Kamusal çevrelerde insan - çevre davranış etkileşim sistemi: Bir alan çalışması /
Yazar: CENKER İNAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. AHSEN ÖZSOY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1996
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Alışveriş merkezleri = Shopping centers ; Davranış biçimleri = Behavior patterns ; Çevresel etkileşim = Environmental interaction

Özet:
Bu çalışma, Çevresel Psikoloji çalışmalarına kamusal çevreler açısından yaklaşan bir örnek teşkil eder. Oluşturulan teorik alt yapı ile saha çalışmaları, kapalı alışveriş merkezlerindeki insan-çevre etkileşiminin üzerine odaklanır. Bununla birlikte, yalnızca alışveriş merkezlerindeki insan çevre ilişkilerini açıklamakla yetinmez, ayrıca yaşamın değerlerini açıklığa kavuşturmaya çalışır. Bu çalışma, çevre-insan-davranış etkileşimini açıklamada tüm bileşenler arasındaki ilişkiyi arar ve birini diğerinden ayırmaz. Araştırma, insan çevre etkileşimine şöyle yaklaşır:. İnsanı Biçimlendiren Çevre: Çevresel Performans. İnsanın Biçimlendirdiği Çevre: Egemenlik Alanları. Bireysel Değişkenler Tüm bu süreçleri desteklemek amacıyla insanın içsel ve dışsal dünyasında oluşan temel süreçleri de göz ardı etmez. Bu süreçleri, çevreden mekansal davranışa kadar, güdüleme, çevresel algı, bilişim ve tavırları da içerecek bir biçimde inceler. Araştırmanın yapıldığı tipolojinin bir getirişi olarak, alışveriş eylemini ve kapalı alışveriş merkezi kavramlarını analiz eder ve yorumlar. Amaç, tüm bu değerlerin gerçek kamusal yaşamda özellikle kent içi alışveriş merkezlerinde ne şekilde ortaya çıktığını açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Alan çalışması, Akmerkez ve Capitol Alışveriş Merkezlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma, çevre içinde birimlerin fonksiyonları gereği ve algısal ve davranışsal sebeplerden ötürü farklı mekan hiyerarşileri içinde olduklarını gösterir ve her durumun tek defaya özgü çözüm gerektirdiğini işaret eder. Yaratılan bu hiyerarşilerin çevre içindeki davranışları biçimleme gücünün varlığını ortaya koyarken, bireyin kişisel değişkenleri ile de çevreyi davranış ile yeniden biçimlemesi yetisini de göz ardı etmez. Kamusal çevrelerin günümüzde ikincil egemenlik alanları formunda da hizmet verdiğine dair bir çok veriye dikkat çekilir ve yukarıda sıralanan katmanların çevre içindeki farklı düzeylerdeki egemenlik alanı davranışlarının olduğunu ve bunların birbirlerini biçimlediği işaret edilir. Bununla birlikte, çevre içinde egemenlik alanı sınırlarını belirlemede organizasyonların yaptırm gücünü ifadelendirir ve çevre içinde oluşan egemenlik alanı biçimlerim bu doğrultuda sınıflandırılır. Yapılan çalışma, metropolitenleşme süreci ile birlikte, kamusal alanların günümüzde çeşitlenerek, bir kaç fonksiyonu bir arada bireye sağladığım işaret eder. Bununla birlikte, eylemin gerisinde yatan temel felsefenin, yaşamın değişimiyle birlikte farklılaşmasının bu yapılan yeni kılan özellik olduğuna dair çeşitli ip uçları sağlar.

Abstract:
Man-Enviroment-Behavior Interaction Systems In Public Places: A Case Study This project includes a post graduate thesis on man-environment interaction in enclosed shopping centers, but it intends not only to explain the life in shopping centers but it also tries to illuminate some aspects of the urban life. General approach of this study is not to prescribe any definite solution for environmental interaction in public spaces and public lives. On the contrary, it underlines the importance of the uniqueness of every kind of situations. This research basically has two units. These are:. Theoretical background. The case studies and their results. Theoretical bacground is comprised of these titles: After describing the purpose of the thesis, in the second chapter, we assume the fundamental concepts of environment and human behavior like this:. Environment: The geographical environment, the animate environment, the cultural environment and the built environment. Motivation. Perception: The Geştalt Theory, The Transactional Theory, The Ecological Theory of Perception.. Environmental Cognition and Attitudes: Learning, memory, schemata, meaning and emotional responses.. Spatial Behavior: Privacy, personal space, territorial behavior and cognitive maps. In the third chapter, We examine the human-environment interaction under three titles:. Environment that has influences on people: Environmental Performance. Human who has influences on Environment: Territorial Behavior. Personal variables Environment that has influences on people: Environmental performance includes some of the qualitative, quantitative characteristics of environment and some of the affordances of it. These are: XI. Quantitative Characteristics: Lighting, temperature and noise levels and olfactory cues. QualitativeCharacteristics: Environmental image, meaning, identity and spatial relationships. Behavior Settings and Affordances of It: Fixed, semi-fixed and informal spaces in accordance with socio-fiigal and socio-petal places. Under the title of Human who have influences on Environment: Territorial Behavior the study examines the characteristics of territories and territorial behavior like these:. Basic Characteristics of Territoriality: It begins by defining territories, primary, secondary and public territories, the concepts of control, ownership and defence. Everyday Functioning of Territoriality: Supporting some of the behaviors like personal space, cognitive mapping and privacy. And also providing standing patterns of behavior that occurs in environment. Some of the Interaction Levels of Territoriality Between Man and Behavior: People, groups and organizations Personal variables include these subjects:. Man-in-Environment. Groups-in- Environment. Organizations-in- Environment In the fourth chapter, because of basic intention of this study, it analyzes and interprets the shopping phenomena and the concepts of the enclosed shopping centers. It regards these phenomena that as follow:. The development of shopping phenomena and traditional shopping places: Arastas, bedestens and covered bazaars. The development of enclosed shopping centers in daily meaning: The explanations have been elaborated from the 1940' s to 1990. The basic reasons of the occurrence and the development of enclosed shopping centers. The design craterias of enclosed