Mimariye dair bakış düzenlemeleri
Gaze regulations about architecture
Yazar: GAMZE ÖZTÜRK
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. SAİT ALİ KÖKNAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Mimariye dair bakış düzenlemelerini inceleyen çalışma, bu bakış düzenlemelerinin mimari deneyimi nasıl etkilediğini tartışmaktadır.
Nereden, nasıl ve ne aracılığıyla bakıldığına bağlı olarak aynı dünya farklı biçimlerde algılanabilir. Bakış düzenlemeleri, bizi kuşatan dünyanın bize görünür ya da görünmez kılınmasını sağlar. Bakış aracılığıyla mimari nesnenin nasıl görüneceği ve öznenin nasıl göreceği düzenlenir. Mimariye dair bakış düzenlemeleri bakan özne ve bakılan nesneye yöneliktir. Bakışı düzenleyen araçların mimari deneyimi nasıl etkilediğini ortaya çıkarmak için, bakışı düzenleyen her bir aracın özneyi ve nesneyi vurguladığı durumları incelemek uygun olacaktır. 
Bakan özne ve bakılan nesne arasındaki etkileşimsel ilişkinin boyutlarını bakışı düzenleyen araçlar belirler. Özne, nesne ve eylemin kurduğu bu döngünün içinde yaşanacak deneyim; döngüdeki öğelerin ayrı ayrı var olması ya da birbirleriyle bir etkileşim içinde olmalarına göre şekillenir. Çoğaltmak için, öznenin dış dünyadan gelen uyarılara tepki vermesi ve bu yolla dünyayla etkileşim içine girmesi gerekir. Yapılan düzenlemeler, edilgen bir almaya ya da etkin bir algılamaya neden olur. Deneyimin çoğaldığı durumlar, etkin bir algılama neticesinde özne ve nesnenin birbirlerinin yaşantılarına katıldıkları durumlardır. Bu katılımın gerçekleşmediği durumlarda, özne seyircileşir ve nesne seyirlikleşir. Katılımın gerçekleşmediği; seyretmeye teşvik eden düzenlemeler deneyimi indirgeyecektir. Mekâna katılımı teşvik eden düzenlemeler ise deneyimi çoğaltacaktır. Deneyim, özne ve nesne arasındaki ayrımın keskinliğine göre azalıp artacaktır.
Çalışma, bakışı düzenleyen her bir aracın nesneyi ve özneyi vurguladığı durumları inceleyerek; deneyimin bu durumlarda nasıl şekilleneceğini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Abstract:
This study, examining the gaze regulations about architecture, discusses in detail how these regulations affect the architectural experience.
The same concepts can be perceived in different forms depending on how, from where and through what they were viewed. Gaze regulations makes the world –which we are surrounded by- become visible or invisible for us. Through the gaze, it is regulated how the architectural object will be seen and how the subject will see. The tools, regulating the gaze, in terms of architecture, are oriented to the subject (that looks) and the space (that is looked at). In order to reveal the effects of the tools regulating the gaze on the architectural experience, it will be appropriate to examine the circumstances that every tool emphasis both on the subject and the object.
The interactive relationship between the subject (that looks) and the object (that is looked at) are defined by the tools regulating the gaze. The experience had in the cycle build up by the body, subject and  the action shapes as the elements in the cycle exist separately or are in interaction with each other. The subject should react to the stimuli from the outer world and get in interaction with the world to increase the experience. The regulations cause a passive receiving and an active perception. The experience increases when the subject and the object are involved with their lives as a result of effective perception. In case of nonparticipation, the subject becomes a watcher and the object becomes watched.Regulations that encourage to watch without  the participation and involvement will decrease the experience while the regulations that encourage participation to the space will increase the experience.The decrease and increase of experience depends on the strenght of the distinction between object and subject.
The knowledge of the space is obtained by framing a relationship between the object and the subject. When the distinction between the object and subject is established, the subject  is positioned as the information resource for the object. Then "to look" becomes the main tool to reach all the information beyond the seen, without any leakage. According to this approach, to see an object requires to distinguish the difference between the knowing subject and informative object.
How an "object" will be seen and a "subject" will see, are regulated by the gaze itself. Gaze regulations are oriented to the subject and the object. When action is also becomes the part of the one that gazes and the one that is gazed, one can observe the interactive loop. The body is also requisite for the action. Addition to this, the object is requiried by the body to take an action. The experience that will be part of the loop, which is built by the object, the subject and the action, is shaped differently if the elements of this loop are seperate or having an interaction between each other. In another word, gaze regulations frame the experience in a space accoring to the various positions which could either emphasize the difference or narrow the distance in between.
The subject responds to the stimuli which comes from the world surrounding it. The subject responding to the impulses shows that it has an interaction with its environment. When the subject understands its environment efficently and effectively, it responds to the stimuli, becomes part of this environment and interacts with it. The difference between watching and participating reminds the difference between active perception and passive perception. If the body cannot become the part of the environment surrounding it, it starts to become passive. An efficent perception is required for an interaction between the subject and the object. Architectural object could be internalised by an efficent perception and accordingly, the experience is augmented. The stimulus by the subject is repsonded by the architectural object. Then one could see the possibilities for interaction between the subject and the object. There are many differences between different mutual expereinces of the object and the subject, it is not possible to compare the confrontation, tangency and rencounter. Visually attractive buildings collect the "gaze" on them. Instead of participating to them, one could only watch. In order to understand a building effectively, one oguht to be part of it in a daily basis. Otherwise the building becomes only an object to watch.
In this study, it is intented to indicate how gaze regulations would affect the architectural experience. In the time when the images are multiplied numerously, how the architectural objects will be seen and the subjects will see them, becomes crucial. Gaze ragulations are oriented to the subject that looks and the space which is looked at. The second quesiton of this study tries to exaimne the tools which are used for regulating the gaze. It is seen that, occasionally these tools may emphasize the object or the subject. And it is intented to show how these tools actually affect the architectural experience accordingly. And this emphasis on the object or on the subject comes to prominence regarding the distance or narrowing the distance in between these two.
In the study, the following headlines; focus, senses, memory, measurement, context and the body will be discussed as the tools that regulate the gaze.Under the headline of 'focus', perspective regulations that fix the eye to a central point or move it around the points; under the headline of 'senses', regulations that snatch the eye from other senses or open the space up to all sensory experiences; under the headline of 'memory', regulations that shape present time by past experiences or regulations of current expectations shaped by the old habits; under the headline of 'measurement', regulations that calculate the quantitative relationships between objects or aim to evaluate the interaction between the subject and the object; under the headline of 'context', regulations that demonstrate the structure in or out the context; under the headline of 'body', regulations that include or not include the body into the interaction area will be mentioned.
The study opens up a discussion about how emphasis on the object and the subject shapes the experience by examining the circumstances of emphasis on the object and the subject by every tool that regulates the gaze.