İlkokul, açık ve yeşil alan donatılarının yeterlilik ve erişilebilirlik açısından coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ile incelenmesi: Beşiktaş ve Sarıyer örnekleri
Investigation in terms of sufficiency and accessibility with geographical information systems for primary schools and green spaces: Besiktas and Sariyer
Yazar: GÜLNUR DEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. HAYRİ HAKAN DENLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Bilişim Enstitüsü / İletişim Sistemleri Ana Bilim Dalı / Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences ; İletişim Bilimleri = Communication Sciences ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Dünya bir sistemden oluşmaktadır ve bu sistem kendi içinde dengededir. Sistemin dengesini koruyabilmesi için canlı ve cansız varlıkların uyum içinde ve birbirine faydalı bir şekilde yaşaması gerekmektedir. Aksi takdirde sistemde aksaklıklar meydana gelmekte ve yaşamı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Canlı ve cansız varlıkların bir arada yaşadığı mekanlardan biri de kentlerdir. Bu durumda kentlerdeki dengenin de sağlanabilmesi için kentlerin yaşama uygun bir biçimde planlanması gerekmektedir. Bir kentin planlamasındaki en önemli unsurlar sürdürülebilir, yenilenebilir ve kendine yetebilir olmasıdır. Kent planlamasını doğru bir biçimde yapabilmek için doğal ve yapay eşikler dikkate alınmalı, doğal kaynaklara zarar vermeden şehrin barındırdığı veya barındıracağı nüfusa göre stratejiler geliştirilmelidir. Kentlerin yaşama uygun bir şekilde planlanması sistemin düzgün işlemesine, kentlerin belli bir refah düzeyine ulaşmasına ve toplumun mutlu bir yaşam sürmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.
Kentler; yollar, binalar, kent mobilyaları, doğal kaynaklar, yeşil alanlar vb. gibi bazı fiziksel özelliklere sahiptirler ve kentlerde toplumun ortak kullandığı alanların olması gerekmektedir. Bu alanlar içerisinde yeşil alanlar, okul tesisleri, dini tesisler, sağlık tesisleri, kültürel tesisler donatı alanları olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Kentte yaşayan her bireyin kentsel donatı alanlarına eşit mesafede erişim hakkı bulunmaktadır. Sistemin sürdürülebilir olabilmesi ve toplumun belli bir refah düzeyine ulaşabilmesi için, toplumun ortak kullandığı alanların erişilebilir ve yeterli miktarda olması önemlidir. Eşitlik, erişilebilirlik ve yeterlilik kent planlamasında olması gereken en önemli unsurlardan biridir.
Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri günümüzde farklı disiplinler tarafından kullanılmaktadır ve bir çok avantajı bulunmaktadır. Şehir Planlama disiplini de bilgi sistemlerinden faydalanmaktadır. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Şehir Planlama için bir veri havuzu niteliğindedir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ile analizler daha hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde yapılabilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra iş gücünden, zamandan ve maddi açıdan kazanımlar sağlanabilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin en büyük metropolü olan İstanbul ilinin Beşiktaş ve Sarıyer ilçeleri için mevcutta bulunan ilkokul, açık ve yeşil alan donatıları incelenmiştir. İlçelerdeki donatı alanları için yeterlilik ve erişilebilirlik analizleri Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ile yapılmıştır ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlar son kısımda değerlendirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The world is made up of a system and this system is balanced in itself. In order to maintain the stability of the system, alive and non-alive presences must be beneficial to each other and live in a harmony. Otherwise, system troubles come to occur and affect the life negatively. One of the places where alive and non-alive presences coexist are the cities. In this case cities need to be planned in a manner appropriate to life in order to ensure the equilibrium in the cities.
Urban planning is a discipline based on the public interest and designed to organize the physical environment in which living things live for functional purposes and to make them more efficient. Planning is also a discipline that explains how a vision for the current situation and future needs to be implemented, and who has a history of it. It is necessary to adopt comprehensive, step-by-step, advocate, strategic and collaborative planning approaches to make a healthy planning. In cities, it is important to make an accurate plan for the living of alive and non-alive assets in harmony. The most important elements in planning a city are sustainable, renewable and self- supporting. In order to be able to plan city properly, natural and artificial thresholds should be taken into account and strategies should be developed according to the population that the city will host or live without harming natural resources. The planning of cities in a way that is appropriate for life allows the system to function properly, the cities to reach a certain level of prosperity, and the society to lead a happy life.
