Mehmet Ağa Külliyesi restorasyon projesi
Restorasyon proposal for the külliye of Mehmet Ağa
Yazar: MERİH BAHÇEKAPILI
Danışman: PROF. DR. AYŞE ZEYNEP AHUNBAY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1990
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Mehmet Ağa Külliyesi = Mehmet Ağa Complex ; Restitüsyon = Restitution ; Restorasyon = Restoration

Özet:
Tez konusu olan Mehmet Ağa Külliyesi 1580-1582 tarihleri arasında, Darüssaade Ağası Hacı Mehmet Ağa tarafından Mimar Sinan yakınında, Divanyolu çevresinde yoğunluk gösteren küçük külliyelerden biridir. Külliyenin öğeleri medrese ve buna bitişik sebil ve sıbyan metkebidir. Dörtgen plan tipindeki medrese, dar arsa üzerinde,parsel koşullarına göre biçimlenmiştir. Bu yüzden de simetrik bir düzen yoktur. Dershane yamuk olan avlunun kısa kenarında, ancak simetri ekseninden kaymış durumdadır. Yandaki parsellerin ve yolun biçimlendirdiği arsadaki kırıklıklar hücrelerin yerleşimini etkilemiştir. Uzun kenarında dört kısa kenarında iki açıklıklı revakların çevrelediği küçük bir avlusu vardır. Binada gelenksel yapım teknikleri ve malzemeler kullanılmıştır. Taşıyıcı ögeler kalınlığı 85-95 cm arasında değişen yapı beden duvarları, revaklarda altı 30, üstü 25 cm çapında mermer sütunlar ve açıklıkları değişen üstten teğetli kemerlerdir. Örtü dershane ve hücrelerde kubbe, revaklarda tek eğimli ahşap çatı, giriş koridoru üstünde ise aynalı tonozdur. Cephede üç sıra tuğla, bir sıra taş almaşık örgü kullanılmıştır. Sınırlı olanaklarla yapılmış mütevazi bir Sinan yapısı olan Mehmet Ağa Külliyesi, külliyeyi oluşturan yapıların camiden kopup medrese etrafında bir program oluşturmaya başlağı akıma öncülük etmiştir. Bu akımı sürdüren diğer örnekler, yine Sinan'ın son uygulamalarından Şemsi Paşa Külliyesi ve Divanyolu üzerinde Davut Ağa'nın 1594 yılında yaptığı Koca Sinan Paşa Külliyesidir. 17.yüzyıl başından örnekler olarak Hasan Paşa ve Gazanfer Ağa Medreseleri sayılabilir. Kuyucu Murat Paşave Ekmekcioğul Külliyeleri ise daha gelişmiş örneklerdir. 17.yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde tek kütle olma düzeninden vazgeçen Bayram Paşa ve Kemankeç Kara Mustafa Paşa Medreseleri bu tür uygulamayı sürdüren yapılar olarak karşımıza çıkar.

