COVID-19 salgınının kamusal alan arazi kullanımınaetkilerinin değerlendirilmesi
Assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak onpublic land use
Yazar: EMİNE ÖZLEM ÖZBİLEN
Danışman: PROF. DR. MEHMET OCAKÇI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Kamusal alanlar, bir toplumun bağ kurmasında ve bireyin sosyal ihtiyaçlarını
karşılamasında çok önemli unsurlardır. 2019 Aralık ayında Çin'in Wuhan kentinde
ortaya çıkan COVID-19 virüsü tüm Dünya'ya yayılarak küresel bir salgına neden
olmuştur. Bu salgın ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel etkilere neden olmakla birlikte,
Kamusal alanda arazi kullanımı açısından bakıldığında, sosyal yaşamı yakından
ilgilendiren kamusal alan üzerinde birçok sınırlamalara neden olmuştur. Hastalığın
bulaşmasına ortam hazırlayan bireyler arası etkileşim en aza indirilerek kamusal
alanlara kısıtlamalar getirilmiş ve kamusal alan kullanımları engellenmiştir.
Çalışmanın amacı uygulanan kısıtlamaların İstanbul ili sınırları içerisinde seçilen
kamusal alanlardaki arazi kullanım çeşitliliğine ve kullanıcı yoğunluğuna olan
etkisini araştırmaktır.
Tez çalışması kapsamında kamusal alan ve özellikleri hakkında incelemeler
yapılmış, salgın hastalıklar ve izlenen yöntemler tarihsel sıralama içerisinde
araştırılmış ve literatür çalışması olarak sunulmuştur. COVID-19 kapsamında dünya
üzerinde alınan önlemler ve değişen kamusal alan kullanımı irdelenmiştir. İstanbul
ilinin en çok tercih edilen kamusal alanlarından olan Fahri Korutürk& Ebuzziya,
General Asım Gündüz ve Bağdat Caddeleri alan çalışması için seçilmiştir. Seçilen
alanlarda arazi kullanım analizleri yapılarak pandemi kısıtlamaları uygulanmadan
önceki arazi kullanım durumu ile kısıtlama sürecindeki durum karşılaştırılarak
değişimler ortaya konulmuştur.
Pandemi kısıtlamaları öncesi ve sonrasındaki yaya kullanıcı yoğunluğunu incelemek
için belirlenen noktalarda ve zamanlarda yaya sayımları yapılmış ve pandemi
öncesindeki verilerle karşılaştırılarak sonuçlar tartışılmıştır. Pandemi kısıtlamalarının
kamusal alan üzerinde, arazi kullanımı ve yaya yoğunluğu açısından önemli ölçüde
etkilerinin bulunduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Örneklem alanlarında yapılan analizler
sonucunda, kamusal alanda COVID-19 salgınına karşı alınan kısıtlama önlemlerininxix
etkisi hem arazi kullanım çeşitliliği hem de arazi kullanım yoğunluğu parametreleri
açısından incelendiğinde, farklı mekânlar ele alınmış olsa da ortak etkilerin
yaşandığı görülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19 Salgını, Kentsel Tasarım, Kamusal Alan, COVID-
19 Önleme Politikaları.

Abstract:
Public spaces are very important elements in connecting a society and meeting the
social needs of the individual. The COVID-19 virus, which emerged in Wuhan,
China in December 2019, spread all over the world, causing a global epidemic.
Although this epidemic has caused economic, social and environmental impacts,
from the point of view of land use in the public space, it has caused many restrictions
on the public sphere, which is closely related to social life. Restrictions have been
imposed on public spaces and their use has been prevented by minimizing the
interaction between individuals, which prepares the environment for the transmission
of the disease.
The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of restrictions on land use diversity
and user density in selected public areas within the boundaries of Istanbul.Studies
have been made on the public space and its features, epidemic diseases and the
methods followed have been researched in historical order and presented as a
literature study. The measures taken in the world within the scope of COVID-19 and
the changing public space use were examined. Fahri Korutürk& Ebuzziya, General
Asım Gunduz and Bagdat Streets, which are among the most preferred public spaces
of the city of Istanbul, were selected for the field study. Land use analysis was
performed in selected areas and the changes were revealed by comparing it with the
land use status before the pandemic restrictions were applied. Service classes have
been established and compared with past data. In order to examine the pedestrian
user density before and after the pandemic restrictions, pedestrian counts were made
at the determined points and times and the results were discussed by comparing with
the data before the pandemic. It is concluded that pandemic restrictions have
significant effects on the public sphere in terms of land use and density.xxii
The research methods applied within the scope of the thesis work are as follows.
cognitive mapping method, land use analysis studies and mapping and systematic
pedestrian counts.
