Türk Patent Enstitüsü verileri üzerinden Türkiye'de endüstriyel tasarım mesleğinin bir uzmanlık alanı olarak kabulünün araştırılması
The examination of the acceptance of industrial design occupation as a profession in Turkey through Turkish Patent Institute data
Yazar: ELİF İDEMEN
Danışman: PROF. DR. ÖZLEM ER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı = Industrial Design
Dizin: Endüstriyel tasarım = Industrial design

Özet:
Firmalar,  hem  iç  hem  dış  pazarda  içinde  bulundukları  rekabet  koşullarının  zorlaşmasına  bağlı  olarak  rakiplerine  üstünlük  sağlama  yarışına  girmişlerdir.  Rekabetin giderek arttığı bu küresel pazarda, ürünleri rakiplerinden farklılaştırmada  oldukça etkili bir araç olan tasarımın önemi de her geçen gün artmaktadır . Endüstriyel  tasarım  dünyada  giderek  artan  bir  değere  sah ip  olmakla  birlikte,  kapsamı  ve  uygulanması bakımından Türkiye'deki birçok üretici firma tarafından hâlâ tam olarak  anlaşılabilmiş değildir. Yapılmış olan araştırmalara göre Türkiye'de firmalar, geçmiş yıllara oranla tasarım  konusunda  daha  bilinçli  olmakla birlikte  tasarımın  ne  olduğu  ve  endüstriyel  tasarımcıyı nerede, ne şekilde istihdam edecekleri konusunda net bir bilgiye sahip  değillerdir. Öte yandan TPE istatistik verilerine bakıldığında son on yılda ortalama  3 1 .000 tasarım tescil i alındığı görülmekted ir . Bu tescil sayısının fazlalığı ile bilinç  düzeyinin  aynı  oranda  olmaması  konuyu  araştırmaya  muhtaç  kılmaktadır.  Bu  araştırmada  TPE  verileri  kullanılarak,  endüstriyel  tasarım  mesleğinin  Türk  üretim  sektöründe  ne  kadar  kabul  gördüğü  ve  bir  uzmanlık  alanı  olarak  benimsendiği  araştırıl mıştır . Türkiye'deki üretici firmaların tasarım tescil başvurularında endüstriyel tasarımcının  yerini araştıran bu tezin amaçlarını gerçekleştirmek üzere TPE verileri kullanılmış, istatistiksel  analiz  yöntemiyle  bulgular  çözümlenmiş,  firmalar  hakkın da  yapılan  internet taramalarıyla araştırma sonuçlandırılmıştır. Türk Patent Enstitüsü'nün internet sitesi üzerinden patent/faydalı model, marka ve  endüstriyel  tasarım  veri  tabanlarına  u laşılabilmektedir. Endüstriyel t asarım  tescil  verileri doğrudan TPE veri tabanından alınmıştır. Bunun dışında firmalar hakkında  bilgi edinmek amacıyla firmaların kendi internet sayfalarından, firma yetkilileriyle  yapılmış  röportajlardan,  çeşitli  gazete  ve  dergi  haberlerinden  yararlanılmıştır.  Tescillerde adı geçen isimler ise yine internet üzerinden araştırılmış, çeşitli sosyal  ağlar yardımıyla bilgi toplanmıştır. TPE verileri kullanılarak, endüstriyel tasarım tescili almış ürünlerin sınai mülkiyet hak  sahi pliği üzerinden endüstriyel tasarım mesleğinin Türk üretim sektöründe ne kadar  kabul  gördüğü  ve  bir  uzmanlık  alanı  olarak  kabul  edildiğinin  araştırıldığı  bu  tez  çalışmasında  elde  edilen  sonuçlar  Türkiye'nin  tasarım  tescili  konusunda  ciddi  sorunları olduğu  kon usunu desteklemektedir. T asarım konusunda her ne kadar önceki  yıllara oranla büyük bir gelişme kaydedilse de endüstriyel tasarım mesleği ve tasarım  algısı konusunda hâlâ büyük sorunlar olduğu görülmektedir.

