Yüksek teknoloji barındıran endüstri tesislerinin tasarım evresinde BİM destekli paydaş yönetimi: Ses altı rüzgâr tüneli örnek olay incelemesi
BİM-based stakeholder management in design phase of high-tech industrial facilities: A case study of subsonic wind tunnel
Yazar: MUHAMMED YUSUF GÜNEŞ
Danışman: PROF. DR. HAKAN YAMAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Uçak Mühendisliği = Aeronautical Engineering ; İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Endüstriyel yapılar = Industrial structures ; Proje yönetimi = Project management ; Rüzgar tüneli = Wind tunnel ; İnşaat projeleri = Construction projects

Özet:
İnşaat sektöründe, gelişen teknolojilerin getirmiş olduğu yeniliklerle birlikte yapı endüstrisi de birçok değişim ve dönüşüm geçirmektedir. Teknolojinin inşaat sektörüne getirmiş olduğu en büyük yeniliklerden birisi kuşkusuz BIM (Bina Enformasyonu Modellemesi) teknolojisidir. BIM teknolojisi, öncelikli olarak tasarım felsefesini değiştirmiş, devamında alt süreçlerin iyileştirilmesine de zemin hazırlamıştır. Tasarımın üç boyutlu hale getirilmesi ile birlikte proje ve tasarım yönetimi ilkeleri de değişmek zorunda kalmıştır. Söz konusu değişimlerin en önemlilerinden biri de paydaş yönetimi bilgi alanında gerçekleşmektedir. 
Endüstriyel yapılar, konut, okul, kamu yapıları vb. gibi nispeten daha sade olarak nitelenen yapılara nazaran daha karmaşık ve daha fazla paydaşın etkileşimde bulunduğu projelerdir. Endüstriyel yapıların barındırdığı alt sistemler, test altyapıları, tezgâh ve ekipman farklı paydaşlar tarafından tedarik edilebildiğinden, bu tip yapılarda paydaş yönetimi daha öncelikli ve önemli bir konu haline gelmektedir.
Paydaş yönetimi bilgi alanındaki söz edilen bu değişimlerin potansiyelini ölçmek, geleneksel yöntemler ile BIM destekli paydaş yönetimi arasındaki farkları belirlemek ve özellikle endüstriyel tesislerin tasarım aşaması üzerine etkilerini görmek amacı ile tez kapsamında çalışmalar yapılmıştır.
Bu tez kapsamında öncelikle genel olarak ve özelde endüstriyel yapılarda bina yaşam dönemi incelenmiş, sonrasında paydaş yönetimi ile ilgili literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra BIM kullanımı ile paydaş yönetiminde yaşanan değişiklikler ve BIM teknolojisinin paydaş yönetimi bilgi alanına getirmiş olduğu katkılar "BIM destekli paydaş yönetimi" anahtar sözcüğü yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Bu aşamada paydaş yönetimi uygulamalarında BIM kullanımını inceleyen pek fazla araştırmanın olmadığı da gözlerden kaçmamıştır. Bunun üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek bir yol haritası belirlenmiş ve Türkiye'nin sayılı yüksek teknoloji barındıran endüstri tesisleri arasında yer alan, Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii A.Ş. (TUSAŞ) tarafından yürütülen Türkiye'nin en büyük Avrupa'nın ikinci büyük ses altı rüzgâr tüneli tesisinin tasarım aşaması örnek olay yönteminden yararlanarak incelenmiştir. Rüzgâr tüneli yapısı, geometrik anlamda düzgün bir yapıda olmaması nedeniyle tasarımı hayli zor bir yapı olmasının yanında, içinde barındırdığı ekipman potansiyeli de sektörün nadiren görebileceği özellikte olması, bu projenin örnek olay olarak incelenmesini özel kılmıştır. Rüzgâr tüneli tesisinin tasarımına katkı sağlayan dokuz farklı paydaştan BIM kullanımı konusunda bilgi edinilebilen ve görüşme talebine olumlu yanıt veren altı farklı roldeki personel ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, görüşmelerde kaydedilen yanıtlar içerik analizi (content analysis) yönetimi ile incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur.
Bu tez kapsamında paydaş yönetimi ile ilgili yalnızca rüzgâr tüneli projesinin tasarım süreci dikkatle takip edilmiş ve BIM kullanımının tasarım sürecinde paydaş yönetimi konusunda sağladığı avantajlar kaydedilmiştir. Tasarım sürecindeki avantajların yansımalarını görebilmek üzere yapım ve tesis işletme dönemlerinin de incelenmesi, BIM teknolojisi kullanımı ile paydaş yönetimi konusunda gelecekte potansiyel araştırma alanları olarak görülmüştür.
Literatür incelemeleri, örnek olay yöntemi ile incelenen proje ve yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden hareketle entegre proje teslim yöntemi ile yönetilen endüstri yapılarında paydaş yönetimi alanında bir standardın olmadığı, çoklu paydaş yönetimi gerçekleştirilen projelerde BIM tabanlı yaklaşımların geleneksel yöntemlere göre birçok avantajının bulunduğu ancak inşaat sektöründe bu konunun hala gelişime açık olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract:
In the construction sector, with the innovations brought by the developing technologies, the construction industry is also going through many changes and transformations. One of the biggest innovations that technology has brought to the construction industry is undoubtedly BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology. ISO (International Standardization Organization) defines BIM as a digital representation of a structure built to more easily manage the design, construction and operation processes to create a reliable foundation (Url-1). Thanks to the use of developing technologies, software and modeling tools, BIM applications lead the change of the traditional philosophy in the design phase in the construction industry. Along with making the design three-dimensional, project and design management principles, BIM technology mediated the change of the design philosophy, and also laid the groundwork for the improvement of project management and its sub-processes. One of the most important of these changes takes place in the knowledge area of stakeholder management.
