Cbs destekli analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi ile uygun yer seçimi; Sultanbeyli'de alışveriş merkezleri örneği
Suitable site selection with gis supported analytical hierarchy process; A case of shopping centers in Sultanbeyli
Yazar: AHMET HALİT ÖZMEN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ZAİDE DURAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Alışveriş merkezleri = Shopping centers ; Analitik hiyerarşi süreci = Analytical hierarchy process ; Analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi = Analytical hierarchy method ; Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Yer seçimi = Location selection ; Yer seçimi problemi = Site selection problem

Özet:
Nüfusun artması ve ihtiyaçların çoğalması sonucu, özellikle büyük şehirlerde birçok benzer işletmenin açılması ile yer seçimi ve rekabet konularının önemi günden güne artmaktadır. Şehirlerin büyümelerine katkıda bulunan bu işletmelerin plansız ve programsız bir şekilde çoğalmaması için yerlerinin seçiminde var olan diğer işyerleri dikkate alınmadan, sosyal ve çevresel faktörler hesaba katılmadan hareket edilebilmektedir. Tabi ki burada sadece ticari işletmeler değil kamu yararına yönelik işletmelerin hayata geçirilmesinde de bu perspektif doğrultusunda hareket edilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Sadece alışveriş imkanlarıyla değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve kültürel aktiviteler açısından da önemli alanlar haline gelen ve gün geçtikçe rağbeti daha da artmakta olan alışveriş merkezleri (AVM) şehirleşmeyi etkileyen unsurları içinde barındırdığı için yer seçimi konusunda oldukça önem gösterilmesi gereken yapılardandır. İşte bu noktada yapılacak olan benzer oluşumların yerlerinin tespiti, doğru karar verebilme kapasitesini artırmayı hedefleyen Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) yardımıyla daha isabetli olmaktadır. Bununla beraber farklı yöntem ve sistemlerin kullanımı problemlerin, özellikle de konumsal veri içerenlerin çözümlerinde doğru ve güvenilir sonuçlar elde edilmesini sağlayacağından yapılan uygulamada Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHY) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada CBS destekli AHY ile İstanbul ili Sultanbeyli ilçesi sınırlarını kapsayan bölgede yeni alışveriş merkezleri için en uygun yer seçimi işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alışveriş merkezleri için en uygun yer seçiminde kullanılacak kriterlere ait veriler belirlenmiş ve farklı kaynaklardan temin edilmiştir. Çalışmada literatür araştırması yapılarak ve uzman görüşlerinden istifade edilerek en yoğun olarak tercih edilen 5 farklı kriter değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kriterler; mevcut alışveriş merkezlerine olan uzaklık, caddelere olan yakınlık, eğim, sosyal merkezlere olan yakınlık ve nüfus yoğunluğudur. Öncelikle aralarında derecelendirme yapılan bu kriterlerin ağırlıkları AHY kullanılarak yapılan hesaplamalar sonucunda elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi kullanılarak katmanlar oluşturulmuş ve oluşturulan bu katmanlar analiz edilerek sonuca ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç verileri ile karar vericilere rehber olacak harita altlıkları elde edilmiştir. Çalışma yapılırken dinamik bir model oluşturulmuş olup bu model sayesinde çalışmada kullanılan verilerde farklılık oluşması durumunda hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde analizin güncellenebilmesi olanaklı hale gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu çalışma her ne kadar alışveriş merkezleri için yapılmış olsa da çalışmada yer seçimine ait hemen hemen bütün projelere yol gösterecek bir yöntem uygulanmıştır.

Abstract:
The solution of urbanization troubles that increased has been generally great effort has been made to generate permanent solutions to troubles in late years. A lot of research has been done on this subject and many alternative ideas have emerged for the solution to the problems. These are generally studies involving by using multi-criteria methods.
Every decision-making process using the solution of problems starts with the understood of the decision problem and ends up with solution proposals for future actions. Solution proposals are based on the status of the options and analysis. Visualizations created according to the results of the analysis play an important role in making use of decision-makers and related people.
