Tarihi kentlerde turizm yönetim planı: Bursa–Tirilye örneği
Tourism management plan in historical cities: The case of Bursa–Tirilye
Yazar: OKTAY KARGÜL
Danışman: PROF. DR. NURAN ZEREN GÜLERSOY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Turizm = Tourism ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Kentler tarih içerisinde birçok değişimden geçmiş, farklı dönemlerde farklı formlar kazanarak, kültürel katmanlar oluşturarak günümüze gelmiştir. 1960'lı yıllarda Avrupa'da başlayan bir akımla birlikte kentlerin tarihi özelliklerinin ve kültürel mirasının korunması anlayışı günümüzde tüm dünyada kabul görmüştür. Aynı yıllarda turizm bir sektör olarak filizlenmeye başlamış ve 1990'larda sürdürülebilir turizm kavramıyla birlikte yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. 
Turizmin bir alt başlığı olan tarih turizmi veya kültür turizminin aktivite alanlarından biri tarihi kentlerdir. Turistik tarihi kent olarak literatürde yer bulan bu kavramla birlikte tarihi kentlerle turizm ilişkisi incelenmeye başlanmış ve turizmin tarihi kentlerdeki koruma ve kullanıma etkisi bir araştırma konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu tezin temel amacı, tarihi kentlerde turizm sektörünün zararlı etkilerinin azaltılması ve tarihi kentlerin korunmasına katkı sağlaması adına turizm yönetim planlarının incelenmesi ve seçilen bir alanda hazırlanmasıdır. 
Tez kapsamında turizm ve tarihi kentlerin korunmasının ilişkisi ortaya konarak, koruma alanlarında yürütülen turistik faaliyetlerin, şehir planlama disiplininde koruma kavramıyla olan bütünlüğünün nasıl sağlanabileceği sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Turizm Yönetim Planları hem kentin korunmasına katkı sağlamakta hem de turistik aktivitelerle kenti canlı tutmaktadır. 
Yöntem olarak öncelikle literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Sonrasında dünyada uygulanan Turizm Yönetim Planları incelenmiştir. Türkiye'de henüz uygulaması görülmemiş olan turizm yönetim planının hazırlandığı alan olarak Tirilye seçilmiştir. Alanda saha çalışması yapılmış ve mevcut durum analiz edilmiştir. 
Tirilye turistik akslara olan yakınlığı, turizm sektörünün zararlı etkilerinin görüldüğü,  alanın turizm yönetim organizasyonunun olmadığı, ziyaretçilere yönelik politikalarının olmadığı, tarihi yapılar ve kent dokusuna alternatif potansiyeli olan kıyı ve zeytin konusunda zayıf kalındığı, erişilebilirlik ve hareketliliğin sadece lastikli araçla sınırlı olduğu, son olarak da kentin bir marka değerinin oluşturulmadığı nedenlerle seçilmiş olup, hazırlanan Tirilye Turizm Yönetim Planında öncelikle yapılan analizler doğrultusunda vizyon ve hedefler belirlenmiştir. 
Ardından uygulama aracı olarak proje paketleri oluşturularak ve paydaşlar belirlenerek plan tamamlanmıştır. Tirilye Turizm Yönetim Planıyla birlikte, bölgede turizmin zararlı etkileri azaltılması, kentin tarihi dokusunun korunması ve turizmin bölgede sürdürülebilir bir sektör haline gelmesi beklenmektedir.

Abstract:
The cities have undergone many changes in history, have gained different forms in different periods, and have reached the present day by creating cultural layers. That historic cities are part of a cultural heritage. According to UNESCO, cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Cultural heritage has to preserve for he posterity which means preservation. Main idea of preservation is about keep cultural heritage artefacts cultural or historical value and form. The idea of preservation was seen in Hammurabi Laws which was one of the oldest civilization' laws. That means even at 1700 B.C., preservation and cultural heritage was important for civilizations. On the other hand, meaning of preservation was changed in time and called conservation. Conservation means, keep cultural heritage artifacts alive, make them useful for community while protect their value. Idea of conservation started with a trend in Europe in the 1960s and the understanding of preserving the historical features and cultural heritage of the cities has been accepted all over the world today. In the same years, tourism started to grow as a sector and gained a new dimension in the 1990s with the concept of sustainable tourism.
