Enerji verimliliği yükümlülük sisteminin elektrik dağıtım şirketlerinde uygulanması
Implementation of energy efficiency obligation scheme to electricity distrubution companies
Yazar: BERAT BERKAN ÜNAL
Danışman: PROF. DR. SERMİN ONAYGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Enerji = Energy

Özet:
Artan nüfus, yükselen yaşam standartları ve gelişen teknoloji için gereken enerji ihtiyacının sağlanması ve yarına yaşanılabilir bir dünya bırakılabilmesi için doğanın korunması, fosil enerji kaynaklarının daha çevreci tüketilmesi, doğaya daha az zarar veren enerji kaynaklarının kullanımının arttırılmasıyla birlikte enerji tüketiminin yaşam standartlarında konfordan, üretimde kalite ve miktar seviyelerinden ödün verilmeden azaltılmasını sağlayan enerji verimliliği çalışmalarının yapılması en güncel ve gerekli konulardan biridir. Birçok gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülke yatırımcıların yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yatırım yapması, enerji piyasa katılımcılarının enerji verimliliği çalışmaları içinde yer alması ve nihai tüketicilerin de enerjiyi verimli kullanımı için çeşitli stratejilere sahiptir. Bu stratejiler sadece ulusal anlamda değil aynı zamanda uluslararası anlamda da yer bulmuştur ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik seviyelerine göre enerji talepleri arttığı için bu stratejiler daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Avrupa Birliği, enerji sistemini dekarbonize, rekabetçi, güvenilir ve sürdürülebilir hale getirmek istemektedir ve bunun için sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltmak, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımını ve enerji verimliliğini artırmak için 2020, 2030 ve 2050 hedeflerini belirlemiştir.
Avrupa Birliği, enerji verimliliğini artırmak amacı ile 4 Aralık 2012'de 2012/27/EU Enerji Verimliliği Direktifi'ni yürürlüğe koymuştur. Direktifin 7. maddesine göre, üye devletlerin nihai enerji tüketicilerinin tüketimlerinde belirlenen seviyelerde enerji tasarrufu sağlamak için Enerji Verimliliği Yükümlülük Sistemi (EYVS) oluşturmaları ve/veya alternatif politika önlemleri almaları gerekmektedir. EVYS, enerji satışı yapan şirketlerin (dağıtıcılar, perakendeciler, tedarikçiler v.b.) nihai tüketiciler üzerinde enerji verimliliği çalışmaları yapma yükümlülüğünü tanımlayan bir mekanizmadır. Ülkeden ülkeye farklılıklar gösterebilen EVYS esnek bir sistemdir.
Enerji verimliliği, ülkelere enerjinin ekonomi üzerindeki yükünü hafifletme, dışa bağımlılığı azaltma ve enerji arz güvenliği sağlama imkanı verdiği için Türkiye tarafından sürdürülebilir kalkınma için çok önemli bir bileşen olarak düşünülmektedir. Ulusal enerji politikasına göre enerji kaynaklarının üretimden nihai tüketimine kadar tüm aşamalarda verimli ve çevreye en az seviyede zarar verecek şekilde kullanımı ile ülkenin sürdürülebilir kalkınmasının sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Enerjinin üretimden nihai tüketimine kadar tüm aşamalarda verimliliğinin artırılması ve tüm sektörlerde enerji yoğunluğunun azaltılması Türkiye ulusal enerji politikasının öncelikli ve önemli amaçlarıdır. 2007 yılında Enerji Verimliliği Kanunu yürürlüğe girdikten sonra Türkiye enerji verimliliği üzerine belgeler yayımlamıştır. Bu belgelere ek olarak Türkiye 2017 yılında 2017 yılından 2033 yılına kadar ulusal enerji verimliliği hedefleri ve enerji verimliliği eylemlerini içeren Ulusal Enerji Verimliliği Eylem Planı'nı (UEVEP) uygulamaya geçirmiştir. Ulusal Enerji Verimliliği Eylem Planı'nda 10,9 milyar ABD doları yatırım yapılarak kümülatif olarak 2017 yılından 2023 yılına kadar 23,901 MTEP enerji tasarrufu ve 2033 yılına kadar ise 86,369 MTEP enerji tasarrufu sağlanması hedeflenmiştir. Türkiye, ulusal enerji tasarrufu hedeflerini başarmak için UEVEP'te EVYS uygulamayı planladığını da açıklamıştır. EVYS'nin UEVEP hedeflerinin karşılanmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Bu tez çalışmasında, Türkiye'de kurulması planlanan EVYS'ye alt yapı oluşturmak amacıyla farklı ülkelerdeki uygulamaların incelenmesi, önemli enerji verimliliği potansiyeline sahip enerji verimliliği eylemlerinin önerilmesi, üç farklı senaryo altında farklı hedeflere sahip dört karma tamsayılı doğrusal programlama modeli geliştirilerek EVYS'nin elde edeceği enerji tasarruflarının minimum maliyet ile belirlenmesi ve EVYS'de elde edilen enerji tasarruflarının birbirleri ile kıyaslanarak miktar ve maliyet açısından analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
To meet the needs for increases in the population, living standards, and technology as well as for having a more livable world, energy efficiency that reduces energy consumption without decreasing level of comfort, and levels of quality and quantity in the production and services is one of the most current and essential topics. Increasing energy prices, concerns about energy supply security, technological developments, climate change and desire for energy independence are the main reasons for efforts on energy efficiency. For these reasons, the energy efficiency policies of the countries that are generally aimed at increasing energy efficiency at all stages from generation to final consumption and in all sectors where energy is used are of great importance in terms of the protection and sustainability of the world and its resources.
