Sulak alan yönetiminde web tabanlı coğrafi bilgi sistemleri kullanımı: Geoportal örneği
Web based geographical information systems for wetland management: Wetland geoportal
Yazar: HATİCE KORKULU
Danışman: PROF. DR. NEBİYE MUSAOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Geoportal = Geoportal ; Portal = Portal ; Sulak alanlar = Wetlands

Özet:
Doğal denge ve biyolojik çeşitlilik açısından önemli olan sulak alanların zamansal ve sistematik yönetiminin yapılabilmesi ve kolay takip edilebilmesi son dönemde daha fazla hissedilen iklim değişikliği ile daha çok önem kazanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda sulak alanların yönetimi konusunda gerçekleştirilen Ramsar Sözleşmesi, Geo-Wetland, Uydu Tabanlı Sulak Alan Gözlem Servisi (SWOS) gibi birçok projede de sulak alanların akıllı kullanımı, konumsal bilgi sistemleri ile yönetimi, analiz çalışmaları için kolay veri erişimi konuları ön plana çıkmaktadır.
Tüm bu yönetim süreçlerinde web hizmetleri tarafından da desteklenen Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) sulak alanlar için stratejik karar alma ve analiz süreçlerine katkı sağlanması konusunda yeni ve sürdürülebilir bir yol sağlamaktadır. Web CBS desteği ile oluşturulan geoportallar sayesinde mekânsal veri altyapısının oluşturulması bütünleşik olarak konumsal ve konumsal olmayan birçok kaynaklara tek bir erişim noktası sağlamaktadır.
Aynı zamanda geoportallar ile sulak alanların işletilmesi, kullanılması, korunması ve uzun vadeli bir kalkınma planı yapılması için öneri uygulamalar sunulmaktadır. Bunun yanında geoportal çalışması sulak alanların yönetim seviyesi ve verimliliğinin desteklenmesi, veri paylaşımı, sınırlı CBS bilgisine sahip kullanıcılar için kolay erişim sağlanması, özelleştirilmiş veri ve bilgileri bir araya getirme potansiyelini arttırmaktadır.
Bu tez çalışması kapsamında Web CBS kabiliyetleri ile sürdürülebilir sulak alan yönetimine nasıl katkı sağlayabileceği üzerine yoğunlaşılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda sulak alanların korunması, akıllı kullanımı ve yönetiminin Web CBS kabiliyetleri ile tüm kullanıcılara kolay erişim sağlayacak çeşitli uygulama ve arayüzler ile desteklenmiş bir geoportal oluşturulmuştur. Tez çalışması için 116Y142 TÜBİTAK projesinde çalışılmış Akgöl Sulak Alanı ve MGA-2019-41917 BAP Projesi kapsamında çalışılmış Burdur Gölü Alt Havzası projesine ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Bu veriler ile hazırlanan konumsal veri tabanı ArcGIS Online bulut platformuna aktarılmış ve web servisleri oluşturulmuştur. Hazırlanan web servisleri altlık haritalarda kullanılmıştır.
Geoportal çalışması içerisinde Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Avrupa Çevre Ajansı, Ramsar Sözleşmesi, Landsat Uydu Görüntüleri, ArcGIS Living Atlas gibi ücretsiz veri sağlayıcı platformlarda herkese açık olarak paylaşılan servislerden de yararlanılmıştır. Farklı kategoriler ile yönetilen geoportalda kullanıcılara farklı süreçlerde veri yönetimini destekleyecek web ve mobil tabanlı uygulamalar hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmaların oluşturulma aşamasında dünyadan örnek olarak sulak alan yönetimi için hazırlanmış uygulamalardan referans alınarak hazırlanan geoportal'ın maksimum fayda sağlaması amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
The temporal and systematic management and easy monitoring of wetlands, which are essential in terms of natural balance and biological diversity, gain more importance with the climate change that has been felt more recently. There are many problems in the protection and use of wetland resources, such as chaotic management, incomplete data sharing, poor protection understanding, unreasonable use and obligation to share information.
In order to manage and protect wetland resources well, it is necessary to dynamically monitor and track information about wetlands. Purpose and usage differences of wetland inventories can prevent easy access by users. The necessity of presenting the scattered data in an easy way, easy to understand, and presenting an integrated system to the stakeholders in order to bring together different types of data comes to the fore. Specific standards and techniques should be determined in order to ensure sustainability of issues such as data collection, storage, updating and tracking.
