KOBİler için ERP yazılım paketi tasarım kriterlerinin belirlenmesi
Determination of ERP software package design criterieas for SMEs
Yazar: ECEM MİNE ÖZYEDİERLER
Danışman: PROF. DR. VEHBİ TUFAN KOÇ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Mühendislik Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology

Özet:
Sürekli gelişen global ekonimide internet ve bilişim teknolojileri odaklanılan iki ana kaynaktır. Bilişim teknolojilerinin gelişmeye başladığı ilk zamanlardan itibaren firmalar rekabet ve stratejik avantajlar sağlamak adına teknolojik gelişmelere adapte olmaya başlamıştır. KOBİ'lerin günümüzde değişen koşullara uyum sağlayabilmeleri için, değişen ihtiyaçlarına uygun çözüm sunabilecek ve günümüzün teknolojileriyle uyumlu yazılım kullanmaları, artık bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. KOBİ'ler bu yazılımlarla, verimliliklerini artırıcı etkisi olan ortak bir çalışma düzeni oluşturabilir. KOBİ yöneticileri, yazılımların sağladığı olanaklarla verimlilik ve kârlılıklarını ölçebilir, denetleyebilir ve kolaylıkla yönetebilir. Bu yazılımlar kurumsal yazılımlar olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Yanlış kurumsal yazılım seçimi firma performasında düşüşe sebep olacaktır ayrıca kurumsal yazılım edinimi pahalıdır. Bu sebeple, doğru kurumsal yazılım seçimi KOBİlerin sürekliliği ve rekabet avantajı sağlaması için önemlidir. Bu çalışmayla KOBİlerin ERP yazılım paketi tasarımındaki tercihlerini anlayarak, ERP değerlendirme kriterlerinin göreli önem derecelerini belirlemek, kurumsal yazılım satın alım ve uygulamadaki başarı ve memnuniyeti arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle ürün geliştirme, KOBİler, kurumsal yazılımlar ve kurumsal yazılım değerlendirme kriterleriye ilgili literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Literatür taraması sonucunda problem tanımı netleştirilmiş, kurumsal yazılım seçiminde etkili olan faktörler belirlenmiştir. Sonrasında karar verme tekniği seçimi için çok değişkenli karar verme teknikleri incelenmiştir. Sayısal olmayan değişken ve değişken düzeylerinden hareket ederek sayısal ve kolay yorumlanabilen sonuçlar ortaya koyması ve bu sonuçların ürün geliştirmede kullanılmasına imkan vermesidir sebebiyle konjoint analizi seçilmiştir. Analiz için öncelikle literatür taramasıyla belirlenen kurumsal yazılım değerlendirme kriterleri KOBİlerde ERP seçiminde görev alan profesyonellere oylatılmış ve en yüksek oyu alan 7 kriter düzeyleri belirlenerek çalışmaya katılmıştır. Belirlenen faktörler ve düzeyleri kullanılarak ortogonal matris yöntemiyle ürün kartları oluşturulmuş ve KOBİlerde ERP seçiminde görev alan profesyonellerle online anket linki paylaşılarak ürün kartlarını sıralamaları istenmiştir. Anket sonucunda konjoint analizi yapılmış ve analiz sonucunda fonksiyonellik KOBİlerin kurumsal yazılım seçimindeki en önemli faktör olarak belirlenmiştir. Tahmin edildiği gibi satın alma fiyatı da KOBİlerin kurumsal yazılım seçiminde yüksek öneme sahip çıkmıştır. Fonksiyonellik ve satın alma fiyatından sonraki KOBİlerin kurumsal yazılım seçimindeki en önemli faktör kullanım kolaylığıdır. Ayrıca çalışma sonucunda KOBİler için optimal ERP yazılım paketi tasarımının hangi özelliklerde olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Abstract:
In today's economic conditions, organizations must maintain their competitiveness and continue their business. In addition, customers are often seeking new products to meet their expectations. For this reason, organizations must understand customer expectations and offer new products to meet these expectations in short time intervals.In addition, the two main sources focusing on the internet and information technologies in the developing global economy. The surge of the internet and information technologies, companies start to adopt this technologies in order to gain competitive and strategic advantage. In order to enable SMEs to adapt to the changing conditions of today, it is now a necessity to offer solutions according to their changing needs and use software compatible with today's technologies. With these software, SMEs can create a common working order with the effect of increasing their efficiency. SME managers can measure, control and easily manage their productivity and profitability through the facilities provided by the software. These softwares are called enterprise software. ERP (enterprise resource planning) is the general name of the developed systems and software to enable the end-to-end management and efficient use of enterprises' resources (human resources, physical resources, financial resources). ERP systems have emerged with the development of material requirement planning and production resource planning systems. It covers traditional business processes, including finance, accounting, sales, human resources and purchasing. It enables companies to use their resources such as raw materials, human resources and finance in an efficient way, and also processes information and makes them accessible to all organizational units. It is common to believe that software acquisition is quite simple, but acquisition is complex and rigorous. Although the purchase and implementation of the enterprise software package seems to be risk-free, most of the efforts have failed. Due to the complexity of the integration and implementation of packaged enterprise software, they have the same risks with specially developed enterprise software. The risks in the software acquisition process are grouped under two main categories. The first is the risks arising from the features of the software package. The functionality of the purchased software package does not meet the needs of this category, and this situation is mostly due to the decision of the software providers according to the marketing activities rather than the detailed needs analysis of the managers. The other risk category in the software acquisition process is the risks arising from the implementation of the software. This risk arises from the difficulty of fit software and business processes and integrating the software package into the existing system. In order to minimize these type of risks, it is necessary to determine the selection criteria that will help managers to evaluate the most appropriate enterprise software package for the needs of the organization. Unfortunately, many firms have shortcomings in how to properly purchase software, making it difficult to make the software purchase decision right. ERP selection is one of the earliest and most critical steps in the ERP implementation process. Procurement of appropriate enterprise software from numerous alternatives requires a comprehensive procurement process using quantitative and qualitative data. Monitoring a systematic selection methodology in this process will reduce the risk and uncertainty.
