Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri performansının değerlendirilmesinde SCOR modelinin incelenmesi
An analysis of the SCOR model in evaluating sustainable supply chain performance
Yazar: CEYDA ÇALIŞIR
Danışman: PROF. DR. DİLAY ÇELEBİ GONIDIS
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / İşletme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / İşletme Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences ; İşletme = Business Administration

Özet:
Günümüzde değişen teknolojik, ekonomik, sosyal, yasal, politik ve çevresel değişiklikler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda; maliyetlerin yönetilmesi, rekabet avantajının sağlanması, müşteri memnuniyetinin arttırılması gibi etmenler değerlendirildiğinde tedarik zinciri yönetimi giderek önem kazanmaktadır. SCOR Modeli, tedarik zinciri yönetiminde kritik rol oynayan ve endüstri standardı olma özelliği taşıyan bir referans modeldir. İşletmelerin tedarik zinciri faaliyetlerini ölçmelerine, analiz etmelerine ve iyi uygulama örneklerini referans alarak iyileştirmeler yapmalarına olanak tanıyan bu model tedarik zincirlerinin karmaşıklığını yönetmek, süreçleri standartlaştırmak ve performansı ölçmek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. 
Günümüzde tedarik zinciri yönetiminde sürdürülebilirlik kavramı kritik bir rol oynamaya başlamıştır. Tedarik zincirlerinde çevresel etkilerin azaltılması, sosyal sorumluluğun sürdürülmesi ve ekonomik olarak sürdürülebilir iş modellerinin oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, SCOR modelinin sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerini bünyesine katması, tedarik zinciri yönetiminde uzun süreli başarının elde edilmesinde yüksek öneme sahiptir. SCOR modelinin güncel 12. sürümü sürdürülebilirlik kavramını da kapsayacak şekilde düzenlenmiştir.  SCOR modelinin mevcut ölçütleri incelendiğinde, genellikle çevresel ve ekonomik boyutları kapsadığı fakat sosyal ölçütleri yeteri kadar içermediği gözlemlenmiştir.
Bu çalışma, SCOR Modeli'nin güncel sürümünün sürdürülebilirlik unsurlarını ne ölçüde kapsadığını eleştirel bir şekilde değerlendirerek, çevresel ve ekonomik boyutların yanında sosyal boyutların da güçlendirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında literatür taraması ve eleştirel analizler yapılarak çelik yaprak yay üretimi yapan otomotiv yan sanayi şirketinde vaka analizi çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş ve sürdürülebilirliğin sosyal boyutuna ilişkin ölçüt önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. Vaka analizi çalışmasında değerlendirilen "sosyal sürdürülebilirlik" maddeleri GRI 400'deki sosyal konulara ilişkin beyanlar referans alınarak yapılmıştır. Sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin maddeleri vaka analizi yapılan firmadaki sürdürülebilirlik komitesine bulunduğu sektörü göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde önem ve öncelik durumuna göre sıralandırılmıştır. Pareto analizi yapılarak en yüksek önem sıralamasına sahip maddeler tespit edilmiştir. 
Bu çalışma, SCOR modelinin sürdürülebilirlik yönlerine dair kapsamlı bir eleştirel değerlendirme sunarak, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi literatürünü genişletmekte ve sosyal boyutların SCOR Modeli ile bütünleştirilmesine yönelik teorik bir çerçeve önermektedir. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda şirketlerin tedarik zinciri faaliyetlerini sürdürülebilir bir şekilde iyileştirmelerine yardımcı olacak somut ölçütler sağlayarak, sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerinin tedarik zincirleri performans yönetimi uygulamaları ile bütünleştirilmesi için pratik bir yol haritası sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Abstract:
In today's rapidly changing business environment, characterized by technological, economic, social, legal, political, and environmental factors, managing costs, gaining competitive advantage, and enhancing customer satisfaction are crucial for sustainability in enterprises. To navigate these dynamics, businesses must eliminate inefficiencies in processes and strategically focus on improving cost, quality, and customer satisfaction. Thus, effective supply chain management (SCM) plays a pivotal role. Supply chain management (SCM) encompasses the processes of sourcing, manufacturing, storage, and distribution, from acquiring raw materials to delivering products or services to customers. It requires collaboration with suppliers and customers to manage material procurement, production processes, inventory, logistics operations, and distribution networks. Effective SCM can contribute positively to profitability by reducing costs and increasing customer satisfaction while also integrating broader business strategies such as sustainability and risk management.
Various methods and frameworks exist for managing supply chains, one of which is the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model developed by the Supply Chain Council (SCC). The SCOR model provides a standardized framework for businesses to optimize their supply chain processes across planning, sourcing, production, distribution, and returns. By defining process standards, performance metrics, and best practices, the SCOR model helps businesses enhance performance and manage costs effectively. The SCOR Model (Supply Chain Operations Reference) is a process reference model developed by the Supply Chain Council and managed by APICS. It aims to standardize and measure supply chain processes across industries, fostering collaboration by establishing common standards. Continuously revised since its inception in 1996, the model integrates industry best practices to improve supply chain efficiency and effectiveness. Version 12, released in 2017, emphasizes global competitiveness and operational excellence.
The SCOR Model encompasses four main components: processes, performance, practices, and people. It defines and organizes supply chain activities into processes such as planning, sourcing, production, delivery, return, and enabling processes. These standardize interactions within the supply chain, promoting efficiency and collaboration. Performance measurement is central to the SCOR Model, evaluating processes based on metrics like reliability, responsiveness, agility, cost, and asset management. These metrics enable businesses to assess and improve their supply chain operations continuously. The model also includes best practices for process automation, technology application, specialized skills, and management strategies, supporting businesses in optimizing their supply chain management.
