Endüstri mirası kapsamındaki yapıların korunarak yeniden değerlendirilmesinde tasarımcı-mekan etkileşimi
The interaction of designer-place in the reevaluation of the constructions being preserved within the context of industrial heritage
Yazar: ESRA ÇANAKKALE
Danışman: PROF. DR. NUR ESİN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Koruma = Conservation

Özet:
Dünya genelinde üretimin yer değiştirmesi, ekonomide farklı yapılanma ve küreselleşme gibi değişimler kentleri yeniden yapılanmaya iterken, endüstri tesisleri verimli işletilememeleri, teknolojik olarak yetersiz kalmaları, kenti kirletmeleri gibi çeşitli nedenlerle işlevlerini yitirerek kullanım dışı kalmıştır. Endüstri mirası olarak nitelendirilen, sanayi döneminin izlerini taşıyan bu mekânların sahip olduğu değerleri yitirmemesi ve kentle ilişki kurabilmesi için farklı bir işlevle yeniden değerlendirilmeleri gerekmektedir. Burada önemli olan bu mekânların nasıl korunacağı, günümüz koşullarıyla nasıl ilişkilendirileceği ve nasıl yorumlanacağıdır. Bu çalışmada mekânın sahip olduğu özellikler ve değerler göz önünde bulundurularak nasıl bir tasarım yaklaşımı / müdahale biçimi benimsendiğini incelemek amaçlanmıştır.Öncelikle koruma olgusu, farklı kaynaklarda yer alan bilgiler ve görüşler doğrultusunda tanımlanmış ve korumanın içgüdüsel bir davranıştan bir disipline dönüşümü üzerinde durularak korumaya bakış açımızdaki değişim/gelişim ortaya konulmuş, korumayı gerektiren nedenler açıklanmıştır.Üçüncü bölümde, endüstri mirası, endüstri arkeolojisi ve bu kavramların gelişim sürecinden bahsedilerek endüstri mirasının sahip olduğu değerlerin farkına varılması ve mekâna yeni bir işlev tanımlanırken bu değerlerin yitirilmemesi için endüstri mirasının eskilik değeri, anı değeri, tarihi değeri/teknoloji tarihi, göreceli sanat değeri ve kullanım değeri açıklanmıştır. Kentle ilişkisi kopan endüstri yapı ve kalıntılarının günümüz koşullarında değerlendirilmesinde yeniden programlama/işlevlendirme, yeniden mimari kavramları ve uygulama boyutunda birbirinden farklı anlamlar taşıyan koruma yaklaşımları açıklanmıştır.Dördüncü bölümde, tasarımcının mekâna müdahale etmeden önce varolanın sahip olduğu potansiyelleri ortaya çıkaracak mekâna özgü bir tasarım yaklaşımı belirlemesine yol gösteren bir süreç olarak tasarımcı-mekân etkileşimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Mekânla etkileşim sürecinde önemli olan varolanı dinlemek, anlamak ve mekânın hafızasını oluşturan unsurları silmek yerine onları tasarımın bir parçası haline getirmektir. Bu etkileşim sürecinde mekânın birey üzerinde yaratmış olduğu hisler ve bireyin mekânla kurduğu duygusal bağın tasarım kararlarının belirlenmesinde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Mekânı dinleme ve anlama çabası, mekânın işlevsel dönüşümünde belirlenecek tasarım yaklaşımını / müdahale biçimini ve mekânın hafızasını oluşturan unsurların tasarım yaklaşımında nasıl ele alınacağını etkilemektedir.Beşinci bölümde, literatür araştırmasına paralel olarak doğrudan tasarımcıyla yapılan görüşme ve örnek üzerinden okuma süreçlerini içeren çoklu analitik bir yaklaşım benimsenerek yurt dışında ve Türkiye'de yeniden değerlendirilen endüstriyel alan, kalıntı ve yapılara ilişkin başarılı örneklerin incelenmesiyle tasarım yaklaşımları/müdahale biçimleri varolanı/durumu kabullenme: özgün olanın aranması, fragmanlar/katmanlar: eski ile yeninin bir aralığı ve yeni oluşumlar için kullanılan mevcut doku olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu yaklaşımlarda neyin ön plana çıktığı ve mevcut dokunun nasıl ele alındığı tanımlanarak, her bir yaklaşıma özgü başarılı bulunan örneklerle bu tasarım yaklaşımları/müdahale biçimleri açıklanmıştır. Örneklerin çözümlenmesiyle belirlenen bu tasarım yaklaşımları arasında bir tercih ortaya koymak değil, tamamen durumsal olan bu uygulamaların katmanlı içeriklerine ışık tutmak amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
Industrial facilities have been put out of use due to various reasons such as not being managed efficiently, being technologically insufficient, polluting the city while some changes such as the replacement of the production in the world wide and different structuring of economics and globalization have prompted cities to be restructured. Regarded as industrial heritage and having the traces of the industrial age these sites need reevaluating with a different function in order not to lose the values that they have and to establish a relation with the city. The significant point here is how these places will be preserved and will be correlated to today?s conditions and how the past will be interpreted. In this study, it has been aimed at analyzing what kind of a design approach and the form of intervention by taking the properties and values of a place into consideration.Focusing on questions related