Rüzgar hız ve yön algılayıcılarının tasarım ve geliştirilmesi
Design and development of wind speed and wind direction sensors
Yazar: UĞUR KARAKAYA
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. BURAK BARUTÇU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı / Enerji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Meteoroloji = Meteorology

Özet:
Gelişen teknoloji ile artan enerji ihtiyacını karşılayabilmek amacıyla yeni enerji kaynakları bulunmalıdır. Ülkemizin jeopolitik ve coğrafi konumu sebebiyle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından özellikle güneş ve rüzgar elektrik üretimi açısından ön plana çıkmaktadır.
Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları bakımından zengin olan ülkemizde, her ne kadar kaynak zenginliği olsa da kaynakları enerjiye dönüştürecek malzemelerin ithal ürünler olması nedeniyle dışa bağımlılık artmaktadır. Ülkemizin cari açıkları göz önüne alındığında üretilemeyen ve enerji üretim alanında kullanılan tüm malzemelerin yerli olarak üretilmesi hatta ihracatının yapılması gerekmektedir.
Bu tez çalışmasında; rüzgar ölçüm sitemlerinde, güneş ölçüm sistemlerinde, askeri, meteorolojik ve zirai ölçümlerde ve hatta karayolu, denizyolu ve havayolu taşımacılığında da kullanılan kepçeli tip rüzgar hız sensörü ve rüzgar yön sensörünün yerli olarak üretilmesi hedeflenmiştir.
Bu çalışmada yurtdışından ithal edilen kepçeli tip anemometre ve yön sensörleri incelenmiş ve sensörlerin sektörün ihtiyaçlarının ne kadarına karşılık verdiği araştırılmıştır. Avantajları ve dezavantajları belirlenen bu sensörlerden yola çıkılarak yeni ölçüm mantığına sahip sensörler geliştirilmiştir.
Anemometre kalibrasyonu için altı adet farklı standart vardır. Kepçeli tip anemometreler için ISO 17713-1, ASTM D 5096-02 ve EN 61400-12-1, ultrasonik anemometreler için ASTM D 6011-96 ve ISO 16622, pitot tüpleri gibi basınç farkından rüzgar hız ölçümleri yapan küçük üniteler ve düşük rüzgar hız ölçümleri için sıcak-tel anemometreler için ASTM D 3796-09 standartları kullanılmaktadır. TS EN 61400-12-1 ise rüzgar enerjisi ile ilgili standartları belirleyen en kapsamlı standarttır. Bu standart sadece rüzgar türbinleri için güç eğrilerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla rüzgar ölçümünde kullanılan kepçeli tip anemometrelerin sınıflandırılması aşamalarını içermektedir.
Piyasada yaygın olarak kullanılan kepçeli tip rüzgar hız sensörleri optoelektronik olarak çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışma dahilinde, eski bir teknoloji ile ölçüm yapan bu sensörler geliştirilerek manyetik ölçüm yapan Hall efekt nüveli sensörlere dönüştürülmüştür. Laboratuvar ortamında dayanım testleri, IP testleri ve kalibrasyon testleri yapılan bu sensörün son olarak arazi testleri de yapılmış ve en az muadilleri kadar iyi olduğu saptanmıştır.
Rüzgar enerjisinden elektrik üretimi yapabilmek amacıyla fizibilite aşamasında kurulan rüzgar ölçüm direklerinde genellikle potansiyometrik rüzgar yön sensörleri kullanılmaktadır. Potansiyometrik ölçüm mantığı ile ölçüm yapan rüzgar yön sensörlerinde şaft ile potansiyometre arasında bir temas olduğundan sensördeki sürtünme artmaktadır. Bundan dolayı sensörün ömrü kısalmata ve bakım maliyetleri artmaktadır. Bu sürtünmeyi önlemek için gerekli araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu
araştırmalar sonucunda rüzgar yön sensörlerinde ölçümde kullanılabilecek temassız ölçüm algılayıcısı olarak en uygun nüvenin Hall efekt ile çalışan manyetik sensörler olduğu görülmüştür. Temassız olarak geliştirilen bu sensörler arazide ve laboratuvar koşullarında test edilmiştir.
Geliştirilen bu sensörlerin yalnızca yurtiçinde kullanılması ile bir yılda milyonlarca avronun ülkemizde kalması sağlanacaktır. Sensörlerin geliştirilmesi esnasında Türkiye'nin en fazla rüzgar hız ve yön sensörü tedarik eden kurumu olan Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM) ile görüşülmüş, kendilerinin tecrübeleri de kullanılarak sensörlerin son halini alması sağlanmıştır.

Abstract:
New energy sources must be found in order to meet the increasing energy need with developing technology. Because of its geopolitical and geographical position of our country it is located in a convenient location from renewable energy sources to produce electricity from solar and wind energy.
