Çevre davranış kuramları üzerinden sinemada mekana bir bakış
A reading of space in the cinema based on environment behavior theories
Yazar: ÜMMÜ GÜLSÜM ŞENAY
Danışman: PROF. DR. FATMA AHSEN ÖZSOY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Bir mekandaki insan davranışının mekanın şekillenmesine olan katkısını, mekanın insan davranışı üzerindeki etkisi ve insanların kişisel özelliklerine göre mekan kullanım biçimlerinin araştırıldığı bu tezde çevre davranış kuramları üzerinden sinemada mekanın incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Pek çok farklı konuyu kapsayan çevre davranış kuramları doğrultusunda kişisel alan, mahremiyet, egemenlik alanı (territory), kalabalık gibi farklı kavram ve konular araştırılmıştır. Çok zengin bir literatüre sahip olan çevre davranış kuramları, insanların mekanlarını kullanım biçimleri, farklı durumlarda sergiledikleri davranışlar, mekanlarını tanımlama ve diğer insanlarla olan ilişkilerini düzenleme mekanizmaları çerçevesinden yaklaşılarak, bireyin detaylı davranış biçimleri incelenmiştir. Bu davranışlar kapsamında, sözlü ve sözsüz tepkiler, jest ve mimikler, insanların alanlarını tanımlamaları ve insanlarla aralarına koydukları mesafeler ve bunların nitelikleri film üzerinden tartışılmıştır.
Bu bağlamda incelenmek üzere Nuri Bilge Ceylan'ın Kış Uykusu filmi tercih edilmiş olup, tez kapsamında mahremiyet kavramının mekandaki ve yaşamdaki yansımaları gözlemlenmiştir. Nuri Bilge Ceylan sinemasında genel olarak işlenen veya bir şekilde ortaya çıkan yalnızlık duygusu bu filmde farklı çeşitlemeleriyle öne çıkmıştır. Önemli bir arşiv ve gözlem yapma fırsatı sunan film, çevre davranış kuramları kapsamında pek çok davranışın gözlemlenmesi ve tanımlanmasında faydalı olmuştur.
Çevre davranış kuramları üzerinden, insan mekan ilişkilerinin davranış haritalama ve çevresel davranış gözleme yöntemiyle incelendiği bu filmde jestler, mimikler, bakışlar, ses tonu ve dilin kullanılma biçimi gibi pek çok insan davranışı detaylı bir şekilde gözlemlenmiştir. Gündelik hayatta bu davranışların gözlemlenmesinin zorluğu ve kaydetme imkanın olmaması, bu araştırmanın bir film üzerinden gözlemleme fikrini doğurmuştur. Davranış haritalama yöntemiyle film karakterlerinin mekanı kullanım biçimleri tanımlanmakla birlikte; bu mekanda sergiledikleri davranışlar ve diğer insanlarla kurdukları ilişkiler de filmden alınan sekanslar yardımıyla detaylandırılmış ve tespit edilmiştir.
Böylelikle kişi ya da kişilerin mekanı kullanım biçimleri, ilişkilerini düzenleme mekanizmaları ve iletişim yöntemlerinin birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri ortaya konulmakla birlikte; bu durumun mekanı ve insan davranışını nasıl dönüştürdüğü ve evrilttiğini de gözlemlemek mümkün olmuştur. Bu tezde kişisel ölçekteki davranışların mekan üzerindeki yadsınamaz etkisi, mekanla davranışın birbirleriyle hemhal olmuş hali ve önemi vurgulanmakta ve sinema üzerinden incelenmektedir.

Abstract:
Space and humans are constantly changing, transforming and nurturing each other. A person has consciously or unconsciously influenced his / her environment in order to have better conditions. In the design and transformation phase of space, the human being, who has always been the cause of the evolution of the space, contributes to the change of space itself and can create itself with space. This thesis aims to examine the relationship between space and humans, which can be considered as a volume in which one creates and realizes oneself on the basis of environmental behavior theories and through the concept of privacy through a work of cinema.
The scope of this thesis is to examine the mechanisms of privacy and the relationship between the individual and space through the use of space in cinema. As is known, environmental behavior theories have been the subject of much research since the 1970s. Environmental behavior theories contribute to many different perspectives and situations by analyzing the interaction between space and humans. In addition to being a research area where human's perception of space, its effect on space, cognition of space, how it affects and transforms space are questioned; There is a side about the effects of space on human life, which also questions how it affects human psychology, how it directs people, and how it affects human relationships. In this respect, human-space interaction is a rich and complex issue that is dealt with in two-way and multi-dimensional terms. This complex and comprehensive structure of environmental behavior theories can be read from the separation of many research areas.
In this thesis, the contribution of human behavior in a space to the shaping of the space, the effect of space on human behavior and the use of space according to personal characteristics of the people are investigated.
