Şebekeye bağlı çatı üstü fotovoltaik sistem tasarımı ve analizi
Design and analysis of grid connected roof top photovoltaic system
Yazar: UMUT ÖZKAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. BELGİN TÜRKAY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Elektrik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Elektrik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği = Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Dizin: Fotovoltaik sistemler = Photovoltaic systems

Özet:
Artan nüfus ve sanayideki gelişmeler, enerjiye olan talebi giderek arttırmaktadır. Fosil kaynakların azalması, enerjiye olan ihtiyacı doğal kaynaklarlardan karşılamaya yönlendirmektedir. Doğal kaynaklar olarak adlandırabileceğimiz güneş, rüzgar ve dalga enerjisi gibi kaynaklar doğada sürekli var oldukları ve zamanla tükenmedikleri için temiz ve alternatif enerji sunmaktadır.
Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneş enerjisi; fosil yakıtlara alternatif olabilen, temiz, çevre dostu, sürekli bir kaynak olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu özellikler sayesinde, güneş enerjisi kullanımının son yıllarda artarak devam ettiği gözükmektedir. Fotovoltaik sistemlerde sistem ekipman maliyetlerinin yıllar içinde azalması, bu sistem ile elektrik enerjisi kullanımını giderek yaygınlaştırmaktadır. Ülkemizin güneş enerji potansiyelinin yüksek olması bu sistemlere olan talebi arttırmıştır.
Bu çalışmada, Tekirdağ ili Çerkezköy ilçesinde bulunan bir fabrikanın, ofislerin yer aldığı binanın çatı kısmına fotovoltaik sistem tasarımı yapılmıştır. Çalışma için öncelikle çatı alanı hesaplanmıştır. Güneş paneli yerleşimi için uygun alan 2613,75 m^2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Alan 6 farklı bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Her bölge için alan hesabı yapılıp, yerleşebilecek modül sayısı belirlenmiştir. Toplam 485 adet modülün yerleşebileceği bulunmuştur. Bu modüller ile birlikte 121,250 kW'lık bir güç elde edileceği öngörülmüştür. HOMER yazılımı ile yapılan simülasyon sonucunda PV panellerin talep edilen elektrik yükünü karşılamada yetersiz kaldığı ve şebekeden elektrik satın alınarak sistemin çalışması gerektiği hesaplanmıştır. Üç farklı kaynaktan elde edilen ortalama günlük ışınım verisi kullanılarak simülasyon oluşturulmuş ve maliyet analizi yapılmıştır.
HOMER yazılımı, birden çok enerji kaynağının hibrit optimizasyonu olarak isimlendirebileceğimiz birçok farklı kaynağın bir sistem içinde optimum şekilde kullanılarak sistem tasarımının yapılmasını sağlayan bir yazılımdır. Optimum sistem, sistem maliyetlerinin en düşük olduğu sistem olarak düşünülmektedir. Optimizasyon ve duyarlılık analizleri kullanılarak farklı sistem konfigürasyonları oluşturulur. Sistem için kurulum ve işletme maliyetleri hesaplanır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının birlikte çalışması için gereken sistem analizleri bu yazılım ile yapılabilmektedir.

Abstract:
The demand of energy has increased with the increasing population and developments in the industry. The result of decreasing fossil resources, the demand of energy have provided from natural resources. The solar, wind and wave energy which we can call natural resources offer clean and alternative energy because these energies are constantly present in nature and don't run out over time.
The solar energy from renewable energy resources that can be an alternative to fossil fuels is clean, environmentally friendly, continuous resource. With these features, the use of solar energy has increased in recent years. System equipment cost have decreased over the years in photovoltaic systems and the use of electrical energy with photovoltaic systems have increased. Our country has the high solar energy potential and the demand of photovoltaic systems constantly is increasing.
In this study, a photovoltaic system design was made on the roof of the building where the offices of a factory located in Çerkezköy district of Tekirdağ province. For the study, first of all, the roof area was calculated. The suitable area of solar panel placement has been determined as 2613.75 m^2. The area is divided into 6 different zones. Area calculations were made for each zone and the number of modules was determined. A total of 485 modules have been used. It is foreseen that a power of 121,250 kW will be obtained with these modules. As a result of the simulation with the HOMER software, it has been seen that the PV panels are insufficient to meet the demanded electrical load. and the system has been work by purchasing electricity from the grid. A simulation was created and a cost analysis was made by using using three different sources of the average daily radiation data.
The amount of electricity consumption on a monthly basis of office building has been taken for in 2019 and 2020. By means of these data, the amount of daily electricity consumption on a monthly basis was found. The amount of average daily electricity consumption on a year basis has been calculated for in 2019 and 2020. With this data, the amount of daily electricity consumption was entered into the HOMER software as 3900 kWh.
Firstly, the building location was found on google earth then the roof area of the building was calculated. This value was found to be 2613.75 m^2. The roof area was divided into 6 zones, and a settlement sketch was created for each zone. The number of modules to be placed for each zone has been found. While making this calculation, the distance to be placed between the modules has been calculated.
The total number of modules is calculated as 485. A 250 W solar module was used. The power of 121,250 kW was obtained from solar modules. Electricity will be produced with this power. 
Annual average temperature data was obtained from the General Directorate of Meteorology. The average of daily irradiance data on yearly basis were obtained from 3 different sources. The annual average radiation data was obtained from the General Directorate of Meteorology as 3.92 kWh/m^2/day. This value is taken as 3.93 kWh/m^2/day in NASA data and as 4.20 kWh/m^2/day in PVGIS data.
