Bir kentsel metafor olarak Anastilosis, İstanbul'un ruminatif pozlarla yeniden okunması
Anastylosis as an urban metaphor, rereading Istanbul with ruminative exposures
Yazar: İREM NAZ KAYA
Danışman: PROF. DR. SİNAN MERT ŞENER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bellek mekanları = Place of memory ; Kent planlama = Urban planning ; Kentsel bellek = Urban memory ; Ruminasyon = Rumination ; Yıkıntı = Ruin

Özet:
Tez çalışması, anastilosis ve alt kavramları ile İstanbul'daki kentsel yenileme, yeniden üretme pratiklerini ele almaktadır. Anastilosis kavramı, içerisindeki bellek, yıkıntılaşma, harabe, zaman, imge birlikteliği ve ikircikli yapısı ile ele alınmaktadır. Giriş bölümünün ardından çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, bellek mekânı, mekân belleğinin çifte kodlanmış anlamı, otobiyografik bellek, kolektif bellek, nostalji alt bölümleri ile açıklanmıştır. Bu bölümde, belleğin psikanalitik, tarihsel, davranışsal, kültürel ve deneyimsel boyutları, mimari tasarım pratikleri ile bağlantılı olarak açıklanmaktadır. Bernard Cache, bellek mekânı zihinsel ve uzamsal kodlayıcı olarak kavramsallaştırarak "yazıt" ve "daralma" olarak ayırır ve belleğin hem potansiyellerini hem de kısıtlarını görmeyi sağlar. Bu yönü ile birinci bölümde bellek, mekânsal ve kentsel çekişme ve uzlaşma alanı olarak ortaya koyulmaktadır. Bu bölümde ayrıca, farklı disiplinlerde ve mimari tasarımda hatırlama pratiklerine de yer verilmektedir. 
Bir Kentsel Metafor Olarak Anastilosis başlıklı üçüncü bölüm, ikinci bölümde tartışılan kavramlar ile bağlantılar ve uygulamalardan oluşmaktadır. Anastilosis mekân tez kapsamında kayıp nesnenin izini süren belleğin kentsel politikalar ile seçici geçirgenlikte belirlendiği muğlak geçiş nesnelerine referans vermektedir. Bu bölümde, anastilosis kavramı yıkıntılaşma ve harabe (kayıp nesne), kolektör ve bellek (geçiş nesnesi), ruminasyonlar ve ruminatif pozlama alt başlıkları ile incelenmektedir. Anastilosis, harabe olarak kayıp belleğin, anıların, metinlerin ve nesnelerin izini sürmekte; kolektör olarak kent parçalarını hatırlatmakta ve tartışmaya açmaktadır. Belgeleme ve kayıtlardan yola çıkılarak oluşturulan kentsel bellek fragmanları, bir yeniden üretim denemesi olarak ortaya konmakta ve bellek-zaman-kent-akörler ağ ilişkisi tartışmaya açılmaktadır. Anastilosis mekânın yeniden kuramsallaştırılması sonucunda üretilen ruminatif pozlama yenilenen kent dokularını okumak için bir model olarak önerilmektedir. Bellek ve harabelerin potansiyeli ve kaybı temsil eden çift kodlu anlamları nedeni ile aynı kadrajda hem negatif hem de pozitif pozlayıcılar bulunabilmektedir. Temsili imge ve radikal kopma negatif pozlayıcıları, hatırlama pratikleri ve kurgusal denge ise pozitif pozlayıcıları oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışmanın ikinci ve üçüncü bölümlerinde yürütülen tartışmanın ardından tartışmanın somutlaştırıldığı dördüncü bölümde ise İstanbul'daki yenileme alanlarına odaklanılmaktadır. 2000'li yılların başından bu yana İstanbul'da hem kent merkezlerinde yenileme projeleri hem de kentin genişleyen bölgelerinde birçok kentsel dönüşüm projesi yürütülmektedir. Bu bölümde, İstanbul'un 1950'ler ve 2000 sonrası dönemlerinin ruminatif pozları oluşturulmuştur. Böylelikle iki dönemdeki imar planlamaları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu iki yer ve iki tarihsel aralığı konu edinen tez, okuyucuları mimarlığın bellek ve harabeler ile ilişkisini yeniden düşünmeye davet etmektedir. Tez çalışması, kayıp nesneler, geçiş nesneleri, kentsel nesneler, hatırlama ve unutma pratikleri arasında gidip gelirken, mimarlıkta boşluk, bellek ve mekân ilişkisini tartışmaya açmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu doğrultuda, kenti okumak için yeni bir model önerisi olan ruminatif pozlama, kentin alt parçaları için test edilirken pozlayıcılar kent planlaması için farklı aksiyon ve pozisyonları açığa çıkarma imkânı sunmaktadır. Ruminatif pozlama serileri, bir kent soruşturmasına dönüşerek kentteki tanımlanamayan ilişkiler ağını tartışmaya açmaktadır.

Abstract:
The thesis begins by considering anastylosis as a metaphor for the city. Anastylosis refers to reading the traces of the breaches and lost parts of urban objects in relation to memory. In other words, anastylosis is considered as a metaphor to reveal the socio-economic, socio-cultural, social, physical approaches, orientations, mediators and narratives of the spaces formed in the memory of the city in relation to the architectural design and urban intervention processes. Anastylosis constitutes the conceptual transition area of re-reading and re-theorizing the urban renewal approaches and narratives of the city. Therefore, the theoretical background of the thesis includes memory studies, daily life and remembering practices. The thesis study discusses the ambiguous fields of anastylosis, memory, destruction, ruin, rumination, time, image in the missing fragments of the urban fabric. At this point, it is necessary to state that the thesis does not intend to contribute to architectural history or restoration disciplines, but rather it is an urban and daily life investigation that uses terminologies of these disciplines as a tool for architectural design and urban planning.
