Tepkimeli yüzey tasarımlarının Deleuze'ün kıvrım kavramı üzerinden okunması
Reading the responsive surface design approach through Deleuze's fold theory
Yazar: ATAKAN YOLCU
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. NESİP ÖMER EREM
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Deleuze, Gilles = Deleuze, Gilles ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Tepkimeli mimarlık = Reactive architecture

Özet:
20. yüzyıl sonrası malzeme ve bilgi teknolojisinin ilerlemesi ile birlikte mimarlıkta alternatif tasarım ve yapma yöntemleri gelişimini sürdürmektedir. Diğer yandan çevre ve insan arasında yapı aracılığı ile kurulan bağın zayıflaması; mimarlık alanında farklı arayışları ve deneysel çalışmaları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu bağlamda alternatif düşüncelerden biri olarak görülen tepkimeli mimari tasarım yaklaşımı; çevre-mekân-insan arasındaki ilişkileri daha dinamik ve çok yönlü olarak kurma potansiyeli sunmaktadır. Tepkimeli mimari tasarım yaklaşımı ile çevre-mekân-insan arasındaki ilişkilerin nasıl okunabileceği ve nasıl daha etkili bir şekilde kurgulanabileceği sorusuna cevap arayan bu tez çalışmasında; yapıların dış çevre ile iç mekân arasındaki bağlantısını kurgulayan ve insan ile sürekli olarak etkileşim hâlinde bulunan tepkimeli kabuklara odaklanılmaktadır.
Bu noktada tepkimeli kabukların çevre-mekân-insan arasında esnek, akışkan, işlevsel ve çoklu ilişkiler kurgulama potansiyeli barındırması; konuya varlığı dinamik bir oluş olarak ele alan Deleuzeyen perspektiften kıvrım teorisi aracılığıyla bakma fikrini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Tez kapsamında kıvrım kavramı ile oluşturulan çerçeve; tepkimeli kabuk üzerinden çevre-mekân-insan ilişkilerinin tasarlanmasında ve okunmasında bir yöntem olarak kullanılmakta ve böylelikle kavram etkin bir işlev kazanmaktadır. 
Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde okuyucuya tepkimeli mimarlık anlayışı ile ilgili tarihsel, kavramsal, işlevsel, teknik bilgi aktarılmakta ve bu anlayışın günümüzdeki eksiklikleri, problemleri ifade edilmektedir. 
Üçüncü bölümde ise kıvrım teorisi kapsamlı bir şekilde açıklanmakta, mimarlık alanındaki yansımaları; akış, esneklik, işler fonksiyon, çokluk alt kavramları ile yapı sökümüne uğratılmaktadır. Böylelikle bir sonraki bölümde tartışılan başlıkların ve oluşturulan katmanların beslenmesi; tepkimeli yüzey tasarımıyla ilişkilendirilmesi sağlanarak kaynak hazırlanmaktadır.
Çalışmada tepkimeli yüzeyler kıvrım teorisi çerçevesinde; Nesnenin Dönüşümü ve Nesnenin Dönüştürme Potansiyeli alt başlıkları ile 2 bölümde tartışılmaktadır. Nesnenin Dönüşümü bölümünde; çevresi ile bir bütün olarak ele alınan tepkimeli yapının içsel mekanizması ile dış değişkenlerin etkileşimi sürecinde ortaya çıkan kıvrımlanmalar açıklanmaktadır. Nesnenin Dönüştürme Potansiyeli bölümünde ise; tepkimeli kabuğun fonksiyonel hâle gelmesi sayesinde, edilgen bir nesne olan yapının kazandığı etken karakter sonucu yüzeylerin çevre-mekân-insan ilişkilerindeki dönüştürme gücüne olan etkisi sorgulanarak bu ilişkiler ağı kıvrım kavramdan türeyen esneklik, işler fonksiyon, çokluk ve akış alt kavramları ile ifade edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda tepkimeli kabukta fiziksel dönüşüm 'esneklik' ile, algısal dönüşüm 'işler fonksiyon' ile, işlevsel ve anlamsal dönüşüm 'çokluk' ile, çevresel kuvvetlerin dönüşümü ise 'akış' kavramları ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu ilişkilendirmeler sonucunda tepkimeli yapı kabuğundaki farklılaşmalar ve çevre-mekân-insan ilişkilerinde yarattığı değişkenler belirlenerek tepkimeli yapıların değerlendirilmesinde ve yorumlanmasında kullanılabilecek bir veri tablosu oluşturulmaktadır.
