Biyomimetik bina kabukları: Bir meta-analiz
Biomimetic building envelopes: A meta-analysis
Yazar: ESRA NUR ERŞAHİN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. İKBAL ÇETİNER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Biyomimesis = Biomimesis ; Biyomimetik yaklaşım = Biomimetic approach ; Biyomimikri = Biomimicry ; Meta analizi = Meta analysis ; Yapı kabuğu = Building envelope

Özet:
Biyomimikri teriminin özellikle 2000'li yılların başından itibaren popüler bir kullanıma ulaştığı; ancak çoğu zaman bu kullanımın herhangi bir kavramlaştırma olmaksızın ezbere gerçekleştirildiği, yaygın tanımların sıkça dile getirildiği ve o tanımlara biçimsel olarak benzeyen nicelerinin eklendiği görülmüştür. Ne olduğu tam olarak anlaşılmayan biyomimikrinin mimarlıkta nasıl kullanılabileceği üzerine yollar üretmek, deyim yerindeyse havanda su dövmek gibidir. Bu nedenle, benzer hataların tekrarlanmaması için sıkça unutulan "nedir" sorusu tezde tekrar gündeme getirilmiştir.
Beş bölümden oluşan tez çalışmasının ilk bölümünde; çağın sorunlarına ve bu sorunlar karşısında mimarlığın ve mimarın oynadığı role değinilmiş, tez çalışmasının problemi belirlenmiş, tezin amacı, tezin kapsamı, araştırma soruları, araştırmanın hipotezi, yöntemi ve kurgusu açıklanmıştır.
İkinci bölümde; biyomimikri kavramının sınırları çizilmiştir. Kavramı oluşturan doğa, yaşam ve taklit kavramlarının birer birer ele alınması sonucunda biyomimikrinin, insanın, kendi doğasını gerçekleştirken karşılaştığı sorunların giderilmesi için, teknik alanındaki konularda, yaşamın –yaşayanların ve yaşama yardımcı öğelerin- taklit edilmesinin gerektiği kabulünü temele alan bir yaklaşım olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. 
Literatürün taranması ve ortaya konulan biyomimetik ürünlerin gözlemlenmesiyle, yaşamın iki perspektiften taklit edilebileceği; ve bu perspektifleri, temel biyomimikri ilkelerinin sağladığı düşünülmüştür. Böylece temel ilkeler, genel biyomimimikri ilkeleri ve özgül biyomimikri ilkeleri olarak iki grupta ele alınmıştır. 
Üçüncü bölümde; biyomimetik mimarlık kavramının sınırları teorik açıdan çizilmiştir. Belirlenen temel ilkeler mimarlık alanına taşınmış ve bu alandaki yansımaları üzerinde durulmuştur. 
Ortaya konulan biyomimetik mimarlık örneklerinin incelenmesiyle, biyomimetik mimarlıkta tek farkın temel biyomimikri ilkelerinden kaynaklanmadığı; aynı zamanda taklit metotlarının ve taklit seviyeleri ile seviyelerin boyutlarının farklı kombinasyonlarının, farklı nitelikte mimari ürünlere ulaşılmasını sağladığı görülmüştür. Bu niteliklerin, bina kabuğu performans gereksinmeleri ile ilgili olduğu fark edilmiştir. Böylece biyomimetik mimarlık tarzları, yüzeysel tarz ve derinsel tarz olmak üzere iki grupta ele alınmıştır. 
Dördüncü bölümde; biyomimetik mimarlık kavramının sınırları pratik açıdan çizilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, ilk kez bu tez kapsamında adı konulan, genel ilkeleri ve özgül ilkeleri temele alan yüzeysel tarz ve derinsel tarzdaki örneklerin birbirlerine göre farklarının gösterilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu nedenle, öncelikle literatür taramasıyla ulaşılan 90 yayın için, ardından bu yayınlar içerisinde geçen örnekler arasından seçilen 150 biyomimetik mimarlık örneği için sistematik derleme ve meta-analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak detaylı bir inceleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. 
Yayınların meta-analizi iki boyutta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yayınlar, tanımlayıcı bilgiler boyutunda, yayın dili, yayın türü, yayın yılı, yayımlandığı ülke, yazar, yayımlandığı yer ve anahtar kelimeler; bağlam boyutunda ise, araştırma kapsamı, araştırma yaklaşımı, veri toplama metodu ve biyomimetik mimarlık örneği içermesi açılarından ele alınmıştır. 
