Kayseri çinko-kurşun üretim tesisi (Çinkur A.Ş) atıklarının zemin stabilizasyonunda kullanımı
Utilization of Kayseri zinc-lead metal industry inc.'s waste materials for soil
Yazar: MEHMET CEMAL ACAR
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. HACI BEKİR KARA
Erciyes Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Atık değerlendirme = Waste evaluation ; Cüruf = Slag ; Endüstriyel atıklar = Industrial wastes ; Stabilleştirme = Stabilization ; ÇİNKUR = ÇİNKUR

Özet:
xii ÖZET Bu yüksek lisans tezinde Çinko-Kurşun-Metal Sanayii A.Ş 'den getirilen cürufun, endeks, kompaksiyon, konsolidasyon, kayma mukavemeti, CBR (Taşıma Oram) gibi mühendislik özellikleri araştırılarak, zemin stabilizasyonun da kullanılabilirliği incelenmiştir. Numune özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla, cüruf, fabrikanın katı-atık depo sahasından kuyular açılarak alınmıştır. Yaklaşık 800 kğ numune çeşitli yerlerden alınarak laboratuvar da incelenmiştir. Kesme mukavemetim belirlemek amacıyla CONTROLS firmasının motorlu basit kesme kutusu deney aleti (Motorized Direct Residual Shear Box Apparatus CAT. T0206/A) kullanılmıştır. Konsolidasyon özelliklerini belirlemek için de yine aynı firmanın oedometre deney aleti(Front Loading Oedometer CAT. 26-T302) kullanılmıştır. Kesme Kutusu Deneyleri, daha önceden belirlenmiş olan maksimum kuru birim hacim ağırlığında ve optimum su muhtevasında olacak şekilde Standart Proctor, Modifiye Proctor' da ve numune kurutulduktan sonra maksimum ile minimum boşluk oranında hazırlanmış numuneler üzerinde yapılmıştır. Konsolidasyon deneyleri Standart Proctor sıkılığında hazırlanmış numuneler üzerinde yapılmıştır. CBR deneyleri, ELE firmasının CBR deney aleti ile ıslak ve kuru olmak üzere Standart Proctor da hazırlanmış numuneler üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmada, cürufun,endeks, kompaksiyon, kayma mukavemeti, CBR (Taşıma Oram) gibi mühendislik özellikleri, karayollarında istenen standartlara yaklaştığı için, yol yapımında değerlendirilmesi üzerinde durulmuş, dolgularda ve yol üst yapısında alt temel malzemesi olarak kullanılabileceği görülmüştür. Ayrıca diğer ocak malzemeleri ile karıştırılarak, mekanik özellikleri iyi olmayan bir zeminin ıslahında da cüruftan yararlanılabilir. Bununla beraber, bu cürufa her hangi bir iyileştirme yapılmadan temel malzemesi olarak kullanılamayacağı anlaşılmıştır. Cüruf, yol yapımında değerlendirildiğinde, işletmeye büyük ekonomik yararlar sağlayacağı gibi çevre kirliliği bakımından da doğal dengeyi bozacak zararları önlenmiş olacaktır.

