Doğal, tarihi kültürel açıdan turizm potansiyelini değerlendirme modeli: Ayvalık örneği
The tourism model for evaluation of natural, historical and cultural potential: A case of Ayvalık
Yazar: İSMAİL HAKAN KOLCU
Danışman: PROF. DR. VEDİA DÖKMECİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1993
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Balıkesir-Ayvalık = Balıkesir-Ayvalık ; Turizm potansiyeli = Tourism potential

Özet:
"Evrensel olarak sanayileşmenin yarattığı çalışma koşullarının or taya çıkartığı dinlenme gereksiniminin, yine aynı çalışmanın yarattığı pa ra ve zaman olanakları ile kişinin yaşadığı kent yada ülke dışında karşı lanması", olgusu olarak ortaya çıkan Turizm olayı, gerek dünya gereksede ülkemizin sosyal, ekonomik, fiziksel ve politik yapılarında gi derek gelişen bir olgudur. Turizm olgusunun giderek bir endüstri niteliği kazanması, ile bu endüstrinin talep kısmını "motivasyonlar" arz kısmını ise "çekicilik ve kaynaklar" oluşturmakta, bir Turizm endüstrisi ürünü ortaya çıkmaktadır. Doğal, tarihi ve kültürel alanların turizm pazarında "turistik ürün" olarak yer alması, bu alanların özgün niteliklerinin; aşm kullanım ve çeşitli fi ziksel, sosyal etkilerle yitirilmesi tehlikesini doğurmuştur. Bu tehlikele rin giderilmesi ve doğal, tarihi, kültürel açılardan ulusal miras kapsamın daki alanların "koruma+kullanma" dengesi gözetilerek turizm pazarına sokulması gereklidir. Bu dengeyi sağlayacak bir turizm modeli seçimi "talebe göre turizm arzı yerine arza göre turizm talebi" şeklinde olmalı dır. Sonuçta benimsenen modele dönük uygulama önerileri ve turizm tür leri, alternatifler üretilmelidir. Yukarıda açıklanan, tez çalışmasının amacı doğrultusunda örnek alan incelemesi olarak seçilen Ayvalık kentinin turizm pazarındaki yapı sı; turistik çekicilikler (arz yapısı) ve turizm gelişimi (talep yapısı) açısından incelenmiş ve alana dönük turizm modelleri, tespit edilmiştir. Ko ruma ve kullanma dengesi gözetilerek alanda benimsenen turizm türleri ve alternatiflerinin uygulanabilirliği araştırılmış; fînansal, mekansal ve sosyo+politik önlem ve sınırlamalar getirilmiştir. Yukarıda benimsenen temel düşünce ve Ayvalık örneğinden çıka rılan sonuçlar neticesinde; ülkenin doğal, tarihsel ve kültürel miras kap samındaki alanlarının turizm endüstrisi içinde yer alışı için bir sistem ve turizm modeli seçim şeması üretilmiştir. Bu şema kapsamında ülkenin, fiziksel, fînansal, toplumsal ve politik yapılarına ilişkin öneriler getirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The settlements gained new peculiarities with the rapid deve lopment of production and administrative activities after the industrial revolution. Tourism which developed as a social science and its main object is human beings, showed a large scale growth as a result of technological developments, increasing income levels and underdevelo ped countries. Tourism has a complex structure and a variety of activities. Fade group has a special motivation and tourism penetrates every seg ment of human life. This complex activity provides vital information from a variety of branches of Science. It has continuous relations with Economy, Geeography, Psycology Sociology, Medical Sciences, Politics and Law. About 73 definitions of tourism has been observed in literature depending their objectives and approaches. These can be classified in 5 groups according to their approach: 1. Etymologic and Nominal definitions 2. Economic definitions 3. Universal definitions 4. Sociological definitions 5. Explanatory definitions. Etymologic tourism which covers transportation and tempo rary stay, can be defined as: "the travels of human beings to change air, to go summer house, sports, education, visiting, research and exploration, health, amusement, recreation, art § culture, without ai ming permanent settling alone or in a group." In economic definitions the travels of foreigners are covered in terms of economic outcomes. We can talk a tourism activity if a con sumer devotes some portion of his in come to travel, to go holiday or to stay temporarily. In this case there is a direct relation between his income and expenditures.Universal definition focused on interrelation of human beings globally. Here the main objective is to comprehend this complex phe nomena in all aspects. For any individual the decision to take a holiday stems from both needs and desires. Which are extrinsic, a feeling that the individu al would get pleasure or satisfaction from doing something, and are acquired through and dependent on the value system prevelent in soci ety. Stabler's works included the demand and supply structure and motivation of tourism industry. Motivations for pleasure travel con tain push