OECD ülkeleri ve ülkemizde meydana gelen karayolu trafik kazalarının incelenmesi ve sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması
Analysis of traffic accidents occurring in OECD countries and our country and examination of their results
Yazar: GÜLFEM ATASAYAR
Danışman: PROF. DR. ZÜBEYDE ÖZTÜRK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Kazalar = Accidents

Özet:
Taşımacılık sektörü, tarih boyunca ülkelerin sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel faaliyetlerinin gelişmesinde ve canlanmasında etkin rol oynayan önemli bir faaliyet alanıdır. Her geçen gün gelişen teknolojiye ve çalışma ortamlarının artık dijitalleşme çağına girmesine rağmen bu sektör işlerinin büyük bir kısmını hala fiziki olarak devam ettirmektedir. Sektör Karayolu Taşımacılığı, Demiryolu Taşımacılığı, Hava Taşımacılığı ve Denizyolu Taşımacılığı olmak üzere dört ana gruba ayrılmaktadır. Sektör bu dört ana alandaki farklı niteliklerdeki nakliye ve nakliye ihtiyaçlarını farklı koşul ve imkanlarla karşılamaktadır.
Trafik kazaları bir taşıtın herhangi bir başka karayolu taşıtına, yayaya, hayvana veya herhangi bir başka nesneye çarpması sonucu oluşan durumdur. Bu çalışmanın kapsamı, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ülkelerinde ve Türkiye'de meydana gelen karayolu trafik kazalarının nedenlerinin literatürde nasıl analiz edildiğini belirlenmesi, incelenmesi ve bulunan sonuçların karşılaştırılmasıdır.
Çalışmada OECD üyesi olan 38 ülkeden 21 ülkenin 2005 yılı ile 2018 yılları arasındaki karayolu trafik kazalarına bağlı ölüm verileri kullanılmıştır. Verileri eksik olan ülkeler analize dahil edilmemiştir. OECD' ye üye olan ülkelerin yolcu ve yük taşımacılığı, yaralanmalı karayolu trafik kaza sayısı ve karayolu trafik kazasına bağlı ölüm sayısı verilerinin 2005-2018 yılları arasındaki ortalaması ile analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karayolu trafik kazasına bağlı ölen kişi sayısı, milyon kişi başına olarak ölçülmüştür.
Analizde kullanılacak yıllar, Covid-19 pandemi zamanı da dikkate alınarak, pandemi öncesi zaman özellikle seçilmiştir. Analiz dışında bırakılan Covid-19 dönemi ayrı bir bölümde incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Covid-19 döneminde ülkelerin aldıkları fiziksel mesafe, karantina, evde kalma uygulamaları, okulların kapatılması, toplanma ve seyahat kısıtlamaları gibi günlük hayatın hareketliliğini önemli ölçüde etkileyen önlemlerin araç trafiği hareketliliği azaltmasının karayolu trafik kazaları üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır.
Ülkelerde Covid-19 döneminde alınan önlemlerin katılık derecesini ölçen Oxford Katılık Endeksi ile bu ülkelerde pandemi dönemi meydana gelen karayolu trafik kazalarında ölen kişi sayıları arasında bir korelasyon olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu korelasyonun Oxford Katılık Endeksi 50'nin üzerinde olan Arjantina, İtalya ve Kolombiya gibi ülkelerde daha güçlü, 50'nin altında olan ülkelerde ise daha zayıf olduğu  söylenmiştir.
OECD' ye üye olