Kentsel dönüşüm alanlarının yer seçimine entegre olacak peyzaj planlama analizleri; Elazığ kenti örneği
Landscape planning analyzes to be integrated to determine location of urban transformation areas; case study of Elaziğ city
Yazar: NUR SOYBELLİ SEZGİN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ADEM ERDEM ERBAŞ ; DOÇ. DR. SEHER DEMET YÜCEL
Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılın, yarattığı değişimler ve hızlı büyüme açlığı, doğal kaynakları tüketerek önlenemeyen bir kentsel yayılmanın gerçekleştiği bir süreci yansıtmaktadır. Bu hızlı değişim ve kontrolsüz kaynak tüketimleri tüm canlı türlerinin ve yaşam kaynaklarının doğal döngüsünü tehdit ettiği gibi gelecek yaşam döngülerini de tehlike altına sokmaktadır. Bunların sağlıklı işleyen bir süreçle kontrol altına alınabilir olması ise bugünkü doğa odaklı yaklaşımların genişletilerek her ölçekte yer bulmasıyla sağlanabilir. 
Doğal ve kültürel kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımı başka bir deyişle, mekansal planlama adımlarının doğa tabanlı bir çerçevede geliştirilememesi, bahsi geçen tüm bu süreçleri hızlandırmaktadır.Bugün, geleneksel planlama dünyanın da gündeminde yer etmeye başlayan çevresel farkındalıktan etkilenmeye başlamış ve mekansal planlamanın rolü ve sorumluluklarının yeniden tanımlanmasını zorunlu kılmıştır.Bu çalışma ile amaçlanan ise Avrupa Peyzaj Sözleşmesi ile gündeme gelen peyzaj planlama sürecinin ülkemiz mekansal planlama sistemi içinde mümkün kılınabildiğini ve bu süreci besleyen doğa odaklı yaklaşımların planlama çıkarımlarına nasıl katkı sağladığını ortaya koymaktır.
Tez çalışmasının ilk çerçevesini, bu amacı besleyen kavramsal tanımlamalar, doğa odaklı yaklaşımları kendi planlama sistemine entegre etmeyi başaran öncü ülkeler ve mekansal planlama ile peyzaj planlamanın hangi düzlemde bütünleştirilebilir olduğunu gösteren ölçekler ve politikalar oluşturmaktadır.
Üst kurgu ile tezin ana çerçevesi belirlenen çalışmanın gerçekçi bir örnek alan ile bu süreci desteklemesi önemli bulunmuştur. Bu başlık ülkemizde ve dünyada sorun olarak kabul görmüş kentsel çöküntü alanlarının belirlenmesini konu edinmiş olan kentsel dönüşüm ve gelişim alanlarının tespiti çalışmaları olarak belirlenmiştir.Bu aşamada örnek alan olarak belirlenen Elazığ yerleşik alan ve çevresinde 6306 sayılı kanun kapsamında dönüşüm ve gelişim alanlarının belirlenmesine ilişkin hazırlanan "kentsel dönüşüm strateji belgesi" çalışması ele alınmıştır. Belirlenen kentsel dönüşüm alanlarının hangi parametreler ışında tespit edildiği ve kentsel parçalarda hangi değişimlere neden olduğu alan çalışması kapsamında irdelenmiştir. Köhneleşmiş ve riskli kent parçalarının kentin kalanıyla bütünleşmesini amaçlayan dönüşüm projelerinin peyzaj planlama adımlarıyla tekrar ele alınması ve bu amaca giden yolda katkı sağlaması için "Peyzaj Karakter Analizi" ile "Peyzaj Fonksiyon Analizi" sürece dahil edilmiştir. Peyzaj sınıflandırması ve fonksiyonları değerlendirilmesi ile mekansal planlamaya katkı sağlayacak ekolojik odaklı politikaların geliştirilmesi, koruma-kullanma dengesinin belirlenmesi, mevcut kent karakteriyle uyumlu kent parçalarının üretilmesi ve doğa tabanlı yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Öncelikle bu çalışma, çevresel sorunlardan biri olan kentsel dönüşüm sürecine ışık tutmayı ve peyzaj planlama sisteminin mekansal planlama bağını güçlendirmeyi dolayısıyla peyzajların korunmasını taahhüt ettiğimiz APS sorumluluklarını yerine getirmeyi hedeflemiştir. Belirlenen bu hedef doğrultusunda örnek alan çalışmasının, çevre ile olan ilişkisinin doğa temelli bir yaklaşımla ele alınması sağlanmıştır. Yöntem dahilinde ortaya konan çıkarımlar, örnek çalışmanın sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmış, daha da önemlisi sürece dahil edilerek ekolojik odaklı yaklaşımlarda bulunulmuştur. Bu çalışma sonucunda örnek çalışma için peyzaj politika ve çalışmalarından beslenen, doğa koruma yaklaşımlı planlama sürecinde izlenecek yollar önerilmiştir.

