Bina ve kentsel mekan biçimlenmiş etkileşimi
The Interactive formation of the buildings and the urban space
Yazar: DEVRİM ERSOY
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ORHAN HACIHASANOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1997
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Binalar = Buildings ; Kentsel mekan = Urban space ; Çevresel etkileşim = Environmental interaction

Özet:
Bölüm 1'de, temel alınan konu ortaya konulmaya çalışılarak, konunun kavramsal çerçevesi belirlenmektedir. Bölüm 2'de, insan varlığını, temel gereksinimlerini, toplumsal bir varlık olduğunu ifade ederek; bunun ifade alanı olan kentsel fiziksel çevredeki insan algı ve davranışlarını ortaya koymaya yönelik çalışmalar ifade edilmektedir. Bölüm 3'de, kentsel mekan kavramı çeşitli yaklaşımlar ile irdelenmiş, gelenekselden günümüze kentsel mekan oluşumuna ilişkin kuram ve ilkeler ışığında kentsel mekan tasarımlarının mantığı ortaya konmuştur. Bölüm 4'de, karşılıklı etkileşim içerisinde bulunan bina ile kentsel mekanın, bu etkileşimi ne şekilde biçimlenmeye vardırdıkları bir takım ilkeler halinde tanımlanmıştır. Söz konusu etkileşimin analizinin yapılması ve bu ilişkilerin bütün bileşenlerinin ele alınabilmesi için bir morfolojik analiz tablosu oluşturulmuş ve bu tablo yardımı ile varolan mekanların analizlerinin yapılması ve oluşacak olan yeni biçimlenmeler için temel ilkelerin ortaya koyulması hedeflenmiştir. Bölüm 5'de ise, tüm araştırma ve belirlemeler sonucunda varılan noktada şehir bütününü oluşturan bina ve kent mekanı ilişkisinin önemi ifade edilmiştir.

Abstract:
In the beginning of the 20th. century, the architecture began to search for new ideals. Especially beginning with the industrial revolution and untill today the organisationof the urban physical environment, which forms the underlaying structure for man's living sphere, has not provided sufficent conditionsfor his integration with the environment. Function based life was effective by these general aims of the industrial revolution. Modern movement in architecture was the name of this period and functionalist approaches were dominant factorson the 'art' of architecture. Famous architect-urban planner Le Corbusier's principles about decreasing population on the ground for more air, light and greenery, by increasing the height of the buildings, established the new rules for the image of the new century. As a result the buildings raised and personal lifes began. Buildings raised and lonelied; left their relations with the others and the urban fabric. Modem movement was opposite to ornaments, but sense of power should be shown eighter by ornament or with something else... This time, the heights and hugenesses of the buildings were exspressing the power. In the other hand the social life and interaction between people was not able to survive. People began to live 'personally'... During the last three decades, theories on the concept of man's existance, and studies in the field of environmental psychology have proved that, urban life in public open spaces has a decisive role in man's integration with his environment and culture, in his socialisation and in appropriating the environment to himself. This study aims to approach the problems of urban fabric as well as individual buildings with public open spacesas the focus of attention, since they belong to the domain of "evrybodies city" and "even/bodies buildings", and discuss several urban and architectural projectsand their applications with reference to their contribution in the enrichment of life in public open spaces. On this theme main principles of the formation of the building and the urban open spaceshould be investigated and examined.The goal is to obtain the main criteria that forms the buildings and the urban space, to be helpful! to analise the built environment and extract the themes for the new projects. W Churchill has such a word: "We shape our environment and then it shapes us." This word contains the main theme of the human's living sphere. The relation between human and his environment. In the second chapter the theoratical frame-work is based on ; 1. Human Sciences dealing with Man's Existance, studies in Environmental Psychology and the activities of the human in the environment, 2. City and different approaches to cityscape and urban space. The human in the urban space is always in an action. These activities are the main purposes of the surrounding spaces. This interaction between human and the surrounding space makes the space 'place'. The space must be open to man's perception, to become 'livable place'. So the buildings with their functions and activities make the living 'places'. Hierarchy in life creates order and provides everyone to live together. In architecture and in architectural spaces (internal or external) there is hierarchy. From private to public; even inside the house or in the city ve realise hierarchical spaces ( Public, semi-public, semi-private, private). The density of the activities and people increase from private to public. In accordance with these human and human psychology occurs privacy, territoriality, and personal space which are few basic needs of human beings. The perception is another main subject of the social interaction. Goethe described