Akıllı ev cihazlarının haberleşmesinde hafif sıklet şifreleme algoritmalarının performans analizi
In communication of smart home devices performance analysis of lightweight encryption algorithms
Yazar: ÖMER YEL
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ HÜSEYİN ESKİ
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bilimleri-Bilgisayar ve Kontrol = Computer Engineering and Computer Science and Control
Dizin: Bilgi güvenliği = Information security ; Kriptografi = Cryptography ; Nesnelerin interneti = Internet of things

Özet:
Akıllı ev sistemlerinde kesintisiz veri alışverişi, verimli ve güvenli bir ortamın
omurgasıdır. Aydınlatma ve sıcaklığın kontrol edilmesinden güvenlik kameralarının
izlenmesine kadar bu sistemlerin hepsi veri üreten ve paylaşan çok sayıda birbirine
bağlı cihaza dayanır. Bu verilerin hem hızlı bir şekilde iletilmesini hem de güvenli bir
şekilde korunmasını sağlamak çok önemlidir.
Hızlı ve enerji tasarruflu veri şifreleme ve iletişim, akıllı ev teknolojisinin iki temel
özelliğidir. Bu sistemler genellikle enerjinin kısıtlı olduğu ortamlarda çalışır. Bu
nedenle veri iletişim süreci minimum güç tüketecek, cihazların ömrünü uzatacak ve
işletme maliyetlerini azaltacak şekilde optimize edilmelidir.
Veri şifreleme, akıllı ev kullanıcılarının mahremiyetini ve güvenliğini sağlamada çok
önemli bir rol oynar. Yetkisiz erişimi önler ve güvenlik kamerası görüntüleri veya
çeşitli sensörler tarafından toplanan kişisel veriler gibi hassas bilgileri korur. Ancak,
gerçek zamanlı yanıtların ve sorunsuz çalışmanın sağlanması için bu şifreleme
işleminin hızlı olması gerekir. Yavaş şifreleme, gecikmelere yol açarak akıllı ev
ekosisteminin kusursuz işleyişini bozabilir.
Bu bağlamda hafif şifreleme algoritmalarının kullanılması önemlidir. Bu algoritmalar
hem hız hem de enerji tüketimi açısından verimli olurken aynı zamanda güçlü bir
güvenlik sağlayacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Hafif şifreleme yöntemlerini benimseyen
akıllı ev cihazları, aşırı güç tüketimine veya önemli bir gecikmeye neden olmadan
güvenli bir şekilde iletişim kurabilir.
Hızlı ve enerji açısından verimli veri iletişimi, akıllı ev cihazlarının gerçek zamanlı
izlenmesi ve kontrolü için özellikle kritik öneme sahiptir. Örneğin, akıllı bir termostat
ani bir sıcaklık değişimi tespit ederse, uygun ayarlamaların tetiklenmesi için bu bilgiyi
hızlı bir şekilde merkezi kontrol ünitesine iletmelidir. Gecikmiş iletişim rahatsızlığa
ve enerji verimsizliğine yol açabilir.
Akıllı ev sistemlerinde hızlı ve enerji tasarruflu veri şifreleme ve iletişim ihtiyacı göz
ardı edilemez. Bu sistemlerin güvenilirliğini, güvenliğini ve verimliliğini korumanın
anahtarı budur. Hafif şifreleme yöntemlerinden yararlanarak ve veri aktarımını
optimize ederek, akıllı evlerin enerji kaynaklarını korurken ve işletme maliyetlerini
azaltırken hayatlarımızı daha konforlu ve güvenli hale getirmeye devam etmesini
sağlayabiliriz.
Bu çalışmada akıllı ev sistemlerinde veri iletişiminde kullanılan hafif şifreleme
algoritmalarının performans karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Akıllı ev sistemlerinde
kullanılan cihazların simülasyonu için Nodemcu ve Raspberry Pi3 cihazlarından
yararlanılmaktadır. Nodemcu cihazı, ev ortamında eylem gerçekleştiren ve veri üreten
cihazları temsil ederken, Raspberry Pi cihazı ise merkezi kontrol ünitesini temsil
ediyor. Simülasyon sisteminde akıllı ev cihazı, çalışması sırasında ürettiği verileri
merkezi kontrol merkezine gönderir. Veri aktarımı sırasında veriler hafif şifreleme
algoritmaları kullanılarak şifrelenir. Veri şifreleme sürecinde hafif şifreleme
algoritmaları olarak Ascon, Chacha, Speck ve Aes algoritmaları kullanılmaktadır.
