TBDY 2018'e göre betonarme binalardaki deprem perdeleri boyutlarının belirlenmesi için bir yöntem
A method for determination of the dimensions of seismic shear-walls in buildings according to TBEC 2018
Yazar: AHMET YILDIRIM
Danışman: PROF. DR. TURGUT ÖZTÜRK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Deprem Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deprem Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Deprem Mühendisliği = Earthquake Engineering ; İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Betonarme binalar = Reinforced concrete buildings ; Betonarme perdeler = Reinforced concrete shear walls ; Deprem mühendisliği = Earthquake engineering ; Deprem yönetmelikleri = Earthquake regulations ; Depreme dayanıklı binalar = Earthquake resistant buildings

Özet:
Bu yüksek lisans tezinde,  belirlenen koşullarda, yapıya etkiyebilecek yatay ve düşey yükler altında, yüksek süneklikli perdeli ve perdeli-çerçeveli taşıyıcı sistemlere sahip yapılardaki betonarme perde boyutlarının, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği 2018 şartları ve esasları göz önünde bulundurularak belirlenmesi yapılmıştır. 
Özellikle yatay deprem kuvvetleri altındaki yapılarda, düğüm noktalarında meydana gelen aşırı ötelenmeler ve taşıyıcı sistem elemanlarında oluşan ciddi zorlanmalar  büyük hasarlara ve hatta göçmeye yol açabilmektedir. Bunlar gibi istenmeyen durumların önüne geçebilmek için, yüksek yatay rijitliğe sahip perdelerin kullanımı oldukça faydalıdır. Bu sayede yanal ötelenmeler sınırlanır ve yatay kuvvetlerin  büyük bir kısmı perdeler tarafından alınarak, diğer taşıyıcı sistem elemanları rahatlatılmış olur. 
Farklı zemin koşullarına, malzeme özelliklerine, kat adetlerine, kat alanlarına ve perde sayılarına sahip yapılar ele alınmış ve hesaplamalar yapılarak Ek'te verilen grafikler oluşturulmuştur. Belirlenen bu değişkenlere bağlı olarak yapıya etkiyen yatay kuvvetler, Eşdeğer Deprem Yükü Yöntemi kullanılarak el ile hesaplanmıştır. Bu kuvvetlerden dolayı yapıda meydana gelen zorlamalara karşı yeterli dayanımı gösterebilecek, sayıları önceden belirlenmiş perdelerin boyutları  TBDY 2018'in izin verdiği maksimum göreli ötelenmeler göz önünde bulundurularak, virtüel iş metodu ile belirlenmiştir. Oluşturulan grafiklerden yararlanılarak, hesapların güvenilirliğini ve belirlenen perde boyutlarının yeterliliğini kontrol etmek amacıyla SAP 2000 Programı ile yedi adet yapı modellenmiştir.  Hem eşdeğer deprem yükü yöntemi ile karşılaştırabilmek hem de çalışmada çeşitliliği artırabilmek için modellenen yapıların çözümleri, mod birleştirme yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. 
Yapılan tez çalışması yedi bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünü oluşturan giriş bölümünde çalışmanın içeriği ve amaçlarından bahsedilmiştir. 
İkinci bölümde, ülkemizde de sıkça kullanılan taşıyıcı sistem türlerinden ve bu sistemlerin yatay ve düşey yükler altındaki davranışlarından bahsedilmiştir. Yine bu bölümde deprem etkileri altındaki betonarme perdelerin; davranışlarından, yapıya sağladığı katkılardan, güç tükenme şekillerinden, yapı içerisindeki konumlarının yapı davranışına etkilerinden bahsedilmiş ve yaygın kullanılan perde enkesit şekilleri gösterilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, TBDY 2018'de tanımlanan  deprem düzeylerine, yatay ve düşey tasarım spektrumlarına, bu spektrumların elde edilmesinde kullanılan katsayılara ve yapısal düzensizliklere değinilmiştir. 
Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde, deprem ve diğer yüklemelerin etkisi altındaki taşıyıcı sistemlerden beklenen özelliklerden ve yapının istenen davranış biçimini gösterebilmesi için  taşıyıcı sistem elemanlarının düzenlenme şekillerinden bahsedilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, perde boyu hesabında kullanılan eşdeğer deprem yükü yöntemine, sayısal uygulamalar yapılırken  SAP 2000 Programında kullanılan mod birleştirme yöntemine, bu hesaplamalarda izlenilecek yollara ve uyulması gereken kurallara ve analiz sonucunda yapılması gereken kontrollere değinilmiştir. Yine bu bölümde, taşıyıcı sistem türlerine ve süneklik düzeylerine bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösteren R ve D katsayıları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise, çalışmada ele alınan süneklik düzeyi yüksek perdelerin tasarımı aşamasında göz önüne alınması gereken kurallar anlatılmıştır. 
Yedinci bölümde, yapıya gerekli dayanımı vererek istenen davranış şeklini göstermesini sağlayabilecek perde boyutlarının ve adetlerinin belirlenmesinde; kullanılan yüklerden, yapılan kabullerden ve göz önüne alınan kriterden bahsedilmiştir. Sekizinci bölümde ise, sayısal uygulamalardaki yapı modellerinin, SAP 2000 programında nasıl tasarlandığı hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Bu bölümün devamında, programdan alınan veriler ile perde elemanların donatıları TBDY 2018 kural ve esaslarına göre tayin edilmiş ve yönetmeliğin bu elemanlar için belirlediği sınır şartların kontrolleri yapılmıştır.
Dokuzuncu ve son bölümde ise, yapılan hesaplamalardan ve uygulamalardan elde edilen sonuçlara ve bu sonuçların yorumlanmasına yer verilmiştir.

Abstract:
In this master's thesis, in determined circumstances, under vertical and horizontal loads that can affect a structure, reinforced concrete shear walls' dimensions which have high ductility shear wall system and shear wall-framed systems are specified by taking conditions and essentials of Turkish Building Earthquake Code released in 2018 into consideration.  
To define the dimensions of shear walls, horizontal excessive drift which is one of the reasons of high damages or failure happened in buildings is taken into the consideration. The dimensions of shear walls are calculated according to the highest relative storey drift value which is found and allowed by the code by taking the place of a building and the types of building such as reinforced concrete or steel into the consideration. In this work, the buildings of which areas are 400,600,800 m2 and have 5, 7,10,12,15 and 18 storeys are dealt with. Besides this, the situations in which there are 3, 4, 6 and 8 shear walls in each direction (x and y) are considered in buildings worked on. The graphics in appendix are created with the help of this shear wall's dimensions that are found and the values that are considered. Except for the characteristics defined in the graphics, the dimensions of shear walls in buildings which have different storey areas and numbers of shear walls can be found by making linear interpolation between the valued that are given.
To check the efficiency of the dimensions of shear walls, the needed shear walls' dimensions in buildings which the storey areas and numbers of shear walls are determined beforehand are obtained by utilizing the graphics that are created and also, three dimensional analyze models of the buildings are created by SAP 2000 Program. Shear walls reinforcements are determined according to the essentials identified in a Turkish Building Earthquake Code released in 2018for shear walls and the efficiency of shear walls' dimensions are controlled. Moreover, the values of storey drifts happened in a building and the structural irregularities are controlled. The efficiency of shear walls' dimensions are only made throughout a critical shear wall height where forces happen more and which is an important place for force transfer. 
Excessive displacements happened in the joints that especially are located in a building under the horizontal earthquake forces and serious compulsions happened in the elements of bearing systems can cause substantial damages and even, collapse failures. To avoid unexpected situations like the ones mentioned above, using shear walls which have a high rigidity is quite beneficial. With the help of this, lateral displacements are restricted and the other elements of bearing systems are relieved by taking most of it with the help of shear walls. It is tried to be underlined that the shear walls in reinforce concrete buildings have advantages on the behavior of structural system that is under seismic load with the help of this work. 
