Deniz ulaştırma sektöründe enerji verimliliği politika ve teknolojilerinin benimsenmesi için SWOT-AHP stratejileri modellemesi
SWOT-AHP strategies modeling for the improvement of energy efficiency policy and technologies in the maritime sector
Yazar: EMİNE GÜNEŞ
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ PELİN BOLAT
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Denizcilik = Marine ; Enerji = Energy ; Ulaşım = Transportation

Özet:
Enerji verimliliği tükenen enerji kaynakları, artan çevre kirliliği ve iklim değişikliğinin hızlanması gibi sebeplerden dolayı birçok sektörde olduğu gibi  denizcilik sektöründe de en çok öncelenen konulardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Gerek politika yapıcılar tarafından yeni kurallar çıkarılmasına gerekse sivil  toplum kuruluşları ve  çeşitli insiyatiflerce farkındalık faaliyetleri yürütülmesine karşın pratikte enerji verimliliğinin  yeterli  düzeyde  uygulanıp uygulanmadığı  soru işaretidir. Denzicilik sektöründe enerji verimliliği uygulamalarına Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü ( IMO)' nün  1 Ocak 2013'te zorunlu hale getirdiği enerji verimliliği tasarım indeksi (EEDI) ve gemi enerji verimliliği yönetim planı (SEEMP) rehberlik etmektedir. IMO'nun çıkardığı kurallar ile birlikte Avrupa Birliği'nin de  geliştirmiş olduğu İzleme, Raporlama, Doğrulama (MRV) sistemi birinci raporlama dönemini tamamlamış, ikinci raporlama dönemini sürdürmektedir. Bu bağlamda konunun ilerleyen yıllarda denizcilik sektöründe güncelliğini koruyacağı söylenebilir.  Bu çalışmada,  yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde  enerji verimliliği politika ve teknolojilerinin yeterince benimsenmediği hipotezi öne sürülmüş, kabul ve benimseme kavramları üzerine incelemeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın ilerleyen safhalarında, alan çalışmalarında elde edilen veriler de hipotezi desteklemiştir. Çalışmanın başlangıcında yalnızca politika ve teknolojilerin benimsenmediği düşüncesi üzerine odaklanılmışken daha sonra akademik çalışmalarda ve piyasa uygulamalarında  mevcut politikalara dair de  eleştirel bakışlar olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bakış açıları denizcilik sektöründe enerji verimliliği poltikalarının benimsenmemesi probleminin ortaya konulmasında ve çözüm önerileri getirilmesinde yardımcı olmuştur. Denizcilik sektöründe enerji verimliliği politika ve teknolojilerinin ne kadar benimsendiğini belirlemede metod olarak Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) metodu ile SWOT (Güçlü yan-Zayıf yan-Fırsat-Tehdit) birleşik metodu kullanılmıştır.  SWOT parametrelerini belirlemede AHP 'nin bir saha çalışması olan uzman görüşü almaya gidilmiş, bu parametreler üzerinden güçlü/zayıf yanlar, fırsatlar ve tehditler belirlenmiştir. Ardından tekrar uzman görüşlerine baş vurularak tüm yanların kendi içinde karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalar en son genel olarak güçlü yanlar,   zayıf yanlar, fırsatlar ve tehditler arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir.  Bu değerlendirmeler, benimsemenin önündeki  engel ve tehditlerin  yanında ne tür  fırsatlara ve güçlü yanlara sahip olunduğunu göstermekte ve baskın parametrelerin belirlenmesini  sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca bu değerlendirmelerin,  sektörü olumsuzlukların iyileştirilmesine dair düşünce ve eylemler üretmeye sevk etmesi beklenmektedir.

