Farklı müzik türlerinin bitki gelişimi üzerine etkisi
Effects of different music genres on plant development
Yazar: EMRE KÜÇÜKARSLAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. HÜSEYİN AKSOY
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Biyoloji = Biology
Dizin: Antioksidan enzimler = Antioxidant enzymes ; Bitki büyüme = Plant growth ; Bitki gelişimi = Plant development ; Klasik müzik = Classical music ; Moleküler biyoloji = Molecular biology ; Rap müzik = Rap music ; Rock-metal müzik = Rock-metal music ; Tarla bitkileri = Field crops

Özet:
Bu çalışmada, farklı müzik türlerinin bitki gelişimi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. 
Araştırmada bitki türü olarak mısır (Zea mays L.) ve fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 
türleri kullanılırken, müzik türleri olarak metal müzik, tekno-rap ve klasik müzik 
kullanılmıştır. Müzik türleri belirlenirken, hareketli, negatif-agresif ve sakin türde 
müzik olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Uygulamada, 40 adet mısır ve 40 adet fasulye 
tohumu çimlendirildikten sonra dört gruba ayrılmıştır. Her bir müzik grubuna 10 adet 
mısır ve 10 adet fasulye olacak şekilde, toprak yüzeyine aynı derinlikte, saksılara 
ekilmiştir. Kontrol grubu aynı şekilde 10 adet mısır ve 10 adet fasulyeden 
oluşturulmuştur. Uygulama grupları birbirinden etkilenmeyecek şekilde aynı çevre 
şartlarına sahip ortamlarda ve birbirine uzak mesafelerde konumlandırılmıştır. 21 
gün boyunca saat 10:00-14:00 arası müzik uygulaması yapılmıştır. Ses kaynağı, her 
grupta bulunan 20 saksının yuvarlak olarak daire yapılmasından oluşan çemberin 
merkezine konulmuş ve dairenin yarıçapı 20 cm olacak şekilde saksılar
yerleştirilmiştir. Her gruptaki müzik ses basıncı 85 desibel olarak ayarlanmıştır.
Deney süresince, bitki boy ölçümleri, toprak hizasından başlayarak mısırda en uzun 
yaprak ucuna kadar, fasulyede ise topraktan en yüksekteki yaprağının yaprak dalına 
bağlandığı yer baz alınarak, haftalık boy ölçümleri yapılmıştır. 21. gün sonunda 
bitkiler hasat edilerek analizler için uygun ortamda saklanmıştır. Ayrıca boy 
ölçümlerinde haftalık gelişim oranları da hesaplanmıştır.
Bitki boy ölçümlerinin yanında, hasat edilen bitkilerden fotosentetik pigmentler olan 
klorofil a, klorofil b, toplam klorofil ve karotenoid analizleri yapılmıştır. Bitkilerde 
müzik etkisini biyokimyasal düzeyde anlamak için, bitki stres markerları olarak 
bilinen malondialdehit (MDA) seviyesinin yanında, süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve 
katalaz (CAT) enzim düzeyinin ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Bütün analizlerde kontrol 
grubu ile uygulama grupları atasında farklılık olup olmadığı istatistik analiz 
yapılarak belirlenmiştir.
Bitki boy ölçümlerinde, her iki bitki için, genel olarak müzik grubuna maruz kalan 
grupların kontrol gruplarına göre daha uzun olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Birinci hafta 
sonunda fasulyelerdeki bu artışlar, bütün uygulama gruplarında istatistik olarak 
anlamlı bulunmuştur. İkinci hafta sonundaki artışlar anlamlı olmazken, üçüncü hafta 
sonunda fasulyelerde metal müziğine maruz kalan grup ile mısır bitkisinde klasik 
müziğe maruz kalan gruptaki boy uzunlukları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı 
bulunmuştur. Gelişim yüzdelerini karşılaştırmak için 1.-2., 2.-3., 1.-3. haftalardaki 
boy uzama yüzdeleri hesaplanmıştır. Farklı müzik çeşitlerine maruz bırakılan fasulye 
bitkilerinden birinci ve ikinci hafta arasında en fazla gelişme kontrol grubunda 
gözlenirken, ikinci ve üçüncü haftalar arasında metal müziğine maruz bırakılan 
grupta gözlenmiştir. Üçüncü hafta sonunda birinci haftaya göre en hızlı gelişme yine 
kontrol grubunda gözlenmiştir. Kontrol grubunu metal grubu izlemiştir. Birinci ve 
ikinci hafta arasında en düşük oran klasik müzik grubunda gözlenirken, ikinci ve 
üçüncü haftalar arasında yine klasik müziğine maruz bırakılan grupta gözlenmiştir.
