İstanbul deniz mekanları dönüşümlerinin kolektif bellek bakışıyla incelenmesi: Florya Kıyısı örneği
Examination of the transformations of istanbul coastal spaces from a collective memory perspective: The case of Florya coastal spaces
Yazar: ELİF SELEN ERGÖR
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. FATMA ERKÖK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Dönüşüm = Transformation ; Kamusal alan = Public space ; Kolektif bellek = Collective memory ; İstanbul-Florya = İstanbul-Florya

Özet:
Toplumlar; olay ve olguları ortak bir bağ ve aidiyetlikle beraber hatırlarlar. Kolektif belleğin kurulumunu sağlayan bu bağlar kent içinde de mekânlar üzerinden bellek kodlarının da oluşmasını sağlar. Bellek kodlamaları mekânlar üzerinden geçmişten günümüze aktarılırken eş zamanlı olarak mekânlar kentin getirdiği dinamiklerle beraber değişmeye devam edebilmektedir. Peki dönüşen bu mekânlar kolektif bellekte nasıl yer edinmektedir?
Bu araştırma, kamusal alanlarda dönüşen mekanların kolektif bellek perspektifinde toplumda nasıl kodlandığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Kolektif belleği oluşturan bileşenlerin, mekâna dair ne gibi kodlamalara potansiyeller verebileceğini kavramsal bir çerçevede irdeleyip, dönüşen mekânlarda ise bu kolektif bellek kodlarının irdelenmesini hedeflemektedir.
Bu araştırma amaçları doğrultusunda, üretilen bu çalışmada şu soruların cevabı aranmaktadır: kent içi dinamiklerden ötürü dönüşmüş olan kamusal mekânlar kolektif bellekte nasıl kodlanır? Kolektif bellek içerisinde bulunan mekâna ait bellek kodlamaları nasıl okunabilir? Dönüşen kamusal mekânlarda bulunan bellek kodları hangi yöntemlerle çözümlenebilir?
Bu bağlamda çalışma alanı olarak İstanbul'da bulunan kamusal deniz mekânları belirlenmiştir. Kent içinde dönüşen pratiklerden ötürü İstanbul'da bulunan kamusal deniz mekânları da dönüşmüştür. Deniz hamamlarıyla başlayan, daha sonra plaj alanlarına dönüşümüyle kente başka bir bağ kurma potansiyeli sağlayan deniz mekânları bu sebeple kolektif bellek perspektifinde incelenmeye değer görülmüştür.
Araştırmanın giriş bölümünde, araştırma problemi, amaç ve yöntemleri sunulmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise ulusal ve uluslararası literatür araştırmasıyla temel kavramlar anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu temel kavramlarla beraber kolektif bellek içerisinde bulunan bellek kodlamaları da bu bölümde tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın üçüncü bölümünde İstanbul'da dönüşen deniz mekânları hakkında kolektif bellek kodları aracılığıyla bütünsel bir bakış açısıyla bilgi verilmektedir. Araştırmanın dördüncü bölümünde ise araştırma sorularına cevap bulmak amacıyla dönüşen deniz mekânlarında bellek kodlamalarına ait deşifreler yapılmaktadır. Bu bölümde Florya deniz mekânları detaylı olarak incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın son bölümünde ise dönüşen kamusal alanların kolektif bellek perspektifinde hangi söylemlere potansiyel sağlayabileceği üzerine tartışmalar geliştirilmiştir.
Araştırma yöntemi olarak içerik analizi kullanılmıştır.  Mekânın barındırdığı kolektif bellek kodlarını araştırmayı amaçlayan çalışma için arşiv taramalarından, basılı medya ve sosyal medya taramalarından, metinsel anlatılardan, görsel anlatılardan, otobiyografik anlatılardan yararlanılmış ve mekânlara ait yazılı, görsel ve medya verileri toplanmıştır. Bu verilerin derlenmesi amacıyla ise önce içerik sökümü yapılmış ardından içeriklerin içerisinde barındırdığı söylemler irdelenmiştir. Verilerin toplanıp incelenmesi sonucunda; İstanbul'un deniz mekanları ve Florya bölgesindeki kamusal kullanımın nasıl dönüştüğü ve bu mekânsal dönüşümün toplum hafızasında nasıl yer bulduğu anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Araştırma sonucunda; mekanlar hatırlanırken mekânın mimari kurgusu kadar orada yaşanılan gündelik hayat pratiklerinin ve mekânsal kimlik ögelerinin de önemli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Mekanlara ait bellek kodlarını ise temsil ve anlatı araçları aracılığı ile anlayabilmekteyiz.  İstanbul'daki deniz mekanlarına baktığımızda; kentte yaşanılan değişimlerin, İstanbul deniz mekanlarının dönüşümüne etkili olduğu görülmüştür.  İstanbul'da deniz hamamları önce plaj mekanlarına dönüşmüş, ardından plaj mekanları kent içinde kaybolmuştur.  Diğer bir sonuç olarak ise, İstanbul deniz mekânlarının kolektif bellekte çağdaş ve modern bir hayatın temsili olarak yer aldığı anlaşılmıştır.
