Örgüt kültüründe iş güvenliği ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği, Tuzla tersaneler bölgesi örneği
The role of human organizational factors on occupational safety; a scale development through Tuzla region dockyards
Yazar: ULUÇ MÖREK
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. LEYLA TAVACIOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Deniz Ulaştırma İşletme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2013
Konu: Denizcilik = Marine

Özet:
Araştırmamızda yer alan işletmelerin, mesleki iş güvenliği ile ilgili riskleri tanımlanarak, risk yönetimi, risk transferi gibi yöntemlerle bu güvenliğe ilişkin sorunları azaltma yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Bu yöntem ile risk analizi sonuçları değerlendirildikten sonra gerçekleştirilen uygulamalar ile risk faktörleri incelenmiştir.
Tüm bu uygulamaların yapılabilmesi için yerel yönetimlerin denetleri ve konulan yasalara ilaveten, kurum bünyesinde bir iş güvenlik kültürü oluşturulması önemlidir. İş güvenliği ile ilgili uygulamalar kurumun örgüt kültürü içerisinde tanımlanmalıdır. Örgütsel kültürler etkili olarak hayata geçirilmeli ve örgüt kültürü ve değerler arasındaki ilişkinin sağlam tutulması amaçlanmalıdır.
Bu araştırmada, iş güvenliği kavramına ve tarihi gelişimine yer verilmiştir. Anketlerin uygulandığı tersanelerdeki iş güvenlik yönetimleri göz önüne alınarak,  örgüt kültürü tanımlanmış ve işletme içi örgüt yapıları incelenmiştir.  
Örgütte yer alan bireylerin sorumlulukları, sergiledikleri tutum ve davranışlar ile eğitim ile gelişen insan kaynakları özellikleri güvenlik kültürünü oluşturmaktadır. İnsan faktörlerine ve kişisel davranışlardaki değişime müdahale ile güvenlik sağlanmış olmaktadır. Örgüt kültürünün alt grubu olarak tanımlanan güvenlik kültürü, örgütteki bireyler için farklı anlamlar taşıyabilmektedir ve yapılan çalışmalarla örgüt kültürü ile güvenlik kültürü arasındaki ilişki ortaya konmuştur. 
İş sağlığı ve güvenliği, bir işletmede direkt olarak örgüt kültürü ile yakın ilişki içerisinde olduğundan, iş güvenliği kültürünün tüm öğeleri aynı zamanda örgüt kültürünün de öğeleridir ve geliştirilebilir niteliktedir. Bu noktada işletme içerisinde güvenlik uzmanlarının da katılımıyla bir güvenlik yönetimi oluşturulmalıdır. Güvenlik uzmanları, yaptıkları çalışmalarla yönetim risk töleranslarını, işletmede kabul gören değerleri ve başarılabilir amaçları ortaya koymalıdırlar. 
Eğer bir kavram ölçülebilir ise, araştırılabilirliliği de mümkündür. Araştırmalarda ölçme yapabilmek için, amaca uygun olmak kaydıyla veri toplama sistematiği yapılmalıdır. Ölçülebilir kavramlarla yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar ya da ifadeler doğrudan (sayısal) ve dolaylı (görüş, yargı, tutum belirleme amaçlı) olarak yapılmalıdır. 
Geçerlik ve güvenirlik kavramları anketlerin doğrulanması için temel esasları oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle öncelikle, geçerlik ve güvenilirliğin ne olduğu açıklanmıştır. Yapılan literatür çalışmaları ile paralel olarak, anketlerin geçerlik ve güvenirlik değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Anketi dolduran kişilerin verdiği cevaplar doğrultusunda, sosyal bilimlerde geçerli sayılan değerlere ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, anketi dolduran kişilerin demografik özellikleri ile birlikte ele alınmalıdır.
Yapılan çalışmamız sayesinde Denizcilik Sektörü için geliştirilmiş ilk ölçek özelliğini taşıyan anketin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
Occupational safety gains much importance in the world as well as in Turkey with the growing industry. As number of injuries some of which are resulted by death occur in the recent years, mainly in so called shipyards, governments and labour unions focused on the work safety incurred by occupational accidents which caused great concern. 
Occupational safety risks of firms? that taking place in our research, are defined and occupational safety problems reducing methods are analysed with methods such as risk management and risk transfer. Risk factors are kept under control with this method after the risk analysis results have been evaluated.
Occupational safety culture establishment is important to actualize all these implementations in addition to local government inspections and submitted laws. Occupational safety implementations should be defined in firms? organisational culture. Organisational cultures should be implemented and the aim should be providing strong relationship between organisation culture and values.
Organizational values are to be operated effectively and relationship between organizational culture and values maintained. In this study, a deep research is aimed into effect of organizational culture structuring on occupational safety especially in Turkish Maritime Industry. In order to measure the level of organizational culture in shipyards and awareness related to thereof, a questionnaire was applied which is developed as the first scale in the industry. By achieving above, a base is aimed to be created for the policy for Maritime Industry, thus improving awareness on organizational culture related to occupational safety in addition to review and application of theoretical and academic studies.
Occupational safety concept and its historical evolution are taken place in this research. Occupational safety methods are considered that are survey implemented shipyards. Organisation culture is defined and intra-company organisation structure is analysed.
