İnşaat sektöründe iş kazalarının önlenmesinde giyilebilir teknoloji kullanılarak elde edilen fizyolojik verilerin bulanık mantık yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of physiological data obtained using wearable technology using fuzzy logic method in preventing work accidents in the construction sector
Yazar: ELİF TUĞÇE AKSAY
Danışman: PROF. DR. ELÇİN FİLİZ TAŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
İnşaat sektörü özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ekonomi ve istihdam açısından önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Sektör bağlı olduğu alt sektörlerle birlikte büyük bir iş gücüne sahiptir. İnşaat sektörü emek-yoğun bir sektördür. Bu durum özellikle şantiyelerde iş kazalarını beraberinde getirmektedir. İnşaat sektöründe meydana gelen iş kazaları nedeniyle birçok inşaat işçisi hayatını kaybetmektedir. Geleneksel iş güvenliği metotlarının yetersiz kalması, artan denetimlere rağmen iş kazalarının ve ölümlerin sıklığının istenilen seviyelere düşmemesi sektör için büyük bir problem olmaktadır. Tez kapsamında şantiyelerde gerçekleşen iş kazalarını önlemek için giyilebilir teknolojinin kullanımından nasıl yararlanılabileceği anlatılmaktadır. Giyilebilir teknoloji cihazları günümüzde sağlık, imalat, maden ve atletizm gibi sektörlerde kullanılmaktadır. Ancak inşaat sektöründeki kullanımı oldukça sınırlıdır. Literatürde giyilebilir cihazların şantiyelerde iş güvenliğini sağlamak için kullanılabileceği yönünde çalışmalar ve deneyler mevcuttur.
Tez kapsamında literatür taraması yapılarak giyilebilir cihazlar ve cihazların kullanım alanları açıklanmıştır. Türkiye'de meydana gelen iş kazaları SGK verileriyle birlikte analiz edilmiştir. İş kazalarına neden olan etmenler ve bu etmenlerin alt grupları açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca iş kazalarının hem küresel çaptaki hem de Türkiye'de ki ekonomik karşılığı aktarılmıştır. Buna göre Türkiye'de iş kazaları nedeniyle yıllık yaklaşık 10 milyar dolarlık maddi kayıp yaşandığı açıklanmıştır.
Çalışmada, inşaat sektöründe meydana gelen iş kazalarının önlenmesi için inşaat işçilerinin giyilebilir teknoloji kullanılarak elde edilen fizyolojik verilerinin bulanık mantık yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla 12 inşaat işçisinden 24 saat boyunca bileklerine akıllı saat takarak şantiyedeki günlük aktivitelerine devam etmeleri istendi. Deneyi etkilemesi beklenen uyku süreleri ve alkol alımı kontrol edilerek deney başlatıldı. İşçilerin yorgunluk düzeylerini ölçmek için Borg RPE ölçeği kullanıldı. Akıllı saatlerden alınan HRmax (maksimum kalp atım hızı), HRresting (dinlenme kalp atım hızı) ve HRworking (çalışma kalp atım hızı) değerleri gerekli formüllerde kullanılarak %HRR (kalp atım hızı rezervi yüzdesi), %HRmax (maksimum kalp atış yüzdesi) ve METs (metabolik eşdeğer) değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Değerler Matlab Programında Bulanık Mantık Yöntemi ile analiz edilerek, işçilerin eş zamanlı yorgunluk değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Deney sonucunda 12 denekten 2'sinin yüksek yorgunluk derecesine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Deney bize inşaatlarda akıllı saat kullanarak işçilere ait yorgunluk derecelerini anlık olarak elde edebileceğimizi göstermektedir. Önerilen sistem, aktif şantiye süresince proje yöneticilerinin her bir işçi üzerindeki iş yükünü kontrol ederek yorgunluktan kaynaklanabilecek olası iş kazalarının önüne geçmeyi, yorgunluk seviyesi 13'ün üzerine çıkan inşaat işçilerinin uyarı sistemiyle sahadan çekilmesini ve fizyolojik değerlerin anlık takibi sayesinde kalp krizi, yüksekten düşme, ağır nesne çarpması gibi durumlara hızlı müdahale edilebilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu sayede işçinin fizyolojik değerleri takip edilerek inşaatlarda meydana gelebilecek iş kazalarının sayısını azaltacak bir sistem önerisi geliştirilmektedir. Bu sistem sayesinde şantiyelerdeki ölümlü iş kazası oranlarının azaltılması amaçlanıyor.

Abstract:
The construction sector plays an important role in terms of economy and employment, especially in developing countries. The sector, together with its sub-sectors, has a large workforce. The construction industry is a labor-intensive industry. This situation brings about occupational accidents, especially at construction sites. Many construction workers lose their lives due to work accidents in the construction industry. The inadequacy of traditional occupational safety methods and the fact that the frequency of occupational accidents and deaths do not decrease to the desired levels despite increased inspections is a major problem for the sector. The scope of the thesis explains how wearable technology can be used to prevent occupational accidents at construction sites. Wearable technology devices are currently used in sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing, mining and athletics. However, its use in the construction industry is quite limited. There are studies and experiments in the literature indicating that wearable devices can be used to ensure occupational safety on construction sites.
Within the scope of the thesis, wearable devices and their usage areas are explained by scanning the literature. Work accidents occurring in Turkey were analyzed together with SSI data. The factors that cause occupational accidents and the subgroups of these factors are explained. In addition, the economic consequences of work accidents both globally and in Turkey are conveyed. Accordingly, it has been announced that approximately 10 billion dollars of financial loss occurs annually in Turkey due to work accidents.