Florya'da ise İstanbul genelinde olduğu gibi; deniz mekanları modern bir hayatın göstergesi olarak kolektif bellekte hatırlanmaktadır. Atatürk Deniz Köşkü ve Haylayf, Güneş, Belediye plajları Florya deniz mekanlarında hatırlanan mekânsal kimlik ögeleri olmuştur. Günümüz de ise Florya'ya ait kamusal mekânlar dönüşüme uğramıştır. Atatürk Deniz Köşkü ve civarı bölgenin kullanım yoğunluğu azalmıştır ve İBB Sosyal Tesisleri ve etrafındaki bölge yeni odak noktası haline gelmiştir.

Abstract:
Societies remember events and phenomena along with a covalent bond and belonging. These bonds, which ensure the establishment of collective memory, also ensure the creation of memory codes within the city through spaces. While the memory encodings are transferred from the past to the present through spaces, these spaces might change simultaneously with the dynamics of the city. And how do these transformed spaces find a place in the collective memory?
The aim of the study is to find out how spatial transformations in public spaces are coded in society from the perspective of collective memory. It aims to examine in a conceptual framework the sort of encodings the components of the collective memory generate potential and to examine these collective memory codes in transformed spaces.
For the purposes of this study, the answers to the following questions are under research in this thesis: How are the public spaces that have been transformed due to urban dynamics encoded in collective memory?  How can the memory encodings in the collective memory be read? Which methods can be used to analyze the memory codes in transformed public spaces?      
In this context, public coastal spaces in Istanbul have been designated as the field of study. The public coastal spaces in Istanbul have also changed, due to the transformed practices.  Started with sea baths and then provided potential for another connection to the city with their transformation into beach areas, coastal spaces, are deemed worthy of examination from the perspective of collective memory.
In the introduction chapter of the study, the research problem, its objectives, and methods are given. In the second chapter, basic concepts are explained by studying national and international literature. Along with these basic concepts, the memory encodings included in the collective memory are defined in this chapter. The third part of the study provides information about the transformed coastal spaces in Istanbul from a holistic point of view through collective memory codes. In the fourth part of the study, transcription of memory encodings in transformed coastal spaces is carried out to find answers to research questions. In this part, Florya coastal spaces are examined in detail. In the final section of the study, discussions are generated about what discourses can the transformed public spaces provide potential in terms of collective memory perspective.
As the method of research, content analysis method was used. For the study that aims to examine the collective memory codes contained in the place, archival research, media research, textual narratives, visual narratives and autobiographical narratives were used and data regarding the places were collected for the study. To compile these data, the content was deconstructed first and the contents were examined.
Memory codes that provide the formation of collective memory can be marked as time, space and belonging to society. The tools that ensure the establishment of collective memory in the public space can be determined as daily life practices, landmarks and representation and narrative tools. These tools enable us to understand collective memory codes in the public space. First of all, communities belonging to the same group with a common daily life form common memory encodings belonging to the public space. Landmarks in public spaces establish a relationship with both daily life practices and social events and provide a common coding of spaces in collective memory. Representation and narrative tools, on the other hand, reveal the collective memory codes of the public space when they reveal a common image, experience, event or situation.
Urban transformations in Istanbul have also led to the transformation of coastal spaces in Istanbul. The beach spaces in Istanbul have revealed the potential of summer vacation experienced in the city. In addition to the beach areas, places for camping areas have started to evolve in the city. Touristic accommodation spaces working together with the beaches in order to increase the tourism sector in Istanbul have also added another potential to the city. This culture has led not only to the increase of hotels but also to the construction of many summer houses near the beaches of the city. The swimming pool complexes seen in the city, on the other hand, have also helped to the beach culture, even if not the sea, to experience similar daily life routines in the city. These spaces, which have been in the city for years, have become among the daily life practices at the point of modernization of society. However, the physical changes that the city has experienced have also caused these beach spaces to be transformed and withered. On the other hand, each new space formed by being influenced by the beach culture has become unique by carrying its own typologies or political and sociological perspectives and has been coded with landmarks in the collective memory.
When we look at the spatial narratives in representation and narrative tools, they convey information to us about the past of those spaces. Collective memory encodings in visual and textual narratives provide us with the opportunity to establish recollection relations. Representation and other narrative tools of coastal spaces in Istanbul provide information about the architectural and daily life practices of that period and lead us to understand how the collective memory works for this space. When we look at the representation and narrative tools of Istanbul's coastal spaces; we see that these spaces have taken  place in the collective memory of the society as indicators of modern life.
