Türkiye'de restorasyon sürecinin haritalanması ve proje, ihale ve uygulama aşamalarında karşılaşılan sorunların belirlenmesi üzerine saha çalışması
Mapping of the restoration process in Turkey and field study on determination of the problems encountered in the project, tender and implementation phases of the restoration process
Yazar: ÖMER FARUK SERT
Danışman: ÖĞR. GÖR. MURAT KURUOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Birim fiyat = Unit price ; Restorasyon = Restoration ; İhale = Tender

Özet:
Türkiye'de Restorasyon Sürecinin Haritalanması Ve Proje, İhale Ve Uygulama Aşamalarında Karşılaşılan Sorunların Belirlenmesi Üzerine Saha Çalışması adlı tezin yazım süreci boyunca, bu konuda karşılaşılan sorunların açığa kavuşturulması ve bu sorunlara getirilebilecek çözüm alternatiflerinin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.Her kültür varlığı zaman içerisinde tahrip olmaya mahkûmdur. Bilinçsiz kullanım, art niyetli kullanım ve doğal şartlar sonucunda, her tarihi eser bozulmaya yüz tutmakta ve olumsuzlukların ağırlaşması ile de ortadan kaybolmaya kadar giden bir yolculuğa çıkmaktadır.Geçmişten günümüze değin süre gelen tarihin yaşatılması için, onun belgesi niteliğinde olan ve tarihe tanıklık eden eserlerin onarımı ve korunması gerekmektedir. İşte burada restorasyonun önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Restorasyon bir mimari eseri, bir tablo veya bir heykel gibi herhangi bir sanat eserini, zamanla veya başka bir nedenle zarar görmüş, bozulmuş kısımlarını aslına uygun olarak, asli malzemeden, asli yapım tekniğinden ve özgünlüğünden faydalanarak, mümkün olduğu kadar az müdahale ile koruyarak onarılmasıdır.Yeterli ön araştırma yapılmadan onarıma geçilmesi uygulamalarda sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Bundan dolayı restorasyon çalışmalarına başlamadan önce eser fotoğraf, video gibi tekniklerle ayrıntılı olarak belgelenmeli, ölçekli çizimleri yapılmalı, tarihçesi, estetik özellikleri ve değeri, teknik özellikleri ve yasal statüsü incelenmelidir. Ön araştırmalar tamamlandıktan sonra rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hazırlanıp ve uygulama aşamasına geçilmelidir.Restorasyon süreci, restorasyon projelerinin doğru hazırlanabilmesi için yeterli ön araştırma ile başlar, projelerin çizimi ve uygulama aşaması ile devam eder. Fakat inşaat projelerinde olduğu gibi restorasyon projelerinde de bir çok sorun ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Restorasyon sürecinde, proje, ihale ve uygulama aşamalarında pek çok sorun ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Restorasyon sürecinin anlaşılması açısından restorasyon süreç haritası çıkarıldıktan sonra karşılaşılan bu sorunlar literatür taraması ve restorasyon projelerini yürüten yükleniciler ile yüz yüze yapılan görüşmeler sonucu belirlenmiştir.Restorasyon sürecinde karşılaşılan bu sorunlar, ihale usulü seçiminden kaynaklanan, koruma yüksek kurullarının yapısından kaynaklanan, restorasyon öncesi yetersiz hazırlanan projelerden kaynaklanan, eski eser restorasyonunda kullanılan malzemelerin temininden kaynaklanan, eski eser birim fiyatlardaki yetersizliklerden kaynaklanan, restorasyon uygulamalarında çalışan kalifiye eleman eksikliğinden kaynaklanan, kurumlar arası koordinasyondan kaynaklanan ve restorasyon öncesinde kamulaştırma sürecinde yaşanan sorunlar olarak sınıflandırtmıştır.Tespit edilen bu sorunlar üzerine bir anket düzenlenmiş ve anket katılımcıların Türkiye'nin çeşitli illerinde çalışan, restorasyon konusunda uzman mimar, inşaat mühendisi, restoratör ve sanat tarihçilerinin olduğu 48 kişilik örneklem grubuna uygulanmıştır.Anket sonucunda uygulama aşamasında karşılaşılabilecek sorunların en aza indirgenmesi için restorasyon projelerinin hazırlanması aşamasında daha detaylı çalışma yapılması gerektiği, koruma kurullarının hem sayısının hem de verimliliğinin artırılması gerektiği, eski eser birim fiyat tariflerinin ve analizlerinin biran önce güncellenmesi gerektiği, eski eser uygulama projelerinde çalışacak kalifiye eleman ihtiyacının giderilmesi gerektiği, kurumlar arsında koordinasyonun sağlanması gerektiği ve restorasyon öncesinde yaşanan kamulaştırma sorununun mevzuat değişikliği ile giderilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Abstract:
During the writing process of the thesis named ?Mapping of the restoration process in turkey and field study on determination of the problems encountered in the project, tender and implementation phases of the restoration process?, it was aimed that the problems encountered in this issue be clarified and that possible solution alternatives to these problems be discussed.Every cultural asset is doomed to fall into ruins in the course of time. As the result of unconscious use, malevolent use and natural conditions, all historical works tend to deteriorate and, with the worsening of unfavorable conditions, they set out on a journey leading to their disappearance.To keep alive the history, which has survived until today, the works serving as certificates for and standing witnesses to history need to be repaired and preserved. This is where the significance of restoration comes in. Restoration is the repair of any art work, such as an architectural piece, a painting or a sculpture, any part of which has been damaged or deteriorated in the course of time or due to any other reason, by using original materials and techniques with the least intervention possible and remaining faithful to their original form.As the processes continue on the restoration of our real cultural proporties that we have inherited from our past, in the context of preserving the essense of the property, it is our national duty to transfer the property to the coming generations without making any structural changes in addition to keeping the appearance as it is. However, during the restoration processes to preserve the property, there are many problems faced from the tender phase to the application step.Restoration requires specialty. Its goal is to preserve both the aesthetic and the historical values of the cultural property and reveal it. Renovation abides to the reliable documents that it bases itself upon with the unique materials. When the suppositions start, the renovation must stop; any additions that need to be made must be differentiated from the artitechtural compositions and it must carry the mark of the day. Before beginning any kind of renovations and after one, both archeological and historical examination of the cultural property must be made.Proceeding with the repair without adequate preliminary research may cause problems in the implementation. Therefore, before starting restoration works, the historical pieces should be documented in detail with techniques such as photographs and videos, their scaled drawings should be made, and their history, aesthetic features and values, technical features and legal statutes should be reviewed.Following the preliminary research, the survey works