İstanbul'da apartmanlaşma sürecindeki konut değişiminin mekan dizimsel ve anlamsal olarak irdelenmesi
Space syntax and semantic examination of the change in the housing plans in apartment building process in İstanbul
Yazar: BAŞAK CENGİZ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. MEHMET EMİN ŞALGAMCIOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Konut, inşa edildiği bağlamda kültürel kodları, sosyal yapıyı ve dönemin politikalarını temsil etmektedir. Bu bağlanda konutun anlamı, değişen sosyo-kültürel dinamikler, sosyo-ekonomik yapı ve diğer otoriteler etkisiyle dönüşür ve yeniden üretilir. 
Bu kapsamda, araştırmanın amacı, İstanbul bağlamında konuttaki bu değişimi; konut planlarındaki morfolojilerin değişimi üzerinden analiz ederek, değişime neden olan faktörleri irdelemektir.
Son 40 yılda, artan nüfus yoğunluğu, büyüyen ekonomi, altyapı projeleri ve kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarıyla İstanbul'da kritik kentsel ve kültürel dönüşümler yaşandı. Bu nedenle, İstanbul'daki bu değişimin konuta olan yansımalarını, projeler bazında kronolojik olarak incelemek son derece önemlidir.
Tez kapsamında ele alınan 1980 sonrasında İstanbul'da inşa edilen apartman tipi konutlarına ait planlar, 1930-1980 yılları arasındaki apartman tipi konut analizleriyle karşılaştırılarak; farklı dönemler boyunca konut değişimini etkileyen dönüm noktalarının fiziksel mekâna etkisine ek olarak, anlamsal değişimin fiziksel mekâna yansımaları da irdelenecektir.
1980-2020 yılları arasında İstanbul'da inşa edilmiş 20 farklı konut projesi, belirli bir seçilmişlik düzeyini yansıtması açısından yayınlanmış projeler arasından ve sosyo-ekonomik düzey olarak orta/orta-üst düzey semtlerden seçilmiştir. Bu projeler aracılığıyla, konut mekânının farklı zamanlardaki değişim nedenlerini araştırmak için mekân dizim (space syntax) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yöntemin sağladığı verilerle değişimin fiziksel ve sayısal verilerle ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, İstanbul'daki düşük ve orta katlı apartman binalarındaki konut mekânları, günlük aktivitelerin değişen kodları ve sosyal yapı üzerinden incelenmiştir.
1980 sonrasında çıkarılan özellikle İmar Affı yasaları, İstanbul'daki apartmanlaşma sürecini etkileyen önemli bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Liberal politikaların da etkisiyle kentleşmenin hızla artması, kentteki nüfus yoğunluğunu ve dolayısıyla hane sayısının artışına sebep olmuştur. Bu koşullar altında sosyal yapı da değişmiş ve konut politikaları da bu değişimden etkilenmiştir. 
Çalışmada farklı örnekler ve dönemler arasındaki değişen ilişkileri araştırmak için kullanılan Syntax 2D mekân dizim programıyla, 1980-2020 yılları arasındaki seçilen 20 plan üzerinden analizler yapılmış ve veriler hem kendi içinde hem de 1930-1980 yıllarına ait verilerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Mekanlardaki değişimin izleri, konut değişimini etkileyen politik ve sosyal değişmelerle birlikte ele alınmıştır.  Konut planlarının birbiri ile kıyaslanabilmesi açısından eş görüş alanı yüzölçümü (isovist area); eş görüş alanının çevresi (isovist perimeter); merkezilik (circularity); kompaktlık/sıkılık-sıkışmışlık (compactness); bağlantısallık (connectivity); ortalama derinlik (mean depth); bütünleşme/entegrasyon (integration) gibi mekân dizimi kavramlarının değerlerindeki değişim, yapılan analizlerle araştırılmıştır.              Analizler sonucunda ortaya çıkan eğilimler hem genel plan bazında hem de yaşam bölgesi, yatak odaları bölgesi ve servis bölgesi olmak üzere, farklı birimler özelinde ele alınarak değerlerdeki değişim incelenmiştir.
Özetle, konut içi mekanlar arasındaki ilişki sentaktik olarak incelenirken, semantik olarak da evin değişen anlamının siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal koşulların etkisiyle nasıl değiştiği, barınma kavramının teorik altyapısı göz önünde bulundurularak incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
Housing is not merely a physical structure but a vivid representation of cultural codes, social reproduction, and political landscapes. In the evolving context of Istanbul, the concept of housing continually transforms and is redefined, influenced by shifting cultural dynamics, social structures, individualism, technological advancements, and authoritative governance.
This research aims to critically analyze the evolution of apartment layouts in Istanbul from 1930 to 2020. It explores these changes through the lens of spatial syntax, delving into the nuances of spatial perception and recognition. To thoroughly examine the changing meaning of housing, the theoretical framework of the concept of housing was first researched through a comprehensive literature review. Subsequently, the factors that may contribute to housing changes in Istanbul were identified, and these pivotal moments were investigated chronologically.
Over the past four decades, Istanbul has witnessed profound urban and cultural metamorphoses. This period of change, marked by escalating population density, economic growth, infrastructural advancements, and urban redevelopment, makes a chronological examination of housing developments in the city particularly compelling. Therefore, it is crucial to chronologically examine the impact of these changes on housing through specific projects. This study focuses on apartment-type housing plans constructed in Istanbul post-1980, comparing them with apartment-type housing analyses from 1930 to 1980. This comparison will explore the physical impact of pivotal moments affecting housing transformation, as well as the reflection of semantic changes in physical spaces.