In the online systems prepared with the developing technology, there is a need for a platform where the information obtained for wetland management can be easily accessed by the end-users, especially in the decisions to be taken, analysis, and monitoring stages. All studies emphasize the smart use of targeted management and monitoring models by supporting them with traceable systems and easily manageable databases.
In many projects such as the Ramsar Convention, Geo-Wetland, Satellite-Based Wetland Observation Service (SWOS) on the management of wetlands, smart use of wetlands, management with spatial information systems, and easy data access for analysis studies come to be important. These projects are also associated with the Sustainable Development Goals, which are important for the whole world.
Geographical Information systems (GIS), which are used in monitoring, planning, and management processes in many areas, also play a critical role in the temporal, spatial and systematic management of wetlands. Greater availability and widespread use of GIS platforms are promoting the use of GIS, especially in the management of spatial data. The increasing use of databases and GIS provides great advantages for storing and displaying large amounts of data. Strengthening the power of GIS existing on local servers with web platforms, Web GIS makes online maps and location intelligence systems easily accessible to everyone. Sharing, accessing, arranging, monitoring, and integrated analysis of all collected information on a sustainable system with Web GIS provide customized interfaces that support informed decision making, especially for users with limited technical knowledge.
Web GIS has a platform structure that allows users to easily access, use, create and share maps from any device, anywhere, at any time. Web GIS supported by web services in all these management processes, provides a new and sustainable way to contribute to strategic decision-making and analysis processes for wetlands. Because of geoportal created with the support of Web GIS, the creation of the spatial data infrastructure provides a single access point to many spatial and non-spatial resources. Geoportal applications created for wetlands help manage spatial data infrastructure and provide a single point of access to geospatial data, web services, basemaps, many multimedia files, map catalogs, and other geospatial and non-spatial resources.
Suggestions are presented for the operation, use, protection, and long-term development plan of wetlands with geoportal. In addition, geoportal increases the potential of supporting the management level and efficiency of wetlands, sharing data, providing easy access for users with limited GIS knowledge, and combining customized data and information.
Within the scope of this thesis, it is focused on how it can contribute to sustainable wetland management with its Web GIS capabilities. In this context, a geoportal was created, supported by Web GIS capabilities for the protection, smart use, and management of wetlands, and various applications and interfaces that will provide easy access to all users. Organizing has been made in the Geoportal on subjects such as field operations, dynamic and map-based analysis of data, real-time data and monitoring, and access to other resources and studies from a single point.
For the thesis study, the data of the Akgöl Wetland Area, which was studied in the 116Y142 TUBITAK project, and the Burdur Lake Sub-Basin project, which was studied within the scope of the MGA-2019-41917 BAP Project, were used. The spatial database prepared with these data was transferred to the ArcGIS Online cloud platform and web services were created. These web services were form the basis of applications. With the cloud platform used, a web service architecture accessible to all stakeholders was used and supported by security protocols. The prepared applications allow all users to access a single source, real-time data collection, analysis, tracking, and sharing of data. It also provides flexibility to adapt to other wetland studies. Especially with the cloud platform, it is aimed to prevent time loss by making problems such as system maintenance and security by automatic systems.
In the geoportal application prepared for the integrated management of wetlands, web applications prepared with Web GIS capabilities have been created. The application can be shared publicly and is designed to be accessible by anyone through any platform-independent browser. In addition, "The Geoportal User Guide" has been prepared for the basic use of geoportal. Shortcut access links of news and web pages related to social media and wetland management are defined. In terms of application technical features, it cannot be accessed from anonymous sources, and it is arranged in such a way that it cannot be accessed by systems that do not have the https protocol.
Within the Geoportal, services are shared publicly on free data providers platforms such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the European Environment Agency, the Ramsar Convention, Landsat Satellite Images, and ArcGIS Living Atlas were also utilized. In the geoportal, which is managed with different categories, web and mobile-based applications have been prepared for users to support data management in different works. Web applications are designed for real-time monitoring and evaluation of the data coming from the mobile application within the Geoportal. In addition, dynamically interactive map analyzes of existing data can be made and there are infographics that show the changes in statistical information according to the spread of the map. The geoportal prepared with all these studies differs from other sample applications.
During the creation of these studies, it was aimed to provide maximum benefit from the geoportal, which was prepared with reference to the applications prepared for wetland management as an example from the world. With all the work done, it has been tried to create a system that provides convenience to all stakeholders in all respects in the usability, maintenance, and development of the sustainable integrated infrastructure to be created for the management of wetlands.