Binalarda ısıtma performasının örnek bir uygulama üzerinden incelenmesi
Investigation on the building an application example in heating performance
Yazar: ONUR SANCAKTAR
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. MURAT ÇAKAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Enerji = Energy
Dizin: Isı yalıtımı = Heat insulation

Özet:
Günümüzde gelişen teknoloji ve sanayi ile birlikte enerjiye olan ihtiyaç sürekli olarak artış göstermektedir. Enerji ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi ve mevcut kaynakların daha verimli kullanılması tüm ülkelerin ortak politikalarının başında gelmektedir. 
Çevremize baktığımızda, dünyadaki yapılan çalışmalar enerji kaynaklarını çeşitlendirmek ve bunların verimli kullanılmasını sağlamaktır. Üretilen enerjinin etkin kullanımının yanında enerjinin tasarrufu da çok önemlidir. Enerjinin tasarruf edilmesinde en büyük etkenlerden biri ise yalıtımdır. Konutlarda enerji tasarrufu yapabilmek için yalıtım yapılması gerekmektedir. Mevcut enerji kaynaklarımızın önemli bir kısmını iyi yalıtılmayan binaları ısıtmaya çalışırken harcamaktadır. Bu ısı kayıplarını önlemek içinse en iyi çözüm planlı bir yalıtım yapmaktan geçmektedir. Binalara uygun şekilde yalıtım yapılmadığı için, enerjinin büyük bir kısmı kaybedilmektedir. Yaptığımız çalışma da işte tam bu noktadan hareketle ortaya çıkmıştır. 
Ülkemizde özellikle başta İstanbul'da olmak üzere, çok katlı ve eski binaların sayısı oldukça fazladır. Örnek çalışmamız, İstanbul'un Bakırköy ilçesine bağlı olan Ataköy 3. Kısımda bulunan 1966 yılında inşa edilmiş T.O. 82-83 blokları adı verilen binaya ait ısıtma performansının incelenmesi şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. 
Bina yanyana beş katlı iki bloktan oluşmaktadır. Bloklardaki daire sayısı apartman görevlisinin dairesi dahil olmak üzere toplam da yirmi bir adettir. Isıtma, merkezi sistem olup doğalgazla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bina üzerindeki daha önce yapılmış ısı yalıtım uygulamaları ise sadece çatı ve taban kısımlarında yer alıp diğer bölümlerde her hangi bir iyileştirme ya da benzeri bir durum söz konusu olmamıştır. Hesaplamalarda, TS 825 "Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları" çerçevesinde belirtilen standarttan yararlanılmıştır. Öncelikli olarak işlemlere kesit bileşenleri ve uygulama alanlarının belirlenmesiyle başlanmıştır. Daha sonra aynı üründen üç farklı kalınlığına sahip 3, 4 ve 5 cm'lik malzemeler seçilmiş, ancak uygulamaya geçildiğinde sadece 5 cm kalınlığında olan ürün aracılığıyla TS 825 standardına göre belirlenen sınır değerlerinin üzerine çıkılmamıştır. Bu nedenle de hesaplamalar yanlızca buna göre yapılmıştır. Detaylar ise maliyet analizi içerisindeki başlıklar altında ortaya konularak son bölümde değerlendirilmiştir. 
Sonuç olarak, mevcut yönetmelik ve yasalar gereğince binanın ısıtma performansını incelemeye yönelik çalışmamızda binaya ait duvar kısımlarında ısı yalıtımı ile pencerelerin kaplamalı çift cam olarak değişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Mevcut yalıtımsız ve uygulamalar sonrasında yalıtımlı durumdaki belirlenen yıllık ısıtma enerjileri arasındaki fark sayesinde tasarruf edilen ısıtma enerjisi ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Çalışmamızın hedefi de örnekteki gibi eski bir bina üzerinde yapılabilecek iyileştirmelerden kaynaklanan tasarrufu göstererek, ülkemizdeki bu tarz binalara uygulandığında ortaya çıkabilecek senaryoya ışık tutmaktır.

Abstract:
Today, together with industry, developing technology and the need for energy is increasing continuously. Elimination and more efficient use of available resources is one of the common policy of the energy needs of all countries.
Energy needs and access to energy sources such efforts in the past on our present world economic and political situation has a decisive place. Accordingly, emerging countries, particularly dependence on external energy increases political and economic independence is reduced to a danger so. In the past few years, accelerating the one hand, demand for energy increases, on the other hand, the associated energy consumption resulting to be upward of environmental factors, pressure and energy costs, balancing a number of factors related to energy use reveals the necessity.
Energy efficiency, without compromising the comfort conditions with minimal energy consumption possible to achieve greater energy performance, the form can be defined. Among energy efficient technologies, such as insulation, they are evaluated based on the initial investment costs are increased as a refund even if it detects with operating costs of the economic contribution it has a meaning. This, as well as human-induced greenhouse public gas emissions reduction of predicting formed for the protection of the environment in accordance with protocols pressure and a rising trend in fuel prices is causing energy decision-makers about the efficiency of the more sensitive approach.
When we look around us, and the world's energy resources to diversify studies and ensure their efficient use. Besides saving the energy efficient use of the produced energy it is very important. One of the biggest factors in isolation if it is to save energy. Insulation needs to be done to make energy savings in housing. Insulation in our country actually has become a legal obligation. Well insulated buildings do not spend a significant portion of our existing energy resources trying to heating. The best solution to prevent heat loss if the house is through a plan to make insulation. As correctly make insulation for buildings, a large part of the energy is lost. Our work here is also fully emerged from this point on.
