Mekân, onu dinleyenle konuşur ses algısı çalışmalarından kentsel planlamaya: Kadıköy akustik
Space speaks to those who listen to it from soundwalks and spatial perception studies to urban planning: The Kadiköy akustik example
Yazar: OĞUZ ÖNER
Danışman: PROF. DR. ÖZLEM ÖZÇEVİK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2021
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Müzik = Music ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
İşitsel peyzaj odaklı tez araştırma projesi Kadıköy AKUSTİK, İstanbul'un önemli bir kentsel alanı olan Kadıköy Meydanı için geliştirilen mekânsal algılama ve okuma yöntemlerinin yanı sıra ses yürüyüşleri ve zihin haritalama atölyeleri gibi katılımcı çalışmaları kapsamaktadır. Bu tez araştırma projesi, mekânın çeşitli kullanıcı profilleri tarafından denetimli olarak nasıl okunduğuna ilişkin metodolojik çalışmaları kapsamakla birlikte uzun vadede, mekân kullanıcılarının taleplerinin plancılar ve tasarımcılar tarafından daha iyi nasıl karşılanabileceğine dair önerileri içermektedir.
Kadıköy AKUSTİK, akustik ekoloji araştırmacısı Murray Schafer'in işitsel peyzaj teorileri temel alınarak geliştirilmiştir. Proje, kentsel alanların anlamsal bir analizini ve tamamen faydacı bir kentsel tasarıma yeni alternatifler üretebilecek mekânı ayarlama, "akort etme" ve yeniden düzenleme pratiğini önermektedir.
Kadıköy Meydanı'nın kamusal alanları, işitsel peyzaj açısından çok sayıda veri sağlamaktadır. Bölgenin çevresel akustiğini iyileştirmek için uzun vadeli bir öneri planı çerçevesinde, gözler kapalı olarak gerçekleştirilen derin dinlemeli ses yürüyüşleri gibi psikocoğrafik yöntemler kullanılmıştır. 
Dönüşüm alanı olan Kadıköy Meydanı; sembol sesler açısından zengin, çok katmanlı ve yer yer kaotik yapıya sahiptir. Çiçekçiler, şantiyeler, kiosklar, vapur düdüğü, vapur yolcuları, gişeler, ezan çağrıları, tramvay araçları, konservatuar, martılar, trafik ve deniz gibi ses kaynakları araştırılmış ve bu sesler üzerinden kullanıcıların mekânsal algısı deneyler ve ses yürüyüşleri yardımıyla incelenmiştir.
Uzun vadede mekânların rahat ve kullanıcı isteklerine yanıt verebilen şekilde kullanımının sağlanması için görsel verilere yönelik analiz, tasarım ve inşa çalışmalarının ötesine bakmak gerekir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, işitsel verileri ve "ses"in algısal verilerini planlama aşamasında devreye sokmanın gerekliliğine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Bu sayede akustik kentsel çevre ile ilgili insanların deneyimlerini ve algılarını anlamaya yönelik, planlama disiplinine katkı sağlayacak metodolojik yönteme yön verilmektedir.	
Bu kapsamda zihin haritaları ve kullanıcının gözleri kapalı olarak gerçekleştirilen ses yürüyüşü gibi katılımcı atölye çalışmalarını kapsayan, Türkiye'nin en büyük kenti İstanbul'un merkezi kentsel mekânlarından ve dönüşüm alanlarından Kadıköy Meydanı'na yönelik algılama-mekânı okuma yöntemleriyle ses peyzajı araştırma çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Literatürde ses yürüyüşlerinin tasarım ve planlama disiplinlerinde kullanılmasına ilişkin sınırlı sayıda araştırma mevcuttur. İTÜ Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) kapsamında, TAK (Tasarım Atölyesi Kadıköy) ve İKSV Tasarım Bienali işbirliğiyle yürütülen bu çalışmaların, sesin mekân karakterinin belirlenmesinde bir öğe olarak değerlendirilmesi ve mekânın akustik karakterinin ortaya konulması anlamında literatüre katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır.

Abstract:
Kadıköy AKUSTİK, a thesis research project focused on the concept of soundscape, includes spatial perception and reading methods developed for Kadıköy Square, an important urban area of Istanbul, as well as participatory studies such as soundwalks and mind mapping workshops. This thesis research project includes methodological studies on how space is read by various user profiles in a controlled manner and includes suggestions on how to better meet the demands of space users by planners and designers in the long run. 
