Türkiyede taşıt paylaşımı ve kullanıcı davranışları
Car share in Turkey and user behaviour
Yazar: GERMİ LEVENT KILINÇALP
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. HÜSEYİN ONUR TEZCAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Ulaşım = Transportation
Dizin: Araç paylaşım = Car sharing ; Kentiçi ulaşım =   ; Ortak paylaşım = Sharing of common ; Sürdürülebilir ulaşım = Sustainable transport ; Şehiriçi ulaşım = Urban transport

Özet:
Dünyada artan taşıt sayısı ve trafik sıkışıklığı ulaşım sektörünün çözülemez bir sorunu haline gelmiştir. Özellikle büyükşehirlerde gerçekleşen bu sorun ulaşım planlamacılarını alternatif yollar aramaya sürüklemiştir. Günümüzde akıllı ulaşım sistemleri ve paylaşılan hareketlilik ve buna bağlı yolculuk paylaşımı, mikromobilite, taşıt paylaşımı gibi kavramlar yeni ulaşım akımları haline gelmiştir. Özellikle taşıt paylaşımı son 10 yıldır Amerika ve Avrupa ülkelerinde ivme kazanmış, Türkiye'de ise sektör henüz yeni olsa da gelişmesini sürdürmektedir.
Özel taşıt kullanımı tüm dünyada ulaşımın ana sorunu olarak görülmekte ve ulaşım planlamasının her alanında bu ulaşım türüyle savaşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde de insanlar, özel taşıtın sunduğu konfor, saygınlık, hız gibi özelliklere karşı koyamamakta ve özel taşıt sahipliği hızla artmaktadır. Bir şehrin ulaşım altyapısı ne kadar iyi olsa da özel taşıt kullanımı her zaman yolculukların büyük bir bölümünü kapsamaktadır.
Yeni bir ulaşım akımı olan taşıt paylaşımı özel taşıtla savaşmak yerine, paylaşım ekonomisi felsefesi ile yolculara, sahip olmadan kullanmayı sağlayan bir ulaşım türü sunmaktadır.
Paylaşım taşıtları trafikteki özel taşıt sayısını düşürmekle birlikte var olan taşıtların sürekli olarak kullanılmasıyla verimi arttırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bir şehrin sürdürülebilir ulaşım planlarında önemli rol alan taşıt paylaşımının, ekonomik ve çevresel katkıları kaçınılmazdır. Ayrıca iyi bir ulaşım planında toplu ulaşım ve diğer ulaşım tiplerine tamamlayıcı bir rol üstlenmektedir. Bu konuda diğer çalışmalara ön ayak olması ve Türkiye'de taşıt paylaşım kullanımının artması asıl araştırma amacıdır.
Çalışmada paylaşım ekonomisi ve paylaşılan hareketlilik kavramlarına değinilmiş ve bu alandaki kullanıcı güdülerinden bahsedilmiştir. Paylaşılan hareketliliğe ait diğer ulaşım türleri de çalışmanın konusudur.
Taşıt paylaşımının çıkış noktası olan Avrupa ve Amerika'da taşıt paylaşımının tarihi, yükselişi ve Türkiye'deki taşıt paylaşım sektörünün durumu irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye pazarında bulunan şirketler ile görüşme yapılmış ve şirketlerin mevcut durumları değerlendirilmiştir.
Ek olarak İstanbul'da şirketler tarafından toplanmış gerçek kullanıcı verileri çözümlenerek incelenmiş ve kullanıcı davranışları araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda taşıt paylaşımının Türkiye'de gelişmesi için öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu araştırmaların, mevcut ve sektöre giriş yapacak taşıt paylaşım şirketlerine yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Abstract:
The increasing number of vehicles and traffic congestion in the world has become an unsolvable problem for the sector. This troubleshooting, which often takes place in large metropolises, has led planners to look for alternative ways. Smart mobility, shared mobility and related ride sharing, micromobility, carsharing concepts have become new trends in transportation. In particular, carsharing has gained momentum in the last 10 years in American and European countries; though in Turkey, the industry still continues to develop.
