Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta 14. yüzyıl yapılarında taşıyıcı sistemi etkileyen 20. yüzyıl müdahalelerinin hasarsız test yöntemleriyle saptanması
Detection of 20th century interventions affecting the structural system in 14th century buildings in Northern Cyprus with non-destructive test methods
Yazar: CEM TANERİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. YEGAN KAHYA SAYAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta 14. yüzyıl dini binalarındaki mimari özgünlük, sanatsal kalite ve taş işçiliğindeki ustalık, bugün artık harabe haline gelmiş birçok dini binanın yıkıntıları arasında bile kendini kanıtlamaktadır. Söz konusu coğrafyanın tarih içindeki, mimari açıdan en zengin dönemi olan 14. yüzyıl eserlerinden ayakta kalanlar ile yıkık durumda olanların tümünün ivedilikle koruma altına alınmaları gerekmektedir. Bu binalardan günümüze ulaşanların geçmiş dönemlerde yapısal müdahaleler geçirdikleri ve bu müdahalelerin yapıların ayakta kalmalarına katkı sağladığı görülmektedir. Bu tez kapsamında yapılan çalışmalar sonunda, Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta bulunan ve Lüzinyanlar tarafından yaptırılan 14. yüzyıl dini binaları incelenmiş, yapılan geçmiş 20. yüzyıl taşıyıcı sistem müdahaleleri tarihsel kaynaklar ve sahada yapılan çalışmalarla belgelenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, beşi Lefkoşa'da, ondördü Mağusa'da, ve biri Girne'de olmak üzere toplam yirmi tarihi eser incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında on binada Kızılötesi Kamera (IR) ve altı binada yere nufüz eden radar (GPR) ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve belgelenmiştir. Bu tez kapsamındaki çalışmalar Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta bu tür ölçümlerin ilk örnekleridir. Yapılan hasarsız testlerden elde edilen veriler, arşiv kaynaklarından saptanabilen müdahaleler ile karşılaştırılarak, değerlendirilmiştir. GPR tarama verilerinde elde edilen sonuçlar üzerinde yapılan değerlendirmede St. Sofiya Katedrali, St. Katherine Kilisesi, St. Nicholas Katedrali, St. Anne Kilisesi, Bellapais Manastırı, St. Nicholas Kilisesi ve SS. Peter ve Paul Kilisesi'nde taşıyıcı sistemlere geçmiş yapısal müdahalelere ilişkin farklı malzeme ve yapım tekniklerine işaret eden bulgulara rastlanmıştır. Lefkoşa'da bulunan St. Sofiya Katedrali'nde güney cephesinde zeminde yapılan GPR ölçümlerinde temel donatısına ait olduğu düşünülen düzenli anomalilere rastlanılmıştır. Geçmiş taşıyıcı sistem müdahalelerin saptanmasına ek olarak; tarihi araştırmalar, yapım tekniklerinin belgelenmesi ve mimari dile aktarılması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu teknolojilere ek olarak Kuzey Kıbrıs coğrafyasında bulunan tüm 14. yüzyıl dini yapıları çeşitli cephelerinden fotoğraflanarak belgelenmiştir. Özgün malzemelerin malzeme ve mekanik özellikleri ise laboratuvar ortamında belirlenmiştir. Ölçüm yapılan duvarların ve diğer mimari elemanların homejen bir yapıya sahip olup olmadığının teyitleri yapılmıştır. Hasarsız test yöntemleri ile geçmiş müdahalelerin saptanması ve belgelenmesi, ileriki olası restorasyon çalışmalarına ışık tutacak niteliktedir. Önemli bir başka sonuç da, labaratuar ortamında malzeme analizleri yapılan 14. Yüzyıl binlarında hasarsız test yöntemlerinin nasıl sonuç verdiklerinin ortaya konulmasıdır.
Hasarsız testler sonucunda mevcut durumdaki anomalilere ilişkin bilgiler, sorunların saptanması ve onarıma alınacak yapıların önceliklerinin belirlenmesinde önemli bir stratejik ve bilimsel yaklaşımdır. Bölgede onarım çalışmaları planlanırken bu yapılarda yapılacak onarım çalışmalarında bu noktaların araştırılması, hazırlanacak projelerde bu yapısal müdahalelerin varlığının ve etkilerinin dikkate alınması saptanan betonarme müdahalelerin özgün geleneksel yapın tekniğinden farklı malzeme ve yapım tekniği kullanılmş bu müdahalelerin yapıya katkısı ve sürdürülebilirliği tartışılmalıdır. Bu bilgiler öncelik belirleme planlaması ve onarım konularının yanısıra hazırlanan onarım progrmında büyük sürpriz ve kesintilerin de önüne geçecektir ve zaman kaybını önleyecektir. Taşıyıcı sistemi etkileyen bu tür yapısal müdahalelerin varlığının bilinmesi yapıyı daha açmadan bazı kararların üretilmesi ve buna uygun çözümlerin oluşturulması için de bir fırsat yaratacaktır. Hasarsız bu testler yapılardaki 20. Yüzyıl müdahalelerinin yarattığı veya yaratacağı sorunlar için uygulama aşamasına geçmeden çözüm arama fırsatı sunacaktır.

