Seramik yapıştırıcılarının farklı yüzeyler üzerine uygulanmasında kaplamanın yapışma mukavemetinin deneysel olarak incelenmesi /
Yazar: RENGİN BECEREN
Danışman: PROF. DR. NİHAT TOYDEMİR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Seramik kaplama = Ceramic coating ; Yapışkanlık = Adhesiveness ; Yapıştırıcılar = Adhesives

Özet:
Son yıllarda inşa edilen binalarda duvar çekirdek malzemesi olarak farklı malzemeler kullanılmakta ve bunların üzerine estetik, hijyenite ve kullanımda getirdiği kolaylıklar nedeniyle değişik malzemelerin kaplanması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca eskiden başka bir malzeme ile kaplanmış duvarların da zaman zaman yenileme ve onarım amacıyla başka bir malzeme ile kaplanması istenmektedir. İhtiyaçların bu şekilde artması, piyasada bulunan seramik yapıştırıcılarının kaplamaların yapıştırılması sorununu çözebilecek nitelikte olup olmadığı sorununu gündeme getirmiştir. Buradan yola çıkarak, bu çalışmada piyasada bulunan çeşitli seramik yapıştırıcıları incelenerek, yapıştırıcıların farklı duvar yüzeyleri üzerine uygulandığında yapışma (aderans) gücünün hangi düzeyde ve yapıştırıcılara göre nasıl değiştiği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışma yedi bölümden oluşturulmuştur. Birinci bölümde çalışmanın nedenleri ve koşulları, konusu, amacı, kapsamı ve elde edilen sonuçlar ön bilgi niteliğinde anlatılırken konuyla ilgili bilgiler içeren ikinci bölümde seramik ve kaplama yapıştırma işleminin gelişimi, harçlı yapıştırma, sıva üzerine yapıştırma ve pano uygulama hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde deneysel çalışmanın uygulanmasında alınacak kararlara yardımcı olması amacıyla, seramik yapıştırıcılarının çeşitleri, özellikleri ve bunlara bağlı olarak yapıştırıcıların mukavemetini etkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümünde, kullanılacak yapıştırıcıların, duvar malzemelerinin ve bunların üretilmesinde kullanılacak malzemelerin özelliklerini ve karışım oranlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılan ön deneyler ve bunların sonuçlan anlatılmıştır. Yapılacak çalışmanın sonuçlarını verecek deneysel çalışmayı; buna bağlı olarak programlamayı; duvar yüzeylerinin üretimi ve seramiklerin yüzeylere yapıştırılması beşinci bölümde incelenmiştir. Üretim işlemi sonucunda yüzeylere yapışma (aderans) deneyinin uygulanması ve bulunan deney sonuçlan yine bu bölüm içinde ele alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise beşinci bölümde bulunan deney sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi ve irdelenmesi, buna bağlı olarak seramik yapıştırıcılarının farklı yüzeyler üzerine uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı kararının verilmesini içermektedir. Yedinci ve son bölüm yapılan çalışmanın sonucu olarak seramik yapıştırıcılarının kullanılmasının sağladığı faydalar, yapıştırmada dikkat edilmesi ve uygulanması zorunlu kurallar, yapıştırmayı etkileyen faktörler, deneylerden elde edilen bulgular ve yapıştırma ile ilgili önerileri kapsamaktadır.

Abstract:
SUMMARY Today tiles are properly used to apply at every outdoor and indoor areas of building construction, so the problems related with tiles, tile adhesives and adhesive failures are very important. Although, ceramic tiles are especially used in indoor areas, such as, bathrooms, kitchens and toilets, ceramic tiles are sometimes used in outdoor areas, such as, building facades. However, wall tiles that fall from building facades create a major safety hazard. To avoid this problem it's important to examine the properties and efficiency of materials used as tile adhesives. It is accepted that the main causes of falling wall tiles and adhesion failures between the surface and the tile, are the following;. Deformation of adhesives (or mortar) onto which the tiles have been laid due to shrinkage.. Differential movement between the tile, adhesive and the immediate substrates, due to thermal moisture or other affects.. Structural movements, vibrations or settlement problems.. Improper surface preparation such as inadequate cleaning, no provision of proper keys.. Improper design and selection of materials.. Imprope sequence of work. There are various possible causes for adhesion failure of tiles, associated with materials selected, environmental effects, design and construction. Possible causes for adhesion failure of tiles associated with materials are as follows;. Shrinkage. Thermal and moisture movement. Structural deformation and settlement.. Alkali aggregate reaction. Polymer content XiiiPossible causes for adhesion failure of tiles associated with environment are as follows;. Wetting and drying. Acid rain. Pollution. Ultra-violet Possible causes for adhesion failure of tiles associated with construction, are as follows;. Sequence of work.. Poor mixture.. Inadequate curing. Surface preparation. Possible causes for adhesion failure of tiles associated with design, are as follows;. Material selection. Type of admixture. Specification of work. In this thesis bond strength of the finishing material is being experimentally evaluated according to application of tile adhesives onto different materials. Aims and methods of this experimental work are simply described at the first chapter. Also, discussion and results are shortly told, to realize the subject. The second chapter describes the development of tile adhesives, up to today. There are two ways of applying tiles onto surfaces, that are applying tiles to surface by using mortar which is more old fashioned way and applying tiles to surface by using polymer added tile adhesives which is more useful for materials, design and construction. Since, a detailed analysis of the important factors causing adhesion failures is critical for a proper design and construction strategy to prevent adhesion failure, tile adhesive kinds, application conditions and the factors which effect the adhesion strength are briefly described in the third chapter. The factors which effect the adhesion strength are found as, temperature, thermally induced movement and tile consistency. XIVMaterials that will be used as a substrate specimen in the experiment are decided in the fourth chapter. Materials of concrete, plastered concrete, plastered brick, block