Abstract:
The changes in our century and the starvation of rapid growth reflect a process in which an urban expansion cannot be avoided by consuming natural resources. This rapid change and uncontrolled resource consumption threaten the natural cycle of all living species and living resources and endanger future life cycles. The fact that these can be controlled by a healthy process can be achieved by expanding today's nature-oriented approaches in every scale.
The sustainable use of natural and cultural resources, in other words, the fact that spatial planning steps cannot be developed within a nature-based framework, accelerates all these processes. The most basic tool we have in order to cope with the environmental destruction we face is undoubtedly spatial planning. Today, traditional planning has begun to be affected by the environmental awareness that has begun to take place on the agenda of the world and necessitated the redefinition of the roles and responsibilities of spatial planning. Consequently, in order to protect the landscape in spatial planning, hydrological, geomorphological, climatic, ecological, socio- economic, cultural and so on. It has been recognized all over the world that all elements of the system must be taken into account in an integrated manner. It was concluded that this process would be solved by international cooperation in some contracts and measures on an international scale. The most obvious one is undoubtedly the European Landscape Convention where our country is also a party. European countries signed a signature agreement in 2000 with the European Landscape Convention (APS), which was put into practice in 2004, and started a significant association regarding the management, planning, legislation and appearance of landscapes in their countries.
The landscape planning has not received the necessary place and importance within the spatial planning system in almost all Turkish legislatory system and planning processes except for a few regulations and definitions. The biggest step was the adoption of the APS approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 2003. With the European Landscape Convention, the Contracting Parties undertook to define and protect the natural and cultural landscape values, and to include them in the planning process with a holistic approach. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the landscape planning process that has been brought to the agenda with APS (ELC) can be made possible within the spatial planning system of our country and how nature oriented approaches that feed this process contribute to the planning inferences.
The first framework of the thesis study encompasses conceptual definitions that nurture this purpose, the pioneer countries that have succeeded in integrating nature-oriented approaches into their own planning system, and the scales and policies that demonstrate the extent to which spatial planning and landscape planning can be integrated.
It was found important to support this process with a realistic sample area. This title has been determined as the studies on the determination of urban transformation and development areas which are the subject of determination of the urban depreciated areas accepted as a problem in our country and in the world. In the determination of the urban parts of urban transformation, the effects of the physical space on the landscape planning approach and the discussion of the results were a step that concretized the general purpose of the thesis.
In this phase, Elazığ's Urban Transformation Strategy Document, which is selected as a sample area and which is prepared in order to determine the transformation and development areas within the scope of "6306 Law on Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk, has been discussed. The parameters of the urban transformation areas determined in the light of the parameters and the changes in urban parts were investigated within scope of the case study. All existing data and the conducted studies were reassessed by integrating the proposed landscape analysis methods and the forecasted differences were discussed. "Landscape Character Analysis" and "Landscape Function Analysis" have been included in the process as part of a holistic approach for the transformation projects, which aim to integrate the old and risky urban parts with the rest of the city.
With the help of landscape character analysis and assessment, it is aimed to fulfill our responsibilities of European Landscape Contract, which is determined as the legal basis in the greater scale. Landscape character assessment (PKD) will contribute to the sensitive use of resources and protection of the environment in preventing environmental degradation. Landscape function analysis studies will also help to determine how ecological processes within the landscape system and how current uses or spatial decisions will affect this process. Thus, the areas where landscape is sensitive from different aspects will be determined. The reassessment of the study with this content is ensured by the reliable technical implementation methods. Geographical Information Systems (GIS), which is frequently used by landscape planners, have played an important role in the mapping and transfer of the data of the landscape analysis to be included in the process. As part of this method, field studies, data obtained by institutions and organizations were filtered based on expert opinions and a separate mapping system was applied for each data layer and the analyses were interpreted by articulating with other parameters. As a result of the evaluations, the comparison of how the upper scale approach decisions in the conceptual framework played a role in the determination of the urban transformation areas in scope of the sample of Elazığ city was put under focus.
With the evaluation of landscape classification and functions, it is aimed to develop ecologically oriented policies that will contribute to spatial planning, to determine the balance of protection-use, to produce urban parts compatible with the existing urban character and to develop nature based approaches. The main output of this method is the fact that this creates an input for spatial planning and it can be measured how landscape planning methods and approaches affect the result.
First of all, this study aims to shed light on the urban transformation process, which is one of the environmental problems, and to fulfill the responsibilities of the APS, which we are committed to protecting the landscape planning system in order to strengthen the bond of spatial planning. In line with this goal, it was ensured that the study of the sample area and its relationship with the environment was handled with a nature-based approach. The implications of the method were compared with the results of the case study, and more importantly, ecological-oriented approaches were included. In terms of determining the possible risks, it has been observed that it provides large inputs in the structural decisions in the newly developed urban tissues. However, strategies have been developed for the city's unhealthy urban textures such as how to relate existing character textures with spatial decisions. As a result of this study, new methods that are being nurtured by landscape policy and studies and which can be followed during the planning process with nature conservation approach, which is nourished by landscape policies and studies for the case study, has been proposed.