Havalimanı yolcu terminallerinde mekansal deneyim haritalaması: Bir yolculuk, iki havalimanı
Spatial experience mapping of airport passenger terminals: One journey, two airports
Yazar: TUĞBA YALÇIN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. SAİT ALİ KÖKNAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Zaman-mekan = Time-space ; İnsan-mekan ilişkisi = Human-space relationship

Özet:
Havalimanları yolcu terminalleri, karmaşık sistemli ve çok girdili yapılardır. Terminal tasarımında, tasarımcının durduğu konum, kullanıcı ve yönetim arasında, ikisinin dengesini sağladığı noktadadır. Bu yüzden tasarımcının tüm girdileri değerlendirerek ortaya koyduğu tasarım, aslında bir değer aktarımı problematiğine verilen cevaptır. 
Yolcu için ise havalimanı terminalleri, yolda olma halinin, bir şehirle ilk tanışmanın veya son vedanın yapısal ifadesidir. Eksikleri ne olursa olsun, her bir yapı, kendi dengesine oturttuğu bir sistem yaratarak kullanıcıya hizmet eder. Yarattığı özgün sistemi içerisinde her havalimanın, kullanıcının deneyiminde farklı etkisi ve anlamı vardır. Fakat tasarım çalışmalarında kullanıcı gözünden öznel değerlendirmelere yer verilmediği ve kullanıcı deneyimini oluşturan katmanların bu yönüyle net olarak ortaya konmadığı fark edilmiştir. Buna yönelik olarak, havalimanı terminalleri ile yolcu arasındaki öznel ilişkinin tüm katmalarının ortaya çıkarılması, aktarılmasına yönelik olarak mekânsal deneyimi ortaya koyacak bir temsil yöntemi geliştirilmesi ve sonraki tasarımlara etkinliği sınanmış girdiler kazandırma amacıyla yola çıkılmıştır. 
Çalışma süresince Türkiye'de havalimanı yolcu terminallerinin, tarihsel gelişim, mekânsal kararlar ve mimari özelliklerini içeren, üst ölçek kararlarını ortaya koyan kapsamlı bir çalışmanın eksikliği fark edilmiştir.  Bu anlamda Türkiye'deki tüm havalimanları kapsama alınarak, havalimanı yolcu terminal tipolojisini ortaya koyan ve yolcunun deneyimine doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak etki edebilecek üst ölçek kararlarını anlaşılır kılacak bütüncül bir analiz çalışması yapılmıştır.
Bu görsel yardımıyla karşılaştırılan üst ölçek özelliklerinde fark edilen ortaklıkları/ farklılıkları niteleyen sınıflandırmalar ise deneyim haritası çıkarılan havalimanlarında, bu özelliklerin etkisini tartışmak için bir platform oluşturmuştur.
Seçilen havalimanlarının mekânsal deneyim haritalarının çıkarılması, öznel bir mekânsal deneyimin aktarılma çabasının ürünüdür. Yolculuk, anatomisi gereği iki havalimanını içeren ve dolayısıyla mekânsal deneyimlerin ardışık olarak yaşandığı bir süreçte gerçekleşir. Kullanılan ilk terminalde başlayıp yine orada sonlanan bir yolculuk, havalimanları odağında dört farklı mekânsal akış içermektedir. Bu düşünceyle yola çıkılarak Sabiha Gökçen ve Adana Şakirpaşa havalimanları arasındaki yolculuğa odaklanılmış, her iki havalimanı da geliş ve gidiş akışlarıyla deneyimlenmiştir.
Bu akışlar üzerinden kurulan izlekte, fiziksel dünyanın referanslarının bir çizgide açılması, deneyim katmanlarının algısal boyutlarının işlenebilmesini sağlamış ve zihinde yer eden kodlamalar, öznel tepkilerle mekânsal deneyim haritalanmıştır. Yolcunun deneyimine etki ettiği düşünülen altı katmanın işlenmesi için oluşturulan metafor, yaşanılan deneyiminin bir ses kaydında zaman çizgisinin kaydırılması gibi okuması, hem anlık hem bütüncül olarak anlamlı tüm katmanlarıyla deneyimin kayıt edilebilmesini ve aktarılmasını sağlamıştır.  
Bir yolculuğu içeren bu mekânsal deneyim haritaları, farklı yolculukların kapsamına aldığı farklı havalimanlarındaki öznel deneyimlerin aktarılabileceği ucu açık bir başlangıçtır.

