Giydirme cam cepheli farklı fonksiyonlara sahip binaların, ses yalıtımı açısından değerlendirilmesi
Study of the glass curtain wall facades sound insulation on different type of buildings
Yazar: DURUL ŞAN YÜZGEÇ
Danışman: PROF. DR. SEVTAP YILMAZ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Akustik = Acoustic ; Bina cephesi = Building facade ; Cam cepheler = Glass facades ; Giydirme cepheler = Curtain walls ; Trafik gürültüsü = Traffic noise ; Yalıtım = Insulation

Özet:
Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte hafif ve şeffaf konstrüksiyon malzemelerinin bina cephelerinde kullanılması büyük bir hız kazanmıştır. Bu kullanım, çevre kontrolü ve yapı teknolojileri bakımından birçok problemi beraberinde getirmiştir. Giydirme cam cephe sistemlerinin yapıda kullanılması ısı, aydınlatma gibi konfor problemlerini ortaya çıkarmasının yanı sıra gürültü açısından da birçok probleme sebep olmaktadır. 
Çağdaş mimari eleman olan giydirme cam cephe sistemlerinin bilinçsizce kullanımı sonucunda iç mekânda gürültü problemleri meydana gelmektedir. Çalışmanın konusu bu problemleri en aza indirmeyi sağlayacak uygulamaların mimarlar ve tasarımcılar için belirlenmesini ve çözüm önerilerinin ortaya konulmasını sağlamaktır. Çalışmada giydirme cam cephe sistemlerinin sıkça kullanıldığı farklı fonksiyona sahip bina tiplerinin, 31 Mayıs 2017 tarihli "Binaların Gürültüye Karşı Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik"ine uygun ses yalıtımı elde edilebilmesi için, giydirme cam cephelerde kullanılması gereken cam çeşitlerinin belirlenmesini ve çözüm önerilerinin ortaya çıkarılmasını amaçlamaktadır. 
Çalışmada öncelikle ülkemizde sıkça kullanılan giydirme cam cephe sistemlerindeki 31 adet cam detayının bilgileri "INSUL Versiyon 7" programı ile elde edildi. Program ile elde edilen giydirme cam cephelerin akustik performans değerleri, İstanbul'da yer alan 3 ayrı gürültü bölgesindeki ses seviyelerinin farklı fonksiyona sahip bina tipleri üzerindeki etkileri akustik yazılım programı olan "SON Architect" ile değerlendirildi. Elde edilen son değerler 31 Mayıs 2017 tarihli "Binaların Gürültüye Karşı Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik"i ile karşılaştırılarak giydirme cam cephe sistemlerinde seçilecek olan camların yönetmelikte karşıladığı sınıf değerleri belirlendi. 
Bu sonuçlar, Türkiye'de standart olarak kullanılan cam çeşitlerinin 65dBA'lık bir gürültü bölgesinden daha yüksek bir gürültü seviyesine sahip olan bölgelerde kullanılması durumunda yönetmelikten eski yapılar için geçer sınıf olan D sınıfını dahi sağlayabilmesinin oldukça zor olduğunu gösterdi. Yönetmelikten daha yüksek sınıf değerlerinin elde edilebilmesi için en ağır ve en maliyetli camların kullanılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı. Gürültü seviyesi 75dBA'yı geçtiği durumlarda ise standart olarak kullanılan camlardan hiçbirinin çalışmada değerlendirilmiş fonksiyona sahip bina tipinden geçer sınıfı elde edemediği gözlemlendi.

Abstract:
With the development of technology, the use of light and transparent construction materials on building facades has gained a speed. In addition to this usage, it brings many problems in terms of environmental control and construction technologies.  The use of glass curtain wall facade systems in construction has caused many problems in terms of noise as well as causing comfort problems such as heat and lighting.
The study is about the contemporary architectural element of the glass facade systems and to understand the problems and minimize them for architects and designers to determine and propose solutions about glass curtain walls. In the study, it is possible to determine the systems to be used in the glass facades and to find the solution proposals so that sound insulation can be obtained in accordance with the standards in the different types of action buildings. 
First part of the thesis scopes the problems of using glass facades in a meaning of acoustis. Useage of glass curtain wall without knowing the environment in Turkey is shown and gives insights of why it is important to know the environment before taking an action. Then the projects main goal is explained in this part, which is to determine the paths that designers will follow in order to be able to comply with regulations that are more durable and published against the noise problems of curtain glass facade technology.
