Karadeniz Bölgesinde kültür mantarı (Agaricus bisborus (Lange) sing) üretiminde kullanılabilecek organik materyallerin tesbiti ile bunların mantarın verim ve kalitesine etkisi üzerine bir araştırma /
Yazar: AYSUN UZUN
Danışman: PROF. DR. ATİLA GÜNAY
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 1996
Konu: Ziraat = Agriculture
Dizin: Bahçe bitkileri = Horticultural crops ; Karadeniz bölgesi = Black Sea region ; Kültür mantarları = Mushrooms

Özet:
184 7. Among hazelnut husk treatments, it was found that the best formula was ; 200 kg. hazelnut husk, 40 kg. chicken manure, 3.6 kg. urea, 12 kg. gypsum and 1 kg. lime, with regard to yield (160.9 kg. per tone of compost) and cost (6029 TL). 8. Among the treatments in which corn straw was used, maximum yield of 128.6 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by the formula of 100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. corn straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 5.6 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum. Although yield was rather low (66.49 kg. per tone of compost) when corn straw was used alone as raw material, cost of this compost was also lower. 9. Yields of sunflower straw treatments were lower than the control treatment, on the other and compost material costs of these treatments were also lower when compared with control. Maximum yield of 103.7 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by the formula; 150 kg. wheat straw, 50 kg. sunflower straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 6.4 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum, among sunflower straw treatments. 10. As a result of the trial in which paddy straw was used as raw material, mixed with wheat straw and alone, maximum yield of 154.4 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by 2/4 paddy straw + 2/4 wheat straw treatment (100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. paddy straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 7.2 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum). It was found that the compost formula in which paddy straw was used alone as raw material (200 kg. paddy straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 6.9 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum) had the least material cost. 11. It was determined that there wasn't so much difference among the effects of different growing media on the physical properties of mushrooms. 12. Dry matter values were found as 7.67-9.10 %, 8.01-9.10 %, 7.51-8.01 %, 7.51- 7.94 % and 9.38-9.68 % in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments, respectively. 13. It was found that the crude protein contents of the treatments which is one of the most important factors that affect the nutritional value of mushroom were different. Protein rates of dry matter which were calculated by N x 4.38 factor were found as 29.74-40.70 %, 25.51-30.53, 25.45-31.67 %, 26.00-28.88 % and 26.05-28.75 % in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments, respectively. And it was found that the protein values calculated by N x 6.25 factor were between 42.44-58.08 % in tea waste treatment, while it was between; 36.40-41.98 % in hazelnut husk treatment, 36.31-45.19 % in corn straw treatment, 37.11-41.21 % in sunflower straw treatment and 37.17-41.02 % in paddy straw treatment.Protein values of mushroom in dry matter respecting both, Nx4.38 and Nx6.25 factors were higher in tea waste treatments in comparison with the other treatments. 14. It was determined in the study that mushroom were high in protein and mineral contents which are important for human nutrition, however the nutrient contents of mushroom varied according to the different growing media formulated with agricultural waste materials.8. SUMMARY This research was conducted between 1993-1995, in order to determine the possibility of wastes of agricultural products commonly produced in the Black Sea region, to be put upon use as raw material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. Tea waste, hazelnut husk, straw materials of corn, sunflower and paddy, and their mixtures with wheat straw in different rates were investigated. Chicken manure was used as an activator. Urea was added to all treatments in order to bring the nitrogen content of the starting material to 2 % with respect to dry matter base. Stack temperature, mycelium growing period, period of time from casing to harvest and compost properties (pH, moisture, ash, C, N, C:N ratio and another mineral contents) of the growing media prepared by using different agricultural waste material were examined. Early-rising and total yields of the growing media were determined. Effects of treatments on the physical properties and pH, dry matter (%), ash (%), nitrogen (%), protein (%) and other mineral material contents of mushroom were analyzed. As a result; 1. Maximum temperatures of compost batches of investigated materials were found as 58-70 ° C, 52-62 ° C, 44-58 ° C, 44-55 ° C, 31-58 ° C in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments respectively. 