to the relation to be established between site/building/industrial ruins and program which provide the persistence of urban environment yields us to the answers concerning how these sites and constructions will be preserved. In fact, this is closely related to the way of our approach/understanding of preservation. Therefore, the fact of preservation has been primarily completed in accordance with the information and views in different sources. And the change/development in our point of view towards the matter of preservation has been put forward by emphasizing the transition of preservation from an instinctive behavior into a discipline.The act of preservation which aims at transferring the physical and cultural heritage to the next generations is based not only on the physical definition of which is to be preserved but basically on social, cultural and economical reasons while it keeps intellectual and sensual clues which determine the status of societies in today?s rapidly changing world and it embodies the values against alienation.Instead of trying to keep living environment totally in the past or instead of presenting the values of a place as different/interesting supplies in the consumer society by disconnecting the historical context upon the acceptance of this kind of change, it would be a rather true approach to determine new usages peculiar to the site/building/industrial ruins which reveals its values/potentials by discovering the nature of already existing one and to transfer these places to the next generations by transforming them into living and sensible places.In the third part of the study, industrial heritage, industrial archaeology and the development period of these concepts have been mentioned. In addition, the antiquity, memory, history, relative art and usage values of industrial heritage have been revealed and the necessity to determine a new function for the site/building/industrial ruins without the loss of these values has been emphasized. Although there are preservation approaches with different meanings during the application period while industrial sites/buildings/ruins are being utilized for the new usages, these approaches are essentially based on re-functioning or re-architecture. A new program inserted to the existing one means that it is included in a creating period while the program applied in regaining of these kinds of places in cities gains a great importance. However, the act of creating at issue is limited to the place properties of the current construction. In addition to the physical properties of the current spaces in such a designing period, machines and interior fittings that are the witnesses of the history of technology and the traces of the past which states the style and life of a period obtained throughout history in other words which reflect the soul of the time become important inputs. The important point here is the fact that the designer takes the existing one into account, read it before intervening in the place and also it is very important for a designer to determine what kind of an approach he will adopt.In the fourth part of the study, the interaction between a designer and a place (industrial area/building/ruin) has been emphasized as a duration which leads a designer to determine such a design approach peculiar to the site that it will unearth the existing potentials of the place. The crucial point in the interaction period with the place is not to give an ear to it, to understand or to erase the constituents which compose the memory of the place but to integrate them in the design instead.The senses left on a person by the place and the emotional bond with the place established by that person are very important points in the interaction with the place. To be in that place, to walk in it, to establish an emotional bound with it and to settle there in due course enable us to experience and understand it entirely. This case is closely related to realizing the past traces and remnants of the place (industrial area/building/ruins) and to having an idea about the past life of the place in other words it is closely related to trying to hearing the story of the place. This period of perception and listening will lead a designer to make a number of decisions related to how he will reflect the past traces of the place (e.g machines, cranes, patina etc.) to his design. The historical process of the site, the memory and the aura of it play an important role as reminders in making these decisions related to the design. The integration of these constituents, which affect the designer in the place, with the design also affects the atmosphere of the place and makes the place stronger in this way.In the thesis study, including the reading process derived by taking the direct interview with the designer and the