İstanbul tarihi Yarımada'da toptan ticaret alanlarının desantralizasyonu sürecinin ve sonuçlarının kentsel mekan bağlamında değerlendirilmesi; İSTOÇ örneği
In the context of urban space evaluation of the decentralization process and results of wholesale trade areas in İstanbul historic peninsula; the case of İSTOÇ
Yazar: ALİ BAHADIR YELKİN
Danışman: PROF. DR. NURAN ZEREN GÜLERSOY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
1980 sonrası dönemde Türkiye'de yaşanan değişimler İstanbul'da kentsel mekan bağlamında büyük değişimlere yol açmıştır. Ekonomik sistemin yaşadığı dönüşüm, kent yönetimlerinde yaşanan sistem değişimi ile birlikte kentleşme başka bir boyuta evrilmiştir. Bu değişimler geleneksel olarak İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada'da yoğunlaşmış olan toptan ticaret faaliyetini ve mekansal ortamlarınıda etkilemiştir.
Değişime uğrayan toptan ticaret faaliyetleri Tarihi Yarımada Merkezi İş Alanı'nda bulunan kendi fiziksel ortamlarında ve çevrelerini etkileyen kentsel mekeanlarda problemler ile karşılaşmaya başlamışlardır. Aynı zaman içerisinde Tarihi Yarımada için yapılan planlamalar bölgeye yoğun bir yük getiren unsurları uzaklaştırmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu bağlamda toptan ticaret faaliyetleri de bölgeden gönderilmesi hedeflenen bir oluşum halini amıştır.
Tez çalışmasının amacı 1980 sonrası dönemde İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada Merkezi İş Alanı'nda yaşanan kentsel mekan değişimlerinin toptan ticaret yapan esnafın mekansal çevresi üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve bu etkinin sebep olduğu kentsel desantralizasyon ile başka bir bölgede oluşturulan yeni bir kentsel mekan olarak İSTOÇ'un değerlendirilmesidir. Bu kapsamda tez çalışması beş bölüm üzerinde kurulmuştur. 
Birinci bölümde çalışmanın konusu ve genel yaklaşım belirlenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak genel çerçeve oluşturulmuş, sorun tespiti ve üzerinde yoğunlaşılan sorular oluşturulmuştur. Bu genel yaklaşım içerisinde tezin amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi açıklanmıştır.
İkinci bölümde İstanbul'da 1980 sonrası yapılan planlamaların MİA içerisinde toptan ticaret yapılan alanalar üzerinde etkisi başlığı altında oluşturulmuştur. Ana hedef olarak İstanbul'da 1980 sonrası dönemde yapılan planlamalarda toptan ticaret alanlarının Tarihi Yarımada Eminönü'nden desantralizasyonuna etki eden kararlar araştırılmıştır. Desantralizasyon sürecini etkileyen diğer etmenlerde bu bölüm içerisinde incelenmiştir.
Üçüncü bölümde toptan ticaret faaliyetinin kentsel mekana yansımaları başlığının inceleme konularını içermektedir. Bu bölümde toptan ticaret faaliyetinin tanımı, iş yapma biçimi ve bunun kentsel mekana yansıması araştırılmıştır. Bu bilgiler temelinde dünya üzerinde ekonomik olarak başat ülkelerdeki örnekler incelenerek tez çalışmasının ana araştırma konusu İSTOÇ ile bulunan karşılaştırılabilir etmenler ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Dördüncü bölümde toptan ticaret yapılan alanların kentsel desantralizasyon sürecinin bir sonuç örneği olarak İSTOÇ üzerinde bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Bölge mekansal bağlamda incelenmiş, desantralizasyon sürecinin etkilediği toptan ticaret esnafı ve diğer aktörler ile yapılan anket ve görüşmeler ile bölgenin mevcut durumu ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Beşinci ve sonuç bölümünde ise; tüm bölümlerden elde edilen bilgiler ile oluşan, İstanbul MİA'dan desantralize olan toptan ticaret yapan esnafın İSTOÇ'a taşınma ve burada devam ettirdikleri faaliyetleri üzerinden genel çerçeve oluşturulmuş ve bu bağlamda elde edilen sonuçlar ve değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda İSTOÇ ile ilgili görüş ve önerilerde bu bölüm içerisinde belirtilmiştir.
