Akıllı telefonlar ile fotoğraf çekme motivasyonları üzerine kullanıcı içgörülerinin değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of user insights on motivation of taking photo with smartphones
Yazar: OKAN HALİS
Danışman: PROF. DR. HATİCE HÜMANUR BAĞLI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Ana Bilim Dalı / Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı = Industrial Design

Özet:
Fotoğraflar, geçmişte hiç olmadığı kadar insanların günlük hayatının bir parçası haline gelmiş durumdadır. Günümüzde bir günde çekilen fotoğrafların sayısı 1930 yılında çekilen toplam fotoğraf sayısından daha fazladır. Akıllı mobil cihazların hayatımızdaki yerinin artması ve iletişim platformlarının yaygınlaşması ile görsel veriler pek çok farklı motivasyon ile hayatın bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Akıllı telefonlarımızın kameraları ile çektiğimiz fotoğraflar ve aldığımız ekran görüntüleri, hem üreticisi hem de tüketicisi olduğumuz bir iletişim biçimine dönüşmüştür. Fotoğraf kullanımı, konuşma ve yazışmanın yanında günlük hayatta yeni bir iletişim yöntemine dönüşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında bu fotoğrafların çekilmesine dair motivasyonlar araştırılarak, verilerin kullanıcı iç görüleri yoluyla gruplanmasına ve incelenmesine dönük bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Fotoğraf çekmek günlük hayatta farklı motivasyonlar için kullandığımız bir araca dönüşmüştür. Akıllı telefonlar ile fotoğraf çekmenin bu değişimdeki yerini ve günlük hayatımızı bu konuda nasıl etkilediğini daha iyi anlamak bu çalışmanın amaçları arasındadır.
Fotoğraf çekebilen ve gönderebilen cep telefonları ve dijital kameraların yaygınlaşması ile birlikte, fotoğraf çekme alışkanlıkları üzerine araştırmalar da 2000'li yıllarda başlamıştır. İnsanların neden fotoğraf çektikleri üzerine farklı yöntemler kullanılarak yapılan bu araştırmalarda, "sosyal ve bireysel" motivasyonlar ile "duygusal ve fonksiyonel" motivasyonlardan oluşan iki boyutlu bir inceleme yöntemi elde edilmiştir. Kullanıcıların içerik üretmesi üzerine fotoğraf dışında farklı içerikleri de inceleyen araştırmacılar; bu gruplamayı duygusal, fonksiyonel ve sosyal olarak tanımlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, akıllı telefonların yaygınlaşması öncesindeki kameralı telefonlar ve dijital kameralar ile fotoğraf çekme motivasyonları üzerine çalışılmıştır. Bu tez kapsamında ise; literatürden faydalanılarak, internet ve teknoloji kullanımı ile günümüzde yaşanan motivasyonlar ve ilişkileri araştırılmıştır.
Çalışma bir ön araştırma ile başlamıştır. Bu ön araştırma kapsamında 16 katılımcı ile 4 aşamalı bir atölye çalışmasında motivasyon temaları araştırılmıştır. Yapılan giriş sunumunda fotoğrafın son yıllarda hızla artan kullanımına değinilmiştir. Empati mülakatı çalışmasıyla katılımcıların birbirleri ile kısa röportajlar yapmaları istenmiştir. Bu aşamada hem kendi tecrübelerini hatırlamaları, hem de röportaj yaptıkları kişilerin tecrübeleri ile empati kurmaları amaçlanmıştır. Üçüncü çalışma olarak AEIOU yöntemi uygulanmış ve akıllı telefonlar ile fotoğraf çekme üzerine bir beyin fırtınası oturumu düzenlenmiştir. İlişkili olabilecek aksiyon, çevre, etkileşim, nesne ve kullanıcılar veri olarak toplanmıştır. Son aşama olarak; kapanış tartışması ile süreç içerisinde paylaşılamayan, konuyla ilişkili deneyimler tartışılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, literatürden faydalanılarak yakınlık haritası yoluyla gruplanmış, fotoğraf çekme motivasyonları oluşturulmuştur. 
