Eski haritaların modern haritalar ile karşılaştırılması: Mapanalyst
Comparison with the modern maps on the old maps: Mapanalyst
Yazar: GÜLİN ÇELİK
Danışman: PROF. DR. CENGİZHAN İPBÜKER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2016
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry

Özet:
Haritacılığın temellerini oluşturan bilinen en eski harita benzeri kalıntıların günümüzden  yaklaşık 8000 yıl önceye ait olduğu ve bu geometrinin, mülkiyet kadastrosunun, Nil nehri etrafındaki insanların gereksinmelerinden, günümüzden yaklaşık 4000 yıl önce ortaya çıktığı bilinmektedir. Bugün ise haritacılık, gelişmiş teknolojiyi kullanmak zorunda olan bir noktadadır. Bu gelişme sürecindeki çabaların, yaşananların, uygulananların, zorlukların bilinmesi gerekir. 
Haritacılık, uygarlık tarihinin birikimlerini hemen kullanan, teknolojik gelişmeleri kendi gereksinmelerine hemen uyarlayan bir meslek dalı olarak gelişmesini sürdürmüş ve bugünkü zengin içeriğine kavuşmuştur. Bir mesleğin bilincinde olmak, öncelikle onun tarihinin bilincinde olmayı gerektirir (Köktürk, 2004).
Bu büyük tarih, geçmişe duyduğumuz merakı çeşitli yollarla çözümleme şansı için bizi arayış içerisinde sokmaktadır. Ancak teknoloji bu kadar gelişmişken üretilen çözümler de artmış ve bu merakımızı gidermek adına bu alanda da devreye girmiştir. 
Bir eski haritanın analizi hiç de zor olmamaktadır. Günümüz gerçekleri üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmede ortaya tekniksel, mekansal, konumsal farklılıkların boyutu çıkmaktadır. Bunu bize sağlayan programlardan birinin adı MapAnalayst'tır. Yaptığı analizler sonucu ortayan çıkan sonuçlar ilgi çekici ve incelemeye değer olduğu için eski haritalar ile modern haritaların karşılaştırılması bu program üzerinden uygulanmıştır ve program kullanımı incelenmiştir.
Haritacılık bilimi ve teknolojilerinde karşılaştırma kavramı yeni bir olgu değildir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, eski haritaların modern suretleri ile karşılaştırılması için kullanılabilen temel kavram ve araçlarına yer verilmiştir. Bu karşılaştırma, Anadolu bölgesine ait eski haritadaki noktaların yeni haritada karşılık gelen nokta kümelerine uygulanan doğru dönüşümler vasıtasıyla uygun teknikler kullanılarak yapılabildiği görülmüştür. Böylelikle eski haritanın geometrik ve projektif özellikleri kullanılarak, sayısal alanda tarihsel bir bilgi sağlanmıştır. Yapılan üç farklı karşılaştırmada farklı dönemin ve haritacıların haritalarıyla, günümüzün farklı kaynaklara ait referans modern haritaları kullanılmıştır. Hem büyük hem de küçük ölçekli haritalar kullanılarak değerlendirme alanı genişletilmiştir. Kullanılan haritaların özelliklerine göre elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırma sırasında değerlendirilip yorumlanmıştır.
Sonuçların görselleştirilmesi ile eski haritaların geometrisini analiz etmek kolaylaşmıştır. Bu durum harita tarihçilerine, eski haritaların oluşturulması ile ilgili çeşitli yönlerin incelenmesi ve üretim şeklinin yorumlanabilmesi için olanak sağlamıştır. Oluşan ölçek ve dönüklük farklılıklarının, eski haritanın bölgesel olarak üretilip birleştirilen parçalardan oluştuğu ya da farklı altlıklara dayanılarak çizildiği gibi sonuçlar ortaya çıkmıştır.

Abstract:
The present is the oldest map-like residues known to constitute the basis of cartography as belonging to about 8,000 years ago, and this geometry, the property cadastre, the Nile from the needs of the people around, it is known today is that there are about 4000 years ago. Today cartography is a point to use advanced technology. efforts in this development process, what happened, difficulties, who applied to be known.
"Cartography, civilization uses the accumulation of history present, technological advances have continued to grow as a profession just adapting to their needs and has reached its present rich content. Being aware of the profession, first it needs to be aware of its history" (Köktürk, 2004). 
In the history its sharp distinction between classical and modern geographical knowledge. "As the limitations of the Ptolemaic maps became increasingly evident, some editors and cartographers sought to remedy the deficiencies of earlier editions either by adding new modern maps or by amending the traditional maps to incorporate new information" (Manners, 2007). Then map making methods and references changed.
