İnşaat sektöründe girişimciliği etkileyen faktörler ve hayatta kalma stratejileri
The factors effect entrpreneurship and survival strategies in the construction market
Yazar: YOSİ AMON
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. EMRAH ACAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Sanayi toplumu ile bilgi toplumu arasındaki zaman diliminde oluşmuş olan ve ekonomik gelişmeleri belirleyen önemli faktörlerden biri girişimcilik olgusudur. Girişimcilik yalnızca ekonomik bir unsur olmakla kalmayıp, toplumların sosyo-kültürel yapıları için de etkili bir değerdir. Kimi toplumlar yüksek girişimcilik performansı sergilerken, kimi toplumlarda bu oran düşüktür. Bu farklılığın temel sebebi, toplumlar arasındaki girişimcilik kültürünün oynamakta olduğu roldür. Girişimcilik, son yıllarda giderek artan bir ilgiyle üzerinde çalışılan, araştırılan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Dikkatleri üzerine çekmesinin en büyük sebebi, ekonomiye sağladığı katma değer ve ileriye yönelik gelişme potansiyeli oluşturmasıdır. İnşaat sektörü, istihdam yaratabilen çok disiplinli bir yapıya sahiptir. Projelerinin her aşamasında önceden tahmin edilmesi zor faktörlerin etkili olması ve her projenin tek defaya özgü olması gibi özellikleri, inşaat sektörünü belirsizlikleri çok olan dinamik bir sektör haline getirmektedir. Öte yandan, Türkiye'de inşaat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmaların büyük bölümü girişimci işletmelerden oluşmaktadır. Bir girişimci sektöre girdiği zaman, mümkün olabilecek en uzun süre yaşamayı hedeflemektedir. Bir yandan belirsizlikle başa çıkmaya çalışan, diğer yandan farklı disiplinlerden beslenen bir alanda faaliyet gösteren girişimciler, hem işletmelerindeki zorluklar hem de sektör özelindeki zorluklarla başetmektedirler. Yaşayan organizmalarınki gibi, işletmelerin de bir yaşam döngüsü bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle hayatta kalma mücadelelerini verirken birçok farklı bilgi ve beceriyle konuların üstesinden gelmeye çabalamaktadırlar. Bu tez çalışması, inşaat sektöründe girişimcilik konusuna odaklanmaktadır. İlgili literatüre bakıldığında, girişimcilerin başarısında belirleyici çok sayıda faktör olduğu görülmektedir. Bunlar; genel olarak çevresel, finansal, sosyo-kültürel ve kişilik özelliklerine bağlı faktörler olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Tez çalışması, inşaat sektörü girişimcilerinin yaşadıkları süreci girişimcilik öncesi dönemden başlayarak tüm zorluklarıyla anlamaya çalışıp, girişimciliği etkileyen faktörleri ve girişimciliğin erken evrelerinde hayatta kalma stratejilerini belirleyemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında inşaat sektörü girişimcilerine yönelik bir alan araştırması tasarlanmıştır. Kalitatif araştırma stratejisini benimseyen araştırmada, kişilerin girişimciliğe yöneliminden itibaren tüm yaşam döngüsü içerisindeki öyküsü incelenmiştir. Bu süreçte yaşanan deneyimler anlaşılmaya çalışılmış, girişimciliği etkileyen değişkenler ve girişimciliğin erken evrelerinde benimsenen veya geliştirilen hayatta kalma stratejilerinin tespit edilmesine çalışılmıştır. Ele alınan konu, proje ve yapım yönetimi literatüründe üzerinde çok az amprik araştırma yapılmış yeni bir konudur. Öte yandan, çalışma bulgularının sektördeki girişimci adaylarının bilinçlenmesi, genel olarak inşaat sektöründeki girişimciliği tanıması ve mevcut deneyimlerden faydalanması açısından yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın bulgularında birçok etken ele alınmıştır. Aralarından tecrübe faktörünün sektörel girişimcilik faaliyetlerinde her açıdan önemi ve hayatta kalma mücadelesinde çok disiplinli yapıda doğru insan kaynakları kurgusuyla birlikte tüm ilişki ağlarını iyi, aktif tutma becerisi ön plana çıkmıştır.  Bulgular, girişimcilerin sürekli olarak birçok farklı alandan beslenmesi ve bu kavramın sadece bir işletme şekli değil, bir "yaşam biçimi" olduğu savını desteklemektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye'de "girişimcilik kültürü" kavramının oluşmamış olduğu ve bu bilinci arttırmaya yönelik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu görülmüştür.