Farklı müzik çeşitlerine maruz bırakılan mısır bitkilerinden birinci ve ikinci hafta 
arasında en fazla yüzdesel olarak gelişme kontrol grubunda olmuştur. Kontrol 
grubunu takiben klasik müzik, tekno-rap müzik ve metal müzikte büyüme 
gözlenmiştir. 2. ve 3. haftalar kıyaslandığında ise en fazla büyüme oranı tekno-rap 
müzik grubu, onu takiben ise metal müzik, klasik müzik ve kontrol grubu takip 
etmiştir. 1. haftadan 3. haftaya kadar olan uzamalar kıyaslandığında ise en çok boy 
uzama yüzdesi klasik müzik grubunda ölçülmüştür. Klasik müziği takiben büyüme 
oranları sırasıyla kontrol grubu, tekno-rap müzik grubu ve metal müzik grubunda 
ölçülmüştür.
Fotosentetik pigment ölçümlerinde bitkilerin klorofil a, klorofil b, toplam klorofil 
miktarı ve karotenoid miktarlarında kontrol grubuna göre artışlar gözlense de bu 
artışlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Burada elde edilen değerler bitki 
boy uzunlukları ile paralellik göstermektedir.
Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) enzim analizinde, fasulye bitkisinde SOD enzim miktarı 
kontrol grubuna göre tüm müzik gruplarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir düşüş
göstermiştir. En fazla düşüş metal müzik grubunda gerçekleşmiştir. Mısır bitkisinde 
ise SOD enzim miktarı, kontrol grubuna göre müzik gruplarında anlamlı bir farklılık 
göstermemiştir. Katalaz (CAT) enzim analizinde, mısır bitkisinde, klasik müzik 
grubunda daha fazla olmak üzere, tekno rap grubuyla birlikte anlamlı azalışlar 
görülmüştür. Fasulyelerde, CAT enzimi açısından, kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı 
farklılık görülmemiştir. 
Malondialdehit (MDA) analizlerinde ise fasulye bitkisinde metal müziğe maruz 
kalan grupta kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir azalış gözlenirken, mısır bitkisinde
aynı müzik grubunda, tersine anlamlı bir artış tespit edilmiştir. Diğer gruplarda 
anlamlı farklılıklar gözlenmemiştir.
Yapılan bu araştırma sonucunda, müziğin bitki gelişimi üzerine etki ettiği 
gözlenmiştir. Diğer yandan uygulanan müzik türlerinin, farklı bitkiler üzerinde 
gelişim dönemlerine bağlı olarak da farklı etkiler gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Abstract:
Beans are the most cultivated legume type in the world. It originates from Central 
America and South America. It is the most common legume species with high 
protein content, which has created two different gene pools in these two regions. 
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are members of the legumes (Fabaceae) family and 
belong to the genus Phaseolus. It is one of the most produced and consumed legumes 
in Turkey. Water makes up about 90%. It is a plant rich in carotene and vitamin C. It 
is rich in manganese, iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium 
minerals and can meet the necessary minerals for the human body. It is an important 
plant food source because it contains important vitamins such as A, D, E and K.
The maize plant is from the Poaceae family. They are diploid and consist of 2n=20 
chromosomes. It is an annual herb with C4 metabolism. It is thought that it has been 
cultivated since ancient years and spread all over the world from its homeland of 
America. It is a cold-sensitive plant and can be grown in countries with all kinds of 
climates in mild conditions. It can be grown in areas between 58 north and 40 south 
latitudes of the world and up to an altitude of about 4000 meters. It is the most 
cultivated plant after wheat and paddy.
Plants are indispensable organisms for all living things on earth. They are the main 
actors of the oxygen existence in the world. These organisms, which form the first 
step of the food chain; They are the most important food sources for humans, 
animals, fungi, protozoa and other plant species. Most of their species are 
photosynthetic species and they provide energy production by performing 
photosynthesis with the chloroplasts they contain. Chlorophyll a and b, which give 
the green color to the plant in their chloroplasts, produce energy by using light 
energy.
Plants have adapted to environmental conditions by regulating their lives throughout 
their lives. They maintain their diversity until now with the various systems they 
have developed in their metabolism by being exposed to external and internal factors. 
There are biotic and abiotic factors that can harm the vital activities of plants. The 
general term for such challenges faced by plants is stress. On plants that are mostly 
exposed to abiotic stress, scientists contribute to human life by using plants to 
understand how plants' metabolisms respond under stress conditions.
Sound is energy and propagates in waves. It is an acoustic energy that can affect 
solids, liquids and gases. One of the measurement of sound is "Hertz" and the unit of 
pressure is "Decibel". Every living thing can feel sounds at different hertz (Hz) 
values unique to them. In humans, this value is between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Sounds 
emanating from the sound source create air pressure and spread at a harmonious 
intensity and frequency. Throughout history, people have affected important changes 
in their lives by making use of different wavelengths and vibrations of sound. One of 
them is its use in medicine. Since ancient times, people have created sounds that will 
make an impact by evaluating the vibrational differences of the sound and using their 
harmonies, and we call it music today.
By taking the sounds of nature's souls as an example, people have created many 
kinds of music with the music they have created. The differences of these sound 
lines, which affect our mood, are named with notes, and today, music that can have 
positive and negative effects has emerged. These sounds, which appear with 
instruments such as stringed, percussion, and wind instruments, have been observed 
to affect not only humans, but also animals and plants.