Stakeholders have a great role in the development of projects or organizations and in the realization of the determined goals. The concept of stakeholder is a group or individual that has become a classic in the literature and, in its most general definition, affects or is affected by the success of the organization (Freeman, 1984). These stakeholders can be internal or external stakeholders who are directly or indirectly affected by the actions of the organization, benefit or harm. It is extremely important for the stakeholders to benefit the project or organization to which they are affiliated within a certain systematic and to act in a determined order. Particularly in large project structures where stakeholder participation is extremely high, the importance of stakeholder management is gradually increasing. Stakeholder management can be defined as identifying the people, groups or organizations that may affect or be affected by the project, determining the stakeholders and the project's expectations from these stakeholders, developing and implementing management strategies to effectively involve the stakeholders in the project decisions (PMI, 2017). The fact that the project is an industrial facility with high technology increases the number of stakeholders and makes it almost impossible to manage the project with traditional stakeholder management practices.
When the projects with intense stakeholder participation are examined, first of all, industrial structures appear. Housing, school, public buildings etc. structures such as these can be implemented in a simpler way and with the participation of fewer stakeholders. However, since industrial facilities can be carried out by different stakeholders due to the sub-systems, test infrastructures, bench and equipment design, manufacturing and installations they contain, stakeholder management is a more priority and important issue in such structures. The importance of stakeholder management is increasing, especially in high-tech and R&D (Research and Development)-intensive industrial facilities. High-tech industrial facilities (YTBET), including IoT (Internet of Things), industry 4.0 and smart factory applications, where general processes are integrated with automation systems, machine and equipment intensive, product processing lines, assembly areas and technological infrastructure, active data can be taken into the virtual environment. can be summarized as industrial facilities (Şekkeli and Minister, 2018). Since YTBET can be carried out with the support of companies from different disciplines and sectors to the same project, preventing the chaos that may occur during the execution of the project becomes possible by systematically performing stakeholder participation and management.
YTBET design phase is one of the most intense stakeholder participation phases of the facility building life cycle. Building Life Cycle (BYD) is a series of phases, starting with the idea phase, including the implementation of the resulting building/facility and the management of the facility throughout its useful life (CSI, 2011). BYD, in general terms, consists of the idea stage, project delivery, design, construction documents, procurement, construction and facility management, and these stages can be defined differently by different sources.
Within the scope of the study, literature searches were carried out in the knowledge areas of BIM, stakeholder management, YTBET and BYD, and the interactions of the mentioned knowledge areas with each other were examined, the building life period in industrial buildings from general to specific, and then a literature review on stakeholder management was carried out. Then, the changes in stakeholder management with the use of BIM and the contributions of BIM technology to the knowledge of stakeholder management were examined with the help of the keyword "BIM supported stakeholder management". In addition, it was aimed to determine what kind of changes occurred in the stakeholders and building life periods in the projects within the scope of YTBET.
After the researches carried out in 4 basic knowledge areas, literature reviews on BIM supported stakeholder management applications were carried out and the limited number of case studies reached were examined. The inability to find many studies in the literature on the contributions of BIM applications to stakeholder management has revealed that there is a knowledge gap in this regard.
Within the scope of the thesis study, in the design phases of industrial facilities with high technology, due to the need for many stakeholders to contribute in the design phase is discussed as follows:
• Communication and coordination problems 
• Problems experienced in the adaptation process to the innovations brought by technology
• Possible problems in documentation and data transfer
• Calendar problems in line with the common goal
• Scope problems in projects carried out with Integrated Project Delivery Management (IPD)
A case study was conducted in line with the literature studies conducted in line with the framework of the study, the problems addressed and the objectives to be achieved, and the experiences of professionals working in a real project were consulted with semi-structured interviews and the information collected by the content analysis method was analyzed. The Subsonic Wind Tunnel Project (TST), carried out within TAI, which complies with the definition of a high-tech industrial facility and uses various innovative applications supported by BIM, was chosen as a case study and the design phase was actively observed in the period from March 2019 to March 2022. Being one of the few high-tech industrial facilities in Turkey, Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. (TUSAŞ) Turkey's largest and Europe's second largest subsonic wind tunnel facility adopted the integrated project delivery method (IPD) in accordance with the investment decision taken, and therefore the management of the project by dividing it into different work packages was effective in the selection of this project. The fact that the stakeholders involved in the project have different start and end dates with different contracts, and that all packages are trained to the main project end date in an integrated way increase the responsibilities of the management team and make stakeholder management important. In addition, the wind tunnel structure is a very difficult structure to design because it is not in a geometrically smooth structure, and the equipment potential it contains is such that it is rarely seen by the industry, making this project special to be examined as a case study.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with personnel in six different roles, who received information on the use of BIM from nine different stakeholders who contributed to the design of the wind tunnel facility and responded positively to the interview request, and the responses recorded in the interviews were examined by content analysis management.
Within the scope of this thesis, only the design process of the wind tunnel project regarding stakeholder management was carefully followed and the advantages of using BIM in stakeholder management in the design process were noted. Examination of the construction and plant operation periods in order to see the reflections of the advantages in the design process has been seen as potential research areas in the future on the use of BIM technology and stakeholder management.
Based on literature reviews, the project examined with the case study method and semi-structured interviews, there is no standard in the field of stakeholder management in industry structures managed with the integrated project delivery method, BIM-based approaches have many advantages over traditional methods in projects where multi-stakeholder management is carried out, but this issue is still in the construction sector. found to be open to development. In addition, the lack of a regulation developed specifically for Turkey, the deficiencies in the trained human resources, the lack of awareness of the employers and the owners about the use of technology and similar issues have revealed the necessity of increasing the studies in these areas in our country.