Lisanslı harita kadastro mühendisleri ve büroları sisteminin değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of licensed survey and cadastre engineering offices system
Yazar: AYDIN BARAN KARAGÖZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. MUSTAFA YANALAK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Kadastro = Cadaster ; Kadastro Kanunu = Cadastre Law ; Tapu kadastro = Land register cadastre ; Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü = Land Register and Cadastre General Directorate

Özet:
Geçmişten günümüze arazi insanlar için oldukça önem arz etmiştir. Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte arazilerin verimli bir şekilde kullanımı sağlanabilmektedir. Teknolojinin arazi yönetimi anlamında etkin bir şekilde kullanılması için veri üretimi gerekmektedir. Veri üretimi eksikliği ile birlikte ülkemizde arazilerin idare edilmesi konusunda eksiklikler olduğu görülmektedir. Bu anlamda kadastro çalışmaları taşınmazların kayıt altına alınması ve taşınmazlarla ilgili en güncel bilgilerin edinilmesi konusunda en önemli konuma sahip olduğu gibi ülkenin ekonomi çarkının vazgeçilmez olgusu durumundadır.
Türkiye'de kadastro çalışmaları Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından kendi personeli ve donanımlarıyla yapılmaktaydı. Gelişen özel sektörün en önemli özelliği olan dinamik ve hızlı oluşu ile kadastro çalışmalarında da kullanılması düşünülmüştür.
2005 yılında Kadastro Kanunu'nda değişiklikler yapılarak özel sektöründe kadastro çalışmalarına katılımı resmi olarak sağlanmıştır. 2005 yılında yürürlüğe giren 5368 sayılı "Lisanslı Harita Kadastro Mühendisleri ve Büroları Hakkında Kanun" ile birlikte daha önce Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü'nün görevlerinden biri olan talebe bağlı yapılan işlemlerden tescile tabi olmayanların yapılması ve kontrol edilmesi, tescile tabi olanların ise sadece yapılması kadastro birimlerinden alınarak lisanslı bürolara aktarılmıştır. Bu kanunla birlikte kadastro hizmetleri için özel sektörün dinamik yapısı sağlanırken tapu kadastro idaresinin resmî bir parçası olma özelliği taşıyacaktır. Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü kadastro anlamında yapılan işleri denetleyen bir yapıya dönüşüp, mekânsal bilgi sistemi oluşturmaya ağırlık verebilecektir. Lisanslı büroların kurulması sayesinde vatandaşlar ihtiyacı kadastro hizmetlerini verimli bir şekilde karşılayabileceklerdir. Lisanslı harita kadastro mühendislik büroları kamu sorumluluğunu yerine getirme görevine sahipken aynı zamanda kar amaçlı kurulmuş belirli personele, donanıma, yazılıma sahip sürekli giderleri olan işletmelerdir.
Bu tez kapsamında ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren Lisanslı Harita Kadastro Mühendisleri ve Büroları incelenip, lisanslı büroların ortaya çıkış süreci, kuruluşları, sorumlu oldukları teknik işlemler açıklanıp, lisanslı bürolarla ilgili veriler ile Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası, Serbest Harita ve Kadastro Mühendislik Müşavirlik Büroları ve Lisanslı Harita Kadastro Mühendisleri ve Büroları Derneği'nin görüşleri irdelenip işletme giderleri ve işlem sayıları dikkate alınarak öneriler sunulmuştur.

Abstract:
From past to present, land has been very important for people. With the developing technology, efficient use of lands can be achieved. Data generation is required for the effective use of technology in terms of land management. Along with the lack of data production, it is seen that there are deficiencies in the management of the lands in our country. In this sense, cadastral studies have the most important position in registering real estates and obtaining the most up-to-date information about real estates, as well as an indispensable phenomenon of the country's economy wheel. While the cadastre produces the most important basic data for many projects, it meets the requirements of all kinds of scientific studies.
The concept of cadastre in Turkey starts from the Ottoman Empire period. The purpose of cadastral studies in the Ottoman period is to determine the boundaries of the real estates on the land in the country and to ensure that their incomes and values are recorded. However, it was suspended due to World War I.
