Tek katlı konut tasarımında biçim grameri modeli gecekondu tipi üzerine uygulanması
A Shape grammar model in single storey housign design: Applying to gecekondu type
Yazar: HÜLYA GÜRPINAR
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. GÜLEN ÇAĞDAŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1993
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Gecekondular = Squatters ; Konut tasarımı = Housing design

Özet:
In the Top-Down Method, there is an initial shape and this shape is developed by divided during design process. Top-Down Method is appropriate for routine design. In Bottom-Up Method, user chooses one alternative from given repertoire. If the repertoire hasn't got rich alternatives, the solution will be limited. Bottom-Up Method is appropriate for innovative design. In Case-Based Reasoning Method, generalization takes place only at the time that the knowledge is to be used. In order to apply a previous case to a new problem, it is necessary to match the problem structures of old and new cases. Tools used in design have been classified in seven parts: - Generic Tools - Parametric Tools - Prototype Tools - Transformation Tools - Knowledge Tools - Grammar Tools - Cellular Automata Tools The grammar tools are most using tools. These tools are classified in three parts: - Shape Grammar - Fractals - Pattern Language The shape grammer used in this study, supplies to determine the type of joining of design elements according to rules. In the third part, expert system in artificial intelligence and problem solving strategies for expert systems have been examined. Expert systems deal with difficult, ill-structured problems in complex domains for which no straight forward algorithmic solutions exist. These systems are designed to solve problems more or like in a similiar manner as real experts. An expert system has been occuried by four parts: - Domain Expert - Knowledge Engineer - Propramming Languages - User XI

Abstract:
A shape grammar model which can be used in single storey gecekondu design has been explained. The aim of the thesis is to form a system which assists to user who built his house by himself in design process and which directs to design. This model based on knowledge and geometric modelling has been developed in Pascal programming language which enables to graphic study. The thesis consists of eight parts. In the first part, the aim and the context of the study has been explained. In the second part, computer using in computer aided architectural design has been examined. It has been given information about design classes, methods and tools, in order to assist forming of the aiming model in this part. The design types have been classified in three parts according to Gero: a) Routine Design: Routine dsign assumes that: The design problems is well defined and client requriments are well understood, that a parametrized prototype for design and a data base of parameter variations exist. b) Innovative Design: Innovative design reffered to as prototype adaptation and prototype combination is used if the refinement of a known prototype will most likely not to a satisfactory solution. c) Creative Design: It involves the development of new solutions that may only be partially defined at the outset. Final design is posibble that a unique solution. The design methods have been classified in three parts: - Top-Down Method - Bottom-Up Method - Case-Based Reasoning MethodIn the Top-Down Method, there is an initial shape and this shape is developed by divided during design process. Top-Down Method is appropriate for routine design. In Bottom-Up Method, user chooses one alternative from given repertoire. If the repertoire hasn't got rich alternatives, the solution will be limited. Bottom-Up Method is appropriate for innovative design. In Case-Based Reasoning Method, generalization takes place only at the time that the knowledge is to be used. In order to apply a previous case to a new problem, it is necessary to match the problem structures of old and new cases. Tools used in design have been classified in seven parts: - Generic Tools - Parametric Tools - Prototype Tools - Transformation Tools - Knowledge Tools - Grammar Tools - Cellular Automata Tools The grammar tools are most using tools. These tools are classified in three parts: - Shape Grammar - Fractals - Pattern Language The shape grammer used in this study, supplies to determine the type of joining of design elements according to rules. In the third part, expert system in artificial intelligence and problem solving strategies for expert systems have been examined. Expert systems deal with difficult, ill-structured problems in complex domains for which no straight forward algorithmic solutions exist. These systems are designed to solve problems more or like in a similiar manner as real experts. An expert system has been occuried by four parts: - Domain Expert - Knowledge Engineer - Propramming Languages - User XIProblem solving strategies for expert systems have been classified in two parts: 1)Global Search a)Fonvard Chaining: The system works fonvard from an initial state of known facts to a goal state. If it is reached to dead solution, it is backtrucked. b)Backward Chaining: The system tries to reach initial state checking the knovvn facts. c)Depth^First Search: in this method, the search begins in initial knot and follows öne way. d)Breadth-First Search: in this method, designer examines ali alternatives in the knot, before going to the other knot. 2)Local Search a)Generate and Test: A üst of the plans is occuried by architectural searchers and each of them is tested until the study reachs to aim. b)Hill Climbing: it is a variation of the generate-test method. Every new solution is accepted if it is most successftıl between the others. c)Heurisüc Search:In this method, the main components of the problem are solved and the less important problems aren't examined. in the fourth part, the studies which have been done in computer aided design have been examined. These studies have been classified in three parts: 1)The Studies That The Top-Down Method Used in -Bungalow Houses, -Chinese Lattice Design, -Mughul Gardens, -Knowledge Based Floor Plan Design By Space Partitioning. 2)The Studies That The Bottom-Up Method Used in -Queen Anne Houses -Japan Tea Rooms 3)Heuristic Generation of Layouts (HeGel) xiiThese studies have been example for the model which have been designed about gecekondus. it has been used shape grammar in fırst two group. in the third group, it has been used Heuristic Methods. in the fifth part, environment and Gecekondu concepts have been examined. Man-Environment communication is very important in determination of the house shape. Approaches used in design have been classifıed in four parts: -Pragmatic Design: Pragmatic design was based on using materials by trial-and- error to establish building form. Pragmatism can stili extend much further into design. -Iconic Design: it is an approach that the men use the ancastor methods. -Analogical Design: it is an approach which is enable to direct new designs. -Canonic Design: it is an approach that the geometrical principles, ratio and modular system have been used. After environment concept, the gecekondu concept has been examined. "Gecekondu" term has been appeared after 1950 in Turkey. Because the state couldn't solve the housing problem, men who migrate to the cities have buut his houses by himself and have occuried squatter settlements. The general characteristics of Gecekondus can be classifıed in two parts: -The characteristics releated to layout and design. -The characteristics releated to built process. Especially, this settlements which have been seen in 3rd. World Countries, caused the ruined urbanization. in order to solve this problem, şelf housing method has been developed. At the end of this part, example settlements where this method (Şelf Help Housing) used have been examined. in the sixth part, typological analysis which is a data base to establish shape grammar, has been examined. This analysis occuried by houses vvhich is chosen from Kuruçeşme, Maslak, Gültepe, Örnek Mahallesi, 19 Mayıs Mahallesi, Esatpaşa Mahallesi ve Esenler. These houses are single storey and their functional characteristics are similiar. in this part, these ten phase has been analysed: -Obtaining of the living, sanitary and store units. -Room areas -House areas, xüi-Dimensions of places (Min. and Max. width, length) -The types and dimensions of terrace -Terrace areas -Stairs -Dimensions of door and window -Morphological classifıcation of house plans The solutions obtained fröm analsis have been represented with graphs. in the seventh part, the phases of the model which have been established with computer have been explained. System goes on with questions which are asked to user and the answers. At the end of the question-answer phase, user reaches to house type that he wants. This phases are seperated five parts: -Choosing of the number of living units -Determination of the entrance -Choosing of the sanitary units -Determination of the functions -Choosing of terrace which is appropriate for houses After determination of single storey hose type, the dimension phase has been done and the house drawing has been shown in computer screen. in the eigth part, the general results of the study have been explained.