Televizyon stüdyolarında yangın güvenliği ve özel bir stüdyonun fine-kinney risk analizi metoduyla incelenmesi
Fire safety in television studios and investigation of a special studio by fine-kinney risk analysis method
Yazar: GÖZDE AVCI
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. MURAT TUNA
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Yangın ve Yangın Güvenliği Anabilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Kimya = Chemistry

Özet:
Medya sektöründe faaliyet gösteren televizyon kanallarının çalışma alanı olan stüdyolar bünyelerinde bulundurdukları ışıklandırma sistemleri, kamera sistemleri, iklimlendirme cihazları, elektrikli ekipmanlar, bu ekipmanların bilinçsiz kullanımı ve insan hatalarından sebep yangın riskleri ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Gelişen teknolojilere bağlı olarak enerji tüketim miktarındaki artış, mevcut kapasitenin yetersiz kalması gibi durumlar yangın riskini daha da arttırmaktadır. Televizyon stüdyolarında meydana gelebilecek olası yangınların ön görülerek, yangın sonrası oluşabilecek can ve mal kayıplarının ortadan kaldırılması ya da minimum düzeye indirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.
Ulusal mevzuatımıza göre; Binaların  Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik, 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği  Kanunu, İş Sağlığı Ve Güvenliği Risk Değerlendirme Yönetmeliği  kapsamında işyerlerinde yangın riskinin ortadan kaldırılması ya da kabul edilebilir seviyeye indirilmesi amacıyla risk analizi çalışması  yapılma zorunluluğu vardır. 
Bu kapsamda, tez çalışmasında yangın ve yangın güvenliği ile ilgili yapılan literatür araştırmaları sonucu elde edilen genel bilgilere yer verilmiş, sonrasında sırası ile risk analizi süreci ve çalışmada kullanılacak olan Fine-kinney risk analizi metodu ile ilgili araştırmalar sonucunda elde edilen bilgiler aktarılmıştır. 
Uygulama kısmında İstanbul'da bulunan özel bir televizyon stüdyosunda yangın risk analizi yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda televizyon stüdyolarında daha önce yaşanan yangınlarla ilgili araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Araştırma sürecinde medya sektöründe yaşanan yangın olaylarına dair yeterince veri olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu sebeple analiz aşamasında skor değerlendirmeleri yapılırken iş profesyonellerinin ve iş güvenliği uzmanlarının görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Hem uznman görüşleri hem de gerçekleşmiş olan yangınların verileri ışığında yangın başlangıç noktaları, yangını başlatan nedenlerle ve sirayeti üzerine incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar kapsamında mevcut stüdyoda yangına neden olabilecek tehlike kaynakları tanımlanmıştır. Fine-kinney metodu kullanılarak tespit edilen potansiyel tehlikeler değerlendirilerek, bu tehlikeler nedeniyle oluşabilecek risk değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Sonrasında hesaplanan risk değerleri Fine-kinney metoduna göre kategorize edilmiştir. Kategorizelerine göre riskler önceliklendirilerek kabul edilebilir seviyeye düşürülmesi için düzeltici ve önleyici faaliyetler belirlenmiş ve uygulamaya alınmıştır. 
Bu uygulama sayesinde öncelikle televizyon stüdyo yangın riskleri belirlenerek; gerekli düzeltici ve önleyici faaliyetlerin uygulamaya alınmasıyla olası yangınların önlenmesi, önlenemediği durumlarda ise olumsuz etkisinin minimum düzeyde tutulması amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
Television channels contain shooting and broadcasting studios of different sizes, where they broadcast internationally and/or locally. Studios contain different equipments that mainly use electrical energy, from lighting to camera systems, from air conditioners to display units. Depending on the developing technologies in the equipment in question, radical changes are experienced in terms of energy consumption. It is necessary to protect the health and safety of employees and other people who may be exposed to fires that may occur with these changes. It is possible to minimize all damages and losses caused by fire with fire risk analysis. It is important to foresee possible fires that may occur in television studios and to eliminate or minimize the loss of life and property that may occur after the fire.
Generally speaking, fires in studios are commonly caused by electrical wiring or short circuits in electrical equipment. Due to the large number of equipment used during shooting and the high electrical current drawn due to lighting, a small negligence causes a fire to start.
According to our national legislation; Within the scope of the Regulation on the Protection of Buildings from Fire, the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331, and the Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment Regulation, it is obligatory to conduct a risk analysis study in order to eliminate the fire risk or reduce it to an acceptable level.
In the literature research on fire safety risk management in the media industry, it has been observed that there are not enough academic studies on minimizing or eliminating occupational health and safety fire risks in this field. For this reason, in this thesis study, bulletins containing national legislation, international standards and professional experiences were used.
Within the scope of the study, meetings were held with the technical manager, director, cameraman, occupational safety specialist and other stakeholders related to the shooting processes. A systematic study was carried out throughout the studio, hazards were identified and extensive investigations were carried out, taking into account the possible effects of a possible fire on the occupants of the building. It is aimed to reduce the identified risk values. Studies have been carried out on what should be done to increase the safety of the studio in terms of fire risk. However, the spread of a possible fire outside the studio area should be examined and, if necessary, informed about the risk of fire in neighboring businesses.
