İşçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği yönetim sistemi ile inşaat iş programı entegrasyonu için bir yöntem
A method for integration of construction work planning and occupational health and safety management system
Yazar: BURAK BİÇKES
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. GÜRKAN EMRE GÜRCANLI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı İşletmesi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Kazalar = Accidents ; İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Entegrasyon =   ; Planlama = Planning ; Proje yönetimi = Project management ; İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulları = Occupational Health and Safety Committees ; İş kazaları = Occupational accidents

Özet:
Dünyada yaklaşık 300 milyon insan, her yıl ölümcül ve ölümcül olmayan iş kazalarına maruz kalmaktadır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü'nün (ILO) 2016 raporuna göre tüm dünyada her yıl neredeyse 3 milyonun üzerinde ölümlü iş kazasının gerçekleştiği belirtilmektedir. İnşaat sektörü ise dünyada iş kazası ve meslek hastalığı yaşanma sayısı en çok olan sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Bahsedilen rakamlar gerek bireylere neden olduğu zarar açısından gerek ise işyerine verdiği sosyal ve ekonomik zarar bakımından oldukça fazladır. Dolayısıyla işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği adına atılabilecek her adım iş kazalarını en aza indirgemek adına büyük bir öneme sahiptir.
İş kazalarının meydana gelmesinde ki en büyük nedenlerden bazıları, işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği farkındalığının yeteri düzeyde olmaması, yöneticilerin ve kontrolörlerin güvenlik konusunda ki yanlış kararları, çalışma alanında ki karmaşıklık, malzemelerin ve ekipmanların kalitesizliği, araç ve gereçlerin güvenli olmayan kullanım şekli ve emniyet tedbirlerinin yeterli seviyede olmaması olarak sıralanabilir. Ek olarak İSG birimi üyelerinin sahada gerçekleşen çalışmalardan ve inşaat işleri iş programından haberlerinin olmaması, proje yönetim döngüsü ile iş güvenliği yönetim sisteminin farklı doğrularda gitmesine ve sahada iş kazalarının yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır. Halbuki, ölümlü veya yaralanmalı iş kazalarının neredeyse tümü önceden alınabilecek olan önlemlerin ve gerekli yöntemlerin uygulanmasıyla ortadan kaldırılabilecek yapıdadır. Buradan yola çıkarak her inşaat esnasında entegre edilmiş bir iş güvenliği yönetim sistemine ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır denilebilir.
Bahsedilen sorunlara çözüm olabilmesi amacıyla bu tez çalışması kapsamında OHSAS 18001 ve ISO 45001 standartlarına göre İSG iç tüzüğünden de yararlanılarak, inşaat işleri iş programı ile işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği yönetim sistemi entegre edilmiştir. 
Tez çalışması dahilinde öncelikle problem ve amaç tanımlanmış, çalışmanın literatür geçmişine bakılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise proje yönetimi ve süresel planlama tekniklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde genel olarak iş güvenliği hakkında temel bilgilerden ve iş güvenliği standartlarından bahsedilmiştir. Bu bölümün sonunda ise iş güvenliği dokümantasyonu açısından önemli olan belgelerin tanımlamaları, yapıları ve içerikleri anlatılmıştır.
Tezin dördüncü bölümü olan uygulama bölümünde ise işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği yönetim sistemi ile iş programının entegresi anlatılmıştır. Öncelikle bu kapsamda konut projesi seçilerek, bu projenin iş programı çıkartılmıştır. Ardından iş güvenliği yönetim sistemi kurulması için dört adet iş güvenliği uzmanı ile görüşülüp beyin fırtınası metodu ile fikir alışverişi sağlandıktan sonra gerekli belgeler ve iş güvenliği aktiviteleri çıkartılmıştır. Son olarak ise oluşturulan bu iki sistem birleştirilmiştir. Son bölümde ise çalışmanın sonuçlarından ve entegre yönetim sistemini geliştirici önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Abstract:
Around 300 million people worldwide are exposed to fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents every year. According to a report published by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2016, approximately three million fatal occupational accidents occur per annum around the world. Construction industry is a high risk environment. It is one of the industries with the highest number of occupational accidents and diseases. Given the fact that workplace accident related figures are quite high in construction industry, resulting damages affecting both individual lives and also socio-economical circumstances within the industry to a large extent. Therefore it is obvious that, every step that can be taken towards making contribution to occupational health and safety measures is of great importance in order to minimize occupational accidents.
