Kan hücre sayıcılarının incelenmesi ve beyaz kan hücrelerinin elektronik devre yardımı ile analizi
The Examination of blood cell counters and the analysis of the white blood cells through electronic circuit
Yazar: CENK ALPER
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. MEHMET KORÜREK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1992
Konu: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği = Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Dizin: Elektronik devreler = Electronic circuits ; Kan analizörü = Blood analyser ; Kan sayımı = Blood cell count ; Lökositler = Leukocytes

Özet:
ÖZET Bu teşde, dünyada yangın olarak kullanılmakta olan ve insan sağlığında çok önemli rolü bulunan kan analizörci hasları üzerine bir devre tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen bu devre ile, beyaz kan hücrelerini (lökosit) sayabilen bir kan analizör cihazının (Cell-Dyn 900), lökosit alt grup hücrelerini de sayabilmesi sağlanmıştır. İlk olarak, insan kanına ait hücreler hakkında genel bir bilgi verildikten sonra, kullanılan kan hücre sayım metodları ve kan hücre sayım cihazlarının gelişimleri anlatılmıştır. Kliniklerde ve hastahanelerde çok geniş bir kullanım alanı olan, CELL-DYN 900 Kan analizör cihazı incelenmiştir. Cihazın tüm mekanik ve elektronik yapısı ele alınarak, cihazda kullanılan kan hücre sayım yöntemi ayrıntılı olarak anlatılmıştır. CELL-DYN 900 Kan analizör cihazının kullandığı hücre sayım yöntemine bağlı olarak, insan kanma ait, beyaz kan hücrelerinin alt gruplarının da sayılabilmelerini sağlayan bir devre düzeneği gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece, CELL-DYN 900 Kan analizör cihazının eklenen devre yardımı - ile, lökosit alt hücre gruplarını da sayabilmesi sağlanmıştır.

Abstract:
SUMMARY THE EXAMI NATION OF BLOOD CELL COUNTERS AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS THROUGH ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT Blood, which has the of transporting the oxygene and the substances absorped through stomach and intestine to the tissues, to return the carbon dioxide that has been accumulated in the tissues to the lungs and other metabolic remainings to the kidneys and to the liver, to regulate the body temperature to control the work of the cells and also which takes the role of transporting the other acti ve substances to the tissues, is consisting of cells, shaped, elements and of a liguid which is called plasma. By an adult human being the most of the blood cells are produced by the bone marrow. The Blood Cells are sepa rated into 2 groups according to their microscobic appearen- ces: 1> Coloured Cells 2) Colourless Cells (Leucocyts) 1- Erythrocyte Red Blood Cells, with their other name Erythrocyts, constitute the majority of the shaped elements in the Blood. They include the Hemoglobin (HGB> which gives the blood its red colour and which is the transporter of oxygene and carbon dioxide. Their diameter is normally 7,5 mic rons and their height is at widest point 2 microns and at narrovest point 1 micron. The red coloured blood cells which have a diameter of 7.B microns are called " normocyts ", the 6 microns or less " microcyts " and 8.8 microns or more are called " macrocyts " In a normal male there are B-B.B millions and in a"female 4.B-B millions of red coloured blood cells in 1 mm of blood. 2- Lucocyts These cells which are colourless are also called white blood cells. They are round cells with a nucleus. Then are separated into 2 groups according to the of their nuc leuses: a) With a nucleus made of one piece (Mononuclear Leucocgts), b) With a nucleus made of many pieces (Polymorphonuclear Leucocyts ). a- Mononuclear Leucocyts: These cells are may be examined in 2 groups according to the partical availability in their cell fluids, namely as " Lemphocyts" and " Monocyts". "The Lemphocyts" consti tute the 20-25 % of the whole leucocyts. The large ones are B-8 microns. Their shape is generally vera regular and round. Their nucleuses are big compared with the cell it self. "Monocyts " constitute the 4-6 % of the whole leu cocytes. Their sise is 14-20 microns. They are the biggest cells of the Blood. The shape of their nucleus is like a bean and a kidney. b- Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes: Their nucleuses are pieced and in differend shapes. They may be examined in 3 groups according to the chemical colouring characteristics of their comprising particals, name ly as: " Neutrophil Leucocyts", " Eosinophil Leucocyts" and "Basophil leucocyts ". " The Neutrophil Leucocyts " comprise the 70 % of the whole leucocyts. Their sise is 10-12 microns. Their nuc leuses are in many different shapes and are pieced. " The Eosinophil Leucocyts " comprise only the 2-4 % of the whole leucocyts. Their sise is 12-14 microns. Their particals get coloured with acid colours. (vii )" The Basophil Leucocyts " comprise the 0.5 >S of the