Kent merkezlerinde yürünebilirliğin geliştirilmesi: bakırköy merkez bölgesi örneği
Enhancing walkability in city centers: the case of bakirköy central district
Yazar: HANDAN AHMETREİSOĞLU
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. REYHAN GENLİ YİĞİTER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Yaya erişimi bir kentin işleyişinin ve ulaşım sisteminin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Günlük yolculukların önemli bir kısmını oluşturan yürüme de kentsel mekanı deneyimlemenin en ucuz ve en basit yöntemidir. Bireyin kent ile ilişkisinde ulaşım, dolaşım ve etkileşim sağlanmasında toplumsal hayata katkılarıyla bir kenti kent yapan en temel eylemdir. Hızla gelişip büyüme gösteren kentler sanayi devrimi ile kentsel yayılma sürecine girerek otomobil erişiminin ön planda tutulduğu kent planlarının doğrultusunda gelişim göstermişlerdir. Otomobillerin yaygın olarak üretilmeye başlanması ve en temel tüketim nesnesi olarak görülmesi kentlerde kritik bir olgu yaratmaya başlamıştır.  Kentlerde artan trafik hızı yaya erişim ağlarında parçalanmalara neden olarak 20. Yüzyıl sonlarına gelindiğinde kentlerin canlılık ve kalitesinde düşüşler yaşanmıştır. Özellikle kent merkezlerinin özgünlüğünü ve fonksiyonelliğini kaybetmesiyle kamusal çevrede önemli sorunlar ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Kentlerin fiziksel, sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve çevresel değerlerinde negatif etkilere neden olan araç odaklı kentsel gelişmeler sonucunda yürünebilirlik yeni şehircilik akımı ile birlikte dünya kentlerinin gündeminde tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Günümüz yaşanabilir ve sürdürülebilir kentlerinin temelini oluşturan yürünebilirlik bir kentin sosyal, ekolojik ve ekonomik dengeleri arasında bir köprü görevi görerek yaşam kalitesine önemli ölçüde faydalar sağlamaktadır.  Yapılaşmış çevrenin ne derecede yaya dostu olduğu ile ilişkilendirilen yürünebilirlik, kentsel mekanda araç ve yaya kullanım dengesinin sağlanmasını ve toplumun her kesimini kapsayıcı adil ve eşit bir ortamı ifade etmektedir. Aynı zamanda bir kentin canlılığının da önemli bir göstergesi haline gelen yürünebilirlik, yayalara rahat, konforlu ve erişilebilir güzergâhlar sunmakta yayaları yürüyüşü teşvik ederek kentsel ulaşım türleri hiyerarşisinde yayayı ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında kentsel mekanın tasarımına doğrudan etkileyen planlama boyutuyla, kentsel tasarım boyutuyla ve kullanıcı boyutuyla ele alınan yürünebilir mekanlar tasarlanmasında ön plana çıkan ilke ve parametreler tanımlanmıştır. Birbiriyle etkileşim içerisinde olan ve birbirini tamamlayan bu parametreler 13 başlık altında toplanmış ve parametreler arasındaki ilişki ile yürünebilirliğin hangi yönüyle etkilendiği ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışma tarihten günümüze değişen planlama anlayışı ile şekillenen kentlerin bugünün ihtiyaçlarına çözüm arayışı doğrultusunda yürünebilirliğin geliştirilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kentsel problemlere bütüncül çözüm önerileri sunarak önem kazanan yürünebilirlik konusunu detaylı olarak tartışmak, anlam ve önemini ortaya koymak ve yürünebilir çevreler tasarlanmasında bir yol haritası oluşturmak hedeflenmiştir.Bu kapsamda çalışma alanı İstanbul'un batı yakasında merkez fonksiyonlarının yoğunlaştığı önemli bir bölgesel merkez olan Bakırköy ilçesinin merkez bölgesi seçilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar ile bölgenin yürünebilirlik kapasitesi değerlendirilmiştir. Bakırköy Merkez Bölgesi'nin yürünebilirlik kapasitesinin değerlendirilmesi Fahrikortürk, Ebuziya, Fişekhane ve İstanbul caddeleri üzerinde gözlemler, sayımlar, fotoğraflama, tespitler yapılması ve elde edilen analizlerin haritalanması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda alanın yürünebilirliği nesnel ve öznel yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiş, mekânsal değişimi incelenmiş, yürünebilirlik parametreleri ve kullanıcı anketi ile sorun ve potansiyeller tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda alanın yürünebilirliğinin geliştirilmesine yönelik dört kategoriden oluşan mekânsal stratejiler belirlenmiş ve alana yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir. Bu anlamda da çalışma sonunda elde edilen çıktılar üretilecek projelerin ne yönde geliştirilebileceğine ışık tutmaktadır. Bu araştırma sonucunda otomobilin hayatımıza girişiyle birlikte yeniden şekillenen kentlerde kent merkezlerinin planlanmasında yayaların geçiş ve uğrak yeri olma anlayışının hakim olduğu, yaya deneyiminin göz ardı edildiği plan ve projelerin ise günümüz kentlerinin ihtiyaçlarına cevap veremediği ortaya konmuştur. Belirlenen 13 parametre ve bu parametrelerin arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya konması ile de kent merkezlerinin yürünebilirliğinin geliştirilmesi; sürdürülebilir, yaşanılabilir ve kullanıcı memnuniyeti yüksek mekanlar yaratılabilmesinde örnek alınabilecek ya da geliştirilebilecek bir yöntem sunulmuştur.

