Yüzer güneş enerjisi sistemleri: Enerji verimliliği açısından yüzer güneş enerjisi sistemlerinin dizayn optimizasyonu
Floating photovoltaic systems: Design optimization of floating solar systems in terms of energy efficiency
Yazar: MUSTAFA MESUT BOZOK
Danışman: PROF. DR. ÖNDER GÜLER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences

Özet:
Dünyamızda son yıllarda nüfus artışıyla ve sanayileşmeyle beraber enerji ihtiyacı da artmıştır. Bu enerji artışı beraberinde birçok sıkıntıyı da getirmiştir. Dünyadaki en yaygın olarak kullanılan enerjiler fosil yakıt tüketimine dayanmaktadır ve bundan dolayı da küresel ısınma ve iklim değişiklikleri de artmaktadır. Gelecek nesillere temiz bir enerji kaynağı sunmakta zorlanacağımızla beraber, temiz su kaynakları da bırakmakta zorlanacağız. Bu sebeplerden ötürü daha farklı enerji kaynaklarına olan ihtiyaç her zaman vardır ve son zamanlarda oldukça da artmıştır. Bu sebepler insanları yenilebilir enerjileri kullanmaya yönlendirmiştir.
Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının en yaygın kullanılanlarından biri güneş enerjisidir. Güneş enerjisi de karasal sistemlerde kullanılırken sınırlı kullanım alanına sahiptir ve çoğunluklar çatı ve tarımsal arazilere kurulumlar vardır. Bundan dolayı karasal güneş enerji sistemlerinin de bir alternatifi olan yüzer güneş enerjisi sistemleri hem sulak alanların korunmasına hem de yenilenebilir enerjinin yaygınlaşmasına fayda sağlamaktadır. Hem de kullanıldığı alan eğer bir hidroelektrik santral ise o bölgenin lisansının daha verimli kullanılmasını sağlamakla beraber doğal su kaynaklarını da korumuş oluyor.
Tüm bu bilgiler ışığında temiz bir su kaynağı olan Çine Hidroelektrik Santralinde (HES) kullanılmak üzere bir yüzer güneş enerjisi sistemi (YGES) planı yapılmıştır. Bu sayede hem barajın su kaybı önlenmiş olacak hem baraj lisansı verimli bir şekilde kullanılmış olacak hem de daha fazla temiz enerji üreten sistemlere sahip olunacak. Ancak bu sistemlerin verimli olabilmesi için en iyi sistemlere ve en fizibilitesi yüksek olan tasarımlara sahip olması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada ön tasarımları yapılmış olan bir YGES'e alternatif bir tasarım düzenlenerek her bir sisteminde analizleri yapılıp maliyetlerinin karşılaştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu şekilde ufak tasarım değişiklikleri yapılarak daha verimli sistemler elde edinilebilineceği ispatlanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Analizler yapılmadan önce bir YGES tasarımında hangi bileşenlerin olduğuna dair kısaca bilgiler verilmiştir. Bir YGES de hangi sistemler var olduğunda dair bilgiler verildikten sonra demirleme ve sabitleme sistemlerinde hangi tasarımların mevcut olduğuna dair kısa bir özet verilmiştir.
Analizlerde Ansys Mechanical ve Fluent kullanılmıştır. Analizlerde kullanılmak üzere alınan veriler hem rezervuara özel olmaktadır hem de genel ve rekabetçi değerler elde edilmek için yapılan çalışmalar örnek alınmıştır. Rüzgâr verileri hesaplanırken son 50 yıldaki verilere bakılarak hesaplanmıştır.
İlk olarak ön tasarım olarak düşünülen sistemin analizleri yapılmıştır. Hem mekanik hem de hesaplamaları akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) analizleri yapılmıştır. Mekanik tasarımlarda kullanılan sistemler 3D olarak Siemens NX programında tasarlanmıştır. Ardından Ansys mechanical programında tasarıma sonlu elemanlar ile analiz yapılmıştır. Ortam olarak yüzer dubaların kulakçıklarını sabit olarak alınmış ve panel taşıyıcı dubaya tüm yükler bindirilmiştir. Bu sayede sistemin en zayıf noktasının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 
Ardından tek bir güneş paneli üzerine gelen yüklerin hesabı için 2D bir tasarım yapılmıştır ve panel üzerine gelen yükler hesaplanmıştır. Sıra sıra panellere gelen yükler hesaplanmış ve bir sistemdeki her panele gelen yük hesaplanmıştır. Bu sayede bir bağlama halatına binecek olan yük bulunmuştur.
Ardından aynı analizler optimize bir sisteme uygulanmıştır ve iki sistem arasındaki mekanik farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Tüm bu hesaplamaların ardından her iki sistem için de bir LCOE değeri hesaplanmıştır. Böylelikle tasarımlarda değişiklikler yapılarak maliyetin düşürülebileceği gözlemlenmek istenilmiştir.
Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda yüzer güneş enerji sistemlerine akış ve yapısal mekanik hesaplamaları ile bölge özelinde hesaplamalar yapılarak, üretilecek parçaların birim enerji maliyeti açısından verimlilikleri önemli ölçüde artırılabileceği görülmüştür. Böylelikle diğer enerji sistemleriyle rekabetçi bir sistem yapılanabilir olabileceği daha iyi anlaşılmıştır. Son olarak bir tasarım yapılmadan HAD analizlerinin yapılmasının ve rezervuara göre tasarımda değişikliklere gidilmesinin önemi görülmüştür.

Abstract:
The rapid growth of population and industrialization in recent years has resulted in an unprecedented surge in global energy demand. The constant need for energy has led to the usage of non-renewable fossil fuels as the primary energy source, which has caused several environmental problems, including global warming and climate change. These issues are caused by the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, resulting in an increase in global temperatures and erratic weather patterns.
