İstanbul'da yeşil alan kullanımı üzerine bir araştırma: Zuhuratbaba, Osmaniye ve Ataköy 7 - 8. kısım örneği
A Research on usage of green areas in İstanbul: The case of Zuhuratbaba, Osmaniye and Ataköy District
Yazar: YILDIZ AKSOY
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. NİLGÜN ERGÜN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1994
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Yeşil alanlar = Green areas ; İstanbul-Ataköy = İstanbul-Ataköy ; İstanbul-Osmaniye = İstanbul-Osmaniye ; İstanbul-Zuhuratbaba = İstanbul-Zuhuratbaba

Özet:
Bu tezde, kentleşme ve yeşil alan sorunu çerçevesin de, genel olarak İstanbul kentinde, özel olarak da Bakır köy ilçesinde çarpık ve düzensiz kentleşmenin ortaya çı kardığı olumsuz sonuçların, yeşil alan sorunu çerçevesin de bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Asıl amaç, kent ve yeşil alan bağlantısı içinde, ye şil alanların günümüz kent yaşamı açısından kazandığı önem ve anlamın belirlenmesidir. Çalışma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Giriş yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde Kentleşme ve Yeşil Alan ilişkisi konusuna değinilmiştir. Bu bölümde genel olarak Batı Avrupa'da özel olarak Türkiye'de kentleşmeye yol açan>~ekanomik ve sosyal kıstaslar üstünde kısaca du rulmuştur. Düzenli ve planlı bir kentleşme ile, çarpık ve düzensiz kentleşme ikilemesine dikkat^çekilerek bu çerçevede açık alan ve- yeşil 'al an" kavramlarının anlamları, Türkiye'de düzensiz ve çarpık kentleşmenin nedenleri, ye şil alanlar açısından ortaya çıkartığı olumsuz sonuçların üstünde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde 'İstanbul 'da kentleşme ve yeşil alan sorunu konusuna değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise İstanbul'da örneklem alanı olarak seçilen Bakırköy'de yeşil alan kullanımının değerlendirilmesi konusu üstünde durulmuştur. Bu bölümde Bakırköy ilçesi örnek alınarak ' istanbul kentinde, çarpık ve düzensiz kentleşme ile yeşil alanların yok edilmesi arasındaki bağlantı üstünde durul muştur. Çalışmanın son bölümünü ise sonuçlar ve öneriler oluşturmaktadır.

Abstract:
In this thesis, the negative results farmed as a result of awkward and irregular urban development generally in Istanbul specially in Bakırköy, have been evaluated in the frame of green place problem. The papulation increase has led the world ta a period of crisis. This increase made a world, where quantity is mare important than quality,-,whereas the main aim of humanity has always been to raise the values. Development is a process af changing nature to meet demands by man. It began with the domestication of plants and animals in the Agricultural Revolution, and the establishment of human village settlements in the urban Revolution. It proceeded on a handicraft basis for perhaps eight to ten thousand years, on an indust rial basis for the last two hundred years. The post- industrial electronic basis is just beginning. Urbanization and territorial movements of papula tion in Turkey gain speed particularly after the year 1950. A three percent annual increase in rural areas and mechanisation and intensification of agriculture, have resulted in a drift of the rural population ta the built-up areas. This has accelerated the expansion of Turkish cities tremendously. Urbanization in Turkey is a result of the driving force of the rural population. Emigrants who could not find jobs in industry settled on lands outside mainbulit-up areas. Thus, settlements of rural character, made up af families from law income groups, have appeared in the cities. Since this expansion of the cities increases faster than industrialisation, problems of housing, electricity, roads, water suppley, land use, lack of open spaces destruction of ecosystems and health services, traffic and pollution are becoming extremely serious. Unplanned settlements, outside the development areas of the cities, have also disturbed the pattern of agri culture. There is no legislation preventing or regula ting- the transfer of agricultural lands to urbanization, and few measures protecting agricultural land of high- fertility in the vicinity of expanding cities from the impact of urbanization. Istanbul has began to carry all negative effects of awkward urban development in our country that has come face to face awkward and irregular Urban develop ment parallel to the development of trade and industry, since 1950. As in the past, because of its cultural, economical and social chances İstanbul that has a resol vent and disintegrating effect over rural parts, attracts many people and means from everywhere in Turkey. There fore, besides increasing population, unhealty structures, huge and common sguatter's houses, Istanbul has a con gested traffic, and communication system. It is like a big village with its population over 10 millions, irre gularity, view and complex structures. Istanbul which was the center of the world in the past with its regu larity, harmony and beauty, has became a huge "cancer city" with fast, irregular and unhealty development since 1950. Today, Istanbul with its view, has the following three negativities according to green land problems: 1- The old, open and green places inside and outside of the city, has been came ta "die-aut paint" by causing them fast and irregular transportation and residential districts. 