Mimaride doğayı temel alan tasarım yaklaşımları izleği
Nature based design approaches guide in architecture
Yazar: EMRE GÜNDÜZ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. YASEMİN ALKIŞER BREGGER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Modern dünyada, insan ve doğa arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimin mimarlık kavramı üzerinden incelendiği durumda, temelde iki problemli olgunun varlığından söz edilebilir; sürdürülemez mimari üretim pratikleri ve yapılı çevrede insan-doğa yabancılaşmasının neden olduğu psikolojik ve fizyolojik uyumsuzluk… Özellikle son yüzyılda, etkilerini artarak hissettiren küresel çevre problemleri nedeniyle, mimari teorisyenlerin ve diğer disiplinlerdeki uzmanların, bu temel iki sorunsalın ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik boyutu üzerinde yoğunlaştığı söylenebilir. Fakat, küresel çevre problemlerine karşı geliştirilen; enerji verimli tasarım, yeşil tasarım gibi ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik hareketlerinin de yetersiz kaldığı görülmektedir. Öte yandan, yapılı çevrede evrimsel süreçlerle insan genlerine işlenen mekansal doğa koşulları göz ardı edilmiş, insanın doğadan yabancılaşmasına engel olunamamıştır. 
Temelde bu iki sorunsala ışık tutan ve çözümünün doğanın kendisinde olduğunu öngören bazı doğa temelli tasarım yaklaşımları türetilmiştir. Tez çalışmasıyla amaçlanan ise, doğayı temel alan tasarım yaklaşımları perspektifinden, hem ekolojik sürdürülemez mimari üretim mekanizmalarına, hem de yapılı çevrede insan-doğa yabancılaşmasının neden olduğu psikolojik ve fizyolojik uyumsuzluğa, alternatif bir çözüm üretebilmek için tartışma alanı tanımlamaktır. Bu nedenle tezde, insan ve doğa ilişkisinin en başından itibaren ele alıp yeniden güçlendirilmesini ve yetersiz ekolojik sürdürülebilir hedefler yerine derin ekolojik görüşün belirlenmesini savunan, bazı doğa temelli tasarım mekanizmaları irdelenmektedir. Tez sonucunda, incelenen tasarım yaklaşımları çerçevesinde, tasarım ve üretim faaliyetlerinde radikal sürdürülebilirlik hedefleri olan ve insan-doğa etkileşiminin yeniden güçlendirilmesine odaklanan, doğa temelli bir mimari tasarım izleği üretilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. 
Tezin ilk bölümünde, tarih boyunca değişken insan-doğa ilişkilerinin kırılma noktalarını gözlemlemek, küresel çevre problemlerine neden olan insan faaliyetlerini tanımlamak ve insanın yeniden doğaya dönüşünü hedefleyen doğa temelli görüşlerin çıkış noktası vurgulamak için, var olduğu ilk günden bugüne insan-doğa ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır. 
Tezin ikinci bölümünde, radikal ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik hedefleri ve insan-doğa etkileşimini artırmaya odaklanmaları nedeniyle; organik tasarım, biyomimikri, rejeneratif tasarım, biyofilik tasarım yaklaşımları seçilmiş ve ayrı ayrı incelenerek, örneklendirilmiştir. Bölüm sonunda ise, bu yaklaşımların tasarım hedeflerini ve asıl odak noktalarını vurgulayan, "doğayı temel alan tasarım yaklaşımı tabloları" oluşturulmuştur. Böylece tez sonunda elde edilmesi amaçlanan, doğa temelli tasarım izleğinin altlığını oluşturan, tasarım hedefleri belirlenmiştir.
Üçüncü bölümde, bir önceki bölümden elde edilen tasarım hedeflerinden yola çıkarak, "doğayı temel alan tasarım yaklaşımları izleği" oluşturulmuştur. İzlekte yer alan 4 temel hedef ve alt kriterler ayrı ayrı açıklanmış ve örneklendirilmiştir.
Son bölümde, doğa temelli tasarım özellikleri barındırdığı öngörülen, İstanbul, Taksim'de bulunan, Atatürk Kütüphanesi ve Özyeğin Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi doğayı temel alan tasarım yaklaşımları izleği üzerinden incelenmiştir. Kütüphanelerle ilgili kullanıcı yorumları, tercihleri ve görüşleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yapıların izleğe göre belirlenen doğa temelli tasarım özelliklerinin insanlar üzerindeki etkisi ile, kullanıcı yorumları arasında tutarlılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda doğayı temel alan tasarım yaklaşımları izleğinin, yapılı çevrenin değerlendirilmesinde etkin bir rehber özelliği taşıdığı görülmüştür.

Abstract:
In the modern world, where the interaction between man and nature is examined on the concept of architecture, there are basically two different problematic phenomena; unsustainable architectural production practices and psychological and physiological mismatch of human built environment… Particularly due to global environmental problems that have increased their influence in the last century, architectural theorists and experts in other disciplines have focused solely on the ecological sustainability dimension of these two fundamental problems. As a matter of fact, it is seen that ecological sustainability movements such as energy efficient structures and green design developed against global environmental problems are also insufficient. On the other hand, in the built environment, the spatial nature conditions processed by human genes through evolutionary processes were ignored and human alienation from nature could not be prevented.