factors related to the home environment, such as break from work, escape from routine, respite from everyday worries, and pull factors related to the stimulus of new places and the attractions of r destinations. Motivations have been classified; 1. Physical and physiological motivation 2. Social (for prestige or status reasons) motivations 3. Cultural motivations 4. Relax and recreational motivations The supply structure of tourism industry consists of resources and attributes. These factors form the tourist product. Land defines the supply structure of demand in tourism. Touristic product is the sun of the components which satisfies the travelling motivation of human be ings. In other words it is the combination of attributes, benefits and ac- cecibility. The touristic attributes which form supply structure of tou rism industry can be classified in two groups: 1. Primary attributes 2. Secondary attributes Primary attributes are; geographical features, such as mounta ins, beaches, lakes, rivers, forests, natural features, cultural pheno mena, climate, historical monuments, antique cities,... etc. Secondary attributes are; touristic and recreational amenities, transmission of information, transportation, entertainment catering and shopping facilities and staying for the night. Drawing the threads of the argument together with respect to demand it has been suggested that images are concerved through the xivinteraction of needs, motivations and preferances on the one hand and experience, knowledge, and personal characteristics on the other, to inf luence the decision process of selecting tourist activities and destinati on. A crucial element in the information available to the consumer is the images as perceived and promoted by the supply side. In this ima ge is founded on the resources and attributes of destination region. Succesfull promotion of the destination's image results in a higher level of tourist activity with consequences for its economic socio- cultural and environment structure. These explanations in Second Chapter. Third chapter determines the interaction of tourism and the his toric city and the concept of "tourist historic city". This interrelation between "conservation or history" and "tourism" is included in this chapter: We can categorise landed proeperty in two groups in relation with tourism: 1. Recreation oriented sites a- Natural sites b- Ecological sites 2. Culture oriented sites a. Historical sites b Archeological sites c. Urban sites (Historical city) The importance of history as a primary or suplementary motive for recreational travel can be demonstrated at a number of spatial sca les. Although not all sites and objects of historical interest are to be found in Urban areas, cities play dispropartionately important role as the collection and display centres for the artistic productivity and his torical associations of a nation or region. The importance of the en semble of historical relies and buildings in creating an overall atmosp- hers of antiquity, that can rarely be achieved by an individual site, allows cities as a whole to become tourist attractions. Given the impor tance of marketable history to the tourism industry, it is necessary to be more precieve about its definition and to introduce two related con cepts to aid this analysis: L Historic City 2. Cultural Heritage xvThe historic city as a conceptualisation of a particular sort of ur ban phenomenon is derived from far more than just the antiquity of the buildings gathered together in particular towns. It is composed of three elements, the characteristics of the urban form; the valuation pla ced on aspects of that form expressed through the preservation of a selection of the morphological elements and more broadly through a conservational philosophy of urban management; and the functioning of the city for both residents and non residents in such a way that the historical attributes are consciously exploited. Such a concept with its accent on planning intervention and use can be directly related to particular consumer markets through the concept of heritage. These is the notion that there exists a demand for the preserved or reconstructed urban historical artefacts. Tourists have, in general a more restricted knowledge of, and in terest in, the art and history of a region than local inhabitants. The tendency of is for tourists to associate places with a few easily recog nised characteristics or landmarks of international Significance and confine their visits to a pre-selected handful of such attractions, lar gely ignoring those of slightly lesser renown or merit. This aspect of the spatial behaviour of visitors has been adequately examined elsew here and related to various visitor characteristics. The classification of tourist historic city depends on some gene ral characteristics of the city and creates or three dimensional classifi cation. 