Tokat merkez köyleri manilerinin derlenmesi ve incelenmesi /
Yazar: KÜRŞAD GÜLBEYAZ
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. BURHAN TARLABAŞI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Türk Halk Oyunları Ana Sanat Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Halk Bilimi (Folklor) = Folklore  ; Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı = Turkish Language and Literature
Dizin: Halk edebiyatı = Folk literature ; Halk şiiri = Folk poetry ; Maniler = Manis ; Tokat = Tokat

Özet:
Türk Halk şiirinde mani ve koşma olmak üzere iki ana biçim vardır. Mani, Türk Halk şiirinin en küçük nazım biçimidir. Yedi heceli ve dört dizeden oluşmaktadır. Genel olarak birinci, ikinci ve dördüncü dizeler kendi aralarında kafiyeli, üçüncü dize ise serbest olur. İkinci ve dördüncü dizelerin kendi aralarında kafiyeli, birinci ve üçüncü dizelerin ise serbest olduğu manilere de rastlanmaktadır. Genel olarak manilerde aşk ve sevgi teması yatmaktadır. Türk Halk Edebiyatı'nda sevgiden bahsetmeyen manilere çok nadir rastlanmaktadır. Manilerin birinci ve ikinci dizesi kafiyeyi doldurmak veya temel düşünceye bir giriş yapmak için söylenir. Üçüncü dizenin serbest olması mani söyleyene kolaylık sağlar. Ana tema son dizede ortaya çıkar. Dört mısralı manilerin haricinde beş mısralı, altı mısralı ve altıdan daha çok mısralı manilere de rastlanmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra ilk mısranın hece sayısı yediden az olan manilerimiz ve de hece sayısı sekiz olan manilerimiz de vardır. Dört dizeli manilerin kafiye düzenleri de genel olarak ( a a x a ) olmakla beraber ( x a x a ) kafiye düzenine sahip manilerimizde vardır. Mısra sayısı dörtten fazla olan manilerin kafiye düzeni de değişiktir. Beş mısralı manilerin kafiye düzeni ( a x a x a ) şeklinde rastlanır iken altı ve altıdan çok mısralı manilerin kafiye düzeni (aaxaxa...) şeklinde olduğu görülmektedir. Tokat merkez köyleri manilerini, konu itibariyle incelediğimizde en çok sevda manilerine rastlanmıştır. Sevda manilerinden başka gelin-kaynana manileri, mektup manileri, gurbet manileri, düğün manileri, asker manileri ve ramazan manilerine de rastlanmaktadır.Tokat merkez köyler manilerini kafiye düzenine göre incelediğimizde en çok ( a a x a ) kafiyesine göre okunmuş manilere rastlanmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra ( x a x a ) kafiyesine göre okunmuş manilere de az olmakla beraber rastlanmaktadır. Tokat merkez köyleri manilerinde beş, altı ve altıdan daha çok mısralı manilere ise araştırmalarımız sırasında hiç rastlanılmamıştır.

Abstract:
Koşmaand"The other few styles are developed from These two main styles. The order, the number of sylables in lines and rhyme of the lines, in whatever form they are collected under this title. In this work, only mani is dealt with. Mani is smallest verse form.. It consist of seven sylables and four lines. The firs, the second and the third lines are rhymed within each other. The third line is free. The line form is like this ( a a x a ). The firs and the third lines are free, the second and the fourth lines are rhymed manis also exist. If the first and the third lines are free, the second and the fourth lines are rhymed, this kind of mani's rhyme is like this (x a x a). The first two lines of mani are used to intrduce the main idea and fill in the rhyme even though it has no relationship with the main idea, in fact it has: It provides easiness to the one who says the- mani if the third line is free, The main feelings and thoüghtsappear in the last line. If a meaningful line or rhme cannot be found in tthe firs line, the line is filled with a meaningful repeated word or collocated words are used. There are manis that consist of more than four line. In this kind of manis the number of the sylables in the first line is less than seven.More than four Irrred Manis have got a diffirent rhyme form. Five lined manis have got six lined or more than six lined manis rhyimis ( a a x a x a ).It's a traditionto create maniamong turkish people-especially girls and wamer, express feeling by maniin every occasion there are manis:weddings, funerals, seperations, meetings, happiness. Manisare performed by a special instrument like the other folk poems. Among people, it is called "Mani Yakmak" or "Mani atmak". The person who says a mani is called "Mani Yakıcı" or "Mani Düzücü". The basic theme of manis is love there is no mani without it. The feeling of love is expressed in the last two lines. Mani because of its form, does not dealt with social events. They are only existed there are a lot of types of mani according to its subject-desire, fortunatelling or comment manis, love, work, guard and drummer, wedding, letter, foreign land manis. According to their shape, mania have four group-düz, kesik, yedekli and deyiş. Düz mani's all lines are seven sylabled and four lined ( a a x a ). There are manis of which first line corisist of less than seven sylables. They are called kesik mani. There are kesik manis of which first line, has got seven sylables, They are called'doldurmali kkesik mani'. The number of sylables ia reached to seven with words like "adam aman". The manis that are filled with 'adam aman' are expressed in cafes in İstanbul. The first line of 'Kesik Mani'consists of meaningful! or unmeaningfull words just to catch the rhyme, This first Hneidoes make sense as its a starter to the idea and the rhyme. V111There are martis that are four lined and the same lines are added to. These are called 'Yedekli Mani'or 'Artık Mani'. But we shouldn't mix them with Kesik Manis which have more than four lines. The