Buldan kentsel sit alanı'nın miras değerleri ve koruma önerileri
Heritage values and conservation suggestions of buldan urban conservation area
Yazar: ŞİZEN TÜRKAL
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ SAKİNE YILDIZ SALMAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
1972 senesinde yayınlanan, "Dünya Kültürel ve Doğal Mirasının Korunmasına Dair Sözleşme" ye göre "kültürel miras" ve "doğal miras" tanımları yapılmıştır. Tarih, estetik, sanat, bilim, etnografik veya antropolojik değerler açısından istisnai evrensel değerlere sahip mimarlık ürünleri; anıtlar, yapı toplulukları ve sitler "kültürel miras" olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Kültürel miras yalnızca fiziksel yapı ve çevreyi kapsamaz. UNESCO, Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Sözleşmesi (2003)'ne göre somut olmayan kültürel miras: "Toplulukların geçmişten günümüze kadar bulundukları çevreye bağlı olarak aktardıkları, doğa ve tarihle iç içe olarak ürettikleri; uygulamalar, temsiller, ifadeler, bilgi ve becerilerdir.". Günümüzde süreklilik sağlayamayan ritüeller sözleşmeye göre somut olmayan miras kategorisine girmez. Bu nedenle somut olmayan miras "yaşayan miras" olarak da adlandırılır.
Buldan İlçesi, sahip olduğu tarihi, kültürel doğal ve somut olmayan miras değerleriyle korunması gerekli bir Küçük Anadolu Kenti'dir. Yapılan arkeolojik çalışmaların ışığında Buldan'da Neolitik Devirden itibaren iskanın devam ettiği bilinmektedir. İlçenin doğusunda Tripolis Antik kenti, batısında Kestane Deresi ve Yayla Gölü, ilçe merkezinde tarihi kent dokusuyla Buldan, kültürel ve doğal mirasın her değerini yansıtmaktadır. 
Buldan İlçesi'nin "yaşayan miras" ı hiç şüphesiz ki dokumacılıktır. Kentte antik çağlardan beri süregelen dokumacılık geleneği, bölgeye Türklerin gelişiyle beraber çeşitlenmiş, ev-atölye birlikteliği ile hem ekonomik hem de mimari olarak kenti büyük ölçüde etkilemiştir. 
Kültürel mirasın korunmasının ilk aşaması belgelemektir. Buldan'da 2001-2003 yıllarında gerçekleştirilen TÜBA-TÜKSEK Kültür Envanteri Projesi sayesinde Buldan, çoğu tarihi kentin aksine yalnızca mimari değil arkeolojik, etnografik ve sözlü tarih belgelemeleriyle kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Projenin yapıldığı tarihlerde Cumhuriyet'in kuruluşundan bu yana Buldan'da yaşamış ve pek çok olaya tanık olmuş insanların bilgi birikimleri kayıt altına alınabilmiştir. Buldan Kentsel Kültür Varlıkları Envanter Çalışmasında yalnızca geleneksel mimari yapıları belgelenmemiş, ilk Cumhuriyet Dönemi ve Çağdaş Türk Mimarlığı eserleri de belgelenmiştir. 
Bu çalışmalara paralel olarak ilçede tescil çalışmaları da başlamış, 2001 senesinde konut, dükkân, cami, çeşme olmak üzere toplam 116 yapı hazırlanacak İmar Planına veri oluşturmak üzere tescillenmiş ve Kentsel Sit Alanı sınırları belirlenmiştir. Buldan Belediyesi tarafından hazırlanan bu Koruma Amaçlı Uygulama İmar Planı, Aydın Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu'nun 22.03.2007 Tarih ve 761 Sayılı Kararı ile kabul edilmiş ve bu plan kapsamında çeşitli uygulamalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. 
Son yirmi yılda hızlı bir dönüşüm geçiren Buldan'da yapılmış olan envanter çalışmaları; mevcut koruma yaklaşım ve uygulamalarını değerlendirebilmek, yapılardaki dönüşümü ve kayıp yapıları tespit edebilmek, yasal koruma statüsünün korumadaki etkilerini anlayabilmek için günümüzde bir rehber olmaktadır. 
Tez çalışması kapsamında Buldan Kentsel Kültür Varlıkları Envanter Çalışmasına ait hazırlanan fişler ve fotoğraflar ile günümüzdeki tespitler sonucu elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılarak Buldan'ın somut ve somut olmayan kültürel miras değerlerinin dönüşümünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmanın sonuçları ile, Buldan Kentsel Sit Alanı'ndaki koruma çalışmaları kültürel miras değerleri üzerinden irdelenerek, gelecekte gerçekleştirilecek koruma çalışmalarına yol gösterici yaklaşım önerileri sunulmaktadır.

Abstract:
The terms "cultural heritage" and "natural heritage" were defined by the "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" which was published in 1972. Monuments, as architectural works which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science, and sites as areas that have outstanding universal values are defined as "cultural heritage".
Cultural heritage does not only cover the physical structure and environment. According to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003), "Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) refers to the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and know-how, transmitted from generation to generation within communities, created and transformed continuously by them, depending on the environment and their interaction with nature and history." In terms of the convention, rituals that are no longer able to continue do not constitute intangible heritage. For this reason, intangible heritage is also called "living heritage".