1. Population of the city (small, middle and big cities) 2. Functional diversity (monofunctional and multifunctional) 3. Resource - demand spectrum (resource based cities and demand based spectrum cities) In order to define and delimit the tourist historic city it is ne cessary to isolate it, and this isolation is especially unreal and mislea ding in the development of marketing strategies. Hardly any historic ci ties, however extensive or imposing their heritage, can engage the attention of visitors for more than a few days and in the case of most Medium-sized cities a few hours. As any individual city can only provide a part of the total holiday experience, a collection of such citi es may be packaged together by the consumer. The position of any one only within such a network in terms of accesibility and complementa rity is therefore critical and has obvious implications for marketing. xviHistoric city tourism is only one type of holiday which may be located within reach of quite different tourist regions possessing present problems of competition for resource or equally opportunities for complementary promotion. There are many examples of the tourist -historic city offering its historic attractions or its urban entertain ment, catering and shopping facilities, as day excussion objectives for holiday-makers staying in neighbouring beach or inland rural holiday regions. The tourist-historic function is one of many urban functions, which complete or co-operate within the city, and planning for tourism without a consideration of the broader goaals and problems of the city is futile. It cannot always be assumed that the marketing of the tourist- historic function will accord with the other legitimate objectives of the urban managers. The marketing to visitors of the heritage of the tourist historic city offers real economic possibilities to a wide range of cities. The succesful exploitation of these opportunities depends to a large extend on the skill and sensitivity of the intermediaries, who must, as their na me implies, come between and thereby bring together not merely the different institutions involved but also the range of interest and goals that comprise that city. Tourist historic city can be regarded as a whole and a functional model which consist of the concentration of some uses. (Tundbridge, Ashworth's model) This model in the third chapter. The impacts of the tourism explained in fourth chapter. The im pacts may be absolute or relative, direct or indirect, quantitative or qua- lititive. The net impact of tourism may well be difficult to separate from the changes that would have occurred at any rate. The complex nature of tourism makes it extremely difficult to devise a single measure of im pact. Meeasures of economic impact, that is monetary measures, are inapprapriate to the assessment of many of the qualitative considerations that emerge whilst considering social and environmental impacts. These impacts can be classified in four groups according to their app roach: 1. The impact of tourism on the natural environment 2. The impact of tourism on the historical and cultural environ ment 3. The impact of tourism on the economic and social environ ment xvu4. The impact of tourism on planning system and legal context The above impacts of tourism are examined in positive and nega tive aspects. In the same chapter Five Year Development Plans and Annual Investment and Application Programs are examined from the tourism point of views. These documents showed us the proposals to preserve and develope the natural, historical and cultural heritage and tourism policy. Ayvalık case study is evoluated is the above context and further detailed in fifth chapter. The touristic attributes, historical structure and spatial entities which emphasizes its potential in tourism market is summarised below: Natural Attributes of Ayvalık: - Şeytan Sofrası (Devil's Table): There is one old legend that de vils used to meet and dinnighere every evening. - Cunda (Alibey Adaları -Hekatonnesoi): These island is the cradle of the ancient civilizations mentionned above while discussing archeology. - Tımarhane Adası - Taşlı Manastır - Çıplak Tepe - İlk Kurşun Tepesi (İlyas Peygamber Tepesi) - Sarımsak Beaches Cultural Attributes of Ayvalık: - Historical Monuments: Saatli Mosque (Agios Yannis), Çınarlı Mosque (Agios Yorgios), Hayrettin Paşa Mosque (Kato Panaya), Bi berli Mosque (Agios Nikolas), Hamidiye Mosque, Aya Nikolai Church, Agios Dimitrios Church, Taksiyarhis Church, Meryemana