Kütahya-Cebrail Köyü sit koruma projesi
Kütahya Cebrail Village site conservation project
Yazar: ZEYNEP ALTIN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. IŞIL POLAT PEKMEZCİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bölgesel mimari = Regional architecture ; Geleneksel mimari = Traditional architecture ; Kentsel koruma = Urban conservation ; Kentsel koruma alanları = Urban conservation areas ; Kütahya = Kütahya ; Kırsal mimari = Rural architecture ; Sivil mimari = Civilian architecture ; Türk mimarisi = Turkish architecture ; Yığma taş tekniği = Stone masonry technique

Özet:
Yapılan tez çalışmasında Cebrail Köyü, sit koruma projesi doğrultusunda pek çok yönü ile irdelenmiş, sahip olduğu kültürel ve mimari birikimler belgelenmiş, mevcut durumundaki koruma sorunları belirlenmiş ve bunlara yönelik koruma önerileri getirilmiştir. 
Kütahya İlinin Gediz İlçesine bağlı Cebrail Köyünün coğrafi ve iklimsel koşulları, sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel özellikleri, kurulduğu dönemden günümüze kadar şekillenen tarihi gelişimi ve bunlarla bağlantılı şekillenen köy yerleşimi ile birlikte; köy odaları, çamaşırhaneler ve fırın evleri gibi özgün mimari işlevleri tez kapsamında ortaya konmuştur. Köyün fiziki özellikleri detaylı bir biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Köyde bulunan tüm yapıların belgelenmesi için, köy sistematik bir şekilde fotoğraflanmış ve yapılar için hazırlanan envanter fişleri doldurulmuştur. Tüm yapılar; işlev, kat adedi, malzeme ve yapım sistemleri, strüktürel durumları, mülkiyet durumları, kullanım durumları, korunmuşluk durumları ve tescil durumları bakımından sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırmalar, elde edilen halihazır haritalar üzerinde farklı renk ve gösterimlerle açıklanarak analiz paftaları oluşturulmuştur.  
Cebrail Köyü'nün mimari dokusunun anlaşılabilmesi amacı ile, köy içinde önemli güzergahlardan geçirilen, başlangıç ve bitişleri köy çeperlerine kadar uzanan ve tanımlı silüet aksları belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen akslar üzerindeki silüetler çizilmiş, aks üzerinde bulunan pek çok yapının zemin kat planları, vaziyet planlarına işlenmiştir. 
Köy konutlarının mimari özelliklerini anlamak amacı ile özgün durumu korunmuş 6 konut belirlenmiştir. Bu konutlar detaylı bir şekilde fotoğraflanmış, zemin ve birinci kat krokileri çizilmiş ve detaylı bir biçimde anlatılmıştır.
Köy konutlarının parsel içi yerleşimleri, plan özellikleri, cephe özellikleri, yapım tekniği ve malzemeleri detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Köyün özgün yapım sistemi ve detayları korunmuş altı örnek yapısı seçilerek detaylı bir şekilde belgelenmiştir. "Saya, yağzık, ocak başı, bölüntü, yüklük" gibi mimari oda içi işlevlerinin yerel terminolojisi kayıt altına alınmış ve çizimler üzerinde ifade edilmiştir. 
Saha araştırması ve tekil yapı araştırmaları ışığında Cebrail köyünde kırsal mirası tehdit eden unsurlar tespit edilmiştir.  Bu unsurlar; sosyal ve ekonomik unsurlar, köy ve yapı ölçeğinde yapısal çevreye dair sorunlar, yasal sorunlar olmak üzere üç başlık altında incelenmiştir. 
Köyün koruma sorunlarına yönelik geliştirilecek çözüm önerileri için, sit ölçeğinde ve yapı ölçeğinde koruma önerileri getirilmiştir. Sit ölçeğinde; gerekli analizlerin çakıştırılması yapılarak sentez paftaları hazırlanmış ve sit koruma projesi doğrultusunda öneri paftaları geliştirilmiştir. Yapı ölçeğinde getirilecek koruma önerileri için silüetlerde çizilmiş yapılarda gösterimler yapılarak müdahale paftaları hazırlanmıştır. Koruma sorunlarına yönelik geliştirilen çözüm önerileri, tez çalışması sonucunda detaylı bir biçimde ortaya konmuştur.