whole leucocyts. Their size is approximately 10 microns. Their nucleus is quite big. On the other hand, there blood placets in the blood of the human beings which are sizely quite smaller than the coloured and the coloureless blood cells. They are called " Trombocuts ". These placets are in irregular shapes. There are 250000-900000 " Trombocyts "in the blood of an adult human being. Blood counting equipments are developed to count the different cells of the blood and to analyse them. The first experiment on the Blood Counting Equipments has been rea lized in the 17th. Century by van Leeuwerhoek. Through this developed equipment» it's enabled to count the small cells» namely the Erythrocyts. In the 19th. century, throught the techniques based on dilution of the blood samples before counting» " the Tiny Blood Counting Rooms " could be designed in different forms For instance, " a Tiny Blood Counting Room "in superfi cial rectangle form with glass protection and with diluted blood sample inside has been realized by Bulker. In the 20th. century, through the developments in the electronics and in the optoelectronics some steps have been gained in the Blood Cell Counting (Blood Counting*. In 1934. Moldovan has developed the electrical measur ing method which has been based on measuring the diluted erythrocyt suspension by photoelectrical equipment. s-shapo Diaphragm photoceB Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a device according to Kleine's light-scattering method £33. By a method developed in 194B 's, it has been made pos sible to measure the erythrocyt concentration in the blood by using a turbidemeter. Besides» through the develop ment of this method, the measuring equipment shown on Fi - gure.l has been constituted. With the efforts made in 10 years, the erythrocyt s of a thin layer of blood sample could be counted by a photo electrical inspection method. The " Casella Counter " which has been developed for this purpose and that makes measurements is shown on Figure. 2. Afterwards, many kinds of blood cell counting methods and equipments have been on the base of the marked point inspection method. Besides, many different sorts of errors, which could happen due the irregularity of the cell shapes and due to the overlap of the cells on each other, have been reduced on these developed machines. Pholomultipîter Counting chamber Motor (stir the dish) Lamp Figure. 2 Schematic diagram of a device employing a photoelectric spot scannig method C31. In 19S3, to be able to count the blood cells which were in a thin liguid circulation, a method based on a prin ciple that then are swept to an optical dedection system has been developed. The "EEL" Counter based on this prin ciple is shown on Fi gure. 3. In 19SS, the " Coulter " type Qf Blood Cell Counting Device has been realised. This developed device constituted a base for the modernest Blood Counting used in our days. Furthermore, through the " Coulter " method, it became also possible to count the blood cells in different sises by de veloping the systems that detect the electrical signes in balanced gravity with the cell volume. The blood cell counting machines used nowadays generally make the measurements on and according 2 methods, and the other is the optical measuring principle method. , - The number of the White Blood Cells CWBC), - The number of the Platelets (Trombocyts) (PLT>, (>;i )- The value of the Hematocrit (HCT), - The value of the Hemoglobin (H6B>, PLT measuring can also be made by using diluted Platelet Rich Plasma (PEP); - Platelet measuring (Trombocyt Measuring) (PEP PLT). The Machine can also calculate the follo%'ing parameters by the help of the measured values; - Mean Cell Volume (MCV), - Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH), - Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC. > The simplified measuring diagram of the CELL-DYN 900 Mac hine is show on Figure. 4- At the end of the thesis, a circuit mechanism has been realised which also enables to count the below groups of the White Blood Cells (WBC) in accordance with the system of the CELL-DYN 900 Blood Analyser Machine. Through this circuit beside the number of the v&ite Blood Cells, the number of the following 3 main below groups can be obtained by individual measuring: - LYMPHOCYTE - MIDDLE SIZE Monocyte Eosi nophi 1 Basophil - NEUTROPHIL , (MID), (GEAN). If it would be necessary, the number of the White Blood Cells (WBC) can be obtained again by adding the number of these below groups. (xii >TSAN^DL-'CEB CONSTANT CwRRENT AMPLIFIER CI ?w- GAIN /qiscrimINAT SIGNAL ' ocecac^rc ? REFERENCE VOt-TS 3> HIT ?# METERING SYSTEM -V SCRI- MINATDR CONTROL METERING TUBE LOGIC DISTANCE = VOLUME OPTICAL. SWITCH OPTICAL. SWITCH DECODE V_> TO HCT CIRCUITRY COUNT GATE -_> J\K REGISTERS A © B = I 10l 10 10' DISPLAY O -O o Fi güre. 4 Si mpl i f i ed Par t i ele Counter Schema t i c Di agram