Levha cam yapı malzemelerinin yapılarda kullanım olanaklarının araştırılması
Research for the possibilities of plate glass USE as a building and construction material
Yazar: BURCU BAŞER
Danışman: PROF. DR. NİHAT TOYDEMİR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1999
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: CAM =   ; Cam = Glass ; Levha cam = Plate glass ; Yapı malzemeleri = Building materials

Özet:
Bu araştırmanın konusu, levha cam malzemelerin yapılarda kullanım olanaklarının araştırılması, olarak seçilmiştir. Çeşitli kaynaklarda bir takım bilgiler mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, cam malzemeyi incelemek, levha cam malzemeyi sınıflandırmak ve bu sınıflandırma doğrultusunda, camın, yapı malzemesi olarak kullanım olanaklarını araştırmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Giriş ve cam malzemenin tarihçesi çalışmanın birinci bölümünde yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde, camı oluşturan hammaddeler anlatılmış, cam türleri üzerinde durulmuş ve çeşitli elementlerin camın özelliklerine etkileri açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, cam malzemenin fiziksel, kimyasal, mekanik, ısıl, elektrik, optik ve akustik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, cam malzeme üretimi işlemleri ana ve ikincil işlemler olarak açıklanmış ve üretim aşamasının biçimlendirme işlemine göre; yapılarda kullanılan cam malzemelerin biçimlendirilmesi ile dekoratif-sanat amaçlı cam malzemenin biçimlendirilmesi olmak üzere iki sınıf oluşturulmuştur. Beşinci bölümde, daha önce yapılan sınıflandırma doğrultusunda, biçimlendirme işlemleri ve bu işlemlerle üretilen ürünler anlatılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde, yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılan levha cam malzeme, birincil yeya ikincil işlemlerle üretilme durumlarına göre sınıflandırılarak kullanım alanlarına açıklık getirilmiş ve çeşitli örnekler verilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümü olan yedinci bölümde, sonuç ve değerlendirme yer almaktadır. Bu bölümde, araştırmaya ilişkin değerlend'rmeye ve daha sonra cam malzeme veya levha cam yapı malzemesi konusunda yapılabilecek çalışmalara ilişkin önerilere yer verilmektedir.

Abstract:
The subject of this research was stated as searching for the possibilities of plate glass use as building and construction material. Varied information of various sources were assembled. This task aims to investigate the glass material, to classify the glass construction material and evaluate its use as building material due to the classification that was brought through. The glass, of which production is dating back to the ancient times and which sources from nature, contributes to the modern daily life. The technological developments based on the Industrial Revolution had led the industrialisation of glass production and varied its use in building construction. The physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, optical and acoustical properties of glass appear to be important for its use in construction. In order to make the glass gain certain profitable characteristics and effects that are demanded, various elements are added to its mixture. Chapter One and Two of this research comprise the raw materials, secondary components and the properties of glass. In order to evaluate the information, some numeric values are stated. Various chemical elements and their effects on glass are stated in Chapter Two. The raw materials of glass are grouped as sand, soda and lime. These are oxide, solvent and fixer in order. The types of glass are; soda-lime (sodacalcic) glass, crystal glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass and silica glass. These different types of glass are used for different purposes due to their properties. The glass material and its production methods are classified with respect to primary and secondary procedures. The preparation of raw materials, dissolving, shaping (forming) and proper conditioning are the main procedures of production process. The secondary procedures are applied to the recently formed glass material, in order to develop properties. The Chapter Four and Five of this research comprise characterisation of glass material due to forming procedures. The products of both classes were described, examples and information of their use were investigated. The properties of molten glass were mentioned in Chapter Four. The first group of production process was classified within itself as two sub-groups, such as forming methods of the building and construction material glass and decorative-artistic aimed glass forming methods. The forming methods are mentioned in Chapter Five. The blowing method, ornamented glass production method, drawing methods (Fourcault Process, Libbey-Owens Process, Pittsburgh Process), floating method, pressing method, foaming method and fibber method are of the first group mentioned Xlllabove. The glass plate method, glass mosaic method, cast moulding method which is applied for forms with wide openings, press moulding method which is applied by casting the molten glass in a pattern, glass blowing method which is applied in order to shape glass in glass bottle, etc., turning and spinning method which is applied to shape glass in symmetrical and monolith forms, winding method, folding method, drawing and trailing method are of the second group mentioned above. In certain cases, more than one procedure of forming can be applied together related to the demanded product property. In this research, plate glass material was briefly explained