Tanzimat modernleşmesi sürecinde Bartın evleri /
Yazar: KANSU ŞENGERZE
Danışman: PROF. DR. FERHAN YÜREKLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bartın evleri = Bartın houses ; Modernleşme = Modernization ; Tarihi çevre = Historical environment

Özet:
18. yüzyılda başlayan ve kısa sürede bütün dünyaya yayılan modernleşme, Osmanlı'da da Tanzimat ile beraber kendisini gösterir. Tanzimat ile başlayan Osmanlı'nın moderleşmesini, Batılılaşma çabalan içinde incelemek ya da değerlendirmek gerekir. Moderleşme süreci Osmanlı Devleti'nin yıkılması ve yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulmasıyla farklı bir ivme kazanır. "Muasır medeniyetleri seviyesini aşmak" Cumhuriyet'in en önemli hedeflerinden birisiydi. Tüm bu modernleşme süreci bütün dünyada olduğu gibi Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyetinde de kazanımlarının yanı sıra çeşitli problemleri de beraberinde getirdi. Tanzimat modernleşmesi ile beraber anadolu kentleri aynı ortak kaderi paylaştılar. Bu ortak kaderin eksenini kültürel kimliğin yitirilmesi, geleneksel kent dokusunun yokolması, 'yer'e ait özelliklerin silikleşmesi ve ardından gelen tekdüzelik ve yavan bir aynılık oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın inceleme konusu olan Bartın'da, aynı önü alınamaz değişimden etkilenmiştir. Ancak bununla beraber, tüm bu aynılık kaderi içinde Bartın diğer Anadolu kentlerinden tarihsel dinamikleri ile farklılaşır. Bartın, 19. yüzyılda coğrafi konumunun getirdiği özellikler ile klasik Anadolu kent şemasından ayrılır. Bunda doğrudan İstanbul'a olan coğrafi yakınlığı ve Tanzimat reformlarının etkisi sözkonusudur. Bu çalışma da, Bartın'ın geçen yüzyılda yaşadığı değişimin izleri arandı; sözü edilen değişim ve farklılıkların dinamiklerini incelemek ve belgelemek amaçlandı. vııı

Abstract:
The modernism, which started in the beginning of 18th Century, showed its effects in the Ottoman Empire with Tanzimat. The modernisation of Ottoman Empire that starts with Tanzimat should be investigated or evaluated together with Occidentalism. Occidentalism period gains a different acceleration after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and foundation of the new Turkish Republic. "To reach the level of developed countries" was one of the major targets of the new Republic. This modernism period brought various problems together with its benefits to the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey like all around the world. After the Tanzimat modernism period, Anadolu cities have shared the same faith. The common points in that faith are lost of the cultural identity, demolishing of the traditional town characteristics, vanishing of the specialities that belongs to the locality and the monotone, dull similarity that comes after. Bartın, the subject of this study, has been affected from the same irrevocable changes. Bartın is separated from the similar faiths of the other Anatolian cities by its historical dynamics. Bartın is different that the classical 19th century Anatolian town schemes because of its geographical position. The effects of he short geographical distance between Istanbul and the Tanzimat reforms can be seen. The aim of this study is to search for the changes occurred in Bartm in the last century and to evaluate and document the dynamics of those changes and differences. IXBartın has a unique position between Istanbul and Anatolian City developments due to its geographical location. For this unique position, city's development must be considered separately in terms of city planning and construction styles. Differences become more apparent after the Tanzimat reforms and Occidentalism period have been intensively felt in Bartın being a harbour town and the trade centre of the region. Neighbouring to Istanbul, Bartın had a chance to encounter the changes and the new idea emerged after the Tanzimat by the close trade relationships with the Central Government. Therefore, Bartın was able to follow Istanbul in terms of the town policies, regulations and planning. Those effects could be noticed not only at a grater scale but also in the building styles, plans and ornamentation. City Planning The first map of Bartın was made in 1925. This map shows the new development after the 1874 and 1898 fires. This development is the perpendicular scheme that has been applied in Istanbul and the outskirts after the Tanzimat. After this scheme, the characteristic town layout formed with the curved narrow roads and dead-ends have disappeared. This is most obvious in the town centre. In the other parts, the building blocks look more separated. The concepts brought by Tanzimat first caused a restructuring in the city planning. After the completion of the city hall, hospital, school and other government buildings, city reached to the characteristics of the Tanzimat period. Modernization period not only affected the city planning but also reflected the Western styles in the construction types, facade design, interior planning and ornamentation. The developments that lead to a better life-style created a new face to the streets. The direct connection of the entrance floor to the street is one of those changes. Window fences have disappeared at this period as well. The main elements of the facades after Tanzimat were column decorations on the outer walls, horizontal profiles used to separate the floors, posts, arches, triangular additions on the roofs. The entrances with the doors that have windows at the top and both sides were used as a characteristic and common building decoration. The