Sonuç itibariyle toptan ticaret yapan firmaların İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada MİA'da desantralize edilerek başka bir kentsel mekan olarak İSTOÇ'ta yeniden faaliyetlerine devam edebildikleri ve bu desatralizasyonun iş yapma biçimleri üzerinde hayati bir olumsuz etki yaratmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Abstract:
The changes taking place in Turkey in the period after 1980 in the context of urban space has led to major changes in Istanbul. With the transformation of the economic system and the change of the system in the city administrations, urbanization has evolved to another dimension. These changes have traditionally affected the wholesale trade activity and spatial environments concentrated in the Historic Peninsula of Istanbul.
The wholesale trade activities that have undergone change have begun to encounter problems in their physical environments in the Historic Peninsula Central Business District (CBD) and in urban areas affecting their environment. At the same time, the plans made for the Historic Peninsula aim to remove the elements that bring a heavy burden to the region. In this context, municipality and decision makers aimed to remove wholesale trade zones from the Historic Peninsula."
The aim of this dissertation is to examine how transformations in the Istanbul Historical Peninsula CBD affect the spatial enviorenment of tradesmen. More specifically, it evaluates how such transformations lead to urban decentralization.It considers the case of ISTOC as an example of such new deccentralized urban spaces. In this context, this thesis proceeds in five chapters.
In the first chapter, the subject of the study and the general approach were determined. In this context, this chapter lays out the general framework, identifies the problematics and main questions. It also explains the aim, scope, and method of the thesis.
The second chapter examines the effects of the post-1980 plans on the wholesale trade areas in the Istanbul CBD. As the main objective, it specifically investigates the decisions that caused the decentralization of wholesale trade areas in Eminonu. Other factors affecting the decentralization process are examined in this section.
The creation of decentralized areas in the Istanbul CBD is a reflection of transformations in global economy, and Turkey's efforts to integrate itself into this new economy. For the purpose of wholesale trade, it is aimed to settle in the position of the integration of Istanbul Historical Peninsula with the effects of these radical changes. However, at this point, it is determined by taking into consideration the above mentioned decisions that the urban administration's planning for the region affects the strategy of moving to new regions. At this point, it has been revealed that wholesale trade is big enough to must be organized for a city.
When the results of the plans made in 1980, 1995 and 2005 are examined, it was found that each planning was made on the assumption that the previous one could not be applied. In this planning process, it was accepted that the regions where the tradesmen who are engaged in wholesale trade in Istanbul CBD are not suitable to the new functions. Accordingly, intense commercial activities such as wholesale trade are planned to be decentralized from the region.
The third chapter reviews scholarly works on wholesale trade activities and their impacts on urban spaces. On the basis of this information, the examples of the economically developed countries are examined in a comparative perspective. Trade is one of the most important forces that shape cities. In general, it refers to the cyclical organization of a physical property within the economy. As a branch of trade, wholesale trade is a regulatory service that constitutes this cycle. Wholesale trade is in a position between manufacturers and retailers. According to this, wholesale trade has less relations comparing to retailers but has a larger volume of goods organization. In addition, the value of wholesale trade is very important and impact in the market.
These changes are reflected in the examples of the world in which wholesale trade is carried out. The Yiwu International Trade Center in China constitutes an example of this economic change reflected in urban space through public planning. In addition, the structuring of the organization they have created within the wholesale companies can be observed.
The Bologna Centergross Trade Center in Italy is the result of the decentralization they experience due to the concentration created by the wholesale trade places in the old city center. This process is very similar to ISTOC. As a result of the damage to the regions and structures that need to be protected within the historical CBD with the wholesale trade, the city administration has combined the tradesmen who make wholesale trade in a cooperative axis and directed them to a specific urban space. At this point, it is revealed that wholesale trade cannot be integrated into the efforts to promote tourism and it is a heavy trade arm with a large volume in the economies of the country.
