Havalimanı etrafında emniyetli sahaların oluşturulması için mekansal analizleri: İstanbul Havalimanı örneği
Spatial analysis for creation of safe areas around aerodromes: A case of Istanbul Airport
Yazar: AYLİN BAYRAK
Danışman: PROF. DR. HANDE DEMİREL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Uygulamaları Ana Bilim Dalı / Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry ; Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences ; Sivil Havacılık = Civil Aviation

Özet:
Modern havacılığın çok çeşitli sistemleri ve prosedürleri, kesişen paydaşları ve özel bir terminolojisi bulunmaktadır. Bu da karar vericiler için farklı kaynaklardan gelen farklı veri modellerinin bütünleştirilmesinde zoruklara neden olmaktadır. Bu sebeple verilerin mekansal yapısı nedeniyle bütünleştirmenin CBS ortamında yapılması diğer yöntemlere oranla daha başarılı ve hızlı sonuçlar verir. Havalimanlarındaki mania alanlarının haritalanması, şehir planlaması ve şehir ekonomisinin yanı sıra orada yaşayan nüfusun güvenliği için de gerekli ve önemlidir. Mania alanlarının ihlal edilmesi, havalimanlarının genişlemesini engelleyebileceği gibi, çevredeki birçok kısıtlamalara ve bu kısıtlamaların sebebiyet verdiği karmaşık sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile emniyetli hava sahaların kontrolü ve korunması için havalimanı otoritesi ve diğer kurumların mevcut mevzuatlara ek neler yapabileceği irdelenmiş ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. İstanbul Havalimanı uygulamasıyla hazırlanan örnek mania planları ve bu planların nasıl otomatize edilebileceği ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiş ve bu kapsamda uluslararası ve ulusal havalimanlarındaki CBS örnekleri incelenerek uygulama alanı için CBS tabanlı çözüm önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. İstanbul Havalimanı' nda yapılan uygulama çalışması ile tüm fazlar tamamlandığında yapımı tamamlanmış olacak altı pist baz alınarak hazırlanan mania alanlarını içeren 463 km²' lik alanın öznitelik verileri işlenerek bilgisayar ortamında 3B olarak simüle edilmiştir. Kurulan Havalimanı Bilgi Sistemi sayesinde analiz, sorgulama ve hesaplama gibi birçok işlemin bilgisayar ortamında çok kısa zamanlarda yapılmasını ve havalimanı işletmesi gibi büyük bir organizasyonda birçok departmanda eş zamanlı olarak farklı faaliyetlerde kullanılabilmesine olanak sağlanmıştır. Bu uygulama kentsel kullanıcılar ve yöneticiler için bir araç olarak hizmet vermenin yanı sıra, havaalanı koruma bölgesinde bulunan mevcut ve gelecekteki binaların kontrolüne ve denetimine izin verdiği için hava sahası mevzuatından sorumlu makamlara da hizmet edeceği düşünülmektedir. Uygulamadaki tüm çalışmanın CBS ortamında gerçekleştirilmesi, bu kurumlardan gelecek talepler doğrultusunda yapılacak tüm işlemler için hızlı sorgulama imkanı sağlayarak kurumlar arası iletişime katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca havalimanı etrafinda arazi kullanımı, yapılaşma ve çevre planlama gibi konularda oluşturulan verilerin kurumlar arasında paylaşılmasının gerekliliğine değinerek, bu alanda kullanılabilecek potansiyel CBS çözümleri konusunda da önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Abstract:
Modern aviation has a wide variety of systems and procedures, cross-cutting stakeholders, and a specialized terminology. This causes difficulties for decision makers in integrating different data models from different sources. Thanks to the coordinated work of global and national traffic control authorities, planes fly safely around the world. At the heart of this vital collaboration is the implementation of a common aviation language with a set of rules and procedures applicable to producing and distributing aviation information. For this reason, due to the spatial structure of the data, integration in the GIS environment gives more successful and faster results compared to other methods. Airports, which are located outside the city during the planning and construction phase, remain within the city center borders due to the increasing population and unplanned developments of the cities. Especially in areas with high population density, the vertical growth of construction makes it difficult to create safe areas around airports. The mapping of obstacle areas at airports are necessary and important for the safety of the population who are living there, as well as for city planning and the city economy. Violation of obstacle areas may prevent the expansion of airports and cause many restrictions in the environment and complex problems caused by these restrictions. Annex-14 and related documents published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) clearly reveal the restrictions on  creating safe areas. Thanks to the coordinated work of global and national traffic control authorities, planes fly safely around the world. At the heart of this vital collaboration is the implementation of a common aviation language with a set of rules and procedures applicable to producing and distributing aviation information. In our country; Within the scope areas are determined by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure; All kinds of structures, buildings, wind roses, base stations, etc., which may endanger air traffic, flight safety, navigation and airport security or prevent communication around the airports. structures, even growing trees are prohibited and subject to permission. However, while the preparation of airport obstacle maps are under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Civil Aviation, the implementation of these