Soğuk hava deposunda yeşil sipariş sıralama probleminin yapay arı kolonisi algoritması ve genetik algoritma ile çözülmesi
Green order sorting problem in cold storage by artificial bee colony algorithm and genetic algorithm
Yazar: SERRA KÖKSAL
Danışman: PROF. DR. HARUN REŞİT YAZĞAN
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Endüstri Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering

Özet:
Çağımızın en büyük problemlerinden biri, küresel ısınmanın artmasını tetikleyen ve atmosferdeki karbondioksit miktarında artışa sebep olan sera gazıdır. Nüfusun artmasına bağlı olarak fosil yakıt kullanımının artması, ormanların yok edilmesi, sentetik gübre kullanılması, hayvanların tüketebileceklerin yeşil alanların yok edilmesi, endüstriyel faaliyetlerin artması sera gazının artmasına, dolayısıyla küresel ısınmaya sebep olmaktadır. Sera gazı salınımlarını azaltmak için uygulanabilecek en önemli çözüm yollarından biri karbon ayak izinin azaltılmasıdır.
Karbon ayak izi, üretilen sera gazı miktarı açısından insan faaliyetlerinin dolaylı veya dolaysız olarak çevreye verdiği zararın bir ölçüsüdür ve karbondioksit cinsinden ifade edilmektedir. Enerji tüketimindeki artışın doğrudan bir sonucu olarak fosil yakıtların kullanımının artması karbon ayak izi miktarının artmasına neden olmakta ve küresel ısınmayı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Karbon ayak izi miktarını azaltmak için sürdürülebilirlik ve geri dönüşüm kavramlarına odaklanarak yeşil kavramına katkıda bulunmak gerekmektedir. Son yıllarda doğal kaynakların tükendiğinin ve ekolojinin bozulduğunun farkına varan tüketiciler yeşil kavramına yönelmişler ve sürdürebilirliği sağlamak için yeşil çalışmalara ağırlık vermeye başlamışlardır.
Bu çalışmada; yeşil kavramını depolara entegre ederek soğuk hava depolarının verimliliğini arttırmak amacıyla incelemeler yapılmıştır. İncelemesi yapılan soğuk hava deposunda muhafaza edilen ürünler depolanması gereken sıcaklığa ve belirli özelliklerine göre ayrı ayrı odacıklarda depolanmaktadır. Süt ve süt ürünlerinin depolandığı bu soğuk hava deposuna gelen siparişlerin herhangi bir düzen olmamasından dolayı odacıkların kapısı sürekli açılmakta ve bu sırada dış ortam ile odacıklar arasında ısı alışverişi meydana gelmektedir. Soğuk hava deposunda bulunan odacıkların en uygun sıcaklıkta sabit kalabilmesi için soğutucular fazladan enerji harcanmakta ve bu durum hem işletme maliyetini hem de yeşil kavramını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Depoya gelen siparişlerin; dışarıdan gelen ısı transferini engelleyecek ve enerji kullanımını indirgeyecek şekilde uygun bir sıralamada toplanması amaçlanmış ve bu problemi çözebilmek amacıyla yeni yeşil sipariş sıralama modeli önerilmiştir. Önerilen matematiksel model önce elle çözülmüş, daha sonra açık ve kapalı halleri LİNGO yardımıyla çözülerek test edilmiştir. Problemin çözümünde kullanılan yeşil sipariş sıralama modeli Genetik Algoritma (GA) ve Yapay Arı Kolonisi (YAKA) Algoritması ile çözülmüş, elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Parametrelerin optimizasyonu için deney tasarımı tekniği olan Yates Notasyonu kullanılmış ve SPSS yardımı ile istatistiği yapılmıştır.

Abstract:
One of the biggest problems of our age is the greenhouse gas, which triggers the increase in global warming and causes an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Along with the unconscious increase in the population, the amount of harmful substances such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrite gas released by people into the atmosphere has increased, and it has had a negative impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the increase in population, the increase in the use of fossil fuels, the destruction of forests, the use of synthetic fertilizers, the destruction of green areas where animals can consume, and the increase in industrial activities cause an increase in greenhouse gas and thus global warming. One of the most important solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is to reduce the Carbon Footprint.