In this context, some of the nature-based design approaches have been derived from these two fundamental problems that suggest that the solution is in nature itself. The aim of the thesis study is to define a discussion area in order to produce an alternative solution to ecological unsustainable architectural production mechanisms and human-nature distinction from the perspective of nature based design approaches. Therefore, in the thesis, some nature based design approaches are discussed, which take the human and nature relationship from the very beginning and reinforce it, and support the determination of deep ecological vision instead of unsatisfactory ecological sustainability targets. At the end of the thesis, within the framework of the design paradigms examined, it is aimed to produce a nature based architectural design guide that basically focuses on deep sustainability goals and focuses on the re-strengthening of human-nature interaction.
In the first part of the thesis, the relationship between human-nature is examined from the first day to the present, to observe the breaking points of the changing human and nature relations throughout history, to define the human activities that cause global environmental problems and to emphasize the starting point of the nature-based design views aiming at the return of human nature. 
In the second part of the thesis, biomimicry, biophilic design, regenerative design and organic design approaches, which are chosen mainly because of their focus on increasing the ecological sustainability targets and increasing human-nature interaction, have been examined and exemplified. At the end of the chapter, nature-based design approach lenses have been formed, which emphasize the design objectives of these nature based approaches. Each nature-based design approach lens is described separately, and the objectives are summarized in a single table. Thus, the design objectives were determined, which form the basis of the nature-based design guide, which is intended to be obtained by the thesis study.
In the third chapter, nature-based design approaches guide is developed based on the design objectives obtained from the previous chapter. Also, in this chapter, the 4 basic objectives and sub-criterias in the guide are separately explained and exemplified. It is thought that the nature-based design guide created as a result of the study can be used both to help evaluate and improve the nature-based design features both before the architectural implementation and on the completed architectural project. However, long-term studies are required in collaboration with experts from various disciplines in order to use the guideline in the pre-implementation design phase. For this reason, it is considered that it is more appropriate and possible to observe the nature-based features through the existing architectural projects for the evaluation of the guide.
The nature-based guide focuses on sustainable ecological objectives in the built environment design and production processes and on psychological, physiological and aesthetic mismatch problems caused by diminishing human-nature relationships. Today, it can be expected that the effects of nature-based experiences on human beings will be seen more effective especially in the places where long time spent and in this time period more productive and healthy working environment is targeted. In addition, due to their long working hours and service to crowded user groups, they consume a lot of resources (water, electricity, natural gas, etc.) and produce various wastes. In such spaces, the difference between nature-based design features is expected to be more pronounced.
In the last section, the Atatürk Library, located in Taksim, Istanbul, and the Özyeğin University Library building, which are thought to have nature-based design features, are examined through the design approaches based on nature. Atatürk Library and Özyeğin University Library were examined in order to evaluate the nature-based guide created within the scope of the field study and to observe the effects of the features identified on the user in practice. Firstly, Atatürk Library has been chosen because its long-standing appreciation and it has some nature-based features such as, plan scheme consisting of repeating hexagons like natural honeycomb form, natural lighting and ventilation solutions, having a garden with natural landscaping areas and views. Secondly, Özyeğin University Library has been chosen because it is a structure that uses similar nature-based features as well as more up-to-date and sustainable systems (solar power generation, rain water usage, etc.) in its design. 
By searching the literature about the libraries, the design features and targets were investigated. Buildings managements were interviewed in order to determine the design features that changed or added in post-design use. In addition, interviews were conducted with the users to observe and evaluate the impact of the psychological, physiological, and aesthetic attitude goals of the guide in practice. In summary, four open-ended questions were asked during the interviews: the features that make them prefer the building, the physical and sensory features they like the most, the places they usually prefer to be in and the most impressive view of the building can be obtained. Efficient consistency were observed between the nature-based design characteristics of the Library and the user comments.
Although Atatürk Library has less ecological sustainability characteristics than Özyeğin University Library, it is distinguished by nature-based psychological and physiological harmony and aesthetic attitudes defined in the course. Especially in the library where complex layout and enticiment effect is observed, the perspectives defined by the users for determining the point of view for the impressive view of the structure are noteworthy. Because at the points mentioned, spatial organization typologies showing attraction effect characteristics are determined. On the other hand, such nature-based elements have not been identified in the viewpoints of the Özyeğin University Library. In user comments, the viewpoints that provide an impressive perspective are defined so that they are directed from the interior to the landscape, while the fact that no front view is made is supported.
As a result, substantial consistency has been determined between the positive effects of nature-based design features on users and user comments in Atatürk Library and Özyeğin University Library. Therefore, it is concluded that the nature-based design features determined in the guide are effective for the users to prefer such places, to enjoy them, to feel productive and comfortable. In this context, nature-based design approaches guide has been shown to be an effective guide in the evaluation of the built environment.