Endüstriyel tasarım eğitimi'nde malzeme bilgisinin yeri, önemi ve özellikleri: Türkiye'deki okullar üzerine bir araştırma
The place, importance and specifications of material knowledge in industrial design education: A study on undergraduate departments in Turkey
Yazar: OZAN SOYUPAK
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ŞEBNEM TİMUR ÖĞÜT
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı = Industrial Design

Özet:
Endüstriyel tasarım eğitimi içerisinde öğrencilere kazandırılmaya çalışılan ana başlıklardan bir tanesi de malzeme bilgisidir. Bu bilgi, gerek öğrencilik hayatları boyunca proje derslerinde gerekse profesyonel hayatlarında ihtiyaç duyacakları temel bilgiler arasındadır. Okul bazında eğitim programlarında farklılıklar olmasına rağmen, bu bilginin kazandırılmasına yönelik malzeme dersleri bütün endüstriyel tasarım bölümlerinin lisans programlarında kendine yer bulmuştur.
Çalışma, literatür taraması ile başlamış, endüstriyel tasarım ve malzeme bilimi kavramlarından yola çıkılarak bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişki görünür kılınmaya çalışılmıştır. Literatür taraması kısmı; malzeme eğitiminin konuları ve amaçları, endüstriyel tasarım eğitimindeki malzeme ile ilgili mevcut derslerin ilgili okullar bazında karşılaştırılması ile devam etmiştir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında endüstriyel tasarım bölümleri lisans programlarında yer alan malzeme bilgisinin kazandırılmasına yönelik dersler incelenmiştir. Türkiye'deki en eski beş devlet okulu bünyesindeki endüstriyel tasarım bölümleri örneklem olarak seçilmiş, ders programları incelenmiş, malzeme ile ilgili dersleri veren öğretim elemanları ile görüşme, öğrencilerle ise anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca İTÜ Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü'ndeki malzeme bilgisinin kazandırılmasına yönelik iki derse, bir dönem boyunca katılarak gözlemlerde bulunulmuştur. Buna ek olarak, Red Dot Tasarım Ödülleri 2014 Amerika ve Avrupa Üniversiteler Sıralaması referans alınarak başarılı olarak nitelendirilebilecek okullardaki malzeme dersleri de internet araştırması olarak incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın sonunda, toplamda 5 okuldan, 77 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilen anket çalışması ve 6 akademisyenle gerçekleştirilen görüşmeler sonucunda endüstriyel tasarım disiplininin ve eğitimininin ihtiyaç duyduğu malzeme bilgisi ile ilgili çıkarımlarda bulunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çıkarımların ana başlıkları; Uygulamaya Yönelik Bilgi, Üretim Yöntemleri ve Malzeme Bilgisi İlişkisi, Malzeme Seçimi, Endüstriyel Tasarım Disiplinine Özelleşmiş Bir Bilgi, Yeni Teknoloji ve Yeni Malzemeler, Teknik Geziler ve Fabrika Gezileri, Malzemenin Tecrübe Edilmesi, Yeni Malzemeler ve Bilginin Güncellenmesi, Sektörel Farklılıklar, Malzeme Dersinin Ders Programlarındaki Yeri, Seçmeli Dersler, Malzeme Bilgisi ve Maliyet İlişkisidir. Ayrıca endüstriyel tasarım eğitimi içerisinde verilmekte olan malzeme eğitiminin geliştirilmesine yönelik, ileriki araştırmalara dair önermelerde bulunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma temel olarak endüstriyel tasarım lisans eğitimindeki malzeme bilgisi edinilme süreçlerinin ve ilgili derslerin mevcut durumlarının tespitini yaparak malzeme bilgisinin tasarım pratiği içerisindeki yerinin ve öneminin ortaya konulmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Abstract:
One of the main subjects which is tried to be gained by the students in industrial design education is the material knowledge. Material knowledge is the part of basic design knowledge which is needed during both studentship and professional life. Although there are different practices between design schools, all of the undergraduate industrial design departments have material course in their educational programme. This study deals with how and why the material course are included in undergraduate industrial design departments in Turkey.
This study has begun with the literature review. In this section, relation between the industrial design and material science concepts has tried to be revealed with the help of the previous studies. Literature review part has continued with the comparison of different schools' material courses.