Many developed and developing countries have various strategies to encourage participants in the energy market to carry out energy efficiency actions, and end-users to consume energy, efficiently together with investing in renewable energy sources. These strategies are taken place both nationally and internationally, hence, they have become even more important as the energy demands of the countries have increased according to their development levels. The European Union (EU) wants to make the energy system decarbonized, competitive, secure and sustainable, thus, set targets for 2020, 2030, and 2050 to reduce emissions, enhance energy efficiency and raise the use of renewable energy. The EU countries have made progress on energy efficiency and renewable energy over the last decades.
The EU Energy Efficiency Directive (EED-2012/27/EU) has entered into force on December 04th, 2012. According to Article 7 of the Directive, member states have to use an Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme (EEOS) or alternative policy measures to obtain energy savings. EEOS that imposes energy efficiency obligations on the energy companies (distributors, retailers, suppliers, etc.) is a mechanism in which these energy companies take energy efficiency actions on different end-use sectors such as commercial, industrial, residential, and transportation. There are currently 16 EEOS in the EU. Though there are similarities between some of the EEOS, these schemes may vary from state to state. Each EEOS may have specific features and rules on the scheme since it is a flexible system, hence, these EEOS may be quite different from each other. EEOSs do not restrict their obligated companies to decide how to obtain energy savings. In other words, EEOS provides its obligated companies the freedom to decide how to obtain energy saving so that they can optimize costs and benefits of energy savings.
Energy efficiency obligation scheme is one of market-based energy policy instruments. EEOSs basically consist of final users, obligated parties selling energy to final users, a responsible authority setting energy efficiency targets and imposing energy efficiency obligations to obligated parties, a managing authority responsible for implementation of scheme and other institutions providing technical support. The obligated parties may be all the energy companies (distributors, retailers and suppliers) in all end-use sectors. As EEOSs are flexible systems, they may have different obligated actors, rules and scopes. Some schemes have a trading system of energy savings and/or energy savings certificates (CEE). Thanks to the opportunity enabled by the trading systems, the obliged parties can fulfil energy efficiency obligations by purchasing energy savings or CEE. The obliged parties can compensate for their cost of the obligation by selling their energy savings surplus than their obligations to other obliged parties. The energy efficiency obligations of the obliged parties are generally determined based on one of the following factors: their annual energy sales, market shares or number of customers.
In parallel with the EU, energy efficiency is considered as a crucial component of sustainable development by Turkey, as energy efficiency enables countries to alleviate the burden of energy on the economy, reduce energy import dependency and provide energy supply security. According to the Turkish national energy policy, it is aimed to ensure sustainable development of the country by using energy and its' resources efficiently throughout the energy chain from production to consumption and minimizing environmental impact. On the basis of the Energy Efficiency Law, which was enforced in 2007, Turkey has implemented the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) in 2017 that includes national energy efficiency targets from 2017 to 2023 with extension to 2033 with required actions. According to EU Energy Efficiency Directive, member countries are obliged to prepare national action plan on energy efficiency. The NEEAP of Turkey has been prepared to make the highest contribution to the prosperity of the country by utilizing energy resources and natural resources in the way efficienct and environment friendly. Moreover, Turkey's NEEAP is important for compliance with the Directive. In the NEEAP, it is calculated to achieve energy savings 23,901 mtoe cumulatively by 2023 and 86,369 mtoe cumulatively by 2033, for which the investment of 10,9 billion USD is needed. In other words, Turkey has targeted a 14% reduction in the primary energy consumption in 2023 with the help of fifty-five actions arranged under six categories. To meet the national energy-saving targets, Turkey has announced to plan EEOS in the NEEAP. Even two actions arranged under the category of horizontal actions have direct relevance to the implementation of the EEOS. However, up to now EEOS has not been implemented, yet.
