Kullanım fonksiyonlarına göre orman yollarının planlanması ve tasarımı üzerine incelemeler: "Kanlıca Devlet Orman İşletmesi örneği"
Investigations on the planning and design of forest roads acoording to usage function: Kanlica State Forest sample
Yazar: MUSTAFA AKGÜL
Danışman: PROF.DR. MESUT HASDEMİR
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Orman Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Orman İnşaatı ve Transportu Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2007
Konu: Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği = Forestry and Forest Engineering
Dizin: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Fonksiyonlar = Functions ; Orman yolları = Forest roads ; Rekreasyon = Recreation ; Yol inşaatı = Road construction

Özet:
In this study, a clay originated from Balikesir region and its organically ion exchanged form (org-clay) by octadecyl amine (ODA) was modified by in-situ polymerization of Acryamide/N,N-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (AAm/DMAEM) and Acryamide/2-vinyl pyridine (AAm/2-VP) monomer pairs. Some structural and physical properties of the samples were investigated in detail.Structural and physical properties of the samples were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).FTIR study showed that copolymer structures were formed into clay galleries. Yet the characteristic absorption peaks of octadecyl amine (ODA) and copolymers were not individually identified clearly due to their structural similarity, it could be assessed that organic groups (ODA) might be remained onto clay layers based on the FTIR characterization of the samples prepared with the org-clay.It was obtained from the XRD analysis of the samples that low amount of clay loaded samples of AAm/DMAEM series copolymers having various clay amount showed mainly exfoliated structure. On the other hand, high clay loaded samples showed intercalated/exfoliated mixed structure in this series. It was found that intergallery spacings (d001) of clay were lower for the AAm/2-VP samples than those of AAm/DMAEM counterparts. While the values of d001 is about 1.2 nm for the natural clay, it is found to be between 1.25-2.20 nm for the intercalated samples.TGA study indicated that the samples showed degradation with multiple steps. It was also found that the thermal stability of samples series prepared by using of AAM/2-VP was higher than those of AAm/DMAEM series. Moreover, thermal stability of the samples prepared with the natural clay was higher than those prepared with org-clay. This result could be attributed to low thermal stability of organic amine groups which might be remained into clay galleries. TGA results implied that thermal stability of the samples increased with the increasing of clay amount in the sample composition. This behavior is more pronounced in the samples prepared with natural clay.

Abstract:
As it is known, planning and design standards for forest roads differ for managed forests, reforestration areas, national parks and protected forests. This difference is due to the use of forest. The aim of this study is to determine the planning and design principles of forest roads and evaluate their existing situation, according to modern forestry.In the study, first, the classification of forests in developing functional forestry was discussed and according to this classification, functions and standards of forest roads were determined. This study focuses on planning and design of forests roads which have these functions and standards. The results obtained from İstanbul State Forest, Kanlıca State Forest area where contain many components such as production forest, water protection forests, urban forestry were presented.Mihrabat Recreation spot, Kanlıca Urban Forest and Polonezköy Natural Park were selected as study area. It is determined that the base of transportation network in these area is forest roads as they are in forested areas. Accordingly, planning and design standards of these roads are presented in material and method parts of this study. In finding parts standarts of forest roads in sample areas were examined. And finally, in discussion andresults, it is determiinated that forest roads constitute the base of transportation network in selected recreastion areas, and also determinated that they must be planned and designed in strong relationwith the use function of them.