2. It was found that mycelium growing period was 20-25 days and the period of time from casing to harvest was between 19-24 days in different growing media. 3. It was determined that the pH degrees of the composts before pasteurization were between 7.12-8.42, between 6.78-7.68 after pasteurization and between 5.66-7.08 at the time of casing and that pH degrees were among variation limits which didn't affect yield negatively. 4. Moisture (%) after pasteurization, ash percent dry matter, carbon, nitrogen and C:N ratios of composts were found. Moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen contents and C:N ratio of the compost on tea waste treatments were 67.58-76.09 %, 17.73-23.77 %, 38.12-41.14 %, 2.89- 2.93 % and C:N ratio 14.15-16.67 respectively. These values were 70.35-76.05 %, 23.42- 29.11 %, 35.44-38.29 %, 1.56-2.45 % and 15.33-24.47 on hazelnut husk treatment, 71.63- 74.69 %, 23.97-40.33 %, 29.84-38.02 %, 2.0-2.67 % and 11.20-19.06 on corn straw treatments, 72.56-74.76 %, 21.94-27.66 %, 36.18-39.04 %, 1.32-2.02 % and 18.12-29.77 on sunflower straw treatments and 64.85-68.54 %, 22.39-36.76 %, 31.63-38.81 %, 1.56-1.90 % and 16.68-24.97 on paddy straw treatments, respectively. 5. P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents of all composts were in adequate levels with regard to the minerals necessary for mushroom growth. 6. Maximum yield was obtained by the compost formula of 100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. tea waste, 40 kg. chicken manure, 3 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum with 227.3 kg. yield per tone of compost, among the tea waste treatments.184 7. Among hazelnut husk treatments, it was found that the best formula was ; 200 kg. hazelnut husk, 40 kg. chicken manure, 3.6 kg. urea, 12 kg. gypsum and 1 kg. lime, with regard to yield (160.9 kg. per tone of compost) and cost (6029 TL). 8. Among the treatments in which corn straw was used, maximum yield of 128.6 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by the formula of 100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. corn straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 5.6 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum. Although yield was rather low (66.49 kg. per tone of compost) when corn straw was used alone as raw material, cost of this compost was also lower. 9. Yields of sunflower straw treatments were lower than the control treatment, on the other and compost material costs of these treatments were also lower when compared with control. Maximum yield of 103.7 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by the formula; 150 kg. wheat straw, 50 kg. sunflower straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 6.4 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum, among sunflower straw treatments. 10. As a result of the trial in which paddy straw was used as raw material, mixed with wheat straw and alone, maximum yield of 154.4 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by 2/4 paddy straw + 2/4 wheat straw treatment (100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. paddy straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 7.2 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum). It was found that the compost formula in which paddy straw was used alone as raw material (200 kg. paddy straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 6.9 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum) had the least material cost. 11. It was determined that there wasn't so much difference among the effects of different growing media on the physical properties of mushrooms. 12. Dry matter values were found as 7.67-9.10 %, 8.01-9.10 %, 7.51-8.01 %, 7.51- 7.94 % and 9.38-9.68 % in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments, respectively. 13. It was found that the crude protein contents of the treatments which is one of the most important factors that affect the nutritional value of mushroom were different. Protein rates of dry matter which were calculated by N x 4.38 factor were found as 29.74-40.70 %, 25.51-30.53, 25.45-31.67 %, 26.00-28.88 % and 26.05-28.75 % in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments, respectively. And it was found that the protein values calculated by N x 6.25 factor were between 42.44-58.08 % in tea waste treatment, while it was between; 36.40-41.98 % in hazelnut husk treatment, 36.31-45.19 % in corn straw treatment, 37.11-41.21 % in sunflower straw treatment and 37.17-41.02 % in paddy straw treatment.Protein values of mushroom in dry matter respecting both, Nx4.38 and Nx6.25 factors were higher in tea waste treatments in comparison with the other treatments. 14. It was determined in the study that mushroom were high in protein and mineral contents which are important for human nutrition, however the nutrient contents of mushroom varied according to the different growing media formulated with agricultural waste materials.