When we look at Florya coastal spaces; we see that the culture of swimming in Florya started with the White Russians and has spread all over Istanbul. The first structural elements of the beaches began to be seen with the businesses opened by the White Russians. These structures have not only met the spatial needs of Florya, but also appear as a typology of beach spaces to be used in the daily routine of life.
While the temporary sheds and wooden cabins on the beach areas were used for the beach function, the project and construction process of Florya Atatürk Mansion started in 1935 with the instruction of Atatürk. Although this decision of Atatürk had a more modern and contemporary way of thinking in the background, it was the first step of transformation in Florya Beach. The process, which started in consultation with Martin Wagner and Henri Prost, continued with the project design work of architect Seyfi Arkan. Atatürk Florya Mansion, which was built as the selected project of Seyfi Arkan as a result of the competition, was opened on 14 August 1935. The work of Henri Prost and his team followed Seyfi Arkan's Atatürk Mansion project. Looking at the studies in the region; working together with the sea mansion, the casino, hotel, competition pool, locker rooms, and the beach areas with the functions of the bazaar were designed as a whole, but only some of these structures were implemented.
With the execution of Sirkeci-Halkalı suburban train line, which was active in 1955, access to Florya's coastal spaces became easier and access has increased. Thus, it was decided to build additional facilities in the Florya coastal areas, as it was desired to provide more beach areas for local users and to provide accommodation opportunities for foreign tourists. With the designs of Sedad Hakkı Eldem, which are mainly renovation and new facilities projects, wooden beach cabins were removed and new reinforced concrete modern structural areas began to be built. Again, by adding camping areas to these facilities, the beach capacity of Florya has been increased. The Florya Facilities projects of Eldem, built by the Tourism Bank, were approved in 1956. Of these facilities, only two motels, a camping area and daily beach cabins were implemented. Later, the operation of these facilities was transferred to the municipality.
Although Florya's coastal spaces lost their former importance between 1960 and 1980, the beach still continues to be used actively. In addition, the ease of access to the roads has led to an increase in the number of summer houses built in the region. In the 1980s, the use of Florya's coastal spaces has decreased due to the density of settlements created by the coastal road and the increase in sea pollution.
When we look at Florya coastal spaces in terms of daily life practices, it is seen that modern life was seeked to be integrated into the habits of society through space. The routinization of this new habit regarding the use of Florya coastal spaces in the daily life practice of society has been achieved through the design and implementation of the spaces belonging to Florya beach facilities. The railway and the suburban road, which are important in transportation to the region, also created a memory code for an important daily life practice in the collective memory of the region.
Until the 1980s, Florya's seaside venues were located in the surrounding area, taking the mansion as a reference. Along with Atatürk Mansion, all beaches belonging to the Florya region are remembered with their own names. Haylayf, Güneş, Belediye and Yeni Belediye beaches have been the frequently repeated locations in narrative/descriptive interpretations. Place names still have a strong place in the collective memory, forming the memory codes of Florya coastal spaces in today's collective memory. We can read that these spaces have a place in collective memory codes, both in narratives and in media. In the 2000s, the use of the mansion and the surrounding areas decreased, and access to the coastline became difficult.
When newspaper reports are interpreted, we see that until 1938, the state and Istanbul municipality took decisions together and the administration belonged to the municipality. After 1938, the region was connected to the Directorate of National Palaces. After this change of hands, we can see that the appropriate fee tariffs are applied by the directorate in order not to decrease the intensity of the use of Florya coastal spaces. After 1940, the operation of the region is no longer run by the state. However, despite this semi-private business system, new sea areas were planned and built in the region in the 1950s through the Tourism Bank. Thus, we understand that the state incentives in Florya coastal venues continue even if the businesses are transferred to the private sector. 
As a result of the research; while remembering places, daily life practices and spatial identity elements are as important as the architectural features of the place. We can understand the collective memory codes of spaces through representation and narrative tools. In terms of coastal places in Istanbul; the transformations in the city have affected these spaces. Sea baths in Istanbul first turned into beach venues, and then beach venues disappeared in the city. Another result is that the coastal spaces of Istanbul have taken place in the collective memory as the representation of contemporary and modern life.
When we look at Florya coastal spaces; we see that they are remembered in collective memory as an indicator of modern life, just like overall Istanbul coastal spaces. Atatürk Mansion and Haylayf, Güneş, and Belediye beaches have been the landmarks that are remembered in Florya coastal spaces. Today, the public spaces of Florya have been transformed. The density of use of the Atatürk Mansion area has decreased. The new focal point of Florya coastal spaces has moved towards the İBB Social Facilities and the surrounding area.