The carbon footprint is a measure of the direct or indirect harm caused by human activities to the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced and is expressed in terms of carbon dioxide. The higher the carbon footprint, the greater the impact on global warming and climate change. The carbon footprint is the amount of indirect carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, which is the result of people's daily transportation, heating, energy consumption or the use of all kinds of products they buy. Due to the unconscious behaviors and lifestyles of the society, the use of fossil fuels has increased in recent years and this situation causes environmental pollution. As a direct result of the increase in energy consumption, the increase in the use of fossil fuels causes an increase in the amount of carbon footprint and negatively affects global warming. In order to reduce the amount of carbon footprint, it is necessary to focus on the concepts of sustainability and recycling. Although individual steps taken by people to reduce their carbon footprint may seem to have a small effect, in fact, small changes made in a person's daily life significantly reduce the amount of carbon footprint and contribute to the concept of green. One of the most effective ways to reduce carbon footprint is to gain awareness of recycling. By separating wastes such as paper, glass, bottles and packaging, a great contribution can be made to sustainable energy and efficiency. Energy use can be made efficient and balanced by reducing the use of fuel used for activities such as electricity, heating and cooling, which can be expressed as energy indirect carbon emissions, as much as possible. By using public transportation vehicles instead of individual vehicles, or by choosing vehicles with hybrid and electric motors, which have become a better alternative, carbon emissions due to fuel consumption can be reduced and an important contribution can be made to reduce carbon emissions.
In recent years, with the increase in environmental problems due to the unconscious behavior of people, consumers and institutions that are aware of the behaviors that harm the nature have emphasized the importance of sustainability and recycling and revealed the concept of green. In this period when the importance of competition increased, businesses started to focus on the concept of green supply chain in order to ensure their sustainability. Green supply chain management integrates the traditional supply chain approach with sustainable environmental methods, covering all processes from manufacturing and production to the procurement process, from material selection to waste management. The green supply chain emphasizes the importance of the environment while creating value in the supply chain of companies. Green supply chain; it increases efficiency in activities such as purchasing, production, sales and marketing. It contributes to businesses with advantages such as producing less waste, being innovative, reducing operating costs, reusing raw materials, and increasing company profitability. The main aim of green supply chain management is to create a balanced and sustainable ecosystem based on recycling, generally by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Green supply chain; it covers activities such as green purchasing, green production, green marketing, green packaging and reverse logistics. Green purchasing is one of the most important subgroups of the concept of green supply chain and includes activities such as purchasing more environmentally friendly and recyclable materials. Green production covers the process of producing products by evaluating the possibilities of recycling, remanufacturing and reuse from the design stage of the products. Green marketing is marketing activities that include the production, pricing, distribution and promotion of nature friendly products that will enable the business to reach its goals while offering products to the consumer, and that includes the after use of the product. Green packaging is a sustainable packaging process using materials that cause the least possible harm to the environment. On the other hand, reverse logistics are an important subgroup of the green supply chain and is the process of collecting and examining the products that are returned, expired, or disposed of because the consumer has bought a new product.
Warehouses are active role in shortening delivery times, reducing order times, and meeting customer requests in a seamless manner; centers that produce added value. Warehouses can be divided into different types such as raw material warehouse, product warehouse, textile warehouse, dangerous material warehouse, cold storage and warehouse depending on the characteristics. Cold storage, which is one of the storage types and where high energy consumption is realized, is the storage used for the instant or long term preservation of perishable foods and specially designed to extend the consumption life of foods. The coolers in the cold storages work in order to keep the products at a suitable temperature and consume high energy in the meantime. In cold storage, energy losses caused by warehouse irregularity or order picking irregularity affect the concept of green negatively.
This study integrate a green concept into warehousing and was conducted to improve energy efficiency in cold stores with milk and other dairy products. The warehouse has 12 chambers and 44 types of milk and milk products. The products stored in this cold environment are kept in separate chambers, labeled according to their characteristics; temperature is one of them. The lack of a specific order in the organization of the products in the chamber causes the doors of the chambers to be opened and closed continuously, creating heat exchange. Therefore, the chillers consume additional energy to set the chambers to the required temperature, leading to inefficiency and increased costs. A new Order Sorting Mathematical Model for a green concept was developed. The mathematical model used to solve this problem was derived from the Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm, and the results are compared. The Yates Notation, an experimental design technique, was used to guarantee the optimization of the parameters used in the Genetic Algorithm, and the results were proved statistically. Different experimental sets with different products and product numbers were examined, and when the results of the proposed situation from the GA and the ABC were compared, it was observed that the ABC gave better quality results than the GA. When the current situation and the proposed situation are examined, the difference between the current order order and the suggested order order in terms of daily working time of the coolers is clearly seen. Due to this situation, the amount of carbon footprint decreased and the green concept was adapted to the cold storage.