Belirlenen değerlendirme kriterleri doğrultusunda oluşturulan tablo, tez çalışmasının dördüncü bölümünde; Arap Dünya Enstitüsü, Al Bahar Kuleleri, Media-Tic Binası, Kunsthaus Graz Yapısı, Brisbane Havalimanı Otopark Yapısı olmak üzere 5 farklı uygulanmış tepkimeli mimari yapı örneğinin değerlendirilmesinde ve karşılaştırılmasında kullanılarak test edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte; tablo çerçevesinde incelenen örneklerde kıvrım kavramı ve çevre-mekân-insan ilişkileri arasındaki bağlantılar görünür hâle getirilmektedir. Böylelikle kıvrım kavramı, tepkimeli mimari tasarıma bütünsel bir perspektiften bakma imkânı sağlamaktadır.
Sonuç olarak; tepkimeli kabuklara Deleuzeyen bir perspektif ile kıvrım kavramı çerçevesinden bakış; yapıların çevreleriyle ve insanlarla daha esnek, işlevsel, akışkan ve çoklu ilişkiler kurması için bir yöntem sunar. Bu durum, çevre-mekân-insan arasında çift yönlü, karşılıklı, dinamik diyaloglarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlar ve yapıların çevrelerine adapte olmasını kolaylaştırır. Oluş halîndeki tepkimeli yapıların dinamik kavramlar ile yorumlanmasına imkân sağlayarak yapıların hem çevresinden etkilenen hem de çevresini etkileyen bir organizma gibi değerlendirilmesine olanak tanır.

Abstract:
After the 20th century with the advancement of materials and information technology, alternative design and construction methods in architecture continue to develop. On the other hand, the weakening of the connection established between the environment and people through the building; causes different researches and experimental studies in the field of architecture. In this context, responsive architectural design approach, which is seen as one of the alternative ideas, offers the potential to establish the relations between environment-space-human in a more dynamic and multiple way. In this thesis, which seeks to answer the question of how the relations between the environment-space-human can be read and how they can be constructed more effectively with the responsive architectural design approach; The focus is on the responsive skins, which establish the connection between the external environment and the interior of the buildings and are in constant interaction with the human. 
At this point, the responsive skins have the potential to construct flexible, fluid, functional and multiple relations between environment-space-human; It reveals the idea of looking at the responsive architecture from Deleuzian perspective, which considers existence as a dynamic becoming, through the theory of folds. The frame created with the concept of fold within the scope of the thesis is used as a method in designing and reading environment-space-human relations through the responsive skins, and thus the concept gains an operative function. 
In the second chapter of the study, historical, conceptual, functional and technical information about the concept of responsive architecture is given to the reader and the current deficiencies and problems of this understanding are expressed. 
In the third chapter, the theory of folds is explained comprehensively and its reflections in the field of architecture are deconstructed with the sub-concepts of flow, flexibility, operative function, and multiplicity. Thus, the chapters and created layers discussed in the next sections are supported and the source is prepared by making it associated with the responsive surface design. 
In the study, responsive surfaces within the framework of fold theory are discussed in 2 sections under the sub-headings of Transformation of the Object and Transformative Potential of the Object. In the Transformation of the Object section; The folds that occur during the interaction of the external variables affecting the building and the internal mechanism of the responsive building, which is considered as a whole with its environment, are explained. In the Transformative Potential of the Object section; By questioning the effect of surfaces on the transformative power of the environment-space-human relations as a result of the active character gained by the responsive skin becoming functional, this network of relations is expressed with the sub-concepts of flexibility, operative function, multiplicity and flow derived from the concept of fold. In this context, in the responsive skin, physical transformation is associated with 'flexibility', perceptual transformation with 'operative function', functional and semantic transformation with 'multiplicity', and transformation of environmental forces with the concepts of 'flow'. As a result of these associations, the differentiations in the responsive building skin and the variables created in the environment-space-human relations are determined, and a data table is created that can be used in the evaluation and interpretation of responsive buildings. 