and investigated with respect to the production conditions and processes which were classified. Forming process varies as a result of various product identity demanded. The production of plate glass building material and its primary forming procedures comprise the production of window sheet, float glass and ornamented glass. Technical properties, available application details of these products differ from each other. The secondary forming processes of plate glass building material comprise adding certain characteristics to glass. The colouring procedure is an example to these processes. There are varied colouring procedures, such as surface colouring, coating the glass and colouring the raw glass. Various chemical elements in various proportions are used to give colour. The procedures such as etching, sandblasting, embroidering, polishing are applied to have different visual and optical effects. The dull glass material which is produced by sandblasting is widely used in doors, windows, separators with its decorative and translucent effect. Since, surface procedures have corrosion effect, resistance against thermal and mechanical shocks decrease. The production of insulating glass is also a secondary process. Insulating glass system aims to reduce thermal loss through glass surface and serves as solution to the thermal isolation and condensation problems. This system allows higher inner relative humidity rather than a single glass sheet. The production of various types of security glasses are examples of secondary forming processes. Security glasses are tempered glasses in general, with respect to thermal risks or abrupt mechanical effects such as a stroke or pressure effect. Widespread use of these glasses in roofs, schools, sporthalls, staircases, shopping malls, etc. is recommended. The wired glass is a type of security glass used in slightly vertical surfaces. In our country, ornamented glass is used in production of this type of glass. The wired glass material does not burst when broken, so it appears to be safe. The laminated glass is another form of security glass. It is a composition of more than one layers, either glass sheet or plate glass with a layer or more of transparent or pigmented plastic film. The laminated glass is widely used in cases when resistance versus breakage or safety against breakage are demanded. As a result of this, laminated glass material is preferred to be used in staircases, automobiles, banks, museums, goldsmiths, military buildings, sporthalls, psychiatry clinics, police stations, etc. As a result of having more than one layer of material, laminated glass has bullet resisting property and used for this purpose. XIVThe alarmed glass is another type of security glass. Tempered glass is used in the production of alarmed glass. A composition of a system with insulating glass or laminated glass is also possible. The alarm system run with electricity Any kind of mechanical effect such as a stroke, breakage, etc. would cause a disturbance and alarm would ring. The production of sola; glass shield is another example of secondary forming process. This kind of glass material is designed to decrease thermal loss in winter and to contribute thermal isolation; to control solar transmission, solar radiation, condensation, noise, etc. factors and to prevent their negative effects. Any composition of solar glass shield with insulating glass system is also available. There are different application systems of solar shield, such as application with silicon or metal profiles. Different systems have their own characteristic application details. Solar shield is used as surface finishing material in construction. The production of glass mirrors is a secondary forming process. Transparency of glass material differ related to the type of glass used and its properties. Chromium and silver are widely used chemical elements in production of glass mirrors. The application of glass mirror in buildings is based on varied details. Metal or plastic profiles, mastics, etc. can be used in fixing mirror glass. The security glass mirror is produced by applying a layer of plastic folder to the back in order to state safety in case of breakage. This type of mirror is recommended to be used in supermarkets, shops, schools, restaurants, sporthalls, etc. The crystal glass is the kind of glass consisting of lead in its composition. As a result of being polished after it is formed, the crystal glass is an example of secondarily processed glass types. The visual properties of this type of glass is high. The classification of flat glass material due to the properties of forming process is preferred in order to explain the relationship between product and its use. The plate glass buildings are widely used in our country. Since, the information available was limited with producers brochures, etc., further examples are based on the existing ones. In this research, existing information was collected. The possibilities of using plate glass as building and construction material were searched. The research is presented aiming to evaluate flat glass construction material, its rational use and recent trends in the character of use. The application details and problems of certain plate glass product; evaluation of any specific example of existing plate glass material application our country, the integration problems of construction system to be chosen and plate glass material; research of using possibilities of glass material in industrial product design are subjects that are recommended to be studied in further researches that will be carried on.