Biyomimetik mimarlık örneklerin meta-analizi iki boyutta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örnekler, mimari özellikler boyutunda, durum, yıl, konum, iklim sınıfı, mimar/araştırmacı, tasarım ölçeği, brüt taban alanı, yükseklik, işlev ve kabuktaki uygulama alanı; biyomimetik özellikler boyutunda ise, biyolojik öğe sayısı, biyolojik esin kaynağı ve belirgin özelliği, temel biyomimikri ilkesi ve numarası, taklit seviyesi ve boyutu, taklit metodu, biyomimetik tarz ve sağlanan performans gereksinmesi açılarından ele alınmıştır. 
Daha sonra, biyomimetik özellikler boyutu için çapraz karşılaştırma hazırlanmış, burada bazı ölçütlere dair 10 farklı ikili ilgi incelenmiştir. Bunlar; biyolojik esin kaynağı ile taklit seviyesi, temel biyomimikri ilkesi ile biyolojik esin kaynağı, taklit seviyesi ile temel biyomimikri ilkesi, taklit metodu ile biyomimetik tarz, biyomimetik tarz ile temel biyomimikri ilkesi, biyomimetik tarz ile taklit seviyesi, biyomimetik tarz ile taklit seviyesinin boyutu, biyomimetik tarz ile sağlanan performans gereksinmesi, sağlanan performans gereksinmesi ile temel biyomimikri ilkesi ve sağlanan performans gereksinmesi ile taklit metodu arasındaki ilgilerdir.
Tezin son bölümünde ise, araştırma sorularına bulunan yanıtlar özetlenmiş ve hipotezin doğruluğu ispatlanmıştır.

Abstract:
The term biomimicry has gained a popularity, especially since the early 2000s. However, the term has used by rote without conceptualization. Indeed, common definitions were put into words, and many that are similar with these definitions were added. Looking for a way how the biomimicry, that is not totally understood what it is, can apply to architecture is like carrying coals to newcastle. Hence, the question "what is …" has brought forward on the purpose of same mistakes not be repeated.
This dissertation is comprise of five sections. In the first section, it was mentioned that problems of the era, and the place of architecture and architect among these problems. It was explained that the problem, purpose and scope of the dissertation, keyquestions, hypothesis and research methods. 
In the second section, the lines of concept of biomimicry has been drawn. In consequence of discussing nature, life and mimicry which make up the concept, biomimicry has been redescribed as an approach which bases on the assumption that in the subjects that are related with technique, mimicking life -living things and ancillary items to life- is necessary to eliminate the problems that human being faced during realizing its own nature.
Reviewing literature and observing the biomimetic products, it has been reached an opinion that life can mimicking with two perspectives. These perspectives are supplied from basic biomimicry principles. Thus, these principles have been seperated into two groups which are general biomimicry principles and specifical biomimicry principles. 
General biomimicry principles are valid principles for so many existence, such as photosynthesizing photoautotroph organisms or consuming food in their environment of living creatures. On the other hand, specifical biomimicry principles are valid principles that are intrinsic to each of natural existences, which have got these principles by own natures. By means of these principles, these existences continue their existence and fulfil own goals. 
In the content of this dissertation, it has been determined that five principles are related to general biomimicry principles and three principles are related to specifical biomimicry principles. These principles are G-1) to utilize natural energy sources, G-2) to consider law of conservation of energy, G-3) not to damage harmony of environmental factors one another, G-4) not to produce waste, G-5) to supervise to symbiotic life, S-1) to comply with entirety, S-2) to express own integrity and S-3) to adapt to changing conditions.
In the third section, the lines of concept of biomimetic architeture has been drawn theoretically. The determined basic principles were transferred to field of architecture. As a result of examining of instances of biomimetic architecture, it has been reached an opinion that the differences in terms of biomimetic architecture have resulted not only from basic biomimicry principles but also the divergent combinations of biomimicry methods and biomimicry levels. These principles and combinations cause architectural products having various qualifications to emerge. It has been distinguished that these qualifications are related to performance requirements of building envelope. Thus, styles of biomimetic architecture have been named as superficial style and deep style.
In the buildings that have superficial style, aesthetic concern dominates and biomimicry hasn't been used as a problem solving approach. On the other hand, in the buildings that have deep style, biomimicry approach serves to supply any performance requirement, such as solar control or water management.
In the fourth section, the lines of concept of biomimetic architeture has been drawn practically. Accordingly, it has been aimed that demonstrating the differences of architectural instances with superficial and deep styles based on general and specifical principles from one another.
