Yenilenebilir enerji kadastrosu: Altınşehir Mahallesi güneş kadastrosu örneği
Renewable energy cadastre: Altınşehir Neighborhood solar cadastre example
Yazar: BAKİ ERGÜL
Danışman: PROF. DR. REHA METİN ALKAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences

Özet:
Sanayi devriminden başlayarak küreselleşme sürecinde enerji ihtiyacı katlanarak artmıştır. Bu artışın karşılanması için fosil yakıtlara yönelme, enerji üretiminde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Ancak, fosil yakıtların kullanımıyla birlikte ortaya çıkan çevresel sorunlar ve kaynakların tükenme riski, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelme gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. Fosil yakıtların kullanımı sırasında atmosfere salınan sera gazları, iklim değişikliği ve çevresel bozulmalar gibi ciddi sorunlara yol açmıştır. Bu durumda, genel ve yerel yönetimlerin yenilenebilir enerji politikalarına geçiş sürecinde önemli bir rol oynamaları beklenmektedir. Ancak, uluslararası ve ulusal düzeyde net ve zorunlu kararlar henüz alınmamıştır. Yerel yönetimlerin ise çoğunlukla kendi tercihlerine göre hareket etme özgürlüğü bulunmaktadır. Ancak, aciliyetin göz önünde bulundurulmasıyla birlikte, sürdürülebilir bir enerji politikası için kadastro sistemlerinin yenilenebilir enerji politikalarıyla entegre edilmesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Kadastro, bir ülkenin belirli bir bölgesindeki mülkiyet ve sınırların resmi olarak kaydedildiği sistemdir. Bu sistem sayesinde arazilerin mülkiyet durumu, yüzölçümleri, kullanım amaçları ve sınırları gibi bilgiler güncel tutulur. Günümüzde, binaların enerji kimliklerinin belirlenmesi gibi çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Ancak, mülkiyete konu olan yapıların yenilenebilir enerji potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi ve bu verilerin devlet eliyle tutulması, halkı yenilenebilir enerji kullanımına yönlendirmede önemli bir adım olabilir.
Yenilenebilir enerji kadastrosu, bir bölgedeki yenilenebilir enerji potansiyelini belirlemenin yanı sıra mevcut projelerin takibi, yeni projelerin planlanması ve enerji kaynaklarının entegrasyonu için stratejik bilgiler sağlayarak bölgesel enerji dönüşüm projelerinin etkin yönetimine katkı sağlar. Aynı zamanda, çevresel etkileri minimize ederek sürdürülebilir bir enerji altyapısının oluşturulmasına da yardımcı olur.
Kadastro sistemlerinin yenilenebilir enerji politikalarıyla entegre edilmesi ve yapıların enerji verimliliği ile ilgili verilerin tutulması, enerji dönüşümünde ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli bir adım olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Bu adımın atılmasıyla birlikte, enerji tüketiminin çevresel etkileri azaltılabilir ve sürdürülebilir bir enerji geleceğine doğru adımlar atılabilir.
Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, İstanbul Başakşehir, Altınşehir Mahallesinde güneş radyasyonu hesaplamaları yapılarak potansiyel enerji üretimi hesaplanmıştır. Bu hesaplamaların sonuçları, diğer ülkelerin gerçekleştirdiği yenilenebilir enerji kadastrolarıyla karşılaştırılarak ülkemiz için bazı önerilerde bulunmuştur. Bu öneriler, güneş enerjisi potansiyelinin daha etkin kullanımı ve sürdürülebilir enerji dönüşümü için stratejik adımlar içermektedir.

Abstract:
The energy demand has exponentially increased since the Industrial Revolution, fueling the globalization process. To meet this surging demand, the world turned to fossil fuels, which have played a significant role in energy production. However, the environmental challenges and the risk of resource depletion associated with the use of fossil fuels have underscored the imperative to embrace renewable energy sources. The combustion of fossil fuels has released substantial amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to pressing issues such as climate change and environmental degradation. In this context, local and national governments are expected to assume a pivotal role in facilitating the transition to renewable energy policies. While international efforts have commenced, the desired progress at the national level remains elusive. A pivotal moment occurred in 2015 with the signing of the Paris Protocol during the COP 21 meeting, marking a new era in the fight against climate change. The agreement emphasized the necessity of limiting temperature rise to below 1.5°C by 2100 but lacked legal enforceability. Countries voluntarily committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions, with local governments largely free to act according to their preferences. Given the urgency of the situation, it is imperative to integrate cadastre systems with renewable energy policies to foster a sustainable energy future.
Due to the mathematical position of our country, our country has a high potential in terms of alternative energy. Therefore, there are types of energy production with high potential such as solar, wind and hydro. Our country has an average daily sunshine duration of 7.5 hours. It is extremely important to consider this potential within the logic of an energy cadastre and to establish a system in this context. Considering that there are no studies other than the limited studies carried out in our country on this subject, it is obvious that this issue should be emphasized more. In this study, a sample region was selected for the establishment of energy cadastre and the issue of energy cadastre was discussed with the results obtained from the application on this small sample.