shopping centers. The categorisation of enclosed shopping centers. The inner space typologies of enclosed shopping centers. The activities in enclosed shopping centers: The types of selling activity, consumer- in- enclosed shopping centers, the other activities in enclosed shopping centers. The components of the images in enclosed shopping centers. Enclosed shopping centers in Istanbul: Galleria, Capitol, Akmerkez In the fifth chapter, after reviewing man-environment studies in shopping centers, the study overlooks the research methodologies for the case study. The chosen methodology of the case study bases on survey techniques. The purpose of the research methodology intends to obtain different kinds of information from Xlldifferent kind of sources. This point of view compells the research to use different techniques during the case study. This approach provides to check out informations each other. Behavioral and spatial informations that have been obtained by using these techniques:. Notation techniques. Photographs. Interviews. Naturalistic observations. Pre-coded check lists. Spatial determinations on plans The informations that have been obtained from the case study point out these results: The study shows that there are three participants of the environment who interacts each other and with it:. Organizations. Service Units. People In public places, organizations have a great deal of impressions on environment and behavior related with it. These have been realized into two processes. These are:. Design Process. Occupancy Process During the design process, organizations define the characteristics of the environment, but it should be announced that these could be change during the occupancy process. These characteristics are:. Spatial relationships. The qualitative characteristics of environment. The quantitative characteristics of environment The study illuminates that organizations could be district the environment before occupancy process. These distinctions define the spatial characteristics of the environment. The types of the spaces are:. Fixed Feature Spaces. Semi- Fixed Feature Spaces. Informal Spaces In accordance with Altaian (1975)' s territoriality catagorizations, this study points out that some kinds of the public places like shopping centers are generally secondary territories. But in these spaces, it is possible to express some of the activities that are Xlllconvenient for public territories. There are three types of territories in shopping centers.. Organization's Territories: All public places and food courts. Service Unit's Territories: These spaces have been provided by organizations. Like stores. Shared Territories for Organizations: These are the spaces that has been designed for supporting stores trade activity Circulation systems of places define spatial relations of environment. These circulation systems could be refer to the concept of the mall in shopping centers. In sum up:. Formal characteristics of the mall. Functional distinctions of store units. Linkage characteristics between inner and outer space. Functional meanings of the spaces during the occupancy process This study tries to illuminate some of the aspects of wayfinding and architectural legibility in built environment. These are generally in relation with perception facilities in architectural patterns, especially in over human scale environments. This research shows that shopping centers has different kinds of reputations. Some of the characteristics of the environment influences the images of the environment. These are:. The general structural characteristics: Spatial and massive approaches.. The contextual environment's socio-economic cultural characteristics.. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of stores. Spatial hierarchies in environment. Different kinds of functions that have been located in public spaces. Service, parking, security etc. facilities. Promotion campaigns The study divides the activities in shopping centers into two titles:. Stores. Food courts Big and small stores as m2, impress the behavioral dynamics in public places. These impressions are based on these reasons.. The location on space. The socio economic classes that have been generally served. The characteristics of stores that could be refer to the characteristics of merchandises and other activities that have been located inner spaces XIVStores influence the characteristics of public places with their shop windows. There are generally three types of store windows:. Fixed shop windows. Semi-fixed shop windows. Non shop windows patterns Shop windows reflect their characteristics through public places and it is getting complexity in relation with some reasons. These are:. Trade contest situations, expectations of consumers and the qualitative characteristics of the stores that have related with their merchandise. To afford perceptual facilities Stores have different kinds of spatial hierarchies in their inner space. These are related with their functional characteristics. These characteristics define the control level over the spaces. The functional characteristics are:. Personal service. Self selection. Self service In food courts, spatial relationships are more complex, but despite the fact that more definable than stores. Spatial hierarchies that are patterned in fast food units comprise of these titles:. Spatial hierarchies for inner space. Mileu. Public places The study underlines that spatial hierarchies base on these reasons:. To need to express the borders of territories. Functional characteristics. To be identifable in environment. Environmental expactations, desires and needs.. General service policies of the units which could be refer to their own organizations This study emphasise that shopping centers general users are:. Women and children. Young people: Young men and women This study also examines these consumers spatial behavior in reference with territorial behavior in different kinds of spatial hierarchies. The result of the study shows that each of the spatial hierarchies demands people different kinds of standing patterns of XVbehaviors. And it also points out that these stimulations have been interpreted by people in relation with personal variables. The interactions of these concepts cause to the congruent behavior to occur in environment. XVI