İş sağlığı ve güvenliği, acil durum ve afet yönetimindeki risk yönetimi entegrasyonu
Risk management integration in occupational health and safety, emergency and disaster management
Yazar: AYŞEGÜL BAYIN SARIAHMETOĞLU
Danışman: PROF. DR. DİDEM SALOĞLU DERTLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Afet Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı / Afet Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi = Information and Records Management
Dizin: Doğal afetler = Natural disasters ; Güvenlik analizi = Safety analysis ; İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu = Occupational Health and Safety Law ; İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulları = Occupational Health and Safety Committees ; İş güvenliği = Work safety

Özet:
Genel anlamda afet; fiziksel, ekonomik ve sosyal kayıplar oluşturan, günlük yaşamı ve insan aktivitelerini durdurarak veya kesintiye uğratarak toplumları etkileyen ve yerel imkanlar ile baş edilemeyen doğal, teknolojik ve insan kaynaklı tüm olaylar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Büyüklüğü ve etki alanı değerlendirildiğinde afetlerin yönetimi için öncesini, afet anını ve sonrasını kapsayan çalışmaların titizlikle yapılması, afet öncesi, afet anı, afet sonrası yönetim aşamalarının hepsinin entegre olması gerekmektedir. Özellikle afet öncesi çalışmaları kapsayan risk ve zarar azaltma çalışmalarının yapılıp planların oluşturulması makro ölçekli afet olaylarının yönetilmesini kolaylaştırıp afetlere direnç oluşmasını sağlayacaktır.
Bir bölgeyi yoğun olarak etkileme potansiyeline sahip olan bir afetin yönetimi, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile acil durum yönetimine ilişkin yapılan hazırlıklar ile doğrudan bağlantılıdır. Bu üç olgunun yönetiminin birbirinden ayrı değerlendirilmesi mümkün değildir. Kahramanmaraş'ta 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen ve 11 ilimizi etkileyen depremde de gözlemlendiği gibi TS ISO 45001 İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, TS ISO 22320 Toplumsal Güvenlik, Acil Durum Yönetimi ve Olay Yanıt Gereksinimleri yönetim sistemlerine uygun olarak, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile acil durum yönetimine yönelik hazırlık yapan ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, acil durum yönetimi ve afet yönetimi arasındaki ilişkiyi iyi kurgulayıp dokümantasyon çalışmalarını belirtilen üç yönetimsel işleyişi entegre şekilde uygulamayı başaran tüm kurumlar afete karşı daha dirençli olmuştur. Sunulan tez çalışmasında özellikle tehlikeli ve çok tehlikeli iş kollarında faaliyet gösteren işyerlerinde afetlere karşı dirençliliğin oluşturulması ve/veya arttırılması için iş sağlığı ve güvenliği (TS ISO 45001), acil durum (TS ISO 22320) ve afet yönetimi için hazırlanan çalışmalardaki enflasyonun azaltılmasının ve işleyişin tek ve etkili bir plan üzerinden entegre şekilde yapılmasının önemi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda özellikle işyerleri için mevcut standartların ve planların entegrasyonunun afete hazır ve dirençli bir alan oluşturulabileceği gösterilmektedir.
Afet yönetimi afet öncesi, sırası ve sonrası için zarar azaltma, hazırlık, müdahale, iyileştirme ve yeniden inşa evrelerinden oluşan bir planlama süreci olmasına rağmen, mevcut çalışmalar daha çok kriz yönetimi evreleri olan müdahale, ilk yardım ve yeniden inşa aşamalarına odaklanmaktadır. 2013 yılında yürürlüğe giren Afet ve Acil Durum Müdahale Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği afet yönetiminin kiriz yönetimi evreleri olan müdahaleve iyileştirme aşamalarını mevzuatsal olarak düzenlemekte olup, 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunun ilgili yönetmeliklerince ise afet yönetiminin ilk evresi olan risk yönetiminin risk değerlendirme ve zarar azaltma ile hazırlık aşamalarını düzenlemektedir. Afet yönetiminin uygulanması için bu iki yasal düzenlemenin birlikte uygulanması önemlidir. 
Bu çalışmada toplumu oluşturan en küçük birim olan aileden başlayıp ülke çapında afet yönetimini efektif yapabilmek, toplumun kırılganlığını azaltmak için öncelikle iş sağlığı ve güvenliği dolaylı olarak ev sağlığı ve güvenliği kültürünün toplumda oluşturulması gerektiği,  afet yönetimi ile acil durum ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği çalışmalarının bibribinden ayrıştırılmadan birlikte ele alınması, yönetim entegrasyonunu sağlanması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Bunun içinde Türkiye'deki bütünleşik afet yönetimi yaklaşımına uygulanması gerektiği önerilmiştir

Abstract:
In the most general definition accepted by the United Nations, disasters are all natural, technological and human-induced events that cause physical, economic and social losses, affect societies by stopping or interrupting daily life and human activities and cannot be handled with local facilities. When its magnitude and impact area are evaluated, for the management of disasters, studies covering before, during and after the disaster should be carried out meticulously, and all pre-disaster, disaster moment and post-disaster management stages are considered as integrated. In particular, carrying out risk and damage minimisation studies covering pre-disaster studies and creating plans will facilitate the management of macro-scale disaster events and ensure the formation of resistance to disasters.
