Güç kalitesi parametrelerinin IEC 61000-4-30  sınıf A standardına uygun şekilde ölçülmesi için algoritma geliştirilmesi
Development of algorithms to measure power quality parameters in accordance with IEC 61000-4-30  class A standard
Yazar: EYÜP YURDUSEVEN
Danışman: PROF. DR. İSMAİL SERDAR ÖZOĞUZ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Elektronik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği = Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Özet:
Son yıllarda teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte artan lineer olmayan yükler, sinüzoidal akım ve gerilim sinyallerinde bozukluklara neden oldu. Gerilim ve akım sinyallerinin bozulmasıyla birlikte bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların sayısı giderek arttı. Gerek üreticilerin ve gerekse tüketicilerin güç kalitesine olan ilgilerinin giderek artması bu kavramın çeşitli güç sistemi bozukluklarını bir çatı altında toplayan anahtar bir kavram olmasına neden olmuştur.

Günümüzde güç kalitesi parametrelerinin önemi ve bu parametrelerin ölçümü üretim tarafında ve son kullanıcı tarafında çok önemli hale gelmiştir. Güç kalitesi parametrelerinin ölçülme ihtiyacının artması, güç kalitesi parametrelerinin nasıl hesaplandığını ve yorumlandığını açıklayan standartların oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Bu kapsamda Uluslararası Elektroteknik Komisyonu tarafından IEC 61000-4-30 (Test ve Ölçüm Teknikleri - Güç Kalitesi Ölçüm Yöntemleri) standardını oluşturmuştur. IEC 61000-4-30, üreticiden bağımsız olarak standarda göre ölçüm alan tüm güç kalitesi cihazlarının aynı sinyale bağlandığında aynı sonuçları vermesini sağlayan mükemmel bir standarttır.

Bu tez çalışmasında, IEC 61000-4-30 Sınıf A standardına göre güç kalitesi parametrelerini ölçmek için algoritmalar geliştirilmiştir. Bu algoritmalar, daha önce gelişmiş uzak terminal birimi modülü olarak tasarlanmış olan PQM donanımı üzerinde çalışmaktadır. Tasarlanan PQM donanımında, 866MHz'e kadar hızlara çıkabilen çift çekirdekli ARM Cortex-A9 mikroişlemci, 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM ve 4 GB NandFlash'a bulunmaktadır. PQM modülünde gömülü linux işletim sistemi bulunmaktadır. Tasarlanan güç kalitesi ölçüm cihazı frekans, gerilim ve akım büyüklüğü, gerilim ve akım açısı, aktif ve reaktif güç, güç faktörü, harmonikler ve ara harmonikler, toplam harmonik bozulma, dengesizlik, K faktörü, alt ve üst sapma ve tepe faktörü verilerini IEC 61000-4-30 Sınıf A standardına ölçmektedir.

Proje kapsamında, ölçülen güç kalitesi parametrelerinin kullanıcılar tarafından izlenebilmesi için gömülü sistemle uyumlu web arayüzü tasarlanmıştır. Standarda göre, güç kalitesi parametreleri 10 çevrim, 150 çevrim ve 10 dakikalık periyotlarla hesaplandığı için, tasarlanan web arayüzünde her bir ölçüm periyodu için farklı sayfalar oluşturulmuştur. Tasarlanan web arayüzü sayesinde, kullanıcılar tüm güç kalitesi parametrelerini gerçek zamanlı olarak izleyebilirler.

Tez çalışmasının ilk bölümünde çalışmanın amacı üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, güç kalitesinin tanımı, güç kalitesinin önemi, güç kalitesini bozan faktörler ve güç kalitesi standartları anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, tasarlanan güç kalitesi analizörünün her bir güç kalitesi parametresini nasıl hesapladığı açıklanmaktadır. Bu güç kalitesi parametreleri frekans, akım, gerilim, güç, harmonik, araharmonik, toplam harmonik bozulma, dengesizlik, güç faktörü, K faktörü, sapma ve tepe faktörüdür. Dördüncü bölümde, tasarlanan güç kalitesi analizörü IEC 61000-4-30 Sınıf A gerekliliklerine uygunluk açısından test edilmiştir. Bu bölümde, üçüncü bölümde yer alan güç kalitesi parametrelerinin test edilmesi için IEC 61000-4-30 Sınıf A standardına uyumlu bir test cihazı kullanılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde tez çalışmasından elde edilen sonuçlar tartışılmaktadır. Ekler bölümünde, güç kalitesi ölçüm cihazını test ettiğimiz cihazın arayüz sayfaları ve tasarladığımız cihazın web arayüz sayfaları yer almaktadır.

Abstract:
The electric energy has already become a part of modern life and its demand is gradually increasing day by day. One can not think of a world such indispensible source of energy. In factories, large machines are worked with the help of electricity. And, the goods produced in these factories like refrigerators, washing-machines, air-conditioners provide comfort for people. Also, essential items like food, cloth, paper and many other things are the product of electricity. Transportation and communication have revolutionised by it. Electric trains and battery cars are quick means of travel. Electricity also provides means of amusement, radio, television and cinema, which are the most popular forms of entertainment are the result of electricity. Modern equipment like computers and robots hve also been developed because of electricty. Electricity plasy a pivotal role in the fields of medicines and surgery too – such as X-ray, Electrocardiogram (ECG). The use of electricity is increasing day by day.