Different concepts and subjects such as personal space, privacy, territory, crowding were investigated in line with environmental behavior theories covering many different subjects. Environmental behavior theories that are very rich in the literature, how people use their places, behaviors they exhibit in different situations, defining their places and regulating their relations with other people are examined within the framework of individual behavior patterns. In the context of these behaviors, verbal and nonverbal reactions, gestures and facial expressions, the definition of people's fields and the distances they have with people and their qualities are discussed through film.
In this context, Nuri Bilge Ceylan's film Winter Sleep was chosen, and the reflections of the concept of privacy, which is the subject of the most emphasis, were observed. Nuri Bilge Ceylan's cinema, which is generally processed or somehow emerges, is characterized by different variations in this film. Offering an important archive and observation opportunity, the film has been useful for observing and defining many behaviors within the framework of environmental behavior theories.
In this film, where environmental behavior theories are examined through behavior mapping and environmental behavior monitoring, many human behaviors such as gestures, facial expressions, glances, tones of voice and language usage are observed in detail. The difficulty of observing these behaviors in daily life and the inability to record them led to the idea of observing this research through a film. A behavior mapping method is used to define the space usage of movie characters. The behaviors they exhibit in this space and the relationships they established with other people were also detailed and determined with the help of sequences taken from the film.
Thus, the person or persons' use of space, the mechanisms of regulation of relations and the relations of communication methods with each other are revealed; it has also been possible to observe how this has transformed and evolved space and human behavior. In this thesis, the undeniable effect of personal behavior on space, and the state and the importance of space and behavior with each other are emphasized and examined through cinema.
Privacy is a mechanism that controls the limits of people and the contact between them. One of the main objectives of this study is to show how this mechanism works, how it transforms the space while it is working and how the concept of privacy is reflected in the space. In this context, Nuri Bilge Ceylan's film Winter Sleep is examined. A number of different reflections of the concept of loneliness, which is an extension of the concept of privacy, can be seen. As a documentary observation, observing the cinematic space in which the most intimate feelings of people are reflected and examining its reproduction status create a very interesting ground to see the reflections of the relationship between space and the individual in the cinematic space.
Thus, a reading of the space represented in cinema through environmental behavior theories is made. It is provided to examine the gestures and mimics that are observed in real life but have difficulty in recording through cinema and to read the relationship between these mechanisms of behavior.
Nuri Bilge Ceylan, the director of the film Winter Sleep, has revealed the different dimensions of loneliness in this film. He has dealt with loneliness in many of his films. This makes it more convenient to examine the concept of privacy in this film. In this context, firstly, the characters in the film are analyzed and profiled. Behavior mapping is used to investigate the behavior of characters in space and how they use space. The characters' behavior is exemplified by frames from the film; it generates data for detailed environmental behavior monitoring and supports the behavior mapping method. In the study, as a version of direct observation of behavior, an analysis was made on the obtained images related to the observed area.
In the study, which utilizes observation based techniques, primarily an environmental behavior monitoring method is used. This method, which is widely implemented in the field of anthropology, is used to analyze the lifestyles of various societies or ethnic groups. There are many methods of observation, such as direct observation, recording and recording by taking pictures or videos. However, by recording more photos and videos with the aim of recording, categorizing and investigating the behavior of ethnic groups, cultural data and certain forms of behavior belonging to their communities have been observed. This allows the current situation to be retained visually and allows others to observe the same thing, as well as to see the same situation over and over again and perform a detailed analysis.
With the help of photography, neighborhood relations, daily routines, ethnicity, state of clothing, rich or poor, whether women, men, children, elderly, religious orientation, leader or recessive can be understood. Observers can analyze photographs by examining physical posture, facial expressions, hand and arm movements. Moreover, the nonverbal language of photography can be understood by every culture.
Another method used in this thesis is behavior mapping. In order to investigate the factors that affect human behavior, mass movements and human orientations were investigated. However, within the scope of this thesis, individual human behaviors are examined and privacy mechanisms are questioned. The effect of privacy mechanisms on the use of space or the effect of space on the privacy level is investigated through behavior mapping method.
In addition to the use of space, the time spent by the characters in this space is also important. The time spent by the person / character of the cinema space in the indoor, outdoor, personal space, public and semi-public spaces also gives much information in the context of privacy. In addition to the time spent, the relationships it has developed with other characters, the mechanisms of privacy, and the manner in which it acts to provide these privacy mechanisms or limits are also important.
In this context, a schedule has been prepared for the analysis of the film. In this table, there are plans to use the behavior mapping method, photographs that are used to record the observations and a detailed behavior research, and the answers sought while examining the photographs taken from the film Winter Sleep, '' Who?, What is he doing?, With whom?, How? in a relationship?, In which contex?, Where? '' are used to answer the questions.
In this context, selected the Winter Sleep film is examined with these methods and the relationship between the use of space and various behaviors is observed in the film.