Kadıköy merkezli kentsel gelişmenin Prost planlaması ve Menderes imar hareketleri bağlamında karşılaştırılması
Comparing the Prost planning of urban development in Kadikoy center with Menderes urbanization movements
Yazar: CAN PÜRÜZSÜZ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. EMİNE SİBEL SÖĞÜT
Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Koruma ve Yenileme Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Kent imar planı = Urban reconstruct plan ; İstanbul-Anadolu Yakası = İstanbul-Anatolian Side ; İstanbul-Kadıköy = İstanbul-Kadıköy

Özet:
1930'lu ve 1940'lı yıllarda İstanbul'da bulunan Fransız şehir plancı ve mimar Henri Prost'un hazırladığı imar planlarında sunduğu yeniliklerin, ileriki dönemde kentsel kararlarda yetki sahibi aktörleri de etkilediği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, 1950'li yıllarda İstanbul'da imar operasyonlarını uygulamaya koyan, Başbakan Adnan Menderes'i örnek göstermek yanlış olmaz. Menderes'in liderliğindeki Demokrat Parti iktidarında İstanbul'da uygulanan imar hareketleriyle, bir önceki dönemin Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi iktidarında, Prost planlamasıyla geliştirilen imar yaklaşımlarını karşılaştıran bu tez, iki dönem arasındaki öncüllük-ardıllık ilişkisini ortaya koymayı hedeflemiştir. Bu amaçla, çalışmada İstanbul'un Anadolu yakasının önemli yerleşim alanı Kadıköy ilçesindeki örnekler, detaylıca incelenecektir. Yazarın bu tercihinin temel nedeni, literatürde Avrupa yakası özelindeki Prost planları ve Menderes yıkımlarına dair çok sayıda değerlendirme içeren akademik yayın bulunmasına karşın, Anadolu yakasına ilişkin incelemelerin az sayıda olmasıdır. Tezin ilk bölümünde, söz konusu karşılaştırmaya yönelik gerekçelerin nasıl belirlendiği ortaya konulurken, daha önce benzer alanlarda yapılan çalışmalardan da farkı açıklanmaktadır. Literatürdeki farklı çalışmalardan da yararlanılarak iki dönem için bir tarihsel seyir çizilmektedir. Ardından her iki dönemin kararlarının arka planındaki sosyopolitik ve sosyoekonomik gerekçeler irdelenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, imar kararlarıyla İstanbul'un kentsel gelişmesinde önemli rol alan, ilki iktidarın davetlisi mimar proje müellifi diğeri müellifi dışarıda bırakan siyasi bir kişilik olarak dönemin başbakanının kentsel kararlarının  arkasında yatan temel motivasyonları anlamaya çalışılmaktadır. Böylelikle, İstanbul'un 1930'lar ve 1950'ler aralığında, Kadıköy ilçesindeki semtlerin büyüme dinamikleri ve bu semtlerin birbiriyle ilişkileri ve İstanbul'a kazandırılan hareketlilik hızı da ele alınmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, iç göç, sanayileşme, otomobil odaklı ulaşım planlamaları, Türkiye'nin Küçük Amerika olarak konumlanma çabası, azınlıkların İstanbul'u terki, gecekondulaşma, gelişen diğer yeni konut biçimleri gibi olgu ve süreçler inceleme kapsamına dahil edilmiştir. Tez metninin ilerleyişi, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nin ardından tek parti iktidarını eleştiren anlayışla çok partili döneme geçer geçmez,  iktidarın ilk müdahale ettiği kentsel mekânda, eleştirdiği tek parti iktidarının imar hareketlerine nerede tutunduğu nerede ortadan kaldırmaya çalıştığı, nerede örtüştüğünü tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, kentsel gelişim alanlarında kentsel ve sosyal dokuyu şekillendiren ögeler, bu yönüyle kurucu görevler üstleniyorlarsa, kent mekanını yeniden üretiyorlarsa, tez içinde buna dair de detaylı açıklamaya da yer verilmiştir. Tüm bu incelemelere, arşiv, gazete ve geniş bir literatür taraması ile ulaşılan veriler yol göstermiştir. Tezin sonuç kısmında, detaylıca ele alınan olayların ve olguların genel bir değerlendirmesi sunularak çeşitli önerilerde de bulunulmaktadır.

Abstract:
It is understood that the innovations presented by the French urban planner and architect Henri Prost in the urban plans he prepared in Istanbul in the 1930s and 1940s also influenced the authoritative actors in urban decisions in the later period. In this context, it would not be wrong to cite Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, who implemented urban operations in Istanbul in the 1950s, as an example. It is possible to establish a connection between the urban approaches developed with the Prost planning during the previous period of the Republican People's Party government and the urban operations implemented in Istanbul under the leadership of Menderes in the Democrat Party government. 
