Edirne Balon(Zeplin) Hangarı mevcut durum analizi ve koruma önerileri
Edirne Balloon(Zeppelin) Hangar present condition analysis and conservation recommendations
Yazar: HASIM YAMAN BAYRAM
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ UMUT ALMAÇ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Askeri mimari = Military architecture ; Modern mimari miras = Modern architectural heritage ; Osmanlı mimarisi = Ottoman architecture

Özet:
Bu tez çalışmasının konusu Edirne ili, Merkez ilçesi, Kemerler mevkii, 1163 ada, 126 parselde bulunan Edirne Balon (Zeplin) Hangarı'dır. 2017 yılında Edirne Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu'nun 08.05.2017 tarih ve 4027 sayılı kararı ile 1. grup korunması gerekli kültür varlığı olarak tescil edilen yapı, yakın tarihe kadar Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından tuz deposu olarak kullanılmıştır. Uygun olmayan bir işlevle kullanılması ve bakımsızlık nedeniyle çeşitli zararlı etkilere maruz kalan yapının korunabilmesi için mevcut durumu analiz edilmiş ve koruma önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Mevcut durumun belgelenmesi için alan çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiş, alan çalışmalarında yapılan detaylı ölçümler ve gözlemler ile malzeme ve hasar analizleri oluşturulmuştur. Sonrasında yapının strüktürel performansının değerlendirilmesi için yapısal analizer gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen veriler bir araya getirilerek yapının korunması için öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Birinci bölümde tez çalışmasının amacına, kapsamına ve yöntemine değinilmiştir. İkinci bölümde yapının inşa edildiği dönem ve koşullar hakkında bilgiler vermek amacıyla 20. yüzyıl başında, Osmanlı Devleti'nde havacılığın durumu incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde yapının mevcut durumu ile ilgili bilgiler sunulmuştur. Bölüm içerisinde yapının bulunduğu çevre hakkında bilgi verilmiş, plan ve cephe özelliklerine, yapım tekniğine, malzeme ve hasar durumlarına dair elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Dördüncü bölüm, restitüsyon önerisi ile ilgildir. Restitüsyon çalışmasının oluşturulması için yazılı ve görsel arşiv belgeleri, eski fotoğraflar, eski haritalar, 20. yüzyıl başına ait teknik metinler incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde yapının strüktürel durumuyla ilgili gözleme dayalı değerlendirmelere ek olarak sayısal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Altıncı bölüme tespit edilen koruma sorunları sunulmuş, bu sorunların giderilmesine yönelik öneriler ifade edilmiştir. Sonuç bölümü olan yedinci bölümde çalışmanın değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.
Tarih boyunca insanoğlunun en büyük hayallerinden biri olan uçuş, kontrollü olarak ilk defa 18. yüzyılda, bir sıcak hava balonu aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sınır aşıldıktan sonra balon teknolojisi hızla gelişmeye başlamış, 19. yüzyıl boyunca birçok farklı balon tipi icat edilmiştir. Balonun savaş alanında sağlayabileceği avantajları farkeden ülkeler, ordularında balon bölükleri kurmuş, balonculuğun gelişmesine yatırım yapmışlardır. 20. yüzyılın başında Wright kardeşlerin motorlu uçak ile ilk uçuşlarını gerçekleştirmesi havacılığa gösterilen ilgiyi daha da artmıştır. Bu dönemde Osmanlı Devleti havacılıktaki gelişmeleri takip etmek, fabrikaları incelemek ve hava araçları satın almak için Avrupa'ya komisyonlar göndermiş ve bir havacılık heyeti oluşturmuştur. Yapılan girişimlerin sonucu olarak Türk Havacılığı'nın temelleri atılmıştır.
Tez çalışmasının konusu olan yapı, Osmanlı Devleti tarafından Almanya'nın Augsburg kentinde bulunan Riedinger Balon Fabrikası'ndan satın alınan "Drachen"
xxvi
tipi sabit balonu muhafaza etmek için 1912 yılında inşa edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin ilk havacılık yapısı olan hangar, aynı zamanda betonarme mimarinin Türkiye'deki erken örneklerindendir.
