Türkiye'de yapılan ara toplu taşıma (minibüs) sistemlerinden toplu taşıma (otobüs) sistemlerine dönüşüm ve ülkemiz için yönetmelik önerisi hazırlanması
Transformation from paratransit (minibus) systems in turkey to public transportation (bus) systems and preparing a regulation proposal for our country
Yazar: MUSTAFA BEKTAŞ
Danışman: DOÇ. MURAT ERGÜN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences ; Ulaşım = Transportation
Dizin: Minibüsler = Minibuses ; Otobüs = Bus ; Toplu taşıma araçları = Public transportation vehicles

Özet:
Bu çalışmada gelişmekte olan ülkelerden ve yine gelişmekte olan ülkemizdeki paratransit sistemlerinin örnekleri incelenmiş dönüşüm çalışmaları hakkında referans olması açısından daha önceden yapılmış bazı çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Toplu ulaşım içerisinde ara toplu taşıma sistemlerin nasıl konumlandığı ve hangi öneme sahip oldukları değerlendirilmiş ve ileride ara toplu taşıma (paratransit) sistemlerin dönüşümünü gerçekleştirmek isteyen kurumlar için daha önce yapılmış olan çalışmalardan örnekler derlenip düzenlenmiş ve yönetmelik önerisi olması açısından hazırlanmıştır.
Toplamda 6 bölümden oluşan bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde yapılan çalışmanın amacı ve izlenecek yol anahatları ile verilmeye çalışılmış ve tezin ana öğesi olan paratransit sistemler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölüm, genel olarak toplu taşıma kavramından, Dünyada toplu taşımanın tarihsel gelişiminden ve Dünyada ara toplu taşıma (paratransit) sistemlerin nasıl ve ne amaçla yapıldığından bahsedilmiştir. Her cografyaya özel birbirlerinden farklı biçimde ve amaçta fakat ulaşım ihtiyacını karşılama açısından hemen hemen aynı amaçları taşıyan bir ulaşım türü olması hakkında geniş bilgiler içermektedir. Ayrıca farklı ülkelerdeki ara toplu taşıma türlerinin rehabilitasyonları ve bu rehabilitasyon çalışmalarının nasıl yapıldığından bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, paratransit sistemlerin Türkiye'deki ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve yayılışı gibi bilgiler verilmiş, ilk kez ara toplu taşıma olarak adlandırılacak durumdaki halinden bugün sektör içerisinde kendine nasıl ve ne sebeple bu kadar büyük bir yer edindiği hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, ülkemizde yapılan paratransit sistemlerden otobüs sistemlerine dönüşümlerin nasıl gerçekleştiği, hangi aşamalardan geçildiği, dönüşüm yapılırken nelere dikkat edilmesi gerektiği, dönüşümün aslında ne için gerekli olduğu ve bu dönüşüm için kurumların hangi teknik ve finansal altyapılara sahip olmaları gerektiği, havuz sistemlerinin dönüşüm yapılan şehirlerde ne için gerekli olduğu, elektronik bilet uygulamasının ne için hayati öneme sahip olduğu vb. bir çok soruya cevap arandığı ve daha önce yapılan örnek uygulamalar ile bunların ne için gerekli oldukları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise tezimizin amacını ortaya koyarak yapılan tüm çalışmaların ortak bir şekilde harmanlanarak toplanan tüm veriler ışığında geniş kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve ülkemiz için bir yönetmelik önerisinde bulunulmuştur.
Bu yönetmelik paratransit sistemlerinde dönüşüm yapmak isteyen şehirler için bu işin nasıl yapılması gerektiğini, bu yönetmeliğe uygun bir şekilde dönüşümü gerçekleştirebilmeleri açısından bir rehber olduğu anlatılmıştır. Altıncı ve son bölüm olan sonuç kısmında ise tez kısaca özetlenmiş, tezin
başlangıcındaki amaç ve geldiğimiz son noktaya kadar olan aşamalar kısaca değerlendirilmiştir. Yönetmeliğin gerekliliği hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.

Abstract:
In this study, paratransit system examples from developing countries and also in our developing country were examined and some previous studies on transformation studies were evaluated in terms of being a reference and setting an example. By evaluating how paratransit systems are located in the general public transportation system and their importance in the public transportation system, examples from previous studies have been compiled and prepared as a regulation proposal for institutions that want to work on paratransit systems in the future and want to transform paratransit systems.
In the first part of this study, which consists of 6 chapters, the aim of the study and the path to be followed were tried to be outlined and information was given about the paratransit systems, which is the main element of the thesis.
