İnovasyonun lojistik performans ve enerji sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi
Investigating the impact of innovation on logistic performance and energy sustainability
Yazar: AYŞE YILDIZ KIRKAN
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ERKAN IŞIKLI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Endüstri Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering

Özet:
Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, lojistik performans ve enerji sürdürülebilirliği kavramlarının inovasyona yönelik değerlerden nasıl etkilendiği anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Lojistik performans, enerji sürdürülebilirliği ve inovasyon kavramları ülkeler bazında incelenmiştir. Lojistik performansın gelişiminin ekonomik refahı sağlamak isteyen devletler için etkin bir role sahip olduğu, literatürde farklı veri setleri ve farklı ekonomik değerler üzerinden çokça çalışılmıştır. Lojistik performansın bu kritik rolü düşünüldüğünde, kendisini etkileyen faktörlerin neler olduğuna yönelik araştırmalar da literatürde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında ise öncelikle inovasyona yönelik bileşenler olarak tanımlanan İnsan Sermayesi ve Araştırma Çalışmaları, Piyasada Gelişmişlik, Gelişmiş İş, Kurumsal Faktörler ve Bilgi ve Teknolojik Çıktılar kavramları kullanılarak inovasyonun lojistik performans üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Ülkeler bazında veri setini hazırlamak için Dünya Bankası tarafından hazırlan Lojistik Performans Endeksi ve Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Teşkilatı tarafından hazırlanan Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi kullanılmıştır. 
İkinci olarak ise, lojistik performansın ve aslında tüm endüstrinin ihtiyaç duyduğu kritik bir kaynak olan enerji değerleri üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Bugünkü kullanım tarzı ile enerjinin tükenebilir bir kaynak olduğu ve çevreye karşı zararlı etkilerinin olduğunun anlaşılmasına yönelik bilinç anlaşılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede enerji sürdürülebilirliği kavramı gelişmiştir. Enerji sürdürülebilirliği, enerjinin her topluma adilce ulaşmasını ve enerji kullanımının zararlı çevresel etkilerinin en aza indirilmesini gözeterek enerji refahını hedefler. Enerji refahının sağlanması için gerek teknolojik anlamda gerekse süreç iyileştirilmesi olarak yeniliklere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, inovasyona yönelik değerlerin enerji sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. İnovasyon kavramı için Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi içerisindeki seçili göstergeler, enerji sürdürülebilirliği kavramını yorumlamak için ise Sürdürülebilir Toplum Endeksi tarafından sunulan İklim ve Enerji temasının altındaki değişkenler kullanılmıştır. 
Çalışma, inovasyonun lojistik performans ve enerji sürdürülebilirliği kavramı üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen iki hipotezden oluşmaktadır. Ülke bazında veri toplandığı için 472 adet gözlem mevcuttur. Farklı endekslerin kullanılması sonucu toplamda 4 yıla ait veri bulunmaktadır.
Çalışmada inovasyonun etkileri tek bir model üzerinden incelenmiştir. Modele konu olan veri setinin kısıtlı sayıda veri içermesi ve değişkenlerin normallik dağılımına uygun olmaması sebebi ile en küçük kareler ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi seçilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi Smart PLS uygulaması üzerinden incelenmiştir. Modelde inovasyon için 5 kavram, enerji kavramı ve lojistik performans kavramı incelenerek toplamda 7 kavram çalışılmıştır. Bu kavramlar için toplam değişken sayısı 22'dir. Kullanılan gizli değişkenler biçimleyici ve yansıtıcı olmak üzere iki tip değişkeni de içerir. 
Modelin sonuçları, inovasyonun hem enerji sürdürülebilirliği ve hem de lojistik performans üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Toplumların inovasyona yönelik, piyasalarda, eğitim alanında, iş dünyasında, araştırma alanlarında attığı adımların lojistik performans ve enerji sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde doğrudan bir ilişkisi olduğu görülür. 
