Büyük Mecidiye Camisi Hünkar Kasrı restorasyon ve konservasyon projesi
The restoration and conservation projects of Sultan Kiosk of Büyük Mecidiye Mosque
Yazar: NEVRİYE ÖZTÜRK
Danışman: PROF. DR. AHMET ERSEN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Hünkar Kasrı = Sultan Kiosk ; Konservasyon = Conservation ; Laboratuvar çalışmaları = Laboratory studies ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Restitüsyon = Restitution ; Restorasyon = Restoration

Özet:
İstanbul'un Beşiktaş ilçesi, Mecidiye Mahallesi'nde bulunan Büyük Mecidiye Camisi, 30 pafta, 396 ada ve 1 parselde yer almaktadır. Caminin inşa tarihi konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Hünkar kasrının kuzeybatı cephesinde merkezde yer alan cümle kapısı üzerindeki mermer kitabede H. 1270 (1884) tarihi yer almaktadır. Bir selatin camisi olan yapı Sultan Abdülmecit tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Caminin mimarı Nigoğos Balyan'dır.Tez kapsamında incelenen hünkar kasrı bölümü, caminin harim bölümüne kuzeybatı yönünde birleşmektedir. Son cemaat yeri, odalar, minareler ve localar şeklinde harime açılan mahfilleri içeren kasır, 19. yy Osmanlı camilerinde giriş cephelerini oluşturan iki katlı hünkar kasrı tipolojisini yansıtan önemli bir örnektir.Tezin giriş bölümü olan birinci bölümde, çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve çalışmada izlenen yöntemlerden bahsedilmiştir. Tez kapsamında yapılan çalışmanın amacı, yapının hünkar kasrı bölümünün yapılan raspalar sonucunda ortaya çıkan verilerin ışığında mevcut durumunun mimari çizimler ile belgelenmesi, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projelerinin hazırlanması, kullanıma yönelik uygun işlevin belirlenmesi ve konservasyon laboratuvarı, belgeleme ve proje arasında sağlıklı bir etkileşim kurarak test sonuçlarından elde edilecek verilerin yönlendiriciliğinde onarıma yönelik teknik müdahalelerin saptanmasıdır.Bu amaçla yapının 1/50 ölçekli rölövesi ile restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmış, çizimler ayrıntılı anlatımlar ve fotoğraflarla desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca laboratuvar çalışmaları yürütülerek, yapının güneybatı cephesi için 1/20 ölçekte konservasyon projesi hazırlanmıştır. İkinci bölümde caminin bulunduğu Ortaköy semtinin çeşitli dönemlere ait tarihi gelişimi kısaca anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Osmanlı camilerindeki hünkar mahfil ve kasırları tarihi gelişimleri doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde Büyük Mecidiye Camisi Hünkar Kasrı detaylı olarak incelenmiş,cami tarihçesi, hünkar kasrı restorasyon tarihi ve kasrın raspalar sonrası mevcut durumu hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Kasrın plan özelliklerinden bahsedilirken her mekân ayrı ayrı betimlenmiş, cephe, yapım tekniği ve malzeme ile mimarî öğeleri değerlendirilerek tanımlamaları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca yapıda meydana gelen bozulmalar ve nedenleri araştırılmış, mekan bozulmaları, strüktür bozulmaları ve malzeme bozulmaları olarak üç başlık altında incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde yapının özgün durumu ve zaman içinde geçirdiği değişimler yapıdan elde edilen verilere, yazılı ile görsel dokümanlara ve benzer yapılar üzerindeki analojik çalışmalara dayanılarak belirlenmiştir. Büyük Mecidiye Camisi, olumsuz zemin özellikleri, statik problemler, yangın, deprem gibi çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı yapılışından itibaren günümüze kadar geçen süre içerisinde, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet dönemlerinde pek çok kez onarım görmüştür. Söz konusu onarımlarda gerçekleştirilen müdahaleler, hünkar kasrı bölümünde mekan kurgusunda bozulmalara ve çeşitli yapı elemanlarının yapım sistemleri ile malzemelerinde değişmelere neden olmuştur. Bahsedilen verilerden yararlanılarak yapının restitüsyon önerisi hazırlanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde malzeme karakterizasyonu ve mevcut bozulmaların morfolojileri ile derecelerinin belirlenmesi, yapının durumuna uygun koruma yöntemlerinin saptanabilmesi için gerçekleştirilen laboratuvar çalışmalarından ve hazırlanan konservasyon projesinden bahsedilmiştir. Öncelikle laboratuvar çalışmalarında kullanılan deney yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmiş, daha sonra yapılan deneyler sonucu elde edilen veriler tablolar ile grafikler halinde sunulmuştur. Deneylerden elde edilen veriler, yerinde yapılan gözlemler, hazırlanan malzeme ve bozulma analizleri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiş ve uygun müdahale yöntemleri saptanmıştır. Güneybatı cephesi için hazırlanan konservasyon projesinin yanı sıra yapı genelindeki farklı malzemelerin korunmasına yönelik müdahale yöntemleri de belirlenmiş, onarımlarda kullanılacak olan taş, sıva, harç gibi malzemelerin cinsleri ve terkipleri deney verileri doğrultusunda saptanmıştır. Yedinci bölümde hazırlanan restorasyon projesi ele alınmıştır. Yapı için uygun bir işlev belirlenmiş ve yapının bu yeni işleve uyarlanması, çağdaş konfor koşullarına ulaşması için gerekli müdahale tipleri ortaya konmuştur. Yapının ibadet işlevini korumasının yanı sıra bazı bölümlerinin mimari elemanlarıyla kendi sergilemesi, bazı mekanlara yerleştirilecek bilgilendirme panolarıyla caminin tarihçesi ve restorasyon tarihi hakkında ziyaretçilerin bilgilendirilmesi önerilmiştir. Bu işlev kararı yapının ibadet işlevini sürdürmesinin yanında yerli ve yabancı turistlerin yoğun ilgi gösterdiği bir yapı olması göz önünde bulundurularak alınmıştır. Onarıma ilişkin müdahaleler ?Temizleme?, ?Sağlamlaştırma?, ?Bütünleme?, ?Yeniden Yapma? ve ?Çağdaş Donanımla Destekleme? başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Sonuç bölümü olan sekizinci bölümde yapının önemi ve hazırlanan çalışmanın niteliğinden bahsedilmiştir.

