Yapı bilgi modeli ve iş programı entegrasyonunun (4.boyut) iş güvenliğine katkılarının değerlendirilmesi
Assessment of the contribution of building information model and time schedule integration (4th dimension) to occupational safety
Yazar: SELÇUK ÖZCAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. MERYEM BİRGÜL ÇOLAKOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarımda Bilişim Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Türkiye, iş kazalarında dünyada ilk sıralarda, ölümlü iş kazalarında ise Avrupa'da birinci sırada yer almaktadır. Ülkemizde yaşanan iş kazalarının faaliyet gruplarına göre dağılımı irdelendiğinde, inşaat sektörünün en fazla paya sahip olduğu ve ölümle sonuçlanan iş kazaları arasında da ilk sırada bulunduğu görülmektedir. Benzer iş gücüne sahip diğer Avrupa ülkelerine kıyasla çok daha fazla ölümlü kazanın ülkemizde yaşanması, söz konusu ülkelerin yürürlükte olan iş güvenliği ve proje yönetim uygulamalarındaki başarısını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda ülkemizde de bu konular hakkında geliştirici faaliyetler yürütülmesi durumunda can kayıplarının önüne geçilebileceği gibi direkt ve dolaylı maliyetler de azaltılabilecektir.
Proje yönetimi açısından iş kazalarının önlenmesi için yapı bilgi modeli ve zaman entegrasyonu (YBM 4B) sayesinde daha etkin iş programları hazırlanabilmektedir. Bu şekilde iyileştirilen iş programları vasıtasıyla daha sağlıklı süreçler yürütülebilmekte, birçok konuda olduğu gibi iş güvenliğine yönelik katkılar da elde edilebilmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı YBM 4B sayesinde iyileştirilen iş programlarının iş güvenliğine dolaylı katkılarının değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaçla örnek 4B modelleme süreci tanıtılmış, ardından tanıtılan yöntem üzerinden 4B modellerin iş güvenliğine katkıları incelenmiştir.
Planlama, imalat, iş güvenliği, projelendirme gibi birçok faktör iş kazaları üzerinde etkili olduğu için konu çok disiplinli olarak ele alınmıştır. İş güvenliği, proje yönetimi ve yapı bilgi modelleme (YBM) konuları hakkında uzmanlar ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilerek mevcut uygulamalar hakkında bilgi toplanmış, ardından elde edilen bulgular daha geniş katılımlı anket çalışmasıyla da desteklenmiştir. İlave olarak yapılan saha araştırmasıyla YBM 4B kullanım alışkanlıkları, şantiye uygulamaları ve iş güvenliğiyle ilgili konular hakkında aksayan noktalar ve kullanıcı beklentileri gibi önemli bilgiler derlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda uzman görüşmelerinde saptanan maliyetler, yatırım kararları, yanlış ya da eksik iş programı gibi sebeplerle fazla mesai vb. uygulamaların iş kazalarına zemin oluşturduğuna dair bulgular anket çalışmasıyla da doğrulanmıştır.
Son bölümde, örnek bir YBM 4B modeli üzerinden iş programlarındaki iyileştirilme olanakları ve iş kazalarına etkilerini değerlendirmek üzere delfi çalışması yapılmıştır. Delfi katılımcıların çoğu 4B modeller desteğiyle iş programlarının büyük bir oranda iyileştirilebileceği, dolayısıyla iş kazalarının da önemli miktarda azaltılabileceği görüşünde fikir birliğine varmıştır. Sonuç olarak, ülkemizde 2018 yılında 591'i ölümlü olmak üzere toplam 77.157 iş kazası yaşandığı göz önüne alındığında, yükleniciden imalatçıya kadar tüm proje paydaşlarının maddi ve manevi kayıplarının YBM 4B desteğiyle azaltılması noktasında Delfi çalışmasıyla tespit edilen iyileştirmelerin önemi yapılan bu tez çalışması ile gösterilmiştir.

Abstract:
Considering the range of occupational accidents in Turkey by activity groups, it is determined that the construction sector has the largest share with 17.9%. The fact that it ranks first with 38.3% among accidents resulting in death clearly shows the importance of mitigation studies on this issue. Turkey ranks first both Europe and the world in occupational accidents. In addition, Turkey takes the first place for fatal occupational accidents in Europe.
When the number of the fatal accidents at work is compared between Germany and Turkey, it is reported that Turkey has four time more fatal accidents at work even though Germany labor force is (62 million) nearly twice the number of Turkey labor force (32 million). Moreover, although Turkey and Spain have nearly similar labor force, occupational accidents occur five time more in Turkey when compared to Spain. In addition, fatal accidents at work in the UK, consist 48 million workforce, are much less than in Turkey. Therefore, by examining the design, occupational safety and project management practices of these countries, improving studies should be carried out on these issues urgently in Turkey. As with project delivery processes, usage of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is becoming widespread as awareness of their benefits for construction phase increases, starting from the design process to the operating stage.
European Union countries engage the relevant sector (especially the public sector) to use of BIM, by giving promotion. The Estonian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications has announced that it has launched a joint initiative with the industry to promote BIM in the sector with defined workflows and standards. On this issue, the Ministry announced the vision of "digitizing the industry in such a way that all value chain stakeholders can benefit and improve performance for the entire sector". In addition, Finland pioneering activities in the use of BIM for all sectors in country by giving promotions and thus, Finland is at the end of the list in terms of fatal accidents according to 2018 data.
In 2018, a total of 77,157 occupational accidents occurred in Turkey's construction sector, of which 591 were fatal. In other words, 38.3% of fatal occupational accidents occurred in the construction sector when compared with other sectors. Therefore, academic investigation on this issue is very essential and has high priority since it will reduce both casualties and financial losses of Turkey.