Church (Tis Koimiseas tis Theotokou), Profit tliou, Agios Yorgios, Aya Varvara and Agia Paraskevi churches... - Ancient civilizations and Antique City: Pordoselene, Nassos, and Kydonie are the antique city of Ayvalık Settlement - History: There are no clues as to how the name Kydonie, which in the Greek language, means quince also. This name goes back to 330 BC in philosopy and geography references. xvmThrough antiquity, the Ayvalık Islands were referred to as Heca- tonisso. This probably comes from the name of the largest island Cun da, or Alibey Island, then called the Nesos. Obviously the word sug gests kinship with Apollo, first God of the town, since Hecatos was Apollo's nickname. The islands were occasionally referred to as Apollo Island. Cunda is not the only town on the islands. Chalkis, Pordosele- ne and Kydonia should also be mentioned. Although antique sources rarely refer to Kydonia (Ayvalık) famous geographer Pilinius who died during the eruption of Vesuvius does say that the place has a well known thermal spring which flows in summer. Today, antique findings can be seen in ample quantities around the Cunda side of the bridge, where ancient Ayvalık is supposed to ha ve been located. These indicate that the town was alive and thriving du ring the Hellenistic period (330-30 BC), the Roman period (30 BC-395 AD) and the Byzantine Era (395-1453 AD). It is be lived that the town reached its prime during the Roman period but somehow gradually lost its importance in the time of Byzan tium, when the residential area shifted towards the First Bullet Hill. In fact, from then on, the town grew around this new center, while the initial town grew around this new center, while the initial town eventu ally got buried. Out of the four original towns, Chalkis and Pordoselene have concluded their lives, while Kydonia (Ayvalık) and Nesos (Cunda) con tinued to live without interruption and they still do. The contemporary Ayvalık first began to establish its name du ring the early seventeen hundreds. The town's leader of the time was Ionnis Dimitrakellis, a priest called Ikonomos by the townsfolk, a born organizer, raised and educted at Aynaroz. He used to have a large farm on the shore, where the present city park now stands. Having befrien ded Gazi Hasan Pasha of Algiers, a former admiral and later prime mi nister of the Ottoman Empire, he managed to secure a ferman (Sultan's order) giving autonomy to the Cristian Orthodox people of Ayvalık. This autonomy had quite a coverage, as witnessed by Raffanel, who came to the area before 1821 and wrote as follows: "The administration of the Ayvalık people may well be termed as a small republic legislating its own laws." XIXContinuously receiving immigrants from Peloponesia, Trace and Macedonia, the town kept growing until 1821. An Academy was founded, the construction of which was completed in 1803. Production levels of olive oil and soap was then quite high and exports were made to Russia, to Balkanic countries and even to Marseilles. Quite a number of wheat mills were built to grind imported wheat. Wine and salt in dustries were Ayvalık was already a metropolis by then. Priest Ikono- mos' successsors founded a printing press in 1819 as well. However the Ayvalık Acamedy got secretly involved with the Greek nationalism. During the early days of May 1821, the townsfolk attacked two small Turkish ships passing by, threw the soldiers into the sea and set fire to the ships. The negative attitude of these Greeks, who had so far lived in such a pleasant site and who enjoyed the best of life and liberty, infuria ted the Ottoman rule, who forced them to leave the town. They did le ave and set the town on fire before leaving. In 1827 they were allowed to return to their homes but they were now deprived of their former special privileges. They no longer enjoyed that rich Ottoman tolerance allowing a peaceful coexistence. In 1840, Ayvalık was linked with Balıkesir, losing its auto nomy and becoming an ordinary town of the Ottoman Empire. According to the statistics of Vital Guinet, employed by the Ot toman empire to conduct surveys in Anatolia. The Population of Ayva lık had dropped to 21.666 in 1891, and the area had become an operati on ground for smugglers. Smuggling was just another activity along with olive-oil, soap, leather production, various agriculture and manufacture. It was just as widely spread and well organized. The reason for newer buildings be ing closely knit together, allowing only narrow strips for streets, was mainly to simplify probable problems of smuggling. The Ottoman aut horities arrested certain important smugglers in an effort to clean out the area. In early nineteen century Ayvalık