Çıkmaz sokaklarda sosyal etkileşimin mekansal ve toplumsal nitelikleri bağlamında değerlendirilmesi: Aziz Mahmut Hüdai mahallesi örneği
Evaluation of social interaction within the context of spatial and social qualifications: The case of Aziz Mahmut Hüdai neighborhood
Yazar: İLKİM GİZEM GÖZÜM
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. DİLEK YILDIZ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Merdivenli sokak = Stairs street ; Toplumsal etkileşim = Social interaction

Özet:
Sokaklar, orada yaşayan insanların etkileşimi için olanak sağlayan ilk kentsel elemanlardır. Sokak tipleri incelenecek olursa çıkmaz sokakların sosyal etkileşime daha fazla imkan tanıdığı söylenebilir.  Ayrıca kültürümüzde de çıkmaz sokağın sosyal etkileşim ve mahremiyet yönünden önemli bir yer tuttuğu görülmektedir. Ancak modernleşme ve yeni şehircilik akımı ile birlikte çıkmaz sokakların yerini ızgara düzen sokak tipi almıştır. Birçok ülkede çıkmaz sokak yapımı yasaklanmış, var olan çıkmaz sokaklar yeniden düzenlenerek caddelere bağlanmıştır. Ülkemizde de belediyeler bu konuda çalışmakta ve gün geçtikçe çıkmaz sokaklarımız yok olmaktadır. Bu araştırma çıkmaz sokakları sosyal etkileşim açısından inceleyerek, çıkmaz sokakların kültürel ve davranışsal önemini vurgulamaya çalışmaktadır.
Bu bağlamda, çıkmaz sokak ve sosyal etkileşim konularında daha önceden yapılan çalışmalar ve araştırmalar incelenmiştir. Daha sonra kentsel dokusunu günümüzde de koruyan ve eski haritalarda çıkmaz sokakların yoğunluğu ile dikkati çeken Üsküdar İlçesi, Aziz Mahmut Hüdai Mahallesi seçilerek mahallede çalışma yapılması uygun görülen 10 tane çıkmaz sokak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın yöntemi anket çalışması ve sistematik gözlem olarak belirlenmiştir. Anket çalışması kapsamında belirlenen çıkmaz sokaklarda sosyal etkileşimin mekansal ve toplumsal nitelikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca belirli gün ve saatlerde gözlem çalışması yapılarak bu sokaklardaki sosyal etkileşim incelenmiştir. 
Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda; çıkmaz sokaklarda sosyal etkileşimin orta derecede olduğu tespit edilmiş, sızdırmaz ve ayrık nizam çıkmazların en olumlu çıkmaz sokak tipi olduğu görülmüştür. Sızdırmaz çıkmaz sokaklarda trafik ve yaya yoğunluğu az olduğundan çocukların diğer sokaklara oranla daha çok sokağa çıkıp oynadığı görülmüş ve oturma alanı olan çıkmazlarda daha fazla komşuluk ve sosyal etkileşim olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmada var olan çıkmaz sokakların korunmasının gerekip gerekmediği de irdelenmiştir. Araştırma günümüzde gittikçe azalan çıkmaz sokakların önemini hatırlatmakta ve var olan çıkmaz sokaklar ile ilgili veri oluşturarak gelecek araştırmalara katkı sağlamaktadır.

Abstract:
Streets were the first urban elements to allow people to interact. If street types are examined, cul-de-sacs provide more opportunities for social interaction. In Turkish culture throughout history, cul-de-sac streets have been an important component of organically developing urban texture. In the studies carried out in this regard, cul-de-sac streets were found more positive than other street layouts in terms of privacy and social interaction (Bala, 2018; Southworth and Ben-Joseph, 2004; Asabere and Colwell, 1984; Hochschild, 2013; Brown and Werner, 1985). Privacy and social interaction are concepts that support each other. The privacy of the cul-de-sac also enables social interaction. In this study, cul-de-sac streets are examined in terms of social interaction. 
The cul-de-sacs are distinguished from other street layouts with the opportunities provided by their closedness and low traffic in urban life. However, it has been a street order that we rarely encounter because of a decrease in the number. The cul-de-sac reduces street traffic (Asabere, 1990), thanks to the reduced traffic, it offers children a quiet and safe playground that they can play (Southworth and Ben-Joseph, 2004). Cul-de-sac street residents can talk to their neighbors and engage in social interaction while watching children playing on the street (Langdon, 1994). The closed streets of the cul-de-sac provide privacy while restricting the thieves' escape and facilitating the arrest of the criminal (Asabere, 1990). Therefore, cul-de-sacs provide security as well as privacy and social interaction opportunities. In the literature study, this and similar functions of the cul-de-sacs in urban life are explained in detail. In addition to these positive views, there are also negative opinions about the cul-de-sacs in terms of traffic and pedestrian connection (Southworth and Ben-Joseph, 2004) and the problems it brings. There are also studies on cul-de-sacs that show negative results on security (Sohn et al., Quoted by 2018; Hillier & Shu, 2000; Shu & Huang, 2003). As a result, it is clear that cul-de-sac streets will yield different results than other street layouts. Therefore, cul-de-sac streets will be examined in the context of spatial and social characteristics of social interaction. In this respect, the effects of cul-de-sac streets on urban life will be discussed.