Yapı, ülke sınırlarına yakın bir konumda, çeşitli askeri yapılar ile çevrili bir alanda bulunmaktadır. Edirne kent merkezinin kuzeybatısında bulunan yapının çevresinde, Avarız, Aynalı ve Başhöyük Tabyaları, Askeri Hastane ve Mahmudiye Kışlası gibi 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde ve 20. yüzyılın başında yapılmış askeri yapılar yer alır.
Hangar, plan ve cephe özelliklerini büyük ölçüde korumaktadır ancak zaman içerisinde özgün kapı ve pencere doğramaları kaybedilmiş, geçmişte gerçekleştirilen kullanıcı müdahaleleri ile bir takım yapı elemanları ortadan kaldırılmıştır. Yapının güneybatı cephesinde ana sahının dış duvarının büyük bir kısmı yıkılmış, yapının içerisinde bulunan özgün tuğla duvarlar kaldırılarak, çağdaş malzeme ile niteliksiz duvarlar örülmüştür. Yapılan müdahaleler haricinde, bina bakımsızlık nedeniyle uzun yıllar çevresel etkilere maruz kalmıştır. Dış koşullara uzun süreli maruz kalması sonucunda yapının genelinde donatılar korozyona uğramıştır. Oluşan korozyon birçok noktada pas payı dökülmelerine sebep olmuş, denizlik ve saçak gibi elemanlarda ise eleman kesitinin bütünüyle kaybına yol açmıştır.
Tez çalışması kapsamında elektronik mesafe ölçümü ve fotogrametri yöntemleriyle detaylı belgeleme yapılmış, elde edilen veriler ile rölöve çizimleri, malzeme ve hasar analizleri hazırlanmıştır. Arşiv taramaları ve sahada yapılan gözlemler, birlikte değerlendirilerek yapının 1912 yılında ilk inşa edildiği döneme yönelik restitüsyon çalışması yapılmış, koruma önerilerini ifade eden çizimler hazırlanmıştır.
Erken betonarme yapım sistemlerinde görülen yetersizlikler ve kusurlar ile yapıda gözlemlenen hasarlar göz önüne alındığında yapıda bazı yapısal risklerin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, yapının sabit yükler, hareketli yükler ve deprem yükleri etkisindeki performansının anlaşılmasına yönelik yapısal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizlerde 2018 yılında yürürlüğe giren Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği ve 2017 yılında Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından 2017 yılında yayınlanan "Tarihi Yapılar İçin Deprem Risklerinin Yönetimi Kılavuzu" referans alınmıştır. Yapının dijital ortamda üç boyutlu modeli oluşturulmuş, zemin ve deprem parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Binanın yapısal durumu, lineer statik ve lineer dinamik analizlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Sonrasında yapı elemanlarının kesit analizleri gerçekleştirilerek hasar sınırları belirlenmiş, elemanların içinde bulundukları hasar bölgeleri tespit edilmiştir.
Gözleme dayalı tespitler ve analiz verileri göz önünde bulunarak yapıdaki koruma sorunları başlıklar halinde sıralanmıştır. Sorunlara yönelik öneriler geliştirilirken ICOMOS tarafından 2020'de "Cadiz Belgesi" adıyla yayınlanan "Beton Mirasın Korunması Rehberi" referans alınmıştır. Koruma önerileri kapsamında detaylı bir yapısal iyileştirme senaryosu oluşturulmuş, üç farklı güçlendirme yaklaşımı geliştirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The subject of this thesis, Edirne Balloon (Zeppelin) Hangar, is located in Edirne Province, Central District, Kemerler Locality, block 1163, lot 126. The building was registered as a cultural property in 2017 by Edirne Regional Council for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property. Until its registration, the building had been used by the Turkish General Directorate of Highways as a warehouse for salt. Due to misuse and long-term neglect, the building has been subjected to various detrimental effects. To remedy the damages and deterioration caused by these effects, the present state of the construction was surveyed and evaluated, then proper conservation proposals were developed. . Detailed measurements and inspections were made in the field campaigns to document the current condition. Architectural survey and analysis drawings (material and deterioration) have been created with the data obtained from the fieldwork. A reconstitution study has been carried out to understand the initial state of the building. Old maps, photographs and written archive materials were evaluated together with fieldwork inspections for this phase. Afterwards, a numeric analysis using the Finite Elements Method was performed to evaluate the structural performance of the building. Finally, conservation proposals have been developed by gathering all the data together.