In this thesis study, in order to contribute to the establishment of EEOS in Turkey, it is aimed to examine the EEOS in different EU member countries, propose energy efficiency actions that have moderately high energy efficiency potential, determine the energy savings from EEOS by developing four mathematical models that have different targets and periods under three scenarios and analyze the energy savings from EEOS in terms of both the quantity and cost issues by comparing with each other. The models formulated as mixed-integer linear programming that try to minimize the total cost of energy efficiency actions taken and penalty payments while meeting energy-saving targets. The models are run separately for each electricity distribution company. The scenarios are different from each other due to their particular constraints. In the first scenario, the quantity of energy savings that can be obtained yearly by the companies is restricted to 101% of their annual obligations so that the companies can invest every year. In the second scenario, at least 5% of the potentials of energy efficiency actions are fulfilled in addition to the first scenario's particular constraint. In the third scenario, there is no particular constraint; and, therefore, companies can carry out energy efficiency actions when and how they want, but each company can implement various of energy efficiency actions determined based on the companies' sales data realized in the last three years. The incentives that electricity distribution companies could obtain were calculated for the savings that the companies achieved in excess of their obligations according to the results in the third scenario, but the incentives were not included in the models. In the third scenario, the companies achieve more energy savings than energy savings in other scenarios with the less cost as they can take all energy efficiency actions that meet their obligations in the first year. 
It is certainly possible that the obliged companies in the system will take a commercial route in meeting their obligations and want to meet their obligations with the best choice for them. As can be easily predicted that the best option will be the cheapest one. Hence, obliged companies mostly have a tendency to implement the cheapest energy efficiency actions. However, cost-effective actions may not always be sufficient. Therefore, obliged companies need to implement high-cost actions, as well. In this case, financial incentives enable the obliged companies to compensate for a significant part of the costs for meeting their obligations. Moreover, as companies have different customer portfolios, they may show different performances in fulfilling obligations. The average cost per kWh of energy saved is expected to vary from company to company mainly because of companies' different customer portfolio. The expenses of the companies can vary considerably, depending on the companies' average cost per kWh saved. Thus, obliged companies may experience difficulties in meeting their obligations. The failures to meet obligation can happen as a result of financial difficulties in the countries in which EEOS is available. Afterwards, financial penalties can force the obliged companies to fulfill their obligations by taking extra energy saving measures. By this scheme, incentives and penalties can become the driving force behind the obliged companies in EEOS. When it is considered, it is clear that incentive and penalty can have a significant role in meeting obligations. Nonetheless, it should not be forgotten that it is necessary to find the right balance between them for the success of EEOS. When the right balance isn't found, this situation may have negative impact on the success of EEOS. Thus, finding the right balance between incentives and penalties may be of crucial importance in fulfilling obligations.
In accordance with Directive 2012/27/EU, two seven-year models with an annual target of 1.5% constant and low energy savings have been established, respectively. In addition, a third model with a fixed energy saving of 2% per year has been designed in order to see the effect of higher obligation rates apart from the directive recommendations. The fourth is a ten-year model with an annual fixed energy saving of 0.8% determined by the European Commission for the 2021-2030 period. The highest total cost together with the most energy savings are achieved with the third model, while the lowest total cost with  the second highest energy saving is by the fourth model. For a successful EEOS program, selecting small and achievable targets at the beginning and increasing the targets over time would be a correct approach. Furthermore, costs of EE actions by obliged participants and the energy savings they will provide are very important for EEOS to achieve its main target. Therefore, the success of EEOS will rely on all components of EEOS. For commercial, industrial and residential sectors, ten energy efficiency actions are used in the thesis study. Replacing inefficient electric motors, lighting systems and refrigerators with the efficient ones and also using variable speed drivers with the electric motors were determined as the best energy efficiency actions for obliged participants.