Bina cephelerindeki hasarlar, nedenleri ve giderilme yolları /
Yazar: ÖZLEM TÜZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. NİHAT TOYDEMİR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1996
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Cephe = Facade ; Cephe malzemeleri = Facade materials

Özet:
Ülkemizde binaların tasarım, yapım, kullanım ve bakım süreçlerinde bir çok nedene bağlı olarak yapılan hatalar sonucunda binalarda değişik nitelikte yapı hasarları oluşmaktadır. Bu hasarlar binanın kullanımını zorlaştırdığı, zaman zaman büyük bakım ve onarım yapılmasını gerektirdiği, ayrıca görüntü olarak da olumsuz etki bıraktığı için bu incelemenin konusu olarak seçilmiştir. Bilindiği gibi bina yapım süreci tasarımdan uygulamaya kadar bir bütün oluşturur. Bu bütünü oluşturan adımlardan herhangi birisindeki bir hata ürünü (binayı) doğrudan etkilediği için, istenmeyen değişik yapı hasarlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olur. Bu çalışmada yukarıda açıklanan ana fikre bağlı olarak, İstanbul'da yapılmış yüzü aşkın bina üzerinde bina cephelerinde oluşan hasarlar konusunda inceleme yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda ele alınan tez sekiz bölümden oluşmaktadır ve çalışmada hipotetik dedüktif yöntem kullanılmıştır. Birinci bölümde, bina yapım ve kullanım sürecinin adımları ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, bina cephelerini etkileyen değişik faktörler,. Meteorolojik faktörler. Mekanik faktörler. Kimyasal faktörler o Biyolojik faktörler olarak incelenmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde bina cephelerinin korunması amacıyla yapılabilen çeşitli cephe kaplamaları ele alınmakta ve açıklanmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde de bu kaplamaları korumak amacı ile kaplamalar üzerine yapılan değişik kökenli koruma işlemleri ele alınmakta ve açıklanmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde İstanbul'da bu bağlamda yapılan bir alan çalışması ele alınmakta, yüzü aşkın bina cephesi üzerinde oluşmuş değişik nedenlere (tasarlama, uygulama, kullanım ve bakım) bağlı hasarlar açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Altıncı bölüm yapılan alan çalışmasına bağlı olarak, daha evvelki bölümlerin ışığında cephe hasarlarının nedenlerinin analizine dayalı bir irdeleme çalışmasıdır. Sonuç bölümünde ise, çalışmanın amacı, yöntemi ile çalışmada var olan sonuçlar hasar oluşum nedenlerine göre ele alınmakta, varılan bulgular açıklanmakta ve hasar oluşmasını önlemek için ne gibi konulara dikkat edilmesi gerektiğine işaret edilmektedir.

Abstract:
In our country, in spite of having technical possibilities and information in building sector, it is a big problem to build healthy buildings which will suffice users needs. Because of the economical conditions of our country, in order to reduce the costs unconsiously, some uneffective construction methods are applied and as a result of this, unhealthy and waek buildings, in which the defects and failures can be seen are realized. When the economic and social conditions are evaluated, the solution of the problems in building production and to increase its effectiveness are become significiant. Increasing the effectiveness of the building production is possible by constructing healthy buildings and keeping their present standart untill their destruction. The efficiency, convenience, life span, economic viability and appearance of any building can be effected by decisions taken and actions performed at any time in the history of a building project, from its initial conception to its final demolition. Because of the failures made while design, constraction,use and care phases of the buildings, several kinds of facade problems occur. So, in order to make the life of abuilding longer, their functions must be kept until their destruction and demolition, natural attrition, wearing and tearing must be prevented by an effective maintenance system that is going to be applied to all subsystems of a building. In the life cycle of abuilding, the building defects and failures can not be prevented, all buildings start to deteriorate from the moment they are completed and from that time begin to need maintenance is ignored and effective maintenance applications can rarely to be met.This condition causes lower environmental standarts and the necessity of the solution of technical and managerial problems. These building facade problems are chosen the subject of this study because of their making the use of the building harder, sometimes needing a big care and restoration which causes to spend a lot of money and leaving a negative effect on people. XIAs known, construction time is a total of design and construction phases. A mistake while the steps of this time effects the building negative and causes several unwanted building problems. In this study, more then a hundered photos of buildings in Istanbul were taken and the problems occured on