Numerous factors can cause accidents in working environments ranging from lack of attention or overexertion to mishandling hazardous materials. Most common factors that may lead to workplace accidents are the likes of -but not limited to- acts of workplace violance, lack of awareness in health and safety regulations and best practices,  misconception of managers and controllers about safety concerns, complexity of the workplace and lack of ergonomy, poor quality of materials and equipment, improper handling of hazardous materials, deficient training and lack of employee capability to use heavy machinery, fatigue, overconfidence, lack of preparation and mental distractions. In addition to above mentioned factors, lack of communications between HSE responsibles and project team members is a common problem in construction projects. This results in health and safety responsibles' lack of project related information which conduces towards occupational safety management system to draw apart to a different direction from the project management cycle. With incorporating health and safety concerns into design and production planning activities in order to enable integrated safety driven consideration throughout the project life cycle, it is possible to prevent workplace accidents to the maximum possible extent. This is why it is crucial to adopt an integrated occupational health and safety management system over the course of project life cycle for all scales of projects.
It is not only the task of the Occupational Safety Engineer to ensure work safety in a construction project. Everyone involved in that project has responsibility for the matter. However, it is only known by the Occupational Safety Experts that the persons do not have sufficient information about the subject, which documents will be prepared and when, what kind of precautions-permissions should be taken before the work starts and what preparations should be made before the work is finished and the other work starts. However, in this case, because the plans made for Occupational Safety are not made in parallel with the field application work program, the field productions and the occupational safety plans are progressing incompatible with each other.
This study have been conducted to determine solutions to abovementioned problems by integrating occupational health and safety management system with construction work schedule in compliance with OHSAS 18001 and ISO 45001 standards as the framework.
With the integrated management system, it is thought that the field and occupational safety team will be coordinated with each other, taking necessary precautions in order to prevent possible occupational accidents, and increasing the awareness of the entire technical team about OHS.
Within the scope of the study, primarily the problems are stated and purpose of thesis is defined accordingly. Subsequently, a literature survey is pursued to examine existing studies and publications up to date. During the second chapter of the study, project management and time planning techniques are set out to an appropriate extent in order to help understanding how these processes may relate with health and safety concerns and how integration can take place. Following in the third chapter, fundamental information provided about occupational health and safety standards and discussed to achieve an increased perception of safety. At the end of this chapter, the definitions, structures and contents of the documents which are important in terms of safety documentation are also explained in detail.
In the application chapter which is the fourth part of the thesis, labor health and occupational safety management system are explained together with the work program. The residental project has been chosen for the implementation due to the frequency of construction in general. The main structure of the housing project is Soyak Olimpiakent 2 project. This project is located in Soyak Olimpiakent located in Küçükçekmece town and İstanbul city. The residence is a reinforced concrete structure consisting of 1 basement, 1 ground floor and 7 normal floors. Tunnel formwork and precast facade were used in the project.
The projects of Soyak Olimpiakent 2 building have been extracted from a specialist planning engineer who has done the planning work of this project to be used in the work program. Then construction activities of the work program were created. Afterwards, activity periods were determined by considering the efficiencies for each activity. Critical Path Method was chosen among the time planning techniques and Primavera P6 program was used for this. Finally, the preliminary and successive relationships between the construction works activities were entered. During the linking of the activities, the relationships were established according to the activity type by giving start to start, start to finish, finish to start and finish to finish as well as the necessary abundances and delays. Consequently, a work program for construction works has been established.
Then, all stages related to occupational health and safety were carried out in consultation with 2 class A and 2 class B occupational safety experts. At this stage, an occupational health and safety management system was tried to be established. To this end, a brainstorming group of 5 people was established. The documents required for each item in the work program and the occupational safety specialist were determined. After determining the occupational safety activities corresponding to the construction works activities, documents were found using OHSAS 18001 and ISO 45001 standards. These documents are assigned as a source for the activities.
Finally; periodic planning After the establishment of Primavera P6 and compiling the necessary documents for OHS management, security planning was made by integrating these two systems.
Looking at past studies, it can be seen that the integration of all components underlying the concept of effective project management is still not fully understood today. The integration of the concept of time and OHS, which is one of the most important components of the project management concept, is one of the factors that are missing in this sense and thus cause occupational accidents. When the studies conducted to prevent occupational accidents are examined, there is no active OHS integrated project management system used today. Based on this problem, the study subject to this article is aimed at solving this problem.
The integrated program obtained as a result of the study is intended for civil engineers, architects, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers and occupational safety engineers working in the field of application and to ensure that all parties in the field have OHS awareness, and what to do before and after each production, the preparations for the production items to be made in advance by making more programmed work. With the application of the proposed method in the sample project, the applicability of the study was tried and successful. In the implementation phase of the sample project, it was determined that it requires more preparation period than the preparation of a regular work program and it is concluded that the time spent in this preparation process is negligible.
In support of the study, this system can be tried in a project other than the residence project. In addition, this integrated management system can be used in public tenders to become widespread. Another benefit is that it can be used as a new source of employment in companies. The last suggestion can be made to compare the costs of system installation and work accident costs.
As a result, it is seen that existing studies should be developed and new studies should be developed in order to accept the availability and usability of this integration. In this respect, the integration of the occupational health and safety management system into the project management should not be seen as a system that cannot be applied and efforts should be made to improve it.