Çalışmanın diğer bir sonucu olarak ilgili alanlardan gelen değerlerin lojistik performans üzerinde pozitif yönde etkisi görülmektedir. Lojistik performanslarını arttırmak isteyen ülkelerin, yetiştirilmiş personele, kurumsal alanlardaki ve piyasalardaki iyileştirmelere ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır. Bununla beraber özel sektörden gelen yenileşimci adımlar ve araştırma geliştirme çalışmaları da lojistik performansın yükselmesine katkı sağlayan faktörlerdendir. İnovasyon ve enerji sürdürülebilirliği arasında ise negatif bir ilişki gözlenmiştir. Sürdürülebilir bir enerji kullanımı için yenileşimci çalışmalara yönelik çağrılar çeşitli çalışmalar tarafından belirtilmişken inovasyona yönelik değerlerin neden enerji sürdürülebilirliği ile ters bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu ve neden yeterli fayda sağlayamadığı ileriki çalışmalarda incelenebilir.
Son olarak ileriki çalışmalarda daha kapsamlı bir veri seti kullanılması veya firmalar bazında söz konusu ilişkilerin incelenmesi, sonuçları daha özelleştirilmiş bir açıdan görmek için faydalı olabilir.

Abstract:
Within the scope of this thesis, it has been tried to understand how the concepts of logistics performance and energy sustainability are affected by the values for innovation. Logistics performance, energy sustainability and innovation concepts were examined on the basis of countries. It has been studied extensively in the literature on different data sets and different economic values, that the development of logistics performance has an active role for states that want to ensure economic welfare. Considering this critical role of logistics performance, studies on the factors affecting it are also included in the literature. In this study, articles examining the interaction of logistics performance with data from different perspectives such as economic, environmental and innovation were searched before the model was built. In selected articles, there are models in which logistics performance is positioned on the influencing or affected side. In addition to the articles examining logistics performance, articles examining the concept of innovation were also studied. Particular attention is given to the studies investigating innovation by using the Global Innovation Index. Within the scope of this study, the effect of innovation on logistics performance was examined by using the concepts of Human Capital and Research Studies, Market Development, Advanced Business, Institutional Factors and Information and Technological Outputs, which are defined as components for innovation. The Logistics Performance Index prepared by the World Bank and the Global Innovation Index prepared by the World Intellectual Property Organization were used to prepare the data set on the basis of countries. These indices used have regular data sets in which the data are presented on the basis of countries at intervals of several years. In order to create the logistics performance variable, the criteria for customs, infrastructure, international shipments, quality, tracking and follow-up competence and punctuality, which were measured in the Logistics Performance Index, were included in the scope of the study. 
Secondly, the concept of energy, which is a critical resource needed by logistics performance and indeed by the entire industry, has been studied. With today's usage style, the awareness towards understanding that energy is an exhaustible resource and that it has harmful effects on the environment has begun to be understood. Within this framework, the concept of sustainable energy has developed. Sustainable energy aims at energy welfare ensuring that energy reaches every society fairly and the harmful environmental effects of energy use are minimized. To ensure energy welfare, innovations in terms of technology and process improvement are required. Within the scope of this study, the relationship between the components of innovation and the concepts used for sustainable energy was examined. Before this stage of the model was designed, the relationship between innovation and energy sustainability was examined by making use of the literature. The Global Innovation Index was used for the concept of innovation, and the variables under the Climate and Energy theme presented by the Sustainable Society Index were used to interpret the energy concept. These variables evaluate energy sustainability from different perspectives. The energy usage values of the countries, the energy saving rates, the consumption values of greenhouse gases and renewable energy sources are the measured variables.
The study consists of two hypotheses that examine the effects of innovation on the concept of logistics performance and energy sustainability. Data vary by country. There are no regional restrictions on country selection. In total, data from 135 countries were used in the model. The total number of observations obtained is 472. Different indices are used for data on innovation, logistics performance and sustainability. For the three indices used in the model, a common four-year data could be reached.
The distributions of the variables were examined using the Qliksene web application. The graphs showing the average data for the final score of the Logistics Performance, the distributions of the selected Global Innovation Index variables with the Logistics Performance Index, and the averages of the energy received in the Sustainable Society Index are shown on the graphs. Detailed information about the indicators used to define logistics performance, innovation and energy sustainability is presented in the study with the graphics. The information was obtained through sources explaining the indices from which the indicators were taken.