In the first chapter, the purpose, scope and methodology of the thesis study are mentioned. In the second chapter, the state of aviation in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century was analyzed to obtain information about the period and circumstances in which the building was built. In the third chapter, the current condition of the building is analyzed. In the section, information about the environment in which the building is located is given, and the data obtained on the plan and facade features, construction techniques and materials, damage state are presented. In the fourth section, a reconstitution study was carried out. Archival documents, old photographs, old maps and technical texts of the early 20th century were analyzed to and develop the restitution study proposals. In the fifth section, a numerical analysis was carried out to evaluate the structural state of the construction. In the sixth section, the conservation problems are presented and and proposals for the elimination of these problems are expressed. In the seventh section, which is the conclusion section, the evaluation of the study is made.
Manned flight, one of the greatest dreams of humanity, was first achieved in a controlled manner in the 18th century by means of a hot air balloon. Hydrogen was discovered soon after this milestone was reached and developments in balloon technology accelerated rapidly. Many types and models of balloons such as the dirigible "Zeppelin" and the "Drachen" kite balloon were invented in the 19th century. Countries quickly took notice of the advantages that a balloon may provide on the battlefield. By the end of the 19th century, European countries such as England,
xxviii
Germany, Spain and Russia have brought together balloon squadrons in their armies. At the start of the 20th century, Wright Brothers achieved flight with a motored airplane. This achievement has brought attention to aviation in such a way that major developments were made every year in Europe and America. At this point, the Ottoman State was behind by a large margin in terms of developments in aviation. No serious effort was made until a commission was sent to observe the aviation developments and aircraft factories in 1909. In 1910 the Ottoman State formed an aviation committee in the army to accelerate the efforts. Subsequent commissions were dispatched to Europe for aircraft purchases, and although an agreement with the Riedinger Balloon Factory in Augsburg, Germany, for a tethered balloon was reached, budget constraints prevented its finalization. The first aviation committee struggled to find funds for the purchases, thus Süreyya (İlmen) Pasha was appointed to ensure the necessary budget from the Ministry of Finance. Later, another committee with Süreyya Pasha as the chairman was formed. It is accepted that the foundation of Turkish Aviation was laid by the formation of the second aviation committee.
By 1912, the committee's perseverance culminated in securing the necessary budget, enabling the Ottoman Empire to acquire its first aircraft. The structure, which is the subject of this thesis, was built soon after the purchase to house the "Drachen" type tethered balloon purchased by the Ottoman Empire from the Riedinger Balloon Factory in Augsburg, Germany. Edirne Balloon Hangar, the first aviation structure of the Ottoman Empire, is also one of the earliest examples of reinforced concrete architecture in Turkey.
The building is located close to the borders of the country, in an area surrounded by various military structures. Unlike many other examples in Europe, the hangar was built closely behind the front line of defence that was established by the bastions. Positioned northwest of the city centre of Edirne, the building is surrounded by military buildings built in the last quarter of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Avarız, Aynalı and Başhöyük Bastions, Military Hospital and Mahmudiye Barracks.
The hangar has a rectangular plan divided into three aisles with a total dimension of 30 x 23.40 meters. The nave features a low profile barrel vault, while the side aisles are covered by sloped roofs. The vault of the nave, approximately 12 meters tall, extends above the side aisles and there are illuminating windows located between the roofs of the side aisles and the abutment of a barrel vault. Almost the entirety of the hangar was built with reinforced concrete. Except smaller brick infills on the northeast facade all of the vertical elements (walls and columns) are made of reinforced concrete which has been cast together.
