Tarihi ve kültürel sürekliliğin fiziksel çevrede değişime yansıması ve Eskişehir örneği
The Reflections of historical and cultural continuity on the changes of physical environment and the Eskişehir example
Yazar: MERAL NALÇAKAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. MİNE İNCEOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Doktora, 1993
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bina bilgisi = Building information ; Eskişehir = Eskişehir ; Fiziksel çevre = Physical environment ; Kültürel süreklilik = Cultural continuity

Özet:
Günümüzde yaşanan hızlı değişimlere koşut olarak Çağdaş Koruma Kavramı anlayışı da değişmekte, "Tarihi Çevrede Yeni Tasarım'da artık Çağdaş Koruma kav ramının bir boyutu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Günümüzde çağdaş tarih anlayışının egemen olması ve değişmenin kaçınılmazlığının kabul görmesi çağdaş koruma Kav ramına yeni boyutlar getirmiştir. Toplumsal değişme ve onun itici gücü olan teknolojinin gelişmesi, bilgi ve onun iletişimin hızlanması ile çok kısa sürede gerçekleşmektedir. Dünyada bugün nerdeyse bir günde sınırlar değişmekte toplumsal, ekonomik, siyasi değişimler birbirini besleyerek devam etmektedir. Böylece fiziksel çevrede değişim de günümüzde buna bağlı olarak her zamankinden daha fazla ve kısa sürede kendini göstermektedir. Böylesi bir süreçte yapılabilecek olan ise değişmenin önüne set çekmeye çalışmak değil, değişmenin olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaması için yönünü ve hızını etkilemeye çalışmak olmalıdır. Böylesi bir çabada doğruyu ve yararlıyı yakalabilmek ise fiziksel çevrede değişimi meydana getiren toplumsal değişmeyi ve onu oluşturan öğeleri anlamakta olası görülmektedir. Bu çalışma özelde Tarihi Çevrede Yeni Tasarım, genelde ise fiziksel çevrede değişim ve eski-yeni birlikteliği konusunda var olan sorunlara toplumsal değişme bağlamında yaklaşmaktadır. Özellikle üzerinde durulan ise Tarihi ve Kültürel Sürekliliğin fiziksel çevrede sağlanmasının daha sağlıklı ve yaşanabilir bir dünya için veri oluşturabileceğidir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde; tezin amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi belirlendikten sonra, ikinci bölümde çağdaş koruma kavramı ve çağdaş tarih anlayışı irdelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda gelenek-kültür kavramları ile tarihi ve kültürel süreklilik kavramları üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra fiziksel çevrede değişim ve eski-yeni birlikteliği toplumsal değişme bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise; eski-yeni birlikteliğinde yeni tasarıma veri oluşturabilecek öğeler irdelenmiştir. Bu bölümde tarihi ve kültürel süreklilik kavramlarının ve tarihi çevrenin tasarım verisi olarak değerlendirilmesinin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde; eski-yeni birlikteliğine değişik yaklaşımlar örneklerle ortaya konulmuştur. Beşinci bölüm -uygulama- de; toplumsal değişme ve tarihi-kültürel süreklilik bağlamında Eskişehir kenti fiziksel gelişimi irdelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde; çalışmanın tümünün değerlendirilmesi yapılarak, öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Abstract:
We now live in a World of Information Technology and in order to arrive at this point, the world has witnessed dramatic social economical and political changes, and these changes continue. However such transformations have occurred continuously, and on such a scale that they could never have been planned or foreseen. Such changes although generally for the good of mankind, they have brought problems for the physical environment. We are now rapidly reaching a stage wherby the natural environment is irre vocably damaged, indeed some people believe that point has already been reached. Therefore the Contemporary Conservation Concept now embraces the natural envi ronment as a whole as well as the manmade environment. The Contemporary Con servation no longer just means the protection and conservation of building and monu ments by themselves, but to conserve them within their natural environment. Historical and Cultural Values throughout the world have been changed as a result of the transformations of the last century, in particular as a result of two world wars, and considerable ethnic fighting and mans solutions to these problems. The problem be comes more acute when referring to historical environments. These environments are our heritage, they offer an insight into how we become the nations that we are. Such environments contain a wealth of history for us to explore and learn from. These environment were left for us by our forefathers and it is our responsibility to preserve these environment, in intact for future generations. In order for future generations to continue to enjoy a wealth of tradition and history, historical environmentes should be used as important design elements within a society, and kept to ensure a sense of continuity within that society. As a result of recent political changes, society is placing more importance on historic and cultural values. This can be seen as humanity searc hing for on identity whilst trying to possess its past before it is lost. However one should not forget the unediable role of the economy on influencing such develop ments, and peoples opinions. Economic interests pursued by third