu konut üretimine dair aktörler, sorumluluklar, süreçlere dair mimarların gözünden tespitler yapılmaya çalışılacaktır.

Abstract:
Mass housing is the most effective quantitative method in terms of producing the housing collectively, not individually, and in closing the housing deficit especially for the lower income group. At the beginning of the 20th century, the urban population that increased with industrialization and the need for housing after World War II directed the states and other related institutions and organizations to mass housing production. In many parts of the world mass housing has been produced in different architectural forms for the working class and the lower income group. However, in the late 1970s, criticism of mass housing and mass housing areas increased. These criticisms are especially related to the designs of the house, which do not fit the individual's internal solutions, the lack of environmental and urban equipment and the fact of being a social being. In the US and Europe, it has been observed that mass housing areas have become criminal areas over time. The demolition of Pruit-Igoe housing units in the United States in 1977 is considered both the collapse of modern architecture and the greatest criticism of the mass housing units produced until then. After this process, the search for different housing units started in the world.
Turkey has also emerged in the housing problem in the same period as well as all over the world and the search for solutions until the problem is both quantitative models and qualitative housing with different housing production. However, due to the increasing population and increasing migration from villages to cities over the years, housing needs have not been met, especially in cities. The establishment of the Housing Development Administration in 1984, Turkey housing has entered a new era in the production and up to the present from this date the largest mass most important actors of mortgage loans that provide housing as builders, housing and land provided that produce their own hands was TOKI is also contemplated. 
Since 2003, he has been working to build TOKI's own houses and affiliate companies. The deficit, which has been in need of housing until this date, has come up again with the increase of the authority of TOKİ and TOKİ has accelerated the production of housing quantitatively. The fact that the productions up to 2012 were realized on the type plan and the construction of the same housing blocks with each building damaged the existing textures of the cities over the years and was criticized by the architectural circles. As of 2013, TOKI began to take criticism into consideration and the emphasis on local architecture and horizontal architecture began to come to the fore. As a continuation of this approach, the "National Architectural Project Competition from 7 Climate 7 Regions to the Future" was opened in 2014. Although the competition specifications were criticized by the architectural circles, many architects participated in the competition and as a result of the competition, projects in the award group started to produce rapidly.
On the one hand, while the construction of the projects of the 2014 competition is ongoing, in 2017, the "7 Climate 7 Regional Neighborhood National Architectural Project Competition" was opened as a continuation of the first competition. Today, while the projects that were in the award group were not completed in 2017, the award group projects within the 2014 competition were implemented in the regions where they won and some of them in other regions. The subject matter of this thesis is a project which takes place under the name of 7 climates and 7 regions and applies a project that receives a region-specific award to another regions through which stages, through which organizational relations, through a process set out to obtain designs specific to each region. For this purpose, the vernacular housing design criteria obtained from the literature study will be directed to the teams participating in the competition and the vernacular design criteria taken into consideration depending on the building production processes will be tried to be determined. A second survey on the construction process and the final product will be conducted with the teams in the implementation process and the determination will be made from the eyes of the actors, responsibilities and architects regarding the mass housing production in TOKİ.
In ordert to determine vernaculer housing design criteria, the vernacular taken into account depending on the building production process of housing production in Turkey to determine housing design criteria and to determine whether these criteria depend on how the building process of production, vernacular in private residential design criteria, the project actors duties and responsibilities of building production in order to determine, depending on the process to the scope of this thesis put forward the mass housing production in the considered vernacular housing design criteria in Turkey to assess, depending on the building production process primarily housing and vernacular literature study on the concepts of architects were carried out. As a result of the literature research conducted within the scope of the concept of mass housing, the definitions of mass housing and social housing were encountered. the concept of public housing and social housing in the world and Turkey are usually used in the same sense, but it is different from this concept, produced by the bulk of the housing industry, housing and social was a concept used to describe the large number of housing units carried out with the physical infrastructure; it is determined that social housing is at least standardized to meet the housing needs of poor or low-income families by public institutions, and it is a health-friendly, cheap housing or a public housing. In this case, it is determined that social housing is in fact a sub-class of housing. Collective housing classifications made by various sources have been compiled and classified as public investment in terms of mass housing type investor to be examined within the scope of the thesis study and public housing produced for lower-middle income group user according to the income status of the user.
However, as a result of this classification research, it was found that there was no classification regarding whether vernacular housing was or not. Feasibility, design, procurement, construction and use of 5 building production processes were provided and feasibility, design, tender and construction processes were included in the field study. When the mass housing production in the world is examined after the industrial cycle, it was seen that housing constructors focused on the production of mass housing in order to close the housing deficit resulting from the increase in urban populations with the industrialization, but especially in the beginning of 1980s It was determined to be abandoned. Within the research on housing practices in Turkey while such developments would be subject presentation in the world is located between the models produced until today's housing production during the period of the Republic of Turkey. Respectively, the houses came to the early 1970s with individual production, building cooperatives production, individual slum production, constructive production, semi-organized slum construction.
