Osmanlı modernleşmesinde yeniden yapılandırıcı rotalar: Bursa Mecidiye Caddesi okuması
Restructuring routes in Ottoman modernization: A reading of Bursa Mecidiye Street
Yazar: BURCU GÜNAÇAR
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. TAN KAMİL GÜRER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Kentler yol sistemleri ve dokular olmak üzere iki temel bileşenden meydana gelmektedirler. Yol sisteminin temel ögesi olan rotaları okumak, kent formunu tüm bağlantılarıyla birlikte incelemenin önemli bir yoludur. Bu sayede parçalar arasındaki ilişkileri yorumlayarak bütünün süreçsel evrimi ve evrimin son durumu olan mevcut biçimin arkasında yatan dönüşümün nedenleri anlaşılabilir. Birçok Avrupa kentinde moderniteye geçişin etkileriyle yeniden yapılandırıcı rotaları görmek mümkündür. Bu rotalar genellikle, inşa sürecinin sonunda dokuya müdahale eder ve kendi mantıklarını mevcut dokuların bir parçası haline getirirler. Bu çalışmada, benzer şekilde Bursa'da modernleşme sürecinde kent formuna yapılan müdahalelerde temel araç olarak kullanıldığı tespit edilen "yeniden yapılandırıcı rota" kavramı ele alınmış ve bu dönemde oluşturulan yeni rotaların kent morfolojisinde yol açtığı değişimlerden bahsedilmiştir. Çalışma, Bursa kentinin o dönemki güney sınırlarından kuzey sınırlarına kadar uzanan ve kentin ticaret merkezinden geçen Mecidiye Caddesi'ne odaklanarak yeniden yapılandırıcı rota olarak caddenin kentsel doku ve dokunun bir parçası olan mimari form üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır.
Çalışmada, zaman içinde değişen kent morfolojisi nedeniyle Maksem, Ulucami ve Fevzi Çakmak Caddeleri olarak üçe ayrılan temel rotanın her bir bölümü ayrı ele alınarak tarihsel süreçteki değişimleri incelenmiş, bölümler arasındaki farklılıklar ve bu farklılıkların nedenleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yeniden yapılandırıcı rotanın etkilerini anlamak için diyakronik ve karşılaştırmalı bir okuma yapılmıştır. Okumada materyal olarak Bursa'ya ait tarihi fotoğraflar, tarihi kent haritaları ve farklı yıllara ait hava fotoğrafları ile günümüze ait haritalar ve fotoğraflar kullanılmıştır. 
Okuma sonucu elde edilen veriler morfolojik analiz yöntemi kullanılarak sırasıyla yol sistemi, parselasyon düzeni ve bina dokusu olmak üzere kentsel formun üç temel bileşeninde meydana gelen değişimler üzerinden tespit edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Buradaki incelemede her ne kadar yol sistemindeki değişimler ön plana çıkıyor olsa da yeni rotanın kent dokusu üzerindeki etkileri parselasyon düzeni ve bina dokusu açısından da gözler önüne serilmiştir. Bu durumun mimarlık açısından belirgin önemli sonuçlarından biri de yapının biçimsel özelliklerinde farklılıkların ortaya çıkması olmuştur. Bu durum dolaylı olarak yeni tasarım kriterlerini de beraberinde getirmektedir.

Abstract:
Cities consist of two basic components: road systems and fabrics. Reading the routes, which are the basic element of the road system, is an important way to analyse the urban form with all its connections. As a matter of fact, in the current form of architectural form, what the parts of the building are is as important as what the building is a part of, that is, the system in which it is located. In this way, by interpreting the relationships between the parts, the processual evolution of the whole and the reasons for the transformation behind the current form, which is the final state of evolution, can be understood. 
Cities, which are living organisms, have important transformation phases in their historical development processes. In the process called the Modernisation Period, which started at the end of the 19th century for the city of Bursa, important interventions were made in the spatial dimension of the city under the influence of Tanzimat reforms. 
The most comprehensive interventions in this period were undoubtedly the new streets opened. The road system changed with the new streets and became a network. These streets are the roads that gave the traditional city centre of Bursa, today known as the "Hanlar Bölgesi", its current form. Each of the linear streets that fragment the organic fabric of the city and determine the axes of development since the 19th century has the characteristics of a restructuring route. 