The second part of the thesis mainly the literature background of the glass material and also curtain wall system history. After the production of glassware, the transition to architecture did not last very long. This practice, which dates back to the first century after Milat, has been applied architecturally in many different cultures (painted and patterned). The first point that this application started with is window construction. 
The roots of the curtain glass technology are based on the construction of 19th-century and glass greenhouses. The development in the glass facade system has become quite common and it can come from the top of many problems. The simplest piece of glass is sand. Sand comes out to be the cheapest material on earth. The glass has two widely used areas. These are the architecture and the automotive industry. The simplest piece of glass is a sand. Sand comes out to be the cheapest material on earth. The glass has two widely used areas. These are the architecture and the automotive industry.
The glass types used in the curtain wall system and the curtain wall systems are examined in the second chapter. Glass types like mono, laminated and insulated glases examined. Glass curtain wall types are explained as unitized, panel and as suspended. 
In section 3, the sound insulation of glass curtain wall facades is evaluated in terms of standards. There is limited research on noise in building design. Designers generally agree with the manufacturer during the selection of the glass facade and move by relying on the materials they choose. Acoustically, the result is dependent on the decisions of companies that do not even have sound transitions on their materials. Acoustic precautions to be taken on curtain glass facades affect the design of the glass facades due to the thermal, structural, fire and smoke protection and architectural details.
Double-skin glass curtain walls are also discussed in the section 3. One of the main problem in the curtain wall systems is flanking. The road of noise from flanking is an important issue in building design. This usually occurs at junctions of building elements. Within the scope of the study related to sound insulation, the curtain wall systems differ according to the installation, wall and connection details. The first thing to do about sound insulation is to ensure that the building is its own elements and that the building can do its own sound isolation. Sound insulation on a building, for example, should start with the design of the building according to the area where the building is located, not by reducing environmental noise or by working with movable loads. ASTM and ISO standards examined and compared in this part.
In section 4, the design, acoustical requirements and material selection of building types of different functions were evaluated. In this thesis study, the regulations and standards were taken into consideration and evaluations were made on the sample structures by using different types of curtain glass facades. These evaluations were addressed using the acoustic simulation programs INSUL and SON Architect, and the result of how the spatial organization of the sample structures and the material selection affected the sound transmission. The sample structure was taken as 30 meters wide and 20 meters long. Different space organization was organized according to 5 different building typologies in the same floor area and same facade form.
In the last section, the values of variable glass types are obtained in the study and the evaluation of all the values are compared with each other. The study starts with the INSUL Version 7 program which is providing information about the glass facade details frequently used in Turkey. The acoustic performance values of the glass facades which obtained by the INSUL program used in the acoustic software program SON Architect to evaluate the effects of sound levels in three different noise zones in Istanbul. Finally, the effects of glass facade systems are determined by comparing the data obtained with the regulation. 
The results obtained in the calculations are also influenced by the room sizes and the facade dimensions of the rooms. When the results obtained, it was observed that the effect of the facade surface and the relation of the rooms in the building with the facade as well as the glass selections were observed. The result is that it is also a way to reduce the area of the glass surface in the front when less indoor space is desired on the buildings.
When 31 glass types evaluated as standard are considered, it is seen that 6 mm and 8 mm thick glasses, which are not frequently preferred today in singular glasses, often fail to pass the regulation class even in 65 dBA noise regions. The best results are obtained with 42 mm and 44 mm thick glasses whereas the best results with double layer glass are Type 23 and 8 + 16 + 13.52 mm (6 + 20 + 12.76 mm) It is possible to obtain with Type 30, which is laminar glass. In multi-layered glass, the worst results are generally obtained from the combination of 2 single glazing. When all kinds of glass are evaluated, higher values of single glasses compared to lamine glasses are observed as an indication of the increase in sound insulation by the increase of the mass in the building elements.
This has led to the conclusion that building types to be built in areas with such high noise levels must be careful when choosing the glass to be used in the selection of curtain wall facade, or otherwise evaluate the design.
Obtained results show that the use of standard glass varieties in Turkey for use on glass curtain facades in areas with a higher noise level than a noise area of 65 dBA, regulation called "Binaların Gürültüye Karşı Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik" can be used to provide only a passing grade (D) with the heaviest and most costly glasses need to be used. When the noise level exceeds 75 dBA, it is observed that none of the glass used as a standard has obtained validity from any type of building.