Grup toplamalı asansörler için enerji verimliliğini sağlayan kumanda sistemi tasarımı
Control system design providing energy efficiency for group-collected elevators
Yazar: NÜKTE IŞILAK ÜNLÜ
Danışman: PROF. DR. SALMAN KURTULAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Kontrol ve Otomasyon Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Kontrol ve Otomasyon Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bilimleri-Bilgisayar ve Kontrol = Computer Engineering and Computer Science and Control
Dizin: Asansör = Elevator ; Enerji tasarrufu = Energy saving ; Enerji verimliliği = Energy efficiency ; Kontrol sistemleri =   ; Kumanda kartı = Command card

Özet:
Asansörlerin insanları veya yükleri bir yerden bir yere taşımasının yanında verimli ve konforlu çalışarak bulunduğu binaya ve kullanıcılara fayda sağlaması beklenir. Verimli çalışma kriterlerinden bir tanesi enerji tasarrufudur. Enerji tasarrufu çeşitli şekillerde sağlanmaktadır. Asansörü belirli yük ile en az enerji harcayacak şekilde çalıştırılabilir. Her katta istenilen yolcu sayısını elde etmek için yolcuları bekletmek gerekmektedir.  Bu durum kullanıcıların bekleme sürelerini artıracaktır. Diğer enerji tasarruf yöntemi ise yolculuk süresini kısaltmaktır. Zamanla yarışılarak işlerin yetiştirildiği günümüzde zamandan tasarruf ederken enerjiden de tasarruf etmeyi hedeflemek en optimal çözüm olmaktadır.
Enerji tasarrufu yapmak için binanın ihtiyacına uygun asansör seçimi yapılması gerekmektedir. Binayı kullanan kişilerin davranışları ve bina tipi incelenerek ve bina trafiği analiz edilmektedir. Analiz sonucunda asansörlerin kapasiteleri ve çalışma şekilleri belirlenmektedir. Yolcu sayısı az ise asansör tek çağrı asansör sistemi tercih edilmektedir. Verimliliği artırmak için tek kabinli otomatik toplamalı kontrol sistemleri de seçilmektedir. Asansörlerin yoğun olarak kullanıldığı binalarda yolculuk süresini kısaltmak için çeşitli çözümler kullanılmaktadır. Asansör kabin sayısı artırılmaktadır. Enerji tasarrufu sağlamak için bu kabinler yan yana konumlandırılarak grup halinde çalıştırılmaktadır. Asansörler çeşitli şekilde grup olarak kumanda edilmektedir. 
Bu bitirme projesinde Siemens PLC ile Siemens TIA Portal programı kullanılarak grup asansörü kontrolü yapılmıştır. Asansör çağrı panelleri katlarda bulunmaktadır. Her asansör kullanıcısının kendine ait asansörü çağırma kartı bulunmaktadır. Asansör kullanıcısı katta bulunan çağrı panelinden hedef noktasını seçmektedir. Program kabinlerin kat atamaları incelenerek kullanıcıyı en kısa sürede hedefe götürecek kabini kullanıcıya atanmaktadır. Kullanıcıya atanan kabin çağrı panelinin üzerindeki gösterge ile gösterilmektedir. 
PLC programının diyagramı algoritmik durum makineleri yaklaşımı ile oluşturulmuştur. Grup asansörü kontrolü problemi çözülürken asansör kabinlerinden en uygun olanının seçilmesi ve asansörün hedef noktalarına en verimli şekilde ulaşması gerekmektedir. Grup halinde asansörleri çalıştırmak, asansör trafiği probleminin çözümüne olanak sağlar. Asansörün hedef noktalarına en verimli şekilde ulaşmasını sağlamak için asansör hareket kumandasının tasarımı yapılmıştır. Asansör kabin seçimi probleminin çözümünde ilk olarak asansör kabinlerinin yük bakımından uygunluğu kontrol edilmektedir. Yük uygunluğu, kullanıcının asansör yolculuğu sırasında asansör kabininde maksimum kaç kişi olacağı hesaplanarak değerlendirilmektedir. Daha sonra uygun asansör kabinleri ile kullanıcının toplam yolculuk süresi hesaplanmaktadır. Kullanıcı en kısa sürede hedefe ulaşacağı asansör kabinine yönlendirilmektedir. Asansörün katlara sırası ile gitmesini, asansör kapılarının doğru zamanda açılıp kapanmasını, arıza durumlarında asansörün durdurulmasını asansör hareket kumandası birimi yapmaktadır. Sonuç olarak asansör kabinlerinin hareket güzergahları ve kullanıcıların rotaları değerlendirilerek en kısa sürede yolculuk yapmaları sağlanmaktadır. Böylece, enerji verimli şekilde kullanılarak grup toplamalı asansör kumandası gerçekleştirilmiş olur.

Abstract:
Elevators are expected to provide benefits to the building and users by working efficiently and comfortably while carrying people or loads from one place to another. One of the efficient working criteria is energy saving. Energy saving is achieved in various ways. One of the energy saving methods is to operate the elevator with a certain load in a way that consumes the least energy. Running with a certain load will increase the waiting times of the users. Another energy saving method is to shorten the journey time. The concept of time and speed is very important today. Aiming to save energy while saving time is the most optimal solution.
