Veri zarflama analizi yöntemi ile oecd ülkeleri etkinlik değerlendirmesi
Evaluation of oecd countries efficiency by data envelopment analysis method
Yazar: BURAK YAVUZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. DEMET BAYRAKTAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İşletme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering ; İşletme = Business Administration

Özet:
Günümüzde, gelişen pazar koşullarına ayak uydurabilmek ve çağdaş bir yaşam sürdürebilmek için, mevcut kaynakların en etkin bir şekilde kullanılması gerekmektedir. İnsan ihtiyaçlarının hızla arttığı, dünyamızdaki kaynakların da günden güne azaldığı gerçektir. Ürün ve hizmet üretimi sırasında bu kıt kaynakların israf edilmeden, etkin kullanılarak gelecek nesillere bırakılabilmesi gereklidir. Ülkelerin ayakta kalabilmesi için performanslarını değerlendirmeleri, etkinlik sınırlarında yer almak için referans alacakları ülkeleri belirlemeleri ve benzer şekilde stratejiler geliştirmeleri gerekmektedir. Kaynak kullanımında etkinlik, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın en temel bileşenlerinden biridir.Konunun; yaygın bir yöntem olan, girdi-çıktı yaklaşımı çerçevesinde ele alınması uygun olacaktır. Ülkelerin ?girdi? ve ?çıktı? değişkenlerinin ne olduğu sorusuna cevap verilmesi ve buna göre bir değerlendirmenin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu noktada, ülkelerin etkinlikleri karşılaştırılırken sadece ekonomik faktörler değil, aynı zamanda sağlık, eğitim ve istihdam gibi faktörler de düşünülmeli ve bir bütün halinde değerlendirilmelidir.Bu çalışmada Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) yaklaşımı kullanılarak ülkemizin de üyesi bulunduğu 33 OECD ülkesinin 2009 yılındaki etkinliklerinin ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla girdi olarak; kişi başı sağlık harcaması, eğitim harcaması ve işsizlik oranı kullanılmıştır. Çıktı olarak; kişi başı gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH), doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm oranının tersi alınmıştır.Çalışmada ilk olarak, İktisadi İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı (OECD) ve üye ülkeler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Daha sonra performans ölçümü ve performans ölçümü modellerinden bahsedilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise çalışmada kullanılan Veri Zarflama Analizi yöntemi detaylı olarak anlatılmıştır. Sonraki bölümde literatür çalışmasına yer verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde OECD ülkelerinin etkinliklerini ölçmek amacıyla, eksiksiz verilerine ulaşılabilen ve günümüze en yakın yıl olan 2009 yılı verileri kullanılarak VZA uygulaması yapılmıştır.Çalışmada 3 farklı etkinlik analizi yapılmıştır. İlk analizde 33 OECD ülkesi değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan etkinlik analizi sonuçlarına göre; Çek Cumhuriyeti, İzlanda, Japonya, Kore, Lüksemburg, Meksika, Hollanda, Norveç, Polonya, Slovak Cumhuriyeti, Slovenya, Türkiye'nin etkin oldukları saptanmıştır.Daha sonra Peirce ölçütüne göre dataları tutarsız olan 10 ülke analiz dışında bırakılarak, kalan 23 ülke ile bir analiz daha gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan etkinlik analizi sonuçlarına göre; Avustralya, Şili, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Almanya, İrlanda, İsrail, İtalya, Japonya, Kore, Hollanda, Polonya, Slovenya'nın etkin oldukları saptanmıştır.Peirce ölçütüne göre elenen 10 ülke de yine kendi arasında analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan etkinlik analizi sonuçlarına göre; İspanya hariç diğer 9 ülkenin etkin oldukları saptanmıştır.Ayrıca, etkin olmayan ülkelerin etkin sınıra ulaşmaları için neler yapmaları gerektiği de duyarlılık analiziyle araştırılmıştır. Daha sonra, günümüzdeki gelişmeler de dikkate alınarak ülkelerin genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

Abstract:
In today?s world, in order to keep up with changing market conditions and to support a modern lifestyle, it is necessary to achieve the most efficient use of existing resources. It is a fact that human needs are rapidly increasing whilst the world?s resources are decreasing by the day. These resources need to be conserved to be handed down to future generations, which requires that the production of products and services should avoid waste and should use resources efficiently. For countries to survive, they need to evaluate their performance; for them to be counted among efficient countries they need to identify the countries they aim to emulate and develop similar strategies. The efficiency in resource utilization is one of the main components of sustainable development.It will be appropriate to address the subject within the framework of the `input-output? approach. It is necessary to answer the question of what the variables of input-output are and to evaluate them accordingly. On this point, in comparing countries? relative efficiency levels, not only economic factors but also factors such as health, education and employment rates must be evaluated and considered as a whole.There are three different methods in the measurement of efficiency; namely, the ratio analysis, parametric and non-parametric methods. Ratio analysis is limited to a single input and single output. Ratio analysis is an easy method and it requires very little information. Within the scope of ratio analysis defined as the ratio of single input and single output, each rate, while taking into account only one performance-related dimensions, ignores the other dimensions. Ratio scale is used in the ratio analysis. Despite many shortcomings of this method to measure the overall performance, in case of a single input and single output, ratio analysis is the most appropriate assessment method due to its simplicity and plainness.In parametric methods, based on the application area, it is assumed that the function has an analytical structure and it is aimed to determine the parameters of the function. In contrast to the simple ratio analysis, efficiency is measured by investigating the relationship