When the dimensions of the change determined in the land use patterns in the
research areas are summarized, banks and exchange offices for the land use type;
Increases were observed on Fahri Korutürk & Ebuzziya Streets by 2.5%, on General
Asım Gündüz Street by 0.7% and on Bağdat Street by 3.4%. Empty and under
renovation buildings for land use type; An increase of 2.8% was observed in Fahri
Korutürk & Ebuzziya Streets, a decrease of 1.8% in General Asım Gündüz Street and
an increase of 5.4% in Bağdat Street. There has been a predominantly increasing
trend in the specified land use types.
For clothing, shoes, bags, land use type, decreases were observed by 1.9% on Fahri
Korutürk & Ebuzziya Streets, 5.3% on General Asım Gündüz Street and 4.4% on
Bağdat Street. For accessories, cosmetics, watches and optics, a decrease of 0.4%
was observed on Fahri Korutürk & Ebuzziya Streets, an increase of 0.3% on General
Asım Gündüz Street and decreases by 3% on Bağdat Street. For the drinking land use
type, a decrease of 2.2% was observed in Fahri Korutürk & Ebuzziya Streets, an
increase of 5.8% in General Asım Gündüz Street and a decrease of 5.4% in Bağdat
Street. There has been a predominantly decreasing trend in the specified land use
types.
As a result of the analysis, while an increase was observed in the types of food and
beverage land use on some streets, a decrease was observed in general in this type of
land use, contrary to the sub-hypothesis of the thesis study. While developing the
places that can offer takeaway and are in demand, it has led to the closure of the
places where more sit and chat actions are carried out and where tea and coffee is
served. There is a general decrease in all streets in the clothing and footwear land use
type, and this consistent decrease proves another sub-hypothesis of the thesis study.
Before the pandemic restrictions on Fahri Korutürk & Ebuzziya Street, the number of
empty stores and buildings under renovation increased from 2 to 7; The number of
empty stores and buildings under renovation on General Asım Gündüz Street
decreased from 11 to 8, and the number of empty stores and buildings under
renovation on Bağdat Street increased from 35 to 50. These changes in the number ofxxiii
empty stores and buildings under renovation may be directly related to the physical
structures of the streets. While General Asım Gündüz Street does not include vehicle
traffic, Bağdat Street is divided by a highway of approximately 10 m. General Asım
Gündüz Street, which provides an interaction area and accessible circulation
opportunity for pedestrians, also increases its capacity to accommodate personal
services in direct proportion to the increasing demand, thus reducing the number of
empty stores and buildings under renovation. Although decreases are observed in
most of all land use types in general, it is observed that the increases in these streets
are mostly experienced in food and beverage, banks and foreign exchange, empty
stores and buildings in renovation.
According to the pedestrian density analyzes made, it is seen that the pedestrian
density before the pandemic restrictions is higher than the restriction process. It is
thought that this is the result of restrictions on actions such as sitting outside,
drinking coffee and eating, and banning all kinds of collective activities. Decreases
in pedestrian usage intensities are remarkable in all three of the sample areas. While
there was a significant decrease in Fahri Korutürk & Ebuzziya Avenues and General
Asım Gündüz Street, there was a slight decrease in Bağdat Avenue. Considering the
2018 pedestrian census data before the pandemic, an increase in pedestrian usage
density data is expected with factors such as population growth until 2021, while
decreases are experienced during the pandemic restrictions. Within the scope of the
results of the thesis study, a significant increase is observed in producer services. The
situation in personal services varies. In the field studies it has been observed that the
changes in each street are largely consistent with each other. These consistent
changes experienced in all study areas within the scope of service classes draw
attention to the common effect of the restrictions during the pandemic process on
spaces. When the effect of the restriction measures taken against the COVID-19
epidemic in the public sphere is examined in terms of both land use diversity and
land use density parameters, it is seen that common effects are experienced even
though different spaces are discussed.
Keywords:COVID-19 Outbreak, Urban Design, Public Space, COVID-19
Prevention Policies.