Taşucu Körfezi Dana Adası'nda Kilise V
Church V on Dana Island at Tasucu Gulf
Yazar: NUR ERDEMCİ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. BİLGE AR ; DOÇ. DR. GÜNDER VARİNLİOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Sanat Tarihi = Art History

Özet:
Tez kapsamında, antik dönemde Kilikya olarak adlandırılan bölgede yer alan Dana Adası'ndaki Kilise V olarak adlandırılan yapı ele alınmıştır. Günümüzde Mersin ili Silifke ilçesi sınırlarında kalan Taşucu Körfezi'nde yer alan adalardan Dana Adası bünyesindeki dini mimari yapılarından Kilise V'te çok sayıda mimari plastik parça tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, alanda, Boğsak Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması (BOGA) kapsamında arazi çalışmaları yürütülmüş ve yüzey araştırmasının 2018, 2019 ve 2021 sezonlarında kilise ziyaret edilmiş, detaylı mimari belgeleme çalışmaları yapılmış ve kapsamlı bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Tezin ilk bölümünde, tezin amacı anlatılmış, Dana Adası içerisinde Kilise V'in önemi de belirtilerek neden bu konunun seçildiği belirtilmiştir. Yine ilk bölümde, Kilise V'te ve yakın çevresinde yer alan mimari plastik parçaların belgelenmesi anlatılmıştır. Kilise V'te yer alan mimari plastik eserlerin Agisoft Metashape programı kullanılarak ve Structure from Motion yöntemi ile 3 Boyutlu modellemesinin yapılması ve parçaları belgeleme yöntemi ele alınmıştır.
Tezin ikinci bölümünde Kilikya Bölgesi ve Dana Adası başlığı altında Kilikya Bölgesi'nin tarihinden, Erken Hristiyanlık dönemi kiliseleri de ele alınarak bahsedilmiştir. Yine aynı bölümde, Boğsak Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması'nın kapsamı ve çalışma alanı özetlenerek Kilise V'in içerisinde bulunduğu Dana Adası hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.
Tezin üçüncü bölümünde, Kilise V'te gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları sırasında tespit edilen kalıntılar tanımlanmıştır ve kilisenin plan özellikleri anlatılmıştır. Kilisenin ayakta kalmış herhangi bir duvarı olmadığından, kilise planı, yapıdan geriye kalan duvar kalınlıları bağlamında okunabilmiş ve plan bağlamında kilise ele alınmıştır. Kilisenin plan özellikleri incelendikten sonra Kilikya Bölgesi'nde 5. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş kilise yapılarının planları incelenmiş ve Kilise V'e plan bakımından benzerlik gösteren kiliseler belirlenmiştir. BOGA kapsamında gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları sırasında tespit edilen apsis kalıntısı, tonoz parçası, künk parçaları, kiremit parçaları ve kaplama levhası olabilecek mermer parçalar incelenmiştir.
Tezin dördüncü bölümünde, Kilise V'te yer alan mimari plastik eserler dört başlık altında anlatılmıştır. Kilise V'te yer alan levhalar, sütun kaideleri ve kaide tabanları, sütunlar ve sütun başlıklarından bahsedilmiştir. Her ne kadar kilise yalnızca temel seviyesinden okunabiliyor olsa da kilisedeki mimari plastiklerin sayıca zengin olması sebebiyle kilise ile ilgili bilgi edinmek mümkün olmuş ve bu mimari plastiklerden yapı ile ilgili bilgi edinilebilmiştir.
Tezin beşinci bölümünde, Kilise V'te yer alan mimari plastik unsurların kataloğu sunulmuştur. Bu katalogda, mimari plastiklerin görselleri, türleri, malzemeleri, buluntu yerleri, tanımları, tarihlendirmeleri ve boyutları yer almaktadır. Mimari Plastik Kataloğu'nda yer alan mimari plastikler için, bu mimari plastikler üç boyutlu modellendikten sonra bu mimari plastik parçaların her birinin orthophotosu hazırlanmış ve kataloğa eklenmiştir. Mimari plastik elemanlar metin içinde detaylı tanımlanmış olsa da daha sonra yapılacak araştırmalarda temel alınabilmesi için katalog içerisinde mimari plastikler detaylı bir şekilde tanımlanmıştır.
Tezin amacı, Kilise V bünyesinde yer alan ve ilk kez BOGA'nın 2018 sezonunda araştırılan, sayıca zengin mimari plastik eserleri belgelemek ve bu belgeleme ile birlikte bezeme, boyut gibi özellikler bakımından yapıyı inceleyip benzer mimari plastik eserlerle karşılaştırmaktır. Sütun başlıklarına odaklanıldığında, özellikle de bu başlıklar üzerindeki bezeme kompozisyonu incelendiğinde, Kilise V'i 5. yüzyıla tarihlendirmek mümkün olmuştur.