Abstract:
8. SUMMARY This research was conducted between 1993-1995, in order to determine the possibility of wastes of agricultural products commonly produced in the Black Sea region, to be put upon use as raw material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. Tea waste, hazelnut husk, straw materials of corn, sunflower and paddy, and their mixtures with wheat straw in different rates were investigated. Chicken manure was used as an activator. Urea was added to all treatments in order to bring the nitrogen content of the starting material to 2 % with respect to dry matter base. Stack temperature, mycelium growing period, period of time from casing to harvest and compost properties (pH, moisture, ash, C, N, C:N ratio and another mineral contents) of the growing media prepared by using different agricultural waste material were examined. Early-rising and total yields of the growing media were determined. Effects of treatments on the physical properties and pH, dry matter (%), ash (%), nitrogen (%), protein (%) and other mineral material contents of mushroom were analyzed. As a result; 1. Maximum temperatures of compost batches of investigated materials were found as 58-70 ° C, 52-62 ° C, 44-58 ° C, 44-55 ° C, 31-58 ° C in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments respectively. 2. It was found that mycelium growing period was 20-25 days and the period of time from casing to harvest was between 19-24 days in different growing media. 3. It was determined that the pH degrees of the composts before pasteurization were between 7.12-8.42, between 6.78-7.68 after pasteurization and between 5.66-7.08 at the time of casing and that pH degrees were among variation limits which didn't affect yield negatively. 4. Moisture (%) after pasteurization, ash percent dry matter, carbon, nitrogen and C:N ratios of composts were found. Moisture, ash, carbon, nitrogen contents and C:N ratio of the compost on tea waste treatments were 67.58-76.09 %, 17.73-23.77 %, 38.12-41.14 %, 2.89- 2.93 % and C:N ratio 14.15-16.67 respectively. These values were 70.35-76.05 %, 23.42- 29.11 %, 35.44-38.29 %, 1.56-2.45 % and 15.33-24.47 on hazelnut husk treatment, 71.63- 74.69 %, 23.97-40.33 %, 29.84-38.02 %, 2.0-2.67 % and 11.20-19.06 on corn straw treatments, 72.56-74.76 %, 21.94-27.66 %, 36.18-39.04 %, 1.32-2.02 % and 18.12-29.77 on sunflower straw treatments and 64.85-68.54 %, 22.39-36.76 %, 31.63-38.81 %, 1.56-1.90 % and 16.68-24.97 on paddy straw treatments, respectively. 5. P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents of all composts were in adequate levels with regard to the minerals necessary for mushroom growth. 6. Maximum yield was obtained by the compost formula of 100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. tea waste, 40 kg. chicken manure, 3 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum with 227.3 kg. yield per tone of compost, among the tea waste treatments.184 7. Among hazelnut husk treatments, it was found that the best formula was ; 200 kg. hazelnut husk, 40 kg. chicken manure, 3.6 kg. urea, 12 kg. gypsum and 1 kg. lime, with regard to yield (160.9 kg. per tone of compost) and cost (6029 TL). 8. Among the treatments in which corn straw was used, maximum yield of 128.6 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by the formula of 100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. corn straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 5.6 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum. Although yield was rather low (66.49 kg. per tone of compost) when corn straw was used alone as raw material, cost of this compost was also lower. 9. Yields of sunflower straw treatments were lower than the control treatment, on the other and compost material costs of these treatments were also lower when compared with control. Maximum yield of 103.7 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by the formula; 150 kg. wheat straw, 50 kg. sunflower straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 6.4 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum, among sunflower straw treatments. 10. As a result of the trial in which paddy straw was used as raw material, mixed with wheat straw and alone, maximum yield of 154.4 kg. per tone of compost was obtained by 2/4 paddy straw + 2/4 wheat straw treatment (100 kg. wheat straw, 100 kg. paddy straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 7.2 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum). It was found that the compost formula in which paddy straw was used alone as raw material (200 kg. paddy straw, 40 kg. chicken manure, 6.9 kg. urea and 12 kg. gypsum) had the least material cost. 11. It was determined that there wasn't so much difference among the effects of different growing media on the physical properties of mushrooms. 12. Dry matter values were found as 7.67-9.10 %, 8.01-9.10 %, 7.51-8.01 %, 7.51- 7.94 % and 9.38-9.68 % in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments, respectively. 13. It was found that the crude protein contents of the treatments which is one of the most important factors that affect the nutritional value of mushroom were different. Protein rates of dry matter which were calculated by N x 4.38 factor were found as 29.74-40.70 %, 25.51-30.53, 25.45-31.67 %, 26.00-28.88 % and 26.05-28.75 % in tea waste, hazelnut husk, corn straw, sunflower straw and paddy straw treatments, respectively. And it was found that the protein values calculated by N x 6.25 factor were between 42.44-58.08 % in tea waste treatment, while it was between; 36.40-41.98 % in hazelnut husk treatment, 36.31-45.19 % in corn straw treatment, 37.11-41.21 % in sunflower straw treatment and 37.17-41.02 % in paddy straw treatment.Protein values of mushroom in dry matter respecting both, Nx4.38 and Nx6.25 factors were higher in tea waste treatments in comparison with the other treatments. 14. It was determined in the study that mushroom were high in protein and mineral contents which are important for human nutrition, however the nutrient contents of mushroom varied according to the different growing media formulated with agricultural waste materials.