Osmanlı dünyasında zamanın değişimi ve mekânın dönüşümü: 19. yy'ın ikinci yarısında İstanbul kenti
The change of time and transformation of place in the Ottoman world: City of Istanbul in the second half of the 19th century
Yazar: ERTAN ERAT
Danışman: PROF. DR. TUNCAY ZORLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Sanat Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı / Sanat Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Sanat Tarihi = Art History
Dizin: 19. yüzyıl = 19. century ; Mekansal dönüşüm = Spatial conversion ; Muvakkithane = Muwakkits ; Osmanlı Devleti = Ottoman State ; Saat = Clock ; Saat kulesi = Clock tower ; Ulaşım = Transportation ; Vapur = Steamboat ; Zaman = Time ; İstanbul = Istanbul

Özet:
Bu çalışma, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda muvakkithanenin belirlediği zamana göre şekillenen toplumun ve devlet kurumlarının, mekanik saat kullanımından sonra modernleşme ile beraber geçirmiş oldukları değişimler ve bu değişimlere karşı verilen tepkileri tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmamız, değişim ihtiyacının doğurduğu Osmanlı modernleşmesinin Avrupa modernleşmesine benzediği ve ayrıştığı noktalar ile zaman sistemindeki değişimin devlet kurumlarında ve toplumda yarattığı etkilerin sonuçlarını sorgulamayı hedeflemektedir. Tezimiz boyunca, alaturka ve alafranga saat sistemlerinin farklı platformlarda karşılaşmaları, hesaplaşmaları, uzlaşmaları, ayrışmaları ve kısaca ilişkileri ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Eski zamanın muvakkitlerinin yeni zamanın saat tamircilerine dönüşmesi ve saatçiliğin yeni bir meslek olarak ortaya çıkması, eski ve yeni zaman kullanımının yol açtığı belirsizlikler ve saat bunalımı, her iki saat sisteminin birlikte var oldukları geçiş kültürü, eğitim kurumları ve özellikle de askeri okullar üzerinden gündeme gelen zaman ve disiplin ilişkisi, zaman çizelgelerinin ortaya çıkması, özellikle ulaşım teknolojisinde meydana gelen gelişmelere paralel olarak ortaya çıkan tren ve vapurların tanımladığı kalkış-varış saatleri, işe geç kalma-vaktinde varma olguları, bekleme kavramı ve bekleme mekânlarının ortaya çıkışı bu çerçevede önemli hususlar olarak tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, zamanın değişimi ve dönüşümü siyasi, sosyal ve edebi yönlerden de irdelenmiştir. İbadet vakitlerinin ve özellikle de ibadet döngüsünün belirlediği eski zamana atfedilen kutsallık ve bu zamandan ayrılmanın zorluğu karşısında seküler zamanın kendisine yer açma çabası ve benimsenen zaman türü üzerinden yapılan ilericilik-geri kalmışlık tartışmaları da tezimizin önemli bir yönünü oluşturmaktadır. Diğer taraftan alafranga kültüre ait zaman yapıları olan saat kulelerinin ortaya çıkışı ve iktidarın hakimiyet sembolü haline gelmeleri de tezimizin bir başka önemli konusunu temsil etmektedir. Modernleşme çabalarının ve alafranga saat sisteminin bir uzantısı olarak İstanbul'un Galata, Pera ve Beyoğlu gibi semtlerinde gece saatlerinde sokakların aydınlatılmasının ortaya çıkardığı yeni bir gece hayatı olgusu, güvenliğin ve denetimin sağlanması meselesi de tezimizin temel tartışma konularından biridir. Çalışmamızda, döneme ait ikincil kaynakları oluşturan güncel kitaplar, tezler ve makaleler yansıra, söz konusu zaman dilimine ait birincil kaynaklar, yani arşiv belgeleri, kararnameler, kanunlar, nizamnameler, tüzükler, gazetelerde ve dergilerde yer alan makaleler ve denemeler ile önemli yazarlarca kaleme alınan edebi eserlere yer verilmiştir. Tezimizde nitel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılmış, olaylar ve kavramlar örgüsü disiplinler arası bir bakışla irdelenerek geniş bir perspektifle ele alınmaya çalışılmış ve temel dönüm noktaları kavramsal çerçeveler içerisinde sunulmaya gayret edilmiştir.