obstacle plans are under the authority of all relevant institutions and organizations, including municipalities and governorships, which have the authority to make zoning plans. These differences between the preparer and the implementer causing information loss in inter-institutional communication, and these losses are causing problems in the precautions to be taken. The risk of accident at landings and take-offs at airports is related to the intensity of natural and artificial obstacles around the airport. Considering that the construction is mostly directed towards the airports, the slope of the ground around the airports, the grouping of the obstacles on the ground, the elevation and attributes of these obstacles are the featured regions that should be subjected to GIS analysis in order to ensure flight safety. During the preparation of the study, the legislations, instructions, publications and academic studies of institutions were directly involved in the subject such as the General Directorate of Civil Aviation, the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, the State Airports Authority, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). During the implementation work between these documents, the obstacles around the airport and the obstacle plans created in this context were discussed together with the construction rules, especially based on Annex-14 published by ICAO. In this study, it has been examined and suggested what the airport authority and other institutions can do in addition to the existing legislation for the control and protection of safe airspaces. sample obstacle plans prepared with the Istanbul Airport application and information on how these plans can be automated are given. In this context, GIS-based solutions are offered for the application area by examining the GIS examples at international and national airports. With the application study at Istanbul Airport, the attribute data of the 463 km² area, which includes the obstacle areas, prepared on the basis of the six runways, that will be completed when all phases are completed, were processed and simulated in 3D in the computer environment. In order to determine which artificial and natural obstacles around the airport pose a flight risk, height information was obtained by performing a measurement process for each obstacle containing height (building, tree, wind rose, etc.) in the Obstacle Limitation Surface area. All data on details are overlapped with the Obstacle Limitation Surface, and objects that may be dangerous for all aircraft, which pierce this surface or are an obstacle for the landing or the take off around the airport are identified. By using 3D visualization techniques in the GIS environment, 2D obstacle maps used in the legislation were made more understandable. In this way, in order to prevent one of the main problems like uncontrolled construction, many risk analyzes that can be done in the future will allow the authorized institutions to be informed by identifying potential risky obstacle zones by using analysis techniques in the GIS environment. Thanks to the prepared 3D obstacle plans, an exemplary model was created that can be used in the automatic determination of natural and artificial obstacles around the airport. The areas where this prepared 3D terrain model can contribute to the solution of different problems at the airport are mentioned. With the case study, the contribution of GIS to the technical processes in the creation of obstacle lines was examined and examples of many other uses of airport spatial data in management were presented. For this purpose, the operational effects of GIS applications that are used at airports and which have the potential to be used are examined. Thanks to the established Airport Information System, it is possible to carry out many operations such as analysis, query and calculation in a very short time in the computer environment and can be used in different activities simultaneously in many departments in a large organization such as airport management. In addition to serving as a tool for urban users and managers, this application is considered to also serve the authorities responsible for airspace legislation as it allows control and inspection of existing and future buildings located in the airport protection zone. By minimizing the risk of changing or canceling landing procedures, reducing the length of the runway, affecting the size of aircraft permitted to operate, or even disabling airport operations, it allows for the intervention of obstacles and makes airports safer. In addition, the smaller the restrictions placed on airports due to barriers, the greater the likelihood of airport expansion and airport expansion, which contributes to the development and economy of the regions they serve, and to the safety of the population. It is thought that with the application of the GIS, it will enable us to obtain growth statistics, identify potentially dangerous factors and take preventive decisions, among other results that are the aim of this study. It is thought that the realization of all the work in the application in the GIS environment will contribute to inter-institutional communication by providing quick inquiry for all transactions to be made in line with the requests from these institutions. In addition, by emphasizing the necessity of sharing the data created on issues such as land use, construction and environmental planning around the airport among institutions, suggestions were made about potential GIS solutions that can be used in this area.