Pazaryerinin ağsal altyapısında heterarşik ilişkilenmelerin izini sürmek: Tire ve Nazilli pazarları
Exploring heterarchical relationalities within the networked infrastructure of the marketplace: Tire and Nazilli markets
Yazar: HALİME GÜHER TAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. AYŞE ŞENTÜRER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2023
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Bu tez, inşa edilen doğa/kültür ayrımına rağmen doğayla heterarşik ilişkilenme süreçlerine odaklanır: Müşterek örülen bir altyapı olarak pazara. Canlı-cansız, yaban-ehil veya insan-insan dışı gibi ikilikler olmaksızın ilişkisel, ölçekler ve varlıklar arası çok yönlü bir bakış geliştirmeyi hedefleyen bu tez, heterarşik bir kavrayış ve tasarlayıp-yapma kılavuzu olarak da okunabilir.
Bu tezin hedefi, doğa-kültür ayrımını inşa eden, varlıkların ayrıştırıldığı ve/veya görmezden gelindiği insan merkezli hiyerarşik dünya görüşü yerine, ilişkisellikle kurulan heterarşik bir düşünme biçimi olarak 'ağ' ın keşfi ve imkânlarının serimini yapmak, bu bağlamda mekân çalışmaları ve mimarlığın güncel ekoloji tartışmalarına gönderme yapan pozisyonlarını göstermektir. Bu hedefi gerçekleştirme sürecinde tez, mimarlık ve tasarım kültürü içerisinde Tire ve Nazilli pazar ağlarının tarihsel, mekânsal ve mikro sosyolojik süreçlerine odaklanmaktadır. Çeşitli varlıkların zamanda ve mekânda akışları boyunca ilişkisellikleri ile kurulan müşterek örülen altyapı olan pazaryerinden başlayan araştırma bu süreciyle, ağsal yapı araştırmalarına mimarlık kültürü içerisinde nbir kavrayış sunmak ve bu bağlamda ağsal düşünmenin nasıl imkânlar sunduğunu keşfetmek hedeflenmektedir.  
Bu tez, tarım, toplayıcılık, mübadele, zanaat gibi süreçlerin ve insanlar, hayvanlar, bitkiler, araçlar gibi çoğul paydaşların akışı, birikimi ve ilişkisellikleri ile müşterek örülen heterarşik bir yapı olan pazar ağını, insan merkezli hiyerarşik düzenin inşa ettiği doğa-kültür, kent-kır gibi ikilikleri aşarak doğayı bir müşterek mekân olarak gerçekleştirmeye devam eden bir altyapı olarak çerçevelemektedir. Böylece heterarşi ve hiyerarşinin iç içe geçtiği yaşam ağında, heterarşinin izini sürmek ve heterarşik tasarlayıp yapmak için 'ağsal düşünmek' olarak çerçevelenebilecek metodoloji önerilmektedir. Tire ve Nazilli pazar ağlarının pazaryeri, bahçe/tarla, havza ve yol süreçlerine mekân, mikro sosyoloji ve tarih lensleriyle bir arada bakarak, mimarlık ve tasarım kültürünün sık başvurduğu araçlar olan montaj ve haritalamayla keşfedip temsil etmek olarak özetlenebilecek olan bu metedolojiyle, sahadaki deneyim ve diyalogların de etkisiyle önerdiğim dörtlü kavram setini (dolaşık, dönüştürüm, hemhâl, çarpan) kullanaral ağsal yapısal süreçlerde heterarşik ilişkilenmelerin  ve-veya sekteye uğradığı durumların izini sürüyorum. Sürekli olarak ölçekler ve yaşamlar arası gidip geldiğim bu trans-disipliner araştırmada, pazaryerinin ağsal altyapısındaki keşifler üzerinden ana akım mimari tasarım süreçlerinin indirgemeci, nesnelleştirici ve hayli statik hiyerarşik kurgusuna alternatif bir ilişkilenme önerilmektedir.