Buldan is a small Anatolian city that needs to be protected with its historical, cultural, natural, and intangible heritage values. In the light of the archaeological studies, it is known that the settlement has continued in Buldan since the Neolithic Age. Buldan represents every asset of its cultural and natural heritage owing to the ancient city of Tripolis in the district's east, the Kestane River and Yayla Lake in the west, and the historical urban texture in the district center. Weaving is without a doubt the "living heritage" of the Buldan. The tradition of weaving, which has been going on in the city since ancient times, has diversified with the arrival of the Turks in the region and has greatly affected the city both economically and architecturally with the combination of house-workshop.
Documentation is the initial step in the preservation of cultural heritage. Contrary to most historic cities, Buldan has been thoroughly documented in terms of both architectural and other forms of historical research, including archaeology, ethnography, and folk tales, thanks to the TÜBA-TÜKSEK Cultural Inventory Project, which was carried out in Buldan between 2001 and 2003. During the time of the project, it was possible to record the knowledge of individuals who had lived in Buldan since the republic's founding and had witnessed a variety of occurrences. The first Republican Period and contemporary Turkish architecture works were documented in the Buldan Urban Cultural Heritage Inventory Survey in addition to traditional architectural structures. 
In addition to these studies, many historical buildings registered. In 2001, 91 buildings, including homes, businesses, mosques, and fountains, were registered to gather information for the conservation and development plan and establish the borders of the urban conservation area. With the approval of the Aydın Cultural Heritage Preservation Regional Board's decision dated 22.03.2007 and numbered 761, this Conservation and Development Plan prepeared by Buldan Municipality and the scope of this plan various applications were carried out.
Inventory studies on Buldan, which passed by rapid transformations in the last two decades, became a guideline to evaluate the current conservation approaches and applications, identify the lost dwellings, and transformations of dwellings, and understand the effects of legal protection status on conservation.
Within the scope of the thesis, it is aimed to examine the transformation of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage values of Buldan by comparing today's data with the inventories and photographs prepared for the "Buldan Urban Cultural Heritage Inventory Study". For this purpose, in the first part of the thesis, the definitions of tangible and intangible heritage were examined through international regulations.
In the third chapter, the geographical, administrative, and economic characteristics of the district were investigated. Located in Western Anatolia, Buldan is built on a mountainous and rugged terrain. Landslides occur from time to time in hillside settlements and cause houses to collapse. At the same time, it is seen that the district, which is located in the earthquake zone, has experienced earthquake-related destruction throughout history.
Buldan, which was known by different names such as "Buladan", "Boladan" and "Bulladan" throughout history, was named Buldan with the declaration of the Republic. The settlement in Tripolis during the Roman Period shifted to the Kaş-Yenice region after the Turks took over the area. As a result of the earthquakes there, migrations to the Buldan has started from Çağış region and the city grew to its present location by the 16th century. 
Travelers who visited the region in the 18th and 19th centuries mentioned that the main livelihood of Buldan was weaving. In district, houses were made of masonry and wood frames, that there were two inns, a bathhouse, mosques, and madrasahs, also the majority of the population were Turks. The historical and architectural development of the city was discussed in detail in the fourth chapter. In this section, the change of architectural character in parallel with the history of the city is discussed through the transformation of traditional housing typology over the centuries, and its current situation. 
With the proclamation of the Republic, the city began to expand towards the plain parts due to the difficulty of bringing municipal services to the slopes. The city's first development plan was prepared in this context in 1937. In parallel with this plan, settlements began in the eastern part of the city. The development plan prepared in 1966 also paved the way for the expansion of the district towards the east.
Following the fourth chapter, the fifth chapter examines the intangible heritage values that develop and transform in parallel with the urban development of the district. In this context, weaving, which directly affects the lifestyle of the city, has been discussed in detail. 
Traditional weaving in Buldan which is known by names such as "helali" and "hoşgör" among the public, uses pits and hand looms. To increase the awareness of this weaving, it is now marketed as "Buldan Cloth". With the arrival of semi-automatic and automatic looms in the district, the production of products such as towels and loincloths has increased. Along with the weaving culture, folk dances, and culinary culture were also evaluated.
The physical values of the district such as the legal protection status, structural conditions, and usage situations of the buildings were examined through analysis studies, graphs, and photographs. At the same time, structures destroyed due to road construction and natural disasters have also been identified in the sixth chapter.
In the seventh chapter, following the analysis of the district's current situation, the documentation and conservation efforts carried out in the region to date are examined. By comparing these studies with the findings made within the scope of the thesis study, it aims to determine how effective the conservation studies carried out in the past were in the protection of architectural heritage. In this context, it is seen that registration and documentation efforts are insufficient, and especially the 20th-century architectural heritage is ignored. It has been determined that street rehabilitation works, which are widely implemented in the region, have standardized the buildings and original details have been lost.
Deficiencies were also detected in the inclusion of the comprehensive documentation studies carried out by TÜBA-TÜKSEK in 2001-2003 into the legal regulations.
In the eighth chapter, in regard to the comparative study in the previous chapter, the documentation and conservation works in the Buldan urban site are examined in terms of cultural heritage values, and the suggestions aiming to guide future conservation studies are discussed.
A primary suggestion is a "cultural route" that will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the area. In addition, the revision of the Conservation Plan is also recommended. This revision includes the expansion of the boundaries of the urban site, inclusion of the 20th century heritage documentation studies, and preparation of an implementation guide that will be used as a primary source for the interventions in the conservation area.