The study focuses on the domestic spaces within low-rise and mid-rise apartment buildings, scrutinizing the evolving patterns of daily activities. It investigates the transformation of domestic spaces as a manifestation of the interplay between co-existence, privacy, and social structure, framed within the contexts of cultural identity, political influences, and authority. To conduct this analysis, 20 apartment housing projects in Istanbul were selected, based on the published works of architects. This selection aims to provide a focused analysis of domestic space plans at a specific level of architectural distinction. The neighborhoods where these projects are located predominantly fall within the mid to mid-upper socio-economic stratum. The research employs a visual-graph analysis of spatial syntax to dissect and understand spatial recognition in the design of these apartment housing plans. This methodology allows for a nuanced exploration of the relationship between domestic spaces, both syntactically and semantically. Simultaneously, it examines how the evolving significance of homes, under the impact of political and economic factors, manifests in the symbolic expression of dwelling.
The parameters influencing the development of urban apartment housing in Istanbul over different periods are primarily associated with changes and transformations in building construction laws and regulations, technological advancements affecting the use of domestic spaces, and cultural and socio-economic shifts within society.
In this context, the domestic spaces of low and mid-rise apartment buildings in Istanbul will be examined through the changing codes of daily activities.
Notably, post-1980 legislation, especially zoning amnesty laws, have marked a significant turning point in the process of apartment development in Istanbul. The rapid increase in urbanization, driven by liberal policies, has led to a rise in population density and, consequently, the number of households in the city. Under these conditions, the social structure has also changed, impacting housing policies.
Selected twenty different apartment-type housing projects built in Istanbul between 1980 and 2020 were analyzed with Syntax 2D. The space syntax method was used to investigate the reasons behind the changes in housing spaces over different periods. The goal is to highlight these changes through physical and numerical data provided by the method. The findings from the case study of domestic spaces were converted into a numerical database for analysis using the "Syntax2D" software licensed by the University of Michigan. In this context, convex space integration analysis, isovist integration, space partition analysis, and visual field and line analysis are crucial. The analysis results of the 20 housing plans analyzed using Syntax 2D were compared both chronologically within their own group and with the data from the plans analyzed from 1930 to 1980. The traces of changes in spaces were examined in conjunction with political and social developments affecting housing transformation. The standardization of the grid density per square meter facilitated quantitative comparisons across all plans, as provided by the software. Thus, it became possible to compare the analyses of the 20 housing plans, each with different sizes, both among themselves and consistently with the data from 37 different housing plans from 1930- 1980 period.
For comparative analysis of housing plans, space syntax concepts such as isovist area, isovist perimeter, circularity, compactness, connectivity, mean depth, and integration were used to investigate changes. The resuls from these analyses were evaluated on both a general plan basis and in specific units such as living areas, bedroom areas, and service areas, highlighting changes in values. In this context, the transformation of interior spaces was explored as a reflection of cultural identity, political history, and the influence of authorities, considering aspects such as cohabitation, privacy, and social structure.
The analyses were conducted across three distinct plan zones and two specific spaces for each example from the 1930-1980 period. The plan zones include the living area, service area, and bedroom area, while the specific spaces analyzed are the bathroom and the kitchen. In post-1980 housing plans, the living area zone predominantly comprises just the living room section of the house; however, in addition to this considering the analyses and development of all plans in the third period, a noteworthy observation across the plans is the closer proximity of the kitchen and living room compared to the first and second period examples. The occurrence of examples showcasing a fully integrated structure between the kitchen and living room primarily in the third period samples is a highly significant finding.
 In pre-1980 plans, the service zone comprised diverse units; however, post-1980, it is frequently noted that the service zone is omitted. The bathroom and kitchen, conventionally situated within the service zone in earlier plans, are now incorporated into the bedroom and living area zones subsequent to 1980.
When evaluating the morphology of the plans indicated by the analyses, the most significant alteration is the shift of the region including the kitchen from the service area to the living space. The consequences of this change are prominently observed in the increase in integration values derived from spatial syntax metrics.
When examining the average values across the three periods from 1930 to 2020, the most significant change observed is the decrease in the average net square meter value within the housing units. The reasons for the decrease in the average net square meter value to 113.45 from 149 in the third period can be attributed to several factors in Istanbul, including the increase in population density, the decrease in household size, changes in zoning regulations, and the consequences of urbanization.
 Since the change in zoning regulations is due to increasing urbanization, economic and political factors, which are the reasons for urbanization, can be considered as the main reasons. The reason for the decrease in the net area inside houses is directly related to the use of the house and the changing structure of the population.
Overall, from the first to the third period, it has been observed that the plan composition has simplified, room variety has decreased, and spaces have become more compact. During this period, where housing was standardized and the existing space was utilized as efficiently as possible within rational parameters, functionality became paramount. The absence of specialized spaces for different functions in the third period plans, which were present in the first and second periods, highlights the homogenization of housing. Theoretically, as Heidegger pointed out, the act of building has replaced the act of dwelling; housing has shifted from being a symbolically valued space for individual dwelling to an economically standardized object. This standardization process, emerging from the replacement of individual housing production with mass production, can be interpreted as being reinforced over time by production methods and regulations.
In summary, while syntactic analysis examined the relationships between interior housing spaces, the semantic dimension explored how the changing meaning of the home was influenced by political and economic conditions, considering the conceptual framework of the notion of dwelling.