sample into consideration a multiple analytical approach has been adopted in parallel with the literature research. Moreover related to industrial area, remnant and constructions which have been reevaluated both abroad and in Turkey successful samples have been analyzed. A hypothetical and subjective process has been had in the reading process over the samples and different approaches/the forms of intervention for the design have been determined in the evaluation of the constructions within the industrial heritage.In the fifth part, three approaches have been referred: accepting the case/the existing one-looking for the authentic one, fragments/layers-coexistence of the old and the new and the current texture used for new formations. Also what comes into prominence in the design approaches/the form of intervention determined and how the current texture has been handled have been described in this part. These kinds of design approaches/the forms of interventions have also been clarified by considering the samples peculiar to each approach found to be successful.Accepting the existing one/the case in the reevaluation together with the preservation of industrial heritage: the approach defined as looking for the authentic one consists of minimal interventions as possible as it is with a function appropriate to the existing one by preserving the genuine identity of the current pattern of industrial remnants and machines. Accepting the current truth has led to have new solutions for the problems which the place (industrial area/building/ruins) has been exposed to after the unordinary and uncharacteristic properties of the place have been discovered. The crucial point here is to maintain the soul of industrial site by sensitively handling the historical meaning of the existing one and the parts enriching the place. Within this context, a museum where the production system of technical monuments having big equipments in it such as nonfunctional machines and boiler rooms, or industrial parks where various industrial remnants including cultural activities have been reused with different functions can be given as examples. The production system and the history of the relevant age are shown to the visitors by preserving the installments, outfits and original structures. And sometimes a different function can be identified apart from the suitable museum to the construction of the place by preserving the genuine identity of the industrial construction and the traces of the first function of it. The notion of design entirely focuses on the form and the authenticity of the old. It has also been aimed at maintaining the current atmosphere of the place by preserving damaged surfaces, patina, ruined walls and minimal new supplements in reformation of the place without losing the historical layers.Industrial constructions and industrial remnants and also new constituents coexist in approaches in which fragments and layers and also differences are emphasized. The past of the place is revealed by comparing new supplements built without losing the value of the past to the historical layers. The most important point here is how the existing one is interpreted and how these different pieces have been put together. The historical and the current reading process intertwine by holding a space/interval between new materials and surfaces newly added to the past fragments. Therefore, a dialogue among the times is enabled by reinterpretation of the historical structure instead of simply repeating the existing one. Because not only the industrial past of the place (industrial area/building/ruin) but also the traces of the important events make the memory of the place stronger, the place is made even stronger by having a new pattern, forms and surfaces instead of repairing the damaged and ruined parts.As for the cases where the current texture is used for new formations, a new design is formed with the emphasized new structures and materials although the current texture somehow reminds itself. Malfunction structure such as crane track, seaport, railway viaduct and the indoors of some industrial constructions become important design inputs for new formations. While new techniques and materials provide the polysemy for the design philosophy and variety for the out layer of building, these kinds of changes on the out layers of the building visually have a dynamic effect on the environment.It has been aimed at not having a choice between these design approaches determined by the analysis of the samples but enlightening the laminated content of totally situational applications. It is considered that the approaches? being so various is related not only to the problem?s being multidimensional but also to the individuality of a designer, the differences of a personal approach and the level of sensitiveness.