İklim değişikliğine uyum kapsamında akıllı kentlerin rolü: Muğla metropoliten alanı üzerine bir değerlendirme
The role of smart cities under the adaptation into climate change: An evaluation on Mugla metropolitan area
Yazar: GAMZE KAZANCI
Danışman: PROF. DR. AZİME TEZER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
İklim değişikliği, Avrupa Birliği (AB)'ne bağlı kuruluşların, birçok uluslararası organizasyonun, hükümetlerin ve yerel yönetimlerin gündemlerinde yer alan ve günümüzde etki alanları gitgide büyüyen bir konudur. Özellikle, sürekli değişen koşullar ile gelişmekte olan kentlerde, doğal iklim değişikliğine ek olarak antropojenik faktörler ile sıcaklık artışı, KIA etkisi, aşırı hava olayları, sel, kuraklık vb. etkilerin artması beklenmektedir. Nüfus artışı ve kentleşmeye bağlı bu antropojenik faktörler iklim değişikliğini tetikleyerek iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlama ve risk azaltma politikalarını gündeme getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla, iklim değişikliğinin mevcut ve beklenen etkilerini en aza indirerek uyum sağlayabilme kapsamında ortaya atılan iklim değişikliğinde risk azaltma ve uyum sağlama politikaları, iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede politika araçları olarak görülmektedir. Buna göre, iklim değişikliğinde risk azaltma; kentleşme, nüfus artışı, aşırı tüketim gibi konularda yani iklim değişikliğini tetikleyici faktörler üzerinde yoğunlaşır iken iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlama; iklim değişikliğinin etkileri üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. İklim değişikliği kapsamında ele alınan politika araçlarında teknoloji kullanımı ortaklaşmakta ve özellikle akıllı kent modeli sayesinde kentlerde uygulanabilirliği artmaktadır.


Buna göre, Dünyada ve Türkiye'de iklim değişikliği politikaları irdelenerek, iklim değişikliğinin kentler üzerindeki etkileri ortaya konmuş ve iklim değişikliğinde risk azaltma ve uyum politikaları tartışılmaktadır. İklim değişikliğinde ortaya atılan bu politikalar kapsamında akıllı kent özellikleri ve bileşenleri açıklanarak iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlamada bütünleşik kriterler ortaya konmaktadır. 
Bu araştırmanın amacı; iklim değişikliğinin birincil etki alanı olarak görülen kentlerde iklim değişikliğinde risk azaltma ve uyum sağlama politikaları üzerinden iklim değişikliğinin etkileri ve etki alanları tartışılarak iklim değişikliğine uyum politikaları kapsamında akıllı kent özellik ve bileşenlerini irdelemektir. Örnek alan çalışması yöntemi ile ele alınan araştırma, Muğla Metropoliten Alanı üzerinden iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlamada akıllı kent modelinin getirileri ve çözüm önerileri anlatılmaktadır. 


Sonuç olarak iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlama politikaları kapsamında akıllı kent özellikleri ve bileşenleri tanımlanarak, iklim değişikliğine uyumda öne çıkan akıllı kent kriterlerinden bahsedilmiştir. İklim değişikliğine uyum sağlama çerçevesinden kentlerde iklim değişikliği etki alanları tespit edilerek uyum sağlama politikaları bağlamında performans kriterleri ortaya konmaktadır. 



Son olarak, iklim değişikliği bağlamında ele alınan akıllı kent modelinde ortaya konan performans kriterleri iklim değişikliğine uyum kriterleri bağlamında değerlendirilerek Muğla Metropoliten Alanında değerlendirilerek, sorunlar ortaya konarak öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Tez kapsamında, kullanılan bu yaklaşımın özellikle Türkiye'deki diğer kentlerde, iklim değişikliğine uyum politikalarının akıllı kent modeli çerçevesinde geliştirilmesinde rasyonel bir bakış getireceği düşünülmektedir.

