Türkiye'de yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları ve çevresel etkileri
Renewable energy sources in Turkey and environmental  effects
Yazar: ÖZGE TORUNOĞLU GEDİK
Danışman: PROF. DR. ALİ FUAT AYDIN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Bilimleri ve Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Çevre Mühendisliği = Environmental Engineering
Dizin: Biyokütle enerjisi = Biomass energy ; Dalga enerjisi = Wave energy ; Elektrik enerjisi = Electrical energy ; Güneş enerjisi = Solar energy ; Hidrojen enerjisi = Hydrogen energy ; Hidrolik enerji = Hydraulic energy ; Jeotermal enerji = Geothermal energy ; Nükleer enerji = Nuclear energy ; Rüzgar enerjisi = Wind energy ; Yenilenebilir enerji = Renewable energy

Özet:
Günümüzde enerji tüketiminin hızla artmasına paralel olarak alışılagelen enerji kaynaklarının yakın bir gelecekte tükeneceği bilimsel bulgularla ispatlanmış bir gerçektir. Yenilenebilir enerji günümüzde ısıtma, ulaştırma, elektrik üretimi gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları; yerli nitelikli oluşu, yakıt maliyetinin düşük olması, temiz ve çevreci özellikleri ile son yıllarda öne çıkmıştır.
Günümüze kadar enerji üretiminde ağırlıklı olarak fosil kökenli yakıtlar olan kömür, petrol ve doğal gaz kullanılmıştır. Bu kaynakların kullanımı sonucu dünyanın doğal dengesi bozulmaya başlamış ve çevre kirlilikleri oluşmuştur. Özellikle atmosferde meydana gelen değişiklikler sonucu küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği kavramları hayatımıza girmiştir. Bu olumsuzlukların ortadan kaldırılabilmesi, dünyanın daha yaşanılabilir bir yer olması için alınacak önlemlerin başında, yaygın olarak kullanılan enerji kaynaklarının yerine çevreye zarar vermeyen yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanımının arttırılması gelmektedir.
Fosil kökenli enerji kaynaklarının rezervleri yakın gelecekte tükenecektir. Bu nedenle, Türkiye gibi ihtiyaç duyduğu enerjinin çoğunu dışarıdan satın alan ülkelerin yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını öncelikli olarak değerlendirmesi, ekonomik açıdan faydalı olacağı gibi çevrenin korunması açısından da gereklidir.
Bu çalışmada ilk olarak yenilenemez enerji kaynakları ve nükleer enerji tanıtılmış, Türkiye'de kullanımları ve rezervleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Temiz ve çevre dostu enerji olarak da adlandırılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları ve Türkiye'deki potansiyelleri üzerinde durulmuş ve çevreye olan olumlu-olumsuz etkileri belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca maliyet analizi yapılmış ve yer seçim kriterleri üzerinde durulmuştur.
Son olarak Türkiye'nin yenilenebilir enerji politikaları ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelişin hızla artma nedenlerinden bahsedilmiş, sosyal, ekonomik, çevresel ve toplumsal etkileri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye'nin yakın geleceğindeki yeri ve önemi üzerinde durularak sonlandırılmıştır.
Bu araştırma fosil yakıtların kullanımına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan çevre sorunlarını ortaya koymayı, alternatif enerji kaynaklarına dikkati çekmeyi ve toplumda bu konularla ilgili bilinç oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Bu bağlamda önce genel bir değerlendirme yapılacak, sonrasında Türkiye'de son dönemde ve gelecekte enerji alanında gerçekleşmesi muhtemel projeler üzerinde durulacaktır.

Abstract:
Nowadays, in parallel with the increasing rate of the energy, it was proven with the scientific facts that the conventional energy resources will be drained away in a near future. Energy has been one of the basic and most important requirement through out the history of mankind. Because of the reasons such as industrialization, increasing population, technological developments; available energy resources is increasingly consumed and these resources are not unlimited so, new energy sources come to the fore. In order to increase the life standarts; sufficient, permanent, better and clean energy provides the countries advantages and recently in some societies in order to increase environmental conciousness, minimalize the damages and harmful side effects of known energy sources, renewable energies started to be used which are causing the least damage to the environment and the human health. 