Prost's role as a "consulting urbanist" in the reconstruction of the city of Izmir after the 1922 Izmir fire and his preparation of the plan for Paris played a role in his assignment in Istanbul starting from 1936. Among Prost's major works on the European Side of Istanbul are the opening of Ataturk Boulevard, the arrangement of Eminonu Square, and the construction of Taksim Gezi Park. Prost also had planning proposals for the Anatolian Side, such as the Anatolian Side Master Plan of 1939 and the regulations for the Bosphorus between 1939 and 1948. 
After the Democrat Party came to power on May 14, 1950, the new government did not renew Prost's contract. This situation stems from the fact that the Democrat Party had a different perspective on public works and urban planning compared to the Republican People's Party. Subsequently, the Menderes urban operations that lasted for 4 years between 1956 and 1960 are interpreted as an effort by the Prime Minister to create a new image of Istanbul. Prost's signing of the first urban plan of Istanbul and Menderes becoming synonymous with the urbanization of Istanbul are the prominent aspects of the works of these two figures. The aim of the thesis is to reveal the relationship between precedence and succession between these two periods. Within the thesis, a comparison was made between the periods of 1939-1950 and 1950-1960, and a historical trajectory was drawn for both periods. While the reasons for the comparison are detailed in the first chapter of the thesis, the differences between this study and previous academic studies in similar areas are also explained. In addition, the socio-political and socio-economic justifications underlying the decisions of both periods are examined. 
The progression of the thesis aims to discuss where the ruling party, which criticized the single-party government immediately after the Early Republican Period and transitioned to a multi-party democracy, grasped and tried to eliminate the urban movements of the criticized single-party government, where they overlapped, in the urban space it first intervened. Throughout the text, the conscious choice is to focus on a comparison between an architect and a Prime Minister, rather than political figures, because it is observed that Menderes, in some of the urban practices he carried out, remained loyal to the Prost plan by referring to it, while in some cases he implemented independent practices. Therefore, examples from Kadikoy district, an important residential area on the Anatolian Side of Istanbul, were extensively compared in this study. 
The examination of the urban practices in this region during the Early Republican Period and the transition periods to pluralist democracy required the analysis of the social, political, and economic factors that influenced the urban development of the Kadikoy region and a comparative spatial analysis. While focusing on the impact of each urban planning decision on spatial development, it was evaluated in conjunction with planning, urban history, sociology, architecture, politics, and economic fields. 
It is evident that in the history of the Republic, in the race to urbanize Istanbul, the consecutive periods associated with Prost and Menderes, despite their political and economic differences, have various similarities in their relationship with the urban space. For example, both Prost and Menderes stand out for embracing automobile-focused transportation policies. Furthermore, the roads included in the Prost Plan and incorporated into the ten-year urban planning in 1943 were opened during the Menderes period. However, there are observed differences in scale and vision in both aspects. The main reason for the author's preference to address this subject and conduct the study specifically in Kadıköy is the scarcity of research focusing on the Anatolian side in the academic literature in Turkey, despite numerous publications evaluating the Prost plans and Menderes demolitions in Istanbul's European side. However, the neighborhoods of Kadıköy, including Çarşı, Haydarpaşa Port, Koşuyolu, Haydarpaşa-Pendik State Road, Fikirtepe, Bağdat Avenue, Moda, Ayrılıkçeşme, and Söğütlüçeşme, hold the potential for examination in this regard. For instance, it is possible to draw similarities between the construction of porticoed structures in Kadıköy Çarşı, the expansion of Haydarpaşa Port, and the construction of Koşuyolu during the two periods. During the 1939-1960 period when Prost and Menderes were influential actors in the city, porticoed structures, new housing, new roads, and new settlements emerged in accordance with the plans, urban decisions, and practices. On the other hand, the differences in the Prost planning and Menderes administration's urban decisions in the Kadıköy region manifested concretely in the construction of Haydarpaşa-Pendik State Road, the perspective towards Bağdat Avenue, the emergence of new roads between neighborhoods, and the development of Üsküdar Karacaahmet Cemetery's extensions in Kadıköy. It is evident that the Kadıköy region has developed in a multi-layered and intricate manner in terms of urban significance. 
Comparing the urban decisions of Prost and Menderes in the Kadıköy region, determining their differentiation, identifying the dynamics that influenced the decisions, and understanding other events that occurred during the implementation phase will help comprehend the urban development of Kadıköy until 1960. In the processes of urban development in Kadıköy, background developments such as pedestrian-oriented planning, facilitating the relocation of banks to new buildings, shanty towns, solving housing problems, achieving Turkey's Americanization ideal, and the departure of minorities from Istanbul are observed. Additionally, industrialization, shanty towns, internal migration, and automobile-centric transportation policies have also had an impact on urban development areas. 
Elements that shape the urban and social fabric in urban development areas, assuming a founding role in reproducing the urban space, are also extensively explained in the thesis. The data obtained through archival research, newspaper analysis, and extensive literature review guided all these examinations. Primary sources such as newspapers of the period, plans, maps, aerial photographs, as well as secondary sources such as thesis studies, symposium papers, journal articles, and books were analyzed. In the conclusion section of the thesis, a comprehensive evaluation of the examined events and phenomena is presented with accompanying tables, and various recommendations are provided.