Eski harfli çocuk dergilerinde bilim tarihi ve bilim içerikleri(Musavver Çocuk Postası ve Sevimli Mecmua)
The history of science and science content in children journals published with old letters (Musavver Çocuk Postası ve Sevimli Mecmua)
Yazar: AYŞEGÜL KUTLUCA
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. HASAN KARATAŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı / Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology

Özet:
Osmanlı döneminde yayımlanan çocuk dergilerinin dönemin şartlarından bazı izler taşıdığını söylemek mümkündür. Bahsi geçen eski harfli çocuk dergilerinde genel olarak içerik noktasında benzerlikler bulunsa da bu içeriklere yaklaşım ve öğretme biçimlerinin dergilere özgü olduğu görülmektedir. Osmanlı'da yayımlanan eski harfli çocuk dergilerinin birçoğunda ortak olarak yer alan bölümler; şiir, hikâye, karikatür, oyun, masal, tiyatro, bilgilendirici metin, bilmece, fıkra gibi metinler dönemin bilime bakış açısını nispeten gösterse de bu dergilerde yer alan birçok bilim içerikli metin veya bölümler araştırma konusunda yol gösterici olmuştur. 
Çalışmamda yer alacak eski harfli çocuk dergilerinde değerlendirilen bilim içerikleri; fizik, matematik, coğrafya, zooloji, botanik gibi bilim dalları ve onların alt dallarından oluşmaktadır. Bu bilim dalları çocuklara aktarılırken 'Faydalı Malumat' ve 'Fenni Eğlenceler' gibi dikkat çekici bir üslupla veya ders başlıkları adı altında öğretici bir yöntemle aktarılmıştır. Eski harfli çocuk dergilerinin birçoğunda Batıdaki yaşam ve bilim konularında çocuklara örnekler verilmiştir. Bazı dergiler Türk/Müslüman bilim insanlarına özellikle yer vererek milli duyguları öne çıkarmış bazı dergiler ise Batıdan bilim insanlarına yer vererek idealize etmiştir. Eski harfli çocuk dergileri dönemin okullarda öğretilen derslerinde öğrencilere destek olma görevini de görmüştür. Öğretmenler ve öğrenciler tarafından takip edilen dergiler bazı okullarda düzenli olarak da okutulmuştur. Dergilere öğrenciler ve öğretmenler tarafından gönderilen mektuplar doğrultusunda dergilere gelen olumlu veya olumsuz geri dönüşleri de görebilmek mümkün olmuştur. 
Çalışmamın giriş bölümünün ardından yer alan ikinci bölümünde dergicilik tarihi ve Osmanlı devletinde dergicilik çalışmalarının başlaması sürecine kısaca değinerek ardından çocuk süreli yayınlarının başlangıcına yer verilmiştir. İlk süreli çocuk yayınları belirli aralıklarla yayımlanan çocuk dergileri olmuştur. Bahsi geçen yeni bir oluşum olarak görebileceğimiz ilk çocuk yayınlarında gazete/dergi kavramları birbirini karşılar manada kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamın ikinci bölümünün diğer yarısında ise Osmanlı devletinde yayımlanan eski harfli çocuk dergilerinin tamamının kısa özetlerine yer verilmiştir. Bu özetler oluşturulurken kaynaklar dahilinde çocuk dergilerinin içeriklerinde bilim ve bilim tarihi içeriklerinin yer verilmesine öncelik verilmiştir. 
Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde Musavver Çocuk Postası dergisinin genel özetinin ardından her sayısı için özellikleri, içindekiler bölümü, bilim ve bilim tarihi içeriklerinin aktarılması ve bilim ve bilim tarihi içeriklerine ilişkin genel değerlendirme bölümlerine yer verilmiştir.   
Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde Sevimli Mecmua dergisinin genel özetinin ardından her sayısı için özellikleri, içindekiler bölümü, bilim ve bilim tarihi içeriklerinin aktarılması ve bilim ve bilim tarihi içeriklerine ilişkin genel değerlendirme bölümlerine yer verilmiştir.   
