Bina kabuğundaki saydam ve opak bileşenlerin enerji tüketimine etkisinin analizi
Analysis of the effect of transparent and opaque componenets of building envelope on energy consumption
Yazar: UYGUR KINAY
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. YAKUP ERHAN BÖKE
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Isı-Akışkan Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Enerji = Energy

Özet:
Dünyada yaşanabilir alanların kısıtlı olması, nüfus artışı, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan
ülkelerin enerji taleplerindeki artış, karbon türevli enerji kaynaklarının azalması
dünya enerji sektörünü alternatif enerji kaynakları arayışına itmektedir. Karbon
türevi yakıtların yanmasıyla açığa çıkan sera gazları, küresel ısınmaya sebep
olmaktadır ve bu durum bir tehdittir. Gelecek kuşaklar için yaşanabilir bir çevre
bırakmak için sürdürülebilir eylem planlarının uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu
kapsamda Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi kapsamında sera
gazı salımlarıın 1990 seviyelerinin altına çekilmesi kararlaştrılmıştır. Çoğu gelişmiş
ülkede, toplam nihai enerjinin %40 binalarda kullanılmaktadır. UEA bina sektörünün
enerji tüketiminin azaltımı açısından maliyet etkin sektör olarak tanımlamıştır.
Düşük maliyetler ile gerçekleştirilebilecek yalıtım ve doğru camların seçilmesi ile
sağlanacak tasarruf yatırım maliyetini kısa sürelerde amorti etmektedir. 2050 yılına
kadar tahmin edilen enerji tasarrufları 1509 milyon TEP'tir (ton eşdeğer petrol).
Üstelik binalarda enerji verimliliğinin artırılması ile toplam enerji talebininin
azaltılması, belirgin bir şekilde bina sektöründen kaynaklanan karbondioksit (CO2)
gazı salımını azaltacaktır. 2050 yılı itibariyle 12.6 gigaton CO2 gazı salımının
dönüştürülebilir azaltımı mümkündür.
Türkiye'deki mevcut bina stoğunun yüzde 90'ı enerji etkin bina olarak inşa
edilmemiştir. Avrupa Birliği aday ülkesi olmamız nedeniyle AB direktiflerini ülke
mevzuatımıza uyumlaştırmamız gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda 2010/30/EU (Energy
Performance in Buildings) binalarda enerji performansı direktifi ve Enerji
Verimliliği Kanunu kapsamında Binalarda Enerji Performansı Yönetmeliği Resmi
Gazete'de 05.12.2008 tarih ve 27075 sayılı olarak Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı
tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Yönetmelik kapsamında mevcut binaların 2017 yılına
kadar Enerji Kimlik Belgesi alması zorunludur. Yeni binalar yönetmelik kapsamında
enerji tüketim sınıfları ve karbondoksit salım sınıfları en az "C" olmak zorundadır.
Getirilen bu zorunluluk tüketicilerin daha konforlu yaşam sürmelerini sağlarken,
binalarının işletme maliyetlerini de azaltmaktadır. Binalarda tüketilen enerji
miktarının azaltılmasıyla, ülke ekonomisine ağır yük getiren enerji ithalatı ve sera
gazı salımlarını da azaltacaktır.
Yapılan çalışmada; mevzuatta tanımlanan enerji kimlik belgesi sınıflandırmasının
referans bina yerine birim alan başına enerji tüketim miktarına göre sınıfının
hesaplanması gerekmektedir. Referans bina için standartta tavsiye edilen toplam ısı
geçiş katsayıları bina tipolojisine göre farklılaştırılmalıdır.

Abstract:
The limited habitable spaces in the world, population growth, the increase in energy
demand of both developed and developing countries, and the reduction of carbon
based energy sources force the global energy industry to seek alternative energy
sources. Greenhouse gases released by firing of carbon based fuel causes global
warming, and this situation poses a threat. The implementation of sustainable action
plans is necessary to leave a habitable environment for future generations. Green
house gases should be limited. CO2 is the greenhouse gas most commonly produced
by human activities and it is responsible for 64% of man-made global warming. Its
concentration in the atmosphere is currently 40% higher than it was when
industrialisation began.