In today's cities, memory intervenes the multi-layered urban structure by temporally interlacing the past, present and imaginary futures. Istanbul, where the urban space is narrated with places of memory, is constantly being transformed, deteriorated and reconstructed through economic, social and political processes. Its multi-layered identity is described through various outcomes and possibilities, temporal intersections, and reproductions of memory. Traces affect and transform the city, experiences, actions and events in daily life with memory narratives. In this context, memory is at the center of the infrastructural and fictional narratives of urban interventions, both individually and collectively. However, the relationship of memory with the city is "complex and contradictory". The ambiguous fields of memory emerges with the continuous reproduction of the city in daily life and suspension of time for the socio-political continuity. The thesis study investigates anastylosis and its narratives in urban renewal and reconstruction practices in Istanbul in 1950's and after 2000.
In the second part of the study, the double-coded meaning of memory space, space memory is explained with the subheadings of autobiography of memory, autobiographical memory; collective space of memory, collective memory and nostalgia. In these chapters psychoanalytical, historical, behavioral, cultural and experiental dimensions of memory in relation to place-making theories are explained. Bernard Cache's conceptualization of memory in Earth Moves as mental and spatial coding, "inscription" and "contraction", enables to see both potentials and contrains of memory space. In this regard, memory is revealed as an area of spatial and urban contradiction in the first chapter. In chapter 2.5, remembering practices in architecture is further elaborated. In this context, Gordon Matta-Clark's splitting, Rachel Whiteread's house installation, Studio Rotor's deconstructions and spolia technique, Superstudio's Restoration of Historical Centers (Restori di Centri Storici) in Venice landscape, Christo Jeanne-Claude's Arc de Triomphe, Yeesookyung's Translated Vase and Corpo Atelier's Dyslexic House are exemplified. Although these practices have tactical and operational differences, they create critical alternative approaches to ongoing renewal projects and reveal creative, critical, affirmative possibilities of act of remembering and recalling practices. 
The third part, titled Anastylosis as an Urban Metaphor, consists of applications and connections with the concepts discussed in the second part. In this section, anastylosis is further examined with subheadings of ruin and ruination (lost object), collector and memory (transitional object), ruminations and ruminative exposures. Anastylosis as ruin traces the lost memories, texts, objects and identities; anastylosis as collector recollects the city fragments. Ruins represent potential as well as loss as temporal metaphors weaving many times into one including alternative pasts, speculative presents and possible futures. As a result of re-theorization of anastylosis space, ruminative exposure, is proposed as a model to reread and rewrite renewed urban fabric. Since memory and ruins have a double-coded meaning revealed in previous chapters, "ruminative exposure" also includes both negative and positive exposures. These exposures enables to re-read the city with memory fragments. Representative image and radical dissociation are the negative exposures, on the other hand recalling practices and fictional counterpoise are positive exposures.
Following the discussion carried out in the second and third parts of the study, the fourth part focuses on urban interventions in Istanbul. In the beginning of the 2000s, many renewal projects are carried out both in the historical city centers and in the expanding areas of Istanbul. In this direction, socio-economic, socio-cultural, social, physical transformations and restructuring processes under neoliberal policies after 2000 and urban intervention processes of the mid 20th century were investigated. In these ruminative exposures the planning movements of the 1950's and 2000's urban renewal areas will be examined comparatively. While the city is constantly being renewed with individual and collective interventions, what does the retheorized anastylosis space tell in different exposures and positions in the past, present and future of the city Istanbul?
Although the references, concepts and researches in all chapters accumulate on each other, it is also possible to make transitional readings between chapters. This is because anastylosis offers contiguous readings of memory retrospectively and spaces of memory (settings) prospectively. While going back and forth between lost objects, transitional objects, urban settings and practices of remembering and forgetting, the thesis aims to discuss the relationship of memory and space in architecture. In this direction, ruminative exposure, an open model proposal for rereading and retheorizing the city, is tested for the various parts of the city. Negative and positive exposures offer opportunities to take action for urban planning. In this regard, anastylosis space dissolves, decodes and analyzes the parts of the city suspended in time. Ruminative exposures open up the narratives of the "unidentified" network of time-city-actors relations to the discussion. Even though, field studies within the scope of this thesis are limited, the model however, is open to be tested by different authors and readers to further research of other times and places of the city.
In summary, anastylosis constitutes the conceptual transition that will allow rereading and rewriting approaches, fictions and narratives about the city through a network of relationships. Therefore, the theoretical background of the thesis, memory space research, is a rhetorical urban gesture which gives internal coherence to daily life and recollection practices. When the readers are oscillating between pasts, presents and futures, rereading, rewriting and reframing process effects and changes understandings of history and collectivity in dialogue with each other. This thesis explores collective dreams of rememberings, forgettings, inclusive and exclusive constructions of histories while translating them into the present. Furthermore, the thesis study discusses the changes and interventions in the urban fabric with its concepts and sub-meanings of anastylosis, memory, ruin and rumination. Accordingly, socio-economic, cultural, social, physical transformations, renewals and urban intervention processes were investigated in Istanbul during post-2000 neoliberal policies.