Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın ikinci kuşak Rus sembolist şiirine yansımaları
Reflexions of World War I on second generation Russian symbolist poetry
Yazar: MEHMET FIRAT ARAMACI
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ KORHAN KORBEK
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Slav Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Ana Bilim Dalı / Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatı = Western Linguistics and Literature
Dizin: Beliy, Andrey = Beliy, Andrey ; Blok, Aleksandr = Blok, Aleksandr ; Bolşevik Devrimi = Bolshevik Revolution ; Dünya Savaşı I = World War I ; Rus şiiri = Russian poem ; Sembolizm = Symbolism ; İkinci kuşak = Second genaration ; Şiir = Poem

Özet:
Birinci Dünya Savaşı, insanlık tarihini, kültürel, sosyal, politik ve sanatsal olarak geri dönülmez bir biçimde değiştiren önemli olaylardan biridir. Bu savaşın öncesinde ve yaşandığı dönemde imparatorluk düzeni, sömürgecilik gibi kavramlar tümden bir değişim geçirmiş, var olan imparatorlukların bir kısmı yenilen devletler olarak ortadan kalkmış, bir kısmı ise kazanan devlet olmasına karşın var olan imparatorluk düzenleri bir krize girmiştir. Savaş kavramını önceki yüzyıllardan daha farklı bir boyuta taşıyıp dünya çapında insan gücünün, kaynakların seferber edildiği bir topyekûn bir savaş halini alan Birinci Dünya Savaşı, kuşkusuz sanatta ve özellikle edebiyatta da yansıma bulmuştur. XIX. yüzyılın sonu ve XX. yüzyılın başlarında gelişim gösteren modern edebiyat, çeşitli yazın türleri ve bu yazın türlerinin anlatım özellikleriyle hem Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesindeki hem de savaş sırasındaki politik, toplumsal ve kültürel ortamı ele almıştır.
Çalışmamızın odak noktası, modern Rus şiirinin önemli akımlarından sembolizmin ikinci kuşak temsilcileri arasında yer alan Aleksandr Blok ve AndreyBelıy'nin Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde, savaş sırasında ve 1917 Devrimi dönemlerindeki şiir sanatlarıdır. Çalışmamız konu itibariyle XX. yüzyıl Avrupa ve Rus tarihi, felsefe ve edebiyat gibi farklı disiplinlerden kesitleri kapsamakta olup adı geçen şairlerin dönemle bağlantılı eserlerinden örnekler içermektedir. Söz konusu şairlerin eserlerinden örnekler, bağlı oldukları edebi akım ve dünya görüşleri, edebiyat, tarih, kültür, politika gibi farklı alanlar arasındaki sınırları aşan yapısalcılık ötesi bir yöntemle ele alınmıştır. Kullanılan yöntemin neticesinde, adı geçen şairlerin gerek XX. yüzyılın başında gerekse Birinci Dünya Savaşı ile 1917 Devrimi dönemlerinde hem içinde bulundukları ülkenin hem de dünyanın yazgısını bağlı oldukları edebi akımın özellikleriyle yansıttığı, kullandıkları sembollerle, yeniden şekillenen dünyayı ve Rusya'yı resmettikleri görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Birinci Dünya Savaşı, 1917 Devrimi, Sembolizm, Aleksandr
Blok, AndreyBelıy

Abstract:
The World War I is one of the most important events that inevitably changed the history of mankind in terms of cultural, social, political and artistic aspects. Before and during this conflict such terms as imperial order and colonialism faced a drastic change that some of existing empires collapsed as defeated states and other empires fell into an economic and political crisis even if they won. The World War I, which became a total war by mobilizing worldwide manpower and resources also by extending the term "war" wider than previous centuries, was undoubtedly reflected by art and especially literature. Modern literature which improved at the end of XIXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century,dealt with political, social and cultural atmosphere both during an before the warin various literary genres.
The focus of our work is poetic art of Alexander Blok and Andrei Belywho are among the representatives of Symbolism that is one of important movements in modern Russian poetry, before and during the war and during Russian Revolution in 1917. Our work inherently includes the parts of various disciplines like European and Russian History in XXth century, Philosophy and literature and contains quotations from mentioned poets' works related to the First World War and Revolution.

