Konut yapılarının ekolojik yönü
The Ecological load of housing on the environment
Yazar: HÜLYA DİL
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. BİLGE IŞIK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Ekoloji = Ecology ; Konut = Dwelling house

Özet:
Yaşam ortamı iki yüzyıldır sanayileşme kentleşme ve hızlı nüfus artışı süreçlerinin baskısı altında biçimlenmekte, doğal kaynakların aşırı ve bilinçsizce kullanımı, endüstriyel, kentsel ve diğer zararlı atıkların artışı gibi sebeplerle ekolojik koşullar olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. Ekolojik dengenin bozulmasıyla birlikte bir çok çevresel problemler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bilimsel ve teknolojik ilerleme, buna dayanan sanayileşme, kentleşme ve ekonomik büyüme süreçleri dünyayı, insan ve diğer canlılar için yaşanmaz duruma getirecek kadar kirletmektedir. Dünyanın karşı karşıya bulunduğu kirlenme sorunu, insan- doğa ilişkilerinin iyi yönde gelişmediğinin temel göstergesidir. Bu sorundan bütün ekosistem zarar görmekte ve yaşanabilir çevreler her gün giderek daralmaktadır. Çalışmanın konusu, günümüz kentlerinde yaşanmakta olan ve her geçen gün hızla artan çevre sorunlarından ve yapılaşmanın buna etkisinden yola çıkılarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, konut yapılarının yaşanabilir çevre ve doğanın eko dengesi üzerinde oluşturduğu yükü ve etkileri ortaya koyabilmektir. Çalışma altı ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde, çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve çalışmada izlenen yöntem anlatılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise; yaşanabilir çevre kavramı, konut üretimi ve talebine bağlı olarak artan yapılaşma ile yaşanabilir çevrede oluşan etkiler ve konut sektörünün hedefleri açıklanmaktadır. Konutlar için iç ve dış çevrenin fiziksel konfor gereksinmeleri ve şartlan verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde,tüm canlıların birbirleriyle ve çevreleriyle olan ilişkilerini inceleyen, aynı zamanda insanların doğanın bütünlüğünü bozmadan, doğa ile uyum içinde yaşayabilme koşullarını arayan ekoloji bilimi kapsamında, doğanın eko dengesi incelenmiştir. Konut yapılarının yapılaşma evreleriyle çevresel değerler üzerinde oluşan etkiler incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Giderek artan doğanın tahribi ile dünyanın eko dengesinin bozulduğu ve insan sağlığının etkilendiği belirtilmiştir Dördüncü bölümde, ekolojik dengeyi korumaya yönelik ulusal ve uluslararası yasal sınırlamalara değinilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde dünyada uygulanan ekolojik tasarım örnekleri tanıtılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise, sonuçlar derlenerek, öneriler açıklanmıştır. Konut yapıları için çevresel değerleri dikkate alan ekolojik planlamanın gerekliliği ve önemi ortaya konmuştur.

Abstract:
Until the beginning of the twentieth century,in general, only relatively modest environmental changes were taking place, as the prevailing technological and economic system was unable to alter environmental conditions on the earth dramatically. However, especially after World War II mankind's capacity to destroy our habitat has increased significantly, partly as a result of radical technological changes( generating huge amounts of air, water and soil pollutants including many toxic materials), partly as a result of the rise in the world population( and its subsequent rise in consumption and mobility patterns). The environment is deteriorated in both the industrialized and the developing parts of our planet. The problem is thus most definitely a global concern. In Turkey rapid industrialization and urbanization caused damages on the environment. Because of these reasons it is necessary to make studies for protection of environment. Industrial sectors and some others change the environment and cause environmental problems. Architecture is one of these sectors with the energy and material requirements of the houses and buildings during construction, usage and demolishing stages. The certain increase in the world population has caused the importance of the housing requirement as well as the minimization of the problems related to the environment. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the pollution effects of construction processes and the ways of protection against them. To reduce or eliminate the negative impact of the construction processes on the environment. The study consists of six main sections. In the introductory section; the aim and method used in this study is explained. In the second section; ecological necessities for housings are summarized. Firstly, habitable environment and the impact of construction of housing on the environment is searched. Secondly, habitable and physical environment necessities and conditions are explained. The aim of housing sector is summarized.Environment, is the physical, biological and social-cultural conditions where inhabitants survive. Everything surrounding the inhabitant from the smallest part of to the biggest part consists environment. Habitable environment should be healthy, comfortable and secure. Moreover, habitable environment should be sensitive to the environment and energy consumption. The deterioration of the urban environment is a logic consequence of the concentration of human activities generating environmental pollution. It is often obsorved that ecological conditions in cities are worsening and call for better protection or restoration of the environment. The increase of the housing requirement related to the certain increase in the world population has caused environment problems. Building construction processes has caused the pollution effects on the environment. People require the comfort standarts such as fresh air, temperature, humidity and light in their buildings. They are comfortable in these standarts. If relative humidity is 50 percent and temperature 21-24.5 °C, environment that people live is comfortable. The aim of housing sector is to rationalize the local construction material and local man power to be utilized in mass building. To preserve natural resources and the balance of environmental system, to save funds of the country and to improve housing that fulfill the human demands are also important for rationalition. In the third section, ecological balance of nature is explained and the definitions like ecology, ecosystem are made. And then pollution and urbanization are summarized. Impacts of construction processes of housing on the environment values are examined and after then assesment is made. Since the concept of environment implicate a multi-dimensional expression; factors influencing the environment also implicate variety in connection with various variables. As the dimension and kind of environmental problem change according to this features, every one of them also influence the ecological in cities. Environmental problems are reflected to cities from interferences to natural environment, or artificial - technical environment, or social environment. If the interferences to natural environment are not planned and healthy, firstly