LaxSr1-xFeyM1-y(M: Mn,Co,Ni,Cu)O3 gözenekli perovskitin incelenmesi ve süper kapasitör uygulama yaklaşımı ile kristal yapı, elektrik ve iyon taşıma özelliklerinin araştırılması
LaxSr1-xFeyM1-y(M: Mn,Co,Ni,Cu)O3 porous perovskites investigation and investigation of crystal structure, electrical and ion transport properties with supercapacitor application approach
Yazar: TURGUT SÜLEYMANOĞLU
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ NAGİHAN DELİBAŞ ; PROF. DR. ALİGHOLİ NİAEİ
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Fen Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı / Fizik Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Fizik ve Fizik Mühendisliği = Physics and Physics Engineering

Özet:
Günümüzde, çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir enerji kaynaklarına olan ihtiyaç giderek artmaktadır. Bu nedenle, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının araştırılması ve fosil yakıtların yerini alacak alternatif enerji üretim ve depolama teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu alanda, süper kapasitörler, önemli elektrokimyasal enerji depolama cihazları olarak öne çıkmaktadır.
Son yıllarda, oksit süper kapasitör malzemeleri geleneksel dielektrik kapasitörlere göre daha yüksek enerji yoğunluğuna sahip olmaları, pillere kıyasla daha yüksek güç yoğunluğu sunmaları ve uzun çevrim ömrüne sahip olmaları nedeniyle büyük ilgi görmektedir. Bu bağlamda, lantan esaslı perovskitler elektrot materyal olarak kullanılacak ve perovskit bölgesi kasıtlı olarak değiştirilerek farklı sentez yöntemleri kullanılacaktır.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, süper kapasitörde kullanım için perovskitin en uygun kimyasal, fiziksel, elektriksel ve kristal yapısını elde etmeye odaklanılacaktır. Perovskit yapısındaki "ABO3" formülü, içerdiği çoklu geçiş metali iyonları sayesinde süper kapasitör uygulamaları için umut verici bir alanı temsil etmektedir. Bu sebeple, perovskitlerin sentezi sırasında kullanılan metalik iyonların oranının kontrol edilerek, farklı yük depolama mekanizmaları aracılığıyla süper kapasitör performansını artırmak ana hedef olarak belirlenmiştir.
Bu araştırma, yenilenebilir enerji depolama alanında önemli bir katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Umarız elde edilecek sonuçlar, süper kapasitör teknolojisini geliştirerek, daha verimli ve çevreci enerji depolama çözümlerine yönelik yeni bir adım oluşturacaktır. Fiziksel, elektriksel ve verim özellikleri ile kristal yapı ve morfoloji arasındaki sistematik ilişki XRD, SEM ve EIS teknikleri kullanılarak incelenecektir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan yola çıkılarak, farklı süper kapasitör yapısında elektrot malzeme olarak verimlerin hem fonksiyonel analizleri hem de morfolojik yapıları hakkında daha detaylı veriler elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının yanı sıra süper kapasitörlerin enerji depolama sistemlerinde enerjiyi verimli bir şekilde döngüde tutması da önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, verimlilik, şarj ve deşarj süreleri, elde edilen enerji miktarı ve tüketim özellikleri gibi önemli noktalara değinilmiştir

Abstract:
Perovskite type La 0.6 Sr 0.4 FeO3 (LSF) and La0.6Sr 0.4 Fe 0.9 Pd0.1O3 (LSFP) materials were prepared by sol-gel combustion and evaluated as supercapacitor electrode materials. The crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials were studied in detail. The partial substitution of Pd in region B of the LSF structure affected the electrochemical properties of this compound and improved its performance. In fact, the greatest effect of the Pd substitution was on the content of oxygen cavities, known as the active regions of the perovskite surface in the supercapacitor cell. The specific capacitance obtained for the sample containing Pd was about 80 F. g−1 at a current density of 1 A. G-1 in 1M KOH. In addition, this sample had a reduced intrinsic resistance to ion and electron diffusion. The remarkable structural and morphological properties of LSFP contribute to its superior electrochemical performance. At a power density of 1000 W.kg-1 and a current density of 1A.g-1, an LSFP symmetrical cell had an energy density of 44.45 W.h.kg-1
The demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources is growing today. As a result, research into renewable energy sources, as well as the development of alternative energy generation and storage technologies to replace fossil fuels, is critical. Supercapacitors stand out as key electrochemical energy storage devices in this field.
Because oxide supercapacitor materials have been found in recent years to have a higher energy density than ordinary dielectric capacitors, a higher power density compared to batteries, and a lengthy cycle, they are of significant interest. Lanthanum- based perovskites will be employed as electrode materials in this study, and alternative synthesis methods will be used by purposefully modifying the perovskite site.
The goal of this research will be to find the best chemical, physical, electrical, and crystal structure of perovskite for usage in supercapacitors. Because of the many transition metal ions it contains, the "ABO3" formula in the perovskite structure is a promising region for supercapacitor applications. As a result, the primary goal has been defined to improve supercapacitor performance via various charge storage processes by changing the ratio of metallic ions employed during perovskite synthesis.
