Özel ve kamusal eşiğindeki ara durumların yeniden üretimi
Reproduction of intermediary circumstances on the threshold of private and public
Yazar: BURÇE KARADAĞ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. SIDIKA ASLIHAN ŞENEL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Tezde mimarlık ve gündelik hayatın konusu olan ve başta özel/kamusal olmak üzere, iç/dış ve kadın/erkek gibi "ikili zıtlıklar" tartışılmaktadır. Bu ikili zıtlıkların nasıl kurulduğu anlaşılırsa sınırlarında barınan ara durumlar açığa çıkarılabilecektir. İkili zıtlıklar olumsuzlukları yerine barındırdıkları potansiyeller ve kısıtları açısından incelenmektedir. İkiliklerin Kurduğu Sınırlar bölümünde ikili zıtlıkların mekânsal kurulumunu anlamak üzere ev kavramını oluşturan unsurlar araştırılmıştır. Özel/kamusal sınırında bulunan "ev" tartışmaya açılarak, bu sınıra ait nitelikler sorgulanabilecektir. Burada özellikle modern konut kavramı ile birlikte ev, evcilleşme ve ev yaşantısının nasıl şekillendiği incelenmiştir.
Modern konutun "cinsiyetsiz ve evrensel" olma iddialarını eleştiren feminist kuram ile birlikte mekânın toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ile eşzamanlı kurulumu okunmuştur. Modern konut fikriyle evin geleneksel sınırlarından özgürleşmesi amaçlanmış ancak aksine modern konut üzerinden bu eleştirilerin yeniden üretildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Tezde incelenen örneklerin tümü eleştirdikleri kavramı başka biçimde yeniden üretmektedir; bu durum ikinci bölümün alt yapısını oluşturur. Modern konutun araştırılması ile ön plana çıkan "mahremiyeti sağlama", "düzenleme", "temizlik algısı oluşturma", "kapama" ve "evcilleştirme" eylemleri, özel/kamusal ikiliğinin sınırını tanımlamaktadır. Bu kavramları tartışmaya açarak ara durumlarda bulunan mekânsal olanakları açığa çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır.
Ara durumları görmek için ikinci bölümde, Özel ve Kamusal İkiliğini Üreten ve Sorgulatan Kavramlar incelenmiştir. Beş kavramın incelendiği her bölümde, önce kavramların sözlük tanımlarına bakılmış ve farklı kaynaklardan alınan bilgiler ile birlikte bir etki alanı oluşturulmuş, literatür taraması ile de bu etki alanlarına eklentiler yapılmıştır. Amaç kavramların içindeki çokluğu görmektir. Bu sayede beş kavramın (mahremiyeti sağlama, düzenleme, temizlik algısı oluşturma, kapama ve evcilleşme) sınırlarının yere ve zamana göre değişiklik gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Kavramların aynı zamanda şemalar üretilerek temsilleri aranmış, birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Böylece bölümler arası ortaklıklar oluşmuştur. Örneğin Mahremiyeti Sağlama bölümünde "ayrılma" niteliği üzerinden tartışılan proje, Düzenleme bölümüyle de ortaklık kuruyorsa, bu örnek şemaya işlenmiştir.
Mahremiyeti Sağlama bölümünde, kavramı tartışmaya açmak üzere verilen örneklerde özellikle cephe müdahaleleri ile birlikte kamusal alan ve iç mekân arasındaki geçişliliğin sorgulanması ön plana çıkmaktadır. Diğer örneklerde ise plan kurgusundaki değişim ile birlikte farklı işlev barındıran mekânlar arası bağlantılar kurulduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Düzenleme bölümünde incelenen örnekler "gizlilik" niteliği üzerinden mahremiyet ile ortaklık barındırmaktadır. Bu kapsamda verilen mimari örneklerde, evi tartışmaya açmak için evin parçalarının ya da işlevlerinin eksiltildiği, yer değiştirdiği ya da yarım bırakıldığı görülebilmektedir. Bu durum düzenin "değişmezlik" niteliği üzerinden tartışıldığına işaret etmektedir. Değişmezlik durumunun aksine, Temizlik Algısı Oluşturma bölümünde bu kavramın yer ve zamana göre nasıl değiştiği, kültürel bir yapılanmaya dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Temizlik kavramının özellikle kamusal tuvaletler üzerinden incelendiği örnekler, kamusal alanda hareket ekseninde toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve özel/kamusal mekân ikiliğini tekrar tartışmaya açmaktadır. Kapama ve Evcilleştirme bölümlerinde ise, özel/kamusal ikiliğinin kesin sınırlarının toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini oluşturma ve korumadaki baskınlığı ön plana çıkmıştır. Mahremiyeti Sağlama bölümünde incelenen mekânlar birbirine bağlanırken, Kapama bölümünde mekânları ayıran ve sınırları tekrar oluşturan örneklere yer verilmiştir. Evcilleştirme kavramının tartışıldığı bölümde ise, İkiliklerin Kurduğu Sınırlar bölümüne benzer olarak ev yaşamı ve kamusal alan etkileşimi incelenmiştir. 