Uncertainty in wind speed measurements, be they made during a site assessment, a site calibration or a wind turbine performance test, all contribute to the overall uncertainty in predicted annual energy yield. In economic terms, this translates into financial risk and in turn into higher cost of energy.
In our country which is rich in renewable energy resources, although there is a resource richness, external dependency is increasing because of the fact that materials which turn the resources into energy are imported products. Considering the current account deficits of our country, all the materials that use in the field of energy production should be produced locally and export the other countries.
Wind speed, or wind velocity, is a fundamental atmospheric rate. Wind speed is caused by air moving from high pressure to low pressure. Many aspects can be affected by wind speed such as weather forecasting, aircraft, mines, navigation and agriculture, so the observation of wind speed is necessary. An anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind. Anemometers can be divided into two classes: those that measure the wind's speed, and those that measure the wind's pressure; but as there is a close connection between the pressure and the speed, an anemometer designed for one will give information about both.
The measurement of wind speeds is usually done using a cup anemometer. The cup anemometer has a vertical axis and three cups which capture the wind. The number of revolutions per minute is registered electronically. The wind energy is directly proportional to the cube of the wind speed. For this reason, it is very important to make and evaluate the wind speed measurements correctly. As a result of the wind measurements, the blowing time and frequency of the wind are determined and these speeds are carried to the height of the wind turbines to be erected. In the calculation of the energy expected from the wind turbines, the sensor and the calibration to be used for the wind speed measurement are of great importance.
This thesis study has been carried out in order to contribute to the country by producing locally produced wind speed sensor and wind direction sensor which are used in wind measurement systems, solar measurement systems, military, meteorological and agricultural measurements and even road, sea and airway transportation.
In this thesis study, cup anemometers and directional sensors, which imported from Germany, have been investigated and researched for how much these sensors meet the needs of the sector. Advantages and disadvantages have been investigated by changing the mechanical and electronic design of these sensors have developed new measurement logic.
There are six main standards used for the calibration of wind instruments. They are ISO 17713-1, ASTM D 5096-02,and EN 61400-12-1 for rotating anemometers, ASTM D 6011-96 and ISO 16622 for sonic anemometers, and ASTM D 3796-09 for small units such as Pitot tubes and hot wire anemometers. The EN 61400-12-1 is the only publication specifically related to the wind energy industry. This standard only recommends the use and classification of cup anemometers for wind measurement for the purposes of evaluating the power curves for wind turbines.
The cup anemometer sensors working principle which commonly used in the market are optoelectronic. These sensors, which measure with an old technology, have been developed and transformed into Hall effect sensors with magnetic effect. This sensor, which has been subjected to strength tests, IP tests and calibration tests in the laboratory environment, was finally subjected to field tests and found to be at least as good as their counterparts.
Potentiometric wind direction sensors are generally used in the wind measurement masta established at the feasibility stage in order to generate electricity from wind energy. In wind direction sensors which are used on wind measurement masts that measure with potentiometric measurement logic and there is an increase in friction in the sensor when there is a contact between the shaft and the potentiometer. This increases the maintenance costs of the sensor. Research and development has been done to prevent this rubbing. As a result of these investigations, it has been seen that magnetic sensors working with the most suitable nerve-sensitive Hall effect as a non-contact measurement sensor that can be used in measurement in wind direction sensors. This developed as contactless sensors were tested in the field and laboratory conditions.
If developed sensors use only in our country, millions of euros will be kept in the country in a year. During the development of the sensors, we were contacted by the General Directorate of Meteorology (GDM), who is the biggest provider of wind speed and direction sensor, and their experience was used to give the sensors the final shape.
The wind speed sensors on the wind measurement masts which is located in Ankara, are attached to look at the opposite directions to the top of the mast. Thus, the wind speed sensors are not affected by turbulence. The positioning of the sensors on the mast is made in accordance with TS EN 61400-12-1.
The data logger takes cup anemometer's data every two seconds and records the median, minimum, maximum and standard deviation data after 10 minutes. Data were collected from the wind measurement mast for 16 months and comparative tests were performed with a reference cup anemometer which called Thies cup anemometer.
The highest wind speed measured at the site is 35 m/s. This is a storm on a small scale wind speed according to standards. This wind speed is much lower than the speed of the sensor measured in the resistance tests. So, the wind speed sensor has not suffered any damage.
In the field tests, the sensors were inspected at low wind speeds, high speeds and cold weather and compared with the reference device. Sensors heating cables are not connected and the minimum air temperature measured at the site was -14 ˚C. No freezing occurred in the developed anemometer when the reference device was frozen at this temperature value. We can not connect the sensors' heating cables due to power shortage. The wind measurement mast, which is erected for testing purposes, is located far away from the 220 V mains connection.
Survival tests of wind speed and direction sensors are carried out in TURKAK accredited laboratories. For the survival tests of the developed sensor, the sensor was given a wind of 75 m/s and the sensor rotated at this wind speed for 2 minutes without any damage.