CBS tabanlı karar destek sistemi ile kilitli teslimat dolabı yer seçimi
GIS based decision support system for the site selection of parcel locker
Yazar: ECE ORTAK
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. AHMET ÖZGÜR DOĞRU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Bilişim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Uygulamaları Ana Bilim Dalı / Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology ; Coğrafya = Geography ; Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Kargo hizmetleri = Cargo services ; Tesis yer seçimi = Site selection ; Çok kriterli karar verme = Multi criteria decision making

Özet:
20.yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren bilgi teknolojileri ve iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler hayatımızın her alanını etkilemiş ve elektronik ticaret kavramını hayatımıza katmıştır. E-ticaret, ticari işlemlerin olan internet üzerinden gerçekleştirilmesi sürecidir. 2020 yılının başında ortaya çıkan ve hızlı bir şekilde dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 pandemisi nedeniyle birçok ülkede fiziki mağaza ve marketlerin kapanması ve tüketicilerin evde kalmaya teşvik edilmesi, perakende e-ticareti önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Günümüzde giderek daha fazla insan fiziksel mağazalara gitmek yerine internetten ürün satın almaktadır. 
E-ticaret kullanımının giderek yaygınlaşması ile kentsel bölgelerdeki ev ve işyerine teslimat talebinin artması nedeniyle e-ticaret sektöründeki pazar yerleri, lojistik hizmet sağlayıcıları, topluluklar ve diğer paydaşlar son kilometre teslimatlarını organize etmekte zorlanmaktadır. Son kilometre teslimatı şu anda tüm lojistik zincirinin en pahalı, en verimsiz ve çevreyi kirleten parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Son yıllarda, birçok çalışma, son kilometre teslimatlarının olumsuz yönlerini ve etkilerini azaltmak için tek noktaya çoklu teslimat imkânı sunan hizmet noktası ve kilitli teslimat dolapları gibi alternatif önlemlere odaklanmıştır. Kilitli teslimat dolapları; 7 gün 24 saat hizmet sunabilen akıllı kilitli dolaplardır. Tüketicilerin, e-ticaret pazar yerlerinden satın aldıkları ürünlerini teslim almasına ve iade etmesine yardımcı olan kilitli teslimat dolapları son dönemde Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de hızla yayılmaya başlamış ve son araştırmaların odak noktası haline gelmiştir. 
Kilitli teslimat dolaplarının konumları, kullanımlarının başarılı olmasında çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Kilitli teslimat dolapları konumlandırırken demografik yapı, tüketicilerin alışveriş ve seyahat alışkanlıkları, kentsel arazi kullanımı, ev ve iş yerine yakınlık gibi birçok faktör göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Aynı zamanda teslimat noktalarının konumlarını belirlemek için kullanılan kriterler yerel koşulların bir sonucu olarak ülkeden ülkeye değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu çalışma ile; literatürde ele alınan kilitli teslimat dolapları yer seçimi kriterlerden yola çıkılarak, teslimat noktalarının yer seçiminde Türkiye'ye özgü önemli roller oynayabilecek kriterlerin belirlenmesi ve yer seçimi modeli oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Literatür araştırması sonucunda yer seçimi kriterleri belirlenmiş ve uzman görüşünde belirtilen önceliklerine göre ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Çalışma alanı olarak; İstanbul ilinde Anadolu yakasındaki 5 ilçe seçilmiştir. Yer seçimi modeli için mekânsal karar verme sürecinde destek sağlayan CBS araçları kullanılmıştır. 5 ilçede yürüme erişim alanına göre 500m*500m'lik altıgen gridler oluşturulmuş ve gridler içerisinde kriterler analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda 5 ilçede kilitli teslimat dolabı yer seçimi için uygunluk analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda kilitli teslimat dolaplarının öncelikli olarak konumlandırılabileceği potansiyel gridler tespit edilerek, örnek bir CBS tabanlı yer seçimi modeli oluşturulmuştur.

Abstract:
At the beginning of the 20th century, significant developments occurred in information and communication technologies. Especially with the introduction of the "WorldWideWeb" in 1991, internet technology began to proliferate with the first internet connections, bringing about significant and rapid changes in social and economic life worldwide. These advancements also gave rise to a new perspective on commerce, leading to the emergence of the concept of e-commerce. Commerce involves the buying and selling of products, services, and goods with the aim of profit and gain through physical connections. Electronic commerce, on the other hand, refers to the process of purchasing goods and services over the internet. The most significant innovation brought by e-commerce is the creation of new marketing opportunities for businesses, providing seamless promotion, marketing, and sales to a larger consumer base. From the consumer's perspective, it reduces search costs and allows for easier and more economical access to a greater variety of products.
With advancing technology, the e-commerce sector in Turkey has grown rapidly, parallel to global trends. The concept of electronic commerce first emerged in Turkey in the 1990s with the commercialization of the internet. The advent of smartphones in 2008 further facilitated online shopping. The Covid-19 pandemic, originating in China in early 2020 and rapidly spreading worldwide, significantly impacted retail e-commerce due to the closure of physical stores and the encouragement of consumers to stay at home. The pandemic caused abrupt and rapid changes in consumer spending habits, leading consumers to turn to e-commerce sales due to social distancing measures, lockdowns, and restrictions. Many consumers started using e-commerce methods for essential needs for the first time, such as elderly consumers and those living in small towns. Additionally, some sellers accelerated their transition to e-commerce during this period.