Çalışmamın son bölümü olan beşinci bölümde Sevimli Mecmua ve Musavver Çocuk Postası dergilerinin içerikleri doğrultusunda değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. Sevimli Mecmua ve Musavver Çocuk Postası dergileri bilim içerikleri bakımından incelendiğinde yer verilen bilim dalları, fizik, meteoroloji, matematik, zooloji, botanik, astronomi, meteoroloji, kimya, fizyoloji, coğrafya ve havacılık olmuştur.

Abstract:
SUMMARY
It is possible to say that children's magazines published during the Ottoman period bear some traces of the conditions of the period. Although there are general similarities in terms of content in the old alphabet children's magazines mentioned, it is seen that the approach to these contents and the way they teach are specific to the magazines. Common sections in many of the old children's magazines published in the Ottoman Empire: Although texts such as poems, stories, cartoons, plays, fairy tales, plays, informative texts, riddles and jokes relatively show the perspective of the period on science, many science-related texts or sections in these magazines have been guiding in research. Following the first magazines published in the Ottoman Empire, the publication of magazines specially prepared for children began after the second half of the 1800s. Among these magazines, the first to begin publication was the magazine called Mumeyyiz, which was published forty-nine issues in total between 1869 and 1900. Approximately twenty years after the first magazine for adults was published in the Ottoman Empire in 1849, it is seen that a special periodical content for children was prepared. Mumeyyiz for Children, the weekly supplement of Mumeyyiz newspaper, uses the phrase 'It is a newspaper for children' when introducing the publication to its readers.
Children's magazines, which are generally published once a week or every fifteen days, consist of various contents such as poems, stories, biographies, games, riddles, fairy tales, plays, jokes, religious stories, informative texts, texts about technological developments, animal and plant introductions. It is seen that entertaining depictions and shapes are used to convey the contents of the magazines to children. Some of these entertaining explanation methods are games, do you know these sections and information corners. The content of the magazines includes content that will support children's development in social areas, as well as activities such as experiments and handmade products to improve manual dexterity and thinking capacity. The first children's magazines published in the Ottoman Empire generally aimed to teach children science and prepare content to support their lessons. In these magazines, consecutive topics such as lesson plans with content similar to the school curriculum are explained in series. The magazines, which mostly focused on mathematics, geography, science and natural science in terms of teaching, also included texts on subjects such as language, literature and art.
Another purpose expressed in children's magazines published in the Ottoman Empire was the desire to serve the homeland and its children. The aim of these magazines is to increase the knowledge of children, who are seen as the saviors of the future, to prepare them for the future, to ensure that they are cultured and knowledgeable and aware of the world. We can see that information is conveyed to children through these themes in the texts included in the magazines. It is seen that the children's magazines published in the last years of the Ottoman Empire were shaped according to the problems of the period. Likewise, it is seen that national feelings dominate in the magazines published during the war and occupation period. The science contents evaluated in old children's magazines that will be included in my study; It consists of branches of science such as physics, mathematics, geography, zoology and botany and their sub-branches. While these branches of science were conveyed to children, they were conveyed in a striking style such as 'Useful Information' and 'Scientific Entertainment' or in an instructive method under the name of course titles. In many of the old children's magazines, examples were given to children about life and science in the West.
Some journals highlighted national feelings by specifically featuring Turkish/Muslim scientists, while some journals idealized them by featuring scientists from the West. Old lettered children's magazines also served to support students in the lessons taught in schools of the period. Magazines followed by teachers and students were also read regularly in some schools. It was also possible to see the positive or negative feedback received from the magazines in line with the letters sent to the magazines by students and teachers.
In the second part of my study, following the introduction, the history of magazine publishing and the beginning of magazine publishing in the Ottoman Empire are briefly touched upon, and then the beginning of children's periodicals is included. The first periodical children's publications were children's magazines published at regular intervals. In the first children's publications, which we can see as a new formation, the concepts of newspaper/magazine were used interchangeably. In the other half of the second part of my study, brief summaries of all the old alphabet children's magazines published in the Ottoman Empire are included. While creating these summaries, priority was given to include science and history of science content in the contents of children's magazines within the resources.
