Mimari restorasyon projelerinin yönetimi
Management of architectural restoration projects
Yazar: SEZER SAVAŞ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. EMRAH ACAR ; DR. DAMLA ACAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Mimari restorasyon yüksek düzeyde belirsizlik içeren karmaşık bir proje türüdür. Mimari restorasyon projelerini diğer inşaat projelerinden ayıran kendine has pek çok özellik bulunmaktadır. Kapsamı tanımlayabilmek için araştırmaya dayalı uygulamalara duyulan yoğun ihtiyaç, planlama, zaman yönetimi, tasarım, denetim, karar verme, malzeme kullanımı, özgün yapım yöntemleri, gizli katmanlar, alışılmışın dışında ve çok sayıda paydaşlar, yoğun bilgi akışı, yasal ortam vb. gibi mimari restorasyon projelerinin kendine has özellikleri proje yönetimi çabalarını önemli ölçüde karmaşık hale getirmekte ve bu projelerin alışılmadık bir yaklaşımla ele alınması ihtiyacını doğurmaktadır. Bu projeler için evrensel olarak kabul görmüş çeşitli yönergeler, standartlar ve yönetmelikler bulunmasına rağmen; bahsi geçen bu mevzuat tanımlı bir proje yönetimi sistematiğine dayanmamaktadır ve mimari restorasyon projelerinin yönetimi konusunda uzmanlaşmış bir yönetim yaklaşımının bulunmaması büyük bir bilgi boşluğudur. Proje yönetimi bilgisinin mimari restorasyon projelerinde yetersiz kullanılması, zaman ve bütçe aşımları, kalite sorunları, yetersiz araştırma, yanlış kapsam tanımı, disiplinler arası koordinasyon eksikliği, fazlar arasındaki kopukluk, değişim yönetiminde verimsizlik ve proje belirsizlikleri gibi proje başarısını doğrudan etkileyen çeşitli sonuçlara yol açmaktadır.
Literatür taraması, alanında önemli yere sahip 10 restorasyon uzmanının katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen odak grup toplantısı, 41 restorasyon uzmanının katıldığı anket çalışması ve uygulama deneyimine sahip 9 restorasyon profesyonelinin katıldığı 48 saatlik saha eğitiminden elde edilen nitel ve nicel verilerin sentezini içeren bir karma yöntemli araştırma stratejisi türevi olan keşfedici sıralı araştırma sürecini izleyen bu çalışma; mimari restorasyon projelerinin kendine özgü doğasına proje yönetimi perspektifinden odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, mimari restorasyon projelerinin kendine has özelliklerini, süreçlerini ve başarı kriterlerini, yaygın pratikteki sorunlarını ve potansiyellerini ve başarılı şekilde yönetilip tamamlanmalarına etki eden farklılıklarını anlamayı; alandaki mevcut yönetim anlayışını kapsamlı bir şekilde inceleyerek proje yönetimi bilgi alanıyla arasında ilişki kurmayı; bu projeleri için en uygun iş modelini tespit etmeyi; geleneksel proje yönetimi bilgi, araç ve tekniklerinin mimari restorasyon projelerine ne ölçüde uygulanabileceğini keşfetmeyi, daha uyarlanabilir ve çağdaş yaklaşımların bunlara daha iyi uyup uymayacağını araştırmayı ve sonucunda mimari restorasyon projeleri için uyarlanmış ve pratik olarak uygulanabilir bir yönetim modeli önermeyi ve bu modeli sınayarak uygulanması halinde mevcut yönetim pratiklerine kıyasla mimari restorasyon projelerinin başarılı şekilde yönetilip tamamlanmasına sağlayacağı katkıyı keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Sonuçlar, özellikle planlama evresinde mevcut koşulların analizi için daha fazla araştırma gerektirmesi, projedeki belirsizlik ve risk düzeyinin fazla olması, uzmanlığa ve kalifiye işgücüne erişim güçlüğü ve insan kaynakları havuzunun dar olması, proje kapsamının sıklıkla değişmesi ve proje paydaşlarının sayısının ve çeşitliliğinin fazla olması gibi mimari restorasyon projelerinin özgün niteliklerinin proje başarısını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini; bu projelerde karşılaşılan sorunların çoğunun planlama safhası, özellikle de araştırma aşaması sebebiyle kaynaklandığı; mimari restorasyon projelerinin yaşam döngüsünde çeşitli uygulama sorunları yaşandığını; araştırma, kapsam tanımı, uygulama projesi ve yapım aşamalarının özel dikkat gerektirdiğini; mimari restorasyon projelerin yaşam döngüsünün büyük bölümünde disiplinler arası koordinasyon eksikliği yaşandığını; mimari restorasyon projelerinde prosedürler, mevzuat, onay süreçleri ve kamu kurumlarıyla ilgili kronik sorunlar bulunduğunu; geleneksel uygulamaların bu tür projeler için yetersiz kaldığını; mevcut yönetim anlayışlarının bu projeler için uyumsuz olduğunu; ve mimari restorasyon projelerinin başarılı bir şekilde yönetilip tamamlanması için güncel bir bakış açısı içeren özel bir yönetim yaklaşımına ihtiyaç duyulduğunu göstermektedir.