After gathering information on industrial design and material science in the literature review field research has been made. In the field research process interview, survey and observation about material courses are used as study methods. Study sample is chosen as the five oldest industrial design departments in Turkey. Within the scope of the study, all courses related to material knowledge from undergraduate programmes of the industrial design are examined. Their academic programmes have been reviewed, interviews with the lecturers of their material courses have been taken and a survey has been made with the students. And also, two of the material knowledge courses in ITU Department of The Industrial Design have been observed within two semester. In addition to that, by referring the list of Red Dot 2014 Top Design Schools of the America and Europe, material courses of the succesful design schools are examined based on the web based resources. Their course outlines and methods carefully scanned and existence of a common methodology between the material courses of these schools are questioned. Data gathered from the survey and interviews is specified and examined step by steps. At that point, it revealed that data gathered by the survey and the interviews shows similarities and matches with the findings from the literature review.
At the end of the study, with the help of the information gained by the survey done by 77 students from 5 different schools and interviews with 6 course lecturers, implications on the most suitable material knowledge of industrial design are tried to be set. Possible subtopics and properties of a suitable material course are outlined in relation to these implications.
Properties of an industrial design material course can be defined as Pratice Based Knowledge, Manufacturing Methods and Material Knowledge, Material Selection, Specific Knowledge for Industrial Design, New Technology and New Materials, Technical Visits and Factory Trips, Material Experince, Updating the Material Knowledge and Material Database, Sectoral Differences, Place of the Material Course in Industrial Design Education, Elective Courses, Material Knowledge and Production Cost Relation. These properties of a material course in industrial design is based on the common expressions of the participants of the survey, interviews and literature background of the research.
As it is implied by the material education researchers in design field, students who took the survey aim at gaining useful material knowledge, which can be used both in their studentship and profeesional life, from the material courses. They most commonly mention about the lack of the material knowledge in that sense. So, needed material knowledge should be suitable for project courses and their profeesional practice, in other words it must be practice oriented knowledge.
What is meant by application in industrial design practice is production. Possible materials which will form the designed object does not mean anything if it can not exist in three dimensionally and this could only possible possible by manufacturing. So, manufacturing methods and material knowledge can not be thought as two completely different educational subjects. Both practical and theoretical expression of material knowledge should involve production methods.
One of the basic abilities which are tried to be gained in industrial design education is material selection. So, to calculate the advantages and disadvantages of the material options, to compare the possible materials, ability of the material selection should be involved in the material course. In addition to that material selection ability should not only be formed with the tangible characteristics od the material, intangible properties of the material should be included in the course outline in that sense.
In addition to that, all of the individuals who took survey or interview, mention that a specified material knowledge for industrial design is a must in design education and this knowledge must be different from engineering disciplines. Because material knowledge of design and engineering differ in basis of disciplines. Industrial designer should know the literature and basic material properties while communicating with the engineers and other technical staff, however main material knowledge used by the designer is practice and production based.
Innovation, improvement, development based design ideas should follow the new technologies. Students whoo took the survey, expressed the need of the involvement of new materials and new technologies in material courses. So, new materials and technologies should be a sub topic of the course.
Both students and academicians pointed out the importance of the technical visits and factory trips involved in the material course. Examining production and application of thge material on the field leads to faster learning process. Designer candidates can understand the borders of the material in the means of technical properties, production methods, cost efficiencyin these visits. So, well targeted field trips make the material course more efficient.
Another factor which affects the student's learning process is experiencing the material in the studio. Touching, forming, cutting, boring, drilling, slicing the material by the student make him/her understand the responses of producer and user more easily. With this method, designer candidates can prevent possible negative effects of the material selection.
Material courses should include basic knowledge and concepts, details and should encourage the students to update their knowledge. Because of the constantly developing materials, material course should raise the awareness of the students and should be guided on self learning. Needed material knowledge is specified and differentiated according to the related sector. This makes the material knowledge process neverlasting and field based. After taking the material course, students should not loose their interest on learning new materials and should have an idea about how to be informed about newly developed materials.
All of the survey and interview participants emphasize the need of taking material course as earliest as possible. So, general material knowledge related to the basic design course can be given within the first academic year and can be specified in following years.
It seems more rational to make the students choose their material course related to their interests and future work field. After taking a general material course students should take an elective material course which deals with only one or two materials. With the help of that, student can gain detailed material information. In addition to that, practice option in an elective course make the course more effective.
Another important aspect of the material knowledge is cost. Material knowledge without cost information makes it away from the production and real life. Designer can evaluate suitability of the designed product by its technical properties, production cost and target sale price.
This study aims at determining the processes and the current courses of material knowledge in undergraduate industrial design education and introducing the importance and the place of material knowledge in design practice.In this study, after gaining information on material knowledge in industrial design by literature review and field research, implications on the future studies and scope of an efficient material course are set. All of the findings shows