Çok katlı toplu konut mimari tasarım sürecinde, yapım sistemlerine yönelik karar verme yöntemi
Decision making method about construction systems of the multi-floored mass housing architectural design process
Yazar: M. SELİM DALAMAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. METE TAPAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2000
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Karar verme = Decision making ; Konut = Dwelling house ; Mimari tasarım = Architectural design ; Toplu konutlar = Mass houses ; Yapı sistemleri = Structure systems

Özet:
Bu tez çalışmasında, 800 ile 1200 konut arasındaki toplu konut yerleşmeleri için, tasarıma ve sistem seçimine yönelik bilgisayarda karar verme programı geliştirilmiştir. Çalışma 8 bölümden ve 2 ekten oluşmaktadır; Birinci bölümde, konunun önemi açıklandıktan sonra, çalışmanın amacı ve yöntemi belirlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, Dünyada ve Türkiye'de konut sorununun ve toplu konut olgusunun gelişimi ana hatlarıyla incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Türkiye'de toplu konut inşaatlarında kullanılan yapım sistemleri; tünel kalıp sistem, prefabrike iskelet sistem, prefabrike panel sistem ve hücre sistem özet olarak tanıtılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, bir önceki bölümde tanıtılan yapım sistemlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizleri yapılmıştır. İncelenen her özellik için yapım sistemlerinin fayda değerleri belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen bu değerler bilgisayarda hazırlanan karar verme programında kullanılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, Dünyada ve Türkiye'de planlamaya yönelik toplu konut standartları saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunun için Türkiye'den örnek toplu konut yerleşimleri seçilmiş ve incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, bir toplu konut yerleşiminin planlamasının yapılabilmesi için bilinmesi gereken bazı temel veriler tanıtılmıştır. Bu veriler hazırlanan bilgisayar programında da kullanılmaktadır. Yedinci bölümde, hazırlanan bilgisayar programı tanıtılmış ve örneklerle programın çalışma şekli açıklanmıştır. Sekizinci bölümde, tezin amacı çerçevesinde sonuçlara varılmış ve konu ile ilgili öneriler getirilmiştir. Ek-A'da ise, hazırlanan bilgisayar programının nasıl kullanılacağını açıklayan program kullanım kılavuzu vardır. Ek-B'de, bilgisayar programı için hazırlanan 9 adet temel örnek konut planı bulunmaktadır. Bu plan tipleri incelenen dört yapım sistemine de adapte edilmiştir.

Abstract:
A considerable housing problem is suffered in Turkey since the 1950s, especially in such big cities as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa and Adana, because of the rapid urbanisation and migrations from the rural areas. Various Development laws were enacted to solve this problem and to overcome the housing shortages, and many methods were tried to meet the housing demand. The final stage reached for this purpose is mass housing constructions. Since the existing housing shortage increases by 100.000 - 200.000 housing units a year, mass housing production and construction methods become more important year after year. Mass housing is defined as building over a certain number of houses with mass production under a certain program. Mass housing is a way to overcome the housing shortage by accelerating to build houses after having realised a minimum standardisation. In every mass housing construction, there are variable factors that affects the system choice. The most important factors of mass housing constructions are time and cost. Construction operations can be accelerated and costs can be decreased only by letting construction systems become industrialised. In other words, the housing problem can be solved by utilising semi-traditional tunnel form or industrialised prefabricated systems. If architects get to know the construction systems and standards of construction companies during the designing stage, problems which are likely to occur will be avoided in the first place. In this context, architects, engineers and construction companies should co-operate with each other. The tunnel form and prefabricated construction systems have certain advantages and disadvantages in comparison to each other. It depends on the number of houses to be constructed, distance between the site and production place, ground conditions, etc. Therefore, designers should know both systems in detail, select the most suitable one after having considered all relevant criteria, and apply this system in the most profitable way. In this thesis, profit-value analyses are done according to the main factors that affect the choice of systems. This aims the identification of the most suitable plan design and construction system for each mass housing project that carries its own properties.In this thesis, a decision making program for computers is developed in order to design and to reach the most optimal construction system for mass housings which include between 800 and 1200 houses. The purpose of designing this program is to give architectural and construction companies valuable clues to help them in using the time in the most beneficial way during the preparation process of mass housing projects. The method of the prepared computer program is to take certain data from the user and then to apply these data in order to reach the solution. A decision making-model for this program is created and is transferred to the computer environment by using the Basic Programming Language that appears in Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0. After the data gained for the program is loaded, it estimates the most beneficial carriage system, decides on the number of flats and buildings, and calculates the construction time for each system. It also presents some model housing plans according to the choice of flat type, its area in m2 and to the carriage system. These housing plans are prepared to give the designers some opinions about the axis distances of the chosen carriage system and the construction ways of the systems. Besides the use of various methods for decision making models; since comparative analyses of the construction methods during the building of multi- floored mass housings are being made, multi variable decision making models are thought to be most suitable for this thesis. The purpose of this program is not to limit the user but to be a guide. By