Prefabrike yapılarda birleşim bölgelerinin düzenlenmesi ve tasarımı
Designing and arrangement of the prefabricated structure's connection parts
Yazar: MEHMET GÖKALP GEDİK
Danışman: PROF. DR. TURGUT ÖZTÜRK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering

Özet:
Tüm dünyada teknolojik ve toplumsal gelişmeler ışığında yapı alanındaki yeni inşaat sistemi arayışları sonucunda fabrikada taşıyıcı veya taşıyıcı olmayan elemanların önceden üretilmesi ve seri üretimi fikri doğrultusunda prefabrikasyon uygulamaları başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşan prefabrikasyon teknolojisinde prefabrike elemanların birleşim bölgelerinin incelenmesi, düzenlenmesi, deprem etkisinde birleşim bölgelerinin davranışlarının yapılan deneysel çalışmalara dayanarak ortaya konması esas alınmıştır. Çalışma dokuz bölümden oluşmaktadır.
Birinci bölümde prefabrikasyonun tanımından, prefabrikasyonun gelişiminden, öneminden, avantajlarından ve dezavantajlarından bahsedilmiştir.
İkinci bölümde prefabrikasyon teknolojisinde kullanılan malzemelere ve malzemelerin standartlarına yer verilmiştir.
Üçüncü bölümde prefabrike taşıyıcı elemanlar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.
Dördüncü bölümde, üçüncü bölümde anlatılan prefabrike taşıyıcı elemanlarla oluşturulan taşıyıcı sistemlerden genel hatlarıyla bahsedilmiştir.
Beşinci bölümde prefabrike çerçeve ve prefabrike panolardan oluşturulan sistemlerde kullanılan birleşimler TS 9967' de bahsedilen esaslardan yararlanılarak anlatılmıştır.
Altıncı ve yedinci bölümde sırasıyla prefabrike çerçeve türü ve panolu yapıların birleşimlerinin tasarımından bahsedilmiştir.
Sekizinci bölümde ise deprem etkisi altında çerçeve türü ve panolu sistemlerin birleşimlerinin davranışı, deprem etkisinde birleşim bölgesinde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve birleşimlerin deprem performansından bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca dünyada ve ülkemizde deprem yükleri etkisi altında birleşim bölgelerinin nasıl davranacağı konusunda yapılan deneysel çalışmalar irdelenmiş, bu deneylerin sonuçlarından yola çıkarak yapılan birleşim tasarımlarının karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır.
Yüksek lisans tez çalışmasından elde edilen sonuçlar ve değerlenmeler dokuzuncu bölümde özetlenmiştir.
Son bölüm olan onuncu bölümde ise bir sanayi yapısı incelenmiş ve birleşimleri tasarlanarak sayısal bir örnek çözülmüştür.

Abstract:
Prefabrication technology is started to applied in the light of developments in technology and socio-economic life, and due to the idea of pre-manifacturing structural or non structural elements in factories, and the need to new construction technologies. This thesis is based on the connection parts of prefabricated elements. In this study, design of joints of prefabricated elements are determined and seismic resistance of the precast joints are reviewed. This study consists of ten sections.
In the first section of this thesis, the definition of prefabrication is made, the importance, developments, and pros and cons of prefabrication technology is explicated. Prefabrication is an industrial construction technology and in this technology stuctural or non-structural members are manufactured and stocked in manufactory then they are transported to the construction site to be assembled in there. 
We can put together the advantages of prefabrication technology as quality, fast production, economical, environment and sustainability. Structural or non-structural members can be manufactured in the factory with good quality and fast by machines. Also prefabrication technology offer us with an opportunity to disassembly or expand the construction.
On the other hand, it is needed to have large investors, periodical and systematical financial power for prefabrication technology. Moreover, the factories which have big volumes are needed for this technology and the setup cost of it is so much. Transportation of members from manufactory to the construction site should be considered. Because, for the long-range transport it can be so expensive. But the most important one is the need of qualified workers for assembling the members and their conncetion parts. 
In the second section, materials used and the standards of the materials are pointed out. We can specify the materials that used for prefabricated elements as concrete materials and steel. Concrete materials are cement, water, aggregate and admixtures of concrete. On the other hand steel materials that used in prefabrication are steel rods, matting steels, prestressed concrete wires etc. Also in this section the materials which are used for the connection of precast frame and precast panel structures are specified as cast in-place concrete, cast mortar, connection metals (steel rods, bolts and tap bolts, stud bolts, high-stregnth bars and bolts, posttensioning bars etc.), structural bearing cushions (neoprene cushion, multimonomer plastic cushion etc.).
In the third part of this study, structural prefabricate members are explained and collected under the five different titles which are bar members (Beam members and Column members), surface members (Slab panels and Wall panels), shell members, bonding members (Bonding beam and bonding bars) and composite members. 
Precast structural systems composed of structural prefabricate members which are emphasized in the third part are reviewed in the fourth section. Precast structural systems are precast frame systems, panel systems, cell-box systems and mix systems.
The connection of precast frame and precast panel structures are studied based on TS 9967 in fifth section.
Design of connections of precast frame and panel structures are expressed respectively in sixth and seventh sections.
Firstly in the eighth part, the performance of connections of precast frames and panel systems under seismic loads and the problems in connection parts of the systems are explained. Secondly, the tests performed in different countries on how the connection parts will behave during earthquake are investigated and the results of these tests are compared. The tests that reviewed in this section are METU tests, An applied dry joint test, A wet joint test and comparision with the METU tests, Safecast Project in ITU and PRESSS Project program.
The part nine gives us a numerical example which emphasizes an industrial structure modeling and the design of its connections. In this example the frame has four axes which are same and eight meters in X direction and has two axes which are same and ten meters in Y direction. The model of the frame is settled up in the SAP 2000 program. Also, forces and the loads are taken from SAP and the connections are designed according to this forces and loads. The connection designs are taken from TS 9967 which is talked in the fifth part.
Finally, the last part which is the part ten outcomes and reviews of this study are emphasized. 
A connection part which is designed for earthquake zone should have required strength under reversed cyclic loading and should have required ductility. Also, stiffness of precast members is so important. Therefore, the member's dimension should limit the swaying.
It is clear that to be sure about the eartquake stregnth of a connection part, it should be tested under the reversed cyclic loading.
If it is desired to have ductile beams, tension reinforcement should be small and must have compression reinforcement.
If it is desired to increase the ductility of the columns, the cross section should be as far as big and the column critical zones should be enswathed.
Beam mechanism which is "strong column and weak beam" should be used.  
Column to beam connections are commonly assembled at the column-beam connection zone to make cast and assembling labor easy and fast in the construction site. But this kind of connection have some problems under reverse cyclic loading. Therefore, the connection should be displaced to far from connection zone by a cantilever on a column.

Finally, it is sayable that prefabricated systems are as confidential as monolitic systems if the connection zones are consciously designed, the materials that used have good quality and the connections are designed being awared of earthquake effects.