Afşin-Elbistan havzası, Çöllolar Açık İşletmesi heyelanlarının hareket mekanizması yönünden incelenmesi
Afşin Elbistan basin, analysis of lanslides of Çöllolar Open Pit in terms of mechanism of action
Yazar: RECEP UĞUR ACAR
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. ENVER VURAL YAVUZ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Jeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Jeoloji Mühendisliği = Geological Engineering

Özet:
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim
Dalı'nda yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu tezde 6-10 Şubat 2011 tarihlerinde
meydana gelen heyelanlara sebep olan mekanizma araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Çalışma alanı 1/25.000 ölçekli topoğrafik haritada Kahramanmaraş L 37 b3; L 38 a4
paftaları içinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma büro ve arazi çalışmaları olarak 2
aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk aşamada bölge hakkında ayrıntılı bir çalışma
yapmak amacıyla literatür araştırması yapılmış, ilgili tezler ve raporlar incelenmiş;
saha hakkında bilgiler derlenmiştir. Jeoloji haritası olarak arazide Staesche
(1972)'nin haritası kullanılmış ve araziden elde edilen veriler ile harita revize
edilmiştir.
Sahada ki jeolojik birimler temelden üste doğru incelenmiş; Temel kayaçlar,
Mesozoyik karbonatlı kayaçlar, Neojen gölsel çökeller ve Kuvaterner birimler olarak
ayrılarak sıralanmışlardır. Bu birimlerin içerisinde ise özellikle Kuvaterner birimler
üzerinde durulmuştur ve bu birim kendi içerisinde sahada ki gözlemlere dayanarak
akarsu çökelleri, alüvyal yelpaze, taşkın düzlükleri, taraçalar ve kalişler olarak
ayrılmıştır.
Heyelanlara birçok kaynakta en büyük sebep olarak su gösterilmektedir. Gerek
yağışlar gerek akarsular, dereler, kaynaklar ve yeraltı suları ele alınmıştır. Devlet
Meteoroloji İşleri'nden alınan 18 yıllık yağmur verileri incelenmiş, ortalamaları ve
eklenik sapma değerleri hesaplanmış ve grafiğe dökülerek yorumlanmıştır. Kurak ve
yağışlı dönemler belirlenmiştir ve içinde bulunduğumuz dönemin yağışlı dönem
olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Ortamdaki jeolojik birimler suyu iletebilme özelliklerine göre geçirimsiz, yarı
geçirimli ve geçirimli birimler olarak 3'e ayrılmış, yaşanan heyelan hadiselerine olası
etkileri tartışılmıştır.
Çalışmanın asıl amacı olan Çöllolar Açık İşletmesi'nin heyelanlar üzerine yorum
yapmadan önce heyelan üzerine yapılan çalışmalar araştırılmış, birçok bilim
insanının yaptığı sınıflamalar tez içerisinde sıralanmıştır. Çalışma alanında ki
heyelanlar arazi çalışmalarında incelenmiş, fotoğrafları alınmış, litolojik özellikleri
belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve hareketin şekli ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Arazi çalışmalarından elde edilen bulgular ve gözlemlere dayalı olarak yapılan
değerlendirmeler, batı şevlerinde meydana gelen heyelanın yenilme mekanizmasının
progresif kayma modeline uygun olduğunu göstermektedir.
Doğu şevlerinde meydana gelen heyelanın yenilme mekanizmasının ise oldukça
karmaşık bir yapıda olduğu o kaymanında progresif kayma şeklinde gözlendiği
söylenebilir.
Bu kayma, birleşik iki kayma yüzeyi üzerinde makaslama yenilmesine bağlı olarak
meydana gelmiş olmalıdır. Kaymanın 1. yüzeyini (tabandaki yüzey) killerle geçişli
kömür seviyesi, 2. yüzeyini (arka yüzey) ise süreksizlikler oluşturmaktadır. Büyük
olasılıkla tabandaki kayma yüzeyinin üzerinde bulunan yeraltı suyu ve tabandaki 1.
kayma yüzeyini oluşturan malzemelerin zayıf dayanımına sahip olmaları şevlerdeki
heyelanı meydana getiren ana faktörler olmalıdır.

Abstract:
Mechanism causing landslides hit between 6 and 10 February 2011 were studied to
clarify in thesis prepared as Master of Science (M.Sc.) thesis in the Department of
Geological Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical
University.
Study area is located in Kahramanmaraş L 37 b3; L 38 a4 map sections of 1/25.000
scale topographic maps.
This study was carried out as office and field work in 2 phases. In the first phase, the
literature survey was carried out so as to make a detailed study about the area, related
theses and reports were examined, information about the field was compiled. In the
second phase to made the field work by going to land, landslides examined,
lithology, slope angle, the region's rainfall, underground and surface water of the
predisposing factors causing landslides are examined. Photographed the landslide
area. For the obtain strike and dip of the layers of landslide area outside and inside
was measured. In the field compass for geologists, geologists hummer, and GPS are
used.