Abstract:
The architectural originality, artistic quality, and craftsmanship of the 14th-century religious buildings in Northern Cyprus remain evident even among the ruins of many structures that have now fallen into disrepair. These buildings, representing the most architecturally rich period in the region's history, must be urgently preserved, whether they remain intact or are in ruins. In 1191, following the Third Crusade, the island of Cyprus, which was conquered by English King Richard I, was later sold to Guy de Lusignan after a bloody rebellion. In this period Amalric, brother and successor of Guy de Lusignan, was honored as the King of Cyprus by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. In the 14th century, the Kingdom of Cyprus experienced its peak of wealth and development. In 1473, nearly 300 years of Lusignan rule came to an end. Among all the regimes that ruled the island of Cyprus, the Lusignan dynasty left the most remarkable architectural legacy. Although the period no longer significantly influences the cultural and social life of the island today, the legacy it left is substantial. Particularly, the surviving church structures are significant evidence of the architectural engineering, aesthetics, and religious enlightenment of that era. Gothic architecture in Cyprus is divided into three main periods: the First Period (13th century, inception), the Second Period (14th century), and the Third Period (15th century, recession). During the First Period, structures similar to those found in the Champagne region of France were built. The most artistically, historically, and structurally important buildings were constructed during the Second Period. The Latin St. George Church, which can be described as an example of Cypriot Gothic, was built during the Third Period, reflecting the dynasty's stagnant economic situation in its architectural heritage. Regarding the important historical sources; among the most important sources utilized throughout the thesis is George Jeffery's 1918 book titled "A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus: Studies in the Archaeology and Architecture of the Island" (Jeffery, 1918). This book provides detailed accounts of the historical backgrounds of Gothic structures across Cyprus, their distribution by city, and the analyses of structural interventions applied over different periods. Another significant work is Camille Enlart's book "Gothic Art and the Renaissance in Cyprus" (1899) (Enlart, 1987). This book comprehensively examines the architectural characteristics of Lusignan-period structures in Cyprus, detailing the impact of Gothic style on various buildings across the island. The descriptions are supported by general facade drawings and detailed illustrations, offering visual data about the state of the structures in past periods. Archives from the Ottoman Empire era, such as the Evkaf/Vakıflar Administration Archive, the TRNC Department of Antiquities and Museums, the Cyprus Museum archive in South Nicosia, and the private photo collection of Teofilos Moggapgap, have all been used in the thesis. These documents
particularly focus on structural interventions in cathedrals that were converted into mosques. Moggapgap's reports include documentation and photographs of restored buildings, providing valuable records of the interventions conducted. Regarding the sources on non destructive test methods in historical constructions: among the sources utilized in relation to modern damage detection methods are Helena Svahn's 2006 publication, "Final Report for the Research and Development Project Non-Destructive Field Tests in Stone Conservation", and the European Commission's 2006 report titled "On-site Investigation Techniques for the Structural Evaluation of Historic Masonry Buildings." Additionally, regarding IR and GPR testing, important references include Ermanno Grinzato's paper "IR Thermography Applied to the Cultural Heritage Conservation" (18th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 2012, Durban, South Africa) and the article "Infrared Thermography Applications for Building Investigation" by Rahica Pleşu, G. Teodoriu, and G. Taranu, published in March 2012. Other significant works utilized throughout the study include Lawrens B. Conyers' "Ground Penetrating Radar," R.D. Evans' "Optimizing Ground Penetrating Radar to Assess Pavements," David Hunter's November 2010 publication "Ground Penetrating Radar: A Review of the Basics," and the paper "Simultaneous Use of Electrostatic Quadrupole and GPR in Urban Context: Investigation of the Basement of the Cathedral of Girona (Catalunya, Spain)" by Michel Dabas, C. Camerlynch, and P. Freixas. The aim of the thesis is to examine the state of preservation of 14th-century Lusignan-period religious buildings located within the geographical boundaries of Northern Cyprus, to determine the conservation interventions applied to these structures over time using non-destructive testing methods, and to establish a database through detailed analyses of selected structures that will contribute to the preservation of historical buildings for future generations. The thesis also aims to contribute to the literature, as current literature research reveals a lack of accessible information necessary to understand the conditions of these structures and gain information on past interventions. Structures that have survived to the present day often display evidence of past structural interventions, which have contributed to their longevity. It is known that a significant portion of the structures that have survived to the present day have undergone numerous repairs throughout history due to damages sustained during past earthquakes. When examining the historical seismicity of Cyprus, it becomes evident that religious buildings in Cyprus have always faced earthquake risks due to their structural vulnerabilities. For instance, St. Nicholas Cathedral in Gazimağusa, one