Uluslararası ve ulusal yönetmelikler çerçevesinde şantiye çalışanların sosyal tesislerinin asgari parametrelerinin belirlenmesi
Determination minimum parameters of social facilities for construction site workers international and national regulatory framework
Yazar: RAMAZAN AKARCA
Danışman: ÖĞR. GÖR. MURAT KURUOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering

Özet:
İnşaat sektörünü diğer sektörlerden ayıran en önemli özellikler başında inşaat ürünün toprağa bağlı olmasından dolayı sabit kalması, üretim tesislerini geçici ve hareketli olmasıdır. Bu da inşaat sektöründe her yeni ürün için yeni üretim tesislerinin kurulması ihtiyacını doğurmaktadır. Ürünün özelliklerine bağlı olarak bu tesisin oluşturulması için gerekli farklı birçok ünite ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Özellikle inşaat sektörünün emek yoğun bir sektör olmasından, üretim tesislerinde çalışacak personellerin gerekli temel ihtiyacını sağlayacak ünitelerin bulunması gerekmektedir. Bu üniteler, personelin günlük hayattaki temel ihtiyaçları olan yeme, içme, barınma ve dinleme gibi gereksinimleri için asgari koşullarının sağlanması gerekmektedir.
Şantiye çalışanlarının temel ihtiyaçlarının asgari gereksinimleri, çeşitli yönetmelik ve tüzüklerle açıklanmıştır. Ancak bu açıklamaların inşaat sektöründe nasıl karşılık bulduğu önemlidir. İnşaat sektöründe bu tüzük ve yönetmeliklerde belirtilen asgari koşullar ve sektörde uygulanan koşullar karşılaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışanın şantiyede temel ihtiyaç gereksinimlerinin, firmanın ekonomik yapısına bağlı olarak sundukları asgari gereksinimlerin değiştiği görülmektedir. Firmanın ekonomik yapısı güçlendikçe çalışanların temel ihtiyaç koşullarının iyileştiği de görülmektedir. Aynı zamanda, firmaların çalışanların temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak olan sorumlu kişilerin sektördeki tecrübelerinin artmasıyla beraber çalışanlara şantiyede temel ihtiyaçları için gerekli asgari gereksinimlerinin de iyileştiği görülmektedir.
Çalışma neticesinde sektörde çalışanların şantiyelerde temel ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için asgari gereksinimlerinin de altında kaldığı tespitine varılmıştır. Yönetmeliklerde belirtilen ''yeteri kadar'' ve ''uygun koşullar'' gibi ifadelerin sektörde farklı anlaşılmalara sebep vermektedir. Bu gibi ifadelerin şantiye çalışanlarının temel ihtiyacı olan asgari gereksinimlerin karşılanmasında firmaların yanlış yorumlamasına mahal vermektedir. Çalışanların temel ihtiyaçlarında iyileşme beklenirken, durumun aksi halde ilerlediği görülmektedir. Bu durumun önüne geçilmesi için farklı bölgelerdeki koşulları, yönetmelik ve standartları ülkemizde uygulamak yerine mevcut yönetmelikleri, farklı bölgelerdeki yönetmelikleri de kaynak olarak kullanıp sektörde yanlış anlaşılmaya mahal vermeyecek ve sektörde uygulanabilirliği yüksek, net ve kesin ifadelerle belirtilen standartların hazırlanması gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, yönetmelik ve standartlara kaynak olacak sektör verileri elde edilmiştir. Yönetmelik ve sektör birbiriyle örtüşecek şekilde yeni yönetmeliklerin hazırlanmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Abstract:
The technology is developing in the all around the world. This technology is seen in different sectors. The construction sector is one of them. Nevertheless, it is needed technical staff or labor for using this technology in the construction sector. The most important feature of construction sector that differ from other sectors is its products remain stable so as to earthbound. Also, the other features of construction sector are its temporary and mobile production facilities. Therefore, it needs to establish new production facilities for each new construction products. Moreover, construction sector is labor intensive sector. Therefore the basic needs of daily life such as eating, drinking, housing and listening are ensured in the construction site.
There are needed some facilities such as welfare facilities in the construction site. These facilities contribute to implement the construction project on its time, budget, quality standards and technical specifications. These facilities vary from construction site to construction site, except the basic facilities. Depending on construction contract agreement, construction techniques and methods, construction firm's finances, construction types, construction size and climate changes these facilities sizes, numbers and structural features varies at each construction site.