Abstract:
Pedestrian access is an integral part of the functioning of a city and transportation system. Walking is also the cheapest and simplest way to experience urban space, which is an important part of the daily journey.  It is the most basic act that makes a city with the contributions of social life and provides people transportation, circulation and interaction with the city.  The rapidly evolving cities of the industrial revolution and the urban sprawl process developed in line with the city plans, which were held in the forefront of car access. Automobiles have begun to be produced widely and were been as the most fundamental consumption object. This created a critical phenomenon in cities. With industrial revolutions pedestrian cities started to change form. Increasing traffic speed in cities caused fragmentation in the pedestrian access networks, with the end of the twentieth century, there have been declines in the vitality and quality of the cities. In particular, significant problems have begun to emerge in the public environment with the loss of the originality and functionality of the city centers. Therefore walking and walkability have become the new problems of urban environment because of rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles. Walkability has started to discuss on the agenda of the world cities along with new urbanism current because of vehicle-oriented urban developments that causes negative effects on the physical, social, cultural, economic and environmental values of the cities. The walkability that forms the basis of today's livable and sustainable cities provides a significant benefit to the quality of life by serving as a bridge between the social, ecological and economic balances of a city. In literature walkability is associated with how pedestrian-friendly is the built environment. In the urban space, the walkability means a fair and equitable environment for ensuring the balance of vehicle and pedestrian use and every part of the society. At the same time, walkability has become an important indicator of the city's vitality and encourages pedestrians to walk with providing convenient, comfortable, accessible routes to pedestrians in the hierarchy of urban transportation types. In scope of this thesis the principles and parameters that are highlighted in the design of walkable places were defined which are directly influenced the design of urban space with urban planner perspective, urban designer perspective and pedestrian perspective. The parameters that are in interaction and complement with each other gathered under the 13 titles and the relationship between the parameters have revealed in the direction of which aspects of walkability is affected. In the parameters, which increased the accessibility of the spatial structure of the urban space and reduce the walking distance of the pedestrians are evaluated by urban planner perspective. These are landuse diversity and intensity, continuity of pedestrian access network, the relation of the pedestrian network with the open spaces, and the physical environment equipment of the pedestrian network. In the parameters which will improve the environmental perception qualities of the urban space in the street level and provide a positive impact on the walking experience of pedestrians are evaluated by urban designer perspective. These are imageability and legibility, enclosure, human scale, transparency and complexity. Finally, the level of satisfaction that humans experience from walking is evaluated in terms of safety, usability, comfort and level of interest, which affects the positive and increases the street activities are evaluated by pedestrian perspective. The aim of this research is to enhance the walkability in the direction of seeking solutions for today's needs of the cities that was shaped by the daily changing planning concept. On the other hand, this research goal are to discuss in detail of the concept of walkability that gained importance issues by offering holistic solutions to urban problems and to create a roadmap for designing walkable environments. Within this framework the study area was selected the case of Bakırköy Central District where an important regional center and central functions were concentrated in the western part of Istanbul. The evaluation of the walkability capacity of the Bakırköy Central District was performed with the observation, pedestrian counts, photography, determination and mapping of the analyses obtained on the streets of Fahrikorutürk, Ebuziya, Fişekhane and İstanbul. In this context, the walkability of the area is assessed