Hence, deep examination has been fulfiled by sistematic review and meta-analysis. With these methods, at first 90 publications by reviewing the literature, then 150 instances of biomimetic architecture that have obtained via selecting of the instances contained in these publications have been examined.
Publications have been conducted in two dimensions. In the dimension of definitive informations, publications have been reviewed in terms of publishing language, sort of publishing, publish date, author, place of publishing and keywords. In the dimension of context, publications have been reviewed in terms of scope of research, research approach, data collection method and containing an instance of biomimetic architecture. 
Instances of biomimetic architecture have been conducted in two dimensions. In the dimension of architectural properties, instances of biomimetic architecture have been reviewed in terms of situation, year, location, climate classification, architect/researcher, design level, gross floor area, height, function, application area at building envelope. In the dimension of biomimetic properties, instances of biomimetic architecture have been reviewed in terms of amount of biological item, biological source of inspiration and its distinct feature, basic biomimicry principle and its number, biomimicry level and its dimension, biomimicry method, style of biomimetic architecture and obtained performance requirements.
Afterwards, for the dimension of biomimetic properties, it has been used methos of cross-matching. By this means, it has been reviewed 10 different dual relations about some criteria. These are relation between biological source of inspiration and biomimicry level, relation between basic biomimicry principles and biological source of inspiration, relation between biomimicry level and basic biomimicry principles, relation between biomimicry method and style of biomimetic architecture, relation between style of biomimetic architecture and basic biomimicry principles, relation between style of biomimetic architecture and biomimicry level, relation between style of biomimetic architecture and dimension of biomimicry level, relation between style of biomimetic architecture and obtained performance requirement, relation between obtained performance requirement and basic biomimicry principles, and lastly, relation between obtained performance requirement and biomimicy method.
In the last section of the dissertation, it has been summarized the responses of the keyquestions and has been proved the accuracy of hypothesis.
About publications it has been concluded following outcomes: 60% of publications were written in Turkish. 35% of publications were written as article. 20% of publicaitons were published at year 2018. 64% of publications were written in Turkey. The publications were written by 136 authors. 35% of publications were published on journals. 18% of publications were contained "biomimicry/biyomimikri/biyomimesis" as keywords. 47% of publications were contained only theoretical frame as scope of research. 49% of publications were prepared as qualitative research and 49% of publications were prepared as mixed research. 37% of data collection methods which were contained 12 different methods were literature review. And lastly, 84% of publications were contained at least one instance of biomimetic architecture.
About instances of biomimetic architecture it has been concluded following outcomes: 45% of instances were existing buildings. 37% of instances were came out between the years of 2010 and 2014. 10% of instances which were located in 48 different countries were located in USA. 19% of instances which were pertained to 18 classes of Köppen climate classification had temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). The instances of biomimetic architecture were created by 123 different architects, architectural companies or researchers. 65% of instances which were seperated into nine groups as design level were at building level. 6% of instances which were between 2,8 m2 and 3.000 km2 as gross floor area were in between 0-49 m2, and 6% of instances were in between 1.000-4.999 m2. 11% of instances which were between 1,1 m and 1200 m as height were in between 20-49 m. 15% of instances which had 40 different functions were used as dwelling. 47% of instances which were seperated into five groups as application area at building envelope were applied on outer shell. 85% of instances had only one biological item and there was totally 177 biological items. 10% of biological items which were imitated from 96 different biological source of inspiration were mimicked sphere of natural being. 3% of biological items which were imitated from 138 distinct features of 96 biological sources of inspiration were the feature the harvesting moisture from the air which belongs to Namib Desert beetle, and 3% of these biological items were the feature the tensile stress of spider's webb. 81% of biological items were used specifical principles as base. 34% of biological items were based on the principle S-1, which is to comply with entirety. 66% of biological items were mimicked at organism level. 24% of biological items were mimicked at process dimension of organism level. 53% of instances were mimicked by problem-based method. 69% of instances were performed in deep style that used specifical principles as base. And lastly, the instances had 16 type of performance requirements and totally 204 performance requirements. 17% of there requirements were related to load-bearing performance requirement.
By means of attaching new criterion and extending the range of instances, these obtained informations about the instances that researched in the context of dissertation can be used on purpose of writing a design software. Thus, through this software, thereby determining the performance requirements which he wants to be obtained, the designer who wants to put forth a new architectural product can scrutinize the biological solutions of encountered the problem and can abstract to his design.