İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde korunan Larisa (Buruncuk) kökenli taş mimari eserler
The architectural stone works from Llarisa (Buruncuk) preserved in İzmir Archaeology Museum
Yazar: FİGEN ÖZTÜRK
Danışman: PROF. DR. NEJAT TURGUT SANER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2016
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Tarih = History

Özet:
Çalışma kapsamında, Batı Anadolu'da Aiolis bölgesinde yer alan Larisa (Buruncuk) antik kentinde bulunan taş mimari eserler konu alınmıştır. 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında gerçekleştirilmiş kazılardan çıkarılan ve günümüzde İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde korunmakta olan grup ön plandadır. 2010 yılından bu yana süren yüzey araştırmalarında arazide bulunmuş bazı öğeler de aynı kapsamda değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın ilk kısmında İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi'nin kuruluşu ve bu süreçte müze koleksiyonuna katılan eserler ile ilgili bilgiler derlenmiştir. Kazılar sırasında İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri ile yapılmış yazışmalar da değerlendirilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı 1902 ve 1932-1934 yılları arasında Larisa'da gerçekleştirilmiş kazılarda ortaya çıkan mimari taş eserlerin İzmir Müzesi'ne ne zaman gönderilmiş olduğunun tespit edilmesidir.
Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında Larisa kentinde kazılar sonucu ortaya çıkmış ve İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde korunmakta olan on iki adet taş mimari eser ve Larisa kazı alanında bulunan sekiz adet parça incelenmiştir. Eserler incelenirken mimari düzendeki sıraları gözetilerek, yapıda en altta yer alan örnek ilk sırada olacak şekilde bir sıralama içinde tanıtılmıştır. İlk olarak belgeleme çalışmaları doğrultusunda elde edilen bilgiler ile eserlerin mevcut durumları detaylı olarak açıklanmış ve ölçüleri belirtilmiştir. Daha sonra eserlerin diğer antik yerleşimlerde bulunan benzer örnekleri sıralanmış ve karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Eserlerin işlev, tarihlendirme ve ait olabileceği yapıların tartışmaları farklı kaynaklardan derlenmiş, güncel öneriler getirilmiştir. Gerek duyulduğu oranda eserlerin tamamlama ve restitüsyon çizimleri yapılmıştır. Boya kalıntısına rastlanmış olduğu belirtilen eser grubu için renklendirilmiş restütisyon önerisi getirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın temel amacı, 1940 yılında yayınlanmış "Larisa am Hermos I" eserinden ilk bilgileri elde edilen taş mimari eserlerin, güncel yayınlar ve belgeleme çalışması doğrultusunda yeniden değerlendirilmesidir.
Çalışma kapsamında incelenen eserlerin büyük çoğunluğu antik Yunan mimarisinin geç arkaik dönemine tarihlenmiştir. Bu döneme tarihli mimari eleman örneği nispeten az sayıda olduğundan, çalışmanın o dönemin mimari uygulamaları için de kaynak oluşturması hedeflenmiştir.

Abstract:
This study focuses on a particular group of architectural stone works which were found in the ancient Aeolian settlement of Larisa (Buruncuk) in the 20th century excavations. 12 architectural pieces are currently preserved in the Izmir Archeology Museum. In addition, a smaller group of architectural elements on site has also been studied in the same framework.
The first part of this study deals with the establishment of Izmir Archeology Museum and transfer of archaeological objects to the museum. Izmir is located in the center of the Aegean region and surrounded by numerous archeological sites. Before the foundation of the Izmir Museum, archaeological finds collected from different sites were taken to the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. From the year 1922 onward local museums began to be established in the region, including the first examples of Değirmendere, Izmir, Bergama and Selçuk. In the years 1924-1925 Aziz Ogan started works to establish a museum in Izmir. He brought together archaeological finds and by adding new ones to the existing collections, Izmir Archeology Museum was officially opened in February 1927 in the building of Aya Vukla, a former Greek- Orthodox church near Basmane. The museum in Izmir presented a complex institution rather than being solely an archeology museum. Aziz Ogan's efforts were to create a cultural center by adjoining an art gallery and a library to the museum. The presentation formats and the content of the collection are known today from the Izmir Museum Guide published in 1927 and 1932. In 1951 the museum moved to Kültürpark and remained there until 1984.
The first archaeological excavations at Larisa began in 1902. In 1932, a second excavation campaign was conducted as a continuation of the earlier work of 1902. And from 1932 to 1934, final campaigns took place. Larisa excavations were conceived as a Swedish-German joint work. Since 2010, an architectural field survey has been proceeding in Larisa under the direction Prof. Dr. Turgut Saner (ITU). The correspondence between the excavators and the Istanbul Archaeological Museums in the 20th century includes information on the transfer of finds made in Larisa. It helps determining when the architectural stone works found during the excavations in Larisa were sent to the Izmir Archaeology Museum. In 1902, the museum in Izmir was not opened yet, so that only those Larisaean pieces which were found in the later excavations (i.e. 1932-1934) should have been transferred to the Izmir Archaeology Museum. Yet, another -less likely- possibility would be that the stone works from Larisa have been sent at a later date from the Istanbul Archaeological Museums to the Izmir Museum. Transferring artifacts from one museum to another is a well known practice.