In buildings with insulation solution, a considerable energy saving depending on the current situation of the building can be obtained. In other words, energy saving is actually meaning to save fuel and money. At the same time, to make insulation applications in the building, the installation can be performed first serious declines in investment costs. Thus, in a very short time by investing in insulation pays for itself and then provide savings throughout the year. A large part of the money paid for the fuel, if considered to go abroad through imports, the savings through insulation is meant to save foreign exchange. Buildings should be considered in areas where most of the heat while trying to escape isolation and insulation measures should be taken at this point. Heat the very few places where the outer walls, it is advisable to be isolated as a priority, including window and roof.
Given the weather conditions, in order to heat or cool buildings by preventing the realization of cold or warm air from the outer part to the emergence creation of heat economy or thermal comfort to systems that are constructed for the purpose is called the thermal insulation. Also, thermal insulation, energy efficiency policies laid out in the world, depending on the issues constitutes one of the most important. In our country, the construction and housing sector consumes one third of the energy of the current situation and the potential for savings is enormous, increases attention day by day in this sector. For this reason, many studies related to energy efficiency, in particular the arrangements made for the construction sector has an important role. Since the 1970s, the country today has introduced new standards and building codes. These standards are constantly evolving as insulation with advancing technology. 
When insulation is based on the importance of looking basically two main concepts as environment and energy. We can add to this comfortable and healthy habitats. However, macro energy to other countries, as well as for us, is a strategic concept. In terms of energy sources is the fact that our country is very rich.
In Turkey, particularly in Istanbul, the number of multi-storey building is quite old and more. Example of our work, which is connected to the Bakırköy district of Istanbul Ataköy built in 1966, located in section 3. T.O. 82-83 was conducted in the form of blocks, called to examine the energy performance of the building. The building consists of five floors of two adjacent blocks and the total is comprised of 20 houses and one regular employee house. The central heating system of the building is accomplished by natural gas. The building size at width 9.2 m, length 43.59 m, and the height is 15 m. Insulation applications in the current state of the block is only performed in the roof and base portions has not been any process in the other section. Primarily, the process began by determining the sectional components and applications. If all calculations on the improvements made afterwards were evaluated in the conclusion of putting forward under the headings in the cost analysis. In the calculations, the TS 825 "Thermal insulation requirements for buildings" were utilized frame specified in the standard. Accordingly, also within the same material with three different insulation thickness is applied in the calculations, if these standards are taken into consideration only 5 cm limit set through the insulation material values captured cost analysis also is therefore only made accordingly.
The purpose of TS 825 in our country existing or energy quantity limitations are used to heat the building, which will be held to determine the here moving energy efficiency increase and energy needs to be used in the calculation of value and standard calculation method. However, the TS 825 with the standard objective can also be used to determine the net heating energy consumption of existing buildings, applying various design options to the calculation method and values described in this standard of a building which is new to be done to determine the alternative design to meet optimum energy performance, the project of renovation of an existing building first, to determine the amount of savings that can be provided for the implementation of energy savings, which can represent the building sector energy needs of various building said, predicting the future energy needs of the building sector in question at national level.
Program used in all calculations have been made by Izoder. Accordingly, the TS 825 is to perform calculations on the standard eye utilizing its meteorological information from the last 20 years of our country. The operation of this program operates in parallel to the TS 825 standard. Information about the structure of the first to be made on a standard examination is defined in the program, making the annual heating energy demand of the building is controlled accounts are not fulfilled the criteria laid down in the standard. If neither of these criteria should be made after the election of the examination of the design or materials are required to ensure these values are different. Basic operation of the program as applied in the calculation to determine the net heat demand of the building. Accordingly, heat loss on the structure due to the presence of net heat gain is a measure of heat removed from each other by the need of these values. The applications of the TS 825 standard, housing, business and service buildings, administration buildings, hotels, motels, cafes and restaurants, educational buildings, theaters and concert halls, barracks, prisons and detention houses, museums and galleries, hospitals, airports, indoor and outdoor swimming pools, shown as manufacturing and industrial buildings.
Today, buildings are responsible for a large part of the energy consumed and the carbon emissions attributable to the current situation accordingly. Besides this, thanks to a number of measures to be taken in regard substantially studies have also recently been identified as a result of energy savings can be made. For this purpose, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in the EU was published in 2002. Laying down minimum energy performance level with this directive in the European Union and in buildings according to their energy performance level has been made mandatory to be certified. Throughout the process, in line with the additional requirements needed in the assessment of the directive, it revised and EPBD recast these changes were published in 2010. Thanks to nearly zero energy buildings EPBD recast, however, the cost of building the optimal level of minimum energy performance requirements are set concept. European countries, published in conjunction with this method at national level are required to create a calculation method taking into consideration the responsibility for building their own country rule. Basically, it aims to determine the optimum level of energy performance analysis, combined with the cost of achieving the overall energy performance of buildings and the results of the entire building stock.
As a result, it focused on the current regulations and laws in accordance with the building's heating performance for our study to examine changes in the building of the wall section coated with insulating double glazed windows. The difference between the existing insulation and insulated thanks to the annual heating energy savings as determined in the case was uncovered heating energy. The resulting amount of these savings with a payback period of isolation was expressed regarding the aid formulas. The goal of our study also showed savings resulting from the improvements that can be done on an old building like the one in our country is to shed light on this kind of scenario that may arise when applied to the building. Our work within the specified housing and energy in our country, which made the regulations for the use of more efficient, would be useful to expand the existing building to include more understood.
In terms of results, it is absolutely true that provides the energy efficiency of existing housing effectively reduce the negative plus a significant contribution to the economy of energy use and preventing environmental pollution primarily due to the increase. All of these conditions briefly summarize, economically at first, ecological environment, human health, hygiene and is in because in today's world similar reasons in appears to be a need to increase the thermal insulation energy performance provides a positive impact on environmental sustainability.