Abstract:
In the thesis study, all necessary detection-documentation, analysis-synthesis, and plan-silhouette studies were carried out in order to protect and preserve the historical and natural environment that continues to exist in Cebrail Village. In the study, considering the difficulty of working in rural conservation areas, suggestions were developed at the urban and single-building scale, aiming to protect and maintain the unique character of the village, for the conservation problems experienced in the village. 
In the thesis study, first of all, the geographical and climatic characteristics, socio-economic situation, historical development, and structural features of the rural houses of the Gediz District of Kütahya Province were revealed. Gediz District of Kütahya Province is located in the Innerwestern Anatolia section of the Aegean Region. Its location is a transition region between the Central Anatolia Region, the Aegean Region, and the Marmara Region. This situation has caused the district to have the climatic characteristics of these three regions. Its climate is transitional between arid climates and humid climates. The history of the city of Kütahya, one of the oldest settlements in Anatolia, dates back to the Chalcolithic Period (4000-3000 BC), according to the oldest findings obtained in archaeological studies. Gediz District is a settlement with a history of approximately 3000 years, known as Kadoi in the period before the Phrygians. The Gediz Earthquake, which took place in Gediz District in 1970, caused significant damage to the structures in the district and caused the district to be moved after the earthquake. Within the scope of the thesis, the old settlement was examined. The geographical structure of the Gediz district, with its many stream beds, water sources, and rugged terrain, has greatly affected the structural features of the houses in the region. The traditional texture of Gediz buildings consists of two or three-story buildings built with adobe or brick infill system between wood frame system.
Within the scope of the thesis, the geographical and climatic conditions, social, economic, and cultural features, and history of Cebrail Village in the Gediz District of Kütahya Province were examined in detail. The physical conditions of the village are parallel to the district to which it is connected. Economic structure of the village; It is based on mining, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Livestock farming has decreased greatly in the village, and agriculture is the source of income for people living in the village seasonally and permanently. Mining is the village's most important source of income and has been one of the factors determining the population change of the village. Although the population of the village has increased in the past, it is currently decreasing, as in other rural settlements.
Cebrail Village settlement was largely affected by environmental factors. The village is located on rugged terrain. While the spring waters coming from Murat Mountain, located in the southeast of the village, flow into the Gediz River, they form many stream beds within the village. The first settlement in the village started around the axis where the widest stream bed within the village borders is located. Cebrail Village, which received immigration from the surrounding settlements over time, spread organically towards the regions with other streams in the surrounding area. There are also additional functions such as barns, woodsheds, and haylofts within the building blocks where the residences are located. These functions can be found in a single structure or in separate volumes.
In Cebrail Village, there are also places with unique functions such as village rooms, laundries, and bakery houses. Village chambers; They are structures built to meet and host the needs of travelers who come to the village for various reasons, as well as for the purposes of socializing, communicating, and coming together. Laundries are used as structures that meet the laundry needs of the public and have stove niches on the walls and clean water and wastewater channels. Bakery houses are small bakeries where women living in the village gather on special occasions and bake bread or local pastries. Such functional places in the village have also been explained within the scope of the thesis.
