Kıyı yanaşma yapılarının tasarımı, onarım ve güçlendirilmesi
Design, repair and strengtening of a shore docking 
structure
Yazar: EZGİ TOPSOY
Danışman: PROF. DR. TURGUT ÖZTÜRK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2016
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences

Özet:
Sunulan tez çalışması kapsamında kıyı ve liman yapıları ile ilgili ülkemizde kullanılan yönetmelikler kapsamında bir yanaşma yapısının dizaynı ele alınmıştır. Tasarım ve dizayn aşamalarında DLH 2008 Deprem Teknik Yönetmeliği ve KLY Planlama ve Tasarım Teknik Esasları kapsamlarında verilen teoriler ve formüller kullanılmıştır.
Liman tasarımı ve elemanları hakkında bilgiler ve gerekli tanımlamalar çalışma kapsamında sunulmuştur. İncelenecek yapının kazıklı yanaşma yapısı olması uygun bulunarak söz konusu yapı ile ilgili tüm kazık ve üst yapı elemanları ile ilgili detaylı bilgiler ve dizayn esaslarına yer verilmiştir. Çelik boru kazıklardan ve iki tip anodan oluşan sistemin yükleme ve yük kombinasyonları sistemli bir şekilde yapılmış ve dizayn aşamasında en elverişsiz sonuçları veren yüklemeler esas alınmıştır.
Tasarlanan iskele 1. derece deprem bölgesinde yer almaktadır. İskelenin hesaplamalarında tasarım gemisi 20000 DWT' luk yük gemisi olarak seçilmiştir. Yapıda kullanılan beton sınıfları C30 ve C40, donatı çeliği ise S420 olarak seçilmiştir. Modellemeler SAP 2000 V.15.2.1 bilgisayar programı ile yapılmıştır.
Bölüm 5' te yapının tasarımı ve dizaynı detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş hem imalat aşaması için hem de nihai durum için statik ve dinamik analizler yapılmıştır.
Tasarım gemisinin boyutlarının değişmesi, yükleme şekillerinde zamanla meydana gelen değişiklikler ve sismik hareketlerin yarattığı hasarlar ile ilgili sistemde onarım ve güçlendirmelerin yapılması uygun bulunmuştur

Abstract:
As a critical connection in an aggregate transportation chain, ports have for some time been door for merchandise and individuals to stream into urban communities and countries. They serve as a trade between the area and ocean transport and are utilized for asemnling and separating commoditis moved in mass or in holders.
The ports are areas that are attached to a sea, ocean or river by connecting waterway and are essentially considered as entities. They are equipped with infrastructure and technical facilities of any kind that allow them to manage the load type for which they are specialized. Its basic function is to provide shelter to a different extent to ships, allowing the transfer of goods from one means of transport to another. They also function as node link between sea and land and are a clear example of intermodality (Tarantola,2005).
Truly, port advancements and their development have started, inspired by both monetary and mechanical weights coming about because of the worldwide modern upheaval.
In the course of the last ten to a quarter century has been significant change and new thinking in the configuration and development of port and harbor structures.
Port facilities are the main transportation bases for world trade. Ports are multi- purpose offices, a spot where rail, truck, scow, ship, and other transport techniques focalize. Along these lines, ports assume a key part in moving items both to different nations and to the inside of the nation.
The port's terminal makes conceivable the docking and the taking care of, capacity and exchange of load. Ports are intended to handle a wide assortment of sorts of payload: mass or free, breakbulk in bundles. Seaborne exchange has expanded considerably, to a limited extent as a result of the huge redistribution of assembling  to minimal effort areas (outsourcing) and to some extent due to continuous financial development. This underlines the developing significance of logistics to sort out the subsequent complex conveyance framework.
The effects of port base ventures are expect of a positive impact of port throughput  on neighborhood financial improvement. Notwithstanding, prove over the world underlines that this impact is frail, with versatility levels amongst throughput and business that are ordinarily under 0.05 occupations for each 100 tons. This infers development in movement volumes are not connected with huge direct picks up in occupation. This versatility is among the weakest in the vehicle division, especially concerning air terminals, which are the foundation with the most astounding flexibility. Still, the work effects of ports are certain and are generally higher for the administration area than for the modern segment. Experimental proof underlines that port framework speculation ventures do cultivate financial improvement and are essential when a port is nearing its operational limit. Under such    circumstances, the
 
absence of ventures will obviously prompt extra externalities, to be specific  blockage, which will undermine the aggressiveness of an entire area, if not a country. The presentation of holder frameworks for transporting products resulted in drastically diminishes ship pivot time, velocity and proficiency and wellbeing of taking care of a wide range of containerized cargoes. This new innovation radically changed the way to deal with port arranging.
Port improvement can allude either to the production of another port or to the development of existing one, normally went for expanding its capasity or  overhauling port operations. the issue of port improvements is analyzed at three diverse levels: national, nearby and port terminal. Complete investigation of the above can be a confused method since it presupposes a commitment by numerous masters of different controls. The analysis laid out in this study derives from discipline of a civil engineer specialized in port planning and design.
As a very under the scope of submitted thesis a docking structure is designed under the regulations of specifications related to coastal and harbor structures. Theorems and formulas used for planning and design are taken from "DLH 2008" and "KLY 2007"
Information and necessary descriptions for design of a harbor & related structures are submitted. The structure to be studied is chosen as pier and detailed information & design parameters are provided for piles and related upper structures.
The system consisting of steel pipe piles and two types of parts' loading conditions and combinations are analyzed systematically and the most unfavorable loading conditions are chosen for design calculations.
The Designed pier is located in the 1st degree earthquake zone. 20 000 DWT Cargo ship is chosen as design ship for calculations. Concrete class for structures is defined as C30&C40 and rebar is defined as S420. Modeling is completed with SAP 2000
V.15.2.1	program.
Detailed analyzes for planning and design of structure are in Chapter 5 and for both construction stage and final stage statical and dynamical analyzes are completed.
Under the circumstances of changes in design ship dimensions, loading conditions and damages occurred due to seismic activities it is observed that repair and strengthening is appropriate for the structure.
Most important thing in a design of docking structure is the design ship. Due to construction of the ports is very expensive and high scale constructions, it is very important to obtain maximum efficiency and life time for country's economy.
To define design ship it is chosen that biggest ship possible to dock. However with developing ship and logistic technology docking structure may face with a bigger ship than the design ship and thus docking structure can be damaged seriously and irreversibly by oversize ships which cause a very specific drop for capacity of docking structure. To avoid this additional construction or strengthening might be appropriate for docking structure under local data and statistics.
Damages occurred on docking structures affects the service life critically. Damages vary as small and repairable or major and may affect stability, resistance and endurance. To operate structure properly, regular checks should be done to detect these damages and necessary repairs should be complete.
In this section, several damage occurrences has been shown for increment of design ship dimensions and various preventions & repairs have been defined for these circumstances.
 
All loading conditions should be separately and exhaustively inspected and every loading type should be included for design of coastal and harbor structures. Due to this kind of structures are large scale and costly constructions that complex and contain several disciplines; structures should be designed and constructed with more attention and importance. It is suggested that necessary preliminary examinations and surveys should be completed to maximize the efficiency of DGT method which is more applicable on site construction. It is also suggested that to define and repair damages properly under the regulations and to ensure necessary inspections, renovation of legislation is needed.