XVIII. yüzyıl Osmanlı toplumunda nazari ve tatbiki olarak karz işlemleri
The credit contracts which has pratical and theoretical the Ottoman society in the 18th century
Yazar: SÜLEYMAN KAYA
Danışman: PROF.DR. CELÂL YENİÇERİ
Marmara Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / İlahiyat Ana Bilim Dalı / İslam Hukuku Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2007
Konu: Din = Religion ; Hukuk = Law ; Tarih = History

Özet:
nsanoglunun toplumsal yasamda borç alma ihtiyacı duydugubilinen bir gerçektir. Bu durum tarihin hemen her devrinde borç vererekfaiz geliri elde etmegi meslek edinen sahıs veya kurumların ortayaçıkmasına sebebiyet vermistir. Ancak ilahi dinlerin tamamında faiz yasakkılınmıstır. slam'a baglı kalmayı kendilerine siar edinmis Osmanlıulemasının da faizi açık ve kesin ifadelerle yasakladıkları görülür. Bunamukabil toplumun borç alma ihtiyacını karsılamak üzere bazı hile-iseri`yyelere ulema tarafından cevaz verildigi müsahede edilir. 18. yüzyılsöz konusu oldugunda muamele-i seri`yye ve bey bi'l-istiglâl en çokuygulanan hile-i seri`yyelerdir. Bu islemlerle A'dan Z'ye her sahıs vekurum, verdikleri borç karsılıgında %15'i geçmemek sartıyla artı bir gelirelde edebilirdi.Verilen borç karsılıgında artı bir fazlalık alma, sömürü aracı olarakdönüsmeye yatkındır. Bu noktada ulemanın, muamele-i seri`yye, bey bi'listiglâlvb. islemleri hem sömürü aracına dönüsmesini engelleyeceksekilde düzenledi hem de denetim altında tuttugu görülür.Temel islevi devlet maliyesi ve askeri zümrenin kredi ihtiyacınıkarsılamak olan sarrafların sair kurum ve sahıslara da borç verdigigörülür. Vakıfların borç verdigi kimseler ise daha ziyade esnaf ve hanehalklarıdır.

Abstract:
It is a well known fact that individual human beings occasionally feel theneed to borrow in social life. This state of affairs has let to the emergence ofindividuals and institutions in every epoch of history professionalizing in the fieldof lending money on the basis of some interest revenue. However, receivinginterest was banned by all monotheist religions. Accordingly, it was observedthat the Ottoman Ulema, renown with their strict loyalty to Islamic principles,have banned all forms of interest with clear and unambiguous statements.However, it was also observed that certain deviations from religious teachings(hila-i shari`yye) were legitimized by the Ulema in order to meet the risingborrowing needs of the society. As far as developments in the 18th century areconcerned, ?muamala-i shari`yye? and ?bay bi?l-istiglâl? constituted the mostcommonly applied forms of such deviations legitimized with religious references.Through these practices, every individual and institution from A to Z could haveacquired a surplus income up to but not exceeding 15% of the original amountextended in lending arrangements.It is conceivable that the practice of receiving a surplus on the basis ofthe lent amount could easily turn into a means of exploitation. On this point, itappears that the Ulema had kept practices such as ?muamale-i shari`yye?, baybi?l-istiglâl etc. under control and regulated them to prevent their transformationinto means of exploitation.It was also observed that the jewelers, whose main function was tomeet the credit requirements of public treasury and military personnel, were alsoinvolved in lending arrangements to other individuals and institutions. Theendowments (waqf), on the other hand, were providing credits particularly tosmall business and shop owners as well as households.