The Dallas Trade Center of the USA is examined in this section because it is an urban space where wholesale trade companies are together. However, being an example in the United States, it provides a research opportunity for the sustainability and continuity of wholesale trade activity in countries with dominant economic power in the world. In this context, the expansion of economic volume and flexibility in the world in the post-1980 period has led to made the Dallas Trade Center a popular place for domestic and interational customers. ISTOC has an intersection with the Dallas Trade Center as a result of the changing economic order.
As a result of the above mentioned literature and case studies, it can be said that wholesale trade activity is a huge activity in a city. This activity is rapidly becoming a part of all changes in the country. Accordingly, wholesale trade activity has undergone major changes in the post-1980 period. It had to move away from the historical city centers and to be located in regions where it could establish faster commercial relations. Wholesale trade zones create their own hinterlands. It has the feature of having large masses together due to large volume of work. It is an organization that needs public planning but reinforced by the private sector in the current economic order.
In the fourth chapter, a study was conducted on ISTOC as a result of the urban decentralization process of the wholesale trade areas. The region was examined in the spatial context, and the current situation of the region was revealed through surveys and interviews conducted with the wholesale trade tradesmen and other actors affected by the decentralization process.
The thesis focuses on wholesale trade in the context of urban space. In this context, ISTOC has been examined as an urban space formed as a result of decentralization of traditional wholesale trade places of Istanbul Historical Peninsula CBD. ISTOC is a cooperative that has been formed by a group of tradesmen as a result of the changes and problems mentioned above in İstanbul Historical Peninsula. At this point, as mentioned above, the tendency of the tradesmen engaged in wholesale trade is effective on urban, managerial and personal basis. This is because wholesale trade is an activity that depends on competition and creation of the market. This is confirmed by the results of the survey. The most important factor that triggered the process of moving to the region was the formation of the market. In this context, it has been revealed that wholesale trade venues decentralized from CBD to the Historic Peninsula have moved to ISTOC with a pragmatic decision. In this process, it is an indication of the fact that firms continue to operate in a certain area and firms continue to operate in certain and areas, choosing to limit their distribution range to certain regions.
The fifth and final section analyzes the results of the survey. It demonsrates the opinions and suggestions of the tradesman on ISTOC. In this context, opinions and suggestions about ISTOC are stated in this section.
As a result, it is seen that the biggest factor in determining the place of tradesmen in wholesale trade is the proximity to the market and companies from the same sector. Eminonu is a region where certain memories are present, the tradesman do not inted to return back to Eminonu. According to this, it can be said that it meets the demands of tradesmen who do wholesale trade for ISTOC.
ISTOC Eminonu was an effective urban planning effort and could respond to the needs of the time when it was planned. But today it fails to meet the needs of wholesale tradesmen. These inadequacies occurred in the process due to user habits, unpredictable cooperative management and rapid change of city. However, decentralization in Eminonu has been successful thanks to the quality of the wholesale companies. It is necessary to solve the problems and develop the region by taking large-scale decisions, which include the participation of city management actors.
ISTOC is an indicator of how the changing dynamics in the post-1980 Period in Turkey affected the urban space. The historical peninsula reveals the conditions under which traditional wholesale trade activities are decentralized from the region under the circumstances, and what kind of reaction is taken from the new situation. ISTOC and similar trade zones formations need to be increased with more contemporary solutions. Accordingly, the influence of large scale economic formations such as wholesale trade on urban space and urbanization and its environment cannot be denied.
In the light of all this information, although ISTOC Eminonu responds to the needs at the time it was planned as an urban space in which the wholesale trade spaces are decentralized in the CBD, today it shows insufficiencies in meeting the needs of wholesale tradesmen. These inadequacies were caused by user habits, situations that cooperative management could not foresee and the rapid change of the city. However, thanks to the nature of meeting the tendency of wholesale traders to come together, the result of decentralization from Eminönü region has been successful. Currently, multi-participatory, large-scale decisions including the city management actors should be taken to solve the problems and ensure the development of the region.
As a result, it is concluded that the wholesale companies engaged in wholesale trade can be reorganized in the Istanbul Historical Peninsula CBD and resumed their activities in ISTOC. Decentralization has a significant positive impact on their business.