İkinci bölümde, özel/kamusal ikiliğini kuran kavramların, bu sınırı açmak için de kullanılabileceği görülmüştür. Bu durumda ikilikler artık zıtlıklar değil, ara durumların oluşmasına alan tanıyan olanaklara dönüşmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise Özel ve Kamusal İkiliğini Tartışmaya Açan Bir Çizim ve Kolaj Denemesi tartışılmıştır. Bu bölümde öncelikle "yeniden üretim" kavramı incelenmiş ve mimari temsildeki yeri araştırılmıştır. Mimari çizimlerde yeniden üretimin önceki bölümlerde incelenen kavramlar gibi çokluk barındıran ara durumlara olanak tanıdığı görülmüştür. Araştırılan, çizimin kendinden başka bir şeyi temsil etmesi yerine kendi mekânsallığını üretmesidir. 
Üçüncü bölüm uygulamalardan ve ikinci bölümde tartışılan kavramlarla kurulan bağlantılardan oluşmaktadır. Kavramların etki alanını belirlemek için farklı anlamlarının sıralanması gibi, bu bölümde uygulanan eleştirel temsil taktikleri de açığa çıkarılmıştır. Tez yazımı süresince kamusal alandaki yürüyüşler esnasında alınan notlar, yapılan eskizler ve çekilen fotoğraflardan oluşan; özel/kamusal ikiliğinden başlayarak mimarlıktaki ikili zıtlıkların kurulumunu ve bozumunu inceleyen uygulamaların hepsi birer yeniden üretimdir. Ancak yeniden üretim sadece uygulama ile sınırlı kalmamaktadır. Yapılan uygulamaların analiz edilmesi, okunarak tekrar değerlendirilmesi ve süreç içerisinde geçerliliklerinin sorgulanması da bir kez daha yeniden üretilmelerine imkân tanımaktadır. 
Yeniden üretim esnasında eleştirel temsil taktikleri ile birlikte kullanılan araçlar eş zamanlı olarak incelenmiştir. Böylece literatür araştırmasında eleştirilen zıtlıkların, mimari temsilde ne kadar üretildikleri, dönüşüme ne kadar açık oldukları ve bağlı oldukları değişkenler görülebilmektedir. Sonuçta çizimin mekânı ve çizimin zamanına dair çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Temsil araçları ve kavramların bir arada çalışması, çizim yüzeyini de bir olasılık mekânına dönüştürmüştür. Araştırmanın sonucunda ikili zıtlıkları eleştiren, ara durumları tartışan, çoklukları göstermeyi amaçlayan yeni bir temsilin olanağı açığa çıkarılmıştır.

Abstract:
The thesis investigates binary oppositions such as private/public, internal/external and female/male that are subjects of both architecture and everyday life. When the reason behind these oppositions are established, intermediary circumstances within their borders can be exposed. It is aimed here to see both the potentials and constraints they contain instead of taking binary oppositions as completely negative situations. In order to examine the spatial setup of binary oppositions, the first chapter includes the parts that make up the idea of home. Since the concept of home is located at the private/public border, it is aimed to reveal the qualities of the border by opening this concept to discussion. Here, especially within the concept of modern housing, the notion of house, domestication and home life were examined.
