Zemin üzeri dış duvarlarda seçenek özelliklerinin tanımlanması /
Yazar: UĞUR BAŞARAN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. MURAT AYGÜN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Dış duvarlar = External walls ; Zemin = Soil

Özet:
ÖZET Ülkemizde, çağdaş gelişmelere paralel olarak yapı ürünlerinin üretim-tüketim- kullanım olanaklarının hızla artması ve bu artışla birlikte dış duvar elemanlarında ortaya çıkan çeşitli sorunları ve dış etkilere karşı gösterdikleri performansları ortaya koymak amacıyla "Dış duvarlarda seçenek özelliklerinin tanımlanması" içeriğinde bütünleştirilen konu incelenmiştir. Bu tez altı bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Birinci bölümde, dış duvarların tanımlanması, yapı dış kabuğuna etki eden etmenler, malzeme ve konstrüksiyon tekniklerine bağlı olarak gelişimi incelenmiştir. Dış duvarlar, iç mekanı dış mekandan ayıran, iç ortamda gerekli konfor koşullarını sağlamak yapı bünyesini ısı,su, nem, termel gerilmeler ve radyasyon gibi dış ortam koşullarının zararlı etkilerinden koruyan düşey, eğimli, yada eğrisel yapı bileşenlerinden oluşur. İkinci bölümde, dış duvarlar için yapılmış sınıflandırmalar incelenmiştir. Bu sınıflandırmalar ağırlıklarına, taşıyıcılık özelliklerine, su geçirimsizliklerine, ısı yalıtımlarına ve tabaka sıralamasına göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, seçenek bilgi föylerinin oluşturulması için uygulanan yöntem anlatılmıştır. Bu amaçla önce dış duvar sınıflandırılması yapılmış ve dış duvar bileşenleri tespit edilmiştir. Bileşenlerin çeşitli katmanlaşmalarla biraraya getirilmeleri ile 48 adet dış duvar seçeneği oluşturulmuştur. Bu seçenekler içinde rasyonel olanlar seçilmiş, diğerleri elenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde duvar seçenekleri için performans ölçütleri genel ölçütler ve özel ölçütler başlıkları altında açıklanmıştır. Beşinci bölümde dış duvar bileşenleri dış kabuk, havalandırma, ısı yalıtımı ve gövde ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde dış duvarlarda uygulanan seçenekler föyler halinde sunulmuştur. vuı

Abstract:
SUMMARY EXTERNAL WALLS In order to express the rapid increase of possibility of manufacturing- cunsuming-using of the building materials in our country parallel to the contemporary developments and the problems appearing in the external wall elements with this increase and their performance against external actions; the subject amalgamated as "The definition of alternative properties in external wall" is surveyed. This thesis consists of six chapters. In the first chapter, definition of external walls, factors effecting the external crust of the building and its development related to the material and construction techniques is surveyed. Outer walls, consists of vertical, inclined or curved structurel components which seperates inner and outer spaces and protects the structure from the harmful effects of external actions such as heat, water, humidity, thermal stresses and radiation order to maintain the necessary comfort in indoor space. Up to the early 1930's especially in the residences, facades consisted of heavy load-bearing walls build by bricklaying techniques. In the late 1950's, prefabricated external wall types which could be said quiet complex in comparison with former and generally not load bearing began to be used. So, the improvements in not only the material, but application techniques as well maintained a reduction up to 70% in the heat loss of the building via crust incomparison with the time of normal brick usage in the external walls. In the second chapter, method apply for creating alternative data forms is explained. Firstly, external wall classification is made and external wall components are established for that aim. 48 external wall alternatives are created with different combinations of the components. The most rational ones among these alternatives are elected and others eliminated. In the third chapter external wall classifications are surveyed. These classifications include several component configurations. Typical external wall classifications are given below; IX1. External wall classification according to weight;. Heavy walls (>300kg/m2). Medium weight walls ( 100-300 kg/m2 ). Light walls (<100kg/m2) 2. External wall classification according to load bearing;. Load bearing walls. Non-load bearing walls 3. External wall classification according to water insulation;. Impermeable walls. Semi-permeable walls. Permeable walls 4. External wall classification according to heat insulation;. Plain walls. Walls having air space between two layers (sanwich). Walls having insulation on one side. Walls having insulation between two layers (sandwich) 5. Classification according to layers; 1. One layer walls. Composite walls. Plated walls. Heat insulated one layer walls 2. Two layer walls 3. Heat insulated two layer walls In the four chapter performance criteria for wall alternatives are surveyed. External walls should ensure the criteria below according to that; 1. General criteria 1. 1. Load bearance 1.2. Protection. Sound insulation. Heat insulation. Protection against rain & humidity. Fire protection 1.3. Construction 1.4. Durability2. Special criteria Surveyed for every components. In the fifth chapter external wall components are surveyed. According to that; 1. External plating External plating materials are classified according to;. Plastering. Naturel stone veneering. Artificial material veneering. Small size material veneering (stone,glass, glass mosaic, ceramic). Curtain wall, glass, metal, plastic ext. The functions of external plating of the external crust;. Not to suck water. To let rain water slip. To be composed of material with a low diffusion resistance. Not to lose its functions in temperature changes. Not to be effected from dust, gas, and acids. Not to be effected from sun rays-not to fade away. Not to be easily get dirty. Easy to be repaired and have low cost. To be resistany to strike and impacts. 2. Air ventilation Main precoution agains water seepage is leaving a space between external wall plating and wall or between two wall layers, A suitable ventilation depends on;. Selected air space. Air channel section. Air flow speed 3. Heat insulation External walls should be designed to reduce the energy used for heating and cooling and to reduce the heat loses to provide the necessary comfort in indoor space. Special measures and heat insulation materials are used for that. XIThree approaches are seen on application of heat insulation materials on to the walls. 1. Internal heat insulation 2. Middle heat insulation 3. External heat insulation In general, a heat insulation material should have these properties in application;. To have a good or satisfactory mechanical strenght. Good workability - easy workmanship. Deformation resistance against both pressure and tension forces. Chemical neutrality » Resistance against decay and corrosion. Not to lose its properties in time. Not to damage the other materials that are used with and not to be damaged. Not to be defected because of temperature in servive. Should resist decaying effects such as insects, fungi and bacteria. 4. Structure We can classify the external wall structure like that;. Monolithic. Block. Grid 1. Monolithic In general, they can be defined as the walls that are build with cocrete based prefabricated (precast) wall panels. Site cast shear walls are also in this class. Other than the reinforced concrete panels, panels that are build using glass-reinforced concrete or plastics or metals are also produced although not very common. 1.1. Prefabricated concrete facade elements Panel elements can not only be produced with one layer but also can have a multi-layer structure utulising different building materials. According to their structures;. One layer. Double layer. Multi-layer (three or more layers) xu1.2. Metal facade elements 2. Block We can use the block walls both as load bearing and in a load bearing structure as non-load bearing elements. We can classify block walls as;. Stone walls. Brick walls. Concrete block walls. Glass brick walls. Timber frame walls 3. Grid (Load bearing). Bar systems. Semi panel systems xm