Türkiye'de plastik imalat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren KOBİ'lere sağlanan KOSGEB finansal desteklerinin KOBİ'lerin performansına etkileri
The effects of financial supports provided by KOSGEB to SMEs in Turkish plastics manufacturing industry on the performance of SMEs
Yazar: AYŞEN YENİ
Danışman: PROF. RAZİYE SELİM
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İşletme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / İşletme Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering ; İşletme = Business Administration

Özet:
Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki İşletmeler(KOBİ), her dönem varlıklarını sürdürmüş olmalarına rağmen küreselleşme süreciyle beraber büyük işletmelerin hızla değişen müşteri taleplerine cevap verememeleri nedeniyle değerleri anlaşılmıştır.
KOBİ'ler, büyük işletmelere göre hızlı karar verebilme yetenekleri, düşük sermaye kullanımları, ana faaliyet alanlarına yoğunlaşarak teknolojik gelişmelerin entegrasyonunun maliyetinin az olması, esnek ve dinamik yapıları nedeniyle ekonomide büyük rol oynarlar. 
Türkiye'de KOBİ'ler, toplam işletmelerin %99,9'unu oluştursa da toplam katma değerin %55'ini oluşturmaktadır. İşletmelerin neredeyse tamamını oluşturan KOBİ'lerin ekonomiye katkılarının yarı yarıya azalması bu işletmelerin verimliliğini sorgulamamıza neden olmaktadır.
Yapılan çalışmalar, KOBİ'lerin finansal kaynakların yetersizliğini en büyük başarısızlık nedeni olarak tespit etmiştir. İstanbul Ticaret Odası'nın 2013 yılında yaptığı çalışmada; KOBİ'lerin kuruluş aşamalarında öz kaynak ihtiyacının %78,56 işletme sahiplerinin tasarruflarından, %7,71 oranında ise banka kredisinden karşılandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kuruluş aşamasında kişisel birikimlerini kullanan işletme sahipleri, işletme sermayesi olarak kullanmaları gereken finansal kaynağı temin etmekte güçlük çekmektedirler.
Ülkeler KOBİ'lerin ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmadaki paylarını arttırmak için bu işletmelere destek ve hibe mahiyetinde destekler vermektedir. Bu çalışma; Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeleri Geliştirme ve Destekleme İdaresi Başkanlığı (KOSGEB) tarafından KOBİ'lere sağlanan kredi faiz desteğinin işletmelerin performansına finansal ve finansal olmayan performans göstergeleri açısından etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Kredi faiz desteğinin işletmelerin üretim, kalite ve standartlarına olan etkisine, finansal sorunlarına ne derece çözüm bulabildiğine, müşteri memnuniyetine katkısına ve tedarikçilerine olan güvenirliğine etkilerini ölçmek için; finansal olmayan performans ölçütü olarak tedarikçi güvenirliği, müşteri memnuniyeti ve finansal performans ölçütü olarak da karlılık başlıkları altında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. 
Türkiye'de plastik imalat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren 3255 işletmeye online anket KOSGEB tarafından gönderilmiş ve 118 işletmeden yanıtları alınmıştır. Anketin sonuçları SPSS program kullanılarak tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Kruskal Wallis ve ki-kare testleriyle analizleri yapılmıştır.
Araştırma verilerini elde etmek için Türkiye'de plastik imalat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren, KOBİ tanımı içerisinde yer alan, ve KOSGEB kredi faiz desteğinden en az 1 kez yararlanmış işletmelere online anket uygulanmıştır. Sektörde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin sorunlarından bahsedilmiş ve alınan desteğin bu sorunların çözümü için ne derece etkili olduğuyla alakalı analizlere yer verilmiştir. İşletmelerin performansını arttırmak için desteğin verimliliği ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. 