Abstract:
The subject of this thesis is the basilical church named Church V located on Dana Island in Taşucu Gulf. Dana Island is an island settlement in the Silifke district of the present-day province of Mersin, located in Rough Cilicia. Chuch V is one of the most important churches in Dana Island and the church contains many significant architectural sculptures. A detailed survey was conducted in the church as part of the Boğsak Archaeological Survey (BOGA) during the 2018, 2019, and 2021 seasons. During the survey, it was found out that the church was a basilical-planned church with 3 naves extending on the east-west axis.

The church was built on a terrace of Dana Island and occupies a dominant position, meaning the church is visible and recognizable from the shore of the island. There are remains of additional spaces on the upper and lower levels of the church and these spaces may be related to the building but in the neighborhood where the church is located, there are no settlement remains were found. The remains of a staircase that provided access to the church can be seen to the north of the building. These stairs facilitate access to Church V, which was built on a very steep terrace. Although there is no entrance on the west side of the church, the field survey revealed that there was an entrance from the north. There is a terrace on the west side of the church and at a higher level, and traces of construction can be seen at the foundation level on this terrace. These traces were also drawn in the context of the survey of the church, but unfortunately, these remains are not at a level of preservation that would provide precise information about the church. There is a cistern on the lower level south of the church. This cistern must have been built to meet the water needs of the church. The funnel fragments found in the church must have been used to transport water from the cistern to the church. The narthex on the west side of the building is visible at the level of the foundations and measures 11.84 meters wide on the north-south axis and 3.75 meters long on the east-west axis. The in situ sarcophagus leaning against the south wall of the narthex is 2.13 meters long and 0.66 meters wide. When analyzing the churches of Cilicia, there was likely an entrance from the narthex of Church V. There is a difference in level from the narthex to the naos, and this difference in level is given by a step. The north nave of Church V measures 2.82 meters. There is an apse at the east end of the building. The apse is 2.10 meters wide and 1.80 meters deep. Although there is no standing wall remains of the building, the average wall thickness is 50 centimeters as measured from the foundation level. Church V is similar in plan to the North Church of Olba Monastery, Anemurium Church 3, Susanoglu Tomb Church and Mazılık Church.

The first chapter of the thesis explains the purpose of the thesis, the importance of Church V on Dana Island, and why this topic was chosen. Also in the first chapter, the documentation of the architectural sculptures in Church V was explained. The 3D modeling of the architectural sculptures in Church V using the Agisoft Metashape program and Structure from Motion method was mentioned and why this method was used. Church V on Dana Island is a structure that has never been documented by any researcher. Although the church structure, which was first identified during the fieldwork of the Boğsak Archaeological Survey, has not preserved its integrity, it contains many architectural sculptures among the existing remains in the area. Among the 6 church structures identified on Dana Island, Church V is the richest in terms of the use of architectural sculpture. The architectural sculptures (column capitals, slab fragments, pedestals, etc.) in Church V were modeled in three dimensions using SfM: Structure from Motion (SfM) to model the architectural sculptures in three dimensions through photography. The photographs of the sculptures in Church V for SfM were taken during the 2019 and 2021 seasons of the Boğsak Archaeological Survey.

In the second chapter of the thesis, entitled Cilicia and Dana Island, the history of the Cilicia region is discussed, including the churches of the early Christian period. In the same chapter, the scope and study area of the Boğsak archaeological survey are summarized and Dana Island, where Church V is located, is described. Dana Island, where Church 5 is located, has been investigated as part of the Boğsak Archaeological Survey (BOGA), which has been conducted since 2010 under the direction of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Günder Varinlioğlu. The BOGA, under the auspices of Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, is being conducted in Taşucu Bay and its hinterland within the boundaries of Silifke District of Mersin Province. Four island settlements in the hinterland of Taşucu Bay, namely Boğsak Island, Dana Island, Güvercin Island, and Kösrelik Island, fall within the research area of BOGA and systematic archaeological surveys have been conducted on these islands since 2010. These island settlements, which were intensively inhabited in Late Antiquity and Early Christianity, are among the main research areas of BOGA. (Varinlioğlu et al., 2017: 50) These islands have no natural sources of fresh water, a steep and very steep rocky landscape, and no soil suitable for agriculture. The main purpose of the Boğsak Archaeological Survey is to investigate the civil and religious architectural structures, landscape and settlement in Taşucu Bay and its hinterland in a detailed and systematic manner and has been continuing since 2010 under the direction of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Günder Varinlioğlu.