The table created in line with the determined evaluation criteria, in the fourth chapter of the thesis, is tested by using it in the evaluation and comparison of 5 different examples of responsive architectural buildings: Arab World Institute, Al Bahr Towers, Media-Tic Building, Kunsthaus Graz Building, Brisbane Airport Parking Building. In addition, in the examples examined within the framework of the table, the connections between the concept of fold and the environment-space-human relations are made visible. In this way, the concept of fold provides the opportunity to look at the responsive architectural design from a wholistic perspective. As a result of the evaluations, the following findings have been reached:
• Flexibility in the building skin can appear with various physical differentiations such as physical boundaries, geometry, openness-closeness, opacity, brightness, color, material, texture, view, temperature. In the projects examined, it was seen that the flexibility on the surfaces is mostly provided by the differences in opacity, openness-closedness, physical boundaries and geometry. On the other hand, in some projects, it can be said that it is achieved with color, view and brightness changes. In this direction, it can be stated that the change of more than one quality together is effective in determining the flexibility of the building skin, and some differentiations affect each other. Therefore, each differing parameter and the way they relate to each other should be considered in responsive skin designs.
• Physical differentiations in the building skin transform the way people perceive the skin and offer the opportunity to define the building-human relations through the operative function. This situation affects the perception of the building skin by triggering the senses of people interacting with the responsive building. It can be explained by differentiation in terms of dynamism, rhythm, scale, movement, pattern, repetition, contrast, balance, proportion, emphasis, harmony, hierarchy and integrity. It can be said that the projects examined mostly focus on visual and tactile senses. However, for example, the differentiation of the open-closed state of the elements on the skin has the potential to affect not only the sense of sight and touch, but also the sense of hearing and smelling by controlling the noise and smell transitions between the interior and external environment. For this reason, projects that allow other senses to be used in responsive skin designs can lead to the emergence of original and versatile designs by providing the emergence of different experiences and perception situations. On the other hand, in the projects examined, it is seen that the perceptual state of the skin generally differs in terms of dynamism, pattern, repetition, contrast, rhythm, scale and movement. One of the main reasons for this situation is the focus on component elements in building skin designs. Another reason is that visual senses are more dominant in the perception of physical differentiation of buildings. However, as stated before, all these changes in the responsive skin design should be considered in a multi-faceted manner and the network of relations between each parameter should be examined.
• The ability to differentiate the functional and semantic value of the building by the physical and perceptual transformations that take place in the building skin enabled the relations between environment-space-human to be defined with the concept of multiplicity. Within the scope of these transformations, the external environment and the interior have gained the opportunity to transform functionally in terms of functions such as spatial use, use of surrounding buildings, use of objects, visual interaction and spatial comfort. The fact that the building skin allows for these multiple situations enabled the discussion of new situations for space and environment. In the projects examined, mostly the transformations in the building skin; It can be stated that it is effective on the use of objects, visual interaction and spatial comfort parameters. On the other hand, in line with the sample projects analyzed, these physical and perceptual differentiations can create interaction between human and the building while the skin provide cultural transfer, climatic expression, functional expression, representation of environmental forces, and orientation. Thus, it has been revealed that responsive building designs allow multiple uses, experiences and information transfer in environment-space-human relations.
• Another aspect that is often overlooked, caused by transformations in the building skin, is the effect of the reaction on the differentiation of the flow of environmental forces. The responsive building is affected by the flow of environmental forces as well as has the potential to affect the force flows around it. Although the skins were designed by focusing on the balance of conditions that provide comfort such as temperature and light in the interior, the sound and air flow changes caused by the differentiations in the building skin were put into the background; It was observed that the temperature, light, sound and air flow variations caused by the differentiation in the external environment were not emphasized. Therefore, it has been concluded that it is necessary to look at the force flows inside and outside from both directions.
In conclusion; view of responsive skins from Deleuzian perspective offers a method for buildings to establish more flexible, functional, fluid and multiple relationships with their environment and human. This contributes to the development of two-way, reciprocal and dynamic dialogues between environment-space-human and gives opportunity to the adaptation of buildings to their environment. It enables responsive buildings, which are in a state of becoming, are to be interpreted with dynamic concepts, and allows buildings to be evaluated as an organism that is both affected by and affecting its environment.