Tarihi Türk bahçeleri: İstanbul örneği /
Yazar: RANA FATMA AYDIN
Danışman: PROF. DR. AHMET C. YILDIZCI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1993
Konu: Peyzaj Mimarlığı = Landscape Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Tarihi çevre = Historical environment ; Türk bahçeleri = Turkish gardens ; İstanbul = Istanbul

Özet:
Tarih içinde bahçe sanatı önemli evreler geçirmiş ve bu evrelerin etkileri diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de özellikle "Batılılaşma hareketleri" ile birlikte kendini hissettirmiştir. Merkezi sistemle yönetilen Osmanlı imparatorluğunun başkenti olan İstanbul, bu konumu dolayısıyla batı etkilerinin ilk hissedildiği ve uygulandığı şehir olmuştur. Bu yüzden İstanbul örneği esas alınarak incelenen Türk bahçelerine geçme den önce, ilkçağ uygarlık! arından itibaren kronolojik düzen içinde dünyadaki bahçe sanatının tarihsel gelişimi ve ülkeler arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimler ele alınmışlar. Ardından tarihi Türk bahçeleri bölümü halka açık tarihi yeşil alanlar ve tarihi konut bahçeleri şeklinde ikiye ayrılarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise Türk bahçelerinin zaman içindeki gelişimi topluca ele alınıp, kaybedilen değerlerin yeniden kazanılmasının güçlüğüne değinilerek bazı önerilerde bulunulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Abstract:
Historic gardens are, most simply, the gardens of the past. The gardens we have today, are the product of all the past civilizations. Historic gardens comprise the physical evidence of human presence on the land. Their survival into the present represents a continuity of past and present. Historic gardens focus on the cultural landscape, upon human contribution to the existing character of the land. According to this, in the first chapter, the aim and the content of the study is determined and the method of study is told. In the second chapter, the historical development of the gardens in the world is chronologically mentioned. Historical gardens are seen as Antiquity gardens, Medieveal ages gardens, developing under the influence of Islam gardens, Renaissance Italian gardens, Baroque French gardens and English naturaliste gardens. It is also mentioned that the gardens in the past are influenced by each other throughout the history. During the Antiquity and Medieveal ages the gardens were there to get various products, by the time of the Renaissance and Baroque styles, in Europe they became an art and were considered to be means of pleasure. Garden art, of formal lines from its begin nigs, reached s stage when during the reigh of the high Renassance and Baroque styles, its products were know as "architectural gardens." Formal style having been explared to the full, informal style was the turned to. In this style of gardening, England tookthe lead. Gardens were now so XIIenlarged that, their design came to be know as landscape gardening. In the third chapter it has seen the Turkish gardens m two ways; first, historical natural gadens open to public such as mesires, woods, cementeries and second historical home gardens such as kiosks, konaks, yals, kasirs and the palaces. Historical greenland such as mesires were used as recreational areas where sports were played and folk entertained themselves. Consequently the site chosen for sport and play was very important. Sometimes it was a river bank, sometimes the shores of a lake or stream, or along a canal. Close valleys and shetered meadows were popular. The inner parts of the valleys were often used as vegetable gardens (boston) or woods. These green valleys and meadows were particularly attractive for the inhabitants of the city, for whom they provided ample opportunities for pleasure and recreation. They were, indeed, the equivalents of the great parks of the European cities. These, however, were left almost entriely in their' natural state except when the nature was sometimes provided with a little assistance. Each such grounds, had a particular day of the week when it might be visited. The royality and the wealthy for charity would have fountains, prayer places 'namazggâh' and shooting targets 'nişangâh' built on those grounds. Istanbul in the past, not only wellknown by its religious buildings or mesines but also wellknown by kiosk (pavilion), yahs, kasirs and palaces. Most of these parks and gardens are ruined by the time but we still have some to rebuild. Turkish gardens are first influenced by the eastern gardens which they were in close contact. The concept of "The gardens of Paradise" which characterizes the calming, soothing effect of Eastern gardens was the most effective to form the Turkish gardens. The gardens and coutyards in Turkish houses are often furnished like living rooms with potted plants, which can be moved about freely as required. Outdoor living was hold to be so important that, often the gardens came before the buildings. The site of the garden was chosen for the beauty of its terrain, view, fresh air, water or hunting possibilities. The Turkish garden co urt is always meant as an extension of the house in the open air. Although limited