Abstract:
Companies, due to the difficult conditions of competition in both domestic and foreign  markets  in  which  they  entered, they  started  to  compete  with  their  ri vals to  become  superior.  In  this  increas ingly  competitive  global  market ,  the  importance  of  design  which  is  a  very  effective  tool  to  differentiate  products  from  its  competitors,  is  increasing with each passing day. Besides having an increasing value in the  world, still  industrial  design  is  not  fully  understood  in  terms  of  scope  and  practice  by  many  manufacturers in Turkey.  According to the academic researches which are conducted in Turkey, companies are  being more conscious about design compared to previous years,  despite this  they do  not have clear information about what is industrial design and how to employ industrial  designers. Although industrial design has a growing value in the global stage it is not  fully  understand  by  many  manufacturers  in  Turkey.  S ome  of  them  are  not  aware  of  industrial design as a profession. They don't employ any industrial designer but the  design activities are going on the firm .  Also it is possible to see the staff which is not  design educated working as a designer in the organi zations. Small  and  medium  sized  e nterprises are the  most  important  element s of  national  economies  all  over  the  w orld  and  they  have  significant  role  in  design,  development  and  production  of  several  new  products.  But  nowadays, design  means  copying f or  some  small businesses in Turkey . Firms prefer to imitate the most coveted products or  or to produce the similiar of the best - selling products of their  competitors inste ad of  designing unique products. On the other hand, TPE statistics shows that last ten years  averagely 30,000  industrial  design  registrations  is  received.  In  this  study,  by  using  TPE  industrial  design  registration  database,  acceptance  of  industrial  design  occupation  as  a  profession  in  Turkey is examined. Also this study investigates the actors tha t undertake the design  activity in the Turkish manufacturing companies. Whether consciously or not, whether  it is done by a professional designer or not, it is possible to say that every organization  designs.   When it is looked at the researches that have been in conducted in Turkey,  it  is  seen  that  most  of  them  are  concerned  in  the  firms  that  have  an  experience  in  working with designer. This led to a more positive outcome about the  perceptions of  the firms  related to the design and designers. when compare d with the fact. For the purposes of this thesis, TPE database is used and data are statistically analyzed.  Also by internet browsing, data about the firms are collected.  It is possible to attain  data about patents, trademarks and designs from the web site of TPE.  Data ab out the  industrial  design  registrations  are  directly  obtained  from  the  website  of  TPE.  Apart  from this, in order to learn more about the companies, has benefited from their official  web pages, interviews made with company officials, various newspapers and xx magazines  news.  Names  that  are  written  as  industrial  designer  in  industrial  design  registrations  still  had  researched  on  the  internet,  information  is  collected  using  different social networks.  On the TPE industrial design research database, it is possibl e to search according to  the  Locarno class,  product name, designer name, agent name and bulletin name. In this  thesis, to reach all of the  industrial design registrations, Locarno classification based  examination is conducted. For this purpose, firstly Loc arno classification list which is  co nsist of 32 main classes and totally 215 classes wit sub - classes are examined and  the  related  classes  are  defined.  After  that,  two  criterias  are  identified  to  achieve  the  purpoeses of the thesis. First criteria is up - to - dateness and  second one is consistency. Therefore, the  firms that have at least one industrial design registriation per year are  aimed. At first stage 460 firms that meet criteria are listed.  After that, these listed firms  are  searched  via  internet.  Their  official  websites,  news  about  firms,  interviews,  corporate informations are examined. The people that stated as designers in industrial  design registrations are also listed an searched.  All  of  these  data  are  analized  by  using  two  different  classification. First  one  is  Locarno - based classification, second one is sector - based classification. Using  TPE  data,  results  obtained  in  this  thesis  that  investigate  whether  industrial  design profession accepted in Turkey's production sectors and recognized as an area  o f expertise through the ownership of industrial property rights of the industrial design  registered  products,  support  the  issues  that  have  serious  problems  in  the  industrial  design profession in Turkey. It is observed that there are four different cases ac cording to this research.  First case  is;  d esign  educated people undertake  design activities in the company, but  their  names  are not mentioned  in industrial design registration. Second case is; people who are not  design educated, work as design specialist a nd their names are mentioned in industrial  design  registrations.  