Konut tipleri üzerine bir inceleme /
Yazar: ELİF KALENDER
Danışman: PROF. DR. FERHAN YÜREKLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1996
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bina bilgisi = Building information ; Konut = Dwelling house

Özet:
Varoluşundan beri insan için büyük önem taşıyan konut, davranış ve düşünce biçimlerinin farklılaşması ve üretim ilişkilerindeki değişimlerden zaman içinde etkilenerek birtakım mekansal dönüşümlere uğramıştır. 19. yy. 'da endüstrileşme olarak tanımlanan ekonomik organizasyonun metod ve özelliklerinde, kültür sisteminde ve toplumsal strüktürde görülen belirgin değişmelere koşut olarak, mimarlığın etkinlik alanında da yeni üretim süreçleri başlamıştır. Bu yeni dönem, o zamana dek barınma problemini geleneksel konutlarla çözen insanlan çok yabancı oldukları bir kavramla, toplu konut kavramıyla tanıştırmıştır. Tüm bu dönüşüm süreci içersinde büyük bir hızla değer kazanan altyapı donatımlı yerleşme alanları daha yoğun kullanma zorunluluğu doğdu. Ülkemizde de yüzyıllar boyunca geleneksel konutlarda yaşamını sürdüren insanlar, ilk olarak İstanbul 'da Akaretler ile toplu konut kavramıyla, ardından Beyoğlu 'ndaki azınlıkların yerleştikleri apartmanlar sayesinde yüksek konut kavramıyla ve 1918 Fatih yangınıyla da çok katlı sosyal konut kavramıyla tanışmışlardır. Cumhuriyet döneminde beliren konut açığını gidermede sosyal konutlar etkili olmuşlardır. Avrupa 'da ve Türkiye 'de sosyal konut ve toplu konut kavramları, daima çok katlı blokları çağrıştırmış ve bu yüksek binalar, konut açığını gidermede daima en etkin yöntem olarak kabul edilegelmiştir. Bu tezin amacı, yüksek bloklar yerine, az katlı, toprakla ilişkisini koparmayan, insan ölçeğine daha yakın konut modellerinin yapılabilirliğini tartışmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, tezin ekler bölümünde, 1- İstanbul Ataköy 9. - 10. kısım yerleşiminin konut tipleri ve yerleşme düzeninin analizi 2- Bu yerleşimde mevcut konutlar yerine az katlı ve özel bahçeli konutların yapılabilirliği denemektedir.

Abstract:
Dwelling; which preserves the human kind from all types of environmental effets since his very first existence have been changed spatially because of different behaviour thinking systems and production relations which developed in time. Economical organization methods and features cultural systems and proceedings in social structure which can be defined as industrilization in 19 th century started new production process paralelly in the activity field of architecture in this new area the human kind meet with a new concept of mass housing which solved their sheltering problems in traditional forms. In this transforming period it has been a must to use the valuable infrastructure settlement areas more density. By the industrial revolution people who emigrate to the cities have to live to that countries different house model. In England this is generally back - to- back and in Germany this is "mietskaserne". In that time people who can not choose where do they live, have to live the places which has contradiction between their old habits. After this term, there has been a problem between the house and the user. The cause of this problem was for different users one type and unchangeable plan is foresighted. The Utopians who try to find aswer to theese problems bring up new livings models but they could not be successful. Alternative housing and city planning ideas are developed although the result of the problems of industrial city. Turkish house model is used hundreds of years after Turkish people emigrated to Anatolia although Central Asia culture, Anatolian culture and Islamic culture has made a synthesis. Turkish house shows the type of living after they emigrate to Anatolia and start to live in settling. Istanbul citizens which have been lived in traditional dwellings for centuries meet which mass hausing concept with "Akaretler" high-rise buildingsconcept with pera housing of non muslem minorities an high rise social housing with 1918 Fatih fire. By time of Republic new organizations started to solve the problem of housing. In the republic period social housings have been effective in solution of the dwelling insufficiency. Rich people where making new apartments until 1965. But in 1965 flat possesion law came. By this law, low income people can posses apartment flats. After this time many apartments have built. The highrise housing have more disadvantages according low rise housing. This compherison is shown under. SENSE OF COMMNITY Highrise Housing Expansion exterior areas No domain or spatial definition Large user population Minimal recognition of neighbors Low Rise, High Density Housing Cluster dwellings to encourage neighborhood Limit numbers of users of semi-private spaces Visual recognition and interaction Organize common activities to promote social interaction CHILD SUPERVISION Highrise Housing No visual or aural contact Children play areas remote from dwelling Undifferentiated expansive spaces Difficult to assign or find children Low Rise, High Density Housing Control size and location of play areas Maintain visual and aural contact Maintain proximity to play area provide private exterior spacesSECURITY Hıghnse Housing Minimal recognition of neighbors Dangerous elevators, corridors, and yards Unseen and inactive spaces Residents isolated from activity Low Rise, High Density Housing Minimize unseen, nonactive places Promote recognition of neighbors Maximize activity and overwiev of common exterior spaces Define private public outdoor spaces MAINTENANCE Hıghnse Housing Upkeep of elevators, lobbies and corridors Undersigned territories and responsibilities Children play in circulation Materials offer minimal resilience Low Rise, High Density Housing Minimize undesignated interior space Design common spaces for activity with resilient and rugged exterior surfaces Provide direct individual access LIVABILITY Hıghnse Housing No useful private exterior space No private outdoor storage Isolation from social gathering places Many units with no direct sunlight or through ventilation Low Rise, High Density Housing Provide private exterior spaces Provide accessible and secure storage for bicytes and carriages Assure sunlight and through venting in all unitsRESPONSIVENESS TO CONTEXT Highnse Housing Blocks sun In outdoor spaces Blocks views to outdoor spaces Usually out of scale with neighborhood Inappropriate to needs and expectations of users Identifies low income population visually Low Rise, High Density Housing Respect scale light and views of existing contexts Define public and private outdoor space Reflect aspirations of users Integrate buildings visually Hold existing street lines FLEXIBILITY Highnse Housing Dwellings force single life style on all users Room uses rigidly fixed Appropriate only for narrow range of sites Low Rise, High Density Housing Allow varied use of spaces for alternative life style Devise application of building elements for range of sites Articulate outdoor space for multiple uses Both in europe and Turkey social housing and mass housing concepts recalled high rise buildings which accepted the best effective solution of housing needs. The aim of this study is to show that low rise housing with close relation with the land and more human scaled solutions are also possible contrary to the high rise buildings. In consequence of this summary, we can examine advantages and disadvantages of high rise housing and low rise, high density housing by classification of parameters that are effective in comparison between both types.As aresult of this study, we can say that low rise, high density is more convenient for family life. Main purpose in housing, should not only solve to problem of dwelling, but also creating the most effective environments. In the part of additions, have been tried that feasibility of low rise buildigs that has more advantages in additions part: 1. A study for house typologies of Istanbul, Ataköy 9.-10. parts. 2. A trying of feasibility of low rise and gardened housing instead of present houses.