Elektrokromik kaplamalı camın farklı iklim bölgelerine göre enerji performansı değerlendirilmesi
Energy performance assessment of electrochromatic coatings for different climatic zones
Yazar: MUSTAFA İRFAN ERDEMLİ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. HATİCE SÖZER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Enerji = Energy

Özet:
Enerji verimliliği iklim değişikliği ile mücadele ve enerji güvenliğini geliştirmek için 
en etkili yoldur. Bina sektörü enerji verimliliğini artırmak ve birincil enerji 
tüketimini azaltmak için önemli bir yer tutar. Genellikle binalarda ısıl kayıpları 
sebebiyle, enerji verimliliği düşük kabul edilen cam yüzeyler, yeni gelişmelerle 
birlikte binalarda farklı kullanım alanları da bulabilmektedir. Estetik kaygılardan ve 
iyileştirilmekte olan yalıtım özellikleri sebebiyle camın mimari yapılarda kullanımı 
önemli ölçüde artmıştır.  
Bina cephesindeki cam yüzeyleri seçilirken camın hem ısıtma hem de soğutma 
yüklerine olan etkileri dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu durum değişken iklim şartlarına göre 
cam yüzeylerin farklı özellik gösterebilme ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Örneğin soğuk 
iklim bölgelerinde güneş ışınlarının daha fazla geçirimini sağlayan yüksek solar 
faktörlü ürünler tercih edilirken, sıcak iklim bölgelerinde güneş ışınlarını engelleyen 
düşük solar faktörlü ürünler tercih edilir. Bina cephesi ve çerçevesinde 
uygulanabilecek gölgeleme ekipmanları veya farklı mimari çözümlerle de amaca 
ulaşılabilir.  Bu anlamda gelişmekte olan bir teknoloji olan elektrokromik dinamik 
cam kaplama sistemleri enerji verimliliği açısından önemli potansiyel sahiptir. 
Elektrokromik cam sistemleri kullanıcı ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda ısı ve ışık 
geçirgenliğini değiştirebilmektedir.  Elektrokromik camlar varlık sensörü, günışığı 
sensörü vs. gibi ekipmanlarla farklı kontrol sistemleri ve senaryolara göre 
yönetilebilmektedir.  
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin iklim bölgelerine göre elektrokromik tipinde dinamik cam 
kaplamalı pencere ile standart düz camlı ve yüksek performanslı statik camlı 
pencerelerin enerji performans özelliklerine göre karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Farklı 
ticari cam sistemlerinin bina enerji simülasyonu, DOE-2.2 tabanlı E-Quest 3.65 
yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma için sekiz katlı bir ofis binası 
seçilmiş, ASHRAE 90.1-2007 standardı baz alınarak modelleme yapılmıştır. Bu 
analiz TS825 standardında tanımlanan 5 farklı iklim şartı için yapılmıştır. 
Oluşturulan bina enerji modellemesinde çalışmasında 500 lüks aydınlanma şiddetine 
göre hesaplama yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada günışığı kontrolü, ayarlanabilir aydınlatma 
ekipmanlarının veya pencerelerden gelen doğal aydınlatmanın düzenlenmesine 
dayanmaktadır. Hava şartlarına (bulutlu, açık vs.), güneşin pozisyonu veya kullanılan 
cama göre uygulanacak günışığı sensörü iç ortamda istenen optimum aydınlanma 
seviyesini ayarlamaktadır. Kapalı havalarda elektrokromik cam ortamda istenen 
aydınlatma seviyesine ulaşılana kadar saydamlaşmakta, açık havalarda kararak ışık 
ve ısı geçirgenliğini istenen seviyede tutmaktadır. Aynı zamanda zaman çizelgesine 
göre de kontrol edilmektedir. 
Yapılan çalışma sonucunda farklı iklim bölgeleri için sonuçların benzer çıktığı 
görülmüştür. Eski binalarda yaygın olarak bulunmakta olan tek camlı pencere sistemlerine göre elektrokromik olanların yaklaşık %40'lar mertebesinde tasarruf 
sağladığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Elektrokromik cam yıllık tüketimin yanı sıra belirli 
dönemlerde gerçekleşen azami yüklerin azaltılması gibi önemli faydalar 
sağlayabilmektedir. Bu sayede ofis binasında kullanılabilecek mekanik ekipmanlar 
daha düşük kapasiteli tercih edilebileceği görülmüştür.

Abstract:
Energy efficiency is the most effective way to fight climate change and improve 
energy security. Because of the vast potential of energy efficiency for future energy 
savings, goverments implement mandatory policies that include codes and standards. 
The building sector plays an important role in increasing energy efficiency and 
reducing primary energy consumption. Generally beacause of high thermal losses, 
glass surfaces in buildings considered low energy-efficient but with new 
developments it does find different usage areas. Even though the main function of 
windows is to provide daylight and visual contact with the external environment, due 
to aesthetic concerns and improved insulation properties, their use in architectural 
structures has increased significantly.  