In this experiment we do is to observe how musical genre differences will be affected 
by different plants. Today, there are sectors that can influence people's decision￾making by influencing their current psychology with music. Differences are observed 
even in the behavior of people with different musical tastes. Types of music divided 
into genres according to the degree of calmness or hardness of the music, affect 
people's mood at the moment, such as feelings such as joy, peace, longing, courage, 
hatred, clothing styles, opinions about life, methods of resting themselves, moving 
rhythm music listened while doing sports. There are effects that can change the 
mood. We have prepared this experiment in order to understand how the musical 
genres that can affect us so much will have an effect on plants.
Many music experiments on plants generally focused on only one musical genre or 
only measure heights. There are studies that argue that plants have emotions or have 
the capacity to perceive frequencies. In general, ultrasound and sonication 
experiments were carried out on plants. In this study, we experimented on both 
different types of music and two different plant species. Also, we examined the 
effects of music on height measurements at the enzymatic level to find the reason of 
developments or disadvantages.
In this study, the effects of different music genres on plant growth were investigated. 
While maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) species were used as 
plant species in the research, metal music, techno-rap and classical music were used 
as musical genres. While determining the music genres, attention was paid to live, 
negative-aggressive and calm music. In practice, after germinating 40 maize and 40 
bean seeds, they were divided into four groups. 10 maize and 10 beans for each 
music group were planted in pots at the same depth on the soil surface. The control 
group was formed from 10 maize and 10 beans in the same way. The application 
groups are located in environments with the same environmental conditions and at 
far distances from each other so that they are not affected by each other. Music was 
practiced between 10:00 and 14:00 for 21 days. The sound source was placed in the 
center of the circle, which consists of 20 flowerpots in each group and the distance of 
pots were set 20 cm away from sound source. The music sound pressure in each 
group is set at 85 decibels.
During the experiment, plant height measurements were taken from the ground level 
to the longest leaf tip in maize, and where the highest leaf from the soil was attached 
to the leaf branch in bean. By making weekly height measurements, the plants were 
harvested at the end of the 21st day and stored in a suitable environment for analysis. 
In addition, weekly growth rates were calculated in height measurements.
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In addition to plant height measurements, the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, 
chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid analyzes were made from the 
harvested plants. In order to understand the music effect in plants at the biochemical 
level, measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme 
levels were made, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) level, which are known as 
plant stress markers. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether there 
was a difference between the control group and the treatment groups in all analyzes.
In plant height measurements, it was observed that the groups exposed to the music 
group were generally taller than the control groups for both plants. These increases in 
beans at the end of the first week were statistically significant in all treatment groups. 
While the increases at the end of the second week were not significant, the heights in 
the group exposed to metal music in beans and in the group exposed to classical 
music in maize plant at the end of the third week were statistically significant. To 
compare the growth percentages, the height growth percentages at the 1st-2nd, 2nd-
3rd, 1st-3rd weeks were calculated. While the most improvement was observed in 
the control group between the first and second weeks of bean plants exposed to 
different types of music, it was observed in the group exposed to metal music 
between the second and third weeks. At the end of the third week, the fastest 
improvement compared to the first week was observed in the control group. The 
control group was followed by the metal group. While the lowest rate was observed 
in the classical music group between the first and second weeks, it was observed in 
the group exposed to classical music between the second and third weeks.
The highest percentage growth between the first and second weeks of maize plants 
exposed to different music varieties was in the control group. Following the control 
group, growth was observed in classical music, techno-rap music and metal music. 
When the 2nd and 3rd weeks are compared, the highest growth rate was followed by 
the techno-rap music group, followed by metal music, classical music and the control 
group. When the lengthening from the 1st week to the 3rd week is compared, the 
highest percentage of height growth was measured in the classical music group. 
Following classical music, growth rates were measured in the control group, techno￾rap music group and metal music group, respectively.
Although there were increases in the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll 
amount and carotenoid amount of the plants compared to the control group in 
photosynthetic pigment measurements, these increases were not statistically 
significant. The values obtained here show parallelism with the plant heights.
In the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme analysis, the amount of SOD enzyme in 
the bean plant showed a statistically significant decrease in all music groups 
compared to the control group. The highest decrease was in the metal music group. 
On the other hand, the amount of SOD enzyme in the maize plant did not show a 
significant difference in the music groups compared to the control group. In the 
catalase (CAT) enzyme analysis, significant decreases were observed in the maize 
plant, more in the classical music group, but with the techno rap group. In terms of 
CAT enzyme, no significant difference was observed in beans compared to the 
control group.
In malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis, a significant decrease was observed in the bean 
plant in the group exposed to metal music compared to the control group, while a 
significant increase was found in the same music group in maize plant. No 
significant differences were observed in the other groups.
As a result of this research, it has been observed that music has an effect on plant 
growth. On the other hand, it has been determined that the applied music types have 
different effects on different plants depending on the developmental periods.