Milli park ve tabiat parkı haritalarının tasarımı için öneriler
Suggestions for the map design of national park and natural park
Yazar: NEVİN SUR KIZILIRMAK
Danışman: PROF. DR. NESİBE NECLA ULUĞTEKİN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Bilişim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Uygulamaları Ana Bilim Dalı / Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology ; Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Kartografi = Cartography ; Milli parklar = National parks

Özet:
Coğrafi mekana ait bilginin etkin bir şekilde aktarılmasında baskı, ekran ve kabartma haritalarının kullanımının önemli bir rolü vardır. Teknolojik olanaklardaki gelişmeler ve bu gelişen teknolojiyi kullanarak harita üreten kişilerin sayısındaki artış, mekana ait bilginin kolay erişilebilir olmasında oldukça etkilidir. Bu teknolojilerden biri de coğrafi mekânsal bilginin depolanması, yönetimi, güncellenmesi, analizi, görselleştirilmesi ve sunumu için kullanılan, bilgisayar destekli bir sistem olan Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'dir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve diğer teknolojik olanakları kullanarak harita üreten kişilerin sayısındaki artış, bir problemi de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu problem, üretilen haritalarda temel kartografik tasarım kurallarının doğru bir şekilde uygulanmamasıdır. Temel kartografik tasarım kuralları dahilinde üretilen haritalar, hem doğru harita üretimi koşullarına uyacak hem de kişilerin dikkatlerini çekecektir. Pek çok kurum ve kuruluş ilgilendikleri konular dahilinde çeşitli tematik haritalar üretmektedir. Bu haritalardan bazıları da son zamanlarda bilinirliklerinin artmasıyla pek çok doğa, kültür ve tarih severin ilgisini çeken milli park ve tabiat parkları için üretilmiş haritalardır.
Milli park ve tabiat parklarına gelen ziyaretçilerin alandaki olanaklardan doğru bir şekilde faydalanabilmeleri amaçlanır. Bu doğrultuda hazırlanan tematik haritalar alanın doğru bir şekilde tanıtılması için oldukça önemlidir. Bu haritalar kağıt haritalar olmalarının yanında ekran haritaları olarak da mobil uygulamalar veya web siteleri üzerinden kullanılabilmektedir. Söz konusu haritaların, korunan alanlara yönelik olarak kişilerde incelemek için merak uyandıran haritalar olması ve bu haritaların milli park ve tabiat parklarıyla ilgili tanıtım ve uyarı bilgilerini de içermesi, kişilerde koruma bilincinin oluşmasına dolaylı olarak katkı sağlayacaktır. Çünkü ülkemizdeki milli parklar ve tabiat parkları genellikle orman alanları olduklarından zengin bir flora ve fauna çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Bunun yanında söz konusu alanlar, tarihi ve kültürel kaynak değerlerine sahip alanlar da olabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla tematik haritalar ilettikleri bilgiler sayesinde tarihi ve kültürel değerler ile ilgili farkındalık oluşmasına da hizmet eden araçlardır.
Bu tez çalışması kapsamında kartografyanın ilgi alanı haritalar ve haritalarda olması gereken unsurlar irdelenmiş, dünyadan milli park haritası örnekleri incelenmiş, Türkiye'deki durum değerlendirilmiş ve ziyaretçiler için Değirmenburnu Tabiat Parkı örnek alanı üzerinden milli park ve tabiat parkı haritası tasarım örnekleri geliştirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The use of printed, digital and relief maps has an important role in effectively transferring geospatial information. Today, developments in geographic information technologies have led to an increase in the number of map producing people by using this developing technology. Thus, the information about a geographic space can be accessed much more easily. One of these technologies is Geographic Information Systems, a computer-aided system used for storing, managing, updating, analyzing, visualizing and presenting geographical spatial information. However, the increase in the number of people who produce maps using the technology of Geographic Information System brings with it a design problem. This problem can be explained by the fact that the basic cartographic design criteria are not used correctly in the generated maps. Cartography is a mapping art, technic and science that deals with all processes from the abstraction of the spatial domain to the printing of the map. Maps, which are the means of communication of the cartography, can graphically model structural similarities between geographical reality information. That is why maps are the most appropriate means of transmitting spatial information. Maps produced by considering basic cartographic rules will both conform to the conditions of accurate map production and will attract the attention of the people. These maps should be able to communicate the correct information in a complete way, be clear, understandable, legible and aesthetic. Maps include several complementary elements. These elements are the title and subtitle of the map, the legend, scale and length unit, orientation of the map design and projection and datum information, source information, hierarchical organization of texts and symbols, visual balance, the name of cartographer, information and mapping date, the border and map frame of the map.