of the most magnificent religious structures in Cyprus, suffered significant damage in the earthquakes of 1546 and 1568, as noted by various sources, with its flying buttresses and part of its roof being damaged. In another earthquake that occurred in December 1735, part of the roof of St. Nicholas Cathedral collapsed during a worship service, resulting in the death of 200 people. Understanding the intensity of the earthquakes these historical buildings have experienced and identifying the interventions previously made to address these earthquakes are enlightening in terms of measures that should be taken against earthquake risks. These interventions can be documented through detailed historical research as well as non-destructive testing methods made possible by advancements in technology. In this context, it becomes feasible to evaluate previous interventions in the light of modern science. This thesis examines the 14th-century religious buildings in Northern Cyprus, constructed by the Lusignans, documenting 20th-century structural interventions through historical records and field studies. The thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, which is the introduction, the problem definition, purpose, objectives, scope of the study, and the methodology are explained. The thesis, which includes fieldwork, employs both
qualitative and quantitative research methods. In the second chapter, general historical research related to the Lusignan period is conducted, and information regarding the historical seismicity of Cyprus is provided. In the third chapter, significant historical monuments in Cyprus from the 14th century, built in the Gothic architectural style, are examined. As the first step of the applied method, the historical background, historical and architectural significance of the old structure are investigated, and fundamental information on these topics is gathered. The architectural features of the buildings are revealed. The geographical distribution of these religious structures is analyzed. Detailed literature reviews concerning the churches identified in these regions are carried out, and the information is included in this chapter. The fourth chapter focuses on structural interventions made to Lusignan period church structures, specifically 14th-century church structures, during the 20th century. In this context, the types of interventions conducted in the 20th century, non-destructive testing and measurement methods used for identifying structural interventions, and the identification and evaluation of these structural interventions on the buildings are addressed in this chapter. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the 14th-century building stones used in the structures, the materials employed, porosity measurements, salt and pH measurements are analyzed in this chapter. As part of the thesis, archival research related to structural interventions from four different periods is conducted. This fourth chapter, which includes fieldwork, also identifies the construction techniques, geometric dimensions, and structural elements of six selected church structures individually. The identification of 20th-century structural interventions on these buildings is also covered in this chapter. A total of 20 historical structures were analyzed, including five in Nicosia, 14 in Famagusta, and one in Kyrenia. Infrared Camera (IR) measurements were conducted on ten buildings, while Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys were performed on six. These methods represent the first application of such measurements in Northern Cyprus.The data collected from non-destructive tests were compared and evaluated against documented interventions found in archival sources. The GPR survey data indicated findings suggesting different materials and construction techniques in the structural interventions of buildings such as St. Sophia Cathedral, St. Katherine's Church, St. Nicholas Cathedral, St. Anne's Church, Bellapais Abbey, St. Nicholas Church, and SS. Peter and Paul Church. For instance, GPR measurements on the southern façade of St. Sophia Cathedral in Nicosia revealed regular anomalies in the foundation believed to be related to reinforcement. In addition to identifying past structural interventions, this research documented construction techniques and translated these findings into architectural narratives. Photographs were taken of all 14th-century religious buildings across Northern Cyprus, capturing various façades for documentation. The material and mechanical properties of original materials were analyzed in laboratory conditions, confirming the homogeneity of walls and other architectural elements. The identification and documentation of past interventions through non-destructive testing methods offer invaluable guidance for future restoration efforts. An important outcome of this research is the demonstration of how non-destructive testing methods performed on 14th-century buildings with laboratory-analyzed materials yielded practical results. Information gathered through non-destructive testing about current anomalies and structural issues provides a strategic and scientific approach to identifying problems and determining the restoration priorities of buildings. When planning repair work in the region, investigating these points, and considering the sustainability, existence and effects of structural interventions will prevent surprises and interruptions in prepared restoration programs, thus avoiding time loss. The awareness of structural
interventions affecting load-bearing systems also creates an opportunity to make informed decisions and develop appropriate solutions before opening up the structure. These non-destructive tests allow for the identification of problems caused by or has a potential to cause by 20th-century interventions before moving on to the implementation phase, offering a chance to seek solutions in advance.