Ön araştırmada elde edilen veriler, literatür araştırması ile sentezlenerek; araştırılacak motivasyon temaları için güncel bir yaklaşım geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Motivasyon temalarında kullanılan ifadeler katılımcı araştırmasına uygun olarak rafine edilmiştir. Temalarla ilişkili olarak seçilen 35 fotoğraf üzerinden 10 katılımcı ile ayrı ayrı oturumlar yapılmıştır. Katılımcılar öncelikle 35 fotoğrafı motivasyon temalarına göre bireysel olarak kendi başlarına işaretleyerek değerlendirmiştir. Sonrasında tüm fotoğraflar üzerine fotoğraf tanımlama mülakatı yapılarak fotoğrafların hangi motivasyonlar ile üretilmiş olabileceklerine dair katılımcılardan değerlendirme yapmaları istenmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmelerde, fotoğraflar üzerinden katılımcıların deneyimlerine ve gözlemlerine dair veriler elde edilmiştir. Her fotoğraf için toplanan veriler birinci döngü kodlama yöntemlerinden ön kodlama ile kodlanarak, her fotoğraf için elde edilen kodlardan oluşan fotoğraf profilleri oluşturulmuştur. İkinci döngü kodlama yöntemlerinden örüntü kodlama ile ön kodlamada ortaya çıkan kodlar arasındaki örüntüler incelenmiştir.
Bu çalışmada sonuç olarak; akıllı telefonlar ile fotoğraf çekme motivasyonları ve bu motivasyonları meydana getiren örüntüler üzerine temalar geliştirilmiştir. Ön araştırma kapsamında elde edilen motivasyon temaları, akıllı telefonlar ile fotoğraf çekme motivasyonlarının gruplanmasında bir bakış açısı sağlamaktadır. Bu motivasyonlarının incelenmesine dönük literatürden faydalanılarak geliştirilen yaklaşım ile bir inceleme yöntemi denenmiştir. Motivasyon temalarının incelenmesi kapsamında ön değerlendirme ve fotoğraf tanımlama mülakatı yoluyla elde edilen veriler analiz edilerek motivasyon temalarının oluşma şekilleri ve birbirleri ile ilişkileri üzerine ilişki temaları elde edilmiştir.

Abstract:
Photographs have become more and more a part of people's daily life than ever before. Today, the number of photographs taken in one day is more than the total number of photographs taken in 1930. With the increase in the place of smart mobile devices in our lives and the spread of communication platforms, the use of visual data for many different purposes became a part of daily life. The photographs we take with the cameras of our smart phones and the screenshots we take have become a form of communication that we are both the creator and the consumer. In addition to speaking and correspondence, the use of photography becomes a new communication method in daily life. Within the scope of this study, the motivations of the photographs were investigated and a method was conducted to group the data through user insights. The aim of this study is to better understand the role of taking photos with smartphones in this change and how it is used in our daily lives.
With the widespread use of mobile phones and digital cameras capable of taking and sending photos, research on photography habits began in the 2000s. Research has been conducted in different ways on why people take photographs. A two-dimensional examination method consisting of social and individual motivations and emotional and functional motivations was obtained. Researchers examining different content, including photography, on the content developed by users, defined this evaluation system as emotional, functional and social. Prior to the widespread use of smartphones, there were studies on taking photographs with camera phones and digital cameras. In this thesis; using the internet and the use of technology, the current motivations and their relationships were investigated. 
Taking pictures with smart phones is evaluated as a user behavior by grouping them according to their aims. The observations of the habits of the people taking photographs were coded and the relations of these codes were studied. The word "motivation, is considered to be user wishes that are born to achieve a goal. Taking photographs has been examined as a means of achieving a purpose. The motivations of this tool were investigated and these motivations were examined. The reasons for using this tool are expressed as motivation to take photographs. The photographs taken via smartphones, the most widely used device, were examined. In the production of photos via mobile phones, it is seen that taking screenshots is as common as using cameras. For this reason, in this study, "photography" includes photographs taken with the cameras of smart mobile phones and screenshots recorded with smart mobile phones.
In this study, the motivation of taking photographs was defined by grouping the data obtained from the group work. These motivations were analyzed and questioned by the participants in the pre-evaluation and photo identification interviews.

Qualitative analysis methods were used in the analysis of the obtained data. Qualitative data analysis; it is a process that requires intelligent inquiry, objective answer research, active observation and accurate recall. Bringing the data together, clarifying the invisible, separating the insignificant from the important, logically associating the seemingly irrelevant facts with each other, harmonizing the categories with each other, linking the results to the reasons; are part of the qualitative data analysis process. Coding, category and theme are the concepts used in the process of systematically defining the meaning of qualitative methods and data. Themes have been developed over the relations of the categories created by grouping the codes.
