Küreselleşmenin alt merkezlerdeki işlevlerin değişimine etkisi: ortabahçe-ıhlamurdere aksı örneği
The effect of globalization to change functions in sub- centers: ortabahçe- ihlamurdere sample
Yazar: AYLİN HİLAL YENİDOĞAN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. REYHAN GENLİ YİĞİTER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Küreselleşme ile birlikte bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki hızlı değişimler, insanları, şehirleri ve ülkeleri tek bir düzlemde birbirine bağlamaktadır. Böylelikle aynı tip insan davranışları, aynı tip mekanlar ve aynı tip kentler oluşmaktadır. Küresel gücü ve dolayısıyla sermayeyi elinde barındıran kentlerde yeni gösterişli mekanlar, alışveriş merkezleri, kapalı konut alanları ve rezidanslar gibi tüketimi teşvik eden mekanların sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Dünya'daki kentlerin çoğunda yaşanmakta olan bu süreç kent merkezlerini de zaman içerisinde değişime uğratmaktadır. Kent merkezlerinde görülen bu değişimler bazen fiziki mekan dokusunu, bazen fonksiyonları ve bazen de oradaki yaşam ve kullanan çevrenin sosyal dokusunu etkilemektedir. Küreselleşme ile beraber oluşan yeni tüketim kültürü, kentlerde hem işlevsel hem de biçimsel olarak değişime neden olmaktadır. Tüketimin artması, ulaşım altyapısı, nüfus ve ekonomik aktivitelerin merkezden dışarı çıkma eğilimi, ticaret fonksiyonunu da etkilemektedir. Geleneksel kent merkezlerinin yeni iş hizmetleri için yeterli alanı sunmaması, gayrimenkul fiyatlarının bu alanlarda yüksek olması ve bu alanlarda trafik yoğunluğu, geleneksel kent merkezlerinin rekabet gücünü kaybederek, ekonomik rekabet ortamında yarışamamasına neden olmaktadır.
Türkiye'de küreselleşmenin etkisi ile ortaya çıkan tüketime dayalı hizmet işlevine ayrılan alanların sayıları giderek artmakta ve var olan alanlar hızlıca hizmet sektörüne dönüşmektedir. Bu da ekonomik anlamda kent merkezlerinin değerini arttırmaktadır. Böylelikle merkezlerdeki küçük yerel işletmelerin farklı bir alana kayarak, yerine ekonomik gelişmeler ile rekabet edebilen yeni işlevlerin gelmesine neden olmaktadır.
Tez çalışması boyunca yapılan literatür araştırması, mekansal analizler, anket çalışmaları ve gözlemler sonucunda tarihi dokusu ve kimliği göz ardı edilen merkezlerin küreselleşme ile birlikte değişime uğramasının kaçınılmaz olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak bu değişimleri gerçekleşirken bir yandan da aynı tip mekanların oluşmaması ve kimliğin yok olmaması için tarihi kent merkezlerinin işlevsel dönüşümünü etkileyen etmenlerin ele alınması gerekliliği ortaya konmuştur. Bu doğrultuda da ticari faaliyetlerin ve kullanımın yoğun olduğu Ortabah.e-Ihlamurdere aksı'nın güçlü bir ticari aks olarak varlığını sürdürürken, yeni ekonomik gelişmelerle rekabet edebilen, aynı zamanda tarihi kimliğini de yansıtan bir mekan haline getirebilmek için öneriler sunulmuştur.

Abstract:
With globalization, cities have emerged from fixed spatial areas and become global players. This situation has made today cities the intersection points of city centers that have a global meaning and power. The constant circulation of capital, knowledge and work power in cities has dynamized them. In this context, cities are now influencing global changes by directing the world economy. 
In the world, this process provides new opportunities while triggers new problems in daily local life. With technological developments, the interaction between people and countries is beginning to spread to wider areas, and borders are gradually becoming less important. It makes access to local areas easier by creating new actors holding power. By closing down businesses with local features, cities are increasingly being included in globalizing markets.
Rapid changes in information and communication technologies link people, cities and countries on a single plane. Thus, the same type of human behavior, the same type of spaces and the same type of cities are formed. In cities that have global power and therefore capitals, the number of places that encourage consumption such as new showy places, shopping malls, closed residential areas and residences is increasing steadily. This process, which is happening in the majority of the cities in the world, also changes the city centers over time. These changes in the city centers affect the physical space, the functions, and sometimes the social life of the people living there and the social texture. The new consumption culture that is formed with globalization is causing both functional and formal change in the cities. The increase in consumption, the transportation infrastructure, the tendency of population and economic activities to get out of the center, also affect the trade function. The fact that traditional urban centers do not provide enough space for new business services, real estate prices are high in these areas, and traffic density in these areas causes traditional city centers to lose their competitive power and not compete in economic competitive environment.
