Tersanelerde iş güvenliği analizi (JSA)
Job safety analysis in shipyard
Yazar: OKAN ÇETİNKAYA
Danışman: PROF. DR. ALİ CAN TAKİNACI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makineleri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: Gemi Mühendisliği = Marine Engineering

Özet:
İş kazaları ve meslek hastalıkları çalışma hayatının temel sorunları arasındadır. İş kazaları ve meslek hastalıkları sonucu her yıl dünyada yüz binlerce, ülkemizde de yüzlerce insan hayatını kaybetmektedir. İş sağlığı ve güvenliği çalışanların doğrudan yaşam hakkı ile bağlantılıdır. Bu nedenle sadece kazanın ya da meslek hastalığının meydana geldiği işyerini değil bütün ülkeyi ilgilendirmektedir. ILO istatistiklerine göre iş kazaları ve meslek hastalıklarının toplam maliyeti endüstrileşmiş ülkelerde, GSYH'nin % 1 - % 3'ü düzeyindedir. Türkiye'de bu yönde kesin bir bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte bu miktarın daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada tersanelerde meydana gelen iş kazalarının sayısını azaltmak ve sahada görev yapan iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uzmanlarına rehber niteliği taşıyan bir çalışma imza atmaktır. 
Esas olarak tersanelerde yapılan işler tespit edilmiş, yapılan bu işlerin işyerinde çalışan sağlığı açısından risklerini bulanarak gerekli önlemlerin alınması için kaynak oluşturulmuştur.Bu tespitler yapılırken paydaşlar yapılacak olan risk değerlendirmesinin en önemli adımıdır. Buradaki paydaşlar; işveren, çalışanlar, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uzmanları, çalışan temsilcisi, kazazedelerdir. Her birinin düşüncesi risklerin doğru bir şekilde tespit edilmesinde etkilidir. Ayrıca iş kazaları ve meslek hastalıkları incelenmesi bir risk değerlendirilmesin başarı önemli bir ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada tersanelerde meydan gelen ölümlü iş kazaları ve tezime konu olan tersanede son 6 yıllık iş kazası verileri incelenerek bu çalışma hazırlanmıştır. 
Ayrıca bu çalışmada dünya birçok ülke etkin bir şekilde kullanılan İş güvenliği Analizi risklerin değerlendirilmesi sürecinde kullanılmıştır. Mevcut durumda saha kullanılan risk değerlendirmeleri L matris kullanılarak hazırlanan ve tersaneler için yetersiz olan bir yöntemdir. İş güvenliği analizi ile beraber tersanelerde ki mevcut çalışma sistemleri irdelenmiş ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği yanı sıra ayrıca ters organizasyonu bakımında tersaneye katı sağlamıştır. Çünkü İş güvenliği analizi yöntemi esas olarak işyerinde üretim prosesine odaklanmaktadır.

