Ro-Ro PCTC gemi operasyonları ve Türkiye Limanları'ndaki faaliyetlerinin geliştirilmesi
Ro-Ro PCTC ship operations and development of operations in turkish ports
Yazar: GÖRKEM ÇİLSOY
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. TANZER SATIR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Denizcilik = Marine ; Ulaşım = Transportation
Dizin: RoRo gemisi = RoRo ship ; Yük gemileri = Cargo vessels ; İntermodal terminal = Intermodal terminal

Özet:
Araç taşımacılığı ve lojistiğinde maliyetler göz önüne alındığında ülkeler arası ve kıtalar arası en uygun ve ekonomik ulaştırma sistemi denizyolu taşımacılığıdır. Limanlar ise denizyolu taşımacılığının başlangıç ve bitiş noktaları olduklarından dolayı çok büyük öneme sahip hale gelmektedir. Gemilerin limanlarda daha az beklemesi, yükleme ve tahliye operasyonlarının hızlı bir şekilde yapılması ile mümkün olmaktadır. Böylelikle denizyolu taşımacılığındaki maliyetlerin büyük oranda azaltılması hedeflenmektedir. Ancak bunun için limanlarda efektif çalışma planlarının kurulması ve uygulanması, değişik senaryolara karşı planlama ve hazırlık ile beraber bilgisayar destekli altyapı sistemlerinin kurulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, rekabet halinde olan limanların operasyonel hızlarının arttırılması ve dünya üzerindeki örneklerle karşılaştırılarak Türkiye Limanları'ndaki geliştirilmesi gereken hususlar incelenmiştir. Bu veriler ışığında liman çalışma sistemlerinin dünyadaki örnek limanların seviyesine ulaşabilmesi için gerekli iskele, art saha, bilişim sistemleri ve gemi operasyonlarıyla sahalarda yer alan personelin çalışmasının düzenlenmesinde gerekli koşullar irdelenmiştir. Konteyner ve genel kargo limanlarının aksine Ro-Ro taşımacılığı yapılan limanlarda özellikle art sahalardaki sirkülasyon ve liman giriş çıkışlarındaki uygulamaların belli bir sistematikte ilerlemesinin gerekliliği ortaya konulmuştır.
Konteyner ve genel kargo gibi deniz taşımacılığı ile sıklıkla taşınan yüklerin aksine Ro-Ro ve Pctc taşımacılığında taşınan her türlü aracın dış etkenlerle oluşabilecek hasarlara karşı çok daha fazla açık olmasından dolayı gemi operasyonları ve saha operasyonlarının planlamasından icra edilmesine kadar tüm basamakların iyi analiz edilmesi gerekliliği doğmuştur. Oluşabilecek bu hasarlar hem liman karlılığını düşürecek hem de gemi armatör şirketleri tarafından rekabette oldukları diğer limanlara doğru operasyonlarının taşınmasına neden olarak elleçlenen yüklerde büyük ölçüde düşüşe sebep olacaktır. Ayrıca gemi ile taşınan bu araçların hasar görmesi nedeni ile müşteri araç sahiplerine ve distribütör firmaların teslimatlarında gecikme yaşanmasından dolayı maddi olarak hem limanlara hem de armatör firmalara zarar vermektedir.
Çalışmadaki sonuçlar Türkiye Limanları'ndaki Ro-Ro operasyon optimizasyonunu arttırması bakımından önemlidir. Bundan dolayı limanlardaki tüm operasyon basamakları incelenmiş ve yüklenecek araçların limana girişinden, gemiye yüklenmesine ve tahliyesine, liman operasyonlarında kullanılan elektronik sistemler ve bilgisayar bağlantılı sistemlerin kullanılmasına, liman çalışanlarının çalışmalarının planlanmasına kadar ayrıntılı incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
Considering the costs in vehicle transportation and Logistics, the most appropriate and economical transportation system between countries and continents is Maritime transportation. Ports are very important role in transportation; they are the starting and ending points of maritime transport. Less waiting for the ships in their port call is possible only with loading and unloading operations can be done quickly. In this way, it is aimed to reduce the costs in maritime transportation. However, in order to achieve this, it is necessary to establish and implement effective work plans in ports, to establish computer aided infrastructure systems with planning and preparation against different scenarios. In this study, the issues that need to be improved in Turkish ports by increasing the operational speed of the competing ports and comparing them with the examples in the world were examined. In the light of these data, the necessary conditions were examined in order to organize the operation of the personnel in the fields by means of quay, back compound areas, IT systems and ship operations in order to reach the level of the sample ports in the port operating systems in the world. In contrast to container and general cargo ports, Ro-Ro transport needs to proceed in a certain systematic manner, especially in the circulation and port entrances in the quayside areas.
