Antonio Tabucchi'nin "Zaman Hızla Yaşlanıyor" ve "Gittikçe Geç Olmakta" eserlerinde varlık ve zaman felsefesi izlekleri
Concepts of being and time in philosophy in the works of Antonio Tabucchi's "Time Ages in A Hurry" and "It's Getting Later All the Time"
Yazar: BURCU ÜN
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ CRISTIANO BEDIN
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Ana Bilim Dalı / İtalyan Dili ve Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatı = Western Linguistics and Literature

Özet:
Bu çalışmada Varlık ve Zaman felsefesinden hareketle İtalyan Edebiyatının önemli isimlerinden biri olan Antonio Tabucchi'nin iki eseri incelenecektir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde varlık kavramının Parmanides, Herakleitos, Anaksimandros, Platon, Aristoteles, Hegel gibi filozofların tanım ve kapsamlarına yer verilecek ve zaman kavramı Hristiyan filozof ve tanrıbilimci Aurelius Augustinus'un açıklamaları çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Ardından 20.yy'ın en önemli filozoflarından biri olan Heidegger'in Varlığa ilişkin fikirlerine değinilecek böylelikle Varlık ve Zaman diyalektiği çerçevesinde varolan (Seindes) ile Varlık (Sein) arasındaki ontolojik farkın altı çizilecektir. Bu kapsamda Heidegger'in varlığın anlamı nedir sorusuna alternatifli bir yanıt olarak kullandığı zaman ekstazlarının işler hale getirilmesi temaları varlık ve zaman arasındaki bağın açıklayıcı bir özetini oluşturacaktır. Çalışmanın bir sonraki bölümü bu bağın çeşitli emsallerle değerlendirilmesini ve edebiyata yansımasını konu edinecektir. Zaman kavramının edebiyat dünyasındaki işleyişi Fransız filozof Paul Ricoeur'un çalışmaları çerçevesinde açıklanacaktır. Çalışmanın nihai bölümünde Zaman Hızla Yaşlanıyor ve Gittikçe Geç Olmakta eserlerindeki karakterler Heidegger'in varlık anlayışı çerçevesinde değerlendirilecek ve anlatıların zaman düzeni Paul Ricoeur'un zaman anlayışı çerçevesinde açıklanacaktır.

Abstract:
This thesis discusses the philosophical discipline based on problematizing different phenomena and seeking answers to these problems through a systematic perspective. Throughout various periods, philosophy has produced numerous discourses that are similar, contradictory, or both, regarding existence, forms of existence, causes, and consequences. It has labeled its existence with principles and statuses developed about human life, as one of the existing entities, along with these discourses.
The scope of philosophy is directly proportional to human existence, hence why ontology, the study of existence, is often considered its primary and fundamental subject. Ancient philosophical inquiries primarily focused on ontological issues, such as the essence and meaning of existence, which represent a broad area capable of fully comprehending human life.
Despite being the essential question in the realm of philosophy and having been asked since ancient times, the concept of existence still presents a shadowy image today. Although the field of existential discourse has a significant share in its own circle, evaluated within the dynamics of the age, the methods of labeling human life and existence do not exhibit a readily applicable performance.
Martin Heidegger, a philosopher of the 20th century, emphasized the necessity to reconsider the question of the meaning of existence, rejecting the effectiveness of the propositions and answers brought to the phenomenon of existence before his time. He redirected the inquiry into existence by involving humans as the most important beings, taking them from a stagnant position to actively engage with the matter.
Heidegger's approach to existence is best understood by examining the criticisms he directed towards which schools of thought and circles within ontology, as well as the attitudes of various philosophers regarding existence that he negatively depicted.
The first part of this study examines the thoughts and propositions of philosophers such as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hegel, and Kierkegaard, as the initial endeavors in the ontological perspective. This examination will provide a clear passage as to why Heidegger aimed to re-examine the meaning of existence. The differences between the ideologies of these philosophers regarding the essence or meaning of existence and Heidegger's ontologically focused work will be crucial in understanding that Heidegger assigns a task to humans unlike other philosophers.
After detailing the formulations of existence in the first part, the second part will attempt to elucidate how Heidegger positions existence differently from other philosophers based on his work "Being and Time." Heidegger believed that previous examinations of existence until his time did not unfold existence but rather accepted it as an implicit concept, devoid of skepticism, or understood it rather than needing to be understood. He stressed the need for a more proactive and realistic approach, free from metaphysical or pantheistic references, to the question of the meaning of existence.
