Kalite yönetiminde şartnameler ve performans şartnameleri /
Yazar: KEREM ERCOŞKUN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ALAATTİN KANOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Kalite yönetimi = Quality management ; Proje yönetimi = Project management ; Şartnameler = Specifications

Özet:
Bina yapım yönetiminde ana amaçlardan biri "kalite" sağlamaktır. Şartnameler ise asal olarak hedeflenen kaliteye ulaşmak üzere hazırlanan dokümanlardır. Bu bağlamda bina yapım yönetim sürecinin vazgeçilmez aracı konumundadırlar. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda görülmüştür ki, şartname hazırlanması ve şartnamenin okunması (kullanılması) bir kültür meselesidir. Yabancı kaynakların incelenmesi sırasında özellikle "Şartname - Specification" anahtar kelimesi ile araştırma yapılmış ve sürekli olarak "Proje Enformasyonu'nun Koordinasyonu - Coordinated Project information" kavramı ile karşılaşılmıştır. Konunun tarihsel gelişimi incelendiğinde ise görülmüştür ki başlangıçta yapılan çalışmalar "Şartnameyi nasıl hazırlayalım?" sorusuna yanıt ararken sonraları "Ortaya çıkan bilgileri ve tecrübeleri nasıl kullanalım ve geliştirelim?" sorusuna yanıt aranmaya başlanmıştır. Şartnameler işte bu bilgi birikiminin ve tecrübelerin yeni projelere yansıtıldığı ve geliştirildiği dokümanlar olarak tanıtılmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında öncelikle proje enformasyonunun koordinasyonuna yönelik bir model; ülke çapında inşaat endüstrisine hizmet verecek bir veri tabanının omurgasını oluşturacak bir sistem önerisi getirilmiştir. Ayrıca "şartnameler böylesi bir sisteme ne şekilde entegre edilmelidir?" sorusunun cevabı aranmış ve şartname oluşturmaya yönelik bir düzen oluşturulmuştur. Henüz konu tarafımız açısından çok yeni olduğu için konuyu fazla dağıtmamak ve rahat hakim olabilmek için özellikle "Performans Şartnameleri" incelenmiştir. Performans şartnameleri yalnızca kalite sağlamaya yönelik dokümanlardır. Konunun özünde "Kalite" ve "Kalite sağlamaya yönelik yöntemler" yer aldığı için "Kalite Yönetimi"; ve tüm ülke çapında uygulanabilirliği olan bir "Veritabanı" düşünüldüğü için Enformasyon Sistemleri, kavramsal ve nesnel boyutları ile incelenmiştir. Bu konuya ilişkin yapılmış çeşitli çalışmalar ve yaklaşımlar tanıtılmıştır. Daha sonra önerilen modelin işlerliğini gösteren basit bir veritabanı hazırlanmıştır. Bu veritabanı içerisinden, performans şartnamesi içerisinde yer alması gereken standartlar, "Tanımlamaları ve kapsamlan" bağlamında araştırılabilmekte, ve incelenerek uygun görülenleri; belli bir proje ile ilişkili ve oluşturulan modele uygun olarak bir doküman haline getirilebilmektedir. xı

Abstract:
Until recently, many studies have been developed about optimising the project lifetime costs within the shortest available deadline. It was one thing that has been regarded was the "quality". Nevertheless, today, as a contemporary approach, quality became as a main parameter in project management like time and cost. The lack of quality bring those kind of undesired results:.. Deteriorating and termination of natural life resources and botanic environment Health problems (Noise, dirty weather, etc.) Economical problems (e.g. loosing money because of inadequate heat insulation or remedy work costs, etc.) Social problems (Social reactions, vandalism, etc.) Construction Quality: Dimensions, Approaches, The Problems Construction industry is the sector, which develops the hand - made environment. Almost everything around us, has some relation with the term "construction". However, among the industry sectors which neglects the quality mostly is again the construction sector. In that sense specifications and specification writing gains very high importance. Using various specifications, the result of the construction may be guaranteed in terms of high quality (That is all of workmanship, materials, and the finished elements). The energy efficiency can also be obtained optimally. Saving the environment, producing aesthetic, beautiful structures and buildings, building ergonomically and socially conformed environments. So, what is the problem? "Let's prepare the specifications we need, and that's it! Everything will be good then..." The problem is the question: "How?" xiiConstruction period is a complex time - line, which combines together various workmanship, engineering services, and materials at different system combination level throughout a project. In addition, for every new project, a new system formulation has to be developed that every project in its nature is unique. Huge amount of data has to be transferred between each system and department whilst all of the information is to be managed. However, in our country there is no systematically approach to manage the project lifetime period. The real problem is this: The absence of an information system that will allow developing a "coordinated project information" and serving as a primary tool for managing the construction process or in wider terms "Project Management". Until this information system is developed, no reliable specifications can be written and the project data can not be combined together logically; which will may result with managing process to fail. The Study Considering all the reasons listed above this study is made to make an analysis of project life - time in terms of quality and made a research to adapt all the results to an information system. The below list summarises the scope of the study:. A synthesis of information systems will be made to develop an information system model to be used to coordinate project data. This analysis is limited in conceptual phase only and the scope is limited with developing a database, which, one