The simultaneous production of space with gender roles was examined together with the feminist theory readings criticizing the claims of the modern house to be "genderless and universal". The modern house claimed to liberate the house from its traditional boundaries, but on the contrary, it ended up reproducing what it criticizes. All of the examples examined in the thesis reproduce the concept they criticize in another way. This created the infrastructure of the second chapter. The concepts of "maintaining privacy, ordering, constructing the perception of cleanliness, enclosing and domesticating", which come to the fore with modern housing research, define the limit of private/public duality. It is aimed to reveal the spatial possibilities in intermediate circumstances by opening these concepts to discussion.
The concepts that contribute to discussing possibilities between private and public are examined in order to see these intermediate circumstances. In each section where five concepts are reviewed, the dictionary definitions of the concepts are listed, and an area of ​​influence is produced with the information obtained from different sources. Later, with the literature review, additions were made to their descriptions. The purpose of this is to see the multiplicity in the concepts. In this way, it has been observed that the limits of five concepts (maintaining privacy, ordering, constructing the perception of cleanliness, enclosing and domesticating) vary depending on place and time. The representations of the concepts in the schemes were sought and their relations with each other were investigated. Thus, partnerships between sections were formed. For example, if the project, which discusses privacy through "separation", also discusses the order, these partnerships have been mapped to show the connections between sections. In the examples shown in order to open the concept of privacy for discussion, the transition between the public space and the interior, especially with the façade interventions, comes to the fore. In other examples, it has been observed that, with the change in plan setup, connections between spaces that have different functions have been established. The section about order, contains partnership with privacy, along with the concept of "confidentiality". In the architectural examples examined in this context, it can be seen that the parts of the house or the functions of the house are reduced, displaced or left unfinished to open the house for discussion. This indicates that the order is discussed through the concept of "rigidity" as well. Contrary to the state of rigidity, it can be seen in the cleanliness section how this concept changes according to place and time and therefore turns into a cultural structure. The examples, where the concept of cleanliness is examined especially through public toilets, reopens the gender roles and the private/public space duality. In the enclosure and domestication sections, the predominance of the definitive boundaries of private/ public duality in creating and maintaining gender roles is included. For example, contrary to the approach of connecting the spaces in the privacy section to each other, the examples included in the enclosure section, separate the spaces and reconstruct the boundaries. In the domestication section, the relationship between home life and public space is examined similar to the introduction.
In the second chapter, titled Concepts Producing and Questioning the Private and Public Duality, it has been observed how the concepts of "maintaining privacy, ordering, constructing a perception of cleanliness, enclosing and domesticating" produce binary oppositions and yet offer multiple possibilities as well. Literature research, examination of architectural examples and individual productions have progressed simultaneously. In the first subtitle of Chapter 2, where the first of the intermediate situations at the private and public threshold is examined, through "maintaining privacy", intermediate situations created by the projects included in the "Un-private House" exhibition held in New York Modern Museum of Art in 1991 were sought. In these projects, it is aimed to see how privacy is defined by the architects and how they have spatial suggestions according to these definitions. With the criticism of the concept of privacy, it can be seen that the concept of modern home has also been transformed. This transformation takes shape not only with the space, but also with the daily life in the home. In Slow House of Diller Scofidio, which is examined in more detail with all these transformations, it is discussed that modern housing is now a tool to question of daily life and discipline of architecture. The reason for examining this example is that the same project is reproduced for many media (drawing, construction, exhibition, text), and updated according to the place and time in each reproduction. The relationship between privacy and visibility was examined through Antony Gormley's installation, together with the "unseeing and unseen" element in Diller Scofidio's Blur project. By obscuring the visibility with layering and subtraction, Fujimoto's house example presents the possibility of a new spatiality. The SANAA example shows a space designed for a variable user.
The second subtitle of Chapter 2 discusses the re-transformation of the idea of ​​the house, which was reshaped with modernism through the concept of "ordering", with current examples and the resulting spatial qualities. The examples chosen in this section have been chosen among the projects in which the parts of the house are discussed not only conceptually but also spatially. For example, when all the elements that make up the house diminish one by one, it is observed that the concept of home transforms by adapting to new situations in line with the reactions developed against uniformity. It can be seen that spatial and conceptual definitions take shape together and by influencing each other, according to time and place.
