Kentsel gerilim örneği olarak Gezi Parkı
The Gezi̇ Park as an example of urban tension
Yazar: HİLAL BAKKALOĞLU
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. İPEK AKPINAR AKSUGÜR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Kent, çeşitlilik ve farklılıkların kesişim noktası olarak özelleşmiş yerleşim biçimidir. Kentin sahip olduğu farklılıklar, kendini mekanlarda göstermesinden önce bireyler arasındaki temelde gösterir. Kent yaşamı farklı düşünceleri temsil eden bedenleri bir arada yaşamaya zorunlu kılar. Zorunlu yaşama hali çeşitlilik ve farklılık ortamı oluş-tururken bu ortamın neden olduğu çelişkileri veya çatışmaları da yaratır. Bireyler, kent yaşamında karşılaştığı çelişkileri toplumsal bilinç doğrultusunda toplumla pay-laşması ile toplumsal yaşam döngüsünün bir parçası olur. Bu döngünün diğer parçası ise sorunların dile getirildiği mekanlar ve bireyler arasındaki bağlantıdır. Sorunların dile getirildiği süreçlerde tarafların değişken olduğu toplumsal yaşamda uzaklaşma-lar gerçekleşir. Toplumdaki uzaklaşmaların mekan düzleminde ortaya çıkması birey-lerin sorunlarını dile getirdikleri mekanın önemini gösterir. Bireylerin sorunları dile getirilmek için seçtiği mekanlar dikkate alındığında kamusal ortak alanlar olması toplumsal bilinçle gerçekleşen bir kesişim olduğu görülür. Toplumların özgünlüğü-nün ve özgürlüğünün bireylerin ifadesinde başladığı düşüncesi dikkate alındığında benzer süreçlerde bireylerin ifadeleri içinde yaşadığı toplumun durumunu gösterir.
Tez çalışmasının amacı, Türkiye'deki ilk ve etkili kentli hareketi olarak Gezi Parkı olayları üzerinden kentte yaşanan uzaklaşmaların birey, mekan ve ifade bağlamın-daki ilişkisini ele almaktır. Bu amaçla geliştirilen tez çalışmasının hedefi, taraflar arasındaki uzaklaşmaların nedenleri ve bireyin varoluşundaki bedenin ifade aracı olarak kullanmasıyla gerçekleşen hareketlerin mekansal düzlemle bağlantısını ortaya koymaktır. Bu hedef doğrultusunda mimarlık, şehir ve bölge planlama, kentsel tasarım ve sosyoloji, hukuk gibi farklı disiplinlerin girift bir ilişki ağı ile bağlandığı kent, birey ve yaşam konusunda üretilen kaynaklardan veri toplama yöntemi kullanı-larak literatür araştırması yapıldı. Gezi Parkı olayına dair veriler dijital ağırlıklı platformlardan sistematik tarama çalışması yapılarak değerlendirildi. Deneysel bir çalışma aralığı belirlenerek literatür araştırmaları ve gözlemler birarada değerlendi-rilerek sürecin kronolojik envanteri oluşturuldu. Kronolojik envanter üzerinden sürecin gözlemsel gerilim diyagramı ortaya konularak, gerilimin ortaya çıkışı, nedenleri, yayılması, mekan ve birey etkileşimi, tarafların gerilim sürecindeki ifadesi incelendi. Literatür taraması, kronolojik envanter ve gözlemsel diyagram sonucunda tespit edilen bulgular eşliğinde tezin hipotezi test edilerek, 'Kentlerdeki gerilimin, bireyin ifade biçimi ile mekansal düzlemde ortaya çıkması güçlü ve bütünsel bir ilişkiyi tanımlamaktadır' düşüncesi doğrulandı.

Abstract:
The city is a type of settlement that is specialized as a point of intersection of diversity and differences. Differences that the city has possesses show on the relation between individuals before they show themselves on space. Urban life forces bodies that represent different minds to live together. When compulsory living creatse an environment of diversity and differences, it creates contradictions or conflicts that are caused by this environment. Individuals become part of the social life cycle by sharing their contradictions in the city life with the community in the direction of social consciousness. The other part of this remembrance is the connection between the places where the problems are expressed and the individuals. In the processes in which the questions are expressed, the departure takes place in the social life where the sides are variable. The emergence of the departures in society at the level of the space reveals the importance of the place where the individuals express their problems. Considering the places that individuals have chosen to express their problems, it is seen that there is an intersection with social consciousness, which is a public common area. It reflects the situation of the society in which individuals live in expressions in similar processes when considering the originality of societies and the idea that freedom begins in the expression of individuals.