In the second part of the study, twelve architectural stone works from the storage of the Izmir Archaeology Museum and eight on the field at Larisa are presented and described in their current conditions with the help of visual documentation. Architectural stone works have been displayed in the thesis regarding their location at the architectural structure from bottom to top. In other words, their places in the architectural order have been taken into consideration. The descriptions are followed by comparisons with similar examples found in other ancient cities. The architectural elements' functions, datings and probable contexts have been discussed based on different sources, and recent proposals have been introduced. At certain cases reconstructions and completion drawings have been accomplished. For the special group of architectural pieces, on which traces of paint were found, reconstructions have been developed.
The immediate source regarding the history and architecture of Larisa is the publication in three volumes titled "Larisa am Hermos" (1940-1942). In the first volume, architectural works are catalogued and described in detail. At the end of the text a catalogue of architectural stone pieces is given. Some of the pieces are described with both photographs and drawings, and for some others only drawings are available.
Ionic capitals present one of the most important architectural stone works preserved in Izmir Archaeology Museum. The Ionic capitals which reveal fine workmanship compared to other pieces are dated to the late archaic and early classical period. Similar examples from the middle of 6th century to the middle of the 5th century have been considered. The Ionic capital from Larisa, despite its "traditional" polster design with three deep carved canals, the concave volute canal of the both sides may be considered as "modern". The similarities with the examples from Kavala, Salonika, Thasos and especially concave channels may indicate Northern Greece influence, however, it seems that Larisa capital should be dated to an earlier period than the Northern works. There is not an exact parallel for this concave worked capital design, but the proportions and details help us date it around the first quarter of the 5th century B.C. That only the two volute parts without the central portion have survived, may also refer to the existence of two different capitals. However, the surviving parts have been considered as parts of the same capital, and the reconstruction proposal has been developed according to this assumpltion.
Seven pilaster capitals have been found in Larisa and they are now kept in the Izmir Archeology Museum. They are attributed to the so-called "Southwestern Building" and dated to the end of the 6th century B.C. by the excavators. These capitals have been studied under three "groups" according to their slight differences of design details. The best preserved one, "Type 1" has on its front a Lesbian kymation, an Ionic kymation and at the top of these two, flat fasciae, which continue wall-wards on either side. Both sides are decorated with two volutes and a palmette with seven leaves. On the upper part, a canal (groove) is carved along the front side, which is not to be seen frontally. "Type 2" differs from the "Type 1" only with the lack of the canal (groove). One of the Type 2 capitals displays traces of color according to the excavation publication; which is yet not seen today. "Type 3", a single capital fragment, also with volute and palmette decoration, has no profile on the front side. According to the statement in the Larisa publication, this block must have belonged to "an inner corner". The pilaster capitals from Larisa have similar aspects with the pilaster or anta capitals from Melanpagos and Chios Emporio. Other similar examples are from Samos and Didyma which are dated earlier than the pilaster capitals from Larisa. These capitals have three overlapping volutes on sides and triple half round mouldings at the front. The capitals from Samos and Didyma are defined as "Ionic" anta/pilaster capitals.
"Aeolic" anta/pilaster capitals, on the other hand, show two volutes and a palmette in between at the sides. However, there are only a few exmaple known of the Aeolic type. Comparisons with these examples have yielded that the pilaster capitals from Larisa should be dated to the end of the 6th century B.C.
Another essential group of pieces from Larisa includes an architrave and a dentil frieze block with a Lesbian kymation without any carved decoration on it. The Lesbian kymation are similar to the pilaster capitals' Lesbian kymation profile, and also their material is identical. Because of this reason, pilaster capitals, architrave and dentil frieze blocks are all attributed to the same building, that is the "Southwestern Building" and dated to the end of the 6th century B.C. Not so many entablatures of Archaic Ionic buildings are recorded. One of earliest and most important studies and restitutions was made for the Archaic Temple of Apollo in Didyma. However, recent studies in ancient sites of Labraunda, Daskyleion and Metapontum regarding Ionic temples have provided new insight about Ionic entablature design especially for the usage of architrav and dentil frieze. There are very few examples of dentils survived from the Archaic period. It is significant that Larisa, Labraunda and Daskyleion examples have all a 1:1 ratio between the width of the dentil's space and dentil's façade. The finds of Larisa are considered significant since they present a group of late Archaic examples.
The fragment with Ionic and Lesbian leaves are considered as part of the podium temple in Larisa which was reconstructed in the 4th century. Dating is based on the Ionic kymation which is better preserved. Numerous examples with Ionic egg-and-dart ornament have been found from the time span from the Archaic to the Classical period. The form of the Ionic leaves changed throughout the periods. The parallel or similar examples of the Ionic kymation moulding point to early 4th century B.C.
The geison group without any particular ornament could be compared to only a few known examples from other ancient sites. But the geison group bears striking similarities with the first Doric and Ionic geison examples in simplicity of design. These blocks, too, are attributed to the Southwestern Building which itself is dated to the end of the 6th century BC. It is quite possible that geisa with no ornamentation were used in the building.
This study aims at presenting the up-to-date existing data on Larisa's archaic (late archaic) stone architecture by a group of publications, in which the remains of this ancient site have been mentioned. It also tries to provide new suggestions regarding the dating, reconstruction and placement of the stone pieces via both the evaluation of 20th century data and recent research. It should rather be considered as a starting point for the re-evaluation of the stone architecture of Larisa.
The majority of architectural stone works from Larisa included in this study is dated to the late Archaic period. They emerge with their quality of workmanship among the few known examples of the period.