This study intends to make an important contribution to the field of renewable energy storage. We expect that the findings will help to advance supercapacitor technology and pave the way for more efficient and environmentally friendly energy storage systems. XRD, SEM, and EIS techniques will be used to investigate the systematic link between physical, electrical, and yield parameters, crystal structure, and morphology. More extensive data on both functional analysis and morphological
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structures of yields as electrode materials in supercapacitor devices is anticipated to be obtained based on the results obtained. Along with renewable energy sources, supercapacitors are critical for keeping energy in energy storage systems running efficiently. Important elements such as efficiency, charging and discharge times, amount of energy obtained, and consumption characteristics were highlighted in this context. Supercapacitors are ideal for satisfying the quick charging and discharging requirements of renewable energy systems. The fast charging and discharging characteristics of supercapacitors, particularly when utilized in electric vehicles or energy storage systems, boost energy efficiency and allow for speedier use. Supercapacitors, through enabling techniques of energy storage and application of stored energy, can improve the efficiency of renewable energy sources.
In recent years, perovskite materials have received a lot of attention in a number of electronic applications such as solar cells, LEDs, and electrical energy storage devices. Supercapacitors are high-energy density electrochemical energy storage devices with rapid charge/discharge characteristics. Perovskites are a type of crystal structure with the chemical formula ABO3. The A and B ions in this structure dictate the varied properties of perovskite materials. Perovskites are frequently employed as electrode materials in supercapacitor applications.
Because of its high surface area, superior electrical conductivity, and good electrochemical characteristics, perovskite materials play an essential role in supercapacitors. These materials have the potential to expand electrode surface area and provide more active sites at the electrode-material contact. This can improve the supercapacitor's electrochemical performance. Furthermore, perovskite materials can have high dielectric constants, which means that supercapacitors with a high energy density can be used. Some perovskite materials have strong catalytic activity and can improve the efficiency of electrochemical reactions.
Our literature search led us to the conclusion that the recently found perovskite materials should be used as electrode materials in the supercapacitor structure. research were conducted to conduct experimental research in the laboratory setting at various stages, to assess both the functional and morphological structures of the produced samples using various methods and methodologies, and to gain information about the behavior of these analyses. These investigations were not conducted to obtain a different solution, but to improve the perovskite electrode material employed in the supercapacitor's structure. As a consequence of the analyses, recommendations for future generations' studies on this subject were made. Two types of investigations on functional and morphological studies were conducted, and it was determined that the accuracy of the information we had was high. As a result, we have been informed about the compatibility of super capacitors with perovskite in various research that will be conducted. Our thesis effort has yielded complete findings.
Graphic analyses of the sample's morphological results from the xrd results, which is one of the most successful ways, were investigated. Data on the samples was gathered. In contrast, SEM maps provided information about their approach to five different elements that I employed. Based on these, observations were made about the electrical conductivity of the samples during compound formation. When an additional element is added to the system for XPS analyses of all substances, it can make more comfortable comments regarding its nistic behavior.
Part B received pd material in addition to the system. This resulted in modifications in the shape of objects. It also resulted in the creation of additional oxygen deficiencies.
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Before adding Pd to the system, the figures in the visuals were made regularly, but when Pd was added, the system developed an additional phase. As the electrical conductivity increased, the oxygen defect in the system increased. This is owing to probable oxidation of other elements during sample preparation and oxygen absorption on the surface of the perovskite material. As additional oxygen defects accumulated, the system suffered. The result of our literature research is to use the recently discovered perovskite materials as electrode materials in the supercapacitor structure. Studies were carried out to carry out experimental studies in the laboratory environment as different stages, to analyze both the functional and morphological structures of the obtained samples in different methods and methods and to have information about the behavior of these analyzes. These studies have not been carried out to find a different answer, but to improve the perovskite electrode material used in the structure of the supercapacitor in its structure. As a result of the analyzes, suggestions were made about the studies to be carried out by future generations on this subject. Two categories of studies were carried out on functional and morphological studies, and it was understood that the accuracy of the information we had was strong. For this reason, we have been informed about the compatibility between super capacitor and perovskite in all kinds of studies to be carried out. The work of our thesis has received full results.
Graphic analyzes of the morphological results of the sample from the XRD results, which is one of the most effective methods, were examined. Data on the samples were collected. SEM maps, on the other hand, gave information about their approach to five different elements that I used. Based on these, comments were made about the electrical conductivity of the samples while forming compounds. On the other hand, when an additional element is added to the system for XPS analyzes of all substances, it has the ability to make more comfortable comments about its nistic behavior.
In addition to the system, pd material was added to part B. changes in the shape of objects. It also led to the formation of more oxygen defects. In the graphics before adding pd to the system, the figures were formed normally, but if Pd was added, an additional phase was created in the system. While the electrical conductivity was formed more, it caused more oxygen defect in the system. This is due to possible oxidation of other elements while obtaining the sample and the absorption of oxygen on the surface in the perovskite material.