Tarihi kent merkezlerinin koruma sorunları: Urmiye tarihi kent merkezi üzerine bir araştırma
Problems in urban planning of historical town centers: A research based on the Urmia historical town center
Yazar: MASUD HATAMİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. NURAN ZEREN GÜLERSOY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2013
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Bir kentin tarihi merkezi o şehrin geçmişteki kent yaşantısını, tarihini, toplumsal yapısını ve şehrin kültür birikimini bugünlere aktaran en önemli araçtır. Günümüzde hızla ve plansız gelişen kentleşme, merkezdeki yüksek arazi değerleri bu tarihi dokuları tahrib eden en büyük tehlikedir. Plansız kentleşme ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde daha tam olgunlaşamayan korumacı yaklaşım gibi nedenler bu ülkelerin tarihi kent merkezlerinin korunamasındaki en büyük nedenlerdir. Halbuki tarihi merkezler korumacı bir yaklaşımla geliştirilerek kentli tarafından etkin kullanımı sağlanarak gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması gereken en önemli kültür varlıklarıdır. Bu tez kapsamında İran?ın en eski kentlerinden birisi olan Urmiye kentinin tarihi dokusu araştırma konusu olarak seçilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde tarihi dokuların korunmasına yönelik yaşanan sorunlar bu ülkede de sıkça karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Korumacı yaklaşım bu ülkede de daha net olarak yerleşmemiştir. Urmiye Kenti hakkında genel bilgiler,  tarih içerisinde geçirdiği değişimler ve dönüşümler kentin sahip olduğu kültürel birikim detaylı bir şekilde ortaya konularak çalışma alanı hakkında geniş kapsamlı bilgilendirme yapılmıştır. Ayrıca İran?da bu ve bu alana benzer nitelikteki alanların koruma yaklaşımına yönelik çıkarılan yasalar ve kanunlar anlatılarak alanın korunmasına ilişkin devlet nezlinde yapılan çalışmalar ortaya konulmuştur. Tarihi kent merkezinin fiziksel ve sosyal çevresine yönelik detaylı  analizler yapılarak alanda yaşanan sorunların tespiti yapılmıştır. Tespit edilen sorunların giderilmesi yada en asgari seviyeye indirilmesi amacına yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir. Tarihi kent merkezinin korumacı bir yaklaşımla geliştirmesi ve gelecek kuşaklara korunarak aktarılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmıştır.

Abstract:
Historical center of the city is the most important tool which has been conveyed the way of life, history, social structure and cultural heritage of the city from past to the present. Nowadays rapid and unplanned urbanism and the raising value of land in city centers are the biggest treats which destroy these historical urban fabrics. Unplanned urbanism and unprofessional conservation approaches are the main reasons that historical city centers are not being preserved in developing countries. Whereas the historical fabrics of cities are the most important cultural element of cities should be preserved as by developing an effective conservative approach to convey them to the next generations.
Iran, is one of the luckiest countries of the world since it is on the most fertile soils in terms of cultural heritage. Several ancient civilizations up to before Christ era lived in Iran territory. Iran is also one of the most important centers of Mesopotamia civilisations. This situation is a synthesis, historical soul of Mesopotamia civilizations which is one of the most important cradle of civilizations. 
Cultural and civilization accumulation coming from the historical process of Iran; ensures this country to have distinctive historical patterns and cultural heritage from other countries. Iran is nearly a historical museum with its historical and cultural values. This historical value accumulation causes the country to take an important responsibility. This responsibility encumbers to the country the mission of protecting historical environment, preventing the deprediation and trasmitting to next generations as could be used. Not able to protect the current environment and not able to adopt the historical heritage, not able to use historical environment in the economic and social circumstances of today confronts in also Iran like nearly every historical environment of the World today.  
Today, there are laws and legislations in Iran to protect and develop cultural heritage and historical patterns. But those studies are not sufficient for an effective and sustainable protection perception. The approach of current laws and legislations towards obstacles in front of ?proliferation of more effective and sustainable perception of protection? makes those problems more strong, knotty and complex. 
It is an unavoidable fact that a society could not easily push its historical background and life experience. Historical life experience and background effects the past of a society and leaves deep scars, as well as effects its today and tomorrow. Historical background, gives us some clues to us in order to perceive the physical structure, spatial structure and the most important one, social and cultural structure of the era. To show the historical process in a sustainable perception helps to create a sustainable environment.. 
In order to fight with problems in today?s cities and generate alternative solutions, to create more comfortable usages and generate protection perception; and participation of people who live in the territory to protect the historical pattern. 
To ensure the protection of historical patterns, to adopt those to the planning principles, to transmit those to today?sd city planning approach and to next generations force city planners and architects.  While the historical pattern is being dealt by protection approach; it is aimed to provide benefits to the city and tourism value and contribution to the city economy. The purpose of this study is to reevaluate the improvement process of historical fields and improvement effects of historical core in Urmia city. For this purpose, the historical pattern of Urmia city of Iran, was studied within city planning and protection criteria. Within the content of this study, new and different approaches were suggested to replacing the historical pattern of Urmia City by benefitting from urban design methods and principles of historical center of Urmia city. 
In this thesis, the historical fabric of Urmia as one of the oldest city of Iran has been chosen as the case study. All the problems which could be countered in the preservation of historical urban fabric of developing countries could be seen in Iran too. Conservation approach has not been applied in this country either.in the thesis Attempted to provide general extensive information about the area with a brief summary of the city of Urmia and its changes and transformations throughout the history. Also the rules and regulations related to this area or similar areas in Iran have been investigated. The detailed analyses of physical and social environment of the historical town center have been leaded to find out the problems. Attempted to provide suggestions for identified problems to eliminate or minimize their affectivity. A study on the development of historical town center by progressive conservation approach to convey it to next generations has been made.  
Historical pattern of a city means historical layers, historical, social and cultural accumulations, life styles of people and a unique order seen in structuring, location and physical structuring. The dimension of transportation scheme in construction plan for the purpose of protecting historical structure and transmitting those to next generations and in detailed architectural projects; physical environment,condition of building, green areas and city economy and studies have to be made. In this study, transportation system of historical pattern, spatial and physical condition, place of city economy, social and cultural structure shall be dealt integrally and deficiencies were determined. Suggestions were developed in order to gain these historical places to city life by correcting those deficiencies and minimizing those deprediations.  
In this study, firstly aim, scope and method parts of the study were explained. Approaches related with historical patterns and fields were examined from the past up to today in the world  in order to solve these problems. 
In the afterwards of the study, it is explained that transmitting the well-rounded literature search and definition of patterns were made and protection of these patterns have an important location in the today and the future of the city.  
In another chapter of the study, some examples from protection areas from Europe, Turkey and Iran, were researched. Physical, social and economic studies made for the purpose of protecting historical patterns in those protection areas, were assessed. Moreover, legal opportunities in protection in the World and Iran were researched.  
Information about natural values, socio-economical structure, historical and cultural values of Iran-Urmia city which is selected as Example in the fourth chapter, is given. After general definition of the city, analyses were made on the historical pattern. These analyses include  research of buildings in the historical pattern (Storey height, building situaton, building structure), research of transportation, equipment fields and research of the infrastructure of the field. In line with studies and analyses, studies for determining protection probles in Iran and Urmia and protection of its historical pattern and planned improvement were made.  At first, some key of the situations were tried to be generated for those determined problems and suggestions were made in order to minimize current inconveniences and deficiencies.  
At the last chapter of this study, we conclude under four main topics in order to make general assessment oriented to subjects which we mentioned during the thesis process. Economic, Cultural and Sociological improvement includes those topics.