Geçici kamusal mekanın dönüşümü: Semt pazarları üzerine ritimanalitik bir değerlendirme
Transformation of temporary public space: A rhythmanalitic evaluation on district bazaars
Yazar: ENES KELEŞMEHMET
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. NESİP ÖMER EREM
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Kentler; tarihsel, kültürel ve ekonomik bağlamlarda birbirleri arkasına gelen süreçler ile bu süreçlerin kümülatif bir oluşumla birbirine eklemlenmesiyle meydana gelir. Kentin daimî üyesi olan kent sakini, bu katmanlı yapıyla yegâne ilişkisini kentsel mekânlar üzerinden kurar. Değişen paradigmalar sonucunda ortaya çıkan süreçler, farklı kullanımlara sahip mekânları dönüştürme veya yeniden yapılandırma potansiyelini ortaya çıkarır. Gerek 19. Yüzyıl ve 20. Yüzyıl'da yaşanan ve etkisini geniş bir coğrafyada gösteren endüstri devrimi gerekse 1980'li yıllarda küresel bir paradigma haline gelen neoliberal politikalar, kentsel mekân kullanımının ve yapılandırma süreçlerinin değişmesini tetiklemiştir. Bu noktada araştırma; neoliberal politikaların egemen olduğu günümüz kentsel mekânlarında oluşan mekânsal kullanımların dönüşüm süreçleri bağlamında sonuçlarını tartışmayı ve geniş kent coğrafyasında farklılaşan kullanımların izini sürmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmanın kapsamını, kentlinin sosyal yaşamına belirli rutinler aracılığıyla dahil olan ve kolektif bir mekânsallaşma pratiğiyle geçici kamusal mekân kavramının görünür hale geldiği semt pazarları oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırmada, pazar mekânları yalın bir ticaret mekânı olmaktan öte, farklı ilişkiler ağı bağlamında katmanlaşmış bir çokluk olarak tanımlanmış olup bu tanımlamanın gerekçeleri ve kuramsal arka planı literatür eşliğinde tartışıldıktan sonra dönüşüm süreçlerine farklı aşamalarda dahil olan kayıtlı ve kayıt dışı olmak üzere belirlenmiş iki farklı pazar mekânı üzerinde vaka çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, bu noktada vaka çalışmalarını, gözleme dayalı ritimanalitik bir yöntem aracılığıyla ele almıştır. LeFebvre tarafından kuramsallaştırılan; gündelik ritimlerin belirli ve sistematik bir şekilde ele alınmasıyla yapılan ritimanaliz, mevcut olanı görünür kıldığı gibi kent ve mekân için basit görünen çözümlerin ardındaki ideolojileri de ortaya koyabilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda vaka çalışmaları boyunca, semt pazarlarının sunduğu farklı mekânsal ve zamansal ritimler gözlemlenmiş, süreçler boyunca farklılaşan ve benzeşen ilişkiler, sosyal durumlar ve mekânsal örüntüler kayıt altına alınmıştır.
Araştırma boyunca oluşturulan veri havuzu değerlendirilerek pazar mekânlarının geçirdiği sosyal ve mekânsal dönüşümlerin sonuçları ve kent içerisinde farklılaşan pazar kullanımları tartışılmıştır. Araştırma bu haliyle, markalaşan kent imajı içerisinde, öteki haline gelen pazar mekânlarının çıktılarını ortaya koymuştur. Bu çıktılar aracılığıyla hem pazar ve kentsel mekân literatürüne katkı sağlamış hem de pazar mekânlarının dönüşüm süreçlerinin paydaşları olan kural koyuculara ve tasarımcılara yönelik referans bir veri havuzu oluşturmuştur.

Abstract:
Cities are formed by the successive processes in historical, cultural and economic contexts and the articulation of these processes with a cumulative formation. The city dweller, who is a permanent member of the city, establishes the only relationship with this layered structure through public spaces. The processes that emerge as a result of changing paradigms reveal the potential to transform or reproduce public spaces which has different uses. Both the industrial revolution experienced in the 19th and 20th centuries and showing its effect in a wide geography, and the neoliberal policies that became a global paradigm in the 1980s, triggered the change in the definition of urban space and transformation processes. However, this transformative attitude of neoliberal policies did not occur as a result of a sudden break in which the old situation was suddenly destroyed, and the new order was completely included in the practical field, on the contrary, it required tension areas where capital and social life became opposite. These tension areas have shown themselves in specialized places with different contexts within the complex structure of the city. These processes, which proceed in the intersection of order and disorder and based on recording the informal, have triggered the formation of various social situations and public spaces within the city. As such, these public spaces have created different spatial and social outputs.
Defining the place of the spontaneous and unregistered in the transformation of urban space creates an important potential to understand which spatial and social outputs the transformation processes change and to comprehend the current situation of the urban space. However, at this point, attributing a certain meaning to the informal may limit the comprehension process. Informality in the city is not the virus that needs to be eradicated or the romantic spaces brought on by poverty. At the same time formal and informal spaces are not directly opposite of each other. Instead, they are dualities mingling with each other in the fluid structure of the city. So, in order to comprehend the outputs of the processes taking place in the context of the city, it is not only necessary to analyze the spaces produced by the power, in addition to this analysis, it is necessary to add the improvisational moments that are a part of the process and produced by the irregular to the interface of the research.