Abstract:
Climate change is a rising global topic and has already placed in most of
the transnational organizations', European Union institutions' agendas and local governments. In the beginning of 1990's, approximately 15% of the world's population was living in cities and according to the statistics of the United Nations (UN), the urban population ratio in 2010 was 50.5%. Indeed, it has been expected up to 75% in 2050. This was an output of intensive urbanization process all around the world. In this process, the nature (land, water and atmosphere) has been effected dramatically as a consequence of rapid urbanization and other anthropocene drivers on the natural resources and their services. Anthropocene driven climate change impacts have been the concern of global and local development policies since 1990's. Particularly in developing cities with changing conditions, in addition to planetary internal drivers, anthropogenic factors increase the climate change impacts. Some of the impacts of this unavoidable process can be listed like urban heat island effect, floods and social problems as an external impact of rapid urbanization and climate change interaction. Climate change related literature identifies two important response areas such as mitigation and adaptation research domains. Although climate change adaptation strategies deal with the effects which originated from internal climate change drivers, climate change mitigation strategies can deal with the effects which originated from cities. That is, mitigation and adaptation strategies are highly related to each other. Also, there is a strong relation between climate change and cities. According to nature based solution (NBS) and sustainable development goals (SDG), there have been generated some city models against to climate change effects on cities. These are eco-city, green city, knowledge city and smart city. Therefore, these research domains may enlighten how smart city and sustainable urbanization should be shaped against to climate change adaptation. 
The smart city vision has been seeking solutions and methodologies on sustainable urbanization in recent decades. Although there are numerous academic paper about what the smart city is, there is very limited research in the literature related to the contribution of smart cities to climate change adaptive urbanization. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the components of smart city and their interaction with climate change adaptation policies. The methodology of the study will introduce literature base critical assessment of the two components of climate change together with smart city components. After that, case study approach was used to clarify what are the dynamics of climate adaptive smart city. 

According to case study approach;
	it is suitable for technological research
	it sets out the criteria for application creation
	It is the main data source of the researcher's interpretation authority.
Smart city definitions vary in respect to topic. For example, smart city can be defined as ICT usage based in economic field.  In the literature, generally smart cities have been defined with six components as administration, people, infrastructure, transportation, environment with intelligent urban systems providing or supporting sustainable development. Therefore, this study intends to integrate environmental and administrative dimension which are the components of smart city into the adaptation of climate change impacts through performans indicators. Moreover, the study will highlight the results of integration between climate change and smart city in contextual bases. Therefore, Muğla Metropolitan Area was chosen. Muğla Metropolitan Area where is a western part of Turkey and it is highly under the climate change risks because of the coastal city. Thanks to smart city components and opportunities, city can deal with climate change effects, and it is named climate-adaptive smart city.
As a result, smart city model that is climate change adaptation policies are tried to be 
addressed as a key tool. Under this framework, smart city tools in terms of environmental aspects considering climate change adaptive policies are developed in order to achieve a climate adaptive smart city in Muğla Metropolitan Area.
The thesis consists of six part. In first chapter, the purpose and aim of this research are stated. Research methods, thesis structure and research questions are explained. The topic of thesis is The Role of Smart Cities under the Adaptation Into Clımate Change: an Evaluatıon on Mugla Metropolıtan Area. The conclusion of this part is literature review. 
In the second chapter climate change and cities relationship would be examined.
History of climate change policies and its progress have been reconsidered to discuss
the climate change as a component of sustainable development not only national context but also international context. Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement are two important development of climate change literature. These movement is addressed to develop solutions for adapting and mitigating climate change.
In the third chapter smart city components were examined in context of climate change mitigation and adaptation, so it was explained what the smart city is, how it is work. After, climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies were paired with smart city concept. ICT is the key dimension both field. Moreover, water, energy, waste and environment management topics came into prominence. 
In the fourth chapter, the performance indicators which are hybridization of climate change adaptation and smart city concept. As a result, transportation, industrial area, residantial area and energy themes are highly related with climate change mitigation policies even though environmental, waste and energy issues is more related with climate change adaptation policies. In thesis context, climate change adaptation related topics were chosen.
In the fifth chapter, created model which consists a set of performance indicators evaluated in Muğla Metropolitan Area in terms of water resources and management, energy resources and management, waste management and air-green area quality. After that, proposals were developed to achieve climate adaptive smart city.
Sixth chapter includes general conclusions and recommendations. On the other hand, that smart administration is critical point in order to describe climate adaptive smart city. Therefore, stakeholders were determined for related topic in general and Muğla Metropolitan Area. Moreover, climate adaptive smart city would be discussed as a component of city planning and development of spatial planning has been analyzed. There are spatial outputs which can be seen below.
	Observation of climate parameters (KIA, water network, light, sunbathing, ventilation)
	Compact city design
	Designing walkable neighborhoods
	Providing improved network structure for the users of the city
	Ensuring cooperation between society and decision-makers
	Establishment of environments with public communication and data flow
The effects and its process are constituted in built-up area, climate change and smart city dimensions. Also, this thesis determines below.
	Site-specific adaptation criteria in the context of climate change
	Provides what smart urban practices can be in cities in terms of adaptation to climate change.
As a result, existing policy frameworks and applications are evaluated and recommendations for future research are stated.