Sürdürülebilirlik ilkesi doğrultusunda güneş enerjisi potansiyelinin fotovoltaik sistemler ile değerlendirilmesi; Kadıköy-Fikirtepe kentsel dönüşüm alanı test uygulaması
Evaluation of solar energy potential by photovoltaic systems in accordance with sustainability principle; Kadiköy-Fikirtepe urban transformation area test application
Yazar: SELMA URFAN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. FİLİZ BEKTAŞ BALÇIK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Bilişim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Uygulamaları Ana Bilim Dalı / Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca enerji günlük yaşamın vazgeçilmez parçalarından biri olmuştur. İlk insanların güneşten, rüzgârdan ve sudan yararlanma şekilleri gün geçtikçe farklılık göstermiştir. Yaşam şekillerinin değişimi ise enerjiye olan ihtiyacın artması ve kullanım şekillerinin değişimini beraberinde getirmiştir. Göçebe ve avcı-toplayıcı olan insanların yerleşik hayatı benimsemesi beslenme şekillerinde ve günlük yaşamlarındaki rutinleri üzerinde etkili olmuştur. 
Yaşam alanlarının genişlemesi, şehirlerin kurulması, geniş topraklarda etkili uygarlıkların meydana gelişi ile enerjiye olan ihtiyaç ve enerjiyi kullanma şekilleri için büyük bir devrim olmuştur. Bu büyük değişimler özellikle Sanayi Devrimi ve sonrasında etkilerini göstermiş ve fosil kökenli kaynak kullanımını ciddi seviyelere çıkarmıştır. 
Fosil kökenli yoğun kaynak kullanımı sonucunda ekosistemde ve canlı hayatında meydana gelen değişimler 20.yy'a kadar farkına varılamayan noktalar olmuştur. Fakat 20.yy sonunda gerçekleştirilen bilimsel araştırmalar fosil kökenli kaynak kullanımının ekosistem açısından ciddi zararları olduğunu ve yüzyılın en önemli felaketlerinden olan Küresel Isınmanın birincil sebebi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yapılan bu bilimsel araştırmalar uluslararası önlemlerin alınması gerektiği ve sera gazı etkisi olarak bilinen küresel ısınmanın etkilerini ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik önemli adımların atılması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik açısından büyük önem arz eden ekosistemin ve canlı hayatının devamı fosil kökenli kaynakların yerini alacak bir enerji kaynağı ihtiyacını zorunlu kılmıştır. 
Yapılan uluslararası konferans, toplantı, panel vb. faaliyetler ile önemli kararlar alınmaya başlanmış ve fosil kökenli kaynakların yerine temiz ve tükenmez olarak adlandırılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelim teşvik edilmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan güneş enerjisi güneş tarlaları, binalara entegre çatı ve cephe sistemleri ve çeşitli kent mobilyalarında kullanımları ile karşımıza çıkmaktadır. 
Solar potansiyelin belirlenmesinde ve solar fotovoltaik (PV) panelleri ile üretilebilecek enerjinin hesaplanması için çeşitli yöntemler de aynı şekilde geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler çeşitli masaüstü uygulamaları ve web uygulamalarını içermektedir. Masaüstü uygulamaları konum tabanlı hizmetlerden olup Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden faydalanılarak üretilmiş uygulamalardır. Öte yandan çeşitli web uygulamaları da online veri girişi ile solar verilerin elde edilmesinde yaygın kullanılmaktadır.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, Kadıköy Fikirtepe Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı içerisinde seçilen test alanı için güneş enerjisi potansiyeli hesaplanmıştır. Kentsel dönüşüm alanında yapımı tamamlanmış 22 katlı bir ticari yapı güneş enerjisi potansiyeli açısından irdelenip solar PV panel üretimiyle elde edilen enerjinin yapının yıllık elektrik enerjisi ihtiyacını ne oranda karşılayacağının hesaplanması amaçlanmıştır. Solar potansiyelin hesaplanması için Andrew Marsh ve CM SAF PVGIS web uygulama araçları kullanılmıştır. Test alanı için güneş ışınları geliş açısı, panel eğim açıları, fiziksel çevre kontrolü, enerji üretim miktarı ve güneş ışınımı (solar radyasyon)  hesaplanmıştır. Test yapısında 1 yıllık PV sistemleri ile üretilen enerji üretim miktarı ile yapının 1 yıllık enerji ihtiyacı karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak PV sistemlerinin ticari yapının 1 yıllık enerji ihtiyacını % 73 oranında karşıladığı gösterilmiştir.

Abstract:
Throughout the history of mankind, energy has been an indispensable part of everyday life and has used it in different ways and areas of necessity. The ways in which the first people used the sun, wind and water differed day by day. The change in the way of life has led to an increase in the need for energy and the change of usage patterns. These first people, whose life styles evolve quite a lot of time, are eating, drinking, etc. they have a great influence on this change with their daily life preferences. Over time, people who adopted nomadic and hunter-gatherer life have continued their routine to cover a long time. The adoption of settled life by nomadic people has influenced the routines of diet and daily life.