Today, sustainability has become a significant focus in business strategy. It entails minimizing environmental impact, maintaining social responsibility, and establishing economically sustainable business models. The latest version of the SCOR model, Version 12, has expanded to include sustainability considerations. However, evaluations suggest that while the SCOR model addresses environmental and economic dimensions, it may not sufficiently incorporate social sustainability criteria. 
Sustainability, as defined through the lens of the SCOR model, is a fundamental concept ensuring the balanced management of resources across environmental, social, and economic domains to meet the needs of present and future generations. It encompasses efficient use of natural resources, reduction of environmental impacts, enhancement of societal well-being, and fostering sustainable economic growth. Sustainability plays a pivotal role across diverse sectors by preventing resource depletion, securing clean resources such as water, air, and soil for future generations, mitigating environmental pollution, preserving ecosystems, and safeguarding biodiversity. Moreover, it positively impacts human health and welfare by ensuring access to clean air, water, healthy food, and safe working conditions. Social justice and equal opportunities are integral, providing fair economic prospects, while innovation and competitive practices drive long-term advantages. Green technologies and innovative business models offer sustainable solutions that are both environmentally sound and economically viable. In essence, sustainability stands crucial for the well-being of future generations and serves as a linchpin for a balanced environmental, social, and economic future.
Examining sustainability through its three core dimensions—environmental, social, and economic—reveals varying perspectives that collectively form a comprehensive sustainability framework. The environmental dimension focuses on strategies to preserve natural resources, maintain ecosystem balance, and ensure a healthy environment for future generations. Key initiatives include promoting renewable energy sources, efficient water management, forest conservation, waste reduction and recycling, pollution control, biodiversity preservation, climate change mitigation, and sustainable agriculture practices. These efforts aim to preserve ecosystems, mitigate pollution, and achieve environmental equilibrium, fostering a sustainable lifestyle and environment for current and future generations. On the economic front, sustainability strives to harmonize economic development with environmental and social well-being. It entails ensuring long-term resilience and stability of economic systems, effective resource management, and enhancing overall quality of life. Key economic dimensions encompass promoting a green economy through innovation in renewable energy and clean technologies, long-term investments integrating social and environmental considerations, optimizing resource efficiency to reduce waste and production costs, gaining competitive advantage in green markets, and fostering social development through sustainable job creation and skill enhancement. These economic strategies aim to support sustainable resource use while enhancing social welfare and promoting inclusive economic growth.
The social dimension of sustainability centers on improving societal welfare, promoting justice, equality, and enhancing overall quality of life. It addresses crucial issues such as social justice, cohesion, education, healthcare accessibility, occupational safety, equality, and social participation. Key initiatives include ensuring 
equal access to essential services like education and healthcare, promoting active social participation across diverse societal segments, ensuring safe working environments, protecting universal human rights, enhancing healthcare accessibility, reducing health disparities, promoting lifelong learning, fostering community solidarity, supporting vulnerable groups affected by climate change, preserving cultural diversity, heritage, and promoting cultural exchange. These efforts aim to improve societal well-being, foster equity, and create a fair and inclusive future for all members of society.
In the context of supply chains, sustainability requires balancing environmental, social, and economic impacts across all stages of the supply chain process. This encompasses promoting efficient resource use, protecting workers' rights, responding to societal needs, and developing economically viable solutions. Key focus areas include sustainable sourcing of raw materials, efficient water management, enhancing production efficiency, implementing waste reduction measures, adopting eco-friendly technologies, optimizing transportation logistics to reduce carbon footprint and waste, ensuring worker safety and corporate social responsibility, and promoting sustainable practices among business partners and suppliers. These efforts enable businesses to contribute positively to society, reduce environmental footprints, enhance social welfare, and achieve sustainable economic gains through strategic supply chain management. The relationship between sustainability and the SCOR model underscores its role in promoting sustainability across supply chain processes. Sustainability dimensions are evaluated at various stages of the SCOR model, which focuses on continuous improvement and effective performance management. It integrates environmental, social, and economic dimensions into supply chain operations, providing a framework for standardizing and evaluating supply chain activities against best practices. This involves incorporating sustainability metrics, identifying performance gaps, and driving initiatives to enhance resource efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and promote social responsibility. By embedding sustainability into the SCOR model, businesses can effectively align their supply chain processes with broader sustainability goals. This alignment fosters a comprehensive approach to supply chain management, ensuring that environmental, social, and economic dimensions are considered in decision-making processes. Ultimately, this integration supports sustainable business practices, enhances competitive advantage, and contributes to long-term resilience and success in the global marketplace.
A critical evaluation of the SCOR Model's current version reveals that while it generally addresses environmental and economic dimensions, it may not adequately include social criteria. This study aims to fill this gap by proposing criteria to enhance the social dimension of sustainability within the SCOR Model. Through a case study of an automotive supply industry company producing steel leaf springs, the study offers criteria proposals related to social sustainability. These criteria are prioritized by importance and urgency, taking into account the sector's specific needs and challenges. The prioritization of social sustainability criteria is based on statements regarding social issues in GRI 400 and is evaluated through Pareto analysis to identify the criteria with the highest priority. The study also conducts a critical assessment of the sustainability aspects of the SCOR model, providing a theoretical framework for integrating social dimensions into the SCOR Model. By offering a comprehensive assessment and practical criteria, the study aims to help companies improve their supply chain activities sustainably and provide a roadmap for integrating sustainability 
principles into supply chain performance management practices. It offers a structured framework for evaluating and improving supply chain performance, aligning with sustainability goals, and promoting a balanced approach to managing environmental, social, and economic impacts. Through continuous improvement and strategic implementation of best practices, businesses can enhance their supply chain efficiency, reduce environmental footprints, promote social welfare, and achieve sustainable economic growth, ensuring a positive contribution to society and the environment.