Haberde gerçeklik ilkesi ve "yalan haber"
Journalistic truth and "fake news"
Yazar: ESRA FAKİBABA
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ SEÇİL ÖZAY
Marmara Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Gazetecilik Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Gazetecilik = Journalism
Dizin: Doğrulama platformları = Verification platforms ; Gazetecilik = Journalism ; Gerçeklik = Reality ; Haberler = News ; Post-hakikat = Post-truth ; Sahte haber = Fake news ; Yalan haberler = False News

Özet:
Çağdaş anlamda haber 15. yüzyıldan sonra oluşmaya başlayan yeni toplumsal yapı ve bu yapıdaki üretim ilişkilerinin yarattığı bir ihtiyaç olarak doğmuştur. İnsanın merak duygusunun yarattığı haber, gerçekle son derece bağlantılıdır. Salt gerçek sayılmasından dolayı tesiri en çok süren medya içeriği olarak düşünülmektedir ancak bir olay habere dönüşürken çeşitli süreçlerden geçerek gerçeğe uygun bir hale getirilmektedir. Haber, oluştuğu ilk günden bugüne gerçekliğe en yakın olan bilgi kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Haberin toplumsal gücü ve etkisi dolayısıyla farklı amaçlarla kullanımı, toplulukların manipüle edilmesini sağlayabilmektedir. Artık post truth adı verilen bu çağda haberin anlamı ve gerçeğin anlamı değişmiştir. Gerçeğin anlamının değiştiği ve herkesin kendi gerçeğinin oluştuğu görülmektedir. Bu durum habere de etki etmekte ve haberde gerçekliğin önemi tekrar düşünmemizi sağlamaktadır. Gerçeğin değişmesinin sonuçlarından biri de yalan haberin artmasıdır. Son yıllarda yalan haberin artması hem Türkiye hem diğer ülkeler en çok tartışılan sorunlardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında Türkiye'ye dair alınan önlemleri değerlendirmenin, haberin gerçekliği üzerine düşünmenin ve önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Haber gerçekle ve gazetecinin gerçeği ile son derece bağlantılıdır. Bu sebeple araştırmada, yalan, post truth bilim inkarcılığı ve benzeri kavramların çerçevesinde Türkiye'de çalışan internet gazetecilerinin gerçeğe bakış açısı tartışmaya açılacaktır. Yalan haber, haberde gerçeklik, gerçeğe sadakat ilkesi konusundaki hassasiyetleri sorgulanacaktır.Yalan haberin tarihsel süreci anlatılacak ve analiz edilecektir. Yalan haber ve haber çarpıtmaya yönelik alınan tedbirler arasında sadece doğrulama platformları vardır.  Türkiye'de doğruluk kontrolü yapan ve en bilinen oluşumlar: Teyit.org, Doğruluk Payı, Malumatfuruş, Fact- checking Turkey, Yalansavar vb. Türkiye'de doğrulama platformları yeterli kalmamaktadır. Yalan haberle ilgili soruna farklı yaklaşılması ve mesleki pratiğin içerisinde değerlendirilmesi daha yerinde olacaktır. Değerlendirilen çerçevede bu çalışmanın temel sorusunu yalan haberin denetimi için mesleki pratik içerisinde gazetecilerin üstlenmesi gereken sorumluluğun neler olduğu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamındaki en önemli kısım Türkiye'deki internet gazetecilerinin habere ve haberdeki gerçekliğe bakış açısı olmaktadır.  Mevcut haber üretim biçimleri değerlendirilerek çalışma alanına yönelik öneriler oluşturulacaktır. Bu kavramsal çerçeve içerisindeki bu çalışmanın yeni fikirlere kaynak olması, geliştirilmesi ümidiyle.

Abstract:
News in a contemporary sense 15th century. it was born as a new social structure that began to be formed after this century and a need created by the relations of production in this structure.  News created by a person's sense of curiosity is extremely connected with reality. Due to the fact that it is considered real, it is considered to be the most long-lasting media content, but when an event becomes new, it is made real by going through various processes. News are seen as the source of information that is closest to reality from the first day it was formed to the present day. Due to the social power and influence of the news, the use of it for different purposes coud lead to the manipulation of communities. Now in this era named post truth, the meaning of news and the meaning of truth have changed. Due to the fact that tthe meaning of truth has changed, and everyone has their own truth. This situation absouletly also affects the news and the importance of reality in the news makes us think again. One of the consequences of changing the truth is the increase in fake news. The increase in fake newst in a contemporary sense 15th century. it was born as a new social structure that began to be formed after this century and a need created by the relations of production in this structure.  News created by a person's sense of curiosity is extremely connected with reality. Due to the fact that it is considered real, it is considered to be the most long-lasting media content, but when an event becomes new, it is made real by going through various processes. News are seen as the source of information that is closest to reality from the first day it was formed to the present day. Due to the social power and influence of the news, the use of it for different purposes coud lead to the manipulation of communities. Now in this era named post truth, the meaning of news and the meaning of truth have changed. Due to the fact that tthe meaning of truth has changed, and everyone has their own truth. This situation absouletly also affects the news and the importance of reality in the news makes us think again. One of the consequences of changing the truth is the increase in fake news. The increase in fake news in recent years has been one of the most discussed problems in both Turkey and other countries. Given this situation, it becomes important to evaluate the measures taken against Turkey, to think about the reality of the news and the importance of it. The news is extremely connected with reality and with the truth of the journalist. For this reason, the research will discuss the point of view of truth of Internet journalists working in Turkey within the framework of the concepts of lies, post truth science denial and the like. Their sensitivity to the principle of false news, reality in the news, loyality to the truth will be questioned.The historical process of fake news will be described and analyzed. Among the measures taken to deconstruct fake news and news, there are only verification platforms. The most well-known formations that perform accuracy control in Turkey are: Teyit.org, Doğruluk Payı, Malumatfuruş, Fact- checking Turkey, Yalansavar etc. Unfortunately, verification platforms are not enough in Turkey. It would be more appropriate to approach the problem of fake news differently and evaluate it in professional practies. In the framework under consideration, the main question of this study is what is the responsibility that journalists should assume in their professional practice for monitoring fake news. The most important part of the scope of the study is the point of view of Internet journalists in Turkey on the news and the reality in the news. Recommendations for the field of work will be created by evaluating the existing forms of news production. In the hope that this work within this conceptual framework will be a source of new ideas and will be developed.news in recent years has been one of the most discussed problems in both Turkey and other countries. Given this situation, it becomes important to evaluate the measures taken against Turkey, to think about the reality of the news and the importance of it. The news is extremely connected with reality and with the truth of the journalist. For this reason, the research will discuss the point of view of truth of Internet journalists working in Turkey within the framework of the concepts of lies, post truth science denial and the like. Their sensitivity to the principle of false news, reality in the news, loyality to the truth will be questioned.The historical process of fake news will be described and analyzed. Among the measures taken to deconstruct fake news and news, there are only verification platforms. The most well-known formations that perform accuracy control in Turkey are: Teyit.org, Doğruluk Payı, Malumatfuruş, Fact- checking Turkey, Yalansavar etc. Unfortunately, verification platforms are not enough in Turkey. It would be more appropriate to approach the problem of fake news differently and evaluate it in professional practies. In the framework under consideration, the main question of this study is what is the responsibility that journalists should assume in their professional practice for monitoring fake news. The most important part of the scope of the study is the point of view of Internet journalists in Turkey on the news and the reality in the news. Recommendations for the field of work will be created by evaluating the existing forms of news production. In the hope that this work within this conceptual framework will be a source of new ideas and will be developed.