İstanbul konut mimarisi kimliğinin, konut örüntülerine bağlı değişimi ve kent kimliği ile etkileşimi
The architectural identity of the dwellings in İstanbul, releated with the metamorphosis of the dwelling types and the interaction with the identity of the city
Yazar: CANDAN ILGIN
Danışman: PROF. DR. ORHAN HACIHASANOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1997
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Kent kimliği = Urban identity ; Konut = Dwelling house ; Konut mimarisi = Housing architecture ; İstanbul = Istanbul

Özet:
istanbul konut mimarî kimliğinin, konut örüntülerine bağlı değişimi ve kent kimliği ile etkileşimi isimli tezin amacı, İstanbul'daki konut mimari kimliğini ortaya çıkarmak ve konut örüntülerine zamana bağlı olarak değişimi incelemek ve İstanbul kent kimliğine nasıl etkilediğim ortaya çıkartmaktır. Tez altı bölümden oluşmaktadır ve her bölüm de kendi içinde alt başlıklara ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölümde tezin genel içeriği anlatılmıştır ve ele alınan konular üstünde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, kent kavramı üstünde durulmuştur ve kentsel kimlik kavramları ve değişimi oluşturan bileşenlerin açıklaması verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, 19.yy batılılaşma ve İstanbul'un kentsel kimliği ele alınmıştır. Kısaca dünya tarihine baktıktan sonra Türkiye'deki ve özellikle İstanbul'un kentsel kimlik değişimi incelenmiştir. İkinci adım olarak da konut mimarhğındaki değişim ve kentsel kimlik kavramları açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde İstanbul konut örüntülerinin değişimi, tek tek konut örüntüleri incelenmiştir. Konut örüntülerinin tarihsel gelişimleri ve kent kimliğine etkileri açıklanmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, konut mimari değişimi / kentsel kimlik değişimi etkileşim modeli kurulmuştur. Plan, cephe ve kente etkisi açısından konut değişimleri inceleyen bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Geleneksel ev - > Sıraev- > Tek konut-» Apartman ->. Toplu konut -> Gecekondu -> Banliyöler ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, yapılan incelemenin sonucunda ortaya çıkan sonuçların değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. IX

Abstract:
"The different forms taken by dwellings are a complex phenomenon for which no single explanation will suffice. All possible explanations, however, are variations on a single theme : people with different attitudes and ideals respond to varied physical environments. These responses vary from place to place because of changes and differences in the interplay of social, cultural, ritual, economic, and physical factors. These factors and responses may also change gradually in the same place with the passage of time; however, lack of rapid change and persistence of form are characteristic of primitive and vernacular dwellings. The house is an institution, not just a structure, created for a complex set of purposes. Because building a house is a cultural phenomenon, its form and organization are greatly influenced by the cultural milieu to which it belongs"(Rapoport, 1969, s. 46). The subject of the thesis is the architectural identity of the dwelling in Istanbul, the change of the dwelling types, during the time and the effects to the identity of the city. Thesis consists of six parts : In the first part the aim of the thesis has been explained. The city concept and the concept of the identity of the city has been explained in the second part. The components which form the change of the city have been explained. These components are : ? The Physical Change ? Population Change ? Settlement Scale ? Social Scale ? Employment Scale ? Technological Development ? Administrative SanctionIn the third part, the identity of Istanbul has been researched, beginning from the 1901 century westernization on. First a general look to the world history has been made. ? Industry ? Migration ? 19th century Urbanization, are the topics which show the change at the 19 century period. The change of the urban identity in Turkey and its effects on the identity of Istanbul has been explained. Urbanization Migration Overpopulation The Change of the Dwelling Types The Change of the Construction The Change of the Identity of the City The components of the change of the urban identity in Istanbul can be explained as follow : ? Socio - Cultural Identity Change ? Historical Characteristics ? Population Characteristics ? Cultural Characteristics ? Social Change Characteristics ? Physical Change ? Municipal Plan ? Fire ? Architectural Change The change of the architectural identity of dwellings and the urban identity has been examined in this context. First the urban change of the Ottoman Empire has been examined. ? The change of the height of the buildings ? The change of the plan schemes ? The change of the settlements order ? The change of the facades (front) order ? The change of the construction materials were examined in this part. XIIn the fourth part, the change of the dwelling patterns from Istanbul have been explained. The dwelling patterns were organized in seven different ways : 1. Traditional Houses 2. Row Houses 3. Single Houses 4. Apartment Houses 5. Collective Housing Settlements 6. Squatter Settlements 7. Suburbs Every dwelling pattern was analysed by its historical development and the effects to the urban identity. The plan organization, the form organization and the space organization have been analysed consequently. We can arrange the results of this analysis as follow : Socio-cultural, economic and phsical factors change the architectural identity of the dwellings interaction with the urban identity. This interaction has been seen first on the existing traditional houses, the traditional houses have been changed with time. With westernization the row houses constitued and the life-style of the people has been changed. Afterwards, single houses are the changed form of the traditional houses. The form of the single houses changes according to the architectural styles. Apartment houses have been built more after the condominium law (ownership of one unit within a multi-unit building). In the first 20th century only one person could own a parcel, after this law, more than one person could own an apartment. With the overpopulation housing need has been increased and in the urban there haven't been enough plots, so collective housing settlements have been built out of the urban. While the apartments in the collective housing settlements hasn't been economic and with migration squatter settlements have been constitued. The municipality tries to stop the squatter settlements with new suburbs. This different dwelling types effect the urban identity. In the early 20th century Istanbul has been widely, later Istanbul has got density and the boundary has broaden. In the fifth part, an interaction model according to the change of the architectural identity of the dwellings / change of the urban identity, has been created. The method of the examination change process has been explained. The plans, the facades and the situation in the city has been examined. The results of this analyses are shown in Figure 1. Every example has been explained in this part. XllFigure 1. The change characteristics of the house pattern. xmIn the sixth part, the results of the thesis have been explained. We can arrange the results of the thesis as following : ? The plans in traditional houses had a sofa, later in row-houses and apartments the sofa has changed to an entrance hall than to a corridor. ? The rooms, in the traditional houses are not specialized, but when we come to the apartments the rooms are specialized. ? The facades, in traditional houses, the ground floor is closed to the outside, there aren't any windows in the ground floor, but with westernization we have seen in row-houses windows in the ground floor. ? With the development of the apartments, we see changes in the silhouette of Istanbul. The night of the city has increased. ? Istanbul had a village view with much green area in traditional settlements, but with the increase in the population cause apartment type of dwelling. Therefore the city lost his green pattern. ? Istanbul hasn't anymore free building sites in the city center, so new suburbs developed around the city. New suburbs were healthier and better organized than the old settlements. MV