was an important name mentioned in international negotiations and housed the consulates of Greece, Great Britain, Italy France and Norway. xxAccording to a survey dated 1905 some 700 leather workers were working in about go manufacturing units of various sizes, including two factories. Unprocessed leather imported from Bombay of India was worked into shoe soles, in quality comparable to French specifications, and were re-exported. Unfortunately Ayvalık Academy had been an eastword extenti- on of the Greek Orthodox church which always possessed a chauvinis tic concept of nationalism. This church had constantly been a provoker of hostilities between peoples of various religions and races, causing the shed of human blood. Supported by Tsarist Russia and imperialist Great Britain, the Greek "Megalo idea" consisted of recupturing Istan bul, along with the rich lands of western Anatolia. The Greek Church pushed the country's politician Continuously Ayvalık Academy prin ting press had also been exploited for the same purpose. Turkish ships had been attacked and sunk, while Greece joined the efforts of great powers of Europe to wipe out the Ottoman Empire, with the hope of grabbing the western shoreline for herself. Meanwhile she used the Gre eks of Ayvalık as spies and accomplicies. Immediately upon becoming aware of the situation, the war go vernment of the Ottoman Empire imposed compulsory emigration onto these Greeks and moved them into central Anatolia, installing in their place the Boshnaks. World tourism development, regional and national tourism acti vities are examined to incentify the tourism potential of Ayvalık in the scope of attractivity. The touristic development of the settlement was examined with relation to spatial structure. In this chapter, the positive and negative im pact of tourism on natural, historical and cultural sites explained in deta il, in the context of fourth chapter. As an outcome of the above analysis, the touristic potential of Ayvalık was set. The tourism models to be supplied to the market are listed below which will increase the market shame, and ballance the conservation and exploitation without clemaging its natural-cultural- historical identity: 1. High Rise (quality ) Tourism 2. Private interest Tourism (Special Interest Groups) 3. Cultural Tourism 4. Health Tourism xxiHigh Rise Turism: (Quality Tourism) In this category target audiance is high income groups. They have a tendency to stay longer periods and they spend more the main objective here is to provide original sites having primary attibutes in tegrated within secondary attributes. Large scale original urban sites. Should be restored accurately are to be transformed for touristic. Special Interest Groups Tourism: The target audiance in such activities has specialized and diver sified interest, for instance surf, diving, trekking, hiking... etc. These cultural and sporting activities are organized on the natural areas of settlements. The activities should be programmed in a may that the local cultural and environmental values should not be destroyed. Special in terest group tourism has a selective marketing technique covering a variety of income level. It is contrary to the high rise tourism in this respect. Cultural Tourism: The objects and the resources are the historical and cultural bu ildings of the settlement which inherit the impact of ancient civilizati ons. Reanimation of ancient cultural athmosphere is the main idea. An "Research Institue" is proposed for Ayvalık covering botany, to exp lore the natural, climatic and flora-fauna attributes; history of art and li terature, philosophy, mythology, architecture, ethnology, archeology and fine arts. Finally "Theme Parks" can be organized to serve the city for cultural tourism. Health Tourism: Health tourism can be developed on the basis of local climate, sun § Sea, thermal resources in the historical environment of the sett lement. The applicability of the proposed tourism models are explained at the end of the chapter. The restrictions and physical proposals to eliminate the negative effects of touristic activities are also argued. Sixth chapter covers the conclusions drawn from previous chapters and proposals. These arguments are focused or the local sca le, Ayvalık. XXllA set of proposals are developed for a tourism development mo del in the framework of national tourism policies and law. The propo sals were directly related to the goal: preservation of natural, historical and cultural heritage and original urban form. This study aimed to eliminate the negative impacts of existing tourism activities and its spatial reflection with legal regulations; soci al, spatial and financial proposals.