In the study, the effects of innovation were examined through a single model. Structural equation modeling was chosen for the analysis. Structural equation modeling was also examined theoretically before starting the application. The differences between the covariance-based method and the least squares and structural equation modeling, which are two different methods in structural equation modeling, are listed. The least squares structural equation modeling was chosen because the data set subject to the model contains a limited number of data and the variables are not suitable for the normality distribution. Minitab application was used to test the normality distribution. In the continuation of the study, the differences between the least squares and the formative and reflective variables used in the structural equation modeling were tried to be explained. Criteria to be able to test the variables in the model are explained with formulas for both reflective and formative variables. In the last part of the theoretical part, second-order structural equation modeling is examined. Which methods are used for second-order models and which method is chosen in the analysis are explained.
In the model, three basic concepts, namely innovation, logistics performance and energy, were analyzed by transforming them into hidden variables. In the model, innovation, Education, Business World, Market, Knowledge, Institutional Environment (Business) is constructed as a second-degree latent variable by using hidden variables. Thus, the total number of variables examined was 7. The number of indicators used to examine the variables was 22. The concepts selected for innovation were first examined within themselves, and then the second stage was passed in the model, and the results from the variables in the first version were used as indicators that formed the innovation. At the moment, innovation was perceived through a single variable. For this application, second-order methods in structural equation modeling were studied. Second-order structural equation modeling was constructed in the formative-formative structure by using repetitive indicators. The name formative-formative comes from the structure of first- and second-order hidden variables. In the first stage of the model, the variables used to define innovation were created in a formative structure. The innovation latent variable uses the results of first-order latent variables as indicators. These indicators used were also created in a formative structure. The variables that define logistics performance and energy sustainability are formed in a reflective structure. The created model was examined using the Smart PLS application. The visuals of the model and the charts showing the results of the model are presented in the study.
There are different criteria tests for reflective and formative variables. Indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, convergent reality and discriminant validity tests were checked for reflective variables. For indicator reliability, factor loadings of indicators, composite reliability coefficients for internal consistency reliability, and average variance values explained for convergent validity were examined. Fornell Larcker and HTMT matrix were examined for discriminant validity test. For the variables formed in the formative type, multi-dependency was tested, and the significance of the observable variables constituting the latent variable with t statistics was examined. After the significance test, the factor loadings were tested to pass the threshold value. These tests were applied and interpreted separately for the first-order and second-order hidden variables. All of the latent variables passed the criteria tests successfully.
As a result of the application of the model, R2 values were observed for the Energy and Logistics Performance latent variables, the effects of which were examined on the concepts of innovation. The t statistics and corresponding p values were used to test the hypotheses. In addition, the coefficients of the latent variables were observed in order to determine the aspect of innovation on logistics performance and energy sustainability.
The results of the model showed that innovation has a significant impact on both energy sustainability and logistics performance. It is seen that the progressive steps of countries towards education, markets, improving the institutional environment in the business environment and conducting research and development activities have a direct relationship on logistics performance and energy sustainability. In addition to these, it is seen that the innovative environment and institutional improvements developed by the enterprises have a significant effect on logistics performance and energy sustainability.
As another result of the study, it is seen that the values coming from the related fields have a positive effect on the logistics performance. Countries that want to increase their logistics performance need trained personnel, improvements in institutional areas and markets. In addition to the work carried out by the state, the new combinatorial approaches to continue throughout their businesses contribute to the performance of logistics. It is seen that the results of the incentives for research and development by the private sector or government institutions are among the factors contributing to the increase in logistics performance. A negative relationship was observed between innovation and energy sustainability. While calling for innovative work to increase sustainable energy use in international institutions and expressing the benefits of innovative approach examples, why innovation values are inversely related to energy sustainability and why they do not provide sufficient benefit can be examined in future studies.
Finally, this thesis study contains data at the macro level, and for the three indices used, only four common years could be found. The impact of innovation can be seen in a more comprehensive way if resources can be found that can provide more data in future studies. In addition, the use of data from companies instead of using country-based data in future studies may enable the observation of these relations in a specific way.