Energy is an indispensable source to sustain the daily life and to continue of the life. Changing of the societies connected to their enhanced and the used energy by them throughout the history.  Energy is a notion which has been existing since the beginning of humanity. Initially humans tapped into their own power to do some works then they started to use power of animals to gain more benefit from nature and generate more work. After the discovery of the fire in the first  place wood and coal was used as the mean of energy source and then it was followed by the usage of steam power. The large part of these energy resources consist of fossil fuel and nuclear energy, especially generated energy efficiency and providing of more energy after the burnt of the source of fossil fuel oil's,  and their damage to the nature is extensive. In the same manner, extensive and unrestrained usage of nuclear energy creates irreversible damage to nature and its affects can be felt by nature and living being for years. 
At the present time, petrol, coal, natural gas and a certain extend of boron are used which are called as unrenewable energy sources. The reason of the widespread usage of the unrenewable energy resources beacuse  they can be easily obtainable than the renewable energy resources. However, the extensive usage of these energy resources can be extremely harmful as well. Fossil fuels, which are unrenewable energy sources, form entensive greenhouse gas.  For this reason the greenhouse gas which covers the earth unveils greenhouse effect. These elements contain carbon so they give great energy. Besides, because of carbon-monoxide they harm the nature too much.
In the present, the affects of the harmful gasses of the fossil fuels to the nature diverted the scientists and governments to find alternative energy resources. Especially, the contaminating emissions of the transportation devices in big cities created greenhouse effect all over the atmosphere and brought the danger along. Besides, the fossil fuels started to go down dramatically and the energy crisis will be shown up in the near future,  this situaition has influence on the efforts for using the alternative energy resources as well. For this purpose, in the laboratoires  a couple of experiments have carried out and alternative fuels to benzine was found out for the vehicles.
The era which we are living in it, is the beginning of the process of the risk factors of the conventional energy sources. These factors are; the depletion of the classical energy sources in the near future, creation of the irreversible damage to the nature and lack of supply the progressing technology. For these reasons, nowadays renewable energy resources are increasing, some parts of them are raising value as means of economical alternativeness and some economic analyses were carrying on the other part. 
In our day, energy is one of the most essential thing for progressing of the civilization. One of the most important thing for the developed countries is the consumption of energy and  it will be higher and higher in the future as well. The proceed of the technological developments which we have now and for their progress we have to consume energy directly or indirectly. Big portion of the energy that we have to consume is met from fossil fuels and the rest is met from nuclear and renewable energy resources. It will be inevitable in the near future of the harms of the usage of fossil fuels to the nature and healt of human beings for the next generation if we can't find a way to prevent them. It is a clear fact which must be accepted that the possibility of usage of fossil fuels for production of energy is no longer valid. In this condition, it seems much more clear to us  the harms of the fossil fuels, which were ignored before for the sake of progress and industrialization, so we must start to use renewable energy sources which are the productions of our natural environment as a prevention to damage the nature. After the bare facts of air, water and soil pollutions which affect the people in bad way and created anxiety among the people, so the sensitiveness to protect the nature was getting bigger day by day.
Referring to this situation in Turkey; electricity is mostly generated from fossil fuels and generaly investments made to  fossil fuel power plants that bring problems and troubles in terms of both in economic and environmental sides. Although Turkey is among the countries with limited reserves of fossil sources, it also amongs the richest countries in terms of alternative (renewable) energy sources with its geological and geographical location.
In this sense, considering Turkey's energy requirements and to reduce  foreign source dependency; in order to use and provide  uninterrupted, reliable, cheap, clean and efficient energy the more importance should be given to solar, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal renewable (alternative) energy resources and  energy strategies should be considered and managed in these directions. Besides, cost analysis were done and dwelled on the criterias of plant locations.
In this regard, first of all a general evaluation will be done, later on possible projects related with energy sector which are taken place in last period or in the furute in Turkey will be focused on.