Yapı bilgi modelleme tabanlı hesaplamalı tasarım yaklaşımı ile mimari tasarım iş akışlarının verimliliğinin sağlanması
Ensuring the efficiency of architectural design workflowswith computational design approach based on building information modeling
Yazar: AYŞEGÜL ÖZLEM BAYRAKTAR SARI
Danışman: PROF. DR. MERYEM BİRGÜL ÇOLAKOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Bilişim Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarımda Bilişim Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Geçmişten günümüze teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte mimari tasarım yöntemleri ve süreçleri farklılaşmaktadır. CAD sistemlerinin kullanıldığı dönemden Yapı Bilgi Modelleme ve hesaplamalı tasarım yaklaşımlarının kullanıldığı döneme geçiş süresince tasarımcıların mimari tasarım sürecine olan yaklaşımları değişmektedir. Geleneksel tasarım yöntemlerinde tasarımcının bilgisayarı sadece temsil aracı olarak kullanmasının ötesinde yaşanan paradigma değişimleriyle birlikte tasarımcı bilgisayarları tasarım ortağı olarak kullanarak hesaplama, analiz ve optimizasyon imkanlarından yararlanmaktadır. Mimari tasarım sürecinde tasarım problemi algoritma düzeyinde soyutlanarak sürece aktarılmaktadır. Böylece sayısal tasarım araçları ile birlikte tasarım süreci sadece sonuç ürünün ortaya koyulmasından ziyade sürecin tasarlanmasına imkân vermektedir.
Tez kapsamında öncelikle YBM sistemi, mevcut YBM yazılımlarının mimari tasarım İkısıtlamaları, mimarlık, mühendislik ve inşaat sektöründe YBM tabanlı hesaplamalı tasarım yaklaşımına neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu incelenmektedir. YBM sisteminin CAD sistemlerine göre daha verimli ve bütünleşik bir proje süreci oluşturduğunu açık bir şekilde söylemek mümkündür. Nesne tabanlı çalışan YBM yazılımlarının tek bir model üzerinden 2D ve 3D temsillerin elde edilebilmesi, farklı disiplinlerin ortak ve tutarlı veriler üzerinden koordine olabilmesi ve mimari tasarım süreci içerisinde elde edilen verilerin tesis yönetimine kadar modelde bulunabilmesi ve istenildiği zaman alınabilmesi gibi özellikler ile daha verimli bir proje süreci elde edilebilmektedir. YBM sistemlerinin mimarlık, mühendislik ve inşaat sektörüne getirdiği birçok avantajının olmasının yanı sıra mimari tasarım sürecinde iş gücü ve zaman harcanmasını gerektiren iş akışları süreç içerisinde hala mevcuttur. Bu durumun YBM tabanlı proje süreçlerine sahip ofisler için optimize edilmesi gereken bir süreç olarak ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, YBM tabanlı hesaplamalı tasarım yaklaşımı ile mimari tasarım süreçlerinde optimize edilmesi gereken iş adımlarının yeniden ele alınarak süreç içerisinde görülen zaman ve iş gücü kaybının önüne geçilerek verimliliğin sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Tez çalışmasının devamında hesaplamalı tasarım yaklaşımı olan görsel programlama ve YBM tabanlı, görsel programlama aracı olan Dynamo detaylı bir şekilde ele alınarak MMİ sektörüne sağladığı olanaklar ortaya konulmaktadır. Mevcut YBM yazılımı olan Revit ve Dynamo'nun birlikte çalışması ile optimize edilebilecek olan iş akışları ve mimari tasarım süreci için sağladığı olanaklar uygulamalar üzerinden aktarılmaktadır. Projenin erken tasarım aşamasından tesis yönetimine kadar olan süreçte piyasada görülen problemlere Dynamo'nun getirdiği farklı çözüm yaklaşımları değerlendirilmektedir. Dynamo ile birlikte geometrik temsil, mekân planlama, parametrik tasarım, performans ve strüktürel analizler, bina ve model optimizasyonu ve veri paylaşımı gibi alanlarda araştırmalar yapılarak Yapı Bilgi Modelleme ortamına nasıl katkıda bulunduğu incelenmektedir. Dynamo ile yapılan uygulamalar, analiz ve optimizasyon uygulamaları, veri yönetimi ve kalite kontrol ile veri alışverişi için harici yazılımlarla oluşturulan entegrasyon olmak üzere üç ana başlık altında detaylandırılmaktadır. Bu başlıklar detaylandırılırken yapılan uygulamalarda Dynamo'dan başka eklentiler de kullanılmaktadır. Çünkü Dynamo, paket yöneticisine kullanıcılar tarafından eklenen yeni araçlar ve Autodesk bünyesinde geliştirilen bulut sistemleri gibi yan ortamlarla daha donanımlı hale gelmektedir. Dynamo'nun açık kaynak kodlu olması diğer araçlarla birlikte gelişmesinin önünü açmaktadır. Dynamo'nun gelişmesine katkı sağlayan yan ortamlar ele alınan örneklerle birlikte ilgili bölümlerde anlatılmaktadır.