In the third chapter of the thesis, the remains identified during the fieldwork at Church V are described and the plan features of the church are explained. After the analysis of the plan features of the church, the plans of the church buildings built in the 5th century in the region of Cilicia were analyzed and the churches similar in plan to Church V were identified. Since the church has no surviving walls, the plan could be read at the foundation level and the church was analyzed in terms of the plan. The remains of the apse, vault fragments, paving slabs, funnel fragments, tile fragments, and marble fragments, which may be paving slabs, were analyzed during the BOGA field investigations. Church V was built on a terrace on Dana Island. The fact that the church was built on a terrace at a central point of the island, which can be easily seen by ships passing close to the island, can be interpreted as a sign that the building was carefully positioned in a dominant position. On the lower and upper levels of the building, there are additional spaces that may be related to the building, but no trace of a settlement or neighborhood texture near the building was detected on the surface. Although there is no evidence that the church was entered from the west, there are steps leading up to the building from the north. In this context, it is assumed that the entrance to the church was from the north and accessible by stairs. There is another terrace at a lower level on the west side of the building. There is also a large cistern structure on the north facade of the church toward the entrance. Since Dana Island has no freshwater source, there are many cistern structures to meet the freshwater needs of the island's inhabitants. Since Church V also needed to be supplied with water, this cistern must have been built to meet the water needs of the church. Church V is in a dominant position on the island. The fact that it is located on a terrace and is easily visible to those approaching the island can be said to shape the perception of the island. The fact that the church has such an important and visible position on the island can be considered another factor that emphasizes the importance of the church. Although the building does not have a wall that has survived to the present day, it can be said that the masonry of the building is of local limestone, which is also found in the other churches on the island, considering both the wall traces read at the foundation level and the cut limestone materials found in the church. The church is dated to the 5th century based on the Corinthian column capitals found in the building.

In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the architectural sculptures in Church V are described under four headings. The slabs, column bases, and pedestal bases, columns, and column capitals in Church V are described. Although the church can only be read from the foundation level, it was possible to obtain information about the church due to the rich number of architectural sculptures in the church, and it was possible to obtain information about the building from these architectural sculptures. A total of 48 architectural sculptures were found in Church V, which was investigated in 2018 and 2021 as part of the Boğsak Archaeological Survey. Of these artifacts, 4 are Corinthian column capitals, 30 slabs, 12 columns, 1 slab base, and 1 tomb. Among these artifacts, 1 slab fragment is made of marble material. Except for these slabs, all the architectural sculptures found in Church V are made of local limestone material. When we look at the architectural sculptures made of limestone material found in Church V, we can see that they have deteriorated a lot. Due to this deterioration, it is difficult to see the decorative compositions on the artifacts, and no architectural sculptures in monolithic form can be seen except for the capitals of the columns. Nevertheless, the SfM method has made it easier to read the decoration of these sculptures.

In the fifth chapter of the thesis, the architectural sculptures in Church V are presented in a catalog. The catalog includes images, types, materials, locations, descriptions, dating, and dimensions of the architectural sculptures. For the architectural sculptures included in the catalog, orthophotos were taken and added to the catalog after these architectural sculptures were modeled in three dimensions. Although the architectural sculptures are described in detail in the text, the architectural sculptures are also described in detail in the catalog so that they can be used as a basis for further research.
This thesis aims to document the rich number of architectural sculptures in Church V, documented for the first time during the BOGA 2018 season, and to analyze and compare them with similar architectural sculptures in terms of decoration and size. By analyzing the capitals, especially the decorative composition on the capitals, it was possible to date Church V to the 5th century.

A great deal of information about the church was obtained during the survey of Church V. This information was analyzed in the context of the church architecture in Rough Cilicia during the early Christian period. This church with 3 naves and a basilica plan is important in Dana Island because it is located in an important place on the island and contains several rich architectural sculptures. This research and thesis, which aims to reveal another example of Early Christian Period church architecture in Rough Cilicia and to explain the architectural sculptures in the church, is a premise on the church architecture of Dana Island. Further investigation of the archaeologically valuable remains of buildings on the island will provide more data on Rough Cilicia.