Abstract:
This thesis focuses on processes of heterarchical engagement with nature despite the constructed nature/culture distinction: as a collectively woven infrastructure to the market. The primary objective of this dissertation is to cultivate a comprehensive perspective that is relational, operates on multiple scales, and navigates the complex web of inter-entity relationships, all while eschewing binary distinctions such as living-inanimate, wild-capable, or human-nonhuman. Additionally, this work can be interpreted as both a conceptualization of heterarchy and a practical guide for design and implementation.
The goal of this thesis is to explore and present the possibilities of the 'network' as a heterarchical way of thinking, established through relationships, in contrast to the anthropocentric hierarchical worldview that constructs the nature-culture distinction, where entities are separated and/or ignored. In the process of achieving this goal, the thesis focuses on the historical, spatial, and micro-sociological processes of the Tire and Nazilli market networks within the culture of architecture and design. Starting from the market square as a collectively woven infrastructure with the flows, accumulations, and relationships of various entities over time and space, this research aims to offer an understanding of networked structures within architectural culture and explore how networked thinking provides opportunities in this context. 
The dissertation frames the market network as a heterarchical structure, collectively woven through processes such as agriculture, gathering, exchange, and craftsmanship. It further explores the flows, accumulations, and relationships among diverse stakeholders, including humans, animals, plants, and tools. This network is portrayed as an evolving infrastructure that persists in realizing nature as a communal space, transcending dualities such as nature-culture and urban-rural imposed by an anthropocentric hierarchical order.  In navigating the intricate life network that intertwines hierarchy and heterarchy, the dissertation proposes a methodological approach framed as 'network thinking.' This approach aims to trace instances of heterarchical engagements and interruptions within networked structural processes. Utilizing space, micro-sociology, and history as lenses, and employing tools common in architectural and design culture, such as montage and mapping, the dissertation uncovers instances of heterarchical engagements and interruptions in networked structural processes. This transdisciplinary research, continually oscillating between scales and life forms, introduces a set of four conceptual frameworks (circulation, transformation, coexistence, multiplier) based on field experiences and dialogues. These frameworks offer an alternative perspective on the reductionist, objectifying, and static hierarchical structure prevalent in mainstream architectural design processes.
The field research focuses on the historical, spatial, and micro-sociological structure and formation of Tire and Nazilli Pazar networks. It is aimed to explore how the market, which is a joint creation process established by the relationality of various entities throughout their flow in time and space, offers opportunities for network structure research and, in this context, architectural culture. In this process, I aim to reveal the possibilities of the network lens, which can replace the vertical hierarchical ontology built with dualities such as nature-culture, and rural-urban, and establish the relational heterarchical system realized with the experience in the marketplace.
The agricultural characteristic of Turkey has been the small-scale (family) farms for a long period of time. Of these farms, 85% comprise up to 8 hectares of land, most of which form the villages. Hence, small-scale farms have a vital role in food security, sustainability, traditional production methods, sustaining biodiversity, and local circularity for Turkey. The farmers' markets of Anatolia were established using the products of these small-scale farms. Therefore, farmers' markets are crucial, not only so the farmers can compete with global industrial markets, but also for solidarity and resistance against neoliberal agricultural policies. 
Anatolia's largest and richest markets, such as Tire (İzmir Province) and Nazilli (Aydın Province) are in these basins. The local and global positions of both basins in the field of agricultural production, and the marketing of them influenced the selection of this research area. In addition, searching for the codes of territorial circularity in these two geographies, where production quantity and product diversity have been maintained for many years, seemed necessary for the continuation of farmers' markets and local development. That's why the deeply rooted markets, Tire and Nazilli were the focus of this research. Tire and Nazilli have a similar physical marketplace set-up, which is called 'open air market', but different network structures. The inclusion of Nazilli in the whole-sale market system and the exclusion of the system in Tire, allowed for comparative research in the two areas. The goal of this comparison was to create a basis for conceptualization for tight and loose cycles in the territories, and underline the importance of locality and discovering its elements in circular development. 