Sonuç olarak, hesaplamalı tasarım yaklaşımlarının YBM tabanlı mimari tasarım süreçlerine sağladığı katkılar değerlendirilerek mimari tasarım iş akışlarının verimliliğinin sağlanabilmesi için bir yaklaşım önerisi sunulmaktadır. Bu tez çalışması ile ofislerin YBM tabanlı mimari tasarım süreçlerini optimize edebilmeleri ve bu alanda yapılacak olan gelecekteki çalışmalar için zemin oluşturması amaçlanmaktadır.

Abstract:
With the development of technology from the past, the methods and processes of architectural design are different. During the transition period in which CAD systems are used, the use of the BIM (Building Information Modeling) and computational design approaches is changing the way designers approach the architectural design process. Beyond using the computer as a means of representation in the traditional design methods, the designer takes advantage of the computing, analysis and optimization opportunities by using the designer computers as design partners with the paradigm changes. In the architectural design process, the design problem is abstracted at the level of the algorithm and transferred to the process. Thus, together with the digital design tools, the design process allows for the design of a continuous process, not just the resultant product.
Architectural design process is in deepening relations with developing technology systems. In the past, designers used imagination and lines as the only means to create and represent their projects. This led many architectural design decisions to be based on the designer's intuition and experience. However, designs that can be visualized in the mind of the designer had to be shared and understood with different disciplines in the process. This situation reveals the representative issue of designs.
When the building industry begins to digitize, the traditional drawing table has become a two-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) system. With the spread of computers and the emergence of CAD software, the use of digital tools in the design process has begun. Then, in addition to the 2D CAD system, 3D features are added.
Today, computers are evolving and the architecture, engineering and construction sectors are experiencing a paradigm shift as the transformation of information age. Now, computers and software can handle large amounts of data. However, CAD systems have begun to take the place of CAD systems in the building industry. Thus, the building industry has faced a new transformation, resulting in new workflows and roles. This transformation in the architecture, engineering and construction sector has rapidly spread to the international arena, and in some countries it has become compulsory to use the BIM system, especially in public projects.
In parallel with the development of the BIM system and the development process, the computational design approach has also found a wide use in the sector. While computational design and BIM systems continue to evolve in different environments, they have been brought together on a common platform in line with the needs of the sector.
The most important feature of the BIM system is that it provides a data-rich environment for users. The BIM system is a must-have model for adding data, processed, edited in the system, and can be retrieved by the necessary disciplines x
whenever required. Existing BIM software provides limited capabilities such as manipulating, manipulating and optimizing data in the system. The relationship between BIM and computational design is very interesting with the increase of data load in BIM models, the difficulty of easy adaptation of model against changes in design decisions, the difficulty of getting desired data from stratified database, the increase of number of error that user is insufficient to manage this process. In response, Dynamo, the BIM-based computational design tool, emerged. Dynamo and Grasshopper can show a strong resemblance. Both computational design tools allow the algorithms to be generated and manipulated using visual programming language. While Grasshopper is often used to manage geometric relationships that affect design morphology, Dynamo provides users with the ability to manipulate project data. So Dynamo makes much more copies of Grasshopper than copying it.
The Dynamo tool is increasingly in use as the BIM system allows it to create its own database and manage this data for specific purposes. Dynamo provides many possibilities for processing, managing and interacting with BIM data and interacting with external sources. This allows a strong association between modeling and data management processes.