The impact of globalization emerged with the number of the allocated space consumption based services function in Turkey and there are increasing areas are being transformed into fast service sector. This increases the value of urban centers in economic terms. This causes small local businesses in the centers to shift to a different area, instead introducing new functions that can compete with economic developments.
As a result of the literature survey, spatial analyzes, survey studies and observations made during the thesis study, it has been seen that the change of historical centers and identities with the globalization is inevitable. However, while these changes are taking place, it is necessary to address the factors affecting the functional transformation of the historic city centers in order to prevent the creation of the same type of spaces and to eliminate the identity. In this direction, suggestions were made to make Ihlamurdere Street, which is a busy commercial activity and its usage, as a strong commercial axis, able to compete with new economic developments and also to be a place that reflects its historical identity.
The city centers are one of the most important districts in the city that reflect the local identity of the city. With the impact of globalization, historical urban centers are undergoing transformation in an effort to adapt to today's consumption needs and changing conditions. New developments in communication technologies and new relationships in the trade sector in urban centers finds the existing physical and environmental conditions inadequate and makes the change necessity.
While the consumption culture that comes with the globalization increases the influence of the service sector in urban centers, it changes the traditional structure and causes similar,recurring places whice are products of globalization to be formed. Urban centers whice became monotype lose their local and traditional characteristics, causing urban identity to change.
In this context, Istanbul continues to develop as a settlement with class divisions. The intervention methods adopted for the transformation of the slum areas are means the social and physical change of the city. The idea that squatter areas are unhealthy and risky places has abandoned with urban transformation projects which offers better quality and luxurious habitats.
When all this is happening, laws and regulations that will regulate the physical space are at the forefront of the factors that initiate spatial regulation against the physical aging of cities. The infrastructures and the existing building stock are inadequate for the immigrant populations, causing the physical and environmental factors to be worn over time and causing the need for renewal in the cities.
While the development of 15 Temmuz Şehitler Bridge and Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge accelerated the city development in the north direction due to the influence of the TEM and E-5 connections while the density of the manufacturing sector in the CBD and its periphery decreased and the finance and service sector chose these areas to the north of the bridges. In this sense, the new center has emerged as a suitable area for modern and large business buildings and their use, the share of production in urban centers has decreased at the same time the share of parkland commerce has increased. Along with this ever-changing process, traditional urban centers have been under the pressure of global dynamics.
Besiktas District has a strong center not only because of its location, history, intensive use, accessibility, functional diversity and education, culture and entertainment functions but also serving the districts around Beşiktaş. In addition to its good accessibility, Mahmutbey-Beşiktaş metro line will be opened for transportation in 2019, which will increase the use of the Beşiktaş center. 
On the other hand, Beşiktaş District center is also affected because of the connection with the centers in the surrounding settlements. As a result of the in-depth interviews about the topic, the loss of the old user density of Istiklal Caddesi has affected the center of Besiktas and Ihlamurdere Caddesi, affecting the eating and drinking and entertainment places there, and has increased the user density in recent years. 
In addition, the fact that the consumer-oriented service sector is dominant in the city centers, the global usage that exists everywhere take place in them and this cause historical values in the centers to be diminished in the eyes of the people.
In this context, as in the majority of the historical city centers, in Ihlamurdere Caddesi located in the historical city center of Beşiktaş, proposals have been made in order to be able to adapt to the effects of globalization on urban centers while preserving traditional and local uses. Just like all city centers, Beşiktaş's center is also going through a change. And when this change takes place, a number of measures must be taken to ensure that identity and value will not be lost. In this context, it is important to preserve quality, accessibility and correct connections as well as support the exchange and functional diversification of historic centers. In these cities; the development model for the city should be determined by predicting future changes in population employment and urban functions while continuing their development. In this context, it has been determined that there is no comprehensive study to determine the factors affecting the functional transformation of the historical city centers in our country and it is necessary to do so.
In the thesis study, by studying the effects of globalization and the functional change of urban centers, suggestions have been presented for the centers to be able to preserve their traditional structure and identity while changing by the global effects. It is possible that urban centers can reflect their historical identities in future generations.