human being as an optic occurence which is seriously effected from light. There are the other perceptions ofcourse, like hearing, smelling, touching etc... In accordance with movement, our perception changes. The things we realise or percept changes on a road when we walk or ride a bicycle or in the car. As a result of these relations of the human and his surrounding; the urban open space has to provide; 1. Human's social interactive needs like, seeing, learning, speaking and must be open to perception, 2. Respond to human scale and must create the 'place' feeling, 3. Enrichment of activities, and must content diffent, choosable, intresting possibilities.In the third chapter, the concept of urban space is being examined. The definition of the urban space is made by several architects and Y. Ashihara explains the urban space as architecture without roof!... The important point is the combination of the inside and the outside. The architecture has two faces; one is from the inside and the other one from the surface. The interaction of the inner spaces and the external spaces has to be provided. The theories of urban spatial design that are gathered from diferent examples of architects and the theoricians, have been such as grouped; 1. Figure-Ground Theory, claims that an urban spatial design should start from the figure-ground analyses which enables to understand the ratio and relations between solids and voids. 2. Linkage Theory, claims to begin the design process by investigating the movement systemsin the context, and create spaces according to this network, While F. Maki, theorician; groups the circulation network as; a) Compsitional, b) Megaform, c) Group form. 3. Place Theory, suggests to design the space by considering the features of each context, such as history, culture and social character. Although the contextuality claims the same thing, their designs designs are totally different from each other. In part 3.2.2. some common points that are found from definitions, theories and past-present examples of the urban space, are stated as principles of urban design. These principles can be described as follows: 1. Forming visual axis, 2. Lateral enclosure and edge contunuity, 3. Linking sequential movements, 4. Establishing functions to create 'place', 5. To hummanize the scale, 6. To create different levels, 7. To use the objects as organizing forces, Some principles could be found in the starting points of the theories: 8.To use the figure-ground ratio of the context, in design; can be listed as principles, from the figure-ground theory 9. Continuation of circulations, which is the starting point of the linkage theory,10. To be aware of the values of the context, which the contextualists claims in the place theory. The cultural, historical, social values can be adapted differently on design. The elements of the urban space are square which function as junction points and distribution lines. The formation of squares and streets are very much related to the purpose they have and the enclosure properties. Therefore; a square can be defined as a closed, functional space within a city fabric. Streets do also have pedestrian and circualtion functions and sometimes, it is useful to separate them. Enclosure can be maintained by using, horizontal elements like cornices, colonades, bands and walls in the streets which aren't well defined by the seperated buildings. In the fourth chapter, the mechanism which relates the urban scale to the architectural scale (individual buildings and building groups) and the formation of the physical environment is examined, and main approaches of the themes are analysed with examples and sketches. It is determined as follows: Theme effect related to environmental identity and character. The building should provide; A. Organisation of movement, Contrubution to the organisation of pedestrian movement, B. Organisation of space Contrubution to the formation of open spaces in concordance with the existing structure, C. Organisation of use Conformity of the building programwith the environment, bringing variety to the environment with the program, In accordance with these base, some principle elements and formations could be announced; 1 : Formation of the building or building groups interacting with urban open space: - Establishing the relationship of open spaces with the environment (location, orientation, pedestrian movement) - Dimensional and formal characteristics of open spaces (scale, proportions, sense of space) - Open spaces fed by the outflow of interior functions to exterior spaces. 2. Satellite building elements,- Functions which can be enveloped within satellite building elements 3. Sectional Characteristics, - Visual gradin, - Climbing, - Intermediate spaces 4. Facade characteristics, - Blind Facade / Transparent Facade / Facade Proportions -Feeding (Visual-functional relationship and use of blind facades as releted to this) 5. Horizontal and Vertical allocation of functions which are related with the open space. It is purposed that the relationship between urban planning/design and architecture should be inquired and re-examined. New application mechanisms should be developed supposing that the bonds between these two scales are interrelated and dynamic in character.