The physical characteristics of Cebrail Village were analyzed in detail during field studies. The village was systematically photographed to document all the structures in the village. Inventory slips prepared for the buildings have been filled out. All structures; were classified in terms of function, number of floors, materials and construction systems, structural status, ownership status, usage status, conservation status, and registration status. These classifications were explained with different colors and representations on the current maps obtained from Gediz Municipality and analysis sheets were created. Occupancy-void analysis was prepared to understand the occupancy-void relationship of the buildings, roads, and general settlement patterns in Cebrail Village. In the environmental situation analysis, environmental features such as pavement types of the village, stream beds that pass through the village but are currently covered and dry, garden walls, fences, dead-end and narrow streets open to pedestrian transportation, manhole covers, electric poles, telephone poles, fountains, and wells were processed. Structures in function analysis; They were divided according to function classes as residence, barn, hayloft, shop, village room, workshop, bakery, laundry, educational building, health building, religious building, and public building. The residential buildings that make up the majority of the buildings are largely of traditional type, and most of them have barns and haylofts on the ground floors of the residential buildings. Such buildings were shown as residences in the function analysis, and no other representation was made. In cases where the barn and hayloft were separate structures, they are shown as that function on the map. In the analysis of the number of floors, the buildings were divided into three classes: one, two, and three floors. The majority of the village consists of two-storey buildings. As seen in the material and construction system analysis; The majority of the buildings are in the traditional construction system, but the reinforced concrete construction system has been used in new buildings and new volumes to be added to traditional type houses. According to the property status analysis, the majority of the buildings in the village are privately owned; Public buildings such as schools and health centers have corporate ownership. In the usage situation analysis, the buildings in the village were divided into three classes: permanent use, seasonal, and empty, and it was revealed that more than half of the buildings were used seasonally. In the conservation status analysis, it was observed that the majority of the buildings built in the traditional construction system in the village were preserved. Classification in registration status analysis; It is a registered building, proposed for registration and does not have cultural property value. Only two buildings are registered in the village. One of these is the Fatih Mosque, and the other is the residence that has a fountain structure on its main wall, where the remains of a stele from the Roman period are used as a fountainhead.
In order to understand the architectural texture of Cebrail Village, defined silhouette axes were determined, passing through important routes within the village, with beginnings and endings extending to the village periphery. Silhouettes on the determined axes were drawn, and the ground floor plans of many buildings on the axes were recorded in the site plans.
The parcel layouts, plan features, facade features, construction techniques, and materials of the village houses were examined in detail. The original construction system of Cebrail Village residences is stone and adobe filling between a wooden frame carrier system on a stone foundation. As exterior plaster; A finishing plaster called 'aksıva' is used on adobe plaster. Although rare, there are also examples where external plaster is not used. The roofs of the residences, which are generally two-story, are of the gable roof type and the original roof covering is Turkish-type tiles. However, currently, the roofs of the majority of the houses in the village have been replaced with Marseille-type tiles.
In order to reveal the unique construction system and details of the village, six model buildings, namely Çalılar House, Hacılar House, Takıvetler House, Osmanlar House, Taktaklar House, and Özümerler House, were selected and photographed, ground and first-floor sketches were drawn and documented in detail. The local terminology of the architectural interior functions such as "saya, yağzık, ocakbaşı, bölüntü, yüklük", which existed in these houses, was recorded and expressed on the drawings.
In the light of field research and singular-building research, elements that threaten the rural heritage in Cebrail village have been identified. These elements; It was examined under three headings: social and economic elements, structural environmental problems at the village and building scale, and legal problems. The biggest cause of social and economic problems is population decline. In Cebrail Village, the population density, which is the greatest necessity for the survival of rural areas, is decreasing day by day for various reasons. One of the biggest reasons for this is that the livelihoods of the villagers lose their importance over time. Problems related to the structural environment are divided into two: site-scale problems and building-scale problems. At the site scale; There are environmental problems such as a lack of parking space for vehicles coming to the village, covered stream beds overflowing and smelling in the rain, and irregularity and unsuitability of paving materials on the roads within the village. Problems at the building scale are deteriorations that make the structure statically weak over time, such as plaster peeling, material losses, and unqualified repairs due to external conditions. Legal problems arise from the fact that there is no protection order in the village.
Social and economic suggestions, suggestions regarding the structural environment, and legal suggestions have been made for solutions to the village's conservation problems. For social and economic suggestions, it is suggested to increase the importance of income sources in order to increase the population of the village. Recommendations for the structural environment are divided into two. For conservation recommendations made at the site scale; synthesis analyses obtained by superposing different analyses were prepared and recommendation sheets were developed in line with the site protection project. For the protection recommendations to be made at the building scale, intervention sheets have been prepared for the deterioration and damage caused by environmental factors and misuse of the structures on the silhouettes. Solution suggestions developed for conservation problems have been presented in detail as a result of the thesis study.