However, when these housing production could not meet the housing needs in the cities, mass housing production started with various models. Mass housing production through building cooperatives associations and local government was one of the first implemented models, followed by production through private housing private companies. When it comes to Mass Housing Administration was founded in 1984 and since then has become the most important actors from the public housing production in Turkey TOKI. TOKI has been established with the aim of closing the housing deficit especially for the lower income group, transformation of slum areas, financing of housing construction, resource development and providing loans. Initially, while the task of creating more resources and land to provide the authority over time TOKI'in expanded and in 2003 with the establishment of new companies, partnerships, profit-making applications were equipped with such powers. Over time, he started to produce his own dwelling, and for the next 10 years, he focused on mass housing production. geographical conditions of the environment where this process in quantitative terms found while attempting to shut down housing deficit, socio-cultural structure, livelihood, properties of materials, construction techniques and architectural features identical to without considering over a single type of plan in every region of Turkey public housing blocks have been produced. As a result of the criticism made against these mass housing units produced without taking into account the vernacular housing design criteria, it was determined within the scope of the second part of the thesis that horizontal architecture and floor-specific housing production came to the fore in TOKİ discourses as of 2013.
In the third part of the thesis, firstly, vernacular architecture and vernacular housing definitions are emphasized. The first vernacular architecture research was carried out by Rudofsky in 1964, and the term vernacular was introduced into the world literature. The different definitions of vernacular architecture have been compiled and the general approach to vernacular architecture has been determined. Accordingly, vernacular architecture was born out of the ways and methods used by human beings to survive in the natural environment, and is sufficient architecture created using the local materials and tools available to us by nature. It is an ongoing dialogue between generations, it is collective, it reflects the culture of the people. It tries to accomplish most with less. The concept of Critical Regionalism, which is examined within the scope of vernacular architecture research, is defined as the modern interpretation of vernacular and seeks the equivalent of vernacular architecture criteria in today's conditions. In the continuation of the study, vernacular housing production in the world was examined and inferences were made. Accordingly, it has been shown that vernacular architecture is not completely separate from modern architecture and that the products which are considered as modern architecture carry vernacular traces are compared with the housing designs and vernacular housing designs of modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Samples of vernular housing that could have been found in the vernacular housing literature were examined mostly with the works of Indian architects and it was concluded that vernular housing applications can be applied in the scale of housing without being exclusively individual.
In this context, it has been determined that the examples of vernular mass housing are concentrated on the concept of gradual housing. Within the scope of research conducted vernacular housing production in Turkey of vernacular architecture in housing accumulation in Turkey it was determined to have a wide variety of vernacular Although predominantly on the singular subject. In the production of vernacular housing in Turkey "Traditional Turkish House" but excels in the "Traditional Turkish House" it remains insufficient to produce the bulk of the housing. until 2014 in Turkey vernacular housing and mass housing concepts could be seen as independent concepts and productions from each other tokin 2014 and in 2017 "7 Climate 7 Regions Tradition of Future National Architectural Competition" contest, which was opened under the name of vernacular in Turkey bulk kouti on behalf of the production was the first step taken. Scope of the third part scope vernacular in order to determine housing design criteria in the light of the work done in previous chapters around the world and examined vernacular housing design criteria previously made in Turkey, but it was concluded that these studies within the criteria presented to the conclusion that not be comprehensive. In addition, neither a criterion system for determining the vernacular design criteria in mass housing production processes in the world nor in our country was found. For this purpose, mass housing production process in order to benefit from a vernacular housing design criteria in order to determine the extent of housing system in the world and vernacular examples in Turkey were examined. As mentioned before, these samples were determined mainly on single housing samples due to the low number of vernular housing units. As a result of the researches, 53 vernacular housing design criteria have been determined under 8 main headings as geographical, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, materials, construction techniques, building form and plan fiction, building systems. In the surveys conducted within the field study, architects were asked to determine how much they consider these vernacular housing design criteria in terms of feasibility, concept project, implementation project, tendering and construction processes. 
the scope of the field work, thesis vernacular taken into account in housing production in Turkey housing design criteria have changed, depending on the building production process, which is building its manufacturing processes which is greater emphasis on vernacular housing design criteria and to evaluate is responsible for who these criteria. The sample group of the survey conducted for this purpose was determined by the participants of the Ulusal National Architecture Competition from 7 Climate and 7 Regional Traditions to the Future açılmış opened in 2014 and 2017. The two-stage prepared within the questionnaire stage 1, while for determining vernacular housing feasibility and concept that vernacular taken into consideration in the project process housing design criteria in Turkey, stage 2 vernacular public housing production within the project participants that history to life tenders and their experience in the construction process and to determine the vernacular design criteria considered in these processes. The case study of vernacular housing production in Turkey and the roles of actors that included production and in the process that affect the building process of production of the decisions they have taken, the affected presented how important data about the impact.