Araştırma bulgularına dayanarak bu çalışma kapsamında, planlama, kapsam yönetimi, paydaş yönetimi, organizasyon yapısı ve karar alma dahil çoğu aşamada oldukça çevik ve inşaat ve belgeleme dâhil bazı aşamalarda nispeten daha şelale olan hibrit bir yönetim modeli önerilmektedir. Bağlamsal faktörlerin belirleyici rolü göz önüne alındığında, modelin danışman yapım yönetimi proje teslim sistemi, birim fiyatlı veya maliyet artı kar sözleşmeler ve çevik gibi uyarlanabilir yaşam döngülerinden oluşan ve mimari restorasyon projelerinin özgün niteliklerine uygun bir iş modeliyle desteklenmesi gerektiği görülmektedir. Sınama çalışmasının sonuçları önerilen modelin ve içerdiği tüm alt bileşenlerinin özellikle tanımlanmış ve yönetilebilir aşama ve süreçlerle uygun bir çerçeve sunması, belirsizliğe karşı esneklik sağlaması ve işbirliğini ve bilgi akışını destekleyerek hataları en aza indirmesi gibi nedenlerle mimari restorasyon projelerinin yönetimine uygun olduğunu, bu projelerin başarılı şekilde yürütülüp tamamlanmasına katkı sağlayacağını ve önerilen modeli pratikte kullanılmasının önünde herhangi bir rasyonel engel bulunmadığını göstermektedir.
Özetle, mimari restorasyon projelerinin benzersiz gereksinimlerini hedef alan ve çevik ve şelale proje yönetimi yaklaşımlarını uygun bir iş bağlamıyla birleştiren hibrit bir modelin, bu tür projelerin karmaşıklığıyla başa çıkmada faydalı olabileceği görülmektedir.

Abstract:
Architectural restoration is a complex type of project that involves a high level of uncertainty. There are many unique features that distinguish architectural restoration projects from other construction projects. The unique characteristics of architectural restoration projects such as the intense need for research-based applications to define the scope, planning, time management, design, control, decision-making, material use, original construction methods, hidden layers, unusual and numerous stakeholders, intense information flow and legal environment significantly complicate project management efforts and create the need to handle these projects with an unconventional approach. Although there are various universally accepted guidelines, standards, bylaws and regulations for these projects; this legislation is not based on a defined project management systematic, and the lack of a specialized management approach in the management of architectural restoration projects is a huge knowledge gap. Inadequate use of project management knowledge in architectural restoration projects leads to various consequences that directly affect project success, such as time and budget overruns, quality problems, insufficient research, incorrect scope definition, lack of interdisciplinary coordination, disconnection between phases, inefficiency in change management and project uncertainties.
Architecture restoration is a process that (1) the knowledge and skills required by architects, project managers, contractors and practitioners are greater than those required in new construction, (2) contains significant differences, especially in terms of construction planning, business planning, research, examination, design, inspection, material use and availability, (3) unknown situations occur frequently and (4) a complex and often surprising process, different from all other design and construction processes. Architectural restoration means any kind of intervention (including direct interventions on the architectural elements that make up the building and even changing the elements in the light of various principles) that ensures that the architectural heritage continues its life, strengthens and is transferred to future generations, while preserving the originality of the architectural heritage within the framework of strict technical, scientific and historical principles. 
Compared to a typical new building project, the main difference appears to be especially in the planning stage. Although the main frameworks remain the same, the preliminary assessment and research stages of the restoration process require particular attention because these stages differ significantly from the inception and feasibility stages of the new building process. During the restoration process, much more research and analysis of existing conditions must be done before design begins compared to typical new construction projects.
Project management is the use of all available knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to meet or exceed the expectations of individuals and organizations participating in a project. In conventional projects, answers such as what will be done at which stage, what decisions will be made, who will participate and what outputs will be produced are clearly defined from the very beginning of the project. However, there is no such defined systematic for the conservation area and specifically for architectural restoration projects. The attributes, methods, handling types and regulations of architectural restoration projects differ from typical new construction projects in certain ways. Project management is a well-defined professional discipline and has processes and tools that can be successfully understood and implemented; however, when it comes to the management of architectural restoration projects, the situation becomes a bit complicated. 
Despite the regulations and principles followed on architectural restoration project, the problems specific to such projects and the resulting need for an updated and specialized perspective on the management of restoration projects continue. All the prior knowledge form the basis of the need to question the existing project management systems and processes and research them specifically for architectural restoration projects in order to obtain better results from them.