balconies and porticos that were not seen in the traditional Turkish houses become fashionable. House Planning The major change after Tanzimat in Bartın House plans is the change of "kulluk" to a living space. This change have occurred in two different ways. The first one is abandoning the "kulluk" completely and placing rooms on the ground floor. Thisalso meant combining the house life with the street. Other choice was using "kulluk" as an empty and idle space. In this case "kulluk" kept its existence and took place in the house plans as a basement or a semi-basement. In such houses the ground floor have been raised. After Tanzimat, as another important change in Bartın house plans, sofa lost its importance and started being used as a regular room. After sofa's use as a room, the "eyvan" changes into toady's aisles. "Eyvan" gets narrower by time and used for circulation between the rooms. Balconies have also added to the plans after Tanzimat. Those balconies have generally been placed where the "evyans" that turned into aisles meet the facade. Balconies were either located at the end of "eyvans" or covered all the facade and were accessible from the rooms as well. The examples with balconies connected to sofa are also seen. Changes are observed in the positioning of the houses after Tanzimat. Twin houses or rows of houses become common. By the house rows, the direct contact of the houses with the street is established and the gardens forming a barrier with the street disappear. Twin houses were either in a garden or directly connected to the street. Facade Design and Decoration The major change in the front side of the houses is the totally symmetric design. Before Tanzimat central plans and symmetric sides were seen in the loyal buildings and monuments. In the Tanzimat era, a tendency to copy those buildings have developed and the esthetical points are carried to the houses. Symmetric facade designs are made by cumbas, balconies, wooden posts, and porticos or in the types without cumbas and balconies by emphasising the building corners. In the house rows and twin houses the same type of symmetry is also observed. Another difference in the facades is the increased amount of decoration and usage of different patterns. First, the arch design is used at the top parts of cumbas and stair windows. Then, columns become more fancy. The wooden frames called "kuşluk" that highlight the floors have been used. Canopies and window frame decoration has increased. Construction Method Even though there are major changes in the outer and interior design of the buildings, XISimilar types of changes are not seen in the construction methods. The traditional construction techniques are used without any changes. This is also related to the economy of Ottoman Empire in 19th century. Although the cultural trends and new life styles have easily spread over the country, the modern construction methods could not be applied due to the economic reasons. Bartın during the Republic Period In the first quarter of 20th Century, after the developments in the road transport and the railways, sea transpiration lost its importance. As railroad did not pass through Bartm, the city was no longer the region's trade centre. This fall have faded the city's star and together with the sharpened effects of modernism and the cultural erosion, the period that destructed all the characteristics of Bartin have started. Today, Bartin is loosing its identity and becoming a dull, undefined building stocks; the faith of all the Anatolian cities. In 1979, 526 houses were registered by the Monuments' Council and declared as a city protection zone. In 1985 the number of registered houses declined to 285. The number of old and historical houses is decreasing rapidly. One reason for that is Monuments' Council's decision to take out some houses from the registration list. Being the cost of a real restoration higher than building a new one, have created an opposition to the protection concept. The construction materials industry that exists in Bartm, makes new constructions attractive. As the wooden products, lime, cement, bricks, roof tiles are supplied from the local factories and the steel the brought from the near by Karabük mill, Bartın residents prefer to build new apartments or houses instead of repairing the old ones. Today, Bartin does not have an effective protection plan. The decrease in the number of registered houses from 526 in 1979 to half within six years clearly proves that. Under the today's developing conditions, Bartın houses are deteriorating rapidly. Basement floors and "kulluks" are changed to stores or cafes and for that reason the facade designs are changed by adding wide glass windows. Each floor of the houses most of them built as three stories are seperated and used is a separate flat. This means totally changing the floor plans, adding kitchens and bathrooms to every floor and stairs that directly climb to upper floors As defined in the above paragraphs, Bartın that involves specific historical values has a different development than other Anatolian cities, entered into a rapid development phase after the declaration of Republic. This period have been accelerated of Bartın' s Xlldeclaration as a province. Unfortunately, Bartın like all other cities does not have a public conciseness that will protect the city from this deterioration. The aim of this study is to report those vanishing cultural and historical values, to point out the unique position of Bartın and to have public attention to the subject. Xlll