An organization is considered as the smallest society and continues to operate with subsidiary groups and member of cultures. Shipyards are the core firms of this kind, where slipways, dry and floating docks, high capacity cranes, workshops with machinery fittings, containing chemical industry as well, are combined. 
Individuals? responsibilities in organisation, their approaches and behaviours, human resources features that are improved by education form safety culture. Safety is provided by intervention to human factors and change in personal behaviours. Safety culture which is defined as an inferior culture of organisation culture carries different meanings for individuals in organisation.

Safety plays an important role in shipping and occupations at sea are high-risk compared with most other occupations. Considering the dangers, occupational accidents cause important production loss and this situation increases costs. After occur the occupational accidents and/or illnesses, the amount of money spent for diagnosis and treatment may increase as well.
Due to the fact that occupational health and security are directly related with organisational culture in firms, occupational safety culture?s all items are organisational culture items at the same time and can be improved. In this point, safety management should be formed by participation of occupational safety specialists in a firm. Occupational safety specialists should betray management risk tolerences, admitted values about firm and achievable goals.
Despite positive attitudes regarding safety of organization members, the common interest is not at the same level in all hierarchical degree. Organizational culture is the sum of beliefs and expectations shared by the organization members and forming the rules that shapes the behaviours of groups and individuals in the organization. Most members within the organization share organizational culture, in another attempt, such as beliefs and values about people, work, the organization and the community.
A reliable and valid measure of safety orientated scale offers great advantages for shipping oriented firms, classification societies and insurers and can help overcome limitations associated with traditional safety measures. As accidents are rare events compared to work hazards and near misses, they do not allow for an evaluation of employee risk exposure, and they are invariably retrospective.  
If one concept is measurable, it?s researchability is possible. Data collection systematic which is appropriate to aim should be fulfilled to evaluate in researches. Scientific works or statements which are made by measurable concepts should be direct (numeric) and indirect (to determine vision, judgement, approach). 
An important aim of a positive safety culture in an organization is to influence safety behavior, which in turn may result in fewer incidents and accidents. It is considered that shipbuilding and ship repair industry can be developed only in a way where safety measures are taken through full commitment to organizational culture.
Occupational safety is the technical and systematic studies to search and prevent mechanical, facility-wise and material related defects during performing work in the yards.
However, measurement issues in occupational health and safety are receiving more attention from academics and practitioners and many business executives demand simple, low cost measures for bench-marking purposes or for use as measures in a balanced scorecard.
Validity and reliability concepts are basic concepts to confirm surveys. For this reason, validity and reliability are explained primarily. Surveys? validity and reliability are calculated in parallel with literature works. It has been reached to valid values for social sciences with answers of participants. Recieved datas should be discussed with participants? demographic characteristics.
The connection between the feature to be measured and scale items is related with the validity of scale tool. Pre-studies are required for scale items to measure the necessary features (validity of content) or in order to determine the power of relevant items.
Other factors effecting the validity of the scale tool are the points to be taken into account for scale reliability, such as the intelligibility of scale items, suitability of target group, etc.  The necessary opinions received from experts during pre-study process play an important role for the determination and review of the scale developed.
Some researchers show that lengthier questionnaires and interviews can reduce response rates and lower the data quality, while others claim there is no effect from questionnaire length. Most of the researchs are claiming that survey length does not have any effect on response rates is older and it seems now, as simplicity and use of time are more important for a higher response rate.
One of the main reasons given for not completing the relevant forms was survey length. Because of the potential for reduced data quality, as well as lower response rates and higher administrative costs associated with larger questionnaires, it makes sense to try to reduce questionnaire length as far as possible without compromising quality.
Two of the most important decisions to be made in scale construction are the number of factors and the number of items on each factor. 
In addition, the parallel analysis criterion has been highly recommended by several researchers. Item analysis makes it possible to increase the overall quality of a scale while shortening it, either by eliminating unsatisfactory items or by removing redundant ones. Eliminating items that have a low Item/Total correlation as well as items that increase the Cronbach?s alpha as a first step.
When constructing the questionnaire using existing scales and items, it has been assumed that an underlying structure is already present in the data. Validity of the questionnaire should be established to ensure that the scales in fact measure what they purport to measure. An important part of scale validation is the testing and interpretation of the structural models.
In this part of study, the effect of organizational culture over occupational safety and application of this culture in the firms are analyzed. 
The scale can be used in benchmarking as a key performance indicator, or as an indicator in a balanced scorecard type of management tool. In order to test hypothesis, one of the most effective research methodology, general research model, is selected. General research model consists of many units in the surrounding universe, some of which are selected as a model group or sample, or totally used, in order to reach a judgment regarding selected universe. The universe of this research is the workers in Tuzla region shipyards.
Our generated safety orientated questionnaire consists of the cultural and contextual factors creating attitudes and behavior influencing occupational health and safety. 
The aim of our research is to create survey which is generated for Marine Sector for the first time. Thus, every worker that is assigned to any yard in the region should complete the questionnaire form and receive a score. According to the score, human resources can easily determine if the applicant is aware of safety culture and its sub-factors and if qualified for the work or not. Yard training processes can be developed by getting feedbacks with the help of this scale.
The awareness of safety culture in the shipping industry should be a common practice in all the firms mentioned in our research. As perception, satisfaction, knowledge and fatalism factors are directly related with safety culture, each factor load must be calculated and results from this research should be evaluated by the firms in order to maintain a good safety culture level.