In order to investigate the themes of motivation, the method used in the creation of the data pool was designed through user-oriented research methods used in the design thinking approach. It is aimed to collect the participant observations systematically and to design the appropriate process for this. Within the scope of the preliminary research, motivation themes were investigated in a 4-stage workshop with 16 participants.  In the introduction presentation, the increasing use of photography was mentioned. Through the empathy interview, participants were asked to conduct short interviews with each other. At this stage, it was aimed to both remember their own experiences and empathize with the photo taking experiences of their partners. A framework called Project Design Project Zero "(DP0) was developed and used to enable students to quickly adapt to the entire design cycle in 90 minutes or less. In this study, experiences shared by everyone but experienced in different ways are examined. this design thought method has been found to allow content-rich interviews. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of design empathy and to gain relevant empathy skills for the continuation of this study. In this part of the thesis, the interviews conducted to gain insight through empathy within the scope of Project Design Project Zero ile are dealt with the name "Empathy Interview".
The AEIOU method was applied and a brainstorming session on visual production with smartphones was held as the third phase. Action, environment, interaction, object and users that may be related were collected as codes. This method was developed to conduct research on large observation data in limited time. AEIOU was developed to facilitate the examination of observations by coding and categorizing them. It is one of the main analytical frameworks used to look at and understand a situation or content. AEIOU aims not only to understand and define each element of the frame, but also to explore the interaction between the elements. As a final step, the closing discussion and related experiences that could not be shared in the process were discussed. The data obtained were grouped via affinity mapping and motivation to take photographs was formed by using the literature.
The data obtained from the preliminary research were synthesized; It is aimed to develop an approach to the themes of motivation to be investigated. The expressions used in the motivation themes were refined in accordance with the participant research. Separate sessions were held with 10 participants on 35 photographs selected in relation to the themes. The participants first evaluated the 35 photos by silently marking them individually according to the themes of motivation. Afterwards, all the photographs were interviewed through photo elicitation method and the participants were asked to evaluate the motivation of the photographs. Photo-elicitation interview method can be defined as the inclusion of photographs in a research interview. In this way, the participants' experiences can be stimulated and more comprehensive data can be obtained. In the evaluations, data about the experiences and observations of the participants were collected. Photo profiles were created with the obtained initial codes.  At this stage of the study, it was examined which elements and relationships in photos taken with smartphones could help in determining the motivation to take photos. The written interview data obtained in this context were analyzed by initial coding method which is one of the qualitative analysis methods. Then these codes were analyzed with the second cycle coding method, pattern coding and themes were examined. 
In this study; themes were developed on the motivations of taking photos with smartphones and the patterns that make up these motivations. The motivation themes obtained within the scope of the preliminary research provide a perspective for grouping the motivations of taking photographs with smartphones. It was observed that the participants could use the photographs simultaneously as a tool for both emotional and functional purposes. Although a photograph could belong to different motivational themes at the same time, complexities were observed in defining whether the photographs were taken for emotional or functional purposes. In other words, with the rapid development and widespread use of smartphone and internet technologies, it has been seen that the motivation for taking photographs increases the diversity of individual and social motivations, but rather interferes variety with emotional and functional motivations. An investigation method has been tried with the approach developed by using the literature to examine these motivations. 
Since the fuzzy areas in the functional and emotional sphere cover the social sphere, the functional and emotional parameters defined in this model were subtracted from the social sphere. Labeling system has been developed with reference to the presence of fuzzy area between the boundary areas defined in the literature. This labeling system has a flexible structure that can be developed for further studies. With the sub-groups obtained in the preliminary research, in this system where photographs can be examined, it is aimed to develop an examination approach that is able to be suitable for today's habits and adaptable to the changes for the motivation of producing photographs. Different tags can be added, existing tags can be broken down into different tags, or some tags may disappear.
Within the scope of the examination of motivation themes, the data obtained through pre-evaluation and photo elicitation interview were analyzed and relationship themes on the formation of motivation themes were obtained. This work; it can contribute to work in expanding industries in order to understand voice of users in relation to changing user habits, through scenarios and themes discussed. In addition to themes developed to facilitate understanding of motivations, thematic usage scenarios that can change the way photography is used on mobile devices have been discovered.
This study is a research that has been conducted by using design research methods and examining changing user habits in taking photos with smart phones. In the studies in the literature, the participants were interviewed on their own photographs and made a motivation classification. In this study, participants; there may be deviations in the accuracy of the data obtained since they know that the photographs they will take from the beginning of the study will be examined. Within the scope of this thesis; without questioning personal experiences, the participants were asked questions through photographs taken by different people and the data were collected. In the photo elicitation interview, the motivation of the participants to take photographs was investigated through photographs, not photographs. Unlike the researches about the motivations of taking photographs in the literature, in this study; design research methods were tried to collect and group data. With this way; The role of photography as a tool for a solution was investigated with the help of design thinking.