It is necessary a lot of facilities to set up construction site facilities depending on the construction products features. In particular, the fact that labor-intensive sector of the construction industry, to ensure the basic needs of the personnel working in the production facilities necessary facilities should be available. These facilities are necessary to ensure that minimum requirements and conditions which are the basic needs of daily life such as eating, drinking, housing and listening.
Furthermore, the minimum requirements for the basic needs of the construction site employee is explained by various regulations and statutes. European Union Council Directive (92/57/EEC), Safety and Health in Construction Convention and Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Works are counted as regulations and status. However, it is important that how to apply descriptions of these regulations and statutes in construction sector. Minimum requirements specified in these rules and regulations in the construction sector and in the sector was examined by comparing the conditions applied. Basic needs requirements of the employees on the construction site, it appears that the company changed the minimum requirements they offer, depending on the economic structure. If the companies have the stronger economic structure, they improve basic need of working conditions for laborers. Furthermore, if the experience of manager who is responsible to ensure the basic needs of employees increases in construction sector, the minimum requirements for the basic needs of the construction employee seems to increase.
As consequence of study, participants over the nearly a decade experience in the construction industry compared to participants who have a less than ten years experience it has been recovered under the terms of the basic needs that allow their labors. Here, increasing with the basis of industry experience, the basic minimum needs of the amenities provided to workers was concluded that the increased results. As a result of the survey,  participants 15 years of experience working group has been found to improve with more opportunities than other groups they provide basic minimum requirements for labors.
Moreover, especially project manager, site manager and coordinator are more than responable to prepare and ensure the labors basic needs in construction site technical officer and designer. Besides, in the survey the basic needs of technical staff, the basic needs of labor and lighting construction site facilities asked the participant.
Assessments made on the research result, revenues in 2014 made by the company are divided into five classes. As a result of this classification, the high turnover of their own employees than companies with low turnover of the company, the level of welfare to satisfy the basic needs of the construction has been found to provide higher and healthy conditions. These needs are shelter on site, eating, drinking, bathing, contains the required fields for the maintenance of recreation and social life. Stronger economic structure of the companies, the budgets allocated to make their facilities for daily life and work of employees in the construction field installation has been shown to be more. As a result, 500 million turnover group in 2014 who obtain the basic needs of the employee housing, washed, cleaned, in places that meet their needs such as food, the workers within the health conditions for which they were offered better facilities conditions.
According results of survey, the manager who is responsable for establishing construction site facilities ensure minimum labors requriment conditios. These conditions compare to other conditions which are described in the European Union Council Directive (92/57/EEC), Safety and Health in Construction Convention and Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Works. The figure of compare is illustrated that some conditions are made improvement. For instance, the number of workers per toilet is decreased. On the other hand, a few conditions run down like declining air volume allocated per person in construction dormitory. 
Additionally, conditions of changing rooms, rest rooms, showers and washbasines, lockers and ligthing explained in the European Union Council Directive (92/57/EEC) are translated from english to turkish and used in Turkish regulations called Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Works.
As a result, this study shows that within the contruction site basic needs of employees of this sector are even at below of minimum requirenments. Some uncertain expressions such as " good enough" or " proper condition" that mentioned in the statues causes different practices in the sector. Theses uncertain expressions causes improper application of meetings basic needs of laborer's minimum requirenments. Although the procces of meeting basic needs of employees is expected to get better, it is getting worse. In order to prevent this insuitable procces, instead of applying cicumtances, regulations and statues of other countries, they must made up of exemplaries. 
Besides, these conditions, regulations and statues of other areas should be used as a source and must reregulated as clear and certain expressions in order to be more applicable and prevent misunderstadings and deficient application in construction industry. 
The other result of study, after the working conditions and minimum requirements are explained in the European Union Council Directive, Safety and Health in Construction Convention and Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Works and the working conditions and minimum requirements are handled as conclusion of the survey are compared, the sample plans drawn for construction walfare facilities are prepared implemention on site.
This study obtained data on the sector will be the source of regulations and standards. Regulations and industry will help in the preparation of the new regulation compatible with each other. 
In order to be aware of occopational safety and health in the construcion sector the following solutions should be used; teaching and increasing training the issue about occupational safety and health in earlier stage of education, giving seminars especially for site engineer by Chamber of Civil Engineer. Also, Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Works must be revised for commonly using in the construction site.