In the third subtitle of Chapter 2, the act of "constructing a perception of cleanliness" is examined and similar to "ordering", the use of hygiene and cleanliness perception to protect social structuring is mentioned. Here, the discussions of Mary Douglas on the concepts of cleanliness and dirt are taken as the basis and the relationship of these concepts with social dynamics is examined. At the same time, as cleanliness is a concern of modern aesthetics brings the concept of modern home to the fore again. Cleaning habits and perceptions of cleaning, as architectural objects in this section, indicate that hygiene is also a cultural structure.
Karen Burns's definition of the concept of enclosure as "all social and structural hierarchies" constitutes the structure of the "enclosure" discussion examined in the fourth subtitle of Chapter 2. In this context, the spatial situations that Adolf Loos created in the Josephine Baker house were sought for gender roles. The Josephine Baker house is an example discussed by both feminist and post-colonial theorists. This example is not a specific study for the thesis, but it is argued why it came to the fore so much within the context of the relationship between gender and architecture. The rest of the section includes projects that refuse to change gender roles and fit into them.
In the fifth subtitle of Chapter 2, looking at the relationship between the concept of "domestication" and privacy, the critical perspective that triggers the whole research is examined more clearly and comprehensively. It is aimed to see the connection between the concepts of spatial organization, everyday life and gender by following the concept of domestication. The visibility of these connections is the first step of the possibilities to transform them.
With the examples examined in the second chapter, it is shown that the acts of "maintaining privacy", "ordering", "constructing a perception of cleanliness", "enclosing" and "domesticating" are concepts that produce borders within the scope of architecture and at the same time mediate questioning them as well. In the third chapter, the critical representation tactics developed against these constructs along with my own reproductions are explained. For example, 2.1. Maintaining Privacy describes an action that establishes space 3.1. Maintaining Privacy and Layering includes a critical evaluation. Thus, it may be possible to associate how the power is established in the second chapter, and the tactics developed against this situation in the third chapter. In Practice of Everyday Life, De Certeau draws attention to the difference between the concepts of strategy and tactics: While strategies establish space as a "base from which external threats can direct", tactics "only use the space of the other". They are spaceless, changeable. However, he adds that strategies can be used to show the relationship between different spaces. According to this idea, for example, the act of "constructing a perception of cleanliness" is a strategy applied to strengthen the private and public border, while the tactic of "using both sides" in representation can be interpreted as an inquiry tool produced to open the same border. By interfering with the surface of paper, it multiplies the front and back duality, allowing to discuss the cleanliness of representation. While explaining the concepts of strategy and tactics, De Certeau mentions "the presupposition of the existence of power" and "the absence of power". This situation draws attention to both the relationship of the space with the power structures and the power established by space. For example, the sharp boundaries of the space established with "order" and "enclosure" may begin to become ambiguous with reproduction tactics and turn into a critical practice.
In the second chapter, it is seen that the concepts that establish the private/public binary opposition can also be used to open this border. In this case, binaries are no longer opposites but transform into possibilities that allow for intermediate situations to occur. In the third chapter, a Drawing and Collage Study to Discuss the Private and Public Duality is presented. In this chapter, first of all, the concept of "reproduction" has been examined and its place in architectural representation has been investigated. It has been observed that reproduction in architectural drawings allows for intermediate situations involving multitudes, such as the concepts examined in previous chapters. What is being sought is that the drawing produces its own spatiality rather than representing something outside of itself.
The third chapter consists of applications and connections with the concepts discussed in the second part. Critical representation tactics applied in this section are also revealed, as are the different meanings of the concepts to determine their domain. However, reproduction is not limited to application only. Analysing the applications, re-evaluating them by reading and questioning their validity in the process also allow them to be reproduced once again.
Critical representation tactics and tools used during reproduction were examined simultaneously. Thus, it can be seen how much the oppositions criticized in the literature research are produced in architectural representation, how open they are to transformation and the variables they depend on. As a result, inferences were made regarding the place of drawing and the time of drawing. Working together with representation tools and concepts turned the drawing surface into a space of possibility. As a result of the research, the possibility of a new representation that criticizes binary contrasts, discusses intermediate situations, and aims to show multiplicities has been revealed.