Tekstil yıkama ve kurutma işlemleri sırasında çamaşırlarda oluşan tekstil hasarının parametrik olarak araştırılması
Parametric research of textile damage in laundry during textile washing and drying processes
Yazar: GİZEM AKIN
Danışman: PROF. DR. FATMA BANU NERGİS
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Tekstil Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Tekstil Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Tekstil ve Tekstil Mühendisliği = Textile and Textile Engineering
Dizin: Tekstil = Textile

Özet:
Teknolojik değişimin yüksek hızı ve pazar talebinin değişkenliği ile birlikte üretim teknolojilerinin çeşitliliği artmaktadır. Tekstil sektörü değişen bu teknolojik gelişmelere hızla adapte olmaktadır. Bununla beraber, tekstil ürünlerinin özelliklerinin iyileşmesi ve artmasıyla bakım işlemleri her geçen gün çok daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır.
Bakım işlemleri yıkama, kurutma, ütüleme ve kuru temizleme adımlarından oluşmaktadır. Ev tipi yıkama ve kurutma, tekstil malzemelerine periyodik olarak uygulanan işlemlerdir. Tekrarlı bakım işlemlerinin hassaslığının ürünlerin performansı açısından kritik hale gelmesi nedeniyle ev tipi yıkama ve kurutmaya yönelik iyileştirme çalışmaları artmıştır. 
Ev tipi yıkamadan beklentiler üç temel unsura dayandırılabilir: Bunlardan ilki; yıkamanın asıl fonksiyonları olan leke çıkarma, kir çıkarma ve beyazlatmanın gerektiği şekilde yerine getirilebilmesidir. İkincisi; tekstil ürünlerinin performans özelliklerinin olumsuz yönde etkilenmemesinin sağlanmasıdır. Bu olumsuzluklar tekstil hasarı (boyutsal değişim, mukavemet kaybı, boncuklanma vb) olarak adlandırılır. Sonuncusu ise su, enerji ve kimyasal tüketimi gibi çevresel etkileşimlerden kaynaklı etkilerin olumsuzluklarının azaltılmasıdır. 
Ev tipi yıkama performasını ve tekstil hasarlanmasını etkileyen birçok parametre mevcuttur. Bunlar mekanik hareket, su sıcaklığı, kimyasallar (deterjan, ağartıcı, yumuşatıcı) ve yıkama süresidir.
Avrupa'da ev tipi çamaşır makinalarında en çok kullanılan programlar açık ara farkla %62'lik oranla pamuklu programlardır. Bu durum pazardaki ürünler içerisinde en çok pamuklu ürünlerin tercih edildiğini göstermektedir. Pamuklu programlarda yıkanan ürünler incelendiğinde, örme kumaş yapılarının genellikle süprem, dokuma kumaş yapılarının ise bezayağı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Buradan yola çıkılarak çalışma kapsamında, tüketici araştırmalarının dikkate alınmasıyla pazarda en çok kullanılan elyaf türü olan pamuk, tekstil konstrüksiyonu olarak süprem örme ve bezayağı dokuma seçilmiştir. Bu sayede geniş kullanıma sahip ürünlerin bakımında iyileştirme yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla yürütülen deneysel çalışmalar esnasında, ev tipi yıkama (yıkama, durulama, sıkma) ve kurutma işlemi (ortamda sererek kurutma ve kurutucuda kurutma) adımlarından hangisinin en çok tekstil hasarlanmasına neden olduğu tespit edilmiş, en etkili parametre fiziksel olarak incelenmiş, fiziksel etki kaynaklı hasarlardan boyutsal değişim (kullanıcının ilk karşılaştığı hasar) ve mukavemet kaybı (tekrarlı yıkamalardan kaynaklı çok daha sonra ortaya çıkan hasar) araştırılmıştır.

 
Deneysel çalışmaların sonunda tekstil hasarlanmasına en çok neden olan adımın yıkama adımı olduğu görülmüştür. En etkili parametrenin mekanik hareket (yıkama devri) olduğu saptanmıştır. Tamburlu yıkayıcı içerisindeki tekstile uygulanan farklı seviyelerdeki mekanik hareket tekstilin farklı hareketler yapmasına neden olmaktadır. Tekstilin tamburlu yıkayıcı içerisindeki hareketleri incelenerek, tekstil üzerine etkiyen kuvvetler hesaplanmıştır. Hareket türü ve etkiyen kuvvet ile tekstil hasarı arasında ilişki kurulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Abstract:
Nowadays, the diversity of production technologies is increasing with the high speed of technological change and the variability of market demand. The textile industry is rapidly adapting to these changing technological developments. However, with the improvement in the properties of textile products, care operations are becoming increasingly important.