In this study, the concept of "restructuring route" is discussed and the changes in the urban morphology caused by the new routes created in this period are mentioned. The study focuses on Mecidiye Street, which extends from the southern borders of Bursa to the northern borders of the city and passes through the commercial centre of the city, and tries to reveal the effects of the street as a restructuring route on the urban fabric and the architectural form that is a part of the urban fabric.
In the study, each section of the main route, which was divided into three as Maksem, Ulu Cami and Fevzi Çakmak Streets due to the changing urban morphology over time, was handled separately, and the differences between the sections and the reasons for these differences were evaluated. In the urban analysis for this purpose, a diachronic and comparative reading was carried out in order to determine the situations before and after the route. Historical photographs, maps (Suphi Bey Map of Bursa dated 1862, Bursa City Map dated 1911, Bursa City Map dated 1921), aerial photographs and current maps of Bursa were used as materials in the reading. 
In order to accurately determine the processual changes of the region and to make healthy comparisons, historical maps were drawn in the Autocad program and transferred to digital format. On the 1862 map, the direction of the route was determined and the building blocks it passes through were determined. While determining the direction of the street, the locations of monumental buildings such as the Maksem Mosque and the Great Mosque were utilized. The affected building blocks were numbered to facilitate the follow-up of the narrative.
Conzen's urban plan analysis method was used to analyze the affected building blocks. In the analysis, the situation before and after the route was compared for each building block and the transformations in road systems, subdivisional order and building fabric were identified and evaluated respectively. While analyzing the changes in the road system, maps of 1862, 1921 and today's maps were used, and in some cases the 1911 map was used.  While analyzing the changes in the subdivisional order, the drawings prepared based on the plot and building lines on the 1862 Suphi Bey map and the present cadastral map were used. While analyzing the change in the building fabric, the location and size of the existing buildings within the building block were compared with 1862, and it was determined how the building density changed. The change in the building fabric was also analyzed in the third dimension with the changing building heights. In the models prepared to examine the change in the third dimension, the buildings in 1862 were given a height of approximately 3 to 6 meters to obtain a general image of the period, while the sloping structure of the land was ignored.
Although the analysis here focuses on the changes in the road system, the effects of the new route on the urban fabric are also analyzed in terms of subdivisional order and building fabric.
As a result of the study;
•It has been observed that the area where the effects of the restructuring route can be read most clearly is the Maksem Street section. This is due to the location of the area within the city. 
•It has been observed that the area with the least change in general appearance within the study area is Ulucami Section. This is due to the fact that it used to be a center and the presence of monumental buildings. 
•Fevzi Çakmak Street is the area whose general appearance has changed the most within the study area. This is due to the transformation of the node where the route ends into an urban pole and the widening of the street.
As a result, with the inclusion of restructuring routes into the city during the Modernization Period in Bursa, the organic fabric of the city was fragmented, and significant losses and destruction were occurred in this process. However, the privacy-oriented road hierarchy has changed, the number of dead-end streets has decreased and the transitivity in the urban fabric has increased.
As in Western examples, restructuring routes led to the formation of irregular landscapes in Bursa. Mecidiye Street not only fragmented the urban blocks that existed at the time of its opening, but also changed the layout of many parcels, resulting in the emergence of parcels with different geometric structures. The new parcels created by the division of the building islands, which were previously irregularly shaped due to the topography, by the route, combined with the increasing tendency of construction especially on the street, brought along building forms shaped dependent on the parcel shape. These buildings with unusual geometric forms such as trapezoids and polygons require special architectural solutions in themselves. 
Although restructuring routes such as squares, which serve as an organising mechanism in urban space by connecting certain urban areas, were not created for this purpose in Bursa, squares, each of which has the characteristics of urban poles, have emerged at the starting, arrival and intersection points of the routes over time.
With the effect of the organisation of Mecidiye Street and other routes in the city and the subsequent urban poles, the building fabric that forms the three-dimensional form of the city has changed. As a result of the study, it was observed that the change in the fabric showed different characteristics in each section of Mecidiye Street and that urban poles were also effective on these differences. One of the significant results of this situation in terms of architecture has been the emergence of differences in the characteristics of the form of the building. This situation indirectly brings about new design criteria.