With a human-oriented approach in urban design and planning, studies that ensure the participation of the user in public spaces and take into account the user's demands are gaining importance day by day. The needs, expectations, and problems of citizens using public spaces are analyzed by various methods and included in decision-making mechanisms. Since the users of these public spaces are people with different characteristics, their perceptions and reaction to the external environment also differ. For example, people with hearing, visual or physical disabilities, and old people, young people, foreigners are in that space and use it differently. Therefore, the needs of all these segments should be considered in planning and urban design projects, and spaces that bring these segments together without excluding any segments should be designed with inclusive designs. For this reason, this thesis aims to create an input to these designs by measuring soundscape perception. Studies like this are supported by different perceptual analysis studies using psychogeographical tools that aim to measure how spaces appeal to users' different senses.
Kadıköy AKUSTİK has been developed mainly based on the soundscape theories of acoustic ecology researcher Murray Schafer. The project proposes a semantic analysis of urban spaces and the practice of setting, "tuning" and reorganizing space that can generate new alternatives to a purely utilitarian urban design. In addition to Schafer, the outputs of the 21st-century urban researchers such as Westerkamp (2001), Schulte-Fortkamp and Fiebig (2006), and the results of the soundwalk and space perception experiences and the methods and results of current psychogeography studies have been the basis of the experiments and studies in the research. In this way, the semantic study of the city and analysis of urban space; by re-energizing our way of hearing, can offer new and fresh options to the architecture, urban planning, and city management perspectives, which are popularly reduced to only physical/visual and functional elements.
The public space of Kadıköy Square provides a lot of data in terms of the soundscape. In the framework of a long-term proposal plan to improve the environmental acoustics of the region, psychogeographic methods such as a deep listening sound walk with eyes closed were used.
The research focuses primarily on the soundscape management approach and soundwalk method, which I recommend that urban planners and urban designers integrate into their work so that space can be read aurally by various user profiles.  In this context, in the long run, it is necessary to look beyond the analysis, design, and construction of visual data of space to ensure the use of spaces comfortably and responsively to user requests. In this context, the study mentions the necessity of using auditory data and perceptual data of "sound" at the planning stage. In this way, as pointed out by Davies et al. (2005), the methodological method that will contribute to the planning discipline is directed towards understanding the experiences and perceptions of people about the acoustic urban environment.
Kadıköy Square, which is a transformation area; is rich in symbol sounds, has a multi-layered and partly chaotic structure. Sound sources such as florists, construction sites, kiosks, ferry whistle, ferry passengers, toll booths, call to prayer, tram cars, conservatory, seagulls, traffic, and the sea were investigated and the spatial perception of the users was examined with the help of experiments and sound walks.
In the long run, it is necessary to look beyond the analysis, design, and construction studies for visual data to ensure the use of spaces comfortably and responsively to user requests. In this context, the study emphasizes the necessity of using auditory data and perceptual data of "sound" at the planning stage. In this way, the methodological method that will contribute to the planning discipline is directed to understand the experiences and perceptions of people about the acoustic urban environment.
In this context, mind maps covering the user's eyes are closed as participatory workshops such as a conducted sound hike, Turkey's largest city of Istanbul in the center of the detection-space method of reading for the Kadiköy Square, the urban spaces from and transform domain sound landscape of research studies have been conducted. There are limited studies in the literature on the use of vocal walks in design and planning disciplines. Within the scope of ITU Scientific Research Projects (BAP), it is aimed to contribute to the literature in terms of evaluating sound as an element in determining the character of the space and revealing the acoustic character of the space. 
The main purpose of the thesis research is to reveal the relationship between the sound perception analysis - conducted with the focus of the user within the framework of the soundscape approach in urban space - and planning & design areas. The question set out in the research was "Can the soundscape experiments and sound analysis conducted in the urban space be implemented by providing awareness in the field of planning and design?" In this context, it is within the scope of the thesis to test the use of spatial and social reflections of sound research and initiatives carried out with a user-focused creative method in participatory public space planning.
It was deemed appropriate to set out with the Exploratory Mixed Method for this research. In this research method, which reveals the implicit relationships between the cases and gives the direction and measure of the observed changes, it is foreseen to collect data specific to the area first and then to develop the hypothesis. Exploratory Mixed Method provided in-depth, qualitative data on participants' attitudes and perceptions of concepts.
In addition to the insufficient number of studies on the relationship between sound and urban space in our country, participatory planning tools related to sound are not well known. Therefore, there is disconnection between the user's perception of sound and planning discipline in the urban space. As in many countries, the noise control approach is the only approach that is tried to be adopted in our country. In Kadıköy AKUSTİK research, it is thought that by testing the soundscape management approach, the gap between user perception and sound regulations can be filled with the "soundwalk" tool, and it will constitute an important basis for the planners to offer a method that they can work interdisciplinary.