In the third part of the study, after the general summary of Musavver Cocuk Postasi magazine, the features, contents section, transfer of science and history of science contents and general evaluation sections regarding the contents of science and history of science are included for each issue.
In the fourth part of the study, after the general summary of Sevimli Mecmua magazine, the features of each issue, the contents section, the transfer of science and history of science contents and the general evaluation sections regarding the contents of science and history of science are included.
In the fifth chapter, which is the last part of my study, evaluations are included in line with the contents of Sevimli Mecmua and Musavver Cocuk Postasi magazines. When Sevimli Mecmua and Musavver Cocuk Postasi magazines were examined in terms of their scientific content, the branches of science included were physics, meteorology, mathematics, zoology, botany, astronomy, meteorology, chemistry, physiology, geography and aviation.
In the third and fourth chapters, which include Sevimli Mecmua and Musavver Cocuk Postasi, the last part is devoted to the evaluation of scientific contents. In this section, the titles of all science-related texts in the journals, the science or sciences mentioned and their evaluations are included. Then, the sciences in the texts in the journals are listed according to their frequency of inclusion. Science subjects are not included under special headings in the magazine, but scientific experiments and applications are included under headings such as Experience/Scientific Experiences. In the second and third issues of the magazine, the science of Physics was conveyed to children through experiments and applications under the headings 'Scientific Experiences' and in the fourth issue 'Experience'. In Musavver Cocuk Postasi, if we look at how the terms used in the field of science are included in the magazine, we come across a few examples. In the second issue of the magazine, in the article titled "Toilet and Cleaning for Children", the term "little animals" was used for microbes. Another example is that in the article titled 'Toilet and Cleaning for Children' in the seventh issue of the magazine, we see that the term 'invisible holes' is used for pores when explaining sweating to children. Sciences such as physics, mathematics, zoology and meteorology are listed in Musavver Cocuk Postasi. Among these branches of science, the topics included in the field of physics are as follows, according to the frequency of inclusion: optics, electrostatics, electricity, electric current and pressure subjects, in the field of mathematics; Ratio, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division topics were included.
A total of seventeen science texts in Musavver Cocuk Postasi, twelve of which are about physics and meteorology, one about physics and mathematics, three about mathematics, and two about zoology. In Sevimli Mecmua magazine, articles in the field of science and technology were generally included in the 'Useful Questions' section and inspiring stories. The answers given to the questions here are in a language that is easier and more understandable for children, considering their age. Areas that are difficult to understand are not explained in much detail. From the articles, the general views of the period regarding science and the targeted knowledge instillation can be seen. By mentioning the scientists of the past, children were given the idea that they were children too. This guidance, which can also be seen as an incentive to produce, can also be seen in the 'Useful Questions' section. 
In Sevimli Mecmua magazine, children were asked to improve themselves in many areas, prepare them for social life, encourage them to think by asking intelligence questions and reward them, and develop a sense of empathy towards people and animals through stories. It is also aimed to teach children about the West, which is seen as an idol. We can say that the 'Useful Questions' section brings children closer to science and encourages them to research, question and think.
The sciences that are primarily discussed in the science-related articles in Sevimli Mecmua magazine are as follows, according to the frequency of use: physics, mathematics, zoology, botany, astronomy, meteorology, chemistry, physiology, geography and aviation sciences. The sub-branches of physics included in the physics-themed texts in the journal are as follows, according to frequency of use: acoustics, electricity, mechanics, hydrostatics, electromagnetism, optics. In addition, in the text on mathematics in the magazine, the subjects are calculus as a branch of mathematics, and in the texts on zoology, the subjects are ethology and animal anatomy, chemical engineering in chemical science, chemical protection and conservation science, physical chemistry and chemical kinetics. Approximately 44.4 percent of the science-related texts in the journal belong to the physical sciences, approximately 11.1 percent to chemistry, approximately 7.4 percent each to zoology, astronomy, physiology, geography and finally, approximately 3.7 percent each. It is divided into mathematics, botany, meteorology and aviation sciences.