are proceeded with. Survey is the expression by scaled drawings of the current condition of interior and exterior architecture of a building, its original decoration, load bearing system and construction materials for the close analysis, documentation, evaluation in terms of architectural history and development of restoration projects of a structure, urban fabric or archeological ruins.Survey works are followed by restitution works. Restitution is the expression, with plans, cross sections and axonometric drawings or models, of the conditions in their first design or on a certain date, of any changed, partly collapsed or destroyed element, structure or settlement by benefiting from archive records, marks on the structure and documents such as drawings or pictures of the structure or settlement.Survey and restitution works are followed by the development of restoration project. The restoration project is the determination of the required interventions after inspecting and determining the reasons for deterioration of the historical structure to stop the deterioration and to make possible that the structural failures be remedied, if any. As the work is carried out on a structure which deserves to be preserved, realizing the repair with the least intervention to the original fabric, taking great care that the construction techniques be similar to/in accordance with that of the original, keeping the interior arrangement of the structure unchanged, and maintaining the integration of space are the main rules to be taken into consideration. After survey, restitution and project development works comes the implementation phase.Moving on to the restoration without adequate preliminary research and planning will likely end up with wrong results. The loss in historical pieces is irreversible and there is a race against time that is in question. Just as it is wrong to leave a historical building collapse, the application of faulty restoration leads to irreversible destruction as well.Restoration process starts with adequate preliminary research for restoration projects to be prepared correctly, and continues with the development and implementation phases of the project. However, many problems are encountered in restoration projects as in the construction projects. In the restoration process, there are so many problems encountered in the project, tender and implementation phases. In order to make the restoration process understandable a process map was created and the procedures to be followed were explained. The restoration process was explained in details on a sample to make the process map be comprehended more clearly.In line with the aim of the thesis, the factors that would affect the process and the cost before and during the restoration applications were determined and efforts were shown in finding solutions to these. The problems encountered in the restoration process were tried to be determined by scanning the articles on the issue, by following organized seminars and printed media, and particularly by monitoring on site applications where the restoration took place actually.As the result of researches, it was seen that there were many problems from the tender process of restoration to its implementation phase. These problems start upon the giving of restoration decision. These problems encountered in the restoration process were brought together under eight titles being categorized as problems resulting from the selection of tender method, the structure of higher boards of preservation, the projects developed inadequately before the restoration, the supply of the materials used in the restoration of relics, the inadequacies in the unit prices of relics, the shortage of qualified personnel working in restoration applications, the coordination among institutions and the condemnation process before the restoration.A need arose for a survey work to probe deeper into the problems relating to the restoration process, which were brought together under eight titles, by taking the opinions of people who are experts on restoration. The 41-question survey, which was drawn up upon these problems determined, was applied to a 48-people sampling group consisting of architects, civil engineers, restaurateurs and art historians working in various provinces of Turkey who are experts on restoration. It was intended that the opinions of the experts, who participated in this survey drawn up following literature research and on site works, be found on the problems experienced during the restoration process.As a result of the conveys made, in order to minimize the problems that may be faced during the application phase, the following have been concluded: that the tender documents be prepared fully and correctly before the restoration is offered to the tender and the right form of tender is selected; more detail studies be made during the preparation phases of the restoration projects; it is a need to work with professional project owners and changes and improvements be made on the legistlation to form adequate study and examination conditions; the number of the preservation boards, the frequency of their meetings and efficincy be increased; the number of the staff working in preservation boards be increased and their knowledge on the issue become sufficient; it is needed to carry the concept of preservation out of the field of bureaucracy; in order not have problem in supplying the traditional materials used in application projects of the restorations, the private sector must be motivated to produce them; current workmanship and supply costs in unit price trends and analysis be reformulated according to the market conditions; it is needed to scan/overview once again the contradictory expressions in the unit price trends; the number of qualified staff that are experts in their fields and who are crucial in restoration works and the number of chairs related to the cases and the number of student that will be admitted to the faculties be increased; certification programs on the subject of restoration be offered either/both by the universities or the Chamber of Architects; the public institutions responsible for the supervision of the restorations train staff within the instituitons; it is a need that the contractor companies employ staff that are equipped with certificates and experiences that are abiding in domestic and international contexts and are qualified; it is a must that during the period of restoration there is cooperation between arhitect, supervision and academic parties to provide supplies, technical labor and to create a data-base; it is a need to distribute autority and responsibilities in a fair way; in order to overcome the publicising problem faced before the restoration, the physical and humane capacities of the administrations be increased and changes and improvements be made on the legistlation to open the path also for the instituitons, for fast and active publicising.