One of the activity areas of historical tourism or cultural tourism, which is a sub-title of tourism, is historical cities. With this concept which is included in the literature as a touristic historical city, the relationship between tourism and historical cities has started to be examined and the effect of tourism on protection and use in historical cities has become a research topic. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the tourism management plans and to prepare them in a chosen area in order to reduce the harmful effects of the tourism sector in the historical cities and to contribute to the protection of historical cities.
Within the scope of the thesis, the relationship between the protection of tourism and historical cities has been put forward, and the answer to the question of how to ensure the integrity of the touristic activities carried out in the protected areas. In this context, Tourism Management Plans contribute to the protection of the city as well as keep the city alive with tourist activities.
First of all, a literature review was made. Relationship between conservation and tourism, tourism management plans which focused on conservation and world examples of tourism management plans searched and discussed as a literature review. historical towns are part of cultural heritage and conservation of that areas are important and accepted from countries all over the world. Conservation has an economic burden for both the government of the area and landowners. Tourism sector help out this economic burden and create new jobs and new potentials in the area. Therefore, tourism and conservation idea are connected each other. Beside that positive effect of tourism, there are some other negative and positive effects of tourism. These effects separated as; economic, environmental, social, cultural and spatial. Tourism also has a relationship with urban planning due to effects on city and citizens. Tourism planning could be visitor oriented, city oriented and both large and small scales (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 2000). Near that, there is a tourism management plan which focused on tourism implementations. Vision, goals, strategies, actions, stakeholders and management of the plan are main components of the tourism management plans. Charleston, Bath, and Durham cities accepted as an examples of the tourism management plans and reviewed. 
After that, modal of tourism management plan suggestion prepared and Tirilye been selected for that modal. The field of tourism management plan is prepared with unprecedented applications in Turkey which made this thesis seminal. Tirilye selected as a study area because area has cultural and historical artifacts yet does not have proper tourism management. Tirilye is an area in Bursa which in South Marmara area. History of Tirilye is rich due to many civilizations conducted in the area. There are historical city form, artifacts and cultural features can be seen in Tirilye. Due to that features, Tirilye is an attractive city for tourists but because of  lack of the infrastructures for the tourism and lack of branding, tourist count is not enough. So that Tirilye needs a tourism management plan. 
Then, field work was done in the field and the current situation was analyzed. The proximity of the Tirilye tourist axles, the harmful effects of the tourism sector, the lack of tourism management organization of the area, the lack of policies for the visitors, the weakness of the coastal and olive with historical structures and the alternative potential of the urban texture, the accessibility and mobility are limited to the vehicle with tires. Thereafter, Tirilye Tourism Management Plan was prepared. In the Tirilye Tourism Management Plan, vision and targets have been determined in line with the analyzes. The vision of plan is: "For a Tirilye who preserves and produces her original and rich historical accumulation and transfers her identity to future generations, with the folding of those around and there; a management plan that continues all tourism, visits all aspects of the city, continues our experience, enhances the future in the tourism market with touristic products and structures, ensuring that all actors work together.". Tirilye Tourism Management Plan is prepared due to make that vision real. 
Finally, project packages were made for implementation of the plan. In project packages, strategies from the plan detailed as identifying stakeholders, determining time and actions for the made strategies applicable.  There are 12 project packages which together with the Tirilye Tourism Management Plan, it is expected that the harmful effects of tourism in the region will be reduced, the historical fabric of the city will be protected and tourism will become a sustainable sector in the region. 
To sum up, conservation of historical cities is an important for cultural heritage. Tirilye has so many unique artifacts from different civilizations and cultural background of area is special. Due to that, tourism has started in Tirilye as a sector. So that, Tirilye needs a tourism management plan for make city alive while conserve artifacts and culture of the city. Tirilye Tourism Management Plan prepared with Project Packages for making strategies in the plan real. Actions, stakeholders and timing detailed in project packages for better implementation of the plan. All around the world, tourism raising and negative effects of tourism can be harmful for the historical areas which are vulnerable than modern cities. Starting point of this thesis is developed tourism in selected area and use potentials of the area while decrease negative effects of tourism and protect historical city with conservation idea.