Desteğin verimliliğini ölçmek için destek alındıktan sonra finansal ve finansal olmayan performans ölçümlerindeki değişime bakılmıştır. İşletmelerin ankette verdikleri cevaplar doğrultusunda en çok tercih ettikleri finansal performans ölçüm kriterleri işletme geliri, işletme gideri ve işletme karlılığıdır. Finansal olmayan ölçümlerden ise müşteri memnunyeti ve ürün kalitesini performanslarını belirlemek için bi kriter olarak kullanmaktadırlar. 
KOSGEB tarafından verilen kredi faiz desteği miktarı arttıkça işletmeler aldıkları finansı kredi borcu kapatmada, personel alımında ve Ar-Ge yatırımlarında kullanma eğilimi göstermişlerdir. Ar-Ge alanında yatırım yapan işletmelerin de desteği yeterli bulma oranı daha yüksektir. 
Kapasite kullanımı, müşteri memnuniyeti, tedarikçi güvenirliği ve karlılık performans ölçümlerinde işletmelerin yaklaşık %50 seviyelerinde değişmediğini, %40 seviyelerinde de iyileştiğini belirtilmişlerdir. 
KOSGEB tarafından verilen desteğin KOBİ'lerin performansına etkilerini finansal ve finansal olmayan performans ölçümleriyle ölçen çalışma da desteğin verimliliğini arttıracak önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Abstract:
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) exist always throughout the history, however, their importance was understood more when large enterprises are failed to respond fast changing consumer demands, particularly with the effect of globalization. Market dynamics indicate that SMEs are vital to the economy though mass production is done by large enterprises. 
SMEs play a big role in the economy due to variety of reasons such as their flexible and dynamic structures, their ability to make decisions faster than large businesses, lower usage of capital, less costly integration of technological developments by concentrating on the core business areas.
Considering recent success of technology start-ups; it is obvious that small sized enterprises are maneuvering themselves towards technological advancements better than larger ones. However, this relative advantages of SMEs do not necessarily mean that they are the main source of economic growth.
Even though SMEs in Turkey constitute 99.9% of the total businesses, they only constitute 55% of total value added. This indicates a gap in terms of contribution to the economy by SMEs which constitute almost the whole of the enterprises, causes the efficiency of these enterprises to be questioned. This gap between added value and production is crucial to be understood in a developing country like Turkey. This study aims to understand the root cause behind this gap and possible solutions for SMEs to increase their ratio in total value added.
Previous studies in this area have identified the inadequacy of financial resources of SMEs as the greatest cause of failure. In a study conducted by Istanbul Chamber of Commerce in 2013; SMEs were found to have received 78.56% of their own resources from the savings of their owners and 7.71% from bank loans in their establishment stages. This massive inbalance hints a problem in terms of using bank loans. There has to be a set of factors that prohibits SME owners from using bank loans.
Business owners who use personal savings during the establishment phase have difficulty in providing the financial resources when they need to use as operating capital. When they fail to find an operating capital, this will likely lead to financial fail of SMEs. Though it is generally overlooked compared to founding capital, operating capital is very essential to sustain the enterprise life cycle.
In order to increase the share of SMEs in economic and social development, many countries provide support in the form of supports and grants for these enterprises. Turkey is one of those countries and it founded Small and Medium Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB) in 1990 to help SMEs with a public institution. The are many types of supports and grants that are provided by KOSGEB to SMEs. 
In this study; credit interest support provided to the SMEs by the Small and Medium Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB), is investigated in terms of affecting performance of SMEs with respect to both financial and non-financial indicators. 
To measure the effect of credit interest support for SMEs on production, quality and standards, the degree to which they can find solutions to financial problems, the contribution to customer satisfaction and the reliability of their suppliers; it's taken into account that supplier reliability and customer satisfaction are non-financial measures of performance; and profitability is measure of financial performance. This division between financial and non-financial measures is key to clarity of metrics and will strengthen the essence of the final argument.
