Sürdürülebilir çevre için mimari aydınlatma sistemi tasarımında kullanılabilecek bir yaklaşım
An architectural lighting system design approach for sustainable environments
Yazar: FERİDE ŞENER YILMAZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. ALPİN KÖKNEL YENER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2014
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı, günümüzde giderek azalan enerji kaynakları, artan enerji maliyetleri ve enerji tüketiminin doğaya olan olumsuz etkileri nedenleriyle mimari tasarımda son derece önemlidir. Aydınlatma tasarımı konusunda sürdürülebilirlik kavramı, görsel çevrenin niceliksel ihtiyaçlarının doğal çevreye en az etki ile karşılanması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda sürdürülebilir mimari aydınlatma tasarımının hedefleri, ilk tasarım aşamalarından itibaren aydınlatma sistemlerinin performansını arttırmak, aydınlatma enerjisi tüketimini azaltmak ve kullanılan elemanların çevresel etkilerini minimuma indirmek olarak belirtilebilir.
Sürdürülebilir mimari aydınlatma tasarımları, hacimlerde istenen görsel konfor koşullarının elde edilmesi, kullanıcıların psikolojik ve fizyolojik memnuniyetinin sağlanması, minimum aydınlatma enerjisi gereksinimine sahip olacak çözümlerin üretilmesi, aydınlatma sistemlerinin minimum çevresel etkiye sahip olacak şekilde seçilmesi ve optimum maliyet kavramının dikkate alınması ile mümkündür. Bu nedenle aydınlatma tasarımlarının bütüncül bir anlayış ile bu parametreler doğrultusunda geliştirilebilmesi için bu çalışmada yeni bir mimari aydınlatma tasarımı yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, aydınlatma ön tasarımlarını sürdürülebilir aydınlatma tasarımı bileşenleri dikkate alınarak yönlendiren, değerlendiren ve optimum tasarım kararının elde edilmesinin hedeflendiği bir 'aydınlatma sistemi tasarımı yaklaşımı' geliştirmek ve bu yaklaşımın çeşitli örnekler için uygulanmasını sağlamaktır.
Bu yaklaşımın adımları, çalışmada bir hesap yöntemi şeklinde ifade edilmiş ve çeşitli akış diyagramları halinde izlenmesi gereken sürece ilişkin bilgiler verilmiştir. Sürdürülebilir aydınlatma sistemi tasarımlarının gerçekleştirilmesine yönelik olarak geliştirilen bu yaklaşım ile, aydınlatma tasarımlarında sürdürülebilirlik konusunun dikkate alınması ve bu doğrultuda uygun tasarım seçeneklerinin oluşturulması hedeflenmektedir. Geliştirilen 'Sürdürülebilir Çevre için Mimari Aydınlatma Sistemi Tasarımı Yaklaşımı' ile sürdürülebilir aydınlatma sistemi tasarımı kararlarının elde edilebilmesine yönelik olarak görsel konfor, enerji performansı, çevresel etki ve maliyet açılarından değerlendirmeler gerçekleştirilerek optimum tasarım kararlarının elde edilmesi sağlanır. Geliştirilen yaklaşım, farklı coğrafi koşullar ve farklı bina tipolojileri için kullanılabilir niteliktedir.
Çalışma kapsamında, geliştirilen Sürdürülebilir Çevre için Mimari Aydınlatma Sistemi Tasarımı Yaklaşımı'nın, Türkiye koşulları için uygulanması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulama çalışması, eğitim binası dersliği örneğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ele alınan örnek hacim için farklı aydınlatma tasarımı alternatifleri geliştirilerek elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The concept 'sustainability' is increasingly important in architectural design in consideration of dwindling energy resources, rising energy costs and the negative impact of energy consumption on nature. Sustainability in lighting design is defined as providing the visual environment's quantitative needs with the least impact on the nature. In this regard, the aims of the sustainable architectural lighting system design can be specified as improving the performance of lighting systems, reducing lighting system's energy consumption and minimizing the environmental impact of selected lighting elements.
Achieving sustainable architectural lighting system design is possible with providing the required visual comfort conditions and ensuring users' psychological and physiological satisfaction so they can carry out the visual tasks quickly and accurately. In this regard, the quantitative and qualitative aspects of visual comfort principles and recommendations are mainly addressed in international lighting standards. The European Standard 'EN 12464-1 Light and Lighting -Lighting of Work Places -Part 1: Indoor Work Places' defines lighting requirements that should be followed in order to obtain proper lighting solutions and gives guidance on visual comfort conditions for different space types.
Lighting design phase should represent a major route to reducing lighting energy consumption and CO2 emissions of buildings. In Europe, The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2002/91/EC requires all EU countries to enhance their building regulations in order to monitor and reduce energy consumption. Additionally, recent EPBD Recast 2010/31/EU Directive is aimed at building professionals to design or renovate buildings to a nearly zero energy use state. In order to determine the lighting energy performance of buildings, the calculation methodology described in EN 15193 Energy Performance of Buildings - Energy Requirements for Lighting Standard can be used. On the other hand, advanced energy analyses simulation tools can also be used for determining lighting energy performance of buildings.
Ensuring environmental consciousness from the lighting design to post-occupancy phase is substantially crucial. Today, there are several environmental assessment systems and tools, developed to determine the environmental performance of buildings as well as building sub-systems. 'Life Cycle Assessment- LCA' methodology defines the requirements and guidelines for environmental management and this method can be applied to lighting system design process or the lighting product selection phase. It is stated in different studies that the energy use in operation phase causes the largest environmental impacts of the whole life cycle therefore it is apparent that energy- efficient lighting design is directly related with sustainability and environmental protection.
'Economics' also plays a significant role in the lighting design process and financial analysis methods permit designers or clients to evaluate and decide on the best design decision. Lighting costs include the investment costs and running costs, which should be considered in terms of life cycle costing so that an optimum solution can be obtained. In Europe, all EU Member States are obliged to perform analysis on cost optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements in accordance with Directive 2010/31/EU (EPBD recast). Accordingly, calculation of global cost in terms of net present value methodology is performed based on the methodology described in EN 15459 Standard.
Achieving sustainable architectural lighting designs are possible with providing required visual comfort conditions in spaces, obtaining users' psychological and physiological satisfaction, ensuring solutions with minimal lighting energy requirements, selecting lighting systems with minimum environmental impact and considering 'optimum cost concept of lighting installations. Therefore, a new approach is proposed with the aim of developing lighting designs in line with these parameters with a holistic understanding. This study is aimed to describe the recently developed integrated architectural lighting system design approach in order to obtain sustainable built environments. The study consists of six chapters:

The first chapter is the introduction part. General information about the content of the thesis and the above mentioned information are given in this part of the study. The aim of the study is also introduced in this chapter.

The second part of the study is entitled 'Visual Comfort, Energy Performance and Environmental Impact in Sustainable Lighting System Design' and this part includes visual comfort, energy performance and environmental impact issues as well as their relationship with architectural lighting system design. In this section, psychological and physiological lighting design criteria are introduced in order to obtain visual comfort conditions. Information about several methods for determination of the lighting energy performance in buildings is given in this part of the study and related literature review is presented. Furthermore, examining the environmental impact of lighting system design by the use of methods developed in this regard, relevant standards and scientific studies in the world are introduced.

The third part of the study is entitled 'Determination of Daylight Performance in Buildings'. This chapter focuses on several methodologies related with daylight calculations and determination of external illuminance. Determination of external illuminances is crucial in order to obtain the most realistic results for daylight performance calculations in buildings. In cases where the external illumination data is not recorded in the meteorological stations, sky type determination studies for a given location is necessary. Introducing the methods developed to determine the daylight performance of buildings, this chapter also gives brief information about the use of daylighting simulation programs providing advances in numerical analysis of daylight in buildings.

The fourth part of the study is entitled 'Architectural Lighting System Design Approach for Sustainable Environments'. In this chapter a new architectural lighting system design approach is proposed with the aim of developing lighting designs considering 'visual comfort, energy performance, environmental impact and optimum cost' concepts. This chapter contains information about the steps of the developed approach and flowcharts illustrating the architectural lighting system design approach. By the use of developed approach for sustainable environments, evaluations regarding visual comfort, energy performance, environmental impact and lighting costs can be performed in order to prompt the design phase and obtain optimal design decisions. The steps of the developed approach are as follows:
• Assessment of visual comfort for lighting system design
• Assessment of energy performance for lighting system design
• Assessment of environmental impact for lighting system design
• Assessment of cost efficiency for lighting system design
This methodology considers satisfying the visual comfort conditions as a prerequisite and aims to perform visual comfort assessments in terms of daylighting and artificial lighting. The daylight performance of the evaluated space is calculated considering determination of external illuminances, calculation of daylight distribution in the space (modelling the daylighting potential of the space on an annual basis), determination of glare caused by daylight on an annual basis and determination of view out conditions. In this approach, visual comfort assessment in terms of artificial lighting consist of the calculation of illuminance (Eav), calculation of uniformity (U), determination of glare caused by artificial lighting, color aspects of artificial lighting system and optimum integration of artificial lighting and daylighting.
In order to determine the energy performance of lighting systems, this approach considers the daylighting system's properties, artificial lighting system's properties and occupant-based parameters. With the help of this approach it is possible to design energy efficient lighting systems or perform necessary modifications during the design stage. This approach can also be used for the improvement of existing buildings so that energy conscious design variants can be obtained.
The approach aims the assessment of the environmental impact caused by lighting system design. Two different determination modules are proposed in order to determine the environmental impact caused by lighting systems. In this manner, Environmental Product Declarations- (EPD) based method is used in order to obtain environmental impact information for the selected lighting products in terms of their raw material extraction, manifacture, distribution, use and end of life. If the EPD documents for the selected lighting products do not exist, the environmental impact assessment can then be performed based on the 'Use Stage' method as this stage is known to have almost 90% of the overall environmental impact.
The developed approach considers the significance of financial analysis during the lighting design phase. Lighting costs determination is based on the methodology described in EN 15459. In this module, calculation of global cost in terms of net present value is performed.
This approach is aimed to utilise the optimisation of lighting system design decisions during the design phase so that visual comfort, energy efficiency, minimum environmental impact and optimum cost concepts can be ensured. In this manner, development of a lighting design dashboard is also performed in this chapter with the aim of providing relevant information regarding the assessment results of lighting system designs and their performance.
The fifth part of the study is entitled 'Implementation of the Architectural Lighting System Design Approach for Sustainable Environments for Turkey'. In this section, implementation of the new design approach is exemplified for a sample prototype primary school classroom. In this part, Turkey's diverse geographical and climatic characteristics are taken into consideration and the implementation of the approach is performed for Istanbul and Antalya conditions. In this study, 5 daylighting system scenarios (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5), two artificial lighting system scenarios (A1, A2) and 3 lighting control systems scenarios (K1, K2, K3) are applied for the investigated space and the results are obtained for each lighting design alternatives. Obtained results are presented as lighting design dashboards which are given in Appendix F.
This study demonstrates how a comprehensive architectural lighting design methodology can be applied on a sample space to assess visual comfort, lighting energy, environmental impact of lighting designs or lighting costs. In this study, the applicability of the developed approach is implemented on a sample primary school classroom space in Turkey conditions. Moreover this approach can also be used for different geographical conditions and building typology applications.