Kentsel raylı sistem projeleri özelinde BIM ve akıllı sözleşme entegrasyonu
Integration of BIM and smart contract for urban rail system projects
Yazar: UĞUR ÇELİK
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. PELİN ALPKÖKİN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Ulaşım = Transportation ; İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Yer altı ulaşımı = Underground transport ; Şehiriçi ulaşım = Urban transport

Özet:
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca ulaştırma yapıları toplumların sosyal ve ekonomik hayatlarını şekillendiren ana unsurlardan olmuştur. Uygarlığın gelişmesinde, devletlerin kurulmasında, savaşlarda, küresel ticarette, yani globalleşen dünyanın oluşmasında ulaştırma yapıları lokomotif görevini üstlenmiştir. Bu değişimi sağlayan en temel ulaşım yapısı ise 19 yy 'da hızla gelişmeye başlayan demiryollarıdır. 
Demiryolları önce şehirleri sonra ülkeleri ve hatta kıtaları birbirine bağlayarak kültürlerin hızla yayılmasını sağlamıştır. Zamanla devlet yapıları değişmiş, ekonomi globalleşmiş ve metropoller oluşmaya başlamıştır. Metropollerin git gide artan nüfusu beraberinde ulaşım sorunlarını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Ulaşım problemlerinin çözümünde de demiryolları hızlı, güvenilir ve çevreci yapısı ile ulaşım master planlarında ilk sırada yer almıştır. 
20.yy ve 21 yy. kentsel raylı sistemlerin hızla gelişimine şahit olmuş ancak hala raylı sistem ihtiyacı birçok metropolde devam etmektedir. Bu kapsamda devletler raylı sistem yatırımlarına hızla devam etmektedir. Ancak sektörün içinde bulunduğu dijitalleşme eksikliği ve verimsizlik raylı sistem inşaatlarında da süregelmektedir. Projeler zamanında tamamlanamamakta ve ek maliyetler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sektör temsilcileri ve hükümetler bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek için Building Information Modelling ile süreçlerini yürütmeyi tercih etmekte ve politikalarını bu yönde şekillendirmektedir. 
BIM, inşaat sektörüne işbirliğine dayalı, şeffaf, tüm paydaşların sorumluluğu paylaştığı veri odaklı çözümler üretirken, yeni nesil teknolojilerle adapte olarak sektörün sorunlarına kalıcı çözümler üretmekte ve bu çözümlerin sisteme dâhil olabileceği politikalar belirlenmektedir.
Bu tez kapsamında BIM ile sözleşme edimlerinin yerine gelmesi ile otomatik olarak sözleşme maddelerinin uygulandığı programlanabilir akıllı sözleşmelerin entegre edilmesine yönelik bir öneri sunulmakta olup, inşaat sektörünün devam eden sorunlarına karşı geliştirilebilecek uygulamalar kentsel raylı sistem projeleri üzerinden ele alınacaktır. Akıllı sözleşmelerin temelini oluşturan Blokzincir ağı ile BIM süreçlerinin entegrasyonu tüm inşaat aşamalarının güvenilir, şeffaf ve işbirliğine dayalı dijital platformda yürütülmesini sağlayacak ve akıllı sözleşmeler ise süreçlerin otomatik bir şekilde algoritmalarla yürütülmesine olanak sağlayacaktır. BIM ve akıllı sözleşme entegrasyonu ile kentsel raylı sistem projelerinde verimin yükseleceği, maliyet ve zaman kayıplarının azalacağı, insan odaklı hataların ve kötü niyetli yaklaşımların azalacağı, tüm süreçlerin kayıt altına alındığı bir proje yönetim anlayışıyla projelerin yürütüleceği savunulmaktadır. Bu çalışma teorinin teknik altyapısına yönelik öneriler ve çözümler üretmek amacıyla yapılmış olup, ilerde yapılacak çalışmalar için bir kaynak olması hedeflenmektedir.

Abstract:
Throughout the history of mankind, transportation structures have been one of the main factors shaping the social and economic lives of societies. In the development of civilization, the establishment of states, wars, global trade, that is, the formation of a globalizing world, transport structures assumed the role of locomotive. The most fundamental transportation structure that enables this change is the railways which started to develop rapidly in the 19th century.
Railways connected the cities initially, then it connected the countries and even continents, and provided cultures to spread rapidly. Over time, the state structures changed, the economy became globalized and metropolises began to form. The growing population of metropolitan areas has brought along transportation problems. Railways have taken the first place in transportation master plans with its fast, reliable and environment-friendly structure as a solution of transportation problems. The 20th century and the 21st century have witnessed the rapid development of urban rail systems, but the need for rail systems continues in many metropolises. In this context, governments are continuing their investments in rail system rapidly.