The disaster management that has the potential to affect a region intensively is directly related to the preparations made for occupational health and safety and emergency management. As it was observed in the earthquake that occurred in Kahramanmaraş on 6 February 2023 and affected 11 provinces, all organisations that made preparations for occupational health and safety and emergency management in accordance with TS ISO 45001 Occupational Health and Safety, TS ISO 22320 Community Safety, Emergency Management and Incident Response Requirements management systems, and that succeeded in establishing the relationship between occupational health and safety, emergency management and disaster management well and implementing the documentation studies in an integrated manner with the mentioned three managerial functions have been more resilient against disasters. In this thesis, the importance of reducing the inflation in the studies prepared for occupational health and safety (TS ISO 45001), emergency (TS ISO 22320) and disaster management and the importance of integrating the operation through a single and effective plan in order to create and/or increase the resilience against disasters in workplaces operating in hazardous and very hazardous business lines has been evaluated. As a result of the study, it is shown that the integration of existing standards and plans, especially for workplaces, can create a disaster-ready and resilient area.
Disaster management is a planning process consisting of mitigation, preparation, response, recovery and reconstruction phases before, during and after the disaster. However, it is seen that the Regulation on Disaster and Emergency Response, which entered into force in 2013, regulates the phases of response, first aid and reconstruction, which are the phases of crisis management. On the other hand, risk assessment, mitigation and preparation phases of risk management, which is the first phase of disaster management, are regulated by the relevant regulations of Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331. It is important to implement these two legal regulations together for the implementation of disaster management. In this study, an integration is designed by considering disaster management, emergency and occupational health and safety studies together and its applicability to the integrated disaster management approach in Turkey is proposed.
Sustainability aims for people to live together safely over a long period of time. There are multiple definitions of sustainability in the literature. Sustainability can be defined as the capacity to maintain or improve the condition and availability of desirable materials or conditions over the long term, a form of intergenerational ethics in which individuals' environmental and economic actions do not harm the environment. The word sustainable includes sustainable cities, sustainable/renewable energy, sustainable development, sustainable occupational health and safety management, sustainable disaster management, etc. was added to the beginning of the concepts, resulting in improvements in these concepts. Sustainability has three dimensions: social, environmental and economic.
Sustainable development is based on three pillars consisting of economic, environmental and social areas and should not be considered separately from each other. This interaction essentially makes it possible to achieve a balanced integration of social, environmental and economic performance. In this context, it is not possible to reduce environmental, economic and social problems and achieve sustainable development by neglecting disaster management and governance. For effective disaster management and governance in every field, it is extremely important to conduct a feasible documentation study in which document inflation is reduced and resources are used efficiently.For this reason, there is a need to individually create and implement an effective management documen t covering occupational health and safety, emergency and disaster management. The applicability of effective documentation will also prove that the concept of sustainability is closely related to occupational health and safety, emergency and disaster management.
Preparation of a good incident management plan covering occupational health and safety, emergency and disaster management phases is very important for the formation of a sustainable and integrated management system.When we look at the management of processes, risk management activities, which we will define as the most important activity, are included in the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331 as legislation in our country. In addition to the emergency plans that workplaces must prepare for disaster management, with the new legal regulations, it is required to prepare a disaster plan as a requirement of disaster management and occupational health and safety crisis management in Turkey.
Risk is present in all three events, and the impact area of the risk and the number of people it affects affect the definition of the event as occupational health and safety (OHS), emergency (E) and disaster management (DM).
In the presented thesis study, it is aimed to increase the focus on the approach designed from part to whole in occupational health and safety and disaster management. It is revealed that the methods applied to reduce disaster risk and the methods applied to reduce risk factors in occupational health and safety are related and therefore integration in documentation preparations is important. It is suggested that if the effective implementation of occupational health and safety risk management is adopted while managing disaster risk, much more success will be achieved in the disaster prevention and damage reduction stages by reducing disaster risks to a manageable level. It is necessary to strengthen the integration between reducing occupational health and safety risks and reducing disaster risks, providing joint training to disaster and occupational health and safety experts / professionals, increasing data sharing between sectors and integrating documents.
Political support is important to facilitate the integration between disaster management, emergency management and occupational health and safety, and political institutions need to ensure the integration of documents by carrying out legislative studies on this subject.
Thanks to this integration, the efficiency of control, query, analysis, reporting applications will be increased. For a successful occupational health and safety, emergency and disaster management, we, as a society, need to be conscious about occupational health and safety, emergency and disaster management.
In this regard, T.R. is the institution where legislative regulations and inspections regarding occupational health and safety are carried out. The General Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security takes an active role in the risk and harm reduction and preparation phases of disaster management, and ensures that awareness is raised about hazards, risks and their management within the scope of disasters, emergencies, occupational health and safety in workplaces, and thus helps the society at large. In some parts, it will contribute to increasing awareness of disasters, emergencies, occupational health and safety, and to building resilience by reducing the vulnerability of society to these phenomena.
Finally, by drawing lessons from the disasters experienced in our country, in order to manage such disasters, the issues that need to be improved in occupational health and safety and emergency management, which cannot be evaluated separately from each other, and the practices required to ensure document integration should be determined precisely and supported by applicable policies. In order to effectively reduce the damages of all disasters and to create an integrated disaster management system, also known as the disaster management cycle, document inflation must be reduced and integration must be ensured. In this way, work is carried out quickly and effectively in a coordinated manner at all stages of disaster management, and existing resources are used effectively.