In Turkey, which is located in the Mediterranean basin, one of the regions that will be most affected by climate change, many steps have been taken and various policies and strategies have been developed to promote energy efficiency, as is the case all over the world. In this context, forward-looking targets have been set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Protocols and Climate Change Agreements. In our country, there are very important steps to be taken and duties to be undertaken by almost every stakeholder. Many different information and data that will be required both in the applications specified in these agreements and in the creation of the energy cadastre discussed in this study are obtained through measurement, mapping and spatial analysis with many current measurement techniques such as Remote Sensing, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Geographic Information System (GIS), LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging). In this framework, the Geomatics Engineering discipline, which has a fundamental role in the production and management of geospatial data, will play a key role and assume a very important role for decision-support stages. Undoubtedly, these studies will not be limited to these, but will also have an important function in directing the studies to be carried out by other disciplines in order to mitigate the effects of climate change in general.
Solar energy cadastral studies have started to be carried out around the world. These studies have been carried out to evaluate the potential of solar energy and to create the necessary infrastructure for the effective use of solar energy systems. These studies increase the knowledge in the field of solar energy by bringing together the results of research conducted in various countries. In this study, an exemplary approach for creating a renewable energy cadastre system for our country has been put forward based on a model based on the results of a sample application and an examination of existing solar cadastre systems around the world. In the study, estimation of rooftop solar energy potential, estimation of facade solar energy potential, estimation of the area that panels or their number can cover, inclusion of some details such as the slope or shape of the roofs / facade / land shape, inclusion of existing infrastructure, shade of trees, etc., evaluation of efficiency, inclusion of shadow effect and 2D view data played an important role in solar cadastre studies.
Energy potential has become an extremely important value factor for a structure and a right for property ownership. In order to make the best use of this potential, first of all, the alternative energy potential of each immovable, its land/plot and even its facade should be revealed with the model in this study and an energy cadastre system should be created for its use, monitoring and conversion into a property. Such systems can also be used for 3D imaging, drawing and adding objects on roofs, carbon reduction studies, determining the optimum angle for panels, maintenance cost calculation, installation cost estimation. For this, necessary legal arrangements should be made and energy should be integrated with condominium ownership.
Cadastre is the system by which the ownership and boundaries of a particular area of a country are officially recorded. Thanks to this system, information such as ownership status, surface area, intended use and boundaries of lands are kept up to date. Nowadays, studies such as determining the energy identity of buildings are being carried out. However, determining the renewable energy potential of buildings subject to ownership and keeping this data by the state can be an important step in directing the public to the use of renewable energy.
Renewable energy cadastre contributes to the effective management of regional energy transition projects by identifying the renewable energy potential in a region, as well as providing strategic information for monitoring existing projects, planning new projects and integrating energy resources. It also helps to create a sustainable energy infrastructure by minimizing environmental impacts. Integrating cadastral systems with renewable energy policies and keeping data on the energy efficiency of buildings should be considered as an important step in the energy transition and environmental sustainability. By taking this step, the environmental impacts of energy consumption can be reduced and steps can be taken towards a sustainable energy future.
Many studies have been conducted on sustainable energy in the world and the awareness of the issue continues to increase day by day. When we look at this issue in this context, each country should do what is necessary according to its own potential in terms of energy efficiency, considering that the future is built on energy and energy is taking more and more place in our lives every day. A very good return can be obtained from renewable energy production, especially solar energy, with a certain amount of investment. In order to calculate this investment and return and to be sustainable in an integrated manner, the use of renewable energy cadastre by establishing a property relationship with legal regulations is about to exceed the limit of preference.
In this study, it is interpreted that recording energy with a cadastral system will reduce energy losses and carbon emissions, and at the same time, it will be possible to use renewable energy in a way that will provide legal and financial confidence based on digital data. The use of renewable energy will be encouraged by creating an environment of financial return and trust. By analyzing the measurement data and sunshine duration data, it has been seen that with a standard approach, some of the consumption can be met only with solar panels to be placed on the roofs of the buildings. It is interpreted that by establishing the relationship between the renewable energy potential of a building and the property, an economical energy management can be made with an environmentalist approach in a sustainable structure. With the solar energy cadastre concept proposed in the study, both the amount of solar energy that can be obtained from panels to be placed on the roofs (or gardens, surfaces) of existing buildings can be determined and the solar energy potential of future buildings can be estimated. In our country, it is essential to establish solar energy cadastral systems to encourage citizens to turn to solar energy technologies and to ensure that they see the benefits of solar energy for themselves and the economy. The energy potential of people's immovable properties should be taken into account as an attribute and managed by the system in a record. People should know the potential of their immovable properties.
In the study, it was concluded that renewable energy in Altınşehir Neighborhood can produce some of its own electricity consumption only with rooftop panels, but it was observed that there is a potential for more depending on the use of different usage areas. It has revealed the necessity of recording this great potential on a location (building) basis with an energy cadastre-ownership relationship. At the same time, the potential energy values that the buildings that are energy constrained due to shading can actually receive will be determined and legal incidents that may occur due to loss of rights in the energy cadastre system can be solved with such a system with state assurance.