The structures which have different soil conditions, characteristics of materials, numbers of storey, storey areas and number of shear walls are considered and the graphics attached in the appendix are created by calculating. Lateral forces that affect a structure by depending on these determined factors are calculated by hand by using a method called "Equivalent Seismic Load Method "  . Dimensions of shear walls of which numbers are predetermined and which can display efficient strength against to the compulsions happened because of these forces are determined with the help of a method of virtual work by considering maximum relative storey drifts allowed by Turkish Building Earthquake Code released in 2018. Seven types of structures are modeled with the help of SAP 2000 Analyze Program to check the reliability of calculations by taking advantage of the graphics that are created and to control the efficiency of shear walls' dimensions. To realize this, the essentials that the regulation supplies to model structural system are taken into the consideration. Analysis of modeled structures is conducted by Mode Superposition Method both to compare with Equivalent Seismic Load Method and to enhance diversity in working. 
This master's thesis is consisted of seven sections. The contents and aims of this work are mentioned in the introduction part which creates first section.
In the second section, types of structural systems that are commonly used in our country and behavior of these systems under horizontal and vertical loads are mentioned. Also, it is informed about using these structural systems can be advantageous or disadvantageous under which circumstances. Behaviors, benefits to a structure, failure of shear walls and effects of places in a structure to a structure behavior of reinforce concrete shear walls affected by an earthquake are mentioned and commonly used shear walls' cross sections are displayed in the second section, too. Polygon shear walls which can increase the strength of a building in each direction (x and y) and be adjusted around the shaft in a building such as the elevator shaft are mentioned in this section, too. Also, the advantages of polygon shear walls such as enabling to make a large internal volume- building which is suitable for architecturally by taking little space are dealt in this section. Earthquake levels, horizontal and vertical design spectrums, how to achieve these spectrums, modulus that is used for achieving these spectrums and structural irregularity are mentioned in section three.  It is mentioned about the meanings of the modulus and where and how to use the spectrums by creating them, too. Also, in this section, it is tried to be mentioned about how the unexpected irregularities affect the behavior of a building badly, what should be considered for not giving ways to the irregularities happen and what kind of precautions should be taken if there is an irregularity in a building.
The expected characteristics of structural systems affected by earthquakes and other loads and the arrangement types of structural systems' elements to display expected behavior from a structure are indicated in the forth section. The concepts such as rigidity and ductility commonly encountered while designing a building are tried to be explained in this section, too. In the fifth section, it is mentioned about the equivalent seismic load method which is one of the linear calculation methods and is used for calculating length of shear walls, mod superposition method which is also one of the linear calculation methods and is used in SAP 2000 Program while conducting quantitative applications, the procedures followed in these calculations, the rules which should be obeyed and the controls that should be applied at the end of the analysis process. The types of structural systems and modulus of R and D varying depending on the level of ductility are tried to be explained in third section, too.  The rules that should be considered in the process of designing shear walls with high ductility levels in this work are indicated in section six. To have an efficient durability to the vertical and horizontal forces affecting this shear walls and to display expected behaviors, how many reinforcements that the shear walls need to have and also, where they need to have and the organization types of these reinforcements are mentioned in this section, too. In addition to this, what kinds of changes can be done in shear walls when the expected criteria could not be fulfilled are tried to be explained.  
The loads that is used for determining the dimensions of shear walls which can guide to display expected behaviors by supplying necessary durability to a structure and quantities of them, achieving these loads, acceptances that are made and  the criteria that are taken into the consideration are mentioned in the seventh section. Also, the method of virtual work that is used for determining the dimensions of shear walls is tried to be explained. It is informed in the eighth section about how to design structural models in quantitative applications by using SAP 2000 Program, what is taken into the consideration while modeling, which load combinations are used to analyze and the data that are received from this program. In the following parts of this section, the reinforcement of shear walls' elements and data received from this program are appointed according to the rules and essentials of Turkey Building Earthquake Code released in 2018 and also, the requirements of the limits that are set by this regulation for these elements are checked.  Besides this, tables created with the values obtained from the calculations and the shapes showing the behaviors of modeled buildings under the seismic effects in x and y directions are displayed in this section. 
As a conclusion, the results from applications and calculations, the results that are received from the calculations and also, the interpretation of these results are included in the ninth and last section.