can search Turkish Standards and choose the ones he/she needs within that conceptual model.. The information system will allow to store specification information in different profiles, each different for every new project. The resulting reports will be the backbone of a "Performance Specification". Thus feedback and reengineering studies will be possible.. In order to maintain the reliability of the study, the problems of construction firms and construction as an action will be evaluated in a generalised sense, then narrowing the subject to be focused on the main scope of the study. Xlll. The main headings are related to the headlines discovered while analysing the whole picture. Thus, separate parameters of the subject will be combined together in the 6th Chapter to make the synthesis and show the applicability of the proposed model. The below listed search action have been carried out to reach the aim of the study:. A detailed search has been made to learn about information systems.. Quality Management, related terms, the problems and quality control system approaches have been studied.. Specifications, what they are, and how they are aranged have been studied.. Performance Specification concept has been explained and the general layout of a typical performance specification has been given.. Database usage and programming techniques has been learned.. The TSE Standards Cataloque (June 1997) has been obtained in electronical environment to be used as the standards database.. An interactive information system model which is based on the elements of the building has been developed in order to coordinate project data.. This model has been adapted to a database which is prepared to arrange the performation specification developing process easily by finding the right standarts and putting them into the right place in the specification. Thus the applicability of the model is proved. This study is consisting of seven main chapters. The summaries of the chapters are as follows: XIVCHAPTER 1 In this chapter the big picture of the subject is drawn and the background of problems are analysed as discussed in above paragraphs. Actions taken in order to improve building quality in foreign countries worldwide have been explained. The development of the study and actions taken in order to make this analysis has also been explained. The project information as a whole evaluated and the main components of the backbone has been analysed which are:. The contract. Bills and Quantities. Drawings and Details. Technical Specifications. Materials. Subcontractors and Suppliers. Workmanship and Labor. Performance Specification All the information as categorised above has to be coordinated with each other for the easy and reliable access of project data. This is necessary for perfect project management and in accordance high building quality. To satisfy this need, a system must be developed. Before a system is developed it must be known what a system is. A system - a much common sense - can be defined as "A necessary union of clauses which has been joined together within a certain formula to reach to a certain aim." In this study the below systems will be analysed:. Building Systems. Information Systems. Systems That Form The Backbone of a Specification. Quality Assurance Systems After all, its also an aim to develop a system which has backward compatibility with the contemporary information systems used worldwide and adaptable to the construction projects carried out in our country. XVCHAPTER 2 In this chapter, quality management is discussed. This study searches the systematically approaches to reach the highest quality in construction and this is the subject of project quality management. In order to provide good solutions in terms of quality; the interactions and the time - line of quality management procedure must be well understood. Quality management process is consist of three main phases:. Quality planning - identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to satisfy them. Quality assurance - evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. Quality control - monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance. The inputs, evaluation period, and the outputs are precisely discussed for each of the phases. Main result of this section is that specifications, which are developed through those three phases, is the primary tool for quality control. In order to understand the quality management procedure it is important to identify what quality is and what grade is. Grade is "a category or rank given to entities having the same functional use but different requirements for quality." Low quality is always a problem but low grade is not. The quality has two main components which are defect (a shortfall in performance occurring at any time in the life of the product, element, or dwelling in which it occurs) and fault (a departure from good practice as defined by criteria in Building Regulations, National Standards and Codes, the published recommendations of recognised authoritative bodies and a departure from design requirements where these were not themselves at fault.) XVIAnother important term of the subject is the performance. The term performance was born occupying the whole parameters discussed and represents: if the product or any construction component does conform to all of the quality requirements or not. In other words the term performance defines if the resulting work conform to the pre-planned needs and how much. Specifications which are written in terms of performance are called as "Performance Specifications" CHAPTER 3 Because this study is mainly focused on performance specifications, in this chapter the