Sıcak-kuru iklim bölgelerinde enerji korunumu-yerleşme dokusu-form etkileşimi:Geleneksel Diyarbakır evleri örneği
Energy conservation-settlement pattern–form interaction in hot-arid climate zone:Traditional Diyarbakır houses
Yazar: İDİL ERDEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜL KOÇLAR ORAL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Enerji korunumu = Energy conservation ; Mimari = Architectural ; Mimari doku = Architectural texture ; Mimari form = Architectural form ; Mimari çevre = Architectural environment ; İklimsel faktörler = Climatic factors

Özet:
Çevre ve enerji problemlerinin giderek arttığı günümüz koşullarında, önemli ölçüde enerji tüketerek çevresel sorunlara yol açan binalar, enerjiyi etkin kullanmanın ve sürdürülebilir çevreler oluşturmanın yollarını aramalıdır. Bu kapsamda, farklı iklim bölgelerinde yer alan ve iklime uyumlu tasarım parametreleri aracılığı ile enerji harcamalarını minimize eden geleneksel yapılar, yıllar süren deneyimle kazanılan birçok bilgiyi tasarım anlayışlarıyla aktararak, çağdaş yapılara enerji korunumu açısından önemli veriler sunmaktadır. 
Bu çalışmada sıcak-kuru iklim bölgesinde yer alan geleneksel Diyarbakır evlerinin tasarım verilerinden yola çıkılarak, bina formu ve yerleşme dokusu parametrelerinin ısıtma ve soğutma enerjisi harcamaları üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla geliştirilen bina alternatifleri enerji simülasyonları aracılığı ile değerlendirilmiştir.Tez kapsamında, giriş bölümünde çalışmanın çıkş noktası olan enerji sorunları üzerinde durularak, güncel binaların doğal sistemlere adaptasyonu analiz edilmiş ve bu noktadan  yola çıkarak konunun amacı, kapsamıve yöntemi aktarılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, sıcak-kuru iklim bölgesi koşullarında konforlu yapma çevreler oluşturmak için dikkate alınması gereken enerji etkin tasarım parametreleri üç ana başlık altında incelenmiştir: Kullanıcıya ilişkin parametreler, dış çevreye ilişkin parametreler ve yapma çevreye ilişkin parametreler.
Üçüncü bölümde, geleneksel Diyarbakır evlerinin karakteristik özellikleri analiz edilerek, enerji korunumunu etkileyen tasarım parametreleri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Bölgenin dış çevreye ilişkin verileri sıcaklık, güneş ışınımı, dış hava nemliliği ve rüzgar olarak analiz edilerek bu koşullara uyum sağlayan geleneksel konutlarda kullanılan tasarım kriterleri , yerleşme ölçeğinde ve yapı ölçeğinde detaylı olarak açıklanmıştır. 
Dördüncü bölümde, çalışmada kullanılan tasarım parametrelerine ilişkin veriler belirlenerek, referans bina formları ve yerleşme dokuları oluşturulmuştur. Ardından yapılan simülasyonlarda kulanılacak veriler ve ortam koşullarına dair kabuller tanımlanarak, alternatif binaların ısıtma ve soğutma yükleri hesaplanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra geleneksel evlerin pasif olarak sağladıkları yapı performansı ve mevsimlik kitlelerin iç sıcaklıklarına bağlı olarak sundukları konfor koşulları simülasyonlar aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca geleneksel konutların en karakteristik özelliklerinden biri olan bina kabuğunun yüksek ısıl kütle ve uzun zaman geciktirme özelliklerinin iklim koşullarına uyum sağlamada gösterdikleri avantajlar, alternatif bir kabuk önerisi ile karşılaştırmalar yapılarak analiz edilmiştir. Uygulama sonucu elde edilen verilerin kıyaslamaları tablo ve grafikler oluşturularak eklerde sunulmuş, en düşük enerji harcamalarına sahip bina formu ve yerleşme dokusu alternatifleri araştırılmıştır.
Beşinci bölümde, elde edilen sonuçlar açıklanarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucu geleneksel binaların mimarlara sundukları önemli veriler ve bu verilerden yola çıkarak ulaşılan enerji etkin tasarım parametrelerinin enerji korunumu açısından önemi açıklanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada geleneksel yapıların iklime duyarlı tasarım anlayışları ile  sağladıkları enerji korunumuna yönelik parametreler ve çözümler aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Diyarbakır bölgesi için yapılan araştırmalardan edinilen bilgiler ışığında sıcak-kuru iklim bölgesi için bina formu ve yerleşme dokusu alternatifleri geliştirilmiş ve yapılan simülasyonlar sonucu ısıtma-soğutma harcamalarına bağlı olarak bu alternatiflerin sağladığı konfor koşulları irdelenmiştir.

Abstract:
One of the most important tasks of architects is to provide needs of future generations by creating a healthy and sustainable environments. The goal of sustainable design is to fulfill the needs of  users without damaging the natural balances by using minimum amount of energy. However, in reality buildings have consumed a great amount of energy during their lifecycles. Therefore, the solutions addressed to environmental issues should be primaly concentrated on. In this case various examples of traditional architecture in different climatic zones prove that choosing appropriate values for energy efficient design parameters results in low energy buildings. Hence, traditional buildings should be considered as main source books that offer the knowledge gained through many years of experience to contemporary building design. This study aims to investigate the effect of building form and settlement pattern on heating and cooling loads in Diyarbakır as the representative city of the hot-dry climate zone of Turkey via simulations performed by Design Builder.
