İmbat madencilik eynez ocağında ocak havalandırma direncinin ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi
Measurement and analysis of air resi̇stance on imbat coalmine
Yazar: FATİH FIRAT GÖKDENİZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. ABDULLAH FİŞNE
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Maden Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Maden Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Maden Mühendisliği ve Madencilik = Mining Engineering and Mining
Dizin: Linyit kömürü = Lignite coal ; Yer altı madenciliği = Underground mining

Özet:
Bu çalışmanın amacı, İmbat Madencilik Soma Eynez Yeraltı Kömür Ocağı'nda gerçekleştirilen havalandırma kol dirençlerinin çeşitli ölçmeler yardımıyla saptanmasıdır.
Havalandırma şebekelerinin planlanmasında, hava dağılımının sağlanmasında ve ana vantilatör tesislerinin tasarım ve seçiminde, ocaktaki hava yollarının dirençleri büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bir havayolunun direnci, o yolun kesit alanı ve şekline, tahkimat türüne, uzunluğuna, galeri ya da kol üzerinden geçen hava miktarına, koldaki belirli mesafeler arasındaki basınç farkına ve yüzey pürüzlüğüne bağlı olan sürtünme katsayısına göre değişmekte olup her havayolu için direnç değerleri de farklılık göstermektedir.
Bu çalışmada İmbat Madencilik Soma Eynez Yeraltı Ocağı'nda önceden yapılan ölçmeler ile belirlenmiş olan değişik özelliklere sahip galerilerde, panolarda ve hava kapılarında ocak havalandırmasını daha etkin ve verimli kullanmak, yeni açılan pano ve galerilerde ihtiyaç duyulan hava miktarının sağlanması amacı ile dirençlerin belirlenmesi için gerekli ölçmeler yapılmıştır.
Bu ölçmeler sırasıyla: Hava miktarının (Q) hesaplanmasına yönelik olarak, kesit alanı (S) ve hava hızı (V) ölçmeleri, direncin (R) hesaplanması için her bir pano, galeri ve koldaki basınç farklarının (h) ölçülmesi Ocak havasının yoğunluğu ve nem miktarının tespiti için psikometri ve mutlak basınç ölçmeleridir.
Ölçmelerde, dijital metre ile kesit alanları, anemometre ile hava hızları, dijital ve analog manometre ile basınç farkları, dijital barometre ile mutlak basınç, dönen ve dijital psikrometre ile yaş ve kuru sıcaklık ölçmeleri yapılmıştır.
Ölçmeler sonucunda elde edilen değerler kullanılarak ölçülen yolların dirençleri ve sürtünme katsayıları hesaplanmış ve tablo halinde özetlenmiştir. Ayrıca ölçmelerle tespit edilen sonuçların, literatürde verilen değerlerle karşılaştırılması da gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Yeraltı kömür madenciliğinde hava galeriye düzgün şekilde dağıtılmadıkça, maden havalandırma sistemi birincil işlevini yerine getirmemektedir. Havalandırma ocaktaki en önemli çalışmalardan biridir. Aynı zamanda en zor çalışmalardandır. Çünkü maden havalandırma direnci, kömür madenciliğinin ilerlemesi ve hava boşluğunun hava akışı dağılımı için hayati önem taşıyan dinamik bir değişim sürecidir.
Bir madende indüklenen hava akışı miktarı, fan karakteristiğine ve maden direncine bağlı olacaktır. Havalandırmanın diğer bir amacı ise; yeraltında çalışan işçilere yeterli ve sağlıklı hava temin etmek, açığa çıkan veya oluşan patlayıcı ve zararlı gazların veya tozların hava içindeki oranlarını düşürmek ve ocak dışına çıkarmak, derin ocaklardaki yüksek sıcaklığı soğutarak uygun çalışma ortamı sağlamak olarak açıklanabilir.

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to determine the ventilation arm resistances carried out in İmbat Madencilik Soma Eynez Underground Coal Pit with the help of various measurements.
The resistance of the airways in the furnace is of great importance in the planning of ventilation networks, ensuring air distribution and the design and selection of main ventilator facilities. The resistance of an airline varies depending on the cross-sectional area and shape of that road, the type of fortification, its length, the amount of air passing over the gallery or branch, the pressure difference between certain distances in the branch and the friction coefficient depending on the surface roughness, and the resistance values for each airline also vary.