Abstract:
The külliye of the Mehmet Ağa which is the subject of this thesis, is located near Divanyolu on Hoca Rüstem street. it is one of the many külliyes. Sıtuated on and around Divanyolu near Sultan ahmet. The Külliye which consisted of a Medresen Sıbyan mektebi (primary school) ans a sebil was built between the years 1580 and 1582 the complex is also known as Anfer Ağa Külliyesi it is one of the early examples of külliyes with a medresen at the center. Other külliyes of similar conception were built en Divanyolu the main street which connects Beyazıt and Sultanahmet. These are the complexes of Küprürülü Meh met Paşa, Atik Ali Paşa, Sinan Paşa, Hasan Ağa, Çorlulu Ali Paşa,Merzif onlu Kara Mustafa Paşa and Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa. The complex is a wagf built by Mehmet Ağa the chief eunuch of Topkapı place during the reign of Selim II. other wages established by him are a mosque, Çifte Hamam a medresem and a fountain near Sultan Selim mosque in Çarşamba Istanbul two mescits (small masques) and two tountains in Üsküdar and two sebils at Çarşıkapı and Parmakkapi, His tomb is also in Çarşamba. Since the küllye has hot been delineated in the 19 th century and of Istanbul, at was believed to have fallen into ruin for this reason in some books it is mentioned that there are buildings in place of it and in some other books it is not mentiones at all. xivA second misconception about the külliye is con cerned with 175 architect. we know that Davut Ağa was the architect of most de the edifices sponsored by Mehmet Ağa, Davut Ağa was the supervisor of waterworks when Sinan was the chief architect and he directed the work of connectin water pipes to the tountains and sabils sponsered by Mehmet Ağa we also tnow that he was the arhcihetct of some small Külliyes on divanyolu. Never theless the Külliye of Mehmet Ağa was one o fthe last works of Mimar Sinan. The Külliye of Mehmet Ağa is noteworthy because it is one of the first Külliyes which developed arolind a medreserh, rather than a mosqou. It is one of the works of Sinan which has not been studied much yet. Before taking up the medreseh of Mehmet Ağa, we examined the definiton and the first samples of moresehs the medreseh architecture in ottomans ant what Mimar Sinan has contributed to medreseh architecture. Medresech firs appeamed as the need for teaching islamic scences in a systematic manner ansed. The first medreseh was built in taberan roughly at the begining of ühe ww the century. A regular medresem building consists of classrooms and cells in which students and officials stay. These rooms are generally lined around a courtyard wtih riwaks. The Şadırvan and the closats are also included as functional elements. Prior to the ottoman peariod aspechally during the seljuts medresehs were ruilt alone or later together with some small units such as tombs and fountains. The main change ottoman baought to medreseh archi tecture was that although they used the old schemes they converted the conevang to dome and they prefered classrooms. However more important that these is that medresehs became one of the most important elements of the Külliyes which were religious and social institutions especially the masque and the madreseh were built close together, sometimes even sharing the same courtyard. xvAnother aspect of ottoman architecture is its sim plicity. This is also evident in medresehs. In the 16 th century, Mimar Sinan brought a new approach to madreseh building. He reshaped and applied old schemes in some cases and in others adopted new schemes in accordance with the environment. Evaluation of Sinan's medreseh's covers the follow ing topics: site plan, location with regard to other parts of the külliye, construction techniques facade organizataion construction materials and decorative elements. Only such an evaluation can help to explain Sinan's contribution to medreseh desing. 16 th century is the brightest period in ottoman history. The state was prosderqus and some of this wealth was pent for teh public buildings. In addition to this, Sinan, an architectural genius, lived in this period. Thus ottoman architecture could attain a high standard of performance. However in the last quarter of the 16 th century, while the külliye of Mehmet Ağa was being built, the period of prosperity had come to an end. There were problems with the ecomy and financial restrictions af fected the architecture. At this time the city had many külliyes. The need for medresehs due to increased papulation brought about these small külliyes. The medresehs were usually built together with a fountain a sebil a tomb and a sibyan mektebi. Two külliyes of similar design but of later date are Hasan Paşa and Gazanfer Ağa complexes. In these, the parts of the külliye were stil separate structures. In the külliyes of Kuyucu Murat Paşa and Ekmekcioğlu, the parts were integrated into one compact unit. In the second quarter of the 17 th century. The one unit desing was abondoned. Two fexamples for this style are the medresehi of Bayram Paşa and Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa. XVIThs sebil building which is often a part of these külliyes appreared in