Staesche (1972) map was used as geological map and data obtained from the field
was revised. The geological map which was revised drawn on the computer again
and the value of direction and inclination of layers was measured marked on the
geological map. However, discontinuities was observed in the geological units
marked on the map. In addition to, terraces which can carry water marked to on the
map.
During the field study, the drilling data from borehole logs made from MTA and
EÜAŞ used for the ensuring thickness of coal and other geological units. These
borehole logs are made by MTA for determining the the coal mine evaluation. In this
study, three of borehole logs are used which are selected close to the mine.
In the first, a literature review was carried out about the basin. Then the study area is
a coal basin, research is concentrated on coal basins. As a result of this research
there are two ways in which class of coal basin that have been found. The first of
these types of is according to the environment where the sediments basins. The
second is the According to the development of the shape of the basin and coal basins.
According to this informations Afşin-Elbistan coal basin is limnic and asymetric
foredeep basin.
In this study, the geological units have been approached with informations taken
from previous studies. To naming of geological units are avoided from previous
studies. Geological units in the field were examined from bottom to top; by
separating basement rocks, Mesozoic carbonate rocks, Neogene lacustrine sediments
and Quaternary as units were sorted. Among these units, it was particularly focused on the Quaternary units and this unit in itself was separated into the fluvial deposits,
alluvial fans, flood plains, terraces and caliches based on observations in the field.
Stratigraphic column section of geolocic units are drawn. On this stratigraphic
column section is painted with the same color of geological map which used in this
study. In addition to divergent between in geological units are shown in this
stratigraphic column section.
Afşin Elbistan basin is a region that has been exposed quite a lot of tectonic effects.
For his reason, this tectonic effects shaped to basin are interpreted. For this purpose,
structural features of geological units researched in both litearture survey and in the
field. As a result of this researches, it has Watercourse) been found that the Hurman
faultline (analogous with Hurman river) narrows the pit field from east and Kışlaköy
Faults narrows the pit field from West. Location of these faultlines are marked on the
geological transverse section this locations obtained from Staesche (1972). In
addition, these geological transverse section are drawn on the computer.
Water is shown as the biggest reason of landslides in many sources. As the presence
of water in the field, precipitation, streams, creek, springs and groundwater sources
are considered. 18 years of rain data received from Turkish State Meteorological
Service; mean and cumulative deviations were calculated, graphed and interpreted.
Dry and wet periods were determined and it was concluded that the period we are in
is the rainy period.
Geological units were separated into 3 as impermeable, semi-permeable and
permeable; potential impacts on landslides occurred were discussed.
Before Çöllolar, the main aim of the study, made comments, the studies conducted
on landslides were investigated and classifications made by many scientists were
listed in the thesis.
Landslides in the study area were examined in the field studies, their photographs
were taken and lithological features were tried to be determined and shape of the
movement was tried to be revealed.
During these researches, especially focused on the progressive landslides and this
type of landslides whether suitable to Çöllolar open pit or not was tried to observe in
the field. Additionally, in this study, prevention of landslides are takes place too,
precuation from landslides was expressed.
Assessments based on the findings and observations obtained from area studies have
showed that landslides occurred in the western slope are suitable for failure
mechanism of the progressive model shift.
Landslides occured in the western slope was drawn on the computer with the
drawing program and shown the estimated sliding surface.
The failure mechanisms of the landslides occurred in eastern slope is quite a complex
structure and firstly it can be said that it is in the shape of annular slip based on
progressive slide and superficial findings and observations.
Landslides occured in the eastern slope was drawn on the computer with the drawing
program and shown the estimated sliding surface like other western slope.
Progressive slip should be occurred on the combined two slide surfaces depending on
shear failure. Permeable coal level with clay constitutes 1st surface of slide (bottom
surface) and discontinuities constitute 2nd surface (back surface). Most likely, the groundwater on the slide surface on the base, the material forming 1st slide surface
having weak strength should be the main factors of landslides occurrence on the
slope.
Landslides occured in the Çöllolar open pit's slopes' lithological features shown
below of same name of this title in this study and below of this title was indicated
water carrying characteristics, thickness, spread features of these slopes' lithological
units.
The result of experiments conducted with landslide material which taken from slopes
are given in this study. These results are internal friction angle, cohesion, unit weight
and these results given in this study.
Landslides type of the western and eastern slopes was found suitable for progressive
landslide from result of literature survey and field work.
Many research indicated that water is the main reason of landslides. Water is reason
of landslides of the Çöllolar open cast mine ,result of interaction with water entering
the mine and geological units in the mine is concluded. Water of the Çöllolar open
cast mine must be carried with Hurman river and terraces structures. In study area, in
terms of water transport terraces located in whole basin very important because these
terraces structures overlooks like groove duty.