This is a great history, curiosity we heard in the past puts us in the quest for a chance to analyze a variety of ways. But technology has increased so flourishing and produced solutions in order to satisfy our curiosity has been engaged in this field. Analysis of an old map is not difficult at all. Today's technical evaluation in terms of the facts revealed in the spatial, positional differences are the size of the exit. This program's name Mapanalyst. 
"MapAnalyst is a Java application that runs on all major computer platforms" (Jenny, 2006). It allows for the efficient identification and management of control points both in a historical map and in a corresponding modern reference map, and calculates distortion grids, displacements vectors and scale and rotation isolines. MapAnalyst also computes the scale, rotation angle of historical maps and shows us local variations of displacements, scale and rotation on the maps.
"MapAnalyst is free-download program, and it has open-source code. The software was designed with a special focus on a user-friendly interface that allows historians without a technical background to easily analyze the geometry of old maps" (Jenny, 2010).
Make for the analysis of the results revealed that the results are worth engaging and analysis comparison of old maps with modern maps are implemented through this program and use were examined. The concept of comparison in mapping science and technology is not a new phenomenon. Made in this study is devoted to the basic concepts and tools that can be used for comparison with modern copies of old maps.
This comparison was made using appropriate techniques are seen to be correct by means of transformations applied to the corresponding point sets new maps from the old map. Thus, using the old projective geometry and properties of maps, historical information is provided in the digital space. The comparison made in different periods and with three different cartographer of the map is used in reference to today's modern maps of different sources. Both assessment area using both large and small scale maps have been expanded. The results obtained were interpreted according to the characteristics of maps used during the comparison evaluated. 
For example, in this study we work on three different old maps and two new reference maps and openstreetmap for reference. Batlamyus, D'Anville and Andelfinger maps from fifteenth and eighteenth centuries are historical maps which we analyzed. Turkish road map and Generel Kommand of Mapping produced Turkey map for new reference maps. Batlamyus and D'Anville's Asia Minor maps are both analyzed with small scale Turkish road map and Generel Kommand of Mapping produced Turkey map. Andelfinger's İstanbul map is a big scale map than the others, so we used to OpenStreetMap for new reference map to compare. We placed about 50 linked points for each sample.
Batlamyus's map from 1478 is a historical old map about Asia Minor which Turkey's current location. Scale, rotation, statistical indicators, and visualizations were computed with 53 pairs of corresponding points. We used a four-parameter Helmert transformation to match the coordinate systems. 
D'Anville's map from 1794 is a historical old map about Asia Minor which Turkey's current location. Scale, rotation, statistical indicators, and visualizations were computed with 69 pairs of corresponding points. They based on antique city names and current city names.
The last one Andelfinger's Constantinopolis (İstanbul) map from 1735 which include bosphorus view and about 35 town centres. Scale, rotation, statistical indicators, and visualizations were computed with 32 pairs of corresponding points with OpenStreetMap. These control points from the ancient age like Chalcedon (Kadıköy), Nicomedia (İzmit), Amastrist (Amasra), Pitane (Çandarlı), Phocaea (Foça), Lebedos (Seferihisar), Teos (Sığacık), Loryma (Marmaris), Seleucia (Silifke), Caesarea (Kayseri), Tenedos (Bozcaada).
Depends on these points, the displacement vectors show locally consistent patterns, except for large outstanding vectors in the middle part of the map. Whereas local distortions are visible in the eastern part. But we didn't choise sufficient distinct points on the eastern parts because of eastern ancient centres.
A result of the three analyzing about four visualizations each of them makes it seem highly probable that this maps are not based on a single geodetic survey covering the complete area. Instead, they were probably compiled from at least two base maps. In two Asia Minor maps, displacement vectors clearly show us west side was geomatrically more accurate than east side. 
In this applications of mapanalyst we had an idea with concrete evidence about the accuracy and production style of an old map. Old map has a projection? Manufactured in which projections? It is made from the rough or create from combining the two or more maps in the region. More superficially, you have a map of the eighteenth century and we want to investigate an unknown location by use a known point from old map. Is it reliable enough to be taken as a reference so that the old map? Another application; we have two different old maps of the same area, we can analyze these maps between each other for examine the errors of their own. 
The most difficult part of this application was matching between old and new maps. City names has changed on used old maps. This is reason to matching is very difficult. Approximately matching precision fifty kilometers average in this applications. Therefore, in particular large-scale map, careful matching old and new map point will make it reliable research we did on the old map. 
Mapanalyst also suitable for industrial use. It is possible to examine the damaged surface or examination of an anatomical zone. Matching is performed between two surfaces, changes between the two surfaces calculated and reported. Time-dependent change can be examined.
Not done mappings between two surfaces map and change between these two surfaces are reported observing. The movements in the region which can be examined time dependent deterioration of the grid, changes can be observed more. Computed error grids can be examined regional movement.