Abstract:
Occupational accidents and professional diseases are main problems of working life. Moreover, not only in the world but also in Turkey, lots of people has passed away because of these reasons. Occupational health and safety is directly related to people's right to live. Because of this reason, occupational accidents and professional diseases are serious concerns both the work place and all of the country. According to ILO statistics, total cost of occupational accidents and professional diseases is around %1 - %3 of GSYH in the industrialized countries. However, in Turkey, there is no any exact information about mentioned issue but, it is supposed that it is higher than the industrialized countries'.Ship construction industry  has a dynamic work environment and it needs man power. There are teams which include people from different professions doing construction, maintenance and repair. If precautions are not taken while welding, painting etc., workers may come face to face with serious occupational accidents which result in deaths. These kinds of results cause social and economic loss.The main aim of this study is to decrease the number of occupational accidents at shipyards and guide clearly occupational health and safety experts.The main aim of occupational health and safety management systems is decreasing risks of dangers effect the health of workers. Because of this reason, "risk evaluation and management of risks" is the main component of occupational health and safety management systems.First of all, in this study, works at shipyards are determined and then risks are found in terms of workers' health. In the light of found data, a report is prepared for taking required precautions.By the end of April 2013, the number of the accidents in shipyards was 155. The number of occupational accidents changes according to the number of ordered ships.
When mentioned accidents were analyzed, it was determined that people were dead because of the reasons given down;
•	41 occupational accidents - falling down from height, 
•	35 occupational accidents – explosion,
•	 20 occupational accidents – electric shock,
•	6 occupational accidents – pressure,
•	Others – drowning, poisoning, burning.
Occupational accidents occurred between 2008 – 2013 are analyzed in respect to the number of workers, the quality of training, occupational health and safety team, working days loss, injured organs, the reason of accidents, time of accident and the age of sufferer at determined shipyard. At the end, data taken from the analysis were used for analyzing of occupational health and safety.
The anlysis of occupational safety is compared with other methods. The criteria of comparison are determined as a factor effects application success of the anlysis, documentation, team work, the experience of team leader and the industry. The main aim of occupational health and safety analysis is to determined potantial dangers and precatutions that should be taken. Also, it is easier than other methods.
In this study, shipyards are analyzed in respect to occupational health and safety and some data are taken in this study.
Accidents occurred in shipyards were examined. Determined shipyard for the study is examined for accidents by years and their reasons; age range of accident victim, time period of accidents, organs of accident victim and in which months it happens mostly is analyzed.  After that, it is determined that the occupational health and safety analysis is applicable or not. Equipment are used in the shipyard are ascertained. Moreover, the danger of the works that should be done in the shipyard is determined and which precautions should be taken were indicated. 
When it is analyzed, it is easily seen that by years, the number of accidents have been increasing crucially. Because of not pay required attention to the occupational health and safety management, the number of accidents are increasing in respect to the number of ordered works.
Half of 2008, there had been a decrease in the number of the ordered work and the number of the accidents. 
Occupational accidents between 2007 and 2013 are analyzed at the shipyard which is studied for my dissertation. This mentioned period is described as change and transformation period. While the number of occupational accidents was 507 in 2007, it was 108 in 2008 and 29 in 2009.
After 2007, the administration of the shipyard paid attention to occupational health and safety issues and by 2008, the number of occupational accidents decreased to 108. A year after 2008, by adopting occupational health and safety management system, the number of occupational accidents was decreased to 29 and between 2008 and 2014 nobody has been died because of occupational accidents.
When the accidents between 2009 and 2013 are analyzed, it is found that 45 % of accidents caused injuries on hands, 45 % caused injuries on feet. The reason to have injuries on hands and feet is to use mostly hands and feet while working.

When the time of accidents was taken into consideration, it is found that the accidents happened during morning hours. Thus, reasons of the accidents in the mornings are not resting enough to work carefully or not residing near the work and taking long way for coming to work. 
On the other hand, when the age of accident victims were analyzed, it was found that their ages were between 26 and 32.
When occupational accidents were studied according to months, during mid-seasons, the number of the occupational accidents was increased. The most important reason of this situation is the change of the air temperature. This change has a negative effect on workers in respect to working ease.
When the reasons were studied during the years 2009 and 2014, one of the most important cause of occupational accidents is workers' behaviors. Lack of attention, tiredness, carelessness, absence of perception, anger, fighting are undesired behaviors of workers. These reasons are the most difficult ones to take precautions for employers.
Before occupational health and safety analysis, the works done in the shipyard and equipment are analyzed and dangers of them are determined. Required precautions are indicated in respect to the dangers of all works done in the shipyard which may cause deaths, losing organs and serious injuries. Thus, this study holds qualifications of a guide for occupational health and safety management is the shipyards.
There is two-reason for this mentioned decrease. One of them is related with orders and the other is the law numbered 6331 Occupational Health and Safety Management done by Ministry of Labor and Social Security.
When the reasons of death in the shipyards were examined, first reason is falling down from the height and second reason is explotion. Others are followed these reasons. The mentioned reasons are generally precluded by easy Occupational Health and Safety precautions.
During determination of precautions, stakeholders are the most important component to perform risk assessment. These stakeholders are employers, workers, occupational health and safety experts, union representative and casualty. Each stakeholders' thought are important to determine the risks exactly. On the other hand, analyzing the reasons of occupational accidents and professional diseases affects the success of the risk assessment. In this study, recent six years' fatal occupational accidents, at the shipyard in that data were taken, are analyzed and reported.