their facades are examined carefully and failures were fixed. Then the reasons of the failures were searched and what could be done against these reasons were tried to be fixed. Materials were searched. In order to obtain the best out of the materials available, it is necessary to have an understanding not only of the proporties of the materials themselves but also of the factors which influence their performance and durability. This study, which named "Building facede problams, reasons and removing ways" has eight chapters and in this study hiphotetic deductive system is used. In the first chapter, the steps of the building construction and using phases are taken as subjects. If the physical balance of the building is harmed building problems occur. A building is attacked from all sides., from without and within. The structure settles down, materials swell and shrink, expand and contract, air and waterborne chemicals and dirt attack surfaces causing discolouration and corrosion. Normal wear and tear soon have an effect on all parts of the buildings. When the constitution procesOs of the defects at the subsystems of building is examined, it can be seen that defect is aproblem unique to construction system That's why, the definition and diagnosis of defect carry importance according to the construction system. The cumulative effect of sno and rain, wind and sun, atmospheric pollution and chemical actions cause the deterioration and erosion of the building fabric. The building defects can be seen in two types : 1. Figurative Defect - Functional Construction Defects - Formal construction Defects 2. Constructional Defects - Structural defects - Physical Defects - Organic Defects XllBuilding problems occur because of making mistakes while the steps of taking decisions. The length of time, the process of decay takes, depends on the care firstly in planning and design, secondly the construction and thirdly the upkeep of the maintenance. In the building production process, the false decisions that was made during one stage would effect other stages and cause building defects. In building production process, at decison phases, the factors that form damages can be discussed as : 1. In design and construction stage; using false or inadequate materials, 2. In construction stage; poor workmenship, 3. In construction stage; Faulty or inadequate specifications, 4. In using stage; faulty or weak maintenance applications. In the second chapter, the factors that effect the building facades are told. They are : 1. Meteorological Factors, ( Rain, Heat, Wind,etc.) 2. Mechanical Factors, (Eartquakes, Sand, Dust, Water, etc.) 3. Chemical Factors, (Gases,S02, CO, Air Pollution, Smoke, Industrial Factors,etc.) 4. Biological Factors. (Animals, Men, Trees,Plants,etc.) In the third chapter, several facade coatings which aim to protect facades are the subjects. They can be summarized as: 1. Plaster, 2. Block Coatings, Xlll3. Plaque Coatings, 4. Slab Coatings. In the fourth chapter, some protection operations which aim to protect facade coatings are described. They are used on the facade coatings. They are : 1. Protection operations which makes the wall waterproof. 2. Recouvrement, 3. Impregnation, 4. Changing the walls surface chemically, 5. Coat with filling materials and with senthetic resons. In the fifth chapter, a field study in Istanbul is done. More then a hundered buildings photos are taken and examined carefully. There are problems on these buildings because of several effects. ( Design, construction, using and caring of the buildings. ) And on every photograph, some comments about the facade problems are done. In the sixth chapter, with connection of the upper chapters an inspection about the analysis of the causes of the building problems are told. In the final chapter, the aim and the method of the study is explained, and the results and what to be done to prevent these facade problems are told. After taking more then a hundered photos of buildings and examine them carefully, it is understood that buildings facade problems are generally because of three reasons. They are : 1. Wrong detailing and choosing wrong materials while designing, 2. Applying the right design decisions wrong. 3. Wrong using of the building and not caring periodicilly. It is usefull to do these suggesstions if we want healty buildings;. While designing, the designer must analyse the atmospherical conditions, heat, rain, etc. to do the right detailing, choose the right materials to the XIVconditions and it is very important that, the designer must control the construction phase.. In construction phase, everything must be same as the project. Finding expert workers is also important to decrease the causes of the problems.. While using the building, the users must have the habit of periodicilly caring, because restorating the building after the problems is more expensive and takes more time then caring periodicilly. XV