In the Republican period, cadastral works were started within the scope of a certain region with the law enacted in 1924. In 1925, the Cadastre Law covering all regions entered into force. The cadastral law, which has been constantly changed, has survived to the present day by taking the name of the law no 3402 in 1987.
In Turkey, cadastral works were carried out by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre with its own personnel and equipment. The most important feature of the developing private sector is that it is dynamic and fast, and it is also thought to be used in cadastral studies.
As a result of the work done, Licensed Survey and Cadastre Engineering Offices ability to perform the application and location processes etc. that the cadastre was doing before will accelerate the cadastral studies in the country.
In 2005, amendments were made to the Cadastre Law and its participation in cadastre studies in the private sector was officially ensured. With the Law No. 5368 on Licensed Survey and Cadastre Engineers and Offices, which entered into force in 2005, not only performing and controlling the transactions that were not subject to registration but also only performing the ones that are subject to registration which was one of the duties of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre are transferred to licensed offices.With this law, while the dynamic structure of the private sector will be provided for cadastral services, the private sector will be an official part of the land registry cadastre administration.
The General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre will be able to transform into a structure that oversees the works carried out in the sense of cadastre and focus on creating a spatial information system. In order to obtain the license document required for the opening of licensed offices, three exams were held, mainly on professional subjects and other subjects. Two of these exams have been cancelled. As a result of the examination, 223 licensed offices are serving in 62 provinces.
The services provided by the licensed offices are plan sample, application (boundary determination), merging, showing the parcel or its independent section on-site, determining the cadastral road boundaries, supply easement, correcting the faulty independent section number, preparation of the ground determination report within the scope of zoning peace and type change procedures. Some of these transactions are subject to registration, while others are not.
The plan sample process consists of only documents. The document gives a general idea about the status of the parcel and its neighbors.
The application (boundary determination) process is to show the boundaries of the parcel in the field. At the end of this process, the coordinates of the parcel, the lengths of the edge, the area and, if any, overflow uses are displayed.
Merging is the process of combining at least two adjacent parcels into a single parcel.
In the process of showing the parcel or independent section on site, it is the demonstration of the real estate whose location is unknown on the land without measuring. It is very important to prevent mistakes in any buying-selling transaction.
The process of determining the cadastral road boundaries is to show the roads on the cadastral maps in the field.
While the right of easement process is against a real estate, it is in favor of another real estate. The pre-marked easement right on the land is measured and registered in the title deed.
Correction of faulty independent partition number is the correction of faulty blocks or independent partition numbers in the land registry.
The process of preparing the ground determination report within the scope of the zoning peace is to change the type of the buildings that do not have a license or that are in violation of the license.
Type change is the case of changing the type of the real estate written on the title deed. It has three different forms: becoming structureless while being built, becoming structured while being structureless, and type change that is not related to structure.
Thanks to the establishment of licensed offices, citizens will be able to meet their needs efficiently with cadastral services. While licensed mapping and cadastral engineering offices have the duty to fulfill their public responsibilities, they are also businesses that have certain personnel, equipment and software, which are established for profit, and have constant expenses. According to the data in 2019, it creates employment for more than 1000 people throughout Turkey.
With the law change made on April 27, 2021, the article in the old law to get a valid score from the exam required to be a licensed engineer has been removed, and a license can be obtained without an exam. At the same time, the experience requirement, which was five years in the old law, was increased to ten years.
There has been a lot of controversy regarding licensed offices. According to the opinions of the Chamber of Surveying and Cadastre Engineers, it is a wrong practice to increase the five-year experience requirement to ten years. Work should be distributed equitably to licensed offices in the digital system. Self-Employment Survey and Cadastre Engineering Consultancy Offices state that they do not differ from licensed engineers in terms of knowledge and think that this system creates discrimination. According to the opinion of the Association of Licensed Survey and Cadastre Engineering Offices, licensed offices will not be properly audited as a result of giving licenses without examination. It is not appropriate to carry out licensed office works with the same personnel in the same place as private works.
Within the scope of this thesis, the Licensed Survey and Cadastre Engineering Offices System operating in our country has been examined, the emergence process of the licensed offices, their establishments, the technical processes they are responsible for are explained, the data and opinions about the licensed offices are examined, and suggestions are presented considering the operating expenses and the number of transactions.