Abstract:
Xİİİ SUMMARY UTILIZATION OF KAYSERİ ZINC-LEAD METAL INDUSTRY INC.'S WASTE MATERIALS FOR SOIL STABILIZATION In recent years, researchers from various fields have attempted to solve environmental problems posed by the production of industrial wastes. They suggested various methods of utilization of these waste in construction. The majority of waste materials products has been stored in large areas at considerable expenses to the plant. To get rid of waste materials as an uncontrolled fill can be a major problem for environment. The problem is the possibility of leaching heavy metals from the refuse into the groundwater. Studies have also been carried out to investigate the possibility of using industrial wastes such as slag, fly ash, sludge ash and crushed concrete powder in cement and concrete. (Mehta. 1985;Duda 1987;Dhir et al. 1988;Tay 1987; Kaman et al. 1988). However, potential uses for this material include a structural fill, a sub base course for roads. At present, the most common disposal method for many wastes is land filling. Research finding on the economical stabilization of sub base or base course for roads, air fields, parking lots, Highway shoulders and similar applications have been highlighted in the literature (Leonards and Bailey 1982; Kaman et al. 1988). Utilization of these waste slag in fills depends upon the same criterion which should agree with the following: -Quantity of waste materials should be sufficient for the fill. -Transporting the waste sludge to the filling area should be in a reasonable distance. -Environmental problems associated with the hazardous chemical contents (soluble in water) should not exceed the allowable concentration limits. -Solubility of the waste materials in water should not be high. -Should not contain organic matters in it.XIV -Wastes should be easily compacted to its maximum unit weight -If it is used in roads, it should carry all traffic loads without showing excessive deformation -If this waste material is leaning to freeze, it should not be used in freezing zone The waste slag material used in this work was obtained from Kayseri ZINC-LEAD METAL INDUSTRY INC. Approximately, eight hundred kilograms of waste taken in different parts of stored area were brought to the laboratory and throughly mixed to make a uniform mixture. It was not possible to measure the index properties of the waste due to its lack of plasticity. Sieve and hydrometer analyses were carried out to establish the particle and index properties. Almost seventeen percent of the waste passed through the No.200 sieve (0.075 mm). According to the result of the sieve analyses, the waste material is classified as Silty Gravel and Sand (GM). In hydrometer test, initially, the waste slag sample was pretreated with hydrogen peroxide to remove any organic material. However, it was found that there was not any organic matter in it. The sample was then made up a suspension in distilled water to witch a deflocculating agent NaPO3 (Sodium hexametaphosphate) has been added to ensure that all particles settle individually. It was seen that all the particles settled in three to four hours. Thus, this is revealed that the waste does not contain clay fraction as it is shown in sieve analysis. Compaction characteristics were searched by applying Standard and Modified Proctor tests on the material. The maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content were obtained on each tests. Consolidation properties of samples were determined by using oedometer tests. Shear box test apparatus was used to learn the strength properties of all specimens. CBR tests was conducted to learn the waste material's bearing capacity. The results of the tests performed for determining the utility of the waste slag in stabilization for fills and sub base/base of roads are summarised below: 1. As a result of sieve analysis it was found that this waste slag is a gray silty gravel and sand GM (according to USCS and TS 1500) with a non plastic properties. It contains %46.9 gravel, %36.21 sand and %16.89 silt. The values of specific gravity of theXV material ranged from 2.4 to 2.84 for the samples taken in different part of the stored area. However, mean specific gravity of the mix made in the laboratory was 2.67. 2. Tests involving a moisture-density relationship were carried out on Standard Proctor and Modified Proctor tests. The optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density of these tests were found to be 17.5%, 1.663 t/m and 15%,1.786 t/m, respectively. 3. CBR tests were conducted on wet and dry samples prepared by Standard Proctor. 83% dry CBR and 30% wet CBR were found. These CBR values met the fills and sub base course requirements of lightly trafficked roads(wet CBR value must be higher than 30), whereas they are less than the conventional minimum 100% CBR value for base courses. 4. Shear strength test were carried out on samples prepared at Standard Proctor, Modified Proctor, its maximum and minimum dry density conditions. The values of internal friction ranged from 41° to 47°. It could be alleged that these values are too high and not reasonable. But, this may be explained by the presence of strong free iron particles or existence of same other metal formations in the waste slag. 5. Oedometer tests were conducted on samples prepared as firmness of Standard Proctor. The results of these tests indicated that samples compressed very little and in a very short time. Compression indexes were from 0.051 to 0.058. Coefficient of consolidation ranged from 0.1 1 1 cm /sec to 0.0547 cm /sec. As a result of the permeability tests, coefficient of permeability were between 2.34X10"4 m/sec and 3.0xl0"5 m/sec. Finally, it is found that this waste material can be used for stabilization of fills and sub base courses in lightly trafficked roads. Also it can be used to improve the soils which have poor mechanical properties by mixing it with lime or other stone quarry materials.