The most important step to address the impact of global warming caused by human
activities on climate change was the conclusion of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was opened for signature at the
United Nations Environment and Development Conference, convened in 1992 in Rio
de Janeiro. The Convention entered into force on March 21, 1994. More than 190
countries including Turkey and the European Communities (EC) are party to the
Convention. Therefore, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions below levels of 1990
was determined in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) within this scope.
The 7th Conference of Parties in 2001 has adopted a decision to "... delete Turkey's
name from the Annex II and to place Turkey among the Annex I countries, taking
into account its special circumstances, differentiating it from other Annex I
countries...". This decision entered into force on June 28, 2002 and since that date
Turkey is only an Annex I country.
The Kyoto Protocol requires developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions
below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty. These targets must be met
within a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to a total cut in
GHG emissions of at least 5% against the baseline of 1990. Turkey became a party
to the Kyoto Protocol on 26 August 2009. Since it did not take part in the Annex-B
of the Protocol, it did not undertake any emission reduction commitments. Turkey's
responsibility under the Protocol until 2012 is only limited to the Article 10 of KP.
At the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted
the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate deal. The agreement sets out a
global action plan to put the world on track to avoid dangerous climate change by 
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limiting global warming to well below 2°C. The agreement is due to enter into force
in 2020.
Governments agreed on mitigation ; a long-term goal of keeping the increase in
global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; to aim to
limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts
of climate change; on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible,
recognising that this will take longer for developing countries; to undertake rapid
reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science. The agreement
also recognises the importance of averting, minimising and addressing loss and
damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change; acknowledges the need
to cooperate and enhance the understanding, action and support in different areas
such as early warning systems, emergency preparedness and risk insurance.
In most developed countries, buildings consume 40 percent of total final energy.
The International Energy Agency defined building sector as cost effective sector in
terms of reducing of energy consumption. The saving obtained through insulation
performed at low costs and selection of the right glasses pays off the investment cost
in a short time. Estimated energy saving is 1509 million TEP (tons of oil equivalent)
until year of 2050. Moreover, reducing the total energy demand by increasing the
energy efficiency in buildings will remarkably decrease the green gas emission
caused by buildings. The convertible reduction of 12.6 gigatons of CO2 gas emission
will be possible by 2050.
90 percent of the existing buildings in Turkey have not been constructed as energy
effective. Being a candidate country to EU requires to harmonise EU directives to
our national legislations. In this context, according to 2010/30 / EU ( Energy
Performance in Buildings) directive and Energy Efficiency Act, Energy Performance
in Buildings Regulations were published in Official Gazette dated 05.12.2008 and
numbered 27075 by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. In accordance with
the Regulation, existing buildings have to be certificated until the year of 2017.
Energy consumption level and greenhouse gas emission level for new buildings have
to be at least "C" level. This obligation not only provides better living standarts for
consumers but also reduces operating cost of buildings. In addition, the proportion
of energy import which is a huge burden for national economy used in buildings will
be decreased, and greenhouse gas emission will drop due to energy efficiency.
%7 mitigation target for year 2020 carbon emission will be limited 604 million
tonne equilavent CO2 comparing with 1990's emission level 127 million tonnes
equilavent CO2. Turkey, accade to international agreement requirements, mitigate
green house gases voluntarily.
In the study, calculation of the consumption unit square meter per year instead of
refence building should be used for energy performance certification class
determined in legislation. Recomended total heat transfer coefficient in the standart
should change in terms of;
- Building typology (education, hospital, hotel, office, residence)
- Different metrics such as; hospital and hotel (kWh/bed-year), office
(kWh/m3year), education buildings (kWh/person-year) be limited with metrics.
Existing building's heating loads calculating with suggested U values at TS 825 and
it causes the capacity of mechanical and electrical systems to be higher in design.
- Heating loads should be calculated with lightining, cooling, ventilation loads
taking into account the dynamic relations among them.
- Construction material and insulation material's heat transfer coefficent value
should be defined with climate region's moisture and insulation values. Calculation
results should be approximated to real situation. For example; rock wool has a
different heat transfer coefficent value in İzmir which has hot and moisture climate
and in Erzurum which has cold and dry climate.
Well-designed buildings' mechanical and electrical system cost will be lower and th
fund alloted to them can be finance to renewable energy systems. If CO2 emissions
concentration is higher, it can't be acceptable in terms of sustainable development.
Project designers have to analyse projects with dynamics simulation program. The
results will show not only how the active systems work together but also the
integration with building envelope.