Akıllı şehirler ve akıllı şehirlerin sıralanmasına yönelik bir çok kriterli karar verme uygulaması
Smart cities and a multi-criteria decision-making application for ranking smart cities
Yazar: MEHMET GÜNEŞ
Danışman: PROF. DR. YUSUF İLKER TOPCU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Endüstri Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği = Industrial and Industrial Engineering
Dizin: Akıllı kentler = Smart cities ; Kriter ağırlıklandırma yöntemi = Criteria weighting methods ; Çok kriterli karar verme = Multi criteria decision making

Özet:
Bu tez, son zamanlarda gittikçe yaygınlaşan ve literatürde önemli bir yer edinmeye başlayan "akıllı şehir" kavramını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Son zamanlarda yaşanan teknolojik gelişmelerin ardından, teknoloji artık hayatımızın her alanında yer almaya başlamıştır. Her geçen gün gelişmeye devam eden bu teknoloji, insanların yaşama biçimlerini de etkilemektedir. Telefonların, ödeme yöntemlerinin, arabaların yıllar içinde ne kadar radikal değişikliklere uğradıkları açıktır. İnsanlık tarihinin başından bu yana insanlar topluluklar halinde yaşamamaktadır. Bu topluluklar başlangıçta köy ya da kasaba adını verdiğimiz çok küçük topluluklar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktaydı. Daha sonra bu topluluklar gittikçe büyüdü ve şehir adı verilen yapıları oluşturmaya başladı. Yukarıda bahsetmiş olduğumuz teknolojik gelişmeler sebebiyle insanlık tarihinde oldukça eskiye dayandığı söylenebilecek "şehir" kavramı da değişikliğe uğramaktadır. Geleneksel şehirler artık yerini teknolojiyle entegre olmuş "akılı şehirlere" bırakmaya başlamıştır. "Akıllı şehir" kavramının henüz tam olarak bir tanımlaması yapılmamış olsa da literatürde konu hakkında olukça fazla çalışma bulunmaktadır. Literatüre göre akıllı şehir kavramı sosyal güçle teknolojiyi harmanlamış ve sistemlerin iletişimini sağlamaya odaklanmıştır. Bu tez, literatürü inceleyip akıllı şehirler için bir tanım oluşturmaya çalışmaktadır. Literatürden yola çıkarak akıllı şehirleri iletişim halindeki alt sistemler olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Ek olarak, bu çalışma akıllı şehirleri başarılı yapan etmenlerin neler olduğundan, akıllı şehirlerin inşasında karşılaşılabilecek zorluklardan da bahsetmiştir. Çalışmanın büyük bir kısmında, "akıllı şehir" kavramının "sürdürülebilirlik" kavramıyla olan ilişkisi anlatılmıştır. Dünya üzerinde yer alan bir takım akıllı şehir uygulamalarından da ve örneklerinden de bahsedildikten sonra, çok kriterli bir karar verme metodu olan AHP, TOPSIS ve PROMETHEE yöntemleri kullanılarak mevcut olan akıllı şehirlerin sıralaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler uygulanırken, ilk olarak literatürde yer alan ve akıllı şehirlerin başarısını etkileyeceği düşünülen kriterler belirlenmiş, ardından şehirlerin bu kriterleri karşılama düzeyleri göz önünde bulundurularak bir sıralama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylelikle hangi şehrin akıllılık konseptini daha başarılı bir şekilde uyguladığı ve daha akıllı bir şehir olduğu ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Abstract:
This thesis aims to examine the concept of "smart city", which has become increasingly widespread in recent years and has begun to gain an important place in the literature.
Since the beginning of human history, people have felt the need to live in groups. And this need to live together started to increase over time. Slowly growing human communities first started to form small structures such as villages and towns. As this growth continued, the structures created by humans grew, and eventually the structures called "city" came into being. These buildings, where production and therefore job opportunities are high, have become a center of attraction for people. The flow of people started from small settlements to the cities and thus the population in the cities increased.