developing this program, lots of factors such as total cost, number of blocks or prefabricated walls and the number of different types of walls can be calculated. But to get these results, it is necessary to load many data to the computer program beforehand and to upgrade them steadily. It is a fact that the use of technology in the construction field or at the construction site means saving of time during the construction process. But it is a mistake to use the help of technology only in the production process or at the construction field. It is also a big advantage to apply the computer technology for a mass housing project which is at the planning process. "CAD" programs to draw the plans; and the computer program prepared in this thesis to choose the number of housings and the right carriage system, can be very helpful. Majority of the most important decisions in the mass housing constructions, in which time plays a very big role, are usually taken during the designing process. The most important of all is to make the right construction system choice which is going to be used for the mass housing construction. One wrong decision during this process results in big losses of time and money. Because of this, a computer program that can give the most optimal alternative to the construction companies and to the XIarchitects about both the types and numbers of the housings and construction system choice is developed. Even though the decision making program for the computers that aims the designing of mass housing constructions and the system choice is only limited to 800-1200 housings, it is possible to overcome this limit in the amount of housings with a wide study and to increase the number of criteria that influences the system choice. Then it is possible to use this program for the mass housing projects that include 3000, 5000 or more housings. But such a study can only be done by an experienced research and development group. This thesis is presented in 8 main chapters and 2 suffixes. In the first chapter (Introduction), after the explanation of the subject, the aim and the method of this thesis are defined. In the second chapter, the main points of the housing problem in Turkey and around the World and the development of mass housing fact are studied. Also in this chapter, there is a future forecasting which aims to estimate Turkey's population growth and the housing shortage until 2010. In the third chapter, the construction systems; Tunnel form and prefabricated construction systems that are being used in the mass housings of Turkey are introduced as a summary. In the housing applications in Turkey, traditional, tunnel form and prefabricated construction systems are being used in order. But since the necessary production speed cannot be reached to close the housing gap with the traditional systems, it is kept outside this study. In the fourth chapter, a comparative analysis of the construction systems that are introduced a chapter ago is made. The profit values of the construction systems are defined according to cost, production rate and the carriage system. These values that are calculated, are then used in the decision making program that is prepared for the computer. For the construction of mass housings that include 1000 housings or cover an area of 100,000m2, the average values and the profit values are determined according to the 6 criteria shown under. The values that are used in this chapter are not constant because they can change as the technology develops. These values are the data that the decision making program for the computer uses, that is explained in Chapter 7. Al: The average constructed area per day with one crane and one team; By tunnel form By prefabricated large panel system By prefabricated skeleton system By cell system 300m2, 150m2, 125m2, 250m2. wA2: Cost Per m2 (US $), (profit value is maximum 5); Tunnel form total cost Prefabricated large panel system total cost Prefabricated skeleton system total cost Cell system total cost A3: Average workmanship Per hour (profit value is maximum 5); h/m2 Profit value A4: Average concrete usage m3/m2 (profit value is maximum 5); mVm2 Profit value A5: Average iron usage kg/m2, (profit value is maximum 5); kg/m2 Tunnel form iron usage Prefabricated large panel system iron usage Prefabricated skeleton system iron usage Cell system iron usage 31.0kg/m2, 31.0kg/m2, 30.0kg/m2, 27.5kg/m2, Profit value 4.6 4.6 4.7 5.0 A6: Variability values (between 1-5) (5 maximum), the values below are the accepted values; Tunnel form variability value Prefabricated large panel system variability value Prefabricated skeleton system variability value Cell system variability value 1.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 XU1For the establishment of the profit values from A2 to A5, the most optimal results (lowest values) are gifted with 5 points as maximum profit. The reason for this is the success of gaining the highest profit with the lowest cost; for instance at A2 (tunnel form cost = 46.71 $/m2). So it gets 5 points. The profit value results of the other alternatives are calculated according to 46.7 l$/m2. In the fifth chapter, the mass housing standards about planning in Turkey and around the World are tried to be determined. To reach the purpose, model mass housings from Turkey are chosen and studied. These standards that are determined are used as reference at the making of the model plans. At the end of this chapter by means of these data, it will be possible to reach the closest plan type that the designer wishes, with the use of the computer program. In the sixth chapter, some main information in order to produce the planning of the mass housing are stated. These information are also used in the computer program that is prepared. In the seventh chapter, the computer program is introduced and the way it works are explained with the use and help of examples. In the eighth chapter, certain conclusions are reached according to the aim of the thesis, and relevant suggestions are stated. In the suffix-A, a manual that shows how to use the program and a software that presents the "Decision making method about construction systems of the multi- floored mass housing architectural design process" program in Basic computer language are included. In the suffix-B, there are 9 basic model house designs that are prepared for the computer program. These planning types are adapted to all four construction systems that are examined.