As the world moves towards a sustainable future, it has become increasingly clear that the planet cannot sustain non-renewable energy sources forever. For this reason, there has been a significant increase in the use of renewable energy sources in recent years. Solar energy, being one of the most abundant and easily accessible renewable energy sources, has become a widely used alternative to traditional energy sources.
Traditionally, solar energy is primarily used in terrestrial systems, such as rooftops and agricultural lands. However, these systems have limited use and are not suitable for all regions. Moreover, the increasing demand for energy has resulted in a need for a more efficient and effective way to harness solar energy.
Enter floating solar energy systems - an alternative to terrestrial solar energy systems. Floating solar energy systems offer numerous benefits, including the protection of wetlands, the preservation of natural water resources, and the expansion of renewable energy. Furthermore, when installed in a hydroelectric power plant, they ensure the efficient use of the dam's license, which increases energy production while protecting the environment.
Despite the numerous advantages of floating solar energy systems, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. One of the most significant challenges is designing a system that is both efficient and cost-effective. Engineers and researchers are working on developing new and improved designs, which could increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of these systems.
In conclusion, the increasing global energy demand necessitates the need for renewable energy sources, and solar energy has proven to be one of the most reliable and sustainable options available. The advent of floating solar energy systems has opened up new possibilities for the expansion of renewable energy and the preservation of natural resources. While challenges remain, continued research and development in this field could lead to a brighter and more sustainable future for our planet.
The development of renewable energy sources has become an important issue for countries around the world due to the negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment. As a result, more attention has been given to the design and implementation of renewable energy systems, such as floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems. In Turkey, a FPV plan was made for use in the Çine HEPP, which is a clean water source. By implementing this plan, not only will the water loss of the dam be prevented, but also the dam license will be used efficiently and systems that produce more clean energy will be available. However, simply designing and implementing a FPV system is not enough to ensure its efficiency. The system must be designed with the best technology and with the highest level of feasibility in mind. This is where the importance of this study comes in.
This study aims to design an alternative FPV system that can be more efficient than the preliminary designs already made for the Çine HEPP. To do this, a thorough analysis of each system will be conducted to compare the costs and determine the feasibility of each option. By making minor design changes, it is believed that more efficient systems can be obtained, which will result in higher energy production, lower costs, and a lower environmental impact.
In order to design the most efficient system. The study will take into account various factors that can affect the performance of the FPV system, including the type of solar panels used, the angle of the panels, the size and shape of the floating platform, and the maintenance required for the system. The study will also consider the environmental impact of the FPV system, as well as the impact on the local community.
By comparing the costs and feasibility of different designs, the study will provide important insights into the development of FPV systems in Turkey and beyond. It will also serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, engineers, and researchers who are working to develop more efficient and sustainable energy systems. The results of this study can be used to inform future designs and policies, as well as to promote the wider use of renewable energy sources to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change.
Overall, this study highlights the importance of designing renewable energy systems with the highest level of feasibility and the best technology. By doing so, we can ensure that these systems are more efficient and effective in producing clean energy, while also minimizing their impact on the environment and local communities. The study of FPV systems for Çine HEPP is just one example of how we can make a positive impact on the environment and create a more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.
Before the analyses are made, brief information is given about which components are in a FPV design. After giving information about which systems exist in an FPV, a brief summary of which designs are available in mooring and anchoring systems is given.
Ansys Mechanical and Fluent were used in the analysis. The data taken to be used in the analyses are both specific to the reservoir, and the studies carried out to obtain general and competitive values were taken as an example. While calculating the wind data, it was calculated by looking at the data from the last 50 years.
First, the analysis of the system, which was considered as a preliminary design, was made. Both mechanical and CFD analyzes were performed. Systems used in mechanical designs are designed in 3D in Siemens NX program. Then, the design was analyzed with finite elements in Ansys mechanical program. On design 626.400 three triangular elements are formed. As an environment, the lugs of the floating pontoons were taken as fixed and all loads were placed on the panel carrier pontoon. In this way, it is aimed to determine the weakest point of the system. Then, a 2D design was made to calculate the loads on a single solar panel and the loads on the panel were calculated. The loads on the panels in rows are calculated, and the load on each panel in a system is calculated. In this way, the load on a mooring rope was found.
The same analyses were then applied to an improved system and mechanical differences between the two systems were observed. After all these calculations, an LCOE value was calculated for both systems. Thus, it was desired to observe that the cost could be reduced by making changes in the designs.
The development of floating photovoltaic systems has gained significant momentum in recent years due to their advantages in land use and efficiency. However, the cost of these systems remains a significant challenge, and any effort to reduce costs without sacrificing efficiency is critical. In light of this, researchers have been exploring ways to optimize the design and selection of materials and components for floating photovoltaic systems. By making changes to the floating system design and mooring system selection, the cost of an FPV can be reduced while maintaining the efficiency of the system.
Moreover, the importance of conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses before designing the floating system has been highlighted. These simulations can provide a better understanding of the effects of wind, waves, and currents on the floating system and help optimize the design accordingly. By considering the site-specific conditions and characteristics of the reservoir, designers can make more informed decisions regarding the selection of materials and components for the floating system. This approach not only improves the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the system but also ensures that the system is tailored to the unique conditions of each reservoir.
In conclusion, the development of floating photovoltaic systems is an important step towards achieving a more sustainable energy future. By optimizing the design and selection of materials and components, the cost of these systems can be reduced without sacrificing efficiency. Additionally, conducting CFD analyses before designing the system and considering the site-specific conditions of the reservoir can lead to a more efficient and effective system. These efforts can ultimately lead to the widespread adoption of floating photovoltaic systems, helping to meet the increasing energy demands of our world while also reducing our carbon footprint.