gypsum, porcelain mosaic, glass mosaic and ceramic are determined as substrate specimens,. Mix calculations, resonance tests, water absorption tests, compression and bending tests has been made, for all substrate specimens, to obtain the mixture ratios and properties of materials that will be used in the production of specimens. Commercial three powder types of adhesives and two mastic types of adhesives were selected for this study. Resonance tests, water absorption tests, compression and bending tests has been made to powder type of adhesives. Result of these tests has been explained in the fourth chapter as well. The fifth chapter consist of main experimental study, which will determine the results of this study. A commercial tile was selected for the study. The tile (9x9 cm)was glued to all prepared concrete substrates (16x16 cm) by using selected tile adhesives. The concrete substrates were moist-cured for seven days and air-cured for approximately 21 days to allow most of the shrinkage to take place. After then, the other materials plaster, porcelain mosaic, glass mosaic and ceramic were glued to prepared concrete substrates. Other substrates such as brick and gas concrete were taken from market and researched their satisfaction with experiments. To determine the bond strength of the tiles, 5 mm thick metal plates (9x9 cm) were glued to ceramic surface of the substrate and shear tests were carried out. These tests were done to all prepared substrate specimens. The results of the tests were summarized in tables and graphs. Findings of the shear tests and bond strength of the adhesives were briefly explained at the six chapter related with the experiments, that were done in the fifth chapter. It was found that, all types of tile adhesives that were used in the study has an excellent bond strength performance on the concrete substrate surfaces. In the shear tests adhesive was disjoined from the tile. XVAt the plastered concrete substrate surfaces applications, It was found that, all types of tile adhesives that were used in the study has an excellent bond strength performance, as it is at the plastered brick substrate surfaces. In the shear tests adhesive was not disjoined from plastered concrete surfaces and tile, but plaster was break off from concrete, as seen as on the plastered brick surfaces. When material of block gypsum was used as a substrate surface, poor adhesion strength was obtained in all types of adhesives that were used in the study. Because of this additional special applications must be done for this kind of surfaces to obtain efficient adhesive strength. When material of gas concrete substrate was used as an adhesion surface of tiles, tile was not disjoined from gas concrete surface and in the shear tests gas concrete was broken. Damage in the gas concrete was occurred from shearing stress of material. From the tests it is shown that, tiles can be directly adhered to gas concrete materials by using all kinds of tile adhesives. For porcelain mosaic and ceramic mosaic substrate surfaces it is found that powder kind of tile adhesives are suitable for adhering tiles Another material used in the tests was tile. When material of tile was used as a substrate surface, good adhesion strength was obtained in powder type of adhesives that were used in the study. Tile was disjoined from the adhesive in the shear tests. Mastic type of tile adhesives could not absorb its moisture and hinder the formation of a good bond. A general discussion was made at the end of this chapter. Findings of the tests are explained in four topics as fallow in the sixth chapter.. Findings associated with substrate material. Findings associated with properties of tile adhesive material. Findings associated with pureness and preparation of surface. Findings associated with differential movements between the tile, adhesive and the immediate substrates, due to thermal moisture or other affects. Benefits of using tile adhesives, important notes of application and installation, factors that effects the adhering and the factors that effects the substrate were briefly XVIexplained in the last chapter. Also suggestions about adhesive were given in the seventh chapter. The benefits of using tile adhesives were examined in three topics such as tile adhesives, substrate, application and installation as follows depending on the results of this study. Also important notes of application and installation was pointed out. Tile adhesives: Tile adhesives assume the consistency of a creamy, homogeneous and easily worked mortar with high coverage. It offers long open time and adjustment time. It adheres perfectly without slipping and once set, ensures durable adhesive power. Substrate: The substrate must have a perfectly even surface, must be compact, free from poorly anchored or easily removable material, dimensionally stable not subject to deformation and must already have undergone curing shrinkage. Any surface unevenness should be previously filled with suitable filler compounds. Also, the substrate must be totally clean and free from dust, oils and grease. Application and installation: The adhesive must applied directly to the substrate with a suitable notched spreader. The quantity of adhesive used must be sufficient to ensure complete coverage of the back of the tiles. Installation must be carried out on freshly applied adhesive, exerting sufficient pressure to ensure uniform contact of the tiles with the adhesive, thus guaranteeing optimum bonding. The tiles do not require previous wetting, check, however, that they show no traces of dust or dirt, which, if present, must be removed. Moreover, a special attention must be given to following important notes, for a successful application and installation with tile adhesives.. Application must be done at temperature of over +5°C.. Thick layers of adhesive must not be used to fill irregularities in the substrate. The tiles must be pressed and installed onto freshly applied adhesive, always checking to ensure that a skin has not formed on its surface.. Dividing joints must be created between areas of 4-5 m. for interior use and 3-4 m for exterior use.. Tiled surfaces must be protected from heavily rain for at least 24 hours. xvii