Veri zarflama analizi ile türkiye birinci futbol ligi takımlarının performans değerlendirmesi
Performance evaluation of turkish first division football league teams with data envelopment analysis
Yazar: NEŞET YILMAZ
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. CEMİL CEYLAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering ; Spor = Sports
Dizin: Ekonomik verimlilik = Economic efficiency ; Performans değerlendirme = Performance evaluation ; Takım performansı = Team performance ; Takım sporları = Team sports ; Veri zarflama analizi = Data envelopment analysis ; Örgütsel verimlilik = Organizational productivity

Özet:
Şirketler arası rekabetin günden güne artmasıyla beraber kurum içi çalışanların bireysel performansları şirketlerin geleceği için çok önemli bir yer tutmaya başlamıştır. Bireysel performansların oluşturmuş olduğu bütünü şirketin faaliyet performansıyla doğrudan bağdaştırmak yanlış olamayacaktır. 
İster iş dünyasında olsun ister sosyal hayatta, kişinin performansını bir hedefe doğru giderken göstermiş olduğu çalışmalar bütünü olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Hedefe ulaşmada yapılan bu çalışmalardan, kişinin yol kat etmesini sağlayanlar başarılı bir performansa; kişiyi hedeften uzaklaştıran ve/veya aynı konumda bırakan çalışmalar ise performansın başarılı olmasını olumsuz yönde etkileyecek çalışmalar olacaktır.
Performans kavramı spor açısından ele alınırsa sporun olmazsa olmazı olarak tanımlanabilir. İster bireysel sporlar olsun ister takım sporlarında olsun rekabet her zaman ön planda olduğundan dolayı kişilerin en üst düzey performans göstermeleri gerekmektedir. Takım sporlarında bireylerin göstermiş oldukları kişisel performanslarının toplamının takımın performansı olarak düşünülebilir. Takım olarak performansın istenilen seviyeye ulaşması için ise en önemli unsur takımdaki sporcuların uyum içerisinde mücadele etmeleridir. 
Literatüre bakıldığı zaman performans değerlendirmenin birçok alanda uygulanmasına karşın spor alanında çok fazla uygulama olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu durumun birinci nedeni zaten takımlar veya sporcular yaptıkları müsabakalar sonucunda aldıkları derece veya puanlar ile değerlendirilmeye tabi tutulmuş olmaları olarak gösterilebilir. İkinci neden ise anlık hadiselerden oluşan spor alanında bir sonraki aksiyonu tahmin etmek veya şimdiye kadar olmuş olaylar arasında matematiksel bir bağlantı kurmanın zor olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. 
Spor alanında özellikle takım sporlarında matematiksel model kullanılarak yapılan araştırmalar, takımların saha içindeki performanslarından daha çok maddi kaynaklarını ne ölçüde gelirlere dönüştürebildikleri ve sezon sonu başarılara ne kadarıyla ulaşıldığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanarak yapılmıştır.
Takım sporlarında takımların değerlendirilmesi literatürde daha çok Veri Zarflama Analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bu durumun nedeni ise veri zarflama analizinde önceden bir varsayım tanımlanmak zorunda değildir. Veri zarflama analizi kendiliğinden girdi ve çıktılar arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlayabilmekte ve bir verimlilik puanı ortaya çıkartmaktadır.
İşletmeler için verimliliğe etki eden faktörleri belirlemek oldukça önemlidir. Veri zarflama analizleri, çoklu girdi ve çıktıyı incelemeye yardımcı olan, göreli etkinliğin kıyaslanmasına imkan veren doğrusal programlama tabanlı bir yaklaşımdır.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye Birinci Futbol Liginde 2013-2014 ve 2014-2015 yılında mücadele eden takımların performans kıyaslanması Veri Zarflama Analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. 
Veri zarflama analizi girdi odaklı ve çıktı odaklı olmak üzere iki farklı yönelime ve ölçeğe göre sabit getiri ve ölçeğe göre değişken getiri olmak üzere iki farklı türe sahiptir. Tezde bu dört modelde kullanılmış ve oluşacak sonuçlar karşılaştırılmak istenmiştir. 
Meydana gelen sonuçlar ise girdi veya çıktı yöneliminin sonuçlarda pek bir değişiklik yaratmadığı ancak ölçeğe göre değişken getirinin ölçeğe göre sabit getiriye oranla daha az hassasiyete sahip olduğu görülmüştür. 
Takımların performanslarına (verimliliklerine) ilişkin değerler ayrıntılarıyla dördüncü bölümde verilmiştir. 
Son olarak bu çalışma istenilen verilere tüm şeffaflığıyla ulaşılması dahilinde daha da sağlıklı sonuçlar ortaya koyacak ve geliştirilebilecektir.

Abstract:
With the increasing competition between companies day by day, the individual performances of the staff began to hold a very important place for the future of the company. It will not be wrong to associate directly the company's operating performance with total of the individual performances.
We can define the individual performance as a whole of works which has been performed while reaching a target both business world and social life. Some of these allow the people to have a successful performance in mileage, the others cause the people stay away from the target and / or stable.
Performance evaluation is a key process for companies. As a result of the performance evaluation of employees, companies set salary, incentives, description of work preparation and ways to develop them and they give important decisions such as the conclusion of the performance level. According to the obtained evaluation results, various enforcement on employees and some regulations are realized.