in magnitude water is a frequent design feature of the Tur kish garden. XIIIPools and fountains were a favorite feature of old gardens. These were often integrated in a complex of water ways and covered viaducts. Ofte, in relation to the siting area or even indoors, there would be water in the form of ponds, fountains small jets and canals. The use of water, though extensive, was ne ver on elaborate dimensions. Consequently, the lines of the garden were not dictated by the architectural edifice, this resulting in a non-axial and non-architectural layout. Because of the non-axial development, and the fact that the garden was to be lived piece. The garden was formal on a modest scale. Lack of axiality prevented the deve lopment of extreme formality of design. Nevertheless, the garden was formal a modest scale; control of man's hand was apparent in each element, while na ture was given her due. The straight line was more often used than not, fort- he reason that it was the simplest way of joining two points. Its use was al ways on a small scale though, that of flower beds, on an alley. Non-axial relationship with the building, to a degree prevented the integrati on of outdoors with indoors. Nevertheless,this important aspect of landsca ping was achieved through the element of a sitting and dining area, which was sometimes an outdoor extension of the building, or else was independent and was in the form of a kiosk or pavillion. Where natural slope dictated terraced areas which were linked by broad steps and shallow sets and cisterns were installed to feed artifical streams and pools. The sitting area, or a few alleys might be paved with patterned stone or pebbles. Flowers were much enjoyed in the garden, especially near the sitting area and around the pond. In dealing with flowers, color combinations or fanciful parterre designs were not sought. It was not seldom that only one type of flower should be planted on a terrace, or in the whole garden. Trees of fruit or others, were planted for shade and seclusion. To a superficial observer, trees in a Turkish garden might look randomly scattered; but close examination would reveal shrewd calculation as to the location of each tree. Often, a vegetable gaden or a vine-yard, or an orchard, woods were attached to the garden proper, thus combining leisure with functionality. All of these qualities were true of Turkish gardens, whether on palatial or on modest scale. The westernization in Turkey is also seen on Turkish gardens. XIVThe western formal garden influence resulted in: Living in the garden decreasing to leave it mainly to be watched; Axiality becoming a design goal Terraces increasing in level differences Use of wter changing form to become stiller and larger in surface Simplicity of flower beds giving way to more complicated parterre designs Trees getting out of flower beds, topiary entering Garden furniture becoming numerous, complex and westernized Under the western picturesque natural garden influence several park-gardens were laid out. As one goes away from the formal layouts before the buildings, the infulence of this style becomes apperent in the use of the terrain as hil- locky slopes, picturesque tree groupings the use of water, and garden furnitu re. An envoy sent to the Versailles brought back new ideas on a royal court's mode of outdoor living. A version of Marly-le-Roi and Fontain bleau was built at Kagithane at the tip of the Golden Horn, where 170 summer kiosks belon ging to high government officials surrounded the Sultan's summer palace. Luxurious garden banquets became very much the fashion. The tulip came to be the symbol of the age and gave its name to the first halif of the 18th century. A directory was appointed for the propagation of this precious flo wer, which is recorded to have had at that time in Istanbul 800 kinds, each bearing a poetic name. There are descriptions of night banquets in the tulip gardens in the light of candles stuck on turtles that moved amongst talip beds where hundreds of nightingales sang in cages hung from trees. This new mode of outdoor living obviously brought a new interpretation to garden design. New palaces and gardens were built particularly on the shores of the Bosporous by foreign architects and landscapers such as Dolmabahçe and Beylerbeyi Palaces Thus especially in Istanbul, the capitol and a common place of visit of westerners, both the formal and the natural picturesque gardening styles of the western world began to make their influences felt. Apart from especially palace and estate grounds in the few larger towns, wes tern influence was not deeply felt. Where it penetrated, formal garden influ ence dominated. Obviosly the formal layout on a modest scale was more sui table to the climate, and close to the Turks' idea of garden, than the pictures- XVque styl which made a pretence of looking natural and required a great deal of effort to keep up looking so. Although the idea comes from the west they have Ottoman approach. In the conclusion part of this study there are suggestions for same values that can be regained out of many that have been already lost.