parties, are often the cause of conflict. As a result of this The Conservation of the Historical Environment, in particular "The New Design Within Historical Environment", is growing in importance. The ac ceptance of the changes that have been caused to the physical environment is an important step for the Concept of Contemporary Conservation. In order to create the contemporary, one must value and perceive the past correctly. This is important to prevent different societies from enduring similar futures, whilst they have different pasts... In order to form a correct understanding and value of "New design within the physical along with the old and new together on historical sites", it is necessary to understand and evaluate recent social changes correctly. When approached from this angle, historical and cultural continuity can become very important. Society continually lives the past and the future within one concept of time, in effect this brings the old and the new together. This correlation of the old and the new working together affects individual peoples relationships both with each other and the physical environment. The thesis examines the changes and the interaction of the old and the new within the physical environment. This examination intends to bring out the problems bet ween social change, on the one hand, and historical and cultural continuity on theother, and to search for a solution. The thesis examines this in three catego ries: o On a whole town scale: The relationship between the historical environ ment and the town. o On a historical environment scale: An assesment of old and new buildings on an historical environment. o On a building scale: An assessment of extensions made to old buildings. The historic site chosen was Eskişehir, this site was chosen for four reasons: o The social changes that the town had gone through can be noted from the physical environment of Eskişehir. o The Urban Conservation Zone has not lost its character. o The Zoning and Construction Plan, which was intended to preserve the Urban Conservation Zone, has been put into practise. o The resultant changes of this century, increased the transformation of the town. Eskişehir was examined in the 3 categories noted above, with an additional section which examined the visual, historical and cultural continuity of the houses. The thesis was prepared in three stages: The first stage was an accumula tion of information and data, by searhcing publications on the chosen subject and the aims of the thesis. These can be split into two groups: Group one contains: o Contemporary Conservation and an understanding of contemporary histo ry- o Historical and cultural continuity. o Elements that can affect the design of old and new buildings and the chan ges of those elements in time. Group two contains: o The evaluation of the physical and historical data of Eskişehir town. The second stage involved extensive site work to provide both physical and historical data of Eskişehir. These were done in three ways: o On a town scale o Odunpazan Urban Conservation Area o The physical structure of the shopping area. The work was done on a 1 -.1000 scale, using topographic and geographic plans which showed the town's development better. Also used was the Zoning and Construction plan as the ideo of the plan was to conserve the area. The site work -xiii-was then substantiated with photographic records. In order to examine the historical and cultural continuity of the hoses, on a town scale, outline types were assessed and tables were drawn up based on outli nes. These tables were arranged to bring a typologic analysis, though it must be noted that these tables did not form a complete typologic analysis. Similar exercises were carried out based on the design elements, changes, age and modifications of each house. The third stage was the correlation of all the information from the other two sta ges. At this stage the ovarall aim of the thesis was narrowed because it had been approached from a very wide angle. The resulting aim of the thesis was to estab lish the cause of the problems, and to suggest solutions. In Chapter two: Firstly, historical and cultural continuity and the contemporary conservation concept was examined within the subject of the thesis. Today, the un derstanding of contemporary conservation means: "Each generation will leave all the cultural values and indicators, they received from the generation before them, to the new generation whilst adding new elements. Therefore, the new additions are accepted undeniably according to todays understanding and this is a step to ease the problem. So, instead of freezing the physical environment in the past, the idea is to protect some of the elements from the past, and to create a richer environment by adding new elements to those already protected. This is today's attitude towards conservation. After establishing these undeniable changes in the physical environment, the reasons why these changes occur was examined. The physical environment reflects a society's economic and political life, its structure, its technological capabilities and its cultural and social tendencies. Therefore the society and the social changes within the society will helps us to understand the changes have been happened within the physical environment. Technology, which is the power for social