2- People's responsibilty and sensitivinity to themselves, green places and their environment has been died out. This situation, caused environment and green sensitivity, finished even before beginning. xi3- It has caused an unsensitive and unresponsible behaviour to the environment and green land in an ugly and unhealty environment. All these negativities in the city has been proceeding in Bakırköy, the biggest district of the city. Bakırköy, with aver increasing population, inadequate living chances, differences between level of income, common squatter's, houses, blacked traffic and communi cation system and structures without licence, forms a small like of Istanbul. This is the reason why we have selected Bakırköy as an example for our research. Awkward Urban Development is the development of cities without planning, out of control, randomly, wit hout public works and with no aesthetics! concept, by enlarging from center towards edges, just like a tumour. This situation causes primitive residential areas to surround the city and this creates an environment that wouldn't let a humanistic way of living, and at the center deterioration of existing pattern of the city and destruction of historical and cultural values would be the result. The conclusion shall be the death of the cities, unhappiness and misery of people, disarder of society, Movement of the papulation to big cities, which took part in western countries in the 1 9 th century during industrialisation era took part in "Turkey in the second half of 2D th century. In last forty years, popu lation of our cities has reached 5 or 10 times of their inital amount. May be, countries that have better- economical situations also wouldn't be able to handle with such an extreme increase in papulation by building healthy and contemporary cities. The extreme increase in population, movement of the papulation to big cities and awkward urban develop ment seems to be the predictor of a disaster, why did rapid urban development has became rapid,,awkward"urban development? The reasons can be summarized as follows: * Movement of population to big cities had been realized beyond every estimation and its still going xnan. The gaverments cauld neither make correct and realistic decisions far settlement, regarding all Turkey basis, could nor execute such programs. Instead of making the movement of population more difficult, it was encouraged by legal tolerances and providing title-deeds for illegal sattlement. Now people are coming to big cities not only for job opportunities but also for plundering the land of big cities. * City master plans has been developed but these master plans are left far behind the needs of increasing population. Most of the times, these master plans uere used to legalize, illegal buildings. Thus awkward urban development causes social unsa- tisfactian, environmental pollution, destruction of historical, cultural and natural values, loss of produc tivity, abuse of resources. The growth of the cities is not only the problem of the people who are the inhabitans of these cities. The problems that are created by awkward urban develop ment are effecting the whale country's economy and social peace, negatively. * The city centrums are getting crowded and becoming impassible to live. * Green and open areas inside of and outside of cities, are beginning rapidly consumption far rapid urban development has became rapid "awkwdlrd" urban deve lopment. * The problems such as environmental pollution; deterioration of the natural balance between water, air and natu»ral products are created by awkward urban deve lopment. * Physical and psychic health of people is negative effecting by environmental and noise pollution. xixi* Besides environmental dirtiness and destroying, environmental sensitivities and responsibilities has been died out. * The misarranged settlements of new comers in big cities, creates unhealty environments. * The single storage illegally built houses, which seemed as on innocent solution at the beginning, became a subject to speculation and in the those houses became multi storeyed apartment building and creates dense settlement areas that squeezes the city. * As a result of this, not only aesthetically poor but also unhappy, restless, and contrary to Public even contrary to itself society is being created. * It is obvious that, such a society can not be expected to be productive and also it is not passible to achieve the aimed development depending on such an unhealthy society. In this thesis, urban and green place problem has been examined in the frame of awkward and irregular urban development. To understand linkage between urbanization and green place better, the following way has been followed: - First of all, economical and social critics which has caused to urbanization generally in west Europe and specially in Turkey, has been examined. - After that, by painting out regular and planned urbanization and awkward and irregular urbanization pair, the causes of irregular and awkward urban deve lopment in Turkey and its negative results an green places has been examined. - In this manner, by paying attention to the urban and green place linkage, "open place" and "green place" terms have been researched. XIV- After that urbanization and green place problem of Istanbul has been examined. - Last, the linkage between awkward and irregular urban development and destroyed green places has been examined by taking Bakırköy as an example. CONCLUSION As it is observed, today, Istanbul is being rapidly covered either legally or illegally by unusable, unhealty, nan-conforming to environment, ugly and awkward urbanistic constructions. Also a great amount of time, money and manpower is being consumed for these. The main disaster is the difficulty and impassibility of correcting this horrible heritage to be left to future generations. All the problem is initiated from the lack of an appropriate plan and the public's lack of common sense on the subject. Open and green areas are become new settlement areas by awkward urban development. At this subject, people are not sensitive. For this, a new education system must be become. People both love and think green areas. Perhaps most important, plants need to be love. When green and open areas are outside of city, the majority of the people in city, have to travel long distances for coming to green and open areas. For this, there aren't only green areas" outside of city also there are green areas' inside of settlement areas.