When selecting the glass surface, the effects on both heating and cooling loads must 
be considered. Thus necessity of using different glass surfaces which offer different 
optical properties according to the change in climatic conditions occur. For example 
in cold climates to provide more transparency high solar factor products are preferred 
while in warm climates to prevent radiation low preferred. A proper choice of 
windows can reduce both heating and cooling loads of buildings. This can also be 
achieved with applying shading equipment or different architectural solutions to 
facade and framework. In this sense, developing electrochromic dynamic glass 
coating systems have significant potential for energy efficiency. Electrochromic 
glass systems can change the heat and light transmittance according to user needs. 
Electrochromic glazing can be managed by equipments like occupancy sensor, 
daylight sensor etc. with different control systems and scenarios. Different studies 
have shown that the use of electrochromic windows could lower the energy 
consumption of buildings. The energy efficiency of electrochromic windows is still 
under research worldwide. 
Intelligent (dynamic) glass systems can be classified as passive and active controlled. 
Passive controlled dynamic glass systems do not require an electrical stimulus. These 
systems react independently from user by a natural stimulus such as light or heat. 
Active dynamic glass systems can be controlled either directly or through automated 
building management systems. Active dynamic glass systems can adjust the 
penetrating visible and infra-red light intensity according to many different 
parameters, such as indoor and outdoor conditions or user demands. In this way, 
heating, cooling and lighting systems can achieve significant gains in energy 
consumption. 
Dynamic glass systems became a considerabe option for both newly built buildings 
and restoration projects to change the energy and light transmission values according 
to exterior conditions or user requests. The best example for this is transparent chromic materials that can provide selective and dynamic control of thermal energy 
and instant solar radiation. 
Despite the availability of high-efficiency products in terms of thermal insulation 
properties, static glass systems considered insufficient in terms of instantaneous solar 
radiation control, energy efficiency and comfort. In general, it is preferable to 
eliminate these deficiencies by using dynamic shading systems. Despite their 
widespread use because that dynamic shading systems installation and maintenance 
is costly, not suitable for renovation projects and vision restrains have led to the use 
of next-generation products. 
In the market there are active dynamic glass systems integrated with systems such as 
photovoltaic to provide electrical self-sufficiency, using diffrerent technologies 
which can be controlled with smart phones and can be operated remotely. Most 
common examples are electrochromic (EC), suspended particulate (SPD) and liquid 
crystal (LC / PDLC) glass systems. These technologies may be preferred for different 
applications or needs (privacy, switching speed, solar heat gain reduction) due to 
their different operating characteristics, costs and performance. Another advantage of 
active dynamical systems over passive systems is that all glass units in the building 
envelope can function independent of each other. Increased use of smart glasses in 
other areas of the automotive, aerospace and transportation sectors is another 
indication of increased demand. 
In this study energy performance characteristic comparison was made between the 
electrochromic type dynamic glass, standard single pane glazed and high 
performance static glass windows installed in an office building at diffrerent climatic 
regions of Turkey. Building energy simulations of different commercial glass 
systems were performed using DOE-2.2 based E-Quest 3.65 software. An eight-storey
office building was selected for the study, based on the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 
standard. This analysis was carried out for the 5 different climatic conditions defined 
as TS825 standard. This standard aims to define the standard calculation methods 
and values to be used in the calculation of the energy consumption of the buildings in 
Turkey to save energy and to calculate the net heating energy requirement. 
According to the determined modeling conditions, energy analysis was performed for 
each city at different regions in TS825. The effects on the energy performance of the 
entire building of glass for 11 different scenarios and 5 different glass types were 
examined. While all opaque surfaces of the building are determined according to the 
values in TS825, the glasses used are based on the properties of the selected glasses. 
Glass in use is selected as single glass, double glass, triple glass. Analyzes were 
made on the glass properties specified in the ASHRAE standard and the results were 
evaluated by making a comparison between the selected alternatives. ASHRAE 90.1-2007
code performance targets for both SHGC and U value impact of glass to 
buildings. 
By using the architectural, mechanical and electrical projects of an existing office 
building, a hypothetical office model was created. In the generated model, 
calculations was made according to 500 lux illumination intensity. In this study, 
daylight control has been achieved with adjustment of natural illumination from 
windows or dimmable lighting equipment. Depending on weather conditions 
(cloudy, clear, etc.), the sun's position or the glass type used, daylight sensor adjusts 
the desired optimum illumination level in the interior environment. In cloudy 
weather, the electrochromic glass become transparent until the desired illumination level is reached and become tinted in clear weather to keep the light and heat 
transmittance at desired level. Also a time schedule is considered for the control 
scenario. Similar results has been achieved for different climate regions. Electrochromic 
windows save %40 compare to single pane windows which are common in old 
buildings. In addition to the reduction of energy in annual consumption of 
electrochromic glass, it can also provide significant benefits such as reducing the 
peak loads that occur during certain periods. By this way mechanical equipments 
which can be used in the office can be chosen with lower capacity.