The building preserves its plan and façade features to a great extent, but the original doors and window framess have been lost over time and several building elements have been removed by user interventions in the past. In the old photographs, on the northeast façade of the building, there was a wall covering the large middle opening present today. A large part of the exterior wall of the main nave has been demolished, the original brick walls inside the building have been removed and modern walls have been built with contemporary materials. Apart from the interventions, the building has been exposed to environmental effects for many years due to a lack of maintenance. As a result of prolonged direct contact with air and humidity, rebarsthroughout the building have been corroded. The corrosion has caused the spalling of concrete at many points, and in elements such as sills and eaves, it has led to the partial loss of the element.
xxix
A reconstitution study directed to the initial state of the building has been conducted. Extensive research involving scanning old photographs, maps, technical drawings and written archive materials from the Prime Ministerate Ottoman Archives and National Defense Ministerate Archives has been done. The tables presenting the details of the balloon purchase and the original plan drawings of the hangar sent by the Riedinger Balloon Factory, found in this research, were amongst the key references for the restitution. Information about the balloon, its machinery and the necessary facilities needed to fly and operate it have been gleaned from aviation texts dating back to the early 20th century. Additionally, other aircraft hangars and similar concrete buildings from the same period were researched to provide further context and comparative insight.
Considering the deficiencies and defects observed in the early reinforced concrete construction systems and the damages observed in the structure, it was predicted that the structure may pose some risks. In this context, structural analysis was carried out to assess the performance of the building under the dead loads, live loads and earthquake loads. In the structural analysis, the 2018 Turkey Building Earthquake Regulation and the "Guide for the Management of Earthquake Risks for Historic Buildings" published by the General Directorate of Foundations were taken as references. The soil properties of the area were obtained by using the "Vs30 Maps Web Application" of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the earthquake parameters were defined by using the "Turkey Earthquake Risk Maps Interactive Web Application" of the Directorate of Disaster and Emergency Management (AFAD). Using ETABS 2020 structural analysis software, a three-dimensional digital model of the building was created. The loads, incorporating soil and earthquake parameters, were defined within the software. In the beginning, a linear static analysis was conducted to understand the structural response under its own weight. Then, a modal analysis was carried out to capture the dynamic characteristics of the construction such as the main vibration modes and mode shapes. Finally, a linear dynamic analysis wascarried out to evaluate the seismic response of the structure. Rotations, displacements and the forces acting on the building were obtained with the analysis. Subsequently, XTRACT software was employed for cross-sectional analyses of the structural elements. Damage limits were established, and specific damage zones corresponding to the elements were identified.
Conservation problems were identified by considering the observations made in the field and the data obtained from the analyses. The problems were reviewed under three main categories: "Environmental Effects", "Structural Problems" and "Accessibility, Security and Relationship with Surrounding Buildings". Conservation strategies targeting these issues were then proposed. While developing recommendations for the problems, the "Guide for the Conservation of Concrete Heritage" published by ICOMOS in 2020 under the name of "Cadiz Document" was taken as a guiding reference.
The first recommendation involved the reconstruction of the northeastern wall, a measure deemed necessary to prevent potential heavy damage to building elements on the northeastern facade during seismic events. Subsequently, a structural improvement scenario was devised to address corrosion and restore the building to its original structural capacity. Three distinct approaches for structural strengthening were proposed: "Thin jacketing and confinement with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)", "Strengthening with Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM)", and "Strengthening with steel
xxx
structure." The thesis also presented recommendations for the drainage system and the adaptive reuse of the building.
Even if all conservation recommendations are implemented under optimal conditions, unless the building has a function, the problems encountered in the past will inevitably reappear. Considering the importance of the building in the history of aviation, it was found appropriate to re-use it as an aviation museum.
Within the scope of the thesis study, detailed documentation was carried out with electronic distance measurement and photogrammetry methods. Survey drawings and material and damage analyses were prepared with the data obtained from the documentation. Archival documents and observations made in the field were evaluated together and a reconstitution study was carried out for the period when the building was first built in 1912. Utilizing the latest data on materials recommended for structural consolidation and strengthening, detailed drawings illustrating the application of these methods were meticulously crafted.