Islak hacim yapı bileşenleri ve birleşimlerinin uygulamalar üzerinden incelenmesi, değerlendirme için bir kontrol listesi önerisi
Examination building components and junctions in wet areas through implementations, a checklist proposal for assessment
Yazar: CEMİLE GÜL GÜRCAN
Danışman: PROF. HÜLYA KUŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olan ıslak hacimlerin sorunsuz kullanımının sağlanmasında, tasarım ve uygulama süreçlerinin etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bakım ve onarım maliyetleri oldukça yüksek olabilen ıslak hacimler için planlama ve yapısal tasarıma bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşmak gerekliliği oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ıslak hacimler incelenerek günümüz uygulamaları ve kullanım sırasındaki durumlar ile çalışma kapsamı genişletilmiştir.
Tez çalışması; literatür araştırması, alan çalışmasının gerçekleştirilmesi, verilerin derlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi olmak üzere dört bölümden oluşmaktadır.
Literatür araştırmasının ilk bölümünde ıslak hacim tanımı, yapılarda bulunan ıslak hacim türleri üzerine temel bilgiler ve ıslak hacimlerde kullanıcı gereksinimleri yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde ıslak hacimde tesisat sistemleri ve yapı elemanı ile birleşimleri incelenirken, üçüncü bölümde ise ıslak hacimde yapı elemanlarının katmanlaşması ve birleşimleri irdelenmiştir. 
Alan çalışması hazırlığında yapım sırasında gözlem yapılan uygulamalar için gözlem listesi ve bitmiş binaların incelenmesi için inceleme formu oluşturulmuştur. 
Alan çalışmasında ıslak hacim uygulamaları, yapısal tasarım ve uygulama tekniği açısından ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Şantiyede yapım sırasında ve bitmiş binalarda yapılan uygulamalar, karşılaşılan farklı durumlar kaydedilmiştir. İlgili kişilerle görüşmeler sağlanarak, incelenen uygulama proje aşamaları hakkında bilgi edinilerek uygulama aşamaları gözlenmiş ve analiz edilmiş, toplanan bilgiler rapor haline getirildikten sonra sistematik bir şekilde derlenmiştir. Derleme sistematiğinin farklı uygulamaları kapsaması açısından gruplar alt bölümlere ayrılmıştır.
Elde edilen bilgiler ve veriler ışığında oluşturulan kontrol listesi ile örneklerde; a) tesisat, b) yapı elemanları ve c) donanım bileşenlerinin uygulama ve bir araya gelme ilkeleri değerlendirilmiş, ayrıca, d) kullanımda karşılaşılan durumlar ele alınmıştır. Yapılan inceleme ve değerlendirme bulguları dikkate alındığında, oluşturulan kontrol listesinin tasarım sürecinde de yararlı olacağı sonucu çıkmıştır.

Abstract:
Rooms where sanitary system installations take place in buildings are generally known as wet areas. They are designed according to building type, purpose of use, profile and number of users. Wet areas are considered in different types such as bathrooms and toilets for common use in public and commercial buildings, sport centers, etc.; bathrooms and toilets for patients in hospitals; bathrooms, toilets, kitchens and sometimes laundry rooms for household in dwellings. Therefore, it is desirable to plan and design building elements of wet areas, depending on the environmental conditions and activities in accordance with the profile, number and requirements of user. Thus, the area and space required for user activities are planned with appropriate dimensions in terms of ergonomics. Building elements and service systems are designed with water and moisture resistant featured in order to provide the user and performance requirements for the indoor conditions related to hygiene, health, safety, etc. 
The codes about design and construction of wet areas, in addition to reference books, guidelines and regulations, in general, require building materials and components, subject to normal maintenance, to meet the seven essential requirements: (i) mechanical resistance and stability, (ii) safety in case of fire, (iii) hygiene, health and environment, (iv) safety in use, (v) protection against noise, (vi) energy, economy and heat retention, and (vii) sustainable use of natural resources, for an economically reasonable working life (Construction Products Regulation 2013). In addition, the seventh chapter (on waterproofing of wet areas) of Regulation on Waterproofing in Buildings (2017a) that has been recently published on the official gazette on 27 October 2017 includes the clauses about; design criteria, drainage and sealing systems, sewage disposal system, application rules, and material selection. The recent publication of this new regulation about waterproofing indicates that the priority has been given to this issue and the awareness is increasig day by day in our country.