An efficient performance evaluation system is to help the realization of these functions.
Business Development: Measurement of performance objectives, the repositioning of workers who are intended to improve, providing the needs of the employees.
Usage related to management: Salaries, promotion, termination or extension, taking decisions about temporary redundancy of workers.
Organization maintenance: Planning of human resource, identifying company needs, evaluating the realizing of the company's goals, evaluation of human resources.
Certification: The certification of human resources decisions and meet legal requirements.
With the increase in the importance given to human resources, performance evaluation of the companies has been changing. In the past and even today, some methods simply evaluate the management department employees were used and have being used by many companies. These methods often depend on the people and are biased, that contain "halo effect". Halo effect: When evaluating a person, making biased comments in the evaluation of some criteria due to effects of the other characteristics.
Performance is the most important parameter in sport. Whether in team sports or individual sports, athletes must perform at the top level of their capacity every time because of the rivalry. Performances of the team can defined as a total amount of individual performance who plays for the team. The most important element of team sport is team coordination to reach desired level of performance. 
When we look at the literature we can see a lot of implementations, researches about performance appraisal, evaluation of companies or organizations that have operations very different fields. But there is not a lot of implementations in sports. The first reason of this situation is teams or players are evaluated after the competition by getting some degrees or points. The second reason is sports become from instantaneous incidents because of that it is hard to guess next action and it is hard to determine mathematical relation between happenings until now. 
Studies carried out using mathematical models, especially in team sports in the sports field, try o explain how teams successful to make revenues and get sportive achievement using their financial resources instead of explaining team performance in the pitch. 
In literature, researches about evaluating the teams in sport mostly implemented with Data Envelopment Analysis. The reason for this situation is not necessary to pre-determine assumptions on data envelopment analysis. Data envelopment analysis can describe the relationship between inputs and outputs automatically and DEA can create an efficiency score. 
It is quite important to determine the factors affecting productivity for the companies. Data envelopment analysis, which helps to examine multiple input and output is a linear programming-based approach, which allows the comparison of the relative efficiency.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is called as Decision Making Units (DMUs) is a without parameters measurement techniques which was developed in order to evaluate economic decision makers that are similar to each other in terms of productions and services. This technique allows decision-making units to determine whether or how to use available resources efficiently to generate output. DEA initially used to examine the effectiveness of non-profit foundations; then it has also been used effectively on the profit making product and the service sectors.
DEA is based on linear programming and as the first measure of effectiveness is based on theoretical work of Farrel about determining the performance of activities in 1957. The point of view of this study, the research which was introduced by Charnes and Cooper and Rhodes in 1978 no doubt has been the basis for all subsequent developments in the nonparametric approach on the evaluation of the effectiveness. Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes introduced  a new definition about evaluation of effectiveness of non-profit foundation and a non-parametric model and based on  linear programming technic in their article that is "Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units" in 1978. In this study, they measure the effectiveness of various schools under constant returns to scale; they used some outputs as decision-making units such as arithmetic scores, students' attitudes and behaviours of psychological tests, understanding skills of students and controlling of body language. Furthermore, in this study, multiple-output ratio weighted by formula is manufactured from classic engineering activity rate of one output / input single-input. This study which is known as CCR (Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes) approach was popularized under the name of Data envelopment starting from operations research and administrative sciences, spreading economics.
Data envelopment analysis is capable of double-sided feature to be used for input and output. DEA models for inputs investigate how the optimal combination of inputs to be used in order to produce the most effective way a specific output composition. On the other hand, the output-oriented DEA models, investigates the maximum amount of output composition can be obtained with a particular combination of inputs.
DEA field of application is related to each unit in the internal and external competition in the service, financial and manufacturing sectors. Classic productivity analyses in a single-input single output as different from acting on the basis of multiple input-multiple output DEA, besides the rapid institutional development, followed by a rapid process implementation.
While initially, DEA aimed at measuring the comparative productivity of organizations such as non-profit-making public sector profit later it is also widely used in the manufacturing and service sectors. In addition, the DEA method started to use in the calculation of the efficiency of sport teams. 
In this study, Turkish First Division Football League teams, which played in league for season 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, are evaluated and compared by using Data Envelopment Analysis. 
Data envelopment analysis have two types called as constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale. Both types have two approaches called as input oriented and output oriented. In this research investigates all combinations of data envelopment analysis. This four models wanted to compared. 
Due to results, input oriented or output oriented approaches results are similar, it does not affect the results. But there is difference between constant returns to scale models and variable returns to scale models. We can say that variable returns to scale models are less sensitive than constant returns to scale models. 
The aim of this study is showing how we can evaluate football team performances with data envelopment analysis.
The first part of the study is beginning part.
The second part of the study explains performance appraisal. This part explains generally, purposes of performance evaluation, advantages and disadvantages of performance appraisal, and employee evaluation methods. Final part of this section gives information about evaluation in sports.
The third part of thesis tells about how to use data envelopment analysis, purpose of it, advantages and disadvantages of data envelopment analysis, implementations fields and the mathematical methods. 
The fourth part of study is implementation part. It gives information about the predefined teams efficiencies.
Last part describes about the conclusions. 
Additionally, within this study if we have more transparency data we can reach more clear results. It helps developing study.