Daskyleion'daki Lydia teras-sur duvarı
Lydian terrace-fortification wall in Daskyleion
Yazar: BÜŞRA CEYLAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. NEJAT TURGUT SANER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology ; Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Bu yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında, Perslerin Anadolu'da kurduğu en önemli satraplık merkezlerinden biri olan Daskyleion'daki "Pers terası" olarak adlandırılan Lydia teras-sur duvarı konu alınmıştır. 1990'lı yıllarda yürütülen kazı çalışmalarında bir bölümü ortaya çıkarılan surun, zamanla toprak altında kalan kısmı ve daha önce açığa çıkarılmayan belli kısımları 2022 yılı kazı çalışmalarında gün yüzüne ulaşmıştır. Sur yapısı 2021-22 yıllarında gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları kapsamında tekrar incelenmiş ve bu çalışmalarda elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında Daskyleion'un tarihçesine, kentte yapılmış kazı çalışmalarına ve araştırma tarihçesine değinilmiştir. Önceki çalışmalarda Lydia teras-sur duvarı hakkında genel bilgilere yer verilmiş, henüz nihai yayınlara konu olmamıştır. Daskyleion ile ilgili yayınlarda yer alan duvara ilişkin genel yorumlar bu bölümde incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın üçüncü kısmında duvarın tanımlaması yapılmıştır. 2022 yılında Prof. Dr. Turgut Saner ve İTÜ ekibiyle Lydia teras-sur duvarı çevresinde belgeleme çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada duvarın güney kısmı ve alandaki yeni kazılar sonucunda ortaya çıkarılan bölümü belgelenmiştir. 
Çalışmanın dördüncü kısmında duvarın farklı görünüş sergileyen kuzey ve güney kısımlarının, aslında aynı hattın parçaları olduğunu gösteren tespitler geliştirilmiş; aynı hat üzerinde olduğu ayrıntılı gözlem ve ölçümlerle ortaya konulmuştur. Duvarın işçiliği ve inşaat tekniği üzerinde durulmuştur. Daskyleion'da yer alan glacis yapısının söz konusu duvar ile olası bağlantısı değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın beşinci kısmında Daskyleion'daki teras- sur duvarıyla benzer özellikler sergileyen önemli teras kompleksleri ve sur duvarları incelenmiştir. Lydia surunun özellikle Demir Çağı yerleşimleri olan antik Sardeis, Gordion ve Smyrna'daki teras kompleksleri ve sur duvarlarıyla çarpıcı benzerlikler gösterdiği tespit edilmiş ve çalışma kapsamında bu örneklere yer verilmiştir.
Çalışmanın son bölümünde, yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde Lydia surunun işlevine ilişkin değerlendirmeler yapılmış; kuzey ve güney kısımları arasındaki duvar işçiliği ve beraberinde bu kısımlardaki görünüş farklılığı üzerine yorumlar geliştirilmiştir. Duvarın işlevini ve inşaat tekniğini değerlendirebilmek için benzer tipolojideki duvar örnekleriyle birlikte ele alınmıştır. Arazi çalışmalarından elde edilen verilere dayanarak, duvarın başlıca özellikler Lydia ve Phrygia mimari gelenekleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Surun yakınında yer alan glacis yapısıyla olası ilişkisi ve kent girişinin konumuna ilişkin yorumlar getirilmiştir. Tüm bu çalışmalarda, yapıların boyutlarına, yönelimlerine, yapım tekniklerine ve yapı malzemelerine odaklanılmıştır.
Çalışmanın temel amacı, Lydia duvarını belgelemek ve mimari bağlamını araştırarak benzer örneklerle karşılaştırmaktır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Lydia dönemine tarihli teras-sur duvarı, iki kazı sezonu (2021-2022) boyunca alanda yapılan mimari gözlemler, inşaat ve taş oyma teknikleri hakkında elde edilen yeni bilgiler eşliğinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The study focuses on the Lydian terrace walls, also known as the "Persian terrace" in Daskyleion, one of the most significant satrapy centers established by the Persians in Anatolia. (The remains of ancient Daskyleion are located on Hisartepe mound southeast of Lake Manyas, to the west of modern Ergili. The site is well-known for its prominent role during the Persian rule in Anatolia starting from the mid-sixth century BCE, although its settlement history reaches back to earlier periods.) As a Persian satrapal center, Daskyleion had the capacity to control Thrace, the Dardanelles, the Marmara Sea (Propontis) and entire Hellespontine Phrygia. Due to its strategic location, Daskyleion has been an important military base and settlement, especially during the Iron Age, late Classical and Middle Ages.