Abstract:
Airport passenger terminals are structures with complex systems and multiple inputs. During the terminal design the position of the designer is right between the user and the management, a point where both are balanced. Therefore the designer evaluates all inputs for the design and actually answers a value transfer problem. 
For passengers however, airport terminals are the structural expressions of being on the road and the first or last impression of a city. Regardless of what is missing, each structure serves the user by creating a system with its own balance. Each airport has different effects and meanings in the user's experience within the original system it creates. However, it has been noticed that subjective evaluations of the user experience are not included in design studies and that the layers that make up the user experience are not clearly presented in this respect. For this, a representation method has been developed to reveal all the layers of the subjective relationship between airport terminals and the passenger and a spatial experience in order to transfer it with the goal to gain inputs, which have been tested for efficiency, for subsequent designs. 
Starting with fact that the experience gains a unique character at each airport and the question of how the airports obtain these differentiations despite their strict programs, the study is shaped by the effort to create objective explanations of intuitively felt situations. In this sense, the elimination of information deficiencies encountered in the process or the combination of information as needed have been important focuses of the study.  
In accordance with the presented chronology of the thesis, it was first determined what common features of airport typology through design approaches are and at which points diversity is expressed.  Due to the differences in the procedures in domestic-international terminals and arrival-departure distinction and despite changes due to flow charts and different experiences in passengers, it has been noticed that it didn't create any diversity between typologies.  Because these distinctions arise mainly due to operational needs and they set similar constraints that create the firm structure of the airport. However the spatial construction, horizontal and vertical distribution concept, capacity decisions depending on passenger volume, volumetric size and modes of transport, which are necessary for the flow and vary according to the place-purpose of the airport in air traffic, have been clarified as the differences between the typologies that can affect the experiment. 
In the research aimed at looking at the variations in these characteristics in Turkey, the lack of a comprehensive study with masterplan decisions, including historical development, spatial construction, and architectural characteristics for passenger terminals, was noticed.  In this sense, two charts including all the airports in Turkey were created. Firstly a visual has been created with data visualization methods that focuses on the historical spatial transformations of the airport and facilitates and also shows current data. Thus these data can be seen together. The results are shown in a second table and are categorized by the perceived diversities. Thus, masterplan decisions in airport typologies in Turkey have become apparent with their differences and similarities. The study has contributed to the selection of airports with their different characteristics in field work and has been presented as a source for future comparative studies. 
Spatial transformations of passenger terminals in their own history haven't been considered important because of the space that the construction takes up in the social memory and because of their potential to affect the experience. Despite the fact that airports are designed with planned growth strategies, it can be said that because of the lack of planning, the historical strata are often read in the settlement. In this sense, four main strategies in the development of spatial construction have been noticed. These are; renewal-simple renovation, developments in the same structure in order to respond to needs, division-terminal enhancement and overlapping of structural layers and mega installations.
As the main focus of the study, the mapping method to demonstrate spatial experience at airport passenger terminals has been developed using three basic sources of information. These are a research for spatial experience literature, a study of passenger-oriented values in terminal design and a social media survey to reveal attributes the user focuses on.  
The fact that spatial experience is multi-layered and often find in literature as difficult to transfer shows that transfer methods should be considered as an integral part of the experience components.  
The "scene" as place that enables events and action, the coding of the mind, movement, spatio-temporal relation and emotions of the user caused by the place are important layers in the spatial experience. With regard to the transfer of these layers, many designers and researchers use various spatial decryption methods and thus moved passed standard methods and started to search for innovative ways to express the structural environment that makes up the experience and the relevant layers. In the transfer of information new methods have been developed for the expression of related layers. Thus important layers related to spatial experience have been identified and display methods have been taken as inspiration but a new method for transferring spatial experience at airports has been constructed. The outline of this method is based on the literature review, the passenger-centered values balance of the designers as well as the qualifications that the passengers focus on; but with the information gained during the experiment, the transfer process constantly changed and became clear. 
One of the most important issues in the complex system of airports that the architect should have to deal with is balancing the passenger and airport needs.  Design guides that rather lead to functional solutions than aesthetic solutions are not a source for adequate solutions today. The importance of technical and functional solutions is indisputable. However, it is clear that the solutions that create architectural quality and meet today's needs can be created with innovation and passenger-oriented values. Passenger needs should be taken into account from physical and psychological aspects, one should be aware that different passenger types may have different needs and one should place great importance on place qualities, quality and architectural image. 