Tire Market has an intertwined relationship with its territory. It spreads over 41,000 m2 in the city, with 1200 farmers from the 64 villages of Tire and other settlements around the Küçük Menderes River Basin, and 750 stallholders from the Küçük Menderes River Basin and partly the Büyük Menderes River Basin and Gediz Basin, every week along the streets and center of Tire. The municipality tends to maintain the character of the market as a 'farmers' market. Therefore, it should be underlined that the vast majority of these 750 stalls comprise textiles and ready-made looms. The market network spread over the villages around Tire and the rugged terrain of Güme Mountain, various settlements of the Küçük Menderes River Basin and a small part of the Büyük Menderes River Basin for only a few months. Both the number and geographical distribution of the rural settlements affect the diversity of the market in terms of product and knowledge. It has different geographical and microclimate characteristics of 64 villages, up to the tops of the mountain from the plain.
Nazilli is a small city on the Denizli-İzmir highway, connecting many big cities of Anatolia, such as Antalya and Ankara, to Izmir and Aegean coasts. Being on such a route brings with it the wholesale market system, where most of the agricultural products come from different regions throughout the year. Nazilli Market spreads over an area of 40,000 m2 in the city, with 600 to 1400 farmers from parts of 61 villages that have similar climatic and geographic features, and 400 to 600 stallholders from environs. It was discovered that the Nazilli Wholesale Market also partially shapes the market network, since it spreads over to the Mediterranean Region.
When compared to Tire, there are three critical differences in the Nazilli Market network. One is the existence of the wholesale market, the second is local authorities providing ambiguous information about market and marketplace, and the third is the distribution of rural settlements in the basin, and the participation rates of these in the market network. The wholesale market is not only a primary medium of transporting products from non-seasonal food-producing geographies to the marketplace, but also disrupts the local circularity. It was determined that the Nazilli Market network extended far beyond the basin boundaries due to the presence of the wholesale market in Nazilli. All of the traders we interviewed stated that they mostly prefer to buy products from the greenhouse regions in Fethiye, Demre, Antalya, Alanya, and Mersin since they produce standardized products year-round. Unlike the Tire Market, local authorities do not support the existence of local farmers in the Nazilli Market. In interviews with local authorities, it was observed that there was no exact information about the number of farmers and stallholders in the market. Accordingly, as learned from the interviews with the municipality, chamber of merchants, and municipal police, even illegal stalls by middle-men are set up on market day. 
The market network, which is in its own region and has a tight cycle in summer, spreads in other seasons and becomes a loose cycle. Finally, the geographical distribution of the villages that are the source of production also affects it. Unlike Tire, Nazilli is mostly fed by villages with similar geographical and climatic characteristics. This means a decrease in product diversity compared to Tire and a shorter period of product flow to the market. Since local tomato is available in the market for almost 2–3 months, this deficit is eliminated in the Mediterranean region in other months under the influence of the wholesale market system.
The marketplace is not only a space for exchanging fresh food, it is also an interface for exchanging local production culture and heirloom seeds. In both markets, seed swaps provide circularities and a flow of knowledge in local production. This exchange, which takes place mainly between farmers in the marketplace, contributes to the local circularity of the market network. The exchange happens also between consumers and farmers. Therefore, sharing and continued production supports biodiversity, which guarantees not only the future of the food but also the future of the farmers' market network. Due to this exchange, the sustainability of the memory of the local products and soil is ensured, as the production information is also transferred. During the interviews at the Tire and Nazilli Market, it was discovered that the majority of the population do their weekly food shopping from farmers' markets, not from grocery stores or supermarkets. This kind of transparency on information flow is not possible in grocery stores and greengrocers.