It has been a great revolution for the expansion of habitats, the establishment of cities, the emergence of effective civilizations in large lands and the need for energy and the way in which it uses energy. This change, which provides an economic return in particular, makes its impact in almost every part of the world in a short time. These great changes have shown their effects especially in the Industrial Revolution and later and have increased the use of fossil-based resources that are necessary for industrial use. Population changes such as increasing population, migration from villages to cities, uncontrolled population growth have developed a rapid production and distribution network in industrial areas, thus increasing the number of people affected by fossil resources.
The changes in ecosystem and living life as a result of the intensive resource use of fossil origin have been unnoticed points until the 20th century. However, scientific research at the end of the twentieth century revealed that the use of fossil resources has serious harms in terms of ecosystems and is the primary cause of Global Warming, one of the most important catastrophes of the century. The greenhouse gas effect increases the temperature of the atmosphere and prevents the world from breathing. Increased temperature, melting of glaciers, changes in living species, various settlements under water, intense residential areas are under threat. The results, especially scientists, have led to serious research. These scientific studies have shown that it is necessary to take international measures and to take important steps to eliminate the effects of global warming known as the greenhouse gas effect. The continuation of the ecosystem and its vital life, which is of great importance for sustainability, necessitated the need for a source of energy to replace fossil resources. The fact that countries direct their investments according to the energy of fossil energy has revealed an energy addiction problem. As a matter of fact, the reserves of fossil-derived resources that have not been known for many years have the same century. As a result of the scientific research conducted in 200 years and less were found. In addition, according to the results of the research, fossil-based sources used as masters threaten the life and ecosystem life. As a result of the use of fossil origin sources, gases and gases released into the air and nature affect the living tissue and ecosystem vitality and cause greenhouse gas. The effect of greenhouse gas, known as global warming, increases the temperature and prevents the world from breathing. This event, which caused a global climate change, caused the countries to make important decisions. For the developed states, which set their economic basis for fossil-based energy, this result was quite frightening and new steps were taken to meet the energy needs. The United Nations-led world has made decisions such as the gradual reduction of fossil-based resource use and investment in alternative renewable energy sources. Restriction of the use of fossil origin and the orientation to renewable energy have also allowed the start of various urban movements.
International conferences, meetings, panels etc. important decisions were taken with activities and instead of replacing fossil-based resources, the trend towards renewable energy sources, which were called clean and inexhaustible, was encouraged. Solar energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources, is used with solar fields, roof and façade systems integrated in buildings and their use in various urban furniture. Systems that integrate and operate renewable energy systems have started with smart urbanism and encourage clean energy.
The system required to make the solar potential available becomes PV panel systems. PV panel systems have stand-alone and grid-connected types. Stand-alone systems contain the battery in its components and store the resulting energy. In the case of grid-connected PV panel systems, components connected to the urban network occur and can sell the excess electricity to the city network. It also buys electricity from the mains when it cannot produce the electricity it needs. Various methods have also been developed to determine the solar potential and to calculate the energy that can be generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. These methods include various desktop applications and web applications. Desktop applications are location based services and applications made by using Geographical Information Systems. On the other hand, various web applications are also widely used to obtain solar data via online data entry. The Web-based method is used for the following purposes in the PV panel system calculations; web applications can be accessed any time via any browser via the internet, the platform is independent and cloud-based, without requiring a specific hardware because they are based on cloud computing, whether with a smart mobile phone in the office to use the same result with the use of a high-performance computer, be free, for each area The fact that the calculation can be made is that desktop applications can be used without the need to do such update.
In this study, solar energy potential has been evaluated for the selected test area in Kadıköy Fikirtepe Urban Transformation Area. In this context, the number of panels required for PV panel systems, panel angle calculation, solar angle calculation, annual monthly and daily energy production behavior were taken into consideration. The 22-storey commercial building completed in the area of urban transformation was examined in terms of solar energy potential and the energy obtained by the production of solar PV panel system is aimed to calculate the amount of the annual electricity energy requirement of the building. Andrew Marsh and CM SAF PVGIS web application tools were used to calculate solar potential. Andrew Marsh web applications were analyzed with Earth / Sun, Weather 3D, Sun-Path and Shadows plugins. The angle of incidence of solar rays for the test area was used for the Earth / Sun insertion panel tilt angle. By calculating the angles of the sun, the angles of the panels to be placed on the settlements, the panel angle of inclination, the physical environment control, the amount of energy production and solar radiation (solar radiation) were calculated. In the test structure, the energy production quantity produced by 1 year PV systems and the 1-year power requirement of the structure were compared. As a result, it has been shown that PV systems meet the 1-year energy requirement of the commercial structure by 73%.
The panels, which are the components of the PV panel system that meet the energy requirement of 73%, have an efficiency ratio of around 15% with the technology owned. In case of increasing the efficiency of the panel, it is possible to meet the energy needs, and also the electricity produced will be at a much higher rate and will provide a significant amount of energy.