they effect the natural structure in natural environment. Consequently; water, soil and climate is effected negatively. This negative interaction brings along the deprevation of ecological balance by effecting the flora and fauna. Deprevation of ecological balance thus effect the social environment and this brings along the concept of deprevation of own living environment by the peoplethemselves. As a result, every negative interference to nature defines a negativeness towards human health. Ecology is a study of the relation of organisms to their environment or in more simple therms, environmental biology. As ecology is basically concern with the rational use of natural and human resources, the ecological challenge for urban planning is to ensure a satisfactory quality of life for present and future generations while preserving nature at the global and local levels. Environment Natural Environment Artificial Technical Environment Social Environment Figure. Factors of Environment. ? Abiotic Factors * Biotic Factors ? Settlement Areas ? Working Places ? Water Educational institutions Transportation Establishments Power Generation Establishments » Recreational Areas * Cultural Beings Living Facilities > Learning Facilities ? Workinig Facilities ? Resting Facilities Climate Soil * Water NaturalStructure Vegetation * Animals xnUrban ecology is the study of urban ecosystems. The city as a whole can be described as ecosystems. And human activities are part of these systems. Ecosystem any area or volume that includes living organisms (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) substances interacting so that a flow of energy leads to characteristic, topographic structure and material cycles. Building exsists through taking materials for their construction. Their resouce is taken from earth. And as it is known that resources are not infinite. Man changes the environment buy taking materials from it. Building use energy in their construction and usage processes. Energy is the ability to the work. It is found as a power sources in many places and forms on planet earth. The important problem dealing with environmental problems depends on how to use it efficiently. The usage of fossil fuels dissappear carbon dioxide gas and this effects carbon monoxide- oxgyen change in nature. The equilibrium of carbon monoxide- oxgyen change is demaged. Photosynthesis process begins to failure with much carbon dioxide production. These chemical gases and their compounds heat the atmosphere, this houses "green gas house" effect. By means of this, climate change occures. And sometimes inhabitants can not accomodate to this changing conditions. Ecological equilibrium changes. Some present elements becomes destroyed, some non-present and some of them inceases. In addition to, building has consumed non renewable energy which is produce by fossil fuels. Because of this reason, we must investigate methods of construction that would not deteriorate the environment save environment. Extraction of resources beyond the capacity of the environment to replace them gesults in resource depletion. Pollution of the environment occures when methods used in extacting, processing, distributing and consuming resources creates wastes that are discharge in to the land, air and water. Urban ecology does not include all activities in urban areas. Urban specific problems mostly emerge from consuming natural resources rather than production. The particularly important urban specific problems are:. the overall structure of the area,. the plan for seperate blocks of districs,. the transportation system,. waste disposal,. water supply and sewage systems,. noise pollution,. air pollution,. organizational solutions which sholud stimulated the inhabitants to take responsibility for common environmental value.Consequently, construction processes pollute to the environment and affect to the environmental values such as air, water, soil and energy. In the forth section, some of national and international organizations and strategies for the advancement of urban environmental protection are summarized. Ecological concerns in urban planning have become the focus of study programmes and subjects for discussion in many international organizations such as OECD, UNESCO, The European Economic Community (EEC), WHO, The World Bank. For example; one of international programmes and strategies Rio Decleration, adopted by major city organizations following the city conferences in Toronto and Montreal, to be submitted to the Earth Summit. Beside the international programmes, limits that is related to environment in Turkey are determined. In this team, regulation that is called ÇED is prepared by Environmental Ministry. The aim of ÇED is to examine and realize the effects of buildings on the environment and to prevent environment pollution. In the fifth section, ecological design examples that have made all over the world are examined. The projects in individual buildings or building blocks typically focus on ecological aspects such as:. using rain water or grey waste water for toilet flushing,. composting organic waste locally,. using indigenous, plant material and climbers and supporting cultivation of vegetables in courtyards,. retaining rain water for on site infiltration or pools,. installing insulation exceeding that required by low, low-energy appliences and light bulbs,. re-using building materials,. retaining rain water for on site infiltration as passive solar energy, inexpensive district heating from combined heat and power generation usually makes active solar energy unnecessary in densely built cities; other initiatives are;. improving the efficiency of district heating by reducing operating temprature,. sorting waste more extensively than 3 fractions required by low,. establishing biogas plants for central heating and recycling of organic waste In the sixth section, the result of different levels in the research have been accumulated. As a result of this study it can be said that ecological balance of nature is deteriorated because of urbanization and construction of houing and human health XIVcourt danger. İt was seen that there are ecological necessities such as physical and habitable necessities, conditions for housing. For supplying these necessities; raw material and non renewable energy which is produced by fossil fuels are consumed in construction processes of housing. Because of this, waste disposal and pollution such as air, water and soil occur. As the conclusion, it can be said that to be necessary to save ecological balance and and to supply ecological sustainability. Because of these reasons it is necessary to take precautions such as following,. to can be reduced the consumption of fosil fuels and to can be used renewable resources such as solar energy,. to can be reduced the volume of waste that consist of construction processes of housing and pollution by means of energy and to be re used,. to can be reduced consumption of raw materials and not to can be consumed nature in production of housing. to can be used local, ecological and recycleable materials in production of housing, XV