Keywords:World War I, 1917 Revolution, Symbolism, Alexander Blok, Andrei
Bely.

Introduction:Some events in world history change humanity irrevocably. These
events reflect on cultural activities such as literature, philosophy, creative arts etc.
undoubtedly.The World War I is one of such events that changed humanity's fate
politically and culturally. The focus of this work is to discuss reflection of the World
War I on Russian poetry, especially on Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely's –representatives of second generation Russian symbolist poetry- poetries. The reason,
whythe focus of the work is these second generation Russian symbolist poets, is that
they saw world and Russia in a mystical way which was inherited from Russian
religious philosopher Vladimir Soloviev. Both poets reflected XXth century's
atmosphere and the World War I by combining their art movement with fate of
Russia and religious mysticism. In spite of their perspective differences, they also
reflected 1917 Revolution in that way.
Methods: The study contains chapters about European and Russian history in XXth
century (Chapter I), Philosophy and Philology (Chapter II) and History of Russian
Literature (Chapter III). Variety of subjects in the study requires an interdisciplinary
approach. Interdisciplinary method, which enables us to mention history, philosophy
and philology at the same time and detailed literature review on mentioned
disciplines method are used in this study.
Findings and argument: In the first chapter the World War I in Europe and Russia
are mentioned. In this chapter, the fact that chain of the event, which took place in
Europe (from alliance to assassination of Franz Ferdinand) affected world is clearly
seen. It is also obvious that plans of Axis and Allies couldn't foresee the scale of
upcoming conflict. For that reason actions of both sides brought about new turning
points. For instance, actions of Germany gave way to USA's military intervention in
Europe. Whatsmore, turning points took place in Russia are more dramatic because
of its unique characteristics, its monarchy and social movements. In the chapter,
these factors are mentioned related to the World War I and the 1917 Revolution,
which is one of the most important consequences of this war. For Russia, social
movements played an important role during the war, as they caused drastic changes
affecting not only the country, but also entire world.
In the second chapter, European and Russian symbolism are dealt with. Both
European and Russian symbolism are based on some philosophical and literary
foundations. Firstly, Plato's idealism andart theory "mimesis" shaped symbolism's
idealistic character. Secondly, Romanticism that appeared in the beginning of XIXth
century contributed symbolism's creativity and freedom of imagination. Finally, Immanuel Kant's ideas strengthened the movement's idealism and objection against
strict rationalism. In other parts of the chapter, founding representatives of symbolist
poetry such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and symbolism's inspirational
authors like Edgar Allan Poe and Fiodor Mihailovich Dostoyevsky are mentioned. In
the chapter's last part, characteristics of Russian symbolism, its religious and
mystical basis are mentioned. In this part both similarities and differences between
two generations of Russian symbolist poets are clearly seen.
In the third chapter, Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely's short biographies,
their early literary works and their poems that reflect the World War Iand the 1917
Revolution are mentioned. In Alexander Blok's poetry, fate of Russia during the war
and revolution, mystical ideas of Soloviev and symbolist elements are seen together.
Although Andrei Bely shared the same mystical ideas in his early works, he reflected
the war and revolution in a different mystical way. German mystical philosopher
Rudolf Steiner has a strong influence on poet, so in Bely's poetry, elements of
Steiner's ideas, chaos of war and revolution and symbolism are seen together.
Conclusion: From the work it can be concluded that such drastic events as war and
revolution can be reflected on both proseand on poetry. Especially in second
generation Russian symbolist poetry reflections of these events are clearly seen with
elements of art, philosophy and history. This work can affect future interdisciplinary
works on Russian literature, philosophy and history.