It is intended that visitors who visit national parks and natural parks will benefit from the opportunities available on that area. Thematic maps prepared in this direction are a very effective tool for introducing the area correctly. These maps are basically paper-based maps. They can also be used as mobile maps via mobile applications or websites. These maps are attractive maps for people to explore protected areas, and they contain information about national parks and natural parks, which indirectly contributes to the formation of conservation consciousness in people. Because national parks and natural parks in Turkey are generally forest areas, they have a rich flora and fauna diversity. In addition, these areas may have historical and cultural resource values. The thematic maps are therefore tools that serve to raise awareness of historical and cultural values through the information they transmit.
Many institutions and organizations produce a variety of thematic maps within the context of their interests. Thematic maps are mappings that deal with a specific topic that has an information-based content, usually including statistical results, that displays any topic with spatial reference. Some of these are national park and natural park maps that have recently attracted the attention of many nature, culture and history lovers with the increase of their awareness. National park and natural park maps do not have definite design rules since they are included in the thematic map class, and these maps are designed depending on subject, purpose, environment and scale used.
Although very important studies have been carried out to increase the awareness of national parks and natural parks in Turkey, there are not enough examples of map produced by considering cartographic rules. It is intended that visitors who visit national parks and natural parks will benefit from the opportunities available on that area. Thematic maps prepared in this direction are a very effective tool for introducing the area correctly.
To better analyze the national park and natural park maps in Turkey, the national park maps of the world need to be examined. For this purpose, the United States (USA) and British national park maps have been examined. The reason for studying the maps of these two countries is that there are standards for national park maps in the United States. On the other hand, there is no standard in the UK, but there are maps giving importance to aesthetics.
The USA national park maps are paper and screen maps produced with specific standards and the needs of the handicapped. The standard symbols used in these maps are consistent with the character of objects represented by the symbol. However, other symbols are also used on the screen maps to keep the file size low. Screen maps usually have no layer system. In the maps where there are too many symbols like the parking lot map, the symbols are shown clustered to avoid the mess. Maps showing the distribution of species of flora and fauna in the field for the USA national parks have also been prepared. These maps contain highly useful information, especially for those who are going to do scientific work in the national park. It seems that magnetic deviations maps have been prepared to use the trek to visit these national parks. At every point in the national park, the compass does not show the magnetic north correctly, but it deviates at a certain angle. The places where these magnetic deviations are and the maps showing the magnetic deviations in these points are important for the trakkers not to lose their direction. Both the mile and the kilometer are used together as a unit in the scales in the USA national park maps. It is important that the scale information is given in kilometer for the sights coming from countries that do not use mileage, in order for the map to be understandable. In addition, the information section of the paper map, which is included as an attachment to the map, contains information on the rules to be observed in the national park, warnings, points to be taken care of to protect the national park and not to damage natural resources, and things to be done in an emergency.
For 15 national parks located in the UK, numerous maps such as hiking and camping areas were produced with aesthetic elements in mind. No specific standard were used for the design of these maps. The most appropriate period of time to come to the national park, the activities to be done, the warnings and the information about the places where communication can be made are included in the paper maps. If you click on the markers on the screen maps, you will get a link to other web pages where detailed information about that place is found. Some of the symbols on the map are consistent with the character of the object they represent, but some are not. On some screen maps it appears that the daily meteorological data of the area in which the national park is located is also included. In some of the maps, scale information is given both in miles and kilometers, some in miles only.
There is a mobile application for national parks and natural parks in Turkey. In this mobile application, national parks and natural parks can be interrogated according to the activities that can be performed on the field and services provided in the field. In the application, there is information about the daily weather of the area, the entrance and exit times and entrance fees, and there are lots of photographs about the area. The maps in the application do not have a layer system but are accessed by clicking on the information mark. Maps cannot be enlarged more than a certain scale, details on the map are not visible enough. Apart from this application, there is a website created to access detailed information about 26 natural parks in Istanbul. This website contains general information about the area, 360° panoramic views of natural parks, sections with demonstration videos and maps, activities that can be carried out, transportation, flora, fauna, entrance fees and the information about dangerous areas.
In this thesis study, the area of interest of the cartography, the elements that should be in the maps and examples of the national park maps from the some countries are examined. Finally, the situation is evaluated in Turkey, brought suggestions for the design of national park and natural park thematic maps for visitors through the sample area Değirmenburnu Natural Park. The design will not come to an end, it is a phenomenon that can be constantly improved. Therefore, the missing aspects of the maps prepared in the thesis study are examined and it is aimed to design cartographically the most aesthetic map for visitors.