Within the scope of the thesis study, literature research on wearable smart devices was conducted. The usage areas of the devices were examined and devices that can be used for occupational safety were introduced. Devices that can be used for occupational safety at construction sites are examined in 5 groups. These; prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, prevention of falls, assessment of physical workload and fatigue, monitoring of the mental state of employees and evaluation of hazard recognition abilities.
The data of work accidents occurring in the construction sector were taken from SSI (Social Security Institution) sources and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that there is a work accident in the Turkish construction industry every five minutes and a worker death occurs every 6 hours. Among the factors that cause occupational accidents, it is seen that the first three groups with the highest number of occupational accidents are caused by falling from height, traffic and construction equipment accidents and health problems, respectively.
When the analysis of occupational accidents and the features of the devices that can be used in occupational safety are considered together, it can be seen that thanks to the data obtained from the devices, the intervention of many occupational accidents can be accelerated, early warning systems can be established and even some occupational accidents can be prevented. In this context, within the scope of the thesis, the usage areas of wearable devices for occupational safety are highlighted and reasons are presented for the rapid adaptation of these devices to the sector.
Within the scope of the study, occupational accidents occurring in the construction sector were investigated and it was observed that physical workload and fatigue were one of the main causes of occupational accidents. Borg RPE scale was used to evaluate physical workload and fatigue. The Borg RPE scale is a system that can subjectively measure a person's perceived effort as an indicator of physical strain. It shows that people's degree of strain during physical work is related to the effort they perceive. Fatigue states of people as a result of perceived exertion; It is felt by the combination of many signals originating from cardiovascular and respiratory functions, muscle pain and central nervous systems. Physical fatigue increases linearly with oxygen consumption and heart rate. However, the RPE scale focuses on the level of perceived exertion. For this reason, people were asked to rate their perceived fatigue level between 6 and 20, taking into account their heart rate and muscle pain. The rating actually symbolizes heart rates between 60-200. The number corresponding to the level of fatigue felt by the individual defines his or her heart rate. This system allows instant fatigue monitoring regardless of the person's age, gender and race. According to the Borg RPE scale, 7 means very very light, 9 means very light, 11 means fairly light, 13 means somewhat hard, 15 means hard, 17 means very hard, 19 means very very hard, and 20 means maximum effort. This method is frequently used especially in the fields of health, medicine and fitness.
As a result of the literature research, it was determined that the physiological values required for the detection of fatigue in relation to the Borg RPE scale are %HRR, %HRmax and METs values. Wearable devices that can be used to reach these values have been investigated. As a result of the research, the use of smart watches was deemed suitable for the thesis study due to its ability to instantly access these three values and its easy adaptation to the construction site environment.
In the study, physiological measurements were made by attaching smart watches to construction workers at an active construction site. In order to analyze the collected data and determine fatigue values, a model was created using the Fuzzy Logic Method in the Matlab program. Fatigue levels were determined by analyzing the data in the created model. In this way, instant fatigue levels of construction workers were determined.
In the experiment, 12 construction workers were asked to continue their daily activities at the construction site by wearing a smart watch on their wrists for 24 hours. The experiment was started by controlling sleep durations and alcohol intake, which were expected to affect the experiment. The Borg RPE scale was used to measure workers' fatigue levels. HRmax (maximum heart rate), HRresting (resting heart rate) and HRworking (working heart rate) values taken from smart watches are used in the necessary formulas to calculate %HRR (percentage of heart rate reserve), %HRmax (percentage of maximum heart rate) and METs. (metabolic equivalent) values have been reached. The values were analyzed with the Fuzzy Logic Method in the Matlab Program and the simultaneous fatigue values of the workers were reached.
As a result of the experiment, it was seen that 2 of the 12 subjects had a high degree of fatigue. The experiment shows us that we can instantly obtain the fatigue levels of workers by using smart watches in construction. The proposed system prevents possible occupational accidents that may occur due to fatigue by controlling the workload of project managers on each worker during the active construction site, allows construction workers whose fatigue level exceeds 13 to be withdrawn from the field with a warning system, and thanks to instant monitoring of physiological values, heart attacks, falls from heights, heavy weights, etc. It aims to provide rapid response to situations such as object collision. In this way, a system proposal is being developed that will prevent occupational accidents that may occur in construction by monitoring the physiological values of the worker. Thanks to this system, it is aimed to reduce the rate of fatal work accidents on construction sites.
As a result of the experiment conducted in the study, it was aimed to prevent or early intervention in accidents caused by physical workload and fatigue, which constitute 25.7% of work accidents. When the work accidents, permanent incapacity and deaths between 2007 and 2022 are evaluated by SSI and calculated according to the 16-year average, the model created can have the potential to prevent approximately 8550 work accidents, 213 injuries at the level of permanent incapacity and 108 deaths per year. is considered.
The created system has many potential areas of use. While creating the work plan, the prevention of fatigue-related work accidents that may occur due to incorrect workload distribution or insufficient time given to the job will be noticed in a short time after the field application begins, allowing the necessary corrections to be made.
During construction, site supervisors or project managers will be able to instantly monitor the fatigue levels of construction workers. If the system is developed, a warning mechanism can be created for workers whose fatigue level exceeds 13 and the worker can be withdrawn from the field or take a break. In this way, a possible work accident caused by fatigue can be prevented.
Particularly in large square meter construction works, it will be possible to monitor sudden changes in the physiological values of the worker and to send notifications to the project managers through the alert warning system, thus providing the opportunity to quickly intervene in situations such as sudden heart attacks, falls from a height, or being hit by heavy objects.
The fuzzy logic model established within the scope of the study has the potential to turn into a software that sends warning notifications to both workers and project managers once it is developed.