Abstract:
Büyük Mecidiye Mosque is located on Mecidiye quarter in Beşiktaş district of İstanbul. There are different opinions about the exact construction date of the Mosque. The date 1884 (hijri 1270) is written at the marble inscription stone which placed on top of main gate at the center of the northwest façade. Büyük Mecidiye Mosque is a Selatin Mosque (Imperial Mosque) which was constructed for Sultan Abdülmecid. Its architect was Nigoğos Balian who was a member of Balian family. Balian family was an architect family that had been employed in Imperial Architecture Department for generations as father, son and brothers. Balian family was one of the most important names of the Late Ottoman Architecture.In this thesis, the Sultan Kiosk of the mosque was studied. The sultan kiosk is located at the northwest side of the main prayer hall. Sultan kiosk of Büyük Mecidiye Mosque which contains last prayer hall, rooms, minarets and lodges is an important example of sultan kiosk typology that form the entrance facade of 19th century Ottoman mosques.In the first chapter of the thesis, the aim of the study and the methods that used were explained. The aim of this study is to document the existing condition of the structure after the rasps, to prepare the restitution project of building, to decide a suitable new function and to establish a healthy interaction between conservation laboratory, documentation and projects in order to determine the suitable interventions for the restoration of the sultan kiosk. In order to achieve this purpose, the survey, restitution and restoration projects were prepared in 1/50 scale. It is crucial to produce new materials in compatibility with the original materials for a scientific restoration process. Accordingly, material tests were conducted at laboratory and a conservation project in 1/20 scale was prepared for the southwest facade of sultan kiosk. The method employed during the measurement stage was explained at this chapter, too. A zero datum line was applied to all spaces of the building and vertical dimensions were measured in regard to this reference by employing conventional methods. Plan dimensions were measured with laser meter by using triangular method which is a conventional method, too.In the second chapter, the characteristics of area which the Büyük Mecidiye Mosque was located were described. It consists of three parts titled ?The Geographical Location?, ?Historic Development? and ?Socio-economic Structure?. The mosque is located in Mecidiye quarter of Ortaköy which is one of the historical neighborhoods of İstanbul. The history of Ortaköy over the ages since the Byzantine era and the monuments that were built in this neighborhood were reviewed at second part. People from different ethnic groups and religions had been lived in Ortaköy at Ottoman period. This social characteristic of neighborhood continued at Republic period until the 1960s. Boğaziçi Bridge that was constructed in 1973 enhanced the economical importance of Ortaköy. Accordingly neighborhood became an attraction point for amusement and nightlife.In the third chapter, sultan lodges and development of sultan kiosk typology were studied in the historical process. Sultan lodge typology in Ottoman mosques comes from the maqsura of Arabic mosques. First, sultan lodges were turned into little additional buildings outside of prayer hall at the plan scheme of Ottoman mosques. Then they became a more complex and multifunctional building which combines to prayer hall at the north side. These two storey kiosks dominated the northwest façade and they contain last prayer hall, sultan and women lodges, minarets, meeting rooms for sultan.In the fourth chapter, building was defined in terms of all its properties. Historical, architectural and structural properties of sultan kiosk were evaluated under ten sub-titles. At first sub-section, geographical location of building was explained. Then the history of the mosque and the restoration history of the sultan kiosk were studied at second and third parts. Büyük Mecidiye Mosque has been repaired many times during Ottoman and Republic periods. According to specify the interventions which were made at these repairs written and visual documents were researched at archives like T.R. Prime Ministry Directorate General of Foundations and Ottoman Archives. Features of the layout plan were described at fourth part. The mosque which is located on shore of Bosporus is surrounded by a courtyard at three sides and a garden with trees is located at north-east side. After general definition, properties of plan scheme were described at sixth part. The sultan kiosk which consists of basement, ground and first floors has a U shaped plan scheme. Building includes, basements (B01, B02, B03, B04, B05, B06, B07), entrance halls (Z01, Z04), last prayer hall (Z02), rooms (Z03, Z07, Z08, Z10; 