Care process for textiles consists of washing, drying, ironing and dry cleaning.Household washing and drying are periodically applied to textile materials. The precision of repetitive care operations has become critical for the performance of the products. Therefore, need for the studies that would improve household washing and drying processes have increased.
Expectations from household washing can be based on three important elements:
The first one refers to the main functions of washing which are stain removal, dirt removal and bleaching.
The second is to ensure that the performance characteristics of textile products are not adversely affected. These adverse effects are called textile damage (dimensional change, loss of strength, pilling, etc.).
The final one is the reduction of the negative effects of environmental interactions such as water, energy and chemical consumption.
There are many parameters that affect household washing performance and textile damage. These include mechanical action, water temperature, chemicals (detergent, bleaching, fabric softener) and washing time.
Widely used domestic washing programs in Europe are cotton programs with a rate of 62%. This can be considered as an indication that cotton products are the most preferred ones in the market. An investigation of the goods washed using domestic cotton products showed that these goods have single jersey knitted and plain weave fabrics.
Accordingly, within the study, single jersey and plain woven cotton samples were chosen as textile constructions. By doing so, it was aimed to improve the care of such products.
In textile repeated washing and drying cycles, the textile damage first noticed by the user is the dimensional change.  Excessive washing and drying results in the subsequent loss of strength.  In this study, dimensional change and strength loss of textile damage types were investigated.  The aim is to examine the textile damage that the customer first sees and then notices, and to investigate the types of damages caused by care operations from a broad perspective.
Experimental studies conducted for this purpose consist of seven steps.
The first experimental study focused on determining which operation step namely;  household washing (washing, rinsing, spining) or drying ( flat drying and drying in the dryer) caused the highest textile damage.
The textile material, which has been subjected to washing, rinsing and spinning operationsduring the household washing process,might be further subjected to l the drying operation during which it is damaged to a certain extent.  For this reason, the second experimental part was designed to examine the effects of the individual drying process on the textiles.  Hand-soaked laundry was dried in the dryer and textile damage formation depending on the use of household drier was determined.  
The first step of the textile washing process is the step in which the textile material comes into contact with water.  A third experimental plan was made to see the effect of the washing step on the damage formation on textiles.  By doing so, it has been possible to investigate the stress absorption caused by the elimination of water.  In this experimental design, water, which has the same temperature and characteristics ofthe water inlet temperature and characteristics of the domestic washing machine, was absorbed into the textile. Afterwards, the textile was flat dried under the room conditions.  Thus, only the effect of presence of water on textile damage was investigated.
At the end of the mentioned experimental studies, it was found that it was the washing step that mainly caused the damage on the textiles .
According to the algorithm of the domestic washing machines, the washing step generally consists of three parts: 
1. The first part is cold washing which is applied before the heater is switched on (pre-heater step). 
2. The second part is the heater step when water is heated. 
3. The final, and the third part, is the step when textiles are washed after water is heated.  Before the heater is switched on, i.e. in the pre-heater step, the laundry is washed with cold water which has a temperature of 15°C.  Relaxation shrinkage takes place during the cold washing step.  Since a low mechanical movement is also applied during the cold washing step, progressive shrinkage also takes place  as well as the relaxation shrinkage .
After examining the relationship between water effect and relaxation shrinkage, the cold washing step where relaxation shrinkage occurred was examined with the fourth experimental design.
Since the results of the previousstudies showed that the most damaging step was the washing step, this step was studied parametricly by setting the fifth experimental design. By doing so, the optimum condition that yielded the lowest dimensional change was determined.
After examining the dimensional changes of the knitted and woven samples and determining the optimum condition which would cause the least damage in terms of this property, the effect of detergent usageduring domestic washing on the strength of the textiles under the same conditions was investigated with the sixth experimental stage.
At the end of the studies perfomed during the sixth stage, the optimum condition that would result in the lowest  dimensional change and strength loss was determined.
During the studies conducted, another important and effective parameter was observed to be the mechanical movement of textiles in the washing machine during the washing cycle, which caused different levels of dimensional change and strength loss. The amount of textiles being washed is also another important factor.
Textiles make different movements inside the drum of the washing machine such as falling and rotating. During the final part of the study, the washing algorithm of the washing machine was programmed  in such a way that the textile material was guided to perform the same mechanical movement periodically and repeatedly. An experimental set-up with a camera allowed the observation and recording of the textile movement in the drum during the washing process.  By analizing and processing the recorded images it has been possible to calculate the forces acting on textiles during washing. The relationship between the forces acting and textile damage was also established.