Since the main issue is considered as a multidisciplinary research topic, one-on-one interviews were conducted with 20 experts on occupational safety, project management and BIM. Participants are expert professionals with an average of 19 years of experience while the youngest has 7 and the most experienced has 46 years in their active career. Besides the participants who closely follow the productions such as construction chief, construction manager, site engineer, HSE coordinators and HSE experts also contributed to the work with their opinions on occupational safety. Project coordinators active in planning, procurement and management activities and technical and general coordinators also shared their ideas with their experience. As part of the initial results obtained in one-on-one interviews, it was concluded that overtime work, the leading reason for accidents, were performed due to project revisions, lowering costs, investment decisions, incorrect or incomplete time schedules.
In order to compare the expert opinions with numerical data, a site survey is conducted with 127 participants. During the site study, 140 people were contacted for participation in the digital survey and 127 people participated in the survey. A significant turnout was 91% in the survey. It is important that survey results allow data entry, analysis and testing in a computer environment. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software was used to study the consistency and distribution of the obtained data. In addition, detailed information was compiled about BIM 4D usage, site practices and issues related to occupational safety, such as conflicts and user expectations determined by one-on-one interviews and survey studies. It was determined that results obtained from one-on-one interviews are verified with the site study.
The hypothesis of this study is Building Information Model and time integration (BIM 4D) can provide more efficient time schedules. Thus, improving business processes to be carried out which may lead a significant mitigation in occupational accidents. To deepen the research, a Delphi study was conducted with 7 expert participants to evaluate the opportunities for improvement in time schedules. The amount of mitigation in occupational accidents with the help of improved schedules are evaluated through an example BIM 4D workflow. During the analyses, 7 experts with an average of 22 years of experience (youngest has 13 years of experience) participated their opinion. Each of them has professional career in the leading companies of the sector for many years in the relevant fields.
Deep tunnel type metro station project was combined with a time schedule and a sample 4D modeling workflow was introduced to evaluate the potential contributions of BIM 4D expressed during the survey and one-on-one interviews. The sample workflow applied to the metro station and prepared only to evaluate the interaction related to tunnel construction. It was reported within this thesis study so that it could be used as a reference source for different scales and different type of projects. In order to reach more users and provide maximum benefit to occupational safety, the sample process presented within the scope of this thesis study was created by taking into account the data obtained in the survey study for the general practice and expectations of the users.
Considering the occupational accidents in the construction sector; labor force, human life, limb loss and other relative costs, it is obvious that the losses experienced in this regard are reflected in the families of employees, stakeholders, the sector and the whole country. The total cost incurred as a result of occupational accidents and occupational diseases is compared to an iceberg, a small part of which is seen on the surface of the water. The part that remains on the face of the water refers to direct cost, and the large part that remains under the water refers to indirect cost. For this reason, mitigation studies for occupational accidents are always considered to be crucial necessities. This thesis aims to have an effect on reducing direct and indirect costs and to raise awareness in the construction sector of Turkey. One of the main goals of many projects, contracting and investment firms is to complete and operate the projects as soon as possible in order to increase profits and financing the project. During actions taken for this purpose, addressing the issue for only by associating with the duration, may lead to various problems such as fatal accidents.
Investors or contractors, focus on the completion of the project quickly, may not devote the time needed for the project design phase. Consequently, optimal project solutions may not be provided, and financial losses may occur since they will have to construct with insufficient project deliverables like drawings, details or material take-offs. Similarly, due to incomplete and incorrect time scheduling, overtime is required to retouch construction errors during permanent acceptance. Also inability to allocate the necessary time for construction activities will lead to quality problems in workmanship also cause accidents at work due to distraction. In order to complete construction faster; the shift, long-term strenuous work performed is as costly as it is inefficient.
In the one-on-one interviews and survey conducted within the scope of this study, it was determined that site works began on the construction sites before all stages of the projects were completed, without the necessary clash detection and construction scheduling. Considering the limitations of current project construction processes and planning activities, it is remarkable that the construction phase do not catch up the project deadline as a result of unplanned work and the overtime needs that arise accordingly. This also leads to the risk of accidents and quality problems in respectively. Continuously, financial risks may also arise, such as increased costs due to unpredictable activity durations and delayed financing due to shifting deadlines. However, the project design phase can be supported with BIM that provides integrated project delivery, and also BIM 4D that improve the project planning.
According to the results of the Delfi study, most participants agreed that with the support of 4D models, time schedules can be improved by an average of 32.4%, and therefore occupational accidents can be reduced by an average of 23.1% that verify the hypothesis of the this thesis study.
Participants those have a consensus on the improvement of the time schedule by the workflow presented in the sample project is 32.4%. Those experts think; planners will master the whole process, the alignment between project participants will increase and work breakdown structure of the project activities will be addressed in detail at time schedules. They express; each activity will be consistent within itself as a whole and therefore more realistic schedules will be built by this workflow.
In addition, since the construction process is digitally represented through 4D modeling will be experienced, it is assumed that non-rational interventions by the investor or employer in project planning will also decrease. It is also expected that the need for overtime or shift work will decrease due to overlapping activities in schedules compressed by unrealistic demands or insufficient durations. Therefore, the most important advantage of the improved time schedules will be the reduction in the amount of overtime required to complete the construction activities immediately. In the light of the analyses results within this thesis, it is conducted that Building Information Model and time integration (BIM 4D) provide more efficient time schedules and reduce the occupational accident risks due to speed and fatigue.