Investment, replacement, operation and maintenance costs have been determined for the solar module and converter. It has been determined on the basis of previous years in economic data.
As a result of the radiation data received from the General Directorate of Meteorology, 121.25 kW of  PV power and 85.5 kW of converter power were determined. Net present cost is 4.56 M$, initial investment cost is 142,625$. The net present cost is greater than the initial investment cost. This shows that not all of the demanded energy is met from the power obtained from the PV panel.
As a result of the radiation data received from NASA, 121.25 kW of PV power and 85.5 kW of converter power were determined. Net present cost is 4.56 M$, initial investment cost is 142,625$. These values show the same results as the General Directorate of Meteorology.
As a result of the radiation data obtained from PVGIS, 121.25 kW PV power and 85.5 kW converter power were determined. Net present cost is 4.53 M$, initial investment cost is 142,625$. We conclude that the net present cost is positively affected by the increased radiation data.
Cost analysis was also made according to the radiation data obtained from three different sources. We see that the only difference here is in the electricity energy costs taken from the grid.
The annual amounts of PV panels and grid electricity consumption were calculated. When the radiation data of the General Directorate of Meteorology is used, it is seen that 158,939 kWh/year PV panels and 1,272,293 kWh/year grid electricity are used. When NASA radiation data is used, it is seen that 156,188 kWh/year PV panels and 1,274,658 kWh/year grid electricity are used. When PVGIS radiation data is used, it is seen that 165,983 kWh/year PV panels and 1,265,407 kWh/year grid electricity are used. When we examine the total amount of annually energy consumption; It is seen that energy consumption is 1,431,232 kWh/year when the radiation data of the General Directorate of Meteorology is used, 1,430,846 kWh/year when NASA radiation data is used, and 1,431,390 kWh/year when PVGIS radiation data is used.
When we examine the electricity consumption rates; when the radiation data of the General Directorate of Meteorology is used, 11.1% of the PV panel and 88.9% of the grid electricity are used, when NASA radiation data is used, 10.9% of the PV panel and 89.1% of the grid electricity are used, when PVGIS radiation data is used It is seen that PV panel is used with 11.6% and grid electricity with 88.4%. In the simulation created with the PVGIS data, which has the highest radiation data, it is seen that the most energy is provided from the PV panel.
As a result of the simulations, the usage amounts of the polluting gases were also found. When the radiation data of the General Directorate of Meteorology is used, it has been calculated 804,089 kg/year carbon dioxide, 3,486 kg/year sulfur dioxide and 1,705 kg/year nitrogen oxide pollutant gases emissions on an annual basis. 158,939 kWh/year energy was provided by using PV panels. It has been found that the emission of polluting gases to the atmosphere of 100,449 kg/year carbon dioxide, 0.435 kg/year sulfur dioxide and 0.213 kg/year nitrous oxide pollutants to the atmosphere is prevented by using the ratio proportional calculation.
When NASA radiation data is used, it has been calculated 805.584 kg/year carbon dioxide, 3.493 kg/year sulfur dioxide and 1,708 kg/year nitrous oxide pollutant emissions on an annual basis. 156,188 kWh/year energy was provided by using PV panels. It has been found that the emission of polluting gases to the atmosphere of 98,710 kg/year carbon dioxide, 0.428 kg/year sulfur dioxide and 0.209 kg/year nitrogen oxide pollutants to the atmosphere is prevented by using the ratio proportional calculation.
When PVGIS radiation data is used, it has been calculated 799,737 kg/year carbon dioxide, 3,467 kg/year sulfur dioxide and 1.696 kg/year nitrous oxide pollutant gases emissions on an annual basis. 165,983 kWh/year energy was provided by using PV panels. It has been found that the emission of polluting gases to the atmosphere of 104.90 kg/year carbon dioxide, 0.455 kg/year sulfur dioxide and 0.222 kg/year nitrogen oxide pollutants to atmosphere is prevented by using the ratio proportional calculation.
HOMER software which we can call hyrid optimization of multiple electric renewables uses many different resources and these resources are optimally used for system design. The optimum system is considered to be the lowest system costs Different system configurations are created using optimization and sensitivity analysis. System installation and operating costs are calculated. System analysis is done with this software for hybrid energy systems.
There has been an increase in temperatures with the global climate change. Along with the increase in temperature, climate change causes melting of ice, floods, severe hurricanes, rise in sea water levels and an increase in acid rates in the oceans. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions as a result of human activities are shown as the main cause of climate change. A lack of greenhouse gases makes very cold, while excess makes very hot in the world. In past centuries, people have used a lot of coal, oil and gasoline in factories, cars, airplanes and trains. The consumption of these fossil fuels causes carbon dioxide emissions. The mixing of too much carbon dioxide into the earth's atmosphere also increases the temperature of the earth. If we continue to produce carbon dioxide, our world will get warmer day by day. According to the Paris Climate Agreement, it was stated that the increase in average temperatures should be limited to a maximum of 2°C in order to minimize the devastating effects of climate change. In order to achieve this target, the CO_2 rate in the atmosphere should not exceed 450 ppm. With the increase in renewable energy systems, the greenhouse gas rate will be reduced. In this study, the greenhouse gas usage rate was reduced with electricity generation using PV panels. A renewable energy usage rate of approximately 11% has been calculated.