The use of private vehicles is seen as the main problem of transportation all over the world and every kind of transportation masterplan is trying to fight this transportation type. Even in developed countries, people cannot resist the features, comfort, prestige and speed offered by the private vehicle and private vehicle ownership is rapidly increasing according to this situation. No matter how good a city's transport infrastructure is, the use of private vehicles always covers the majority of trips.
Instead of fighting with private vehicles; vehicle sharing, which is a new transportation trend, offers the same kind of transportation that allows the passengers to use private cars without ownership; with the philosophy of sharing economy.
Sharing vehicles reduce the number of private vehicles in traffic, but increases the efficiency by continuously using existing vehicles. The economic and environmental contribution of vehicle sharing, which plays an important role in a city's sustainable transportation plans, is inevitable. It also plays a complementary role to public transport and other types of transport.
In the study, transportation types and urban transportation properties are examined. Also the concepts of sharing economy and shared mobility are mentioned and user motivations in this field are discussed. Other modes of shared mobility are also the subject of this study.
This paper focused on history and growth of shared mobility in Europe and America; which are the starting points of carsharing; and carsharing sector in Turkey. Also interviews were made with companies in Turkey market and the current status of the companies has been evaluated according to this aim.
This thesis study was carried out with the joint approach of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Real user data for quantitative research were collected from a company operating in the vehicle sharing industry in Turkey. The data set obtained for data analysis was analyzed with statistical analysis methods using the excel program for investigating user behavior. It is thought that these researches will be beneficial for existing and future carsharing companies.
Another data collection process was carried out with interview questions prepared by the researcher. Interviews were made with the authorities of Zipcar and Garenta Moov companies operating in Turkey. The data obtained were evaluated and interpreted by qualitative analysis.
This thesis study is planned to examine the developments in vehicle sharing, which is a very new sector in Turkey, and to compare it with similar practices in countries with more experience in this regard. In this context, the history, size, condition and development of the carsharing sector in Turkey were examined. Since there are not many studies in this field in Turkey, the findings to be obtained from this study are important for similar studies to be conducted in the future.
Recommendations for the development of carsharing in Turkey is presented in this study as a result. The main aim of this research is to increase the use of carsharing in Turkey and to lead other studies on this subject.
Depending on the sample investigation, the main motivation of users in Turkey were found to be economical benefit. The vehicles preferred in vehicle sharing were predominantly economic vehicles. Another result is that young drivers prefer car sharing systems more. There was also an increase in the average sharing times and the number of daily bookings in the weekend. These results are in line with the results obtained from similar studies conducted earlier.
In meetings with companies; it is stated that more users can be reached by increasing the investments to be made in this sector and increasing the competition by involvement of new car sharing companies. In addition, firms stressed the importance of state and municipal support for the growth of this sector.
Vehicle sharing companies working free-floating model steer the sector. As a result of interviews and literature research, the free-floating model was found to be more prone to sharing economy. In addition, this model has a flexible structure that can evolve to other platforms and opportunities thanks to its technological infrastructure. Therefore, the data to be obtained from companies working in the field of free-floating sharing will reveal more in-depth results. Qualitative data such as observation and survey can be examined in addition to the quantitative data in similar studies planned for the future. In particular, databases containing detailed demographic information of users will be able to provide more information about social behavior.
Metropolitan municipalities play a key role in the growth of vehicle sharing. When we look at the examples of the world, great incentives are provided for carsharing, considering its benefits to the economy and the environment. "Don't own, share!" motto is carried out as a campaign in metropolitan municipalities in Italy. Especially Northern European countries give importance to sharing tools in urban transportation planning.
Urban transportation is a complex structure that contains many types of transportation at the same time and requires the usage of these modes. To ensure this diversity, mobility areas have been added to public transportation stops, especially in Germany. Municipalities, which include sharing tools in these areas, created a mutual positive interaction by ensuring the integration of public transportation and sharing vehicles.
Thanks to the economic incentives of municipalities to allocate private parking spaces for sharing vehicles in dense districts, to increase campaigns to increase public awareness, and the government's tax reduction for this sector; awareness will increase and vehicle sharing will show its contribution to transportation and economy in the coming years.