change, is fed with information. Therefore, it has an important role in the social changes. This reflects on the physical environment in the following ways: o The relationship between individuals o The Expectations of individuals from the physical environment o The needs and wishes of individuals o Advances of technology within the consturction industry and possibilities of new materials. o Changes in population numbers and its age/sex distribution. o Changes in the meaning of possession concept and the demand for sites. These six factors both effect eachother and the physical environment. The ef- -xiv-feet on the physical environment was also examined in section 5 of the Eskişehir example. The economy and time scale have also an important role on these ele ments, and effect eachother continously. In the third chapter of the thesis the elements examined are those which affect the design interaction of the old and the new. These are as follows: o The use of the historical environment as a design base. o The use of the historical and cultural continuity as a design base. o The user needs which change in time. o Advances in technology and its affect on architects and architecture. o The Population, economy and the demand for building sites. Depending upon the above elements, it is possible to create new building types, or to destroy them completely. At this point, typologic analysis when exami ned with the above data will help us to understand and use the changes in the phy sical environment. Typologic analysis is used in the thesis as the working tool for the new designs. This means, instead of creating something which is totaly new, use the solutions which ahve been used already, and to do this, one needs to do typologic analysis work. In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the old-new interactions were approached from a different angle, by using examples. These approaches were made in three dif ferent ways: o At the town/urban scale o At the historical environment scale o At a environment in close proximity to an old building. It was observed that the approaches to this concept ranging from copying the old exactly, to total disregard for the existing building. In the fifth chapter, the physical developments of the town were examined with particular reference to social changes and the historic and cultural continuity. In this chapter, three tables were organised (though they are not complete typologic analysis), by using the plan types of those listed below: o Traditional Houses o Blocks of flats o Houses at Çamlıca, Eskişehir, which were designed and build by their ow ners. These three tables were used for examining the visibility of the historic and -xv-cultural continuity in houses and blocks of flats. In the sixth chapter of the thesis, the whole thesis work was examined the re sults were compiled and solutions suggested. The following points were noted: o Changes are underiable o The reflection of the social change to the physical environment is unedi- niable. o A balance has to be established between the historical and contemporary data at providing the historical and cultural continuity. o The changes are a must. o To be able to understand and value the whole thing, use need to unders tand each element and how and why these elements change, how much they change and in which direction they change. o It is necessary to reflect the century in which the new design belongs to, within the old-new interaction. o The old and new interaction and the historical and cultural continuity are a must for the physical environment. Therefore, the most important thing in the old-new relationship is to establish the relationship and contradictory. Every design regardless of whether its just a buil ding or a whole town plan, it has to be created respectful of the designs preceeding and following it. The old and the new have to be in a give and take relationship with eachother and they both have to live respectful of eachotrers environments. These should be taken into consideration at the beginning of the design stage, all the prob lems will then solve themselves. The result of the relationship between the old and the new, the continuity and completeness in the physical environment can be provi ded. This can prevent the future concern and alienation within the physical environ ment and social life. Main forms and buffer mechanisms which has the role of the brid ge between the old and new also will play an effective role to establish in a better understanding between the existing and the new. It must be realized that a design guide or a prescription for how to design new buildings to be able to keep the historical and cultural continuity in the physical envi ronment, can not be created. This thesis stressed this point from the beginning to the end. The thesis has tried to establish: o The old-new interaction should ensure respect for the existing. o New design should be a comment of the past but should be created with new technological possibilities according to the century's needs and expectations. Only this way, will it take its place within the historical and cultural continuity and en sure that future designs will also be able to take their place within the continuity.b It should never be forgot the impossibility of freezing the past at one stage or returning back to one time...