between multiple input and single output with multiple regression techniques. With this techniques, it is attempted to identify the effects of independent variables that cause changes in the dependent variables.Non-parametric methods occurring as an alternative for parametric methods deem the mathematical programming as a solution technique. This kind of methods don?t foresee any existence of an analytic forms. Because of this properties, non-parametric methods are more flexible than parametric methods. In non-parametric methods, independently from each other, more than one input and output is located in model. Barely, it enables the measurement of the each dimension at the same time via reducing of independent variables to a single efficiency measure.In short, since the ratio analysis is one dimensional and in the parametric methods functional relationship between outputs and inputs is needed to be known so their use is limited. Data Envelopment Analysis, a non-parametric method developed by Charnes et al., is commonly used in the measurement of efficiency, as there are no assumptions required to be made. In this method, the relative efficiency of units with multiple inputs and outputs can be obtained.Data Envelopment Analysis is compatible with the economic theory of production and a non-parametric approach which allows to measure the total factor efficiency in the case of a large number of different input and output units when it is not possible to reduce them in a common measure. Inputs can be resources used by a decision making unit and outputs can be performance measures of the decision making unit.DEA is based on a linear programming technique and DEA aims to assess the relative performances of decision making units when there are multiple inputs and outputs which are measured on different scale in benchmarking progress. DEA is widely used in the literature due to its ease of use and interpretation compared to other methods, its ability to analyze in detail and having no strict assumption for parametric tests.DEA can select the most favourable alternatives from large sets when there is no parametric assumption among variables using mathematical programming technique. DEA model establishes an efficient frontier among the units based on a comparison process in which the ratio scales of the weighted sum of the outputs and that of the inputs are evaluated. The efficient decision making units obtained from DEA construct an efficient frontier and the ones not on this frontier are deemed inefficient.Analysis requires that the decision units have to function for the same objective, have the similar conditions and that all efficiency determining factors, except density and size, of the units have to be the same in the group.In brief, Data Envelopment Analysis doesn?t need to a functional analytic structure and simultaneously evaluate multiple input and multiple output. It creates reference points in active units via separating effective and ineffective decision making units. And also, this analysis can be used when it is not possible to express inputs and outputs as a common unit. Therefore, application field of data envelopment analysis is extending day by day.In this dissertation study, the aim is to measure the efficiency of 33 OECD countries, this country amongst them, for the year 2009, using Data Envelopment Analysis, (DEA). `Input? is taken to encompass: health expenditure per capita, education expenditure and unemployment rates. `Output? is taken to encompass GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth and inverse of infant mortality rate, ( 1 / deaths per 1,000 live births).In the first part of the study, which is called introduction, is provided detailed information about the thesis. In the second part of the study, is described Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In addition, member countries and their participation dates to OECD is also described in the second part.The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. OECD uses its wealth of information on a broad range of topics to help governments foster prosperity and fight poverty through economic growth and financial stability. OECD help ensure the environmental implications of economic and social development are taken into account.In the third part, performance measurement and performance measurement models are mentioned. In the next part, Data Envelopment Analysis method is described in detail. Literature research is given a place in the next part. In the sixth part of the study, in order to measure the efficiency of OECD countries, Data Envelopment Analysis has been done by using the data of 2009, which are the most recent data since today and we have full accessibility.In this study, three different efficiency analysis has been done. In the first analysis, 33 OECD countries has been evaluated. According to results of this analysis, the following countries are identified as being efficient: Czech Republic, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Turkey.Afterwards, based on Peirce?s Criterion, by leaving ten countries which has inconsistent data, an analysis was carried out with the remaining 23 countries. Peirce's criterion is a rigorous method based on probability theory that can be used to eliminate data ?outliers? or spurious data in a rational way. According to the results of this analysis, the following countries are identified as being efficient: Australia, Chile, Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Poland and Slovenia.Ten countries which are eliminated according to Peirce's Criterion has been analyzed in their own, too. According to results of this efficiency analysis, excluding Spain, the remained nine countries were found efficient.The study then uses sensitivity analysis to investigate what needs to be done by inefficient countries to enable them to become efficient. Following this, a general evaluation of the countries is made taking into consideration current developments. The conclusion and recommendations are given in the last part of the thesis.