During the 1990s excavations, a part of the city wall was unearthed; during the excavations in 2022, the part of the city wall that had remained underground for some time and certain parts that had never been exposed before were unrevealed. (The 20th century excavations and the ongoing one have already shown that the city was furnished with a multi-layered defense system built at different times. The focus of this study is the so-called Persian Terrace which probably dates back to the sixth century BCE. The already existing studies on this long wall of 73 m have revealed general information about the wall based on minor finds however, detailed results and interpretations have not been presented yet. Some scholars state that the entire wall was built under the Lydian rule, while some others suggest that it was built in the course of the Persian period. The architectural observation on the site for two excavation campaigns (2021-2022) has already brought along new insight regarding the construction and the stone-carving techniques.)
This study investigates the architectural context of this terrace (or fortification) wall and compares it with similar examples. The structure has been documented on-site and its basic features of construction have been identified. Based on the data gathered from the fieldwork, the wall's major characteristics (stepped construction, blocks with curved edges and recess on upper surfaces, particular use of the stone material) have been compared with the Lydian and Phrygian architectural traditions. Especially the terrace complexes and fortification walls in ancient Sardeis and Gordion, both Iron Age settlements, present striking similarities. In all these investigations, the focus has been put on the dimensions, orientation, construction techniques and building materials of the structures.
The second part of the research addresses the history of Daskyleion, archaeological excavations in the area, and research history. Previous studies give a general insight into the Lydian terrace walls; however, the topic has not yet been covered in final publications. The general comments given in publications on the wall located in Daskyleion are analyzed in this part.
 
In the third part of the study, the wall is defined. Excavation archive records indicate that a section of the wall was documented in 1996 with an architectural drawing.  However, this drawing does not include the entire wall; it lacks some architectural expression. In 2022, documentation activities were conducted around the Lydian terrace walls with Prof. Dr. Turgut Saner and the ITU (Istanbul Technical University) team. The study documented the southern section of the wall and the other parts unearthed in new excavations.
The architectural documentation includes the plan of the fortification wall, two section and elevation drawings and photographs. Total Station was used as a measurement tool. First, a sketch of the wall was drawn and measurements were taken from the block corners. The measurements were transferred to the computer and a scaled drawing was created. Detailed drawings were made in the area on this drawing. Then the drawings were scanned and transferred to AutoCAD program.
In the fourth part of the study, it is identified that the northern and southern parts of the wall, which pose different appearances, are, in fact, parts of the same line of wall; therefore, it is proven through observations and calculations that the walls are on the same line. The workmanship and technique of the wall building is highlighted. The possible relation between the glacis structure in Daskyleion and the subject wall is evaluated.
There are differences in the appearance of the southern part of the wall with rough workmanship and the northern part with smooth surface workmanship. The difference between the wall parts is mostly related to the change in the quality of the workmanship on the block surfaces. Some of the previous studies on this line of the wall suggest that the southern and northern sections were built in different periods, while others suggest that the southern and northern sections were two separate walls. In addition, the high quality workmanship on the block surfaces in the northern section led to the idea that there was a gate in this area and that the differences may be related to this situation. However, detailed field surveys and measurements on the southern and northern parts of the wall strengthened the view that these sections were built at one time as parts of the same line. It was determined that the different parts of the wall were built with similar construction techniques.
In the fifth part of the study, significant terrace complexes and city walls that present similar characteristics to the terrace walls in Daskyleion are investigated. It is identified that Lydia walls especially present striking similarities to the terrace complexes and city walls in Sardeis, Gordion, and Smyrna, which are Iron Age settlements, and these examples are used throughout the paper.
In the last part of the study, the function of the Lydian city wall is evaluated as a result of the conducted research, and the workmanship and appearance differences between the northern and southern walls are discussed. In order to evaluate the function and building technique, these walls are reviewed with wall examples in similar typology. Based on the data obtained from the field study, the primary characteristics of the walls are compared to Lydian and Phrygian architectures. Its relation to the glacis structure situated near the walls and the location of the city entrance are discussed. These works centered upon the size, orientation, building techniques and building materials of the structures. In all these investigations, the focus has been put on the dimensions, orientation, construction techniques and building materials of the structures.
This thesis study aims to document the Lydian wall and compare it to similar examples by studying its architectural context. This research evaluates the terrace wall dated to  the Lydian period in light of the architectural observations done during two excavation seasons (2021-2022) and new information gathered regarding the building and stone carving techniques. 
Some publications suggest that the wall was built during the "Lydian" and some during the "Persian" period. There is no definite consensus on the dating.  As a result of the evaluation of the wall with similar examples; the general architecture, construction and stone shaping techniques indicate the mid-6th century BC.