In this study, it is aimed to increase the success and satisfaction of enterprise software purchase and implementation by identifying the relative importance of ERP evaluation criteria and design of optimal ERP software package by understanding the preferences of SMEs in ERP software package design. Within the scope of the study, firstly, literature review has been done about product development, SMEs, corporate software and institutional software evaluation criteria. As a result of the literature review, the problem definition was clarified and the factors that are effective in the selection of the enterprise software were determined. Then, multi- attribute decision-making techniques were examined. Conjoint analysis has been chosen because of the fact that it provides numerical and easily interpretable results by moving from non-numerical variable and variable levels and allows these results to be used in product development. As a result of the literature review, fiftteen enterprise software evaluation criteria were determined for the analysis. These criteria are as follows: purchase and application price of software, software update and maintenance price, training price to employees who will use the software, ease of customization, functionality, ease of use, reliability, ease of implementation, recognition and market share of the software provider, experience and success of software provider in previous solutions, maintenance effort, modularity, conformity of the presented solution to current IT technology trends, service and support presence and ease of integration to other software used. These criteria were voted to the professionals who participate in the selection of ERP in SMEs, and the seven highest-rated criteria were used in the analysis. Criteria included in the study are as follows: Software purchase and application price software update and maintenance price, functionality, ease of use, reliability, ease of implementation, ease of integration with other software. Full profile method was chosen as data compilation technique. When this method is applied, the users are shown their preferred order starting from 1 showing all possible product combinations. As the number of factors increases, it is not possible to rank all product combinations as the number of product combinations will increase, so a subset of combinations which is to be obtained by the orthogonal matrix method is used instead of all possible combinations. The online survey link was shared with the professionals participated in the selection of ERP in SMEs and they were asked to rank 22 product cards which were created by using orthogonal matrix method by using the pre-determined factors and levels. A total of 10 questionnaires have been completed, but 8 surveys have been accepted as the data were not considered valid because the completion time of 2 surveys was less than expected. Conjoint analysis was performed as a result of the survey and the functionality was determined as the most important factor in the selection of SMEs as a result of the analysis. ERP acquisition is an expensive process, and the wrong choice of ERP leads to a decrease in firm performance. In the process of ERP acquisition, companies should either adapt their processes to the software or choose the most suitable software for their own processes. If the purchased software does not fit with the company processes, there will be performance decreases and financial losses. This can be explained by the fact that functionality is the most important factor. Price is one of the most important determinants in purchasing decisions and it is the second criterion that SMEs give importance to ERP selection. Ease of use was the third most important. As a result of the study, most preferred product design has following features: purchase price 10,000 - $ 90,000, maintenance and update price 2,000 - 18,000 $, high functionality, easy to use, the annual number of crashes is less than 5, implementation time between 3 - 6 months, integration with other software within the company is easy. The purchase price is $ 10,000 - $ 90,000, the maintenance and update price is 18,000 - 34,000 $,functionality is high, the usage is medium, the annual number of crashes is between 5 and 10, implementation time is between 9 months - 1 year and integration with other software within the company is medium difficulty, is the second. Features of the third product are purchase price 170.000 - 250.000 $, maintenance and update price 2.000 - 18.000 $, functionality is high, easy to use,  the annual number of crashes is less than 5, implementation time is between 9 months - 1 year and integration with other software within the company is difficult. In the three most preferred designs, functionality is high.