Although changing paradigms have a top-down application path, social life has not always progressed in parallel with this path. Instead, moments of improvisation and irregular spaces emerged within the designed and ordered state of the city. At this point, the irregular spaces that emerge within the planned urban fabric can be defined as the areas where the capital and the local, the power and the citizen dictate their own fields of power to the other. De Certau, in his book The Practice of Everyday Life, explained this conflict situation encountered in public space with the concepts of strategy and tactics. According to De Certau, power aims to create an "environment", "special place", that is, a field of action, that prioritizes all kinds of rationality, through a Cartesian planning, and determines rules - strategies - in line with this purpose. These created Cartesian spaces turn into spaces that can be divided into units, whose boundaries are determined, where impositions can be made, and which can be controlled through determined techniques. But on the other hand, tactics move in the Cartesian space determined by the power and use the vocabulary of the strategies. In this defined space, tactics move back and forth, manipulate, speculate, and transcend boundaries within spaces planned by strategies. Those who apply tactics create the space of the other in the space established by power and produce their own unique games in the space defined for them.
In the context of this perspective, the study aims to document the daily results, alternative uses, and the differing spatial and public outputs of these two formations through the transformation processes in today's urban geography where neoliberal policies prevail. For this purpose, the study covers the district bazaars, which are included in the daily and social life of the citizens through certain routines, and where the concept of temporary public space becomes visible through a collective spatialization practice, throughout the research. However, the study includes the context and the relations it establishes into the discussion, rather than considering the bazaar place as an isolated and singular place. At this point, the study follows a path in the intersection of public space and everyday life, rather than a mere reading of architecture, due to the potentials created by the bazaar.
It is a limiting approach to see the bazaar places, which constitute the scope of the study, as a simple trade space. Because, in addition to being a commercial space, bazaars can be transformed into temporary open social spaces where social rules and hierarchies disappear in the context of their use and where citizens come together through routines. As such, bazaar spaces can be defined as multiplicities that cannot be reduced to functions, that contain the actors that compose them, and the relations created by these actors. The study discusses the reasons for this definition, the concepts that the bazaar places touches, and its theoretical background through the literature in the second and third parts of the thesis. In the continuation of the created theoretical background, case studies were carried out on 2 different district bazaar places which are formal and informal, which were included in the work transformation processes at different stages.
The study dealt with case studies through an observational rhythmanalytic method. The rhythm analysis, theorized by LeFebvre, by dealing with daily rhythms in a specific and systematic way, can show the ideologies behind the seemingly simple solutions for the city and space, as well as making the existing visible. At this point, the bazaar spaces discussed within the scope of the study have the possibility of transforming into spaces where various rhythms overlap and produce a rich and lively publicity. For this reason, throughout the case studies, the different spatial and temporal rhythms offered by the district bazaars were observed, and the different and similar relationships, social situations and spatial patterns were recorded throughout the processes.
The thesis structure consists of five parts in line with this foreseen scope, purpose and method. These segments have been created by coinciding with the cyclical process of the district bazaar. The district bazaar routine, consisting of installation, use and dismantling, also inspired the structure of the work. The first chapter is an introduction to the study, which explains the general approach of the study, the theoretical discussion ground, its purpose and method. In the second part, the theoretical background of the concepts that the bazaar places come into contact with is discussed in the context of current debates and in addition, rhythm analysis, which determines the method, is discussed in the context of literature. In the third chapter, together with the concept set to which the thesis is related, the daily use of the street bazaars, the transformation processes and the situation of the district bazaars in Istanbul are detailed. In the third chapter, together with the concept set to which the thesis is related, the daily use of the district bazaars, the transformation processes and the situation of the district bazaars in Istanbul are detailed. In the fourth and fifth chapters of the study, in the context of this perspective, Dolapdere Flea Bazaar as the informal bazaar and Kadıkoy Salı Bazaar as the formal bazaar are discussed as a case study. The district bazaars were examined through the determined method and outputs based on observation were produced. In addition, during the case studies, both bazaar places were evaluated under the same sub-headings and a comparative reading was made through the resulting data. As a result of the study, it was evaluated through the data pool created throughout the case study and together with the theoretical background.
The study produced the outputs of the bazaar places that became the other within the branded city image. In the evaluation made, the idea that the founding actors differ in the production processes of the bazaar places and that the designers and rule makers become the main determinants of the bazaar dynamics, in addition to the codes that appear in the urban memory of the bazaar, has developed. The addition of new agents and the differentiation of the spatial and social environment of the bazaar by these agents are discussed in the conclusion section of the thesis through sub-headings. In this state, the study aims to create a reference data pool for the rule makers and designers, who are the stakeholders of the transformation processes of the bazaar spaces, apart from its contribution to the bazaar and public space literature, through the achieved output.