In the second part, the concept of public transportation in general, the historical development of public transportation in the world, what stages it has passed and how and for what purpose paratransit systems are used in the world are mentioned. It was seen that paratransit systems first started with the idea of taxi-dolmus, with the industrial revolution and slums, the number of workers living in the cities started to live in the peripheries and it was seen that a demand for a journey towards the periphery was born. However, in the current situation, it has been stated that passenger transportation by minibus and naturally minibus has started to provide active service due to the insufficient public transportation services of the provinces and the insufficient number of vehicles to serve the surrounding regions. In addition, the general technical features of Paratransit systems are briefly mentioned and the examples in Turkey are given as a basis in the third chapter.
It contains comprehensive information that it is a type of transportation that differs from each other in terms of type and service purpose, but has almost the same purposes in terms of meeting transportation needs. For example, in developed countries such as the UK and Sweden, information has been given that although they do not have an important place and share in public transport, they mostly serve as feeding the main public transport systems and are actually used as they should be. It has been stated that they are not preferred by the public due to their low comfort due to the fact that rubber-tyred and railway-based public transportation activities are highly developed due to their per capita income. However, when we look at South Africa and Developing Asian countries, paratransit systems have gained a great place in the existing public transportation network and even in some countries they have grown so strong and grown that they have become the only mode of transportation that constitutes the official public transportation networks of countries or cities, and they are a place where public transportation systems of states cannot compete with them. point has been reached. It has been seen that there are murders and fights in such places in order to have better lines. In addition, the rehabilitation of paratransit types in different countries and how these rehabilitation studies are carried out are mentioned.
In the third chapter, information such as the emergence, development and spread of paratransit systems in Turkey, how it emerged as a taxi-dolmus by a tradesman, and how it developed in terms of meeting the transportation demand in the following years are given. Because of the industrial revolution and economic difficulties and for the first time. Information was given about how and why it has gained such a big place in the industry today, which can be called public transportation. Detailed information is given about taxi-dolmus, minibus and minibuses that are used in Turkey. Physical characteristics such as vehicle class, engine characteristics, working structures, number of seats are mentioned.
In the fourth chapter, how the transformation from paratransit systems to bus systems takes place in our country, what stages are passed, what should be considered while making the transformation, what the transformation is really necessary for, and what technical and financial infrastructures institutions should have are discussed. What are the pool systems in the cities where the transformation is made for this transformation? Many questions were sought, such as the necessity of electronic ticketing, the vital importance of electronic ticketing, the importance of the current and current transportation network infrastructure of the city, the purpose and method of travel counts. how the excursion model should be set up and calibrated, and previous research. It has been tried to explain what is necessary with sample applications.
In the fifth chapter, the aim of our thesis was put forward and all the studies were brought together and a comprehensive evaluation was made in the light of all the collected data and a regulation proposal was made for our country. This regulation has been prepared with the aim of detailing what kind of guide should be a guide for cities that want to transform their paratransit systems and to offer them suggestions. How this study should be done is explained in detail, and information is given on the route to be followed, the data to be collected, and the routes. According to this regulation, it explains how they can do this work for those who want to do transformation work in paratransit systems. It focuses on the methods of all the processes to be done and the stages are explained in detail, step by step. While the work to be done, the order of the work to be done, the features and issues to be considered in the field data and the things to be done in the office environment are specified, both the theoretical part is focused on how the work should be done, but rather how the work can be handled in practice and how it should be done. Suggestions were made on how these stages should be done correctly and in a planned way. It has been emphasized that these stages should be followed in detail in order to establish a fair and proper transportation system, otherwise disruptions and irregularities may occur in the transportation system, and unplanned decisions may be a solution in the short term, but in the long run they may damage the general public transportation system and city traffic. In the absence of these stages, it has been stated that the people living in the city will suffer the most, as the most important damage, and as a result of all these, it has been stated that the sections that govern the city, both politically and humanely, will face great losses.In the conclusion part, which is the sixth and last part, the thesis is briefly summarized, and the stages from the beginning of the thesis to the last point are briefly evaluated. The concept of the paratransit system was mentioned in outline and information was given about the developments of paratransit and public transportation systems in the world and in our country, previous studies on paratransit systems were evaluated one by one and a common point was tried to be reached on all of them. It is planned to be compiled as a regulation proposal in order to provide suggestions for those who want to work on paratransit systems in the future. Detailed information is given about the legal aspects of the arrangement, transportation policies and the features required to determine the construction method.