Abstract:
One of the important factors determining economic developments in the time period between industrial society and Information Society is the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not only an economic element, it is also an effective value for the socio-cultural structures of societies. While some societies have high entrepreneurial performance, others are low. The main reason for this difference is the role that plays in the culture of entrepreneurship among communities. Entrepreneurship has become a subject that has been studied and researched with an increasing interest in recent years. The main reason for attracting attention is that it provides added value to the economy and provides potential for development for the future. The construction sector has a multidisciplinary structure that can create jobs. Factors that are difficult to predict at each stage of their projects are effective and each project is unique once, making the construction sector a dynamic sector with many uncertainties. On the other hand, most of the companies operating in the construction sector in Turkey are entrepreneurs. When an entrepreneur enters the sector, he aims to live as long as possible. On the one hand, entrepreneurs who try to deal with uncertainty, on the other hand operate in an area that is fed from different disciplines, deal with both the difficulties in their businesses and the difficulties in the sector. Like living organisms, enterprises have a life cycle. For this reason, while they struggle to survive, they try to overcome issues with many different knowledge and skills. In this thesis, focuses on entrepreneurship in the construction sector. Looking at the literature concerned, there are many factors determining the success of entrepreneurs. These can be classified as factors related to environmental, financial, socio-cultural and personality characteristics in general. The thesis study aims to determine the factors affecting entrepreneurship and survival strategies in the early stages of entrepreneurship by trying to understand the process of the entrepreneurs in the construction sector from the pre-entrepreneurship period onwards. Within the scope of the study, an area survey was designed for construction sector entrepreneurs. The research which adopts qualitative research strategy has examined the history of individuals in the entire life cycle since their orientation towards entrepreneurship. The experiences in this process have been tried to be understood, the variables affecting entrepreneurship and the survival strategies adopted or developed in the early stages of entrepreneurship have been tried to be determined. The subject discussed is a new subject with very little empirical research on project and construction management literature. On the other hand, it is thought that the findings of the study will be beneficial in terms of awareness of the entrepreneur candidates in the sector, recognition of entrepreneurship in the construction sector in general and benefiting from the existing experience.Many factors have been discussed in the findings of the study. The importance of experience factor in sectoral entrepreneurship activities and the ability to keep all relationship networks good and active with the correct human resources editing in multi-disciplinary structure in the struggle for survival has come to the fore.  The findings support the idea that entrepreneurs are constantly fed from many different areas and that this concept is not only a business form , but also a "lifestyle." Furthermore, it has been observed that the concept of "entrepreneurship culture" has not been established in Turkey and that efforts are needed to raise this awareness.One of the important factors determining economic developments in the time period between industrial society and Information Society is the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not only an economic element, it is also an effective value for the socio-cultural structures of societies. While some societies have high entrepreneurial performance, others are low. The main reason for this difference is the role that plays in the culture of entrepreneurship among communities. In Turkey, a professional role in which this entrepreneurial culture has played has not yet been defined. Unfortunately, this awareness in the society is trying to learn by observing the examples that have achieved success by trying to get away from them. There is no activity to provide cultural development with the right methods and the right infrastructure. The determination of this lack and the need to complete is also at the end of the study. The suggestions are also mentioned and the necessity of the work towards the future of the society is mentioned. Entrepreneurship education as well as education institutions around the world is one of the interesting parts of the new period that needs to be entered into the curriculum. The contribution of this training is seen behind many of the successful venture stories that are frequently seen in social life. In general, the education infrastructure of successful people is examined, it is understood that he has received entrepreneurship training and even gained experience in various private institutions. In our society, infrastructure studies should be carried out aiming to increase success stories by multiplying these examples. Entrepreneurship has become a subject that has been studied and researched with an increasing interest in recent years. The main reason for attracting attention is that it provides added value to the economy and provides potential for development for the future. It is seen that there is progress in this issue in Turkey and it is open to development. In this respect, it is understood that public institutions are also supported by private institutions. The fact that kosgeb, which operates especially in the field of entrepreneurship, sees every entrepreneur as the first door of application, is an indication that the state is following this issue closely. Through various platforms, listening to the needs of entrepreneurs and the contribution of them that was done to support the development of individuals at a noticeable rate increases.This study is divided into two parts as literature and research. The literature can also be considered as divided into 3 parts. In the first part, the concept of entrepreneurship was mentioned and international definitions were discussed. Then, in general, the place in the economy and its impact on Turkey were examined. In particular, the impact of Turkish employment on sectoral basis has been highlighted by its hundreds. The construction sector has a multidisciplinary structure that can create jobs. Factors that are difficult to predict at each stage of their projects are effective and each project is unique once, making the construction sector a dynamic sector with many uncertainties. On the other hand, most of the companies operating in the construction sector in Turkey are entrepreneurs. 