The aim of the thesis is to examine the relationship between the events of the Gezi Park events in the city and individual, space and expression context as the first and effective urban movement in Turkey. The aim of the thesis study which is developed for this purpose is to reveal the linkage between the spatial planes of movements realized by the reasons of the departures between the sides and the use of the indivi-dual as the means of expression of the body in existence. In line with this goal, lite-rature research has been carried out using data collection methods of urban, indivi-dual and life resources which are connected with an intricate network of relationships between different disciplines such as architecture, urban and regional planning, urban design and sociology, and law. A systematic screening study was carried out from digital weighted platforms given for the Gezi Park event. An experimental study range was determined to create chronological inventory. Literature searches and observations were evaluated together to create chronological inventory of Gezi Parkı.
An observational tension diagram was created from the chronological inventory of Gezi Parkı. The origin of tension, its causes, the spreading of tension, the interaction between the space and the individual, the expression of the sides have been exami-ned. As a result of literature review, chronological inventory and observational diagram the thesis hypothesis was tested. The idea of the tension in the cities defines a strong and holistic relationship between the expression of the individual and the emergence in the spatial plane was proved.

The social movements in cities are mainly dealt with in the sociology discipline. But at the point of finding a strong connection of such events to the space, the field of study is shifting to architecture and urban planning discipline. For this reason, the urban tension superstructure, which includes individual and dominated public space, responds to important questions about both the individual and the city. This prepared thesis points to a gap in the literature.
Based on the conceptual and theoretical framework of the literature survey, the trip park events of 2013 were selected to examine the reflection of urban stress. The criterion for the selection of the Travel Park is that it is the first urban movement in the world to be realized in Turkey. Urban movements are indicative of urban tensions and they are dealt with in a holistic approach to the emergence and expression of public space out of everyday life. Considering the change of Taksim Square and Gezi Park, the causes of urban tension as a place of emergence have been evaluated by establishing a connection with the conceptual and theoretical framework.
Istanbul was chosen as one of the old settlements in the thesis study and because it is a major political, commercial and cultural center throughout its history. Istanbul has been an important settlement area throughout its history and today it is considered as one of the metropolises. In view of the metropolis concept, it is treated as a platform that integrates the conflicts, contradictions, dynamic and potentials contained in urban tensions under the influence of cultural diversity. When the areas where the urban tension is emerged in Istanbul are evaluated, the Beyoglu District and Taksim Square in the first region are determined. Beyoglu District and Taksim Square, the subjects or topics that individuals want to express have become the domain of sharing and communicating with the society. Gezi Park, which is seen as the process in which the urban tensions experienced in recent years are expressed, has also hosted events.
In the first part of the thesis study, the problem area which reveals the purpose of the thesis has been put forward. The purpose of the thesis is determined in the direction of the hypothesis on the problem domain. The selection criterion of the event examined as an example of urban tension and the explanation in the literature are given. our country, the causes of urban tensions, especially in the public sphere, and the form of expression of individuals are determined as the study area for the thesis study and the methods applied within the scope of the study are explained. The scope of the thesis work is based on three basic concepts. The conceptual design is based on the conceptual framework of the thesis, as well as the research and association of concepts of 'movement', 'urban tension' and 'experience'.
In the second part of the thesis, the concept of 'movement' is the most basic opening movement of the individual and 'actions to walk and revolve around' are taken as a foreground and the expression for the individual is explained. Then the individual's daily life is taken into consideration and the integration of the body, the space, and the city, which has emerged from the union of the individual with the movements of the individual in the daily life, has been dealt with. The effect of the body on the city's existence and movement and the change of the space has been examined. In addition to the movement of individuals in their everyday lives, the examples that have taken place in the world have been explained by what purpose they used to move out of their daily life by taking action, and the opposite expression of the connection of body and body movements. The negative situation affecting the lives of individuals living together in the city, or the distance between them and the individual, has been addressed. The distances are expressed by taking the concept of urban tension. The main reasons for the spatial-weighted problems in cities that evolved during the course of civilization and changed and diversified, where the concept of city points out a mandatory diversity by way of the definitions. After mentioning the causes of urban tensions explained by researchers, the causes of urban tensions in our country are also mentioned. In the world, important 'Occupy' (resistance) movements in different continents and countries have been mentioned and the relationship between the spatial adjustment and the examples has been investigated.
In the third chapter, in the last fifteen years, the movement of the body in the context of urban tension has been examined in the Occupy (resistance) actions which are independent but trigger each other in different continents and countries in the world. The movement of the individuals in the Gezi Park, in which the body's body changes from the everyday practices to the expression of speaking, is discussed. The process was assessed by taking into account the reasons for the emergence of urban tension as the main cause of 'Occupy Trip' (resistance), the relation of bodies to space, and social dynamics. In the tension in the process, the sides, action, expression representation and interaction of the body with the space were examined.
In the fourth and last section, the findings obtained within the scope of the thesis study were evaluated and suggested and discussed.