Şifreleme algoritmalarının performans ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Blok şifreleme
algoritmalarında (Aes ve Speck) 128bit, 192bit ve 256 bit anahtar uzunluklarında ve
ECB, OFB, CFB, CTR ve CBC modlarında ayrı ayrı performans ölçümleri
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Akış şifreleme algoritmalarında (Ascon ve Chacha) 128bit, 192bit
ve 256bit anahtar uzunlukları ayrı ayrı uygulanarak performans ölçümleri
gerçekleştirilmiştir. 512 byte'lık veri şifreleme ve şifre çözme işlem işlemi
gerçekleştirilmiş ve bir byte'lık verinin işlem süresi üzerinden karşılaştırma
yapılmıştır. Çalışma, hafif sıklet algoritmalarında anahtar uzunluklarının ve blok
modlarının etkisini ve geleneksel şifreleme algoritmalarından olan Aes algoritmasıyla
performans farklarının belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır.

Abstract:
Today, smart home systems and Internet of Things (IoT) devices stand out as
technologies that radically change our lifestyle and make significant contributions to
a number of usage areas. Smart home systems offer various benefits such as improving
quality of life, optimizing energy efficiency and increasing security through home
automation and connected devices. Homeowners can remotely control their heating
and cooling systems through smart thermostats, save energy with smart lighting
systems, and monitor their homes through security cameras.
IoT devices in smart home systems play an important role in data communication, and
this process forms the basis of home automation. These devices collect various data
through various sensors and connected hardware. For example, smart thermostats
detect indoor and outdoor temperature data of the home, security cameras record
images, and motion sensors monitor activities in the home.
Data communication between these devices usually occurs over wireless networks.
The use of communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee and Z-Wave
ensures fast and reliable data transfer between devices. This gives homeowners remote
access via mobile apps or other smart home control tools. Thanks to this, users can
monitor the status of their home, control devices remotely and even optimize their
energy consumption.
Preferring Wi-Fi for data transmission between IoT devices in smart home systems is
of great importance in providing a fast, reliable and wide-coverage communication
infrastructure. Wi-Fi stands out as a wireless network technology and contributes to
the interactive and smooth operation of smart home devices with its many advantages.
Data communication also enables interaction between devices in smart home systems.
For example, a smart thermostat receives outdoor temperature data and automatically
adjusts the home's interior temperature based on that information. Additionally, when
security cameras detect movement, this information is reported to other devices,
allowing them to react to a specific event, such as turning on lights or activating an
alarm.
In smart home systems, using the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)
protocol in communication between IoT devices plays an important role in ensuring
effective and efficient data transfer. The reasons why MQTT is preferred are its
lightweight design, broadcast/subscriber model, reliable communication, and flexible
usage features.
First of all, MQTT's lightweight nature is highly advantageous for energy-limited IoT
devices. Since these devices are generally battery-based or optimized to minimize
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energy consumption, MQTT's low bandwidth requirement and low resource
consumption contribute to longer battery life of these devices.
Additionally, MQTT's broadcast/subscribe model enables flexible and instantaneous
data sharing between devices. The data that a device broadcasts on a topic can be
instantly received by other devices, enabling real-time interaction between devices in
the smart home. For example, when a motion sensor detects activity, this information
can be quickly transmitted to other devices via MQTT so that other devices in the
home can react accordingly.
However, security measures also play a critical role in this data communication
process. Encrypting data and using secure wireless networks helps homeowners
protect their personal information and the security of their homes. In this way, smart
home systems offer their users both a more comfortable life and a safe technology
experience.
In smart home systems, data carried between IoT devices plays a key role in ensuring
the integration and functionality of the systems. This data enables users to manage
their homes more efficiently, increase their security and optimize their overall living
comfort.