When an entrepreneur enters the sector, he aims to live as long as possible. On the one hand, entrepreneurs who try to deal with uncertainty, on the other hand operate in an area that is fed from different disciplines, deal with both the difficulties in their businesses and the difficulties in the sector. 
In the second phase of the literature, entrepreneurship life cycle was investigated. Like living organisms, enterprises have a life cycle. Therefore, it is defined that every initiative has a history lasting from the pre-start to the death and that it begins with the orientation towards entrepreneurship. As with living organisms, the initiative continues to evolve, with many uncertainties and difficulties experienced in the phases. For this reason, while they struggle to survive, they try to overcome issues with many different knowledge and skills. Of the literature 3. when we get to the section, we focus on the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the construction sector. Looking at the literature concerned, there are many factors determining the success of entrepreneurs. These can be classified as factors related to environmental, financial, socio-cultural and personality characteristics in general. 
The other part of the "research section" was designed to study a field for construction sector entrepreneurs within the scope of the study. The research which adopts qualitative research strategy has examined the history of individuals in the entire life cycle since their orientation towards entrepreneurship. The sample is composed of individuals operating in the early period of entrepreneurship and similar characteristics in terms of compliance with the research subject. General questions about entrepreneurship were prepared to listen to the participants ' stories. From the pre-entrepreneurship stage to the point where the stories have been listened. Then all the interviews recorded were recorded in the interview documents. The sub-headings of the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the literature are related to the corresponding codes in the interviews. Then, in the simulation program vensim, these codes are schematically linked to each other through the editing of the participants ' expressions. Each participant is also colored and parsed. Thus, what is said on a person basis can also be analyzed.  Finally, the "survival" factors in the main title of the thesis and the main question that is sought, are provided in a chart from the simulation program. Thus, all relationship networks that directly and indirectly affect survival have been tried to be understood.
In general, this thesis study aims to determine the factors affecting entrepreneurship and survival strategies in the early stages of entrepreneurship by trying to understand the process of construction sector entrepreneurs from the pre-entrepreneurship period onwards. The experiences in this process have been tried to be understood, the variables affecting entrepreneurship and the survival strategies adopted or developed in the early stages of entrepreneurship have been tried to be determined.The subject discussed is a new subject with very little empirical research on project and construction management literature. On the other hand, it is thought that the findings of the study will be beneficial in terms of awareness of the entrepreneur candidates in the sector, recognition of entrepreneurship in the construction sector in general and benefiting from the existing experience.
Many factors have been discussed in the findings of the study. These factors were first examined as early stages of entrepreneurship and pre-entrepreneurship in accordance with the life cycle. The reasons for the orientation of people to entrepreneurship and the factors affecting entrepreneurship were wanted to be understood by observing the period before entrepreneurship. Among the findings made, age factor and entrepreneurship education were among the factors affecting the previous period's professional institution experiences and disruptions were presented with examples directly to the entrepreneurial orientation. We talked about entrepreneurs taking a road full of uncertainty and challenges. Trying to alleviate the burden of this ambiguous process with a partner in a similar Profile is the first attempt of most enterprise activities. However, the findings show that many people have tried the partnership structure in the first place, but have not been able to maintain it in the long run. Healthy structures can only be established in the Partnership Initiative as long as the correct task distributions are made.
When we examined survival strategies in the early stages of entrepreneurship, the importance of the "experience" factor among them was expressed by all participants in all aspects of the entrepreneurship activities in the construction sector. With experience, with the correct human resources editing in multi-disciplinary sector structure, the ability to keep all relationship networks good and active has become a strategy for survival. Among the other topics that participants frequently talk about in their survival strategies are the need to keep human relations healthy with customers. It is understood that the initial trend of most entrepreneurs is to keep investment costs and costs low. Then, the strategy of creating new business branches of entrepreneurs is one of the important factors in the struggle for survival. It is one of the important strategies for each entrepreneur to develop a marketing method based on his / her field of activity and to create a social network and thus maintain his / her struggle for survival.  
The necessity of creating professional organizations and common platform to try to understand the similar problems of entrepreneurs, offer solutions and create a force by bringing entrepreneurs together is among the benefits.
The findings support the idea that entrepreneurs are constantly fed from many different areas and that this concept is not only a business form, but also a "lifestyle." Furthermore, it has been observed that the concept of "entrepreneurship culture" has not been established in Turkey and that efforts are needed to raise this awareness.