Kentsel mekanda konut sorununa bir çözüm olarak gecekonduların değerlendirilmesi
The Evaluation of squatter settlements as a solution to housing problem in urban space
Yazar: HALİL DİNÇEL
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜLSÜN SAĞLAMER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Doktora, 1989
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Endüstrileşme = Industrialization ; Gecekondular = Squatters ; Kentleşme = Urbanization ; Konut sorunu = Housing problem

Özet:
Bu çalışma-Gecekondulaşma olgusunu mekansal açıdan irdelerken gecekonduların konut sorunu içindeki yerini açıklamaktadır. Birinci bölümde halkın çevresine karşı duyarlılığının ve sorunlara demokratik ortamda planlı olarak yaklaşmanın problemin niteliksel çözümünde gerekli olduğu anlatılıyor. İkinci bölümde mekan kavramı açıklanırken, mekan, üretimin bir parçası olarak ele alınıyor, toplum ve mekan ilişkisi, cinsiyet farkının mekana yansıması; mekanın oluşumunda zaman faktörü ve ana mekan doğa anlatılıyor. Üçüncü bölümde mekanda bütünlük kavramı ele alınmakta, yaşamayı kolaylaştıran araçların mekanının biçimlenmesindeki önemi ve doğaya karşı toplumların bakış açılarının tarihi serüveni anlatılıyor. Dördüncü bölümde çevre kavramı üzerinde duruluyor. Çevreye bakışın tarihi kökenleri ve günümüzde çevre ye sorununa yaklaşım, doğal mekanın yapay mekana dönüşümü anlatılıyor. Beşinci bölümde endüstri toplumlarının dünya görüşü açıklanırken, toplumun çevrenin önemini kavrıyarak yeni arayışlara başladığı anlatılıyor. Altıncı bölümde moderin mimari ve günümüz mimarisi başlığı altında modern mimarinin ütopik değerlere yönelimi anlatılıyor. Yedinci bölümde mimaride katılım sorunu ele alınarak gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde soruna bakış demokrasinin katılımdaki önemi toplu konut uygulamaları ve bu uygulamayla oluşan çevrelerin düzeltilmesi çalışmaları katılımcı bakış açısıyla anlatılıyor. Sekizinci bölümde sanayileşme kentleşme ikilemi anlatılarak genelde gece kondu ve ülkemizdeki gecekondulaşma, ülkemizdeki konut açığının boyutları ve açığın kapatılmasındaki kaynak arayışı ve toplumsal gelir dağılımındaki dengesizliğin sorunun çözümünü Olumsuz etkileyişi bu bölümde anlatılıyor. Dokuzuncu bölümde gecekondunun konut sorununa bir çözüm olup olmadığı irdeleniyor. Onuncu bölümde modern mimari de konut kavramı ele alınarak konut tiplerinden bahsediliyor. Onbirinci bölümde gecekondularda mekan farklılaşması anlatılıyor. Onikinci bölümde gecekonduların kent sel konumları anlatılarak; yapı adalarının ve parsellerin durumu, konutların özellikleri mekanlar arası ilişkiler ve mekan ölçüleri açısından irdeleniyor. Konutların yakın çevre oluşumu ve sokak dokusu için deki yeri anlatılırken; sonuç ve öneriler kısmında genelde mekan özelde gecekonduların ülke şartlarında alınacak önlemlerle konut sorununa çözüm olabileceği vurgulanıyor.

Abstract:
In this study squatter space has been taken up as a shelter in the urban area, and space has been İDDked in its various dimensions. The place of squatterization in the urban structure, its contribution to the solution of the housing problem and its particular significance in Turkey, which is suffering from a serious housing shortage, have been emphasized. The introduction discusses the problems created by the population increase and the phenomenon of intensive urbanization; then it emphasizes that the problem of housing should be reduced to the problem of providing shelter and that the aim of social hpusing should be seen only as providing shelter. In the introduction it is also stated that, in sol ving this problem, new policies should be generated and that the subject should be viewed from a broader angle ignoring the details; thus, the complexity of the problem of shelter, which is affected by a large number of factors should always be kept in mind. It is pointed out that awareness of the public towards its environment has a lot to contribute to the solution of the said problem and that the contribution of the public can only be effective in a democratic atmosphere adopting a planned approach. In Part II, the concept of space is taken up and discussed together with the change in factors that cont ribute to its creation. It is reminded that the concept of space can be used for all places where matter and mo vement exist; the lexical definition of the word 'space1 is given, the concepts of 'natural space1 and 'artificial space' are discussed, ant it is explained that 'space1 can only gain meaning by consciousness, since it is im passible to concieve it in a neutral sense without " Vllconsidering time. It is argued that space taken up as a part of pro duction changes together uith the society constantly renewing itself. Different types of space that have existed in various social sections are discussed, emphi- sizing the fact that space is a living phenomenon. In teraction between space and society is studied in its double character drawing attention to the new concepts of society and space that emerged with the advent of the industrial period, and the complex structure space gained in this period has been brought into focus. It is exp lained that sexual differences are naturally reflected in space, that time is an important factor in space not as an ever-flowing background but as a factor contributing to the formation of space. It is also reminded that the origin of space is in nature. In Part III, the totality of space is discussed, n mentioning the effects of certain devices that facilita te life, and espacially how certain types of furniture like chairs affect the formation of space. The philosophical origins of the historical approac hes of man towards nature, the main source of space, are drawn upon to explain' the effects of social beliefs in different historical periods. In Part IV, the definition and the concept of envi ronment are discussed pointing out the difference between environment and milieu. The relationship between the in dividual and the environment is examined with a view to the origins and different interpretations of the environ ment. Environmental effects on the dilemma of man- na ture are exposed, and the difference between the Eastern and western viewpoints of the environment have been revi ewed up to the present time. Observing that the present viewpoint of the environ ment has historical traces, the destructive attitude to wards nature has been criticized. The transformation of the natural environment into an