In contrast to container and general cargo operations, Ro-Ro handling requires to analyze all steps, from planning ship operations and field operations to executing, because Ro-Ro cargoes are more open to external factor damages. These damages will reduce the profitability of the port as well as cause the shipping companies to move their operations towards other ports they are competing with, resulting in a large reduction in the handling charges. In addition, due to the damage of these vehicles carried by ships, customer vehicle owners and OEM distributors due to delay in delivery of the companies are causing damage to both ports and shipping companies financially.
The results of the study are important in terms of improving Ro-Ro operation optimization in Turkish ports. Therefore, all the operation steps in the ports have been examined and detailed from the entrance to the Port, to the ship loading and unloading, to the use of electronic systems and computer-connected systems used in the port operations and to the planning of the operation of the port employees.
The main purpose of this study; After transferring the vehicles from the production factory to the ports in Turkey, and the transport of vehicles imported to Turkey from the ships and the delivery of the vessels from the port areas to the customer companies is the fastest, less cost-effective and undamaged.
 
Examining the vehicle terminals in terms of PCTC and ro-ro transportation in Turkey, the assessment of their current situation, the development of the planning operations of the port areas and the difference of vehicle terminals in Europe.
Examples of the vehicle terminals in this study were the comparison of Autoport (Basiskele – Kocaeli) and Borusan Port (Gemlik-Bursa), Bremerhaven (Germany) and Zeebrugge (Belgium) Ports in Europe. 
As a result; Quality and punctuality are the most important factors for a port terminal to expected to meet the customer's needs. Unlike other logistics branches, processes are quite unique due to damage handling and retention management. In addition to processes, in a cycle where physical facilities become increasingly complex, computer software is able to connect the streams of the data obtained from the logistics processes by considering the many parameters in the fields, in real-time it is the key to optimizing all logistics by providing data access. In addition, it is important to plan the entire process in electronic environment with the business stakeholders of the ports continuously in the communication of information. 
The diversity of transportation routes to the ports should be increased, and projects aimed at shifting the weight of the road transport in Turkish ports towards rail transport should be developed.
In order to establish port facilities in new regions near the automobile manufacturer factories, the development of the projects and the areas in which these port facilities can be expanded should be planned before the installation of the port facility. Planning for the next five and ten years will provide the foreseeing of expansion projects with the increasing activities of the port companies.
It is inevitable that data processing and computing services should be equipped with the most modern software and systems according to the requirements of the age and the need to keep the necessary hardware and software up to date.
In connection with the European ports and the world's advanced port, the process management should be exchanged for information on the use of models and systems. 
New projects with academic institutions should be developed and exchanged for information.
Development suggestions for this study; 
Although the ports that operate in Turkey have completed many of these steps, space availability and opportunities for further expansion on the interior and sea side are limited. Autoport is restricted to Kocaeli free zone and the expansion possibilities are very limited, as Borusan port is also surrounded by factories and Gemlik free zone. 
For this reason, unfortunately operations are stuck in a narrower area of vehicle and limited service facilities. This creates an important truck transport traffic in and around the port and has a negative impact on port efficiency. In other respects, because of the long-term stock areas of the vehicle manufacturer factories in the harbor, there is a constant traffic to the port inside and out. 
This traffic creates unpredictable nodes. A glitch in the system will result in disruptions in the port traffic, slower production of factories, difficulties in truck shipments and delays in inbound-outbound vessels. 
As one of my solution proposals; The presence of temporary bonded areas located near the ports will greatly solve the port storage spaces as well as the disruption in port entrances and exits. 
Nevertheless, it will be able to provide the installation of post-production installations and other insertion workshops can be build same as established in the European ports. The presence of external sites near the port districts can also be ensured that vehicles go directly from the fields to the dealers, similar to the system in Europe for imported vehicles. The necessary corrections and maintenance will be made in these fields and the vehicles are undamaged and in the desired manner as fast and effective as possible to deliver the shipments to the dealers. 
In the Turkish ports, the reception areas of the trucks where import and export loads are being moved are positioned to the same points. It slows down the truck traffic that is entering and departing from the port. The separation of the entrance and exit door in the port will be prevented by the loss of time caused by this problem.