Encrypted data transmission between IoT devices in smart home systems is of critical
importance to protect users' privacy and home security. These systems enable various
devices in the home to communicate with each other, providing a more comfortable
and smart lifestyle. However, if encryption is not used during data transmission
between these devices, sensitive data such as personal information and in-home
activities can potentially fall into the hands of malicious individuals.
The use of lightweight encryption algorithms in data transmission between IoT devices
in smart home systems provides significant advantages. These lightweight algorithms
focus on low energy consumption while providing strong security. Since smart home
devices often operate in energy-constrained environments, it is a critical factor that the
encryption algorithms used in data transmission are lightweight and energy efficient.
There are various reasons why traditional encryption algorithms are not preferred in
data transmission between IoT devices in smart home systems. These reasons include
the fact that traditional encryption algorithms generally require excessive resource
consumption and incompatibility with fast data transmission. Traditional encryption
algorithms generally require high computing power and memory capacity, which is
unsuitable for energy-constrained IoT devices. In addition, traditional encryption
algorithms generally require high computing power and memory capacity. The large
key lengths and complexity of encryption algorithms contrast with the limited
processing capabilities of smart home devices. Low resource consumption is important
because these devices are generally battery-based or optimized for energy efficiency.
Since traditional encryption algorithms cannot work efficiently on such devices,
lighter and energy-friendly encryption methods are preferred.
Lightweight encryption algorithms contribute to providing real-time responses by
accelerating data transmission processes. Particularly in smart home applications,
instantaneous data exchange between devices is often required. For example, a motion
sensor must immediately transmit any activity it detects to the central control unit.
Lightweight encryption algorithms enable such fast and continuous data transmission,
minimizing delays and contributing to the smooth operation of smart home systems in
daily use.
Additionally, energy-saving lightweight encryption algorithms help extend the battery
life of smart home devices. Because these algorithms provide security by consuming
less energy, so devices can be used for a longer time. This is especially important for
battery-based devices or devices operating in energy-constrained environments.
The key length of encryption algorithms is a critical factor in the security of data. The
key length determines the mathematical complexity and security level of the
encryption algorithm. Typically, algorithms use 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit key
lengths, providing different levels of security.
Algorithms with a 128-bit key length provide security that is generally considered
sufficient for most applications today. 192-bit key length represents a more complex
password structure than 128-bit and provides a higher level of security. The 256-bit
key length represents the strongest level of encryption so far. Keys of this length offer
a level of security that is nearly impossible to break with current technology.
ECB (Electronic Codebook), OFB (Output Feedback), CFB (Cipher Feedback), CTR
(Counter), and CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) modes enable encryption algorithms to
be adapted to the scenarios in which they are used.
In this study, the performance comparison of lightweight encryption algorithms used
in data communication in smart home systems was made. The devices used in smart
home systems were simulated. Nodemcu and Raspberry Pi3 devices were used in the
simulation. While the Nodemcu device represents IoT devices that perform actions
and produce data in the home environment, the Raspberry Pi device represents the
central control unit. In the simulation system, the NodeMCU device uses the operating
time, device settings and encryption algorithm selected via the user interface. operated
according to the options. The Nodemcu device sent the data it produced during its
operation to the central control device over the wireless network. MQTT broker is run
on the Raspberry device. The Raspberry device monitors the issue at the broker as a
central control device. It broadcasted from the Nodemcu device to the relevant topic
on the MQTT broker. The central control unit decrypted the data in the incoming
broadcast. And then saved it to Sqlite database. In the simulation system, the Nodemcu
device represented the smart home device. Performance measurements of various
encryption algorithms were made on the Nodemcu device. Performance measurements
were carried out using Aes, one of the traditional encryption algorithms, and Ascon,
Speck and Chacha algorithms, which are lightweight encryption algorithms. 128bit,
192bit and 256bit long keys were implemented separately on all encryption algorithms.
Speck and Aes encryption algorithms are block cipher algorithms. Modes are among
the factors that affect performance in block cipher algorithms. ECB, OFB, CFB, CTR,
CBC modes have been implemented separately in block cipher operations. The study
aimed to obtain the performance differences between lightweight encryption
algorithms and traditional encryption algorithms. In addition, it is aimed to determine
the effects of key lengths and modes on encryption algorithms.