artificial one has been explained considering the role played by the present day disintegrated societies, with a view to how man with his unsatisfiable «go affected the destruction of the natural environment. The significance of cultural accumulation in Eastern societies in terms of their attitude towards nature has been emphasized, and the importance of this accumulation in preventing the destruction of nature in industrial societies has also been shown. VlllPart V discusses the worldview adopted by some in dustrial societies and the effects of some historical viewpoints adopted by the western societies on the pre sent Western worldview Envimmental pollution is exa mined in its relation to this worldview with the emphasis on how a more sensitive attitude is being developed to wards the environment now. In this respect, important changes taking place in the industrial age in general are enumenated, and human alineation from the environment is explained. With a view to the different urban environments of the industrial age, the development of Western societies with their inner dynamism is brought into the discussion and the effects of intensive urbanisation all through the industrial age has been looked into. It is pointed out that the Utopian attitudes adopted in solving the problem are caused by intensive urbanisation and, that these attitudes cannot be considered an alternative so lution today as they had never been b solution in the past. The impass of utopianism in the Soviet system is explained with the conclusion that Utopian attitudes can only offer subjective solutions to objective values in societies. Part VI, under the heading of Modern Architecture and Contemporary Architecture, discusses how modern arc hitecture starting as a reaction to the old, has acquired some negative aspects in its different approaches to the environment although in harmony with the facts of the in dustrial age, and how the present day architecture is continuing the same search still retaining the same tra ces. Explaining the reasons why modern architecture ten ded towards Utopian values, it is pointed out that this is a natural product of the industrial age. It is also explained why present day architecture should be taken up together with social development and how this acquires special importance in countries going through the process of development. It is emphasized that architecture needs a social way of thinking today rather than an individual one and that speculative sharing of the urban land space brings on negative aspects to the use of urban space. In Part VII, the problem of participation is taken up from the social point of view and it is pointed out that participation is an inevitable factor in the forma tion of the environment. Participation is defined as a significant factor in increasing the sensitivity towards the environment and as an inevitable result of the democ ratic way of life. Participatory attitude in developed countries is explained, and examples from these countries are cited. From this aspect, actualized social housing IXprograms are taken up and the negative features of the environments created in spite of the masses are enlar ged upon.supported by a large number of examples. Some other examples are also given for the work carried out to improve the environment with social housing programs, and it is explained why participation of the users in the formation of their omn environment should not be ig nored. The significance of participation in Turkey and other developing countries is emphasized suggesting that squatterization in developing countries should be inter preted from this point of view. In Part VIII, the dilemma of industrialization-ur banization is discussed, explaning how people who leave their rural homes essentially expect to improve their living conditions in the new environment and how finding a job plays an important part in the migration. The dimensions this migration occurred in developing count ries is pointed out citing the reasons for the squatter rization it caused in the urban environment. Squatteri zation is explained as a natural consequence of the eco nomic, social and cultural structures of the respective developing counries. It is argued that squatterization in Turkey essen tially began in the 1950s with the increasing* role of international capital in this country and thus it has outgrown its natural dimensions. Housing shortage in Turkey is brought into focus and the social aspects of this subject are discussed together with the search for some sources in order to bring a so lution to the problem. The present housing shortage is shown to be possibly met in a matter of twenty years, even with the production of 3DD.DDD dwellings per annum with the transfer of sources as significant as one fifth of the country's national income. It is claimed that, even if the necessary funds are provided, because of the great inequality in the division of the national income, the problem of housing will still remain unsolved for that section of the society which is experiencing a press ing need for housing, and that besides, when suggesting this solution the quality of the housing to be provided has not been taken into consideration. In Part IX squatterization is examined as a possib le solution to the problem, claiming that it is an una voidable development and then the question "Can squat terization be a solution?" is raised. It is observedthat squatter areas have more advanced features compared with living conditions in apartment blocks for the new urbanities who are newly experiencing the phenomenon of change in its greatest dimensions. However, legal prob lems involved in building and ownnlng the squatter dwel lings are also brought into the discussion pointing out the inevitibility of preventing squatterization that has been going on for thirty years. Squatter dwellings are seen as an economic way of producing constructions: - using local materials as far as possible, - employing the traditional methods of construction, - making a limited preliminary investment and rea lizing the construction in several different sta ges. It is pointed out that, due to these factors squat ter developments have important advantages like flexibi lity and the capacity to meet the rising needs required by changes in time as well as inexpensive production. The functional content of the spatial change is taken up in its aspects of demographic, economic and cultural