In this study, necessary measurements were made to determine the resistances in order to use the pit ventilation more effectively and efficiently in the galleries, panels and air doors with different features, which were determined by the measurements made in İmbat Madencilik Soma Eynez Underground Mine, and to provide the amount of air needed in the newly opened panels and galleries. has been made.
These measurements are respectively: Cross-sectional area (S) and air speed (V) measurements to calculate the air amount (Q), measurement of pressure differences (h) in each panel, gallery and arm to calculate the resistance (R). Density and humidity of the furnace air. Psychometrics and absolute pressure measurements are used to determine the amount of In the measurements, cross-sectional areas were measured with a digital meter, air speeds were measured with an anemometer, pressure differences were measured with a digital and analog manometer, absolute pressure was measured with a digital barometer, and wet and dry temperatures were measured with a rotating and digital psychrometer.
Using the values obtained as a result of the measurements, the resistances and friction coefficients of the measured roads were calculated and summarized in a table. In addition, the results determined by measurements were compared with the values given in the literature.
In underground coal mining, unless air is properly distributed throughout the gallery, the mine ventilation system does not fulfill its primary function. Ventilation is one of the most important works in the furnace. It is also one of the most difficult works. Because mine ventilation resistance is a dynamic change process, which is vital for the progress of coal mining and the airflow distribution of the air gap.
The amount of airflow induced in a mine will depend on the fan characteristic and mine resistance. Another purpose of ventilation is; It can be explained as providing sufficient and healthy air to workers working underground, reducing the proportion of explosive and harmful gases or dust that are released or formed in the air and removing
them outside the mine, and providing a suitable working environment by cooling the high temperature in deep mines.
Ventilation difficulties can manifest themselves in a variety of ways. These difficulties; These may arise on issues such as improving an existing ventilation network, opening new production areas in the mine, continuing production at deeper elevations, increasing production, changing the positions of fans used in the mine, opening or closing new air intake wells, and preparing a new ventilation project for the mine.
In solving ventilation problems, the ventilation diagram of the furnace must be drawn correctly and the resistances of the branches forming the network must be determined well. Correct determination of arm resistances is very important. The supply and distribution of the necessary air to the stove and the selection of the fan that will provide this air depend on the arm resistances and the total resistance of the stove. As a result of incorrect determination of arm resistances, choosing a fan with insufficient or excessive power may cause an unhealthy working environment or unnecessary economic losses.
The principles of fluid mechanics apply to the flow of air through furnace passages. Air is a compressible fluid. However, in ventilation calculations, the calculations are made easier by assuming that the air is incompressible.
In order for the air in the furnace to move from point A to point B, the pressure PA at point A must be greater than the pressure PB at point B. When this condition is met, the air moves from the high pressure point to the low pressure point.
Furnace ventilation is a continuous flow.
The total energy in any cross-section of a moving fluid is the sum of the static, velocity and potential energies in this cross-section. Energy types are in a constant state of transformation with each other, provided that the total energy remains constant throughout the flow.
Energy change is taken into account when examining the air flow between two m-points of the system. The total energy at point 1 is the sum of the total energy at point 2 and the energy losses between points 1-2.
In a fluid flowing between two points, a certain pressure loss occurs due to resistance to flow. To ensure a regular flow, enough energy must be provided naturally or mechanically to compensate for the pressure loss.
Load losses due to friction in the air flow constitute 70-90% of the total loss. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure regular air flow by determining the friction-induced ventilation resistance.
Previous studies have shown that the coefficient of friction α varies greatly depending on the surface characteristics of the airway, the roughness of the cross-sectional area, whether it is driven in a smooth direction, the shape of the support, the tie gaps and whether the tie backs are filled.
The friction coefficients given by Mc Elroy in 1935 according to different gallery types, fortification types and surface properties of the airway are shown in the table. Bond spacing is an important factor for the coefficient of friction.
As can be seen in the figure, the friction coefficient of airways with bond spacing between 1-2 m is the highest. In order for airway resistance to be low, tie spacing should be less than 1 meter.
It is necessary to accurately determine the resistance of airways in solving ventilation network problems. Generally, two methods are preferred in determining resistances.
Calculation of resistances using the prepared table and calculation of resistances by measurement method.