In order to save energy, it is necessary to choose an elevator suitable for the needs of the building. The behavior of the people using the building and the building type are examined and the building traffic is analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the capacities and working styles of the elevators are determined. If the number of passengers is low, the elevator single call elevator system is preferred. In order to increase efficiency, control systems with single cabin automatic collection are also selected. Various solutions are used to shorten the journey time in buildings where elevators are used extensively. The number of elevator cabins is increased. In order to save energy, these cabins are positioned side by side and operated as a group. Elevators are controlled as a group in various ways.
In this graduation project, elevators cabins are controlled as a group by using Siemens PLC and Siemens TIA Portal program to save energy. Since the elevator cars are operated as a group according to the target floor information, the elevator call panels where the target floors are defined are located on the floors. Each elevator user has a unique elevator calling card. The elevator user selects the target point from the call panel on the floor. The floor assignments of the program cabins are examined and the cabin that will transport the user to their destination as soon as possible is assigned to the user. The cabin assigned to the user is indicated by the indicator on the call panel.
The diagram of the PLC program was created with the algorithmic state machines approach. While solving the group elevator control problem, it is necessary to choose the most suitable elevator car and reach the target points of the elevator in the most efficient way. When the movement directions of the elevator and the passenger are similar and the floor information of the elevator and the call floor of the passenger are the same, the passenger gets on the elevator. When the passenger in the elevator arrives at the target floor, they get off the elevator. Especially in determining the target floor of the elevator, the knowledge of whether the passenger is inside or outside the elevator and the direction of the elevator are of great importance. This information is also used in calculations. Operating elevators in groups allows to solve the elevator traffic problem. In order to ensure that the elevator reaches its target points in the most efficient way, a group-collecting elevator control system has been designed.
The control process starts when the passenger presses the call button. Called floors are listed in the call list until floor assignments are made. The call floor of the passenger and the destination floor of the passenger are written in the call list. In order to be able to select the elevator cabin, the information of the first passenger in the call list and the direction of movement of the passenger are transferred to the elevator load and travel time calculation module. The cabin to be used by the passenger who has been assigned a cabin is displayed to the user for 3 seconds with the instrument panel on the floor. After 3 seconds, the user's request and the cabin information to be used are deleted from the screen. After this information is deleted, the new passenger can make a new call by selecting the destination floor from the same field.
In solving the elevator cabin selection problem, first of all, the suitability of the elevator cabins in terms of load is checked. Load suitability is evaluated by calculating the maximum number of people in the elevator cabin during the user's elevator journey. In solving the elevator cabin selection problem, first of all, the suitability of the elevator cabins in terms of load is checked. Load suitability is evaluated by calculating the maximum number of people in the elevator cabin during the user's elevator journey. While calculating the maximum number of people in the elevator during the user's journey, the behavior of the passengers getting on and off the elevator during the process from the user's call floor to the arrival floor is modeled. The passenger list is checked one by one on each floor. If the person on the passenger list is in the elevator or getting on the elevator from that floor, one person is added to the number of people in the elevator. If the passenger is in the elevator and will get off the elevator on that floor, one person is deducted from the number of people in the elevator. After this process is done for all floors on the passenger departure route, the floor with the highest number of people is determined. If this value does not exceed the maximum capacity of the elevator, the elevator is suitable for the load that will carry the passenger.
The total travel time of the user is calculated for the elevator cabins whose load capacity is suitable for carrying the new passenger. The total travel time is the time from the moment the call is made until the passenger arrives at the destination floor. Therefore, the movement route of the elevator in the process of going from the floor where the elevator is located to the target floor of the passenger is modeled. Meanwhile, other passengers on the elevator route can get off the elevator and get on the elevator. Therefore, other passengers with a stop on this route are determined. The time the elevator spends during the stop and take off is different from the time it spends in the process of moving directly. In addition, the elevator cabin door is opened and closed, and the passenger has time to get on and off the elevator cabin. By using these time values with the journey route of the elevator, the total travel time is obtained. Total travel time calculations are made for all elevator cabins. By comparing the journey times of the elevator cabins, the cabin that gives the shortest time is determined. The user is directed to the elevator car, where he will reach the destination as soon as possible.
The elevator motion control module makes the elevator go to the floors sequentially, the elevator doors open and close at the right time, and the elevator stops in case of malfunctions. If a new passenger is assigned while the elevator car is empty and stationary, the floor that the new passenger calls become the target floor of the elevator. If there are passengers inside the elevator car, the elevator car determines the target floor while the doors of the elevator are closing before it starts moving. While determining the target floor of the elevator, the floors in the direction of movement of the elevator cabin are looked at one by one. When the call of the passenger who is not inside the elevator or the destination stop of the passenger who is inside the elevator cabin is found, this stop is selected as the target stop. The elevator cannot be moved until the doors of the elevator cabin are closed. When the elevator car is stopped and the floor sensor is active, the elevator doors are opened. In case of fault and overload, alarm information is given. 
As a result, the movement routes of the elevator cabins and the routes of the users are evaluated, and it is ensured that they travel in the shortest time and safely. Thus, the elevator cabins working as a group are controlled by PLC using energy efficient. Control and monitoring can be done via the HMI screen.