There are many areas such as residential areas, trade areas, industrial areas, trade- industrial areas, residential-trade areas, forest areas, agricultural fields etc. in urban areas. Besides, these cities have some physical properties such as roads, buildings, urban furnishings, natural resources, green spaces etc. and it is necessary that there are communal areas where communities cooperate in cities. These areas can be defined as green spaces, school facilities, religious facilities, health facilities, cultural facilities. Urban facilities are all expressed as the public utilities needed to fulfill the functions of a settlement. Every individual living in the city has the equal right to access urban facilities. It is important that the areas that the community cooperates are accessible and adequate, in order for the system to be sustainable and the community to achieve a certain level of prosperity. Equality, accessibility and sufficiency are the most important elements that must be in urban planning. The adequacy of urban facilities is assessed on the basis of population size in our country. Istanbul has the largest population of the city of Turkey is great importance for determining the adequacy framework of urban facilities. Accessibility of urban facilities is calculated by the access distances determined in the planning legislation. It is important that individuals have access to the area of the urban facilities, in particular within walking distance.
Geographic Information Systems are an information system that performs functions of gathering, storing, analyzing and presenting graphical and non-graphical data obtained by position-based operations in an integrated manner. Also, Geographic information systems are a system of computer-aided means necessary to transform existing earth forms and events occurring on the earth into maps. Basic components of GIS; hardware, software, data, method and human. The most important feature of GIS is the ability to combine databases with common characteristics. It is possible to produce data with geographical information systems, to produce analyzes from existing data, to analyze the data emerging from the analyzes, and to synthesize all data and to extract the final product. Geographical information systems are a repository of information that provide a lot of disciplinary support. Some of the are; Civil engineering, architecture, forest engineering, landscape architecture, military studies (defense), urban planning, transportation infrastructure, etc.
Geographic Information Systems have many advantages and are used by different disciplines nowadays. When we look at the areas where geographic information systems are used, it is related to the discipline of City and Regional Planning, as well as many different disciplines. Because, while cities are being planned, every stage from the interior to the exterior of the earth affects planning. While planning a city; factors like the type of soil, geomorphological structure, settlement suitability, management of water reservoirs, determination of recreation areas, urbanization of air, water, soil and even noise pollution, integration of ecological system with city, management of natural resources, establishment of infrastructure systems and disaster planning are very important. Technological factors among the factors affecting the planning are becoming an opportunity to make the plans more accurate and shorter. Data is easier to store and faster to access in computer-assisted environments. Therefore, the City Planning discipline also benefits from information systems. Analyzes that can be done together with geographic information systems and city planning are; region planning, infrastructure management and planning, natural resources management, route planning, transportation planning and traffic modeling, traffic sign mapping, crime analysis, pollution analysis, etc. Geographic Information Systems are a data repository for The City Planning. Analyses can be done faster and more accurately with Geographical Information Systems. Besides this, it is possible to obtain benefits from workforce, time and money. According to these requirments, the City and Regional Planning discipline should progress by integrating with many disciplines and geographic information systems.
In this study, current primary schools and green spaces of Beşiktaş and Sarıyer proviences of Istanbul city, which is the biggest metropolis in Turkey, are examined. In the direction of the subject of the work, the present primary schools, open and green area facilities in the province of Istanbul which are in particular of Beşiktaş and Sarıyer districts have been identified and visualized. The sufficiency of the existing facilities is based on the neighborhood demarcation population sizes for both districts and is shaped by the standards set out in the planning legislation. In the analyzes, both the numerical and spatial area condensation of the urban facilities are analyzed and compared. It is important that a lot of urban facilities are available, but they are also expected to be sufficient at the same time. The competences of the facilities are calculated according to the size of the area and the population and given in the tables. Then, it is determined what the access to the urban facilities was. Buffer analysis was first performed in the framework of the standards identified in the accessibility analyzes. Accessible and inaccessible settlement areas resulting from buffer analysis are tabulated. In addition to the buffer analysis, actual walking distance analysis was performed for the facilities areas. Accessible and inaccessible settlement areas resulting from actual walking distance analysis are tabulated. Thereafter, the buffer and actual walking distance analyzes were compared against each other.
As a result of all analyzes, the neighborhood-based data for the reinforcement areas are given in the last part of the district and compared. At the end of the work the competence and accessibility analyses for the urban facilities in the districts were made by determining the appropriate tools with Geographic Information Systems. The results are evaluated in the last section. Finally, suggestions were made for the future urban plans by emphasizing the application areas of this study.