are two characteristics which separate there two manres from each other the first one is that: Pun rhyme is not used generally in 'Artık Manis. Thhe second charactheristic is that in Artık Manis The first line si meaningful but in Kesik Manis the first line isn't meaningful. There is a kind of mani which two people say face to face, we call these ones "Karşılıklı Mani" or "Deyiş Mani" These are generally question- answer manis it is generally told who says the mani at the beggining of the mani. That means the one saying the mani calls tile other ones name at the beggining. The question-answer manis are always on a special subject. In these kinds of manis the related word or phrase is repeated in each mani. For example "Ay doğar" is repeated at the beggining of it. Sometimes there are manis said by "Saz ve Tekke poets". In the first line of these the poet says his nickrome. If we examine Tokat folk literature we see that manis occupy a great space. Tokat is a socially reserved area for this reason the people don't express anything to each other. But pshologically human beings need expressing their ideas to each other. The people in Tokat provide this by manis. If we examine the manis in Tokat central villages we see mainly-love manis, wedding.wedding night, foreign land and bride and mother-in law manis. Apart from these we see soldier manis and Ramazan manis. But they are not very common. IXİn Tokat central villages we see love manis a lot. It is obvious that the main theme would be love. The people tell their feelings which they cannot tell to their lovers face to face by manis. The lovers name is not mentiand another object from the nature is used instead. This is sometimes a ros, flower, a kind of fruit or a bird. While saying love manis they sometimes use a special characteristic of Tokat for example they are inspired of Tokat castle. Sometimes Tokat scarf and sometimes Yeşilırmak River. So we can say our people sometimes admire their lovers but sometimes reproach their lovers. In Tokat central villages the second type of mani which is very common foreignland manis. Tokat isn't an intustrially developed city they generally vive on agriculture and breeding animals. The agriculture are is full of mountains so it is not very profitable. Also the areas are getting smaller becouse of inheritance. This means the farmland is separated between sons and grandsons and it gets smaller. And as you know breeding animals is not protifable to live on only on breeding. Because of all there reasons the single man go to bigger places to earn money and then they also take their families. This causes the existence of foreignland manis. The people say manis for their families and lovers in their hometown. So the subjects of love and yearing are commonly seen. In Tokat ventroal villages there is another type of mani which we can call mektup mani. In the past people didn't have telephones, cameras, televisions to communicate. They only had radios, telegram and letters. The peoplecommunicated with each other just by telegrams and letters, they mainly used letters. As it has been mentianed, the people who were working in foreign land got news of their families and lovers by the help of letters. They expree everything in manis, at the end of letters. In Tokat central villages weddings are still celebrated by men and women together, while men enjoy themselves with drums and everykinds, of musival instruments in front of the bride grooms house, women enjoy themselves in bride's house. The entertainment of women lasts for one week. The tomnourie with cymbals wen used durinf there entertainments. The rithm of the tambourine makes them dance. They generally sing folk songswhile they are dancing. These songs are song either by one person in chourus. Manis are also said. There manis are generally wedding night manis. The main there of there manis is generally separation. The leaving of the bride emphasized. However the mother, sisters and the closest friends of bride wipe together. There are manis which are said while hennaing the bride. There manis are said by the bride and her mother in due. The bride tells how she will miss her mother and the mother tells that they won't forget her but adds that the house of her husband will b e her new home she advises the bride to be a good girl and to get on will with her in laws, to be a siutable girl for her parents. In Tokat's central villages we should realize thet there are manis which are said by the bride and her mother in law in due. In thase villages new married couple generally live with the bridegrooms parents. So as usual the bride and the mother - in - law cannot get on well. As a result of this they XIsay manis. There manis are different from the say manis. There manis are different from the others. The absence of love makes this difference. In this manis thare two people suear and use bad language to each other. They express their hatret with manis. But apart from there are also brides and mother - in - laws who really get on well, there people admire each other and express their positive thoughts and feelings to each other but there are not very common. If we examine Tokat central villages manis we see that they are generally rhymed ( a a x a ) but we also hawe some manis rhymed ( x a x a ) ( a x a x a ) and (aaxaxaxa). In tokat's cenral villages we generally see "düz mani" but we never see "klasik mani" while "doldurmalı kesik mani" is sometimes seem. In the expreimented area "yedekli mani" and " değiş mani" are never seen, we see some folk songs in "değis^mani" type at wedding nights.