The institutions running the urban rail system projects face many problems. The most common problems are planning routes without feasibility conducted independently or without conducting any feasibility, incomplete or incorrect designs at the tender stage, inadequate geotechnical parameters, inadequate company experience, construction method changes, interaction with surrounding structures, archaeological excavations, compatibility between equipment, coordination, relations with third parties, deviations in cost and time targets. To overcome all these problems, projects need to be managed with a corporate management approach. The organization that undertakes the work should consist of professional people who are independent from political influences and has the principles to manage urban rail system projects to make preliminary design and technical analysis; to prepare the project management plan, technical specifications, quality level, security standards and budget; to conduct contract audit; to create financial resources; to ensure coordination between stakeholders; to carry out expropriation and land use processes.
As a result, the adequate management of urban rail system projects, that directly affect the public during the construction phase and are made for public benefit purposes during the operation phase, is of great importance for the development of the city and the welfare of the people living in the city. This is one of the main reasons for the study to focus on urban rail systems.
In the literature review conducted within the scope of the study, the main problems encountered in urban rail system projects are identified and.researches on technological developments and digitalization trend have been carried out in order to produce solutions to the problems experienced. As a result of the research, the concepts of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Smart Contract were focused on. Research has been done on the current use of these technologies and its development.
Professionals and governments prefer to carry out their processes with BIM to overcome the problems encountered in urban rail system projects and it is seen that their policies are shaped in this direction. BIM is a data-oriented thinking and management approach that digitalises all processes of a building throughout its life cycle and develops in parallel with technology. BIM, which has become widespread in our country also, is being implemented in many metro projects run by public institutions. However, problems remain in the implementation of BIM in all processes of the projects and it is still in the development phase.
While BIM produces collaborative, transparent, data-oriented solutions for all construction partners, it creates permanent solutions to the problems of the sector by adapting to new generation technologies, and policies are determined by public authorities that these solutions can be included in the system. BIM can be described as a big step towards digitalization of the sector; however, it would be proper to think of this step as a beginning. In this context, UK BIM Level 3 studies aim to develop a new open data standard that enables easy sharing of data in the entire market, including building materials industrialists. It is expected to be an open data target and the way to achieve automation in construction, that is, to achieve the BIM Level 3 goal, is Smart Contract, which controls self-contractual performance and enables automatic implementation of the results determined in the contract, and Blockchain technology, which is trusted by cryptographic passwords.
Within the scope of this thesis, a proposal is made for the integration of programmable smart contracts which automatically apply the contract clauses with the fulfilment of the contract with BIM. The applications that can be developed against the ongoing problems of the construction sector are examined through an urban rail system project. The integration of BIM processes with Blockchain network, which forms the basis of smart contracts, will ensure that all construction phases are carried out on a reliable, transparent and collaborative digital platform, and smart contracts will enable the processes to be executed with algorithms automatically. It is argued that with the integration of BIM and smart contract, efficiency in urban rail system projects will increase, costs and time losses will decrease, the causes of conflict will be resolved, human-oriented errors and malicious approaches will be reduced, and projects will be carried out more efficiently with a project management approach where all processes are recorded.
The processes established with the core philosophy of the implementation of urban rail system projects by decentralized, autonomous organizations with Smart Contract and BIM integration are defined in the scope of the thesis. In the defined process, a city where smart contract protocols are used is discussed. These defined protocols form a decentralized autonomous organization that takes part in the city administration according to pre-coded rules, using the BIM models that make up the digital twin of the city with live data from every point of the city. This organization, which is among the decision-makers of the city, evaluates alternative solutions by detecting the transportation problem in line with the data received from different data sources in the blockchain network. Within this system, in which city residents play an active role in the decisions taken, it is among the data affecting the decision of the autonomous organization in all requests, suggestions and complaints. Thus, the city is managed with a participatory, transparent system in which all the stakeholders of the city play an active role, instead of the system that is managed only according to the decisions taken by the person or persons who are given administrative authority.
The study was carried out based on the above-mentioned problems and other problems encountered in practice. Most of the problems experienced can be solved by computer and can be controlled by automatic systems. With the implementation of BIM and Smart Contract Integration in urban rail system projects, infrastructure will be established for the studies to be carried out for the execution of processes with design-to-business algorithms. The outputs aimed with the suggestions presented in this study, preventing shadow economy, corruption and waste in the construction industry, improving the supply processes, tackling the difficulties caused by urban construction sites, resolving the problems related to ground uncertainties, preventing damages arising from interaction with surrounding structures, reducing conflicts and preventing timeouts cost increases. The autonomous organization manages the entire life cycle of the urban rail system project in line with the described protocols, minimizes the risks that may be encountered and ensures the continuous improvement of the system with the data it accumulates in all these processes.
This study aims to be a road map for public and private institutions who want to increase their resources and efficiency, and academicians who want to research on BIM and smart contract technologies, that are not yet mature enough in our country and not received the necessary importance in government policies and industry.