with objective and subjective methods. The analyzes carried out with three stages. Firstly, the spatial changes in the historical process of the field examined and how the breaking points were affected by the development and change of the walkability of the study area have been demonstrated. In the second stage, the results of the literature research used to evaluate the spatial analysis with 13 parameters of walkability. These stages include sections where objective evaluations of this research are made. The last stage consists of the questionnaires prepared for the users including the subjective evaluation of this research. There are two types of data which aimed to obtain with the questionnaires. In the first part of this questionnaire is general information gathering about demographic characteristics, intended purpose of visit and frequency and general comments and observations of study area by pedestrian users. The other part is about to assess area of walkability score by users perspective with the questions about the usefulness, safety, comfort and level of interest of the study area. According to analyzes, the factors which are affecting the walkability of the area in terms of positive and negative were determined.  As a result of this research it was seen that the Bakırköy Central District can not respond the needs of user comfort and satisfaction while developing in terms of functional diversity and accessibility within the development process. The pointed interventions are not able to provide solutions of the problems in urban city centers and the urban centers needs to plan with a holistic approach. In order to improve the walkability of the area in the direction of the obtained findings, four categories of spatial strategies were identified. The strategies determined for to increase usefulness level, safety level, comfort level and interest level of  urban space. It is also necessary to take the management with the participation of all the official and civil stakeholders for the decision mechanisms. In addition to these strategies, some of recommendations were presented for the study area. For this area, the projects developed in search of solutions to existing problems needs to be reconstructed in accordance with the principles of walkability in the direction of the spatial and functional development of the region. On the agenda there are projects as reconstruction of suburban line, new subway line, a project of an public square and new arrangements on the streets planning. In this sense, the output obtained at the end of this study sheds light on how the projects can be developed. This research tries to look a holistic framework with focused on pedestrian access to enhance walkability and to encourgae sustainable transportation with an effective planning approach in urban spaces. Walkability, which is evaluated as a demonstration of livable cities, is based on the new generation planning approaches with the principle of pedestrian-oriented design in planning a quality public space and street network on the planning scale and the street scale. Particulary, on the prestigious streets that make up the main spine of city centers should plan to lead urban development and enhance the quality of life with a holistic approach that will emphasize the identity of the city in order to achieve a balanced spatial development. It is necessary to limit the vehicle traffic in the central regions of the cities and to integrate automobiles into the public transport system at the intersection of vehicles and pedestrian areas and to develop pedestrian and bicycle transportation facilities in the city centers. In this context, necessary infrastructure to encourage the use of bicycles should be organized and plans and practices should be performed in this direction. Eventually, during history city centers were public and urban spaces that serve to gather people together, to provide socialization with to respond diverse needs and shopping places. Within the entry of the car in to our life, the city centers have been re-planned by the dominated idea of being a passage or a stopping place for pedestrian. Moreover, the plans and projects ignore the pedestrian experiences so that plans cannot supply the needs of today's cities. City centres should plan to offer pleasant, comfortable, comfortable, safe urban environments for pedestrians as the most basic element of the city. In this context, to improve pedestrian and bicycle transportation facilities by limiting vehicle traffic is a essential topic in urban city centers. By identificatining, the 13 parameters and expressing relationship between these parameters show a method that can be taken sample or upgraded is presented to create a sustainable, liveable and pedestrian-friendly place in urban centers with this research.