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 140, which is the most effective standard used internationally, has standards for studio fires in cinema and television production studios, sound stages and approved production facilities. The Regulation on the Protection of Buildings from Fire, in line with the international standards designed to prevent fire incidents in buildings, entered into force in our country in 2007. BYKHY includes guidance on fire safety measures to be taken to protect employers' employees and anyone who may be affected, and to ensure their health and safety. During the construction of the studios or in case of any structural changes, the arrangements must be made within the framework of the legal regulations. In order to prevent studio fires, it is necessary to examine the legislation well, to examine the previous studio fires, to define the fire exit and spread scenarios correctly, and to reveal the precautions to be taken with the risk analysis methodology.
In the thesis study, general information obtained as a result of literature research on fire and fire safety was given, and then information was given about the risk analysis application process. The risk analysis method, Fine-Kinney, includes regulations regarding the necessary measures to determine the fire risks and reduce them to acceptable levels by detecting the equipment used in a private studio, the dangerous situation and the dangerous movements of the employees.
In the application part, a fire risk analysis was carried out in a private television studio in Istanbul. In this context, research has been done on previous fires in television studios. During the research process, it was seen that there was not enough data on fire incidents in the media sector. For this reason, the opinions of business professionals and occupational safety experts were consulted while making score evaluations during the analysis phase. In the light of both expert opinions and the data of the fires that have taken place, investigations were made on the fire starting points, the reasons that started the fire and its spread.
There are different risk analysis methods according to workplaces and working styles. Considering the characteristics of risk analysis methods; It is classified as qualitative (qualitative), quantitative (quantitative) and mixed methods.
While hazards are identified similarly in qualitative and quantitative methods, differences arise in the risk grading process. While calculating the risk level in quantitative risk analysis, numerical methods are used, while in qualitative risk analysis, the process of determining risk levels is mostly carried out with qualitative methods. Apart from these two methods, there are also mixed risk assessments that include both methods. The mixed method within the scope of the thesis; The Fine-Kinney method, which has three components, which allows the use of workplace statistics and is easy to use, was used. Components of the method; probability (the probability of the harm or damage occurring over time), frequency (frequency of exposure to the hazard) and severity (the severity of the damage or damage to people, workplaces and the environment if the hazard does occur). Corrective and preventive actions are recommended according to the obtained risk levels. Risk scores are calculated by scoring and multiplying the probability of harm or damage, the frequency of exposure to danger, and the impact it will create even if the danger occurs.
Risk grade (R); It is calculated as R = Probability(O) x Frequency(F) x Intensity(S).
The Fine-Kinney method is a technique used to rank risks, which jobs should be prioritized according to the rating results, and where resources should be allocated first. A rating is made by calculating the weighted ratios of the risks and it is decided whether it is necessary to take precautions. The fine kinney method allows the use of workplace statistics.
By evaluating the potential hazards detected by Finne Kinney method, the risk values that may occur due to these hazards were calculated. The calculated risk values were then categorized according to the Fine-Kinney method. Corrective and preventive actions were determined and put into practice in order to reduce the risks to an acceptable level by prioritizing the risks according to their categories.
Corrective and preventive actions should be determined and immediate action should be taken in order to reduce the unacceptable risks determined according to the calculated risk value result to an acceptable level. Preventive measures reduce the possibility (possibility), while protective measures reduce the severity. Arrangements should also be made in the deadlines determined according to the degree of risk. The purpose of risk assessment studies is to eliminate hazards at source. However, in cases where this is not possible, it is reduced to acceptable risk levels.
When the literature is examined, it is observed that there is a lack of studies on studio fire risks. For this reason, this study has been prepared to contribute to the elimination of studio fire risks or to reduce them to acceptable levels. Within the framework of the study, the following results were obtained.
As a result of the investigations, many risks have been identified in different sources of danger.
Corrective and preventive measures to be taken for each substance defined in the intolerable risk group were determined and it was aimed to reduce the risk value.
As a result of the improvements, there were some dangerous situations where the risk value could not be reduced from the intolerable risk level to the lower group.
The results show that studio fires are mostly electrical, triggered by user errors.
Research and report results show that lack of education is one of the main causes of accidents and fires. Employees should participate in Occupational Health and Safety trainings without exception and their awareness levels should be increased. In addition, they should be subjected to special training on the equipment to be used. The devices must be used by competent persons. Fire detection and warning systems are essential for preventing the spread of fire. Active fire extinguishing system should be installed and periodic maintenance should be done.
After the risk analysis, regular field observations should be made and new risk values should be calculated with the implementation of corrective and preventive measures.
As a result of the researches, there are not enough studies that include the analysis results of the fires that occurred in our country. The analysis reports to be created after the crime scene investigation will make important contributions to prevent similar fires. Moreover, the results of these analyzes contribute to the determination of the probability value of the Fine-Kinney risk analysis method. Otherwise, the probability value will be determined according to the opinions of the practitioners and this will cause the risk value to be miscalculated. Miscalculation of the risk value; If it is less than it should be, the corrective and preventive actions determined will be insufficient, and if it is high, it may cause incorrect prioritization and an increase in the cost of the employer.
This study shows that eliminating fire risks or reducing them to acceptable levels will be possible with the correct determination of risk values and carrying out necessary corrective and preventive actions.