Urbanization accelerated due to population growth and the needs of the period. As a consequence of population growth and economic welfare level, especially urbanization, economic expansion, industrialization, and socializing have increased. All of these caused an increase in social areas such as shopping centers. The shopping centers industry has become an important social and economic event for developed and developing countries. These shopping centers were caused by the spread of city centers and contributed to the liveliness of city centers. They have become important places due to their rich shopping opportunities and also places that have strong effects on city development, they also have public entertainment centers as a multifunctional feature, away from the city crowd and noise.
Selection suitable sites for shopping centers are the ones that should be attached enormous significance in the process of suitable site selection by reasons of the fact that their environmental, social, and economic effects. Selection of suitable site for shopping centers; depend on primarily executive limitations and regulations concerning zoning plans, as well as economic situation, physical and environmental conditions, population and cultural effects.
While city planning, shopping center suitable site selection as in the selection of the other structures and social areas, and during the decision making several factors are taken into consideration, although there is no general rule.
In this study, Sultanbeyli district, which is chosen as the application area, is one of the regions where the population is dense in Istanbul province. It is inevitable that with the increase in the population, it will rapidly increase the need to generate social areas. In Sultanbeyli, which is developing and growing day by day, the number of shopping centers is insufficient compared to the population today. As a consequence of these and similar developments, the insufficiency of existing shopping centers for the district, where social circulation will increase, has been the inspiration for this study.
Variable thoughts and criteria may affect this process negatively while planning the decision making process. At this point, the use of Geographic Information System and Decision Making Methods enables this process to be managed more accurately. They contribute a lot in obtaining desired and more accurate results. The implementation of this would reduce complex urbanization and set an example for the future.
Using different disciplines in solving problems will generate more useful and consistent results for the solution. The combination of multiple parameters, methods and decision-making techniques, generate the form the bases for a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method.
Spatial decision problems involve a set of geographically and social causes which a choice of one or more alternatives. In the abstract, multi-criteria decision making can be explained as a tool for helping the decision-maker in deciding on the best alternative from all of the possible alternatives under multiple-choice criteria and various criterion priorities.
On the other hand, Geographic Information Systems software, which works with raster and vector graphics, offers the opportunity to compare, analyze, query, and synthesize, solve problems or make them spatial more events with less margin of error. Therefore, Geographical Information Systems, which are defined as collecting, organizing, questioning, analyzing and preparing visual presentations of spatial location in computer-based systems, is the biggest help in getting users to the right conclusion in a very short time.
Geographical Information Systems are also useful in carrying out these analyzes, but they also provide advantages in many aspects such as speed, savings, and alternative decision making. With Geographical Information Systems, reliable and consistent results were obtained by interpreting, questioning and visualizing the data.
In the practice, the alternative shopping centers suitable site selection process for the Sultanbeyli county has been carried out by using two disciplines. The first of the disciplines is Geographic Information Systems. The other is the Analytical Hierarchy Process which is a method in Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods. The data regarding the criteria to be used in the selection of the most suitable place for this study were determined. These data were then obtained from various sources. For this study, five different criteria determined, which are preferred the most intensively. These criteria were chosen with literature research and benefiting from expert opinions. The criteria selected for this study are; distance to existing shopping centers, proximity to main roads, slope, proximity to social centers and population density.
The data layers used for the Sultanbeyli district were prepared with the spatial analysis tools provided by the Geographic Information Systems, the criteria weights were calculated with the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The generated layers and weights were analyzed and the result was reached.
The most suitable areas for shopping centers are recommended by evaluating the results data. The areas reached as a result of the selection analysis obtained by the studies conducted; it is classified as not suitable, less suitable, suitable and very suitable.
During the study, a dynamic model was created, and thanks to this model, it is possible to update the analysis quickly and accurately in case of any difference in the data used in the study. The map that emerged as a result of the analyzes was created by considering the overlapping of the layers and the criterion weights with this model.
Due to the dynamic model, the data, weights, and parameters of the criteria to be used as input can be changed according to the characteristics of the study area. Thus different criteria and weights can be adapted to the model and different evaluations can be made in a short time.
As a result, in the study, which regions could be suitable shopping centers for Sultanbeyli district were investigated. Map bases to guide decision-makers were obtained with the results data.
However, although this study was conducted for shopping centers, a method that will guide the way for almost all projects related to location selection was applied in the study.