Setting off with the passenger-focused values set by the designers, it has been tried to determine which qualities the passengers focus on from these functional, technical and formal values. According to this, passengers focused on functional qualities such as transportation to the airport, sufficiency of the service areas, direction and comprehensibility and access inside the airport; formal qualities such as passenger capacity, structure plasticity, airport image, visual connection and transparency and technical qualities such as lighting and air conditioning.
From these source studies, the layers of the airports to be researched and transferred were determined. While the space, the place where the experiment is performed, creates the possibility for event and action, it emerges as the founding element of the layers of experience. The movement that provides the establishment of the subject-space relation is both a layer of spatial experience and a trail for the expression of these relations. That is, when a movement, which is located on a two-dimensional plane, is opened up, it is turned into a pursuit of the other layers of experience and giving the visual expression a dimension allows the coding of the mind to be processed. 
Event-sapce items are intertwined and consecutive situations in the experience of the passengers at the airport. During the movement, the mind of the individual moves from place to situation and from situation to place. The source of this might be the dominance of the program items of the strict programmed structure and the deterioration of the continuity of the space image. Because the event seizes the mind of the passenger that wants to overcome the obstacles created by the operational and procedural situations and changes place with the space items. Because of the stream of instantaneous images generated by the motion, the event-space elements take place as an integral whole. 
The spatio-temporal crossing can be seen as a situation created by the mind in relation to movement and space. That is, solid space gains a new dimension by fluid motion. The individual creates new boundaries that overflow from the programmed spatial and operational boundaries of the given space, which he perceives through motion. The zones formed by motion, transitions and spatial relationships in the mind are fluid and intuitive. They don't have strict beginnings or ends.  
Attributes assigned to the place are "blinking" situations that occur instantaneously but occur as a result of a process. These instant situation detections that become evident in the passenger, are very important for the whole experience. But even if these instant judgements shape the whole experience, they gain a "blinking" character due to the strict schedule of airports and the lack of alternatives. 
An individual who perceives the place with a certain emotion and new emotions created by the place on the subject emerge with a dynamic relation. Emotional state is a result of both an impulse and a space-subject relationship. This important layer, in the map of an experience created by the subject itself, adds a much deeper meaning, i.e. atmosphere/aura, to the relation of space and subject and to all mental coding. 
In the process of transferring the subjective experience a metaphor is created for the expression of these six layers. "Read the experience as if the timeline had been shifted in a voice recording" to express the relationship between the space and the subject and the fluidity of the coding in the mind. The opening of the movement as a path provided a bridge between the physical and solid world of the space and its form in the mind. 
The journey takes place in a process involving two airports, so that spatial experiences are experienced in succession. A journey that starts in the first used terminal and is also ended there, includes four different spatial flows in the airport focus. With this idea, the focus was laid on a journey between the two airports Sabiha Gökçen and Adana Şakirpaşa, both airports have been experienced with the flow of arrivals and departures.
Whatever the circumstances, the airport is expected to be a modern building that creates a sense of innovation about the city.  In case of lack of technical features such as capacity, service areas, and ventilation, the focus becomes the case. Therefore, to be able to provide a positive atmosphere, the adequacy of these conditions should be tested first. However, the image of the event-space to be created in the mind must be kept in the foreground in the spatial organization, the material choices, the relationship of the static objects to the movement, and the potential flow of the traveler. 
The passenger-oriented architectural values go, in this sense, beyond functional relations and it is necessary to put these in the middle of this experience stream, consisting of image, meaning and all other layers. It should not be forgotten that the needs that the passenger expects in the flow of experience are not only physical and instant but also related to the process. 
In design, starting from the codes created in the mind about the layers of experience and the tested relational situations, it is possible that similar subject-space relations may lead to similar coding. In this case, the transferring of knowledge from the subjective experience during the design, for potential routes that may occur, may be an effective way to draw fictional experience maps.  
Using the layers and presentation methods revealed in the method used to transfer the subjective spatial experience it is thought that subject-space relations will become more meaningful, especially with the creation of experience maps of different typologies with strict programming.
The spatial experience maps that are processed in this study and include a journey, are an open beginning to convey the subjective experiences of different airports within the scope of different journeys. From here, the examination of different airports with similar methods can be used to reveal the situations of different subject-space relations and will provide the designer with a wide range of tested situations.