Although cul-de-sac streets are supported by researchers as a useful design feature of urban areas (Hochschild, 2012; Johnson & Bowers, 2010; Southworth and Ben-Joseph, 2004), with the modernization and new urbanism trend, cul- de-sac streets have been replaced by a grid street type. In many countries cul-de-sacs are banned, and the existing cul-de-sacs are rearranged and connected to the streets. In Turkey, municipalities are working on this issue and our cul-de-sacs are gradually disappearing. This research examines cul-de-sac streets in terms of social interaction and tries to emphasize the cultural and behavioral significance of cul-de-sacs. With the  
increase of urbanization, population and related traffic, municipalities are trying to connect cul-de-sacs to the streets in order to enable new route options, but this leads to a car-centered, rather than pedestrian-centered living area (Mutlu, 2015). The decreasing number of cul-de-sacs causes us to lose both the traditional street texture which has an important place in Turkish culture and a useful design feature of urban areas. While this study draws attention to the importance of cul-de-sacs in terms of social interaction, it will also raise the question of whether cul-de-sac streets should be protected or not, and open them to discussion. In this sense, the study is expected to provide a source for future research on this subject. The cul-de-sacs in Turkey have not been studied architecturally in terms of social interaction. The research aims to fill the literature gap on this subject.
The study consists of the conceptual framework in which the concepts of social interaction and cul-de-sac are explained, the societal and spatial qualities of social interaction in cul-de-sacs, and the field study in the cul-de-sacs of Aziz Mahmut Hüdai Neighborhood, and finally evaluations and conclusions. In the conceptual framework, which is the second part, the concept of social interaction is discussed first, and then the spatial and societal qualities of social interaction. In this section, the concepts related to social interaction (privacy, personal space, territory, crowding, culture, personalization) are also mentioned. The relationship of these concepts to social interaction is discussed with the current research findings. Concepts related to social interaction are not considered as variable within the scope of the research, therefore these concepts are included only in the literature. Then a cul-de-sac concept and typologies, the history and development of cul-de-sac street in Turkey are described. The cul-de-sacs of Ottoman and Republican periods are mentioned and legal regulations related to the gradual declining of cul-de-sacs during these periods in Turkey are examined. Finally, the functions of the cul-de-sac street in urban life (traffic and pedestrian circulation, playground for children, neighborhood relations and social ties, safety, cost and home values, privacy) are explained with the current research findings. In the studies of the cul-de-sac street in urban life, the researches on cul-de-sac streets in the world are examined and the aspects of the cul-de-sac streets that are advantageous or problematic are discussed. The Third Section is dedicated to the field research. This section includes the history and location of Üsküdar district and Aziz Mahmut Hüdai Neighborhood. Aziz Mahmut Hüdai Neighborhood, where the cul-de-sacs are seen extensively on the old maps and the urban texture was still preserved, was chosen as the study area. Then, information is given about the cul-de-sac streets selected and the method of the study is explained. The methods of study are survey study and systematic observation. Cul-de-sacs in this neighborhood were analysed and social interaction in this street was examined by survey study and observations on certain days and hours. In addition, the findings obtained from the survey and observation results on the selected streets are discussed. In the conclusion part of the thesis, in the light of the findings obtained from the field study, cul-de-sac streets are evaluated in terms of social interaction, and today's interventions on cul-de-sac streets and their future situations are discussed.
In terms of the spatial qualities of the cul-de-sac streets, it is seen that the residents of the cul-de-sac streets are pleased to live in the cul-de-sac. Although it has been found that the discrete order and non-leaking cul-de-sac streets are more positive, the situation and the environment of the houses on the cul-de-sac street have not been evaluated in the research. However, in the results, it is seen that the cul-de-sac streets, which are formed in the old settlements of the neighborhood, due to narrow roads give low results. Houses on these streets are made up of older buildings and it is not possible for vehicles to enter or park on the streets. In future researches, the condition of the street should also be evaluated with these aspects. Although the results of the research are lower than expected, the fact that the streets are separated in terms of social interaction has been found to be important, and the fact that the streets are separate in terms of spatial and societal qualities of social interaction has shown positive results in terms of accessibility and physical elements. It has been determined that non-leaking cul-de-sac streets are safer, long cul-de-sac streets are more accessible, and long or short cul-de-sac streets are better in terms of functional distance. As a result of the observation, it has been concluded that the cul-de-sac streets with long or medium lengths, and which have seating areas, are positive in terms of social interaction, and the non-leaking cul-de-sac streets are positive in terms of being a children's playground. Because non-leaking cul-de-sacs have less traffic and pedestrian density, children can play in the street rahter than leaking cul-de-sacs. It was concluded that there was more neighborhood relations and social interaction in the cul-de-sac which have seating areas. It was concluded that the speeches took place at the most personal distance, greetings were at the most social distance and the distances mostly used by neighbors were personal and social distance. Public distance is seen among distant people who pass by and intimate distance is seen among families who pass by embracing. In the study, it is thought that the streets will increase the social interaction of residents living in terms of their spatial and societal qualities, but the research did not yield positive results as predicted in terms of the social interaction of the cul-de-sac streets, and it was observed that there was a moderate level of social interaction in the cul-de-sac streets. Discrete order, non-leaking and long cul-de-sac streets seem to yield positive results. It is noteworthy that the adjacent order, leaking and medium-length cul-de-sac streets give more negative results. Making arrangements on adjacent, leaking or medium-length cul-de-sacs can be important in terms of preserving the characteristics of cul-de-sac streets from our culture in terms of social interaction. In this context, it is thought that the results of the research will shed light on future researches about cul-de-sacs.