The aims of this study, which approaches architectural restoration projects through the lens of project management, are as follows: (1) to clarify the knowledge gap in the literature regarding the management of architectural restoration projects, (2) to identify the unique characteristics, processes and success criteria of architectural restoration projects (while comparing them to typical new building projects), (3) understand the problems and potentials of architectural restoration projects in common practice, (4) to identify the differences that affect the successful execution and completion of architectural restoration projects, (5) to determine the main managerial focal points and difficulties of architectural restoration projects by examining the current management approach in the field, (6) establish a relationship between architectural restoration projects and the project management knowledge, (7) to determine the most appropriate business model (consisting of project delivery system, contract type, project life cycle and project management approach) for architectural restoration projects, (8) explore the applicability of traditional project management knowledge, tools and techniques in the field of architectural restoration (taking into account the business context of the specific area addressed), (9) to investigate the potential for the use of more flexible and contemporary approaches such as agile in architectural restoration projects, (10) to propose a practically applicable management model that is specifically adapted to architectural restoration projects projects and takes into account the unique aspects of such projects and (11) test the proposed model and explore its contribution to the successful management and completion of architectural restoration projects compared to current management practices.
The research uses an exploratory sequential research method which is a mixed-method research strategy that synthesizes the qualitative and quantitative data from a literature review, a focus group meeting with the participation of 10 restoration experts who are significant in their field, a survey study with the participation of 41 restoration experts and a 48-hour training developed for architectural restoration professionals with significant practical experience. 
The results show that, (1) the uniqueness of architectural restoration projects, such as (a) the need for extensive research to analyze the current conditions, especially in the planning phase, (b) the high level of uncertainty and risk in the project, (c) difficulty in accessing expertise and qualified workforce and the narrow pool of human resources, (d) frequent changes in the project scope and (e) the high number and diversity of project stakeholders significantly affect the success of these projects, (2) most of the problems encountered in these projects arise from the planning phase, especially the research phase, (3) various problems occur in every stage of the life cycle of architectural restoration projects, (4) research, scope definition, construction document and construction phases require special attention, (5) There is a lack of interdisciplinary coordination throughout the life cycle of architectural restoration projects, (6) there are chronic problems regarding procedures, legislation, approval processes and public institutions in architectural restoration projects, (7) traditional practices are inadequate for such projects, (8) current management approaches are incompatible for these projects, (9) a special management approach that includes a flexible perspective is needed to successfully manage and complete architectural restoration projects.
Based on the research findings, this study proposes a hybrid management model that is highly agile in most stages, including planning, scope management, stakeholder management, organizational structure and decision-making, and relatively more waterfall in some stages, including construction and documentation. Considering the determining role of contextual factors, it seems that the model should be supported by a business context that is suitable for the unique characteristics of architectural restoration projects; which is consisting of (1) construction manager as agent project delivery system, (2) unit-price or cost-plus contracts, (3) an adaptive life-cycle, preferably agile and (4) agile project management approach.
The main premises of the management model designed within the scope of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) allocating extra time and resources to the planning phase, especially the research phase (which differs significantly from typical construction project) in order to reduce uncertainty, which is one of the most important sources of problems in architectural restoration projects, (2) instead of running the project as a whole, awarding to a single entity and carrying out the entire project as a single delivery; the project should be completed in a minimum of four deliveries, or more if possible, including (a) planning and research, (b) design, (c) donstruction and (d) management, (3) defining the project's milestones, continuous outputs and regular deliveries from the early stages, thus creating value for the customer from the early stages and increasing control over project changes, (4) becoming more ready for change by dividing project deliverables into smaller and more manageable work packages and iterations, (5) Developing work packages based on stages in the life cycle of restoration projects that follow a framework that prioritizes the unique characteristics of architectural restoration projects and are compatible with international literature, (6) having a more flexible understanding on change management, which is one of the most critical issues for architectural restoration projects, by ensuring the integration of agile principles, tools and techniques into the project, (7) adopting a hybrid life cycle that converges to adaptable models for the project (while the planning and design stages have some elements of waterfall management approach, they are mostly managed with an agile management approach; the construction phase should be managed mainly with a waterfall management approach, while supported by some agile management tools, techniques and principles), (8) using the "Construction Manager as Agent" project delivery system, which is defined as the most suitable delivery system for architectural restoration projects by the restoration professionals, in order to include the expertise that is critical for these projects from the very beginning into the project ecosystem in a more convenient and coordinated way, (9) ssing "Unit Price" or "Cost Plus" contracts, which are defined as the most suitable for architectural restoration projects by the restoration professionals, in order to respond more quickly and easily to changes that will occur in the project and to make the necessary arrangements more easily, (10) ensuring a transparent, continuous and open communication flow using digital tools and systems to ensure interdisciplinary coordination and effective participation of key stakeholders in decision-making processes.
The results show that the proposed model and all its subcomponents are suitable for the management of architectural restoration projects as (1) they provide a suitable framework with specifically defined and manageable stages and processes, (2) provide flexibility against uncertaint, and (3) minimize errors by supporting collaboration and information flow. These findings are especially valuable considering that the common de facto business model consists of the traditional project delivery system, lump sum contracts and waterfall type project life cycle which is used in architectural restoration projects is especially problematic; because (1) it does not allow effective change management, (2) it does not have the flexibility required for architectural restoration projects and (3) it leads to inadequate research and planning. The results also show that the model will contribute to the successful management and completion of architectural restoration projects and that there are no rational obstacles to using the proposed model in practice.
To sum up, the results briefly suggest that a hybrid model combining agile and waterfall project management approaches with appropriate business context can be highly beneficial in meeting the unique management requirements of architectural restoration projects.