Nowadays, various problems arise in wet areas and the other rooms mainly caused by wet areas of not only old buildings but also new buildings, especially in dwellings. These problems, even at small scales, can cause serious damages on construction, and moreover, they can threaten human health and safety. Furthermore, a small number of studies and the lack of compiled information about wet areas have made it necessary to conduct a research on this topic.
In this study, it is aimed to systematically examine the applications through observations of particularly construction sites and some existing buildings, and to create a checklist that can be used as a guide both in the design process and during construction and use phases, in order to evaluate components and their junctions or joints according to rules and criteria given in regulations and reference technical literature. Thus, it is expected to help practitioners to create more economical in terms of maintenance and repair, user hygiene and health, healthy and trouble-free wet spaces that meet their needs with consideration of wet areas in buildings in use, safety of use, etc. by determining the appropriate steps to be taken in application and usage oriented.
In the scope of the study, wet area definition, types and user requirements are examined for the investigation of wet area building components. Examples investigated in the field study are (i) construction phase in site applications and (ii) in use phase in finished buildings. During the construction of the wet areas with today's construction techniques and after the construction, in Istanbul, the construction sites and buildings with accessible examples have been studied, especially the bathrooms, through observations and examinations. The cases in the reinforced concrete buildings have three different flooring systems: slab with beams, (beamless) flat slab, and hollow block and ribbed slab. The buildings, which are considered as two main types as wet construction and dry construction according to wall construction methods, have been selected as projects that are common today. The wet area types included in the study are bathrooms and toilets in the hotel; toilets in offices and higher education buildings with a few examples, housing kitchen and sports facilities. The walls and the ceiling in the observed steam baths were assembled as prefabricated panels, so they were evaluated only in terms of flooring. The laundry rooms, where the building element performance requirement is somewhat less, are excluded.
Design and construction processes have a significant impact on ensuring problem-free use of wet areas, which have a role in meeting user requirements. In wet areas, where maintenance and repair costs can be quite high, planning and structural design need to be dealt with an holistic and integrated approach. Therefore, wet areas has been examined and the study scope has been extended to the current on-site applications and some cases of wet areas during use phase.
Thesis study consists of four parts; literature search, carrying out of field work, collection, systematisation, and evaluation of data.
In the first part of the literature survey, the definition of wet area, basic information on wet area types in constructions and user requirements for wet areas took place. In the second part, the installation systems in the wet area are examined, while in the third part, the layers of structural elements, and structural elements, installation and fixed sanitary junctions and joints are studied. In accordance with the aim of the study, original scientific research studies related to wet areas, related books, articles, guides, drawings and standards have been examined. 
For the field study preparation, the observation list for the applications to be observed during the construction and the examination form for the examination of the finished buildings have been established. In the field study, in particular the buildings and sites in Istanbul and partly in some other cities were visited and examined with the observation technique. In order to be able to systematically document the existing conditions and application processes in these sites, a checklist based on the literature has been composed. In addition, the observed wet areas were compared with other applications. In the context of the study, especially in the last stages, the joint details of the last visible components such as sanitaryware, tiling, door casings, etc., were examined for different applications and some of them were evaluated together with the relevant persons.
Wet area applications in field study have been examined in detail in terms of structural design and application techniques. During the construction of the site and the applications done in the finished buildings, different situations were recorded. By providing interviews with the relevant persons, the implementation stages of the projects were analyzed, application steps were observed and analyzed, and the collected information was compiled as four groups in a systematic way after being reported. These groups, which are subdivided in terms of different applications, are associated with building components and junctions of plumbing, building elements, sanitaryware and some problems in use. 
The information gathered is analyzed and reported in the project scale, and then classified systematically based on the components of the construction elements and the application techniques. Applications without detailed drawings have been elaborated in detail for the purpose of thesis work. After gathering detailed information on wet areas from literature and in-situ observations of construction sites, some problems encountered in wet areas have also been studied and evaluated to a certain extent. 
Using the checklist that has been created for the handling of the obtained data and information; i) plumbing, ii) building elements, iii) construction and assembly principles of sanitary components have been evaluated on cases; furthermore, iv) some cases in use have been discussed. It appears that considering the results of examination and evaluation, the created checklist can also be useful in the design process.