Originally, sustainable design is not a new concept which has been practiced throughout centruies. To create a comfortable environment that accord with ecosystem, has been always the primary objectives of architectures and achiving it with minimum energy could be defined as a major design success. However, most of the modern buildings that causes high levels of energy consumptions had been built by ignoring these elemental criteria. For this reason, the architects must be self-conscious about designing for nature and creating sustainable environment in order to preserve energy sources. To achieve this goal, energy efficient design parameters should be considered during design stage with  regard to environment conditions. Especially many researches and analyses must be done to obtain adequate information about the climate, since it may provide the accurate data about the design decisions.
Within the scope of this study, the first chapter represents the purpose of the study by investigating the reasons of the problems linked to high usage levels of energy. In Turkey, standardization of building methods by ignoring environmental data has caused major energy problems. Additionally, climate change scenarios in association with global warming may conduce to desertification that ends up with spread of hot-arid climate region. For this reason, the design criteria compatible to climate, in this case particullary hot-arid climate is very important for today and will become crucial in the near future. Thus, energy efficient design parameters based on climate focused design is essential to obtain a healty and sustainable built environment. In this work, two very specific parameters of hot-arid climate such as settlement pattern and building form are evaluated through analyzing the example of traditional Diyarbakır houses.
In the second chapter, energy efficient design parameters for hot-arid regions are represented under three main categories in respect to climatic caracteristics:
•	Design parameters related to user
•	Design parameters related to climate 
•	Design parameters related to building
"Design parameters related to user" is defined the comfort level conditions of the human along with indoor climatic conditions in a built environment by two main parameters such as activity level (Met) and insulation value of clothing (Clo). "Design parameters related to climate" represents the inputs that identify the characteristics of local climate by solar radiation, outdoor air temperature, outdoor air humidity and wind. "Design parameters related to building" analyzes the design criterias to create comfortable sustainable buildings in hot-arid climate; building site, distance between buildings, orientation of building, building form, optical and thermophysical properties of building envelope and passive control systems (natural ventilation and solar control systems).
In the third chapter, passive design parameters used in traditional Diyarbakır houses that are located in hot-arid climate zone of Turkey are investigated under two titles; design parameters related to climate and design parameters related to building. The climatic data of Diyarbakır is very distinctive with very hot summer and low humidity levels. Besides, the temperature difference between day and night is very high and caused termal discomfort in built environments. The settlement pattern of old Diyarbakır is very dense because of the limited urban area surrounded by city walls. The distances between houses are very narrow to obtain shady streets through daytime. Self-closed courtyard building forms are preferred due to benefit from courtyard worked as a heat sink that balances the heat transfers during extreme summer conditions. Building envelope of traditional Diyarbakır houses is also well-designed to adapt the climatic conditions. Thick heavy walls are able to store heat energy due to their great thermal mass capacity and to delay the effect of extreme outdoor temperatures on indoor environment due to time lag. Additionally passive systems are used to enhance comfort conditions such as natural ventilation and solar control.
In the fourth chapter, the parameters choosen and the simulations carried out are explained. The principle parameters of this study such as four settlement pattern and several different building form combinations are originated from traditional Diyarbakır houses. Furthermore, main inputs like weather data, building envelope and system properties are also acquired from the traditional design criterias. First of all, building alternatives are generated for comparison and then the simulations are made under determined environmental conditions. Heating and cooling loads of buildings are calculated and compared based on created building form located in defined settlement patterns. Moreover, the performance of building envelope in hot-arid climate conditions are evaluated by making comparisons with an alternative building envelope. Besides, passive building performance and indoor comfort conditions are calculated separately. All the results obtained from the simulations realized by Design Builder are compared with each other to procure the optimum alternatives. In this case, the best energy consumption results are taken from the building form alternative with inner court building type and the lowest shape factor. The lowest cooling energy results are attained from the most densely settled pattern as seen in the real hot-arid climate regions. Detailed comparisons are given in the appendix section using charts and tables.
In the fifth chapter, an overall analysis is given to underline the context of the study with the remarkable results. A brief summary of the process with highlighted points and essential informations are also represented. The final section also mentions the significance of energy conservation in global world and benefits of energy efficient design to achieve sustainable buildings. Additionaly, the purpose of this work and the future expectations are mentioned.
As a result, this study aims to show the energy efficiency of traditional buildings by using simulation programs. The alternative parameters developed from the roots of Diyarbakır houses shows that the variables determined in a systematic approach and the decisions taken during the design stage could result in a sustainable built environment. The comparisons of building alternatives also aim to help architects to define appropriate values during design stage. The obtained data show that building production with essential analysis leads to a climate responsive design which provides required comfort conditions with optimum energy consumption. As a further study, a settlement model performed all energy efficient parameters by using hybrid green energy sources might be developed. Thus, to produce energy efficient buildings that consider user needs may provide a more healty built and sustainable environment.