Over the past decade, technological developments have made online shopping increasingly popular, gradually replacing traditional in-store shopping. More and more people prefer purchasing products online rather than visiting physical stores. The global growth of online shopping has influenced people's activity and travel patterns and the last-mile delivery of goods. The e-commerce sector is struggling to organize last-mile deliveries to meet both economic and environmental sustainability requirements. Currently, last-mile delivery is considered the most expensive, inefficient, and environmentally polluting part of the entire logistics chain for the sector. Home deliveries are often the preferred method for deliveries. However, unsuccessful home deliveries result from many recipients not being at home during delivery hours. Failed deliveries contribute to an increase in vehicle kilometers traveled by courier companies and recipients to collect or return packages. Therefore, this situation contributes to urban transportation problems and worsens urban environmental quality. In recent years, many studies have focused on alternative measures, such as service points and secure delivery lockers offering the possibility of multiple deliveries to a single location, to mitigate the negative aspects and impacts of last-mile deliveries. Secure delivery lockers are smart locked cabinets that provide 24/7 service, assisting consumers in receiving and returning products purchased from e-commerce marketplaces. These lockers have rapidly spread worldwide and have become the focus of recent research in both the world and Turkey. In today's Turkey, the main companies operating in the field of locker delivery services include Trendyol Gel Al 7/24, Hepsimat, Easy Point, PTT Kargomat, Pudo Box, Yurtiçi Kargo Plus 7/24, and Kargopark. However, there is currently no widespread network of locker delivery systems across the country, and the existing locker delivery systems are not being utilized efficiently. The locations of secure delivery lockers play a crucial role in their successful use. When positioning these lockers, various factors such as demographic structure, shopping and travel habits of consumers, urban land use, and proximity to homes and workplaces should be taken into consideration. Additionally, the criteria used to determine the locations of delivery points may vary from country to country due to local conditions.
Site selection is indeed one of the oldest challenges humanity has faced, captivating many researchers due to its complex nature. The decision for site selection is a strategic and long-term investment. Changing this decision is difficult and costly and should be analytically modeled. A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, manage, analyze, and visualize all types of geographically referenced information. GIS provides a digital representation of the real world and is used to answer questions and support decisions in operational management and decision-making processes. Geographic Information Systems help expedite site selection studies and present results through a more synthetic approach. Location analysis is conducted more efficiently and at a lower cost. Therefore, GIS-based location analysis should be integrated into the decision-making process. This study aims to identify criteria that could play important roles in the location selection of delivery points in Turkey, based on the criteria discussed in the literature related to the location selection of secure delivery lockers. The study also aims to create a GIS based location selection model. 
Within the scope of this study, a literature review was conducted to determine the criteria for selecting locker delivery locations. Twelve academic studies in the field of locker delivery were examined, and the criteria mentioned in these studies for locker delivery location selection were identified. To evaluate the location selection criteria in a standardized manner, the hierarchical structure in urban planning components and zoning plan representations in Turkey was taken as a basis. Accordingly, the criteria were established in three tiers. Settlement areas, urban work areas, social infrastructure areas, and transportation infrastructure areas form the first tier. The second-tier criteria include population density and socio-economic status under settlement areas, commercial areas and official institutions under urban work areas, educational facilities, healthcare facilities, socio-cultural facilities, and worship areas under social infrastructure areas, and road network length, public transportation stations, and parking lots under transportation infrastructure areas. The third-tier criteria are created by detailing the titles specified in the second-tier criteria. To determine the importance of all criteria in the location selection model, a face-to-face interview was conducted with the business development manager of a locker delivery company in Turkey. According to the expert evaluation from the interview, the weights of the criteria were determined. Istanbul's Anatolian side, including the Kadıköy, Üsküdar, Ataşehir, Ümraniye, and Maltepe districts, was selected as the application area for the location selection model. These districts were chosen due to the availability of location selection criteria and the existing network of locker delivery points reaching a certain size. The hexagonal grid layer forms the basis of the location selection model. When creating hexagonal grids, a pedestrian walking distance of 500 meters was taken as the edge length. Hexagonal grids covering the five districts in the application area were created. Spatial and attribute data were obtained from various institutions in line with the specified criteria. These data were associated with hexagonal grids through GIS tools, and the base layers of the model were created. The model was built and automated using the Model Builder tool in ArcGIS ArcMap 10.8.2 software. The base layers were weighted according to the weights determined by expert opinion, and model result scores were generated. To evaluate the suitability of location selection, the result scores were classified into five groups: Very Suitable, Suitable, Moderately Suitable, Less Suitable, and Not Suitable. According to the model results, Kadıköy, Üsküdar, and Ümraniye are the districts with the highest density of Very Suitable and Suitable hexagonal grids for locker delivery location selection. Maltepe is the district where Less Suitable hexagonal grids are concentrated. The results of the location selection model were compared with the locations of existing locker delivery points. As a result of the comparison, it was found that existing locker delivery points are predominantly located in Suitable and Moderately Suitable areas. This study, which establishes a GIS-based decision support mechanism for locker delivery location selection, is instructive in addressing concepts, examining e-commerce delivery methods and locker delivery service, and presenting the created location selection criteria and model for future studies. In future studies, this model, developed through collaboration between the private sector, academia, and the public sector, can be applied to different regions.