An online survey was sent to three thousand two hundred and fifty-five SMEs operating in the plastics manufacturing industry in Turkey via KOSGEB and received answers from one hundred and eighteen of them. 
Significant statistics knowledge employed to analyze data sets gathered through the online survey. Results of this survey were analyzed using regression, descriptive, Kruskal Wallis and chi-square tests via SPSS software. 
In this study, effects of credit interest support on the performance provided to SMEs were investigated. To clarify the scope of this study, among all of types of support and grants that are provided by the Small and Medium Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB); only credit interest support was the main focus.
To obtain research data; the online survey was applied to SMEs, which are in compliance with the official SME definition, operating in the plastic manufacturing sector and have benefited from credit interest support provided by KOSGEB at least one time. These three constraints made it certain that this study is not missing any requirement or overstepping from its boundaries.
There are also a set of analyses relevant to the problems of businesses operating in the sector and the extent to which the support received is effective in solving these problems. Productivity of the credit interest support in terms of improving the performance of SMEs is tried to be measured with primary data.
One of the advantages of this study was to work with KOSGEB directly and accessing directly to SMEs with the help of KOSGEB. This access made it possible to collect data from first hand. Working with primary data strengthen the arguments of this study via broadening new horizons and approaches and saved this study to repeat the mistakes of previous studies, if there is any. 
When the output of this online survey is evaluated; it becomes clear that the biggest problem in the plastics manufacturing sector and the reason for not working at full capacity are the financial problems of small and medium sized enterprises. To increase their performance and help themselves within the context of operating capital, as mentioned above, SMEs are in utmost need for financial help. In accordance with that; these financial problems are mainly stems from the high interest rates that banks are applying to loans they provided to SMEs.  
The most preferred criteria for measuring the performances of SMEs operating in the plastics manufacturing sector are those of the following; business expenses, business income, business profitability, customer satisfaction and product quality.
When the outputs of the online survey are analyzed, some hypotheses have been established about the usage areas of support considering the operating age and also taking into account the business life cycle.
Operating age with respect to business life cycle plays a significant role here to interpret the survey results and assemble meaningful comparisons. It is pretty obvious that businesses are facing different problems when they were in introduction phase than they're in maturity phase. While the problems are differentiating from each other, their solutions are also distinct to each phase. 
Findings of this study shows that SMEs that are provided by the credit interest support failed to use this support to overcome their problems. SMEs failed to prioritize their problems considering which business cycle phase they are in at that time.  This shows us the importance of using business life cycle in this sudy and differentiating unique environment in each phase of this life cycle. 
The output of this data shows that; as the amount of support received increased, businesses used this support more in the field of R&D. There was a significant relationship between the use of support in the R&D field by businesses and  the volume of the support that SMEs are provided with. 
This indicates that businesses tend to invest in R&D only if they perceive that they have enough financial resources to cover their core operations. After investing in R&D, these business also find out that the credit interest support they are provided with is efficient to solve their problems. Being able to invest in R&D makes these businesses confident in terms of best usage of support they have been granted.
For half of the surveyed SMEs, the changes in supplier credibility, capacity utilization, customer satisfaction and profitability performance values remained the same after the credit interest support they used to solve their financial problems. For the other half, these performance values improved after the credit interest support they have been provided by KOSGEB.
Even though credit interest support is helpful for SMEs, using this support into right places is still a step should largely taken into account by SMEs. If they are able to use this support efficiently, financial problems they face will be much less in terms of volume and less harsh in terms of affecting their capital adequacy.
This study not only emphasize the need for credit interest support for SMEs but also underline the need for supervision mechanisms to make SMEs better use of this support, alongside with other type of supports.
Results of this study will shed light on the effectiveness of credit interest support. These results might be used by institutions when they are evaluating types of supports and grants and their success. These institutions would not be limited to public ones such as KOSGEB, private institutions such as banks which are heavly investing in SMEs should develop new banking solutions related to credit interest support.