changes, and it is shown that the flexibility of squat ter dwellings makes it possible to respond to these chan ges. Also, it is explained that two different cultures namely (pre-industrial and post-industrial) simultaneously affect the process of change. The effects of the clash between these two cultural factors on the determination of space and the influence of feodal customs on squatter dwellings have also been mentioned. In Part X, the concept of dwelling in modern archi- tecrute is brought up referring to the changing concept of family in this century and to the democratic family structure reflected on the new space. In addition, plot usage in housing types being built at present and the ad vantages of atrium type houses in terms of garden-house relations have been studied. It is also pointed out how important it is for the dwelling to be surrounded by a garden and the functional use this means for the enclosed space Incidentally, these characteristics are to be found in the traditional Turkish way of living as well as in squatter dwellings; thus, they indicate to wards the qualities of the housing programs to be developed in our time. Part XI takes up the differentiation of space in squatter dwellings together with the flexible usage of XIspace which is inedaquate in terms of the family struct ture. Part XII explains uıhy Eskişehir has been chosen as the experimental area and shows that Eskişehir is essen tially one of the cities that receive migration specifi cally from its own vicinity. Eskişehir appears to have different problems from those of the metropolises like İstanbul, Ankara, Adana and Bursa, which receive migrants mostly from all over the country; thus, it is studied in terms of its specific position within this context and in terms of its specific urban structure. The urban positions of the squatter dwellings in Eskişehir have been treated in terms of their particular characteristics, and the sinificance Df the unity in the unity in the scale of constructional sections has also been emphasized. This Part, which also includes a study of the characteristics of building plots, discusses the structure-plot relations in detail. This relation has been examined, particularly looking into the ration of closed areas tD that of open areas in the structuring that develops from the outside towards the inside an buil ding plots. The same ratio has bIsd been evalut^d in terms of enclosed gardens. Idhen discussing the characteristics of dwellings, it has been noticed that almost all the dwellings under study had independent garden entrances, an introverted concept of space and a separate garden, however small. The positioning of the garden in terms of the squatter dwelling has also been shown. LJhen considering the spa tial analysis of the dwelling space, it is observed that there are practical examples reminding one of the central plan type stemming from the traditional way of life in addition to some particular spatial relations. It can be said that in the dwellings these types of space exist: - Terminal spaces (terminal areas), - Connecting spaces (passage areas), - Focusing spaces. It is interesting that all the other types of space besi des the Ul.C. and the bathroom are either passage areas or focusing areas- In this Part, other connecting areas are also studied with special emphasis. The existance of XIImore than one duelling on the same plot and of commonly used areas can olso be explained by the particular po sition of these duellings. In these duellings, most of uhich have bathrooms, the fact that passage into the bath room is through the sitting-room explains the signifi cance of the focusing areas. Examining the fact of fo cusing around various spaces, more than one foci in cer tain designs have been noticed. Average duelling space is studied for each area separately and also in terms of the uhole duelling area, thus describing each space both separately and in terms of its location in the ge neral duelling area. The fact that a squatter-dueller lives in an average area of 55 m2 is compared to the demands of the middle-classes, in this country, uho do not prefer small duellings. Passage from one duelling space into another dues auay uith the need of private space among the family members and also brings out the feodal cultural customs. The inadequacy of space is compensated by the use of garden space. As for the relation of the duellings to their gardens and to the street, this shous that the street is not only a link for communication but that it mainly provides an area for the neighbours in uhich to carry out their social transactions. The high garden ualls separating the duellings from the street, the gar dens being arranged in a uay to avoid visual access, and their being decorated uith fruit trees etc. Bre common characteristics in all of these duellings. In the Conclusions and Suggestions Part of this study, the phenomanon of intensive urbanization being ex perienced in Turkey has been described starting from the concept of space in general to the dwelling space in par ticular. The importance of squatter duellings in meeting the housing shortge is explained, and it is shoun that squatterization is not a phenomenon created only by a subjective demand but that it is the natural result of the objective conditions in developing countries. This conclusion tell us that squatter areas making up the fo cal point of intensive urbanization are the main factors in the formation of big cities. For this reason, it is impossible to think of developing cities uithout squatter duellings. In spite of the inadequate capital, techno logy and organization and also the need for the maturing accumulation of time, it can be concluded that the search for urgent solutions does not help to formulate the prob lems adequately and that solutions provided through the meditation of the state and various other sectors are far from being satisfactory. In such circumstances, the sig nificance of squatter duellings uould increase even more. xmIt is suggested that, rather than being prevented, the construction of squatter duellings should be enco uraged in a democratic atmosphere uith a neu organiza tion. It is also explained that squatter duellings uill eventually gain sn importance as a public solution uith some technological and financial support. The texts comprising each part are suppleman ted uith detailed references, and the related bibliog raphy is provided at the end of the study.