specifications - what they are, types of specifications, and specification writing techniques will be analysed. In addition, some knowledge about preparing specifications will be given and the headlines to be aware of will be explained. First of all a specification can be thought as a process, a type of written information or a type of document. As a process it is an inherent part of design, and consists of determining and communicating the nature and quality of each element, system, assembly, component, material and item of workmanship. Whilst specification information exists at many stages in the development of a building project, a "Project Specification" is defined as "a document or part of a document, the main purpose of which is to define the materials and products to be used, the standard of work required, any performance requirements, and the conditions under which the work to be executed." (1, pg.4) A specification must be developed on a common system, which is called as common arrangement of work sections. This approach provides a coordinated project information and coordination involves ensuring that:. The information given in a document does not conflict with information given elsewhere;. The various project documents, when read together, give all the necessary information; xvu. The parts of the documents which relate to each other are identified precisely and can be found easily. The specification process can be considered as two stages:. Ascertaining the performance required of the particular element, system, assembly, component or material. Determining the products, materials and workmanship needed to meet the performance requirements, and stating any special conditions for carrying out the work. There are primarily two types of specification. Moreover, the explanations of above processes identify that pair. The second of these stages is traditional "Prescriptive Specification". If the project specification identifies only the performance requirements, leaving the manufacturer or contractor to determine the form and dimensions of the construction and/or the products, materials and workmanship, then this is known as "Performance Specification". Specifications can be prepared using various techniques. Primarily those techniques can be classified as:. Specification of options and alternatives. Specification by reference or description This section of this study ends with brief explanations of those specification techniques and giving some tips of the process to carry out the work easily. Primary tool which helps an engineer or architect is that various information systems. The subject of the next chapter. CHAPTER 4 In this chapter, the information systems will be discussed. The conceptual models of information systems and the objective dimensions of the subject are explained. After all information systems developed in order to coordinate project data related to XVlllconstruction sector will be discussed. The conceptual models of information systems can be classified as follows:. Data Processing Systems. Managent Information Systems (MIS). Decision Support Systems. Office Automation Systems. Expert Systems The objective dimensions of information can be evaluated through the following headlines:. Databases A. Sequential Databases B. Relational Databases C. Network Databases. Networks. Network Protocols. Layers CHAPTER 5 In this chapter, the following information system backbones are analyzed: CI/SfB (International), CIB (UK), CRB (France), BUILDING 80 (Finland), BSAB (Sweden), ER (UK), BIC (UK), YAE (TC), BAYINDIRLIK BAKANLI?I (TC), CSI (USA), DIN 276 (Germany), SNIP (Russia), West Sussex, Performance Analysis Control Systems, and various personal studies. The project information coordination model proposed in this study is based on the information systems discussed in this chapter and mostly based on the YAE system XIXand the CSI - Masterformat system. The selection is made according to the following criterias: A. Simplicity B. Useability C. Functionality The general format is taken from the CSI - Masterformat system, which is granted and being used in many countries. The headlines of the model has been taken from the YAE system which matched the foreseen ideas. The YAE system depends on a wide variety of information systems and in that sense reliable. It meets both the quality specification and the cost analysis requirements, though it was developed for cost analysis. In this study it was a more important question "How?" then "Why?", thus every information system developed in order to coordinate information related with construction (whether it was developed in order to make cost analysis, store data or manage application or specify quality) has been analysed. CHAPTER 6 In this chapter, the definition of the model concept which is based on the analysis discussed above chapters has been made. The sysnthesis of the model is searched through and specification examples representing a different dimension of the model has been given. The program which is prepared in order to show the information system suggestion is represented. The database elements and the relationships between thşm are discussed. Basically the conceptual model is based on two principal dimensions:. A proposal to organize project data which depends on the term "building systems". A proposal to organize specifications XXCHAPTER 7 The useability of performance specifications has been discussed and the benefits of construction industry from the proposed model is foreseen. Some additional knowledge about common sense is given and integration of this model to the architectural education system is discussed. The results taken from the study are reviewed. XXI