İstanbul in the second half of the 16 th century and got widespread at the turn of the century. The sebil in the külliye of Mehmet Ağa is a very plain one. It became common practice to built the sebil and the Sibyan Mektebi which is the smallest structure tye in Turkish architecture, close tugether it is also employed in the külliye of Mehmet Ağa. The parts of the külliye are positioned in such a way that the medreseh is on the long axis of the land by Haca Rüstem street and is parallel to the street. Along the direction of north-west to southwest. Next 10 the medreseh are the Sibyan Mektebi and the sebil The medreseh of Mehmet Ağa has a quadrangular scheme on the long axis of which the classroom is places. The nwaks slirrolind a trapetoidal courtyard and cells are lined behind the arcede. The classroom is on the, short side between the cells. Eleven small cells sur round the courtyard. The asymmetrically positioned entrance of the med reseh stands between the cells at the northwest. The entrance is through a passage covered with a voult and 17 opens out to the long side of the countryard. The classroom is in the north-east of the courtyard, İt is shifted off the symmetry axis towards north-west it is 3D cm above the level of the courtyards. The cells are ardund the quadrangualr courtyard. There are three cells in the north-west, twa in south west, four in south -east, one in north-east and one in north. The plans of the cells are nearly square. However, because of the shape of the lot, two cells have trapen- pidal and two others have pentagonal plans. The building has been devastated. The cells have completely lost their driginal shapes. None of the xviicells except for the fourth cell contains a fireplace, a chinney or hiches. The courtyard is surrounded with riwaks. The spans of the arches are differenty in all four airections. All the cells of the medreseh the classroom, entrance, corridor and the store which was added later open out to this riwak. The width of the riwak arms ades not measure the same in all directions. The courtyard, the long axis of which lies on the ortheast southwest direction is surrounded by riwaks with four arches on the long sides and two on the short ones. The medreseh is a one-storey structure which stands; on a slightly inclined land. Three sides of it are surrounded with high buildings. Its facade faces Hoca Rüstem street. The courtyard facades of the medreseh consists of rıwar columns and riwak arches and behimd them doors and windows of ells and of the classroom. The only facade of the medreseh faces rnonthwest on both sides, the facade joins high binldings on neighboring parcels. The cells are covered by domes. At the top of reach dome there is a lantern. The stone roof of the riwaks slopes down towards the courtyard. In the edifice, half domes have been employed. Transition elements are pendendives. The entrance pas sage is covered by a panelled vault. The outer surface of the domes has been fully and the interior surface has been only partially plastered. Over the courtyard, a steel framed roof has been added. xvmThe main decorative elemants used in the building are at the back of the entrance fate and at the heads af nwak columns. The corrosion in the material and the structural elements of the building are due of missuse rather than natural effects. Between the years 1932-1987, the medreseh of Mehmet Ağa has been used as a child center by Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu, ÇEK. (National Poundadtion For Grphands) for children Aged 3 to S it has not been used for any purpose since 1987. The big changes such as plastering of the walls upholstering, cancelling same' doors and windows and making new ones, building new walls and covering the countryard have all been done while the medreseh was used as a child center. While the sebil and the Sibyon Mektebi were being used by ÇEK, they were emdtied by court in 1979. Since then, they have been used by the same person for dif ferent purposes. Now they are used as a Pizza shop. The külliye of Mehmet Ağa has a lot of restitution problems. Now there are a sebil and a Sibyan Mektebi, an lot 6 and the medreseh on lot 8 between these lots is a very small lot and an empty arfa. Part of this area has been used as a store in the passage between the medreseh and the main building built on lot 7 there is a tombstone. In the empty space between the medreseh and the sibyan mektebi, it is believfed that there had been the steps of the Sibyan Mektebi which was on the first floor and the closets of the medreseh, It is known that in the original plan of the edifi ce, the classroom had a vaulted covering and the riwaks had a timber construction roof. Als 17 is believed that there were niches, fireplaces and chimneys in the cells. The medreseh of Mehmet Ağa was allocated to the writer's union in december 1989 by V/akıflar Müdürlüğü therefore, instead of devising a proposal for reuse, a cestoratian project has been developed in accordance whit the union's plans as to how they will use the med reseh. In this application 17 will be needed to use the Techniques of cleaning consolidation, re-integration and addition of new structures.