While the existing methods used in architectural, engineering and construction sectors in BIM-based architectural design processes seem to cause time and cost loss, the need for productivity of workflows has arisen. Based on this requirement, the thesis explores what workflows are required to achieve productivity and time loss in BIM-based architectural design processes. In addition, the analysis and optimization that can be done in order to make design decisions reliably in the process of architectural design and to build sustainable constructions can be carried out together with Dynamo. In this context, the thesis study is carried out by integrating the computational design approach with the BIM architectural design process, and with the new workflows obtained, the process efficiency can be ensured.
Within the scope of the thesis, firstly the problems of the BIM system, constraints of project processes of existing BIM software, why BIM-based computational design approach is needed in architecture, engineering and construction industry are examined. It can be clearly stated that the BIM system creates a more efficient and integrated project process than the CAD system. A more efficient project process can be achieved with features such as 2D and 3D representations can be obtained from a single model of the object-based BIM software, coordination of different disciplines over common, consistent data and the data obtained within the project process can be found in the model up to the facility management. In addition to the many advantages that the BIM systems bring to the architectural, engineering, and construction sectors, workflows that require labor and time are still available in the process. This should be considered as a process that must be optimized for offices with BIM-based project processes. For this purpose, it is thought that by using the computational design approach based on the BIM, the work steps to be optimized in the project processes can be reconsidered and the loss of time and labor seen in the process can be prevented.
In the continuation of the thesis study, Dynamo, a visual programming tool is provided with in detail and offers possibilities for the AEC Industry. The possibilities for workflows and architectural design processes that can be optimized with the collaboration of Revit and Dynamo are transferred through applications. From the early design stage of the project to the facility management, the different solution approaches brought by Dynamo software are evaluated in the problems seen in the industry. With Dynamo, it is investigated how it contributes to the Building Information Modeling environment such as geometric representation, space planning, parametric design, performance and structural analysis, building and model optimization and data sharing. Applications made with Dynamo are detailed under three main headings: analysis and optimization applications, data management and quality control, and integration with external software for data exchange. While samples are being made, other software (add-on, plugins etc.) are used except Dynamo software. Because Dynamo is becoming more equipped with side media such as new tools added to the package manager by users and cloud systems developed within Autodesk's own. The fact that Dynamo is open source is the way forward for its development. The additions that contribute to the development of Dynamo software are described in the relevant chapters with the examples discussed.
It is possible to create new workflows related to how the effort and time spent during the work carried out with the existing BIM can be minimized together with the calculated design tool Dynamo. Within the scope of the thesis, the difficulties faced by users in the AEC sector during the project process from the early design stage to the delivery phase of the architectural design process are revealed by the knowledge gained from literature research and office experience. In the early design phase, users can access many design alternatives with productive design methods by integrating Dynamo into existing BIM systems. In the early design phase, the user can make data-oriented design decisions with analysis and optimizations made in Dynamo. It is aimed to reduce the increased project costs due to the changes in the decision while reducing the number of decision changes made in the early design stage according to analyzes and optimizations and progressing phases of the project. It is difficult to manage the model with factors such as the size of the project from the early design stage to the application stage, the amount of data increased with the model's maturity level, the detail level of the project, and the number of stakeholders. With project revisions, the number of repetitive tasks is increasing. The number of errors that are made depending on the user during the revision work is also increasing. As a result, with Dynamo, a computational design tool, it is aimed to reduce the time loss and workload caused by the increasing data in the model during the application phase of the project. Moreover, with Dynamo, data loss in the project processes can be prevented by managing the data in the model. As a result, features such as Dynamo's visual programming language, BIM-based architecture, engineering, and construction can be supplemented with tools for optimizing workflows in offices. With Dynamo, users can perform tasks related to data management, data manipulation, data transfer and documentation work in the structure information model of the project during application phase while performing more analysis and optimization in conceptual design phase.
In conclusion, a proposal is proposed to ensure the efficiency of architectural design workflows by evaluating the contribution of computational design approaches to BIM-based project processes. It has been researched how Dynamo current BIM-based architectural design workflows can be achieved within the scope of the thesis. The literature survey in this context shows that the researcher can avoid the time and unnecessary loss of work power in the current BIM processes with the computational design approaches along with his own office experience and applied examples. In addition, the success of the accurate modeling that the data management brings together with the computational design approach reflects every phase of the project process. With this master thesis study, it is aimed that the offices can optimize BIM-based architectural design processes and a source for future work on this area.