Abstract:
The present study aims to discuss the changes and anti-change reactions that the society and state institutions, who were shaped by the traditional time of muwakkit (time-keeper), underwent as a result of the adoption of mechanical clock in the course of Ottoman modernization. Besides, after the use of mechanical watches, attention was drawn to the use of the space before and after the mechanical clock in government institutions and public places. It also aims to examine the similarities and differences between the Ottoman and European modernization processes as well as to demonstrate the influences of time systems on the Ottoman state institutions and society in the 19th century. Comparison, mutual interaction, encounter, confrontation, disagreement, and reconciliation of Ottoman and European time systems in various platforms will be the main point of our work. The results of both clock settings in society and government institutions will be examined and the effects of these consequences on the use of space will be examined. The results of both clock settings in society and government institutions will be examined and the effects of these consequences on the use of space will be examined. Transformation of the traditional muwakkits (time-keepers) into modern watch mechanics; the appearance of clock repair as a new profession; uncertainties and crises of time caused by the symbiosis of old and new time systems; transition culture; the interplay between concepts of time and discipline in education, especially in military schools; introduction of timetable, arrival and departure times; new concepts such as being late or punctual,  waiting and waiting rooms for trains and steamships, are among the trajectory of this study.  Moreover, change and transformation of the concept of time is taken up from political, social and literary perspectives throughout the thesis. Another important point that the thesis puts forward is that secular and modern times tried to open a room for itself in the face of the difficulty in giving up the traditional time, and sacredness attributed to it due to prayer times. As the timekeeper retains the power of determining and telling a time clock for a long time in politics, working, and social life both during sundial and mechanical clock usage, the effect of the space on other areas will be tried to be shown. The thesis also discusses the concepts of progress and modernization vis-à-vis backwardness in line with the confrontation of the supporters of old and new time cultures. In addition to this, both the muwakkithane, which is the center of the sundial, and the clock towers, the center of the mechanical watch, have been examined as the indicators of a show of strength or symbols of sovereignty among rulers, bureaucrats, and elites. Also, clock towers, like the timekeepers, determine the time after the twentieth century and affect many areas as in the timekeeper. Therefore, attention will be drawn to the role of time and time structures in deciphering the relationship between business, social and political life.  As an integral part of modernization attempts and adoption of the European time system, illumination of Istanbul's streets at night in such cosmopolitan districts as Galata, Pera and Beyoğlu and, the emergence of new nightlife raised some new concerns such as security and control, which is involved in our thesis as well. The use of the clock, the determination of its place in social and working life with different parameters, and the change in the usage situation of each place that needs the clock will be examined. Therefore, the use of the clock space and the use of space also affected the functioning of the clock. Following most developments in Europe in the nineteenth century, the Ottomans often made arrangements and constructions of bridges, roads, and squares to show that Istanbul was a world city. Even though it remained in most projects, it has been important to closely follow technological developments. The arrangement of city squares, the construction of piers, and stops for ferries and trams changed the habits of both social and working life and paved the way for living and working depending on the hour.  As a result, every technological move the Ottomans made for the city of Istanbul made it necessary to be faster in work and social life.  
Ultimately, technological developments have affected the urban order and paved the way for people to go out in the evening and participate more in entertainment life. It is obvious that the lighting of the streets is primarily for the security of the city of Istanbul. However, in the evening, the people used more entertainment places such as Beyoğlu, and naturally, it also provided more use of the place in the evening than in the past. 
So, how were your work and social life? The answer to this question is of course given in detail in the fourth chapter. However, when we look at the positions of women in business and social life, two different lifestyles emerge. The first of these is a life that takes place only within the boundaries of the home and neighborhood, and the second is a life created by working women.
In this study, besides secondary sources such as contemporary books, theses, and articles, Ottoman archival documents, correspondences, decrees, regulations, newspapers, journal articles, and literary works written by leading authors are included as primary sources of the period under examination. Assessment of the events, concepts, discussions, and turning points are taken up and assessed from an interdisciplinary perspective and with qualitatve data analysis method.