101, 104, 111, 112), toilets (Z05, Z09; 108, 113), lodges (102, 103). The south-west wing of the kiosk includes places which were separated for usage of sultan. Sultan used to come to the mosque with a boat, enter the kiosk from the gate (KZ04) at south-east façade, reach the first floor by using the staircase (110) at this wing, arrive the rooms (106, 107) separated for his rest and meetings and the lodge (105) where he worship. The characteristics of facades were reviewed at seventh part. Although the facades of main prayer hall include more than one style and are decorated densely, the facades of sultan kiosk have simple and symmetrical design which shows neo-classic features. At the eighth sub-section construction techniques and the types of materials that used in the building were described. Building was constructed with the masonry technique by using materials like stone (mostly limestone), brick, khorasan mortar and plaster, timber. Modern materials like reinforced-concrete and steel were added to the building in repairs which were carried out between 1967-1988. At ninth part architectural components of the building were reviewed under three sub-titles as doors, windows and decorations. The typology, details and materials of these components were described at this section. Finally deteriorations at structure and building materials and their reasons were defined at tenth part. Plan, section and elevation drawings of the building were prepared in 1/50 scale. Also material, deterioration and period analyzes were prepared as analytic survey in 1/50 scale.In the fifth chapter, the original design of the building and the changes that occurred in the course of time were verified depending on the data provided from building, written and visual documents and similar buildings. Similar buildings like The Sultan Kiosks of Küçük Mecidiye Mosque, Dolmabahçe Mosque and Pertevniyal Valide Mosque were researched for the analogical study. Plan schemes, building periods and architects of these sultan kiosks show similarities to the Sultan Kiosk of Büyük Mecidiye Mosque. Because of the reasons like poor soil conditions, static problems, fire and earthquake building has been repaired many times. The interventions made in these repairs caused changes at original plan scheme, building systems and building materials of building elements in sultan kiosk.Four different periods were specified according to the dates of large scale repairs after big disasters. First three periods includes the repairs at Ottoman era. The fourth period reflects the current state of the building after the repairs at Republic era. Then restitution drawings were prepared in 1/50 scale. Two proposals were made for the plan and section drawings for the first period. Elevation drawings were prepared for the first, second and third periods.In the sixth chapter, material tests which were conducted at conservation laboratory and the conservation project that was prepared for the south-west façade were explained. Conservation project includes analytical survey, laboratory study and the report and drawings for conservative implementations that specified from the evaluation of material and deterioration analyses and test results. Analytical survey contains drawings of material and deterioration analyses that show the type and location of materials and decay processes. For laboratory study 13 representative samples of building materials such as natural stones, plasters and mortars were taken from the different places of the building. Additionally 70 samples were taken from the south-west façade to prepare salt maps. Before the tests were conducted a suitable experimental program which included 3 groups of experiments was prepared. The aims of these experiments wereto specify the type of materials, causes of decay processes and physical properties of new materials to be used at interventions. After the comparative evaluation of test results, material and deterioration analyses suitable implementations were specified for the conservation of south-east façade. Treatments such as cleaning, reintegration, consolidation were defined and the areas that each of these treatments to be applied showed at the elevation drawing in 1/20 scale. Besides the materials from south-west façade, experiments were applied to materials like mortars and plasters that were taken from the other parts of the building. The original mix proportions and properties of the samples were identified by physical, chemical, mechanical and petrographical analysis. Accordingly the recipes of repair mortars and plasters for the conservation works were designed.In the seventh chapter, restoration proposals for the building were explained. A suitable new function for the building was determined. While the central and north-east wings were left for worshiping, south-west wing was functioned as an exhibition area with its architectural components and information panels about the history and restoration history of the mosque. Interventions for the rehabilitation and modernization of the building were specified. The repair methods to be employed for conservation of materials and structure were described under the sub-titles of ?Cleaning?, ?Consolidation?, ?Reintegration?, ?Reconstruction? and ?Modernization?. The drawings of restoration project was prepared in 1/50 scale.