Heidegger, by examining the experiences of conscious beings in life practice, continues the action of understanding existence and presents refined modulations from these forms that have not yet reached the meaning of existence. He criticizes previous philosophers for their implicitness in the existence and directs his critique towards the fact that humans, as the only subject capable of understanding their existence, drown in the routine of life rather than effectively engaging with it.
After elaborating on the thoughts of philosophers about the meaning of existence and how Heidegger differs from them, the first and second parts will be followed by a discussion of Paul Ricoeur. While Heidegger emphasizes the importance of interpreting the meaning of existence after reaching it, Paul Ricoeur complements Heidegger's hermeneutics by showing how this interpretation takes place with various variables. Ricoeur underlines the importance of the semantic elements in interpretation and the evaluation of both closed and open variations of these elements. He then illustrates the importance of narratives in language functionality and how time is intertwined with existence in narratives, creating a homogeneous structure.
The basic two elements Ricoeur mentions, time and narrative, will be defined separately before being understood together. Augustinian ideas will be used to describe time, while deductions about what narratives are will be based on Aristotle's "Poetics."
Following Heidegger's call to question the meaning of existence and his formulation of methods to find this meaning, after applying these methods and interpreting the resulting data, the relationship between the chosen guidelines for interpretation and language will be elucidated. Antonio Tabucchi, an important figure in Italian literature, will be used to exemplify various quotes related to existence, time, and the concepts of existence and time. The narratives and their contents will reveal how Heidegger undermines the meaning of existence in human life, misinterprets or neglects the relationship between time and humans, and ultimately highlights the importance of humans facing their existential struggles. Through various passages in the narratives, the practical implementation of the theoretical ideas formed throughout the study will be aimed to be realized within the narrative framework.
The narratives "Time Ages In A Hurry " and " It's Getting Later All The Time " intersect Heidegger's investigations into being and time on a practical level. Heidegger asserts that Dasein exists temporally within the world and emphasizes the necessity for Dasein to reveal its ontological essence ontically. Drawing on these structures, the narratives exemplify how Dasein's existence within the world and its perception of time create a tense balance in discovering its own being and questioning the meaning of its existence.
Both narratives, "Time Ages In A Hurry " and " It's Getting Later All The Time " begin with a past memory, focus on the present, and end with a hope for the future. These narratives serve as important examples for Heidegger's proposition of primordial time, essential for constructing the meaning of being in its entirety. The narratives' fixation on the "now" is crucial for grasping the understanding of being.
In both narratives, there are traces of how Dasein divides time into past, present, and future, getting stuck in one fragment hierarchically and negatively affecting other ecstasies in various forms and frequencies. The characters in the stories are burdened by the weight of the past and the possibilities of the future, leading to losses in the present moment.
The emphasis on temporal divisions by the characters in the narratives results in their participation in a state of existential loss. This state is striking; Heidegger argued that being must be concretely addressed, yet the characters in the stories, consumed by their own memories or preoccupied with potential futures, experience the present in abstract forms, postponing the essence of being. They focus on either the past or the future Dasein, rendering it impossible for Dasein, as the being present in that moment, to produce its primordial meaning.
Apart from the distortion between Dasein and time, another factor contributing to the implicitness of being's meaning is Dasein's involvement within the world. Heidegger emphasizes that Dasein's engagements with the world veil its orientation. Characters in the narratives are deeply immersed in the world and continuously postpone the inner power that would fulfill them. Their constant engagement in activities and distractions prevents them from reaching the threshold of anxiety. The characters' struggle with becoming someone else is evident in the narratives, reflecting Dasein's fear of being overwhelmed by the qualities of being different from others, thus desiring equality with others but never wanting to be someone else.
Instances where Dasein questions the world, its own meaning, time, and anxiety are depicted throughout the narratives. The hermeneutic dialogues the characters engage in to give meaning to their existence on Earth are precisely what Heidegger refers to as the essence of our being. This essence is chaotic, hidden, and concealed within Dasein, manifesting itself only through a combination of anxiety, conscience, and guilt, as Heidegger emphasized.
Ultimately, both narratives serve as elucidating positions against Heidegger's intricate discourse. Dasein's immersion in the world, misrepresenting time, and aspiring to be everyone are exemplified in the narratives, emphasizing Dasein's existence and orientation with a focus on temporality.