Third  case  is,  employees working in  other  positions  are  also  participating  design  activit ies and their  names  are  mentioned  in industrial  design  registration s. Last case is; design educated people  undertake the design activities and  their names are mentioned in industrial design registrations. As a result, great rate of 71% of the company's design registrations showed that the  designer  names  in  the  design  regi strations  are  such  as  board  members  or  directors.  Information about 9% of the firms are not found.   Just a small proportion, 21% of the  company's design registrations have names of people design educated. This study that  carried  out  on  industrial  design  re gistrations,  concluded  that  industrial  design  profession  have critical problems. Firms  constancy  about  industrial  design  registration  make  think  that  their  level of  consciousness is high. However, in these firms design activities which are undertaken  by no n - design educated staff shows that firms need more information about industrial  design. According to the research results, some statements l ike innovation, original design and professional  design  team,  especially  seen  in  the  websites  of  companies  operatin g  in  furniture,  glassware  and  plastic  household  appliances sectors show  that  these  firms  don't remain indifferent to the design expectations of consumers. Neverth eless, design  activities which are undertaken by non - design educated people indicate that comp anies  don't  have  enough  information  about  indus trial  design  profession  or  they  are  not  willing to  employ any industrial designer.In Turkey, the companies in  leading positions in th e sectors in which they operate and  that are known to  employ industrial  designer , specify managers as a designer in their  industrial  design  registrations. It also  makes the  situation  even  more  critical. These  companies use industrial design as a competitive factor in the market , but they don't  give the same importance and atte ntion to industrial design  profession and industrial  designer.  When a  sector - based general evaluation is made, furniture industry made the most of  industrial design registration applications and  statements like  ergonomic, functional,  innovative  design, in dustrial  design  team often  expressed in  their  websites. D espite  this, only  16%  of  the  investigated  companies  states  design  educated  people  in  their  industrial  design  registrations. This  ratio  is  highest  in  sectors  where  more  complex  structured products lik e white goods, transport equipments are produced. On the other  hand, in industrial design registrations of the companies which operate in the sectors  that  products  consist  of  simple  components  such  as f ootwear,  glassware,  plastic  household apliances, the number of design educated people decreases.  In the industrial design registrations, the "applicant" is the person who entitled to use  registered design for commercial purposes. As well, the "designer" is the person who  performs design. This means that,  the rights provided to the person who is specified as  designer in industrial design registrations, is spiritual not  property rights . However, the  right  to  be  recognized  as  a  designer  is  non - transferable  and  indispensable.  For  this  reason  there is no provision for writing the name of another person, except that perform  design in  industrial  design registration s . In this case, it is considered that the companies acquired  incomplete  and  incorrect  information about  industrial  design  registratio ns , and the designers  were not concerned much about their rights or they do  not follow  registration procedures.  At first, it can be considered that companies's consistency about industrial design  registrations  is  a  positive  step  about design  awareness  but when  industrial  design  registrations  are  examined it  is  seen  that the  profession  of  industrial  design  is  not  literally adopted by these companies. Seen expressions like  innovative and original designs , powerful design team etc. on  the official websites of the companies , can be considered to be an indicator that they  use design as an advertising and promotional tool. In Turkey, when compared to last  years,  firms are more conscious  about  design but  still it is not clear for them what design is and how to em ploy a designer. This study  aimed to shed light on the obstacles that prevent the awareness about the importance  of  employing  industrial  designers.  It  is  believed  that  this  research  will  help  to  understand how the Turkish manufacturers perceive the industr ial design profession.  Also these findings will help to improve industrial design profession's influence in  Turkish industry. Within the scope of this research , industrial design registrations have not been studied  in terms of quality. Scope of this resear ch has focused on people who were listed as  designer  in the industrial design registrations and number of these registrations. So, it  is  considered  that industrial  design  registration should  be  analyzed  in  terms  of  the  quality  in a detailed way.