Abstract:
Energy efficiency is one of the most important issues in the maritime sector as well as in many other sectors due to energy resources, increasing environmental pollution and acceleration of climate change. In the maritime sector, significant policies and technologies are developed for energy efficiency and various targets are determined and these goals are tried to be achieved. Although awareness-raising activities are carried out by policy-makers, as well as by non governmental organizations and various initiatives, it is a question whether energy efficiency is practically applied in practice or not. Energy efficiency practices in the maritime sector are guided by Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) obligated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on January 1, 2013. Also, IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) includes the chapter on energy efficiency in Annex VI to the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). The Monitoring, Reporting, Verification (MRV) system developed by the European Union along with the rules issued by IMO has completed its first reporting period and continues its second reporting period. In this context, it can be said that the issue will remain its up-to-dateness in the maritime sector.  In this study, the hypothesis that energy efficiency policies and technologies are not sufficiently adopted as a result of researches has been proposed. In this context, the concepts of acceptance and adoption were examined. In the later stages of the research, the data obtained in the field studies supported the hypothesis.  At the beginning of the study, it was only focused on the idea that policies and technologies were not adopted, and then there were critical views on current policies in academic studies and sectoral practices. These perspectives have helped to address the problem of non-adoption of energy efficiency policies in the maritime sector and to provide solutions. In addition, what kind of barriers exist and how effective these barriers are in the implementation of the developed technologies and policies are discussed and evaluated in this study. The extent to which adoption and acceptance is effective in the implementation of policies and technologies is demonstrated. The identification of barriers to the implementation and adoption of energy efficiency innovations in the maritime sector are essential in generating solutions to the problem. In this context, in the final report prepared by the European Commission, barriers to the use of energy efficiency technologies are grouped under four main headings. These are; lack of awareness, technological concerns, institutional concerns and commercial reasons. 
The study focuses on the adoption of energy efficiency policies and technologies focused on ship management enterprises. Inherently, the issue of fuel comes to the forefront in interviews and interviews with various ship operators. In this context, studies with optimization of fuel consumption have been examined within the scope of the thesis. However, since the subject of the research is the adoption of efficiency, direct fuel consumption optimization and energy efficiency calculations are not included in the thesis. At the beginning of the study, when the studies on social acceptance were examined, SPSS was considered as the first method. Then, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and SWOT (Strong Side-Weak Side-Opportunity-Threat) method have been used as a method in determining how energy efficiency policies and technologies are adopted in maritime sector. In order to determine the SWOT parameters, a field study of AHP was taken to get expert opinion, and strengths / weaknesses, opportunities and threats were determined through these parameters. Following the literature review, a questionnaire / interview form was created to get the opinions of the competent names for the adoption of energy efficiency in the maritime sector in order to benefit from the model identified as AHP-SWOT efficiently. The questions in the form are grouped under four main headings. The first section to learn about our company profile "business practices" have been created with the title. Since energy efficiency is used synonymously with fuel consumption optimization in the literature, the second part of the form is related to fuel saving potential and it is aimed to focus on the fuel saving cost relation and operational measures in energy efficiency. In the third part, why and how monitoring of energy consumption is questioned and effects of IMO and SEEMP are discussed. Questions were asked about internal use and sharing of fuel monitoring data. After the interviews, SWOTAHP parameters were determined and a form was composed. Then again, with expert opinions all sides were compared. Comparisons are in general among the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. These evaluations show what are the opportunities and strengths in addition to the obstacles and threats to adopt and provide the determination of dominant parameters. In addition, these evaluations are expected to lead the sector to produce ideas and actions to improve negativities. Studies have shown that the SWOT-AHP approach not only allows us to reach quantitative values of the situation, but also provides future data and forecasting for investors, policy makers, practitioners and researchers. The strong side-weak side-opportunity-threat comparison was the most dominant opportunity in the analysis results. According to the researches and analysis results, the most effective parameter in the adoption of energy efficiency policies and technologies are the opportunities that the maritime sector has. The fact that each of the parameters in the opportunities table can be examined and the activities carried out for those parameters will increase the likelihood of adopting energy efficiency policies and technologies. For example, compliance with the 2020 IMO 0.5% Sulfur Limit Regulation, which will be enacted in the near future, can be considered as an important opportunity to adopt energy efficiency technologies and policies. 
The strong side-weak side-opportunity-threat comparison was the second predominant weaknesses. Among the eleven weaknesses listed in the table, it is seen that the most dominant parameters are education and culture oriented. Culture requires a short-term change in comparison to education and includes a relatively dominant sociological dimension; In this context, planned training organizations for direct energy efficiency in the maritime sector can be provided with the help of various projects. Companies and maritime education organizations can support such projects and contribute to the adoption of energy efficiency in the maritime sector.