One of the most important characteristics of the electric power system is its observability. The observability is not only essential for the power flows and power supply reliability indices, but also for the power quality indicators, particularly for the nonsinusoidality of supply voltage waveform. Non-linear loads that increasing use of with the development of technology, caused disorders in the sinusoidal form of current and voltage signals.

The quality of electrical energy used in industrial facilities is highly important for accurate and efficient operation of the machines. Non-linear loads of the energy system cause in harmonic distortion of current and voltage signals and hence considered one of the main factors destructing the quality of electrical enegry. Power quality (PQ) problems have become a serious concern of both power suppliers and end user customers with the deregulation of the electric power market. In case of power quality problems in facilities such as paper manufacturing factories, iron and steel factories, glass factories, it may cause a significant amount of raw material that has not yet been turned into a product to become unusable and scrapped. In addition to the loss of raw materials, long and costly cleaning processes can be experienced in the facilities.

In recent years, power quality and energy efficiency have become one of the most important parameters of power systems due to the rapid change in the characteristics of loads connected to power systems, increasing energy demand and rapid increases in energy costs. While power quality problems negatively affect the operation of factories in the industry, they pose many problems such as equipment damage in power systems. These problems pose serious cost and operation problems to both end-of-line users and power system components. Continuous monitoring and control of power quality parameters in electrical systems are great importance to eliminate the problems caused by these problems.

Power quality monitoring is getting importance for the customers even for the more sensitive modern equipment. Until recently, the control and supervision of an industrial process has mainly been focused on the electrical protection, and little attention has been paid to the quality of the electrical supplies. There are a number of reasons to employ power quality monitoring. It allows plants to perform energy management, preventive maintenance, quailty control, and saves money. Today, many end users have sensitive telecommunication or computer equipment that do not utilize power quality monitoring. This makes them vulnerable to power quality issues. Also today's customers understand the consequences of power fluctuations and expect a higher level of service. Nowadays, the importance of power quality parameters and measurement of these parameters have become very important on the production side and end user side.

Crucial informations about the operation and protection of energy facilities can be gathered with the development of power quality monitoring devices. Some of those informations are as follows; specification of power quality performance, distortion type, source and causes of the system, specification of operation conditions required for the system to operate with nominal load, and determination the necessary parameters for the improvement and development of the power system.

The increasing need for power quality measurement has driven the requirement for standards that describe measuring methods and how the different power quality parameters are calculated and interpreted. There are already IEC standards that describe how harmonics (IEC 61000-4-7) and flicker (IEC 61000-4-15) should be calculated and presented. Unfortunately, there is still no overall standard available that covers the measurement techniques and calculations for other power quality parameters. This has led to the recent development of IEC 61000-4-30 (Testing and Measurement Techniques- Power Quality Measurement Methods) by the International Electrotechnical Commission. This part of IEC 61000-4 defines the methods for measurement and interpretation of results for power quality parameters in a.c. power supply systems with a declared fundamental frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Measurement methods are described for each relevant parameter in terms that give reliable and repeatable results, regardless of the method's implementation. IEC 61000-4-30 is an excellent standard that ensures that all compliant power quality instruments, regardless of manufacturer, will produce the same results when connected to the same signal.

In this thesis study, algorithms is developed to measure power quality parameters in accordance with IEC 61000-4-30 Class A standard. These algorithms are working on PQM hardware, which was previously designed as the advanced remote terminal unit module. The PQM hardware that has designed, has dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 microprocessor up to 866MHz, 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM and 4 GB NandFlash. Embedded linux operating system is running on the designed power quality measurement modul. Designed power quality measurement device measures frequency, voltage and current magnitude, voltage and current angle, active and reactive power, power factor, harmonics and interharmonics up to the 50th order, total harmonic distortion, unbalance, K factor, under and over deviation and crest factor in accordance with IEC 61000-4-30 Class A standard.

Within the scope of the project, the web interface has been designed so that the measured power quality parameters can be monitored by the users. According to the standard, since the power quality parameters should be calculated in 10 cycles, 150 cycles and 10 minutes periods, there are separate measurement pages in the designed web interface. Thanks to the designed web interface, users can monitor all power quality parameters in real time.

In the first section of this thesis study, the purpose of study and studies contained in the literature are stated. In the second section, the definition of power quality, importance of power quality, power quality distorting factors and power quality standards are defined. In the third section, how the designed power quality analyser calculates each power quality parameters are defined. These power quality parameters are frequency, current, voltage, power, harmonic, interharmonic, total harmonic distortion, unbalance, power factor, k factor, deviation and crest factor. In addition, the algorithm flow chart used to calculate each parameter in accordance with the IEC 61000-4-30 Class A standard is also explained in this section. In the fourth section, the designed power quality analyser was tested for compliance with the IEC 61000-4-30 Class A requirements. In this section, IEC 61000-4-30 Class A standard compatible power quality tester was used to test power quality parameters in the third section. In the fifth section, results obtained from the thesis study are talked about. Finally, in the appendices section, images of power quality analyser test device interfaces and images of the web interface pages are given.