This increasing population naturally caused some problems. One of these problems is the rapid depletion of resources. Another problem is the pollution created by large human communities. This pollution covers many different elements such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, etc. These emerging problems pushed people to look for some solutions. With the help of ever-developing technology, it has been tried to find solutions to these problems. It would not be a very right expectation to expect that the city structure will not change in this age where everything is changing so fast. Today, the concept of "smartness", which we encounter in many areas such as telephones, televisions, houses, etc., finally entered the cities and thus the concept of "smart city" emerged. It can be said that the concept of smart city basically has 6 different dimensions. These dimensions are; smart economy, smart environment, smart governance, human capital, quality of life and smart transportation. The success of smart cities also increases when all these dimensions are taken into account. As a result of the implementation of the concept of smartness in many cities around the world, it has been discussed which city implements this concept better, so many studies have been carried out recently to reveal this.
In this study, firstly, a model was developed to rank the success of some smart cities in Europe, and as a result of this model, it was revealed which city better applied the concept of smartness. In the model to be developed for the ranking of smart cities, first of all, criteria were determined. During the determination of the criteria, studies in the literature related to the subject were examined. A pool was created from the criteria included in these studies. In this pool, which contains quite a lot of criteria, the elimination process was carried out. In this elimination process, first of all, the extent of the determined criteria in the literature was taken into account, and then the most mentioned criteria by the authors were selected. In the second elimination stage, it was investigated whether an up-to-date data regarding the determined criteria was reached. The criteria for which data could not be reached in the current situation were also removed from the criteria pool. As a result, 33 criteria were determined for the 6 main dimensions mentioned above and work was started with these criteria.
After all the criteria were determined, the cities to be ranked were determined. The study was conducted for smart cities in Europe. While determining the cities to be ranked, care was taken not to cluster the cities in a certain region of Europe, but to be cities selected from different regions. 9 smart cities were chosen to represent different regions of Europe. Copenhagen and Helsinki represent the Northern Europe region, Paris and Barcelona the Western European region, Vienna and Amsterdam the Central European region, Rome the Southern Europe region, London the British region and Istanbul the Eastern European region. While determining the options, care was taken to ensure that all cities are smart cities.
The next stage of the study is to find the performance values of the determined martyrs according to the criteria. There was no subjectivity in determining the performance values. All cities had scores in terms of criteria. Some of these scores are indexed by specific organizations. For example; education index, health index, purchasing power index etc. Others turned out to be direct ratios. For example; death rate, citizen vote turnout, etc. The remaining parts were found as values and placed in the performance matrix. For example; number of universities, number of patents, number of museums, number of libraries etc.
After determining the criteria, options and performance values, the next step was to select the most appropriate multi - criteria decision making method for this study. As a result of the researches, it was concluded that the TOPSIS and PROMETHEE methods are suitable for this study. In order to apply these methods, the weights of the criteria must be determined. In this study, criterion weights were calculated by two different methods. First of all, the entropy method, in which the weight is calculated according to the irregularities in the performance values, was used and the criterion weights were determined by this method. As a result of this weighting method, the criteria for the number of new enterprises in the sector and the total number of libraries took the first place. As a second method, the opinions of experts in the field were consulted and the relevant people were asked to compare the determined criteria in pairs. As a result of AHP application, the weights of all dimensions and the weight of 33 criteria were determined. According to these calculations, the most important of the 6 dimensions was the "quality of life" dimension, while the "existence of green areas" criterion was the most important of the 33 criteria. This criterion was followed by the health index, the participation rates of the citizens and the education index, respectively.
In the last stage, the total scores of all cities were obtained by considering the criteria weights and the performance values determined according to these criteria. While obtaining these total scores, two different multi-criteria decision making methods were used. These methods are TOPSIS and PROMETHEE methods. Since we currently have two different criteria weighting methods, four different scenarios have emerged. When the criterion weights obtained from the entropy method are used with the TOPSIS method, the city of London takes the first place, followed by the cities of London, Paris, Rome, Barcelona and Vienna, respectively. In this scenario, Istanbul is in the last place. When the criterion weights obtained from the entropy method were used with the PROMETHEE method, the city of Paris took the first place, followed by London, Barcelona, Rome and Vienna, respectively, and the city of Istanbul was again in the last place. When the criterion weights obtained from the AHP method are used with the TOPSIS method, the city of London ranks first, followed by the cities of Vienna, Rome, Helsinki and Paris, and the city of Istanbul is in the last place. When the criterion weights obtained from the AHP method are used with the PROMETHEE method, the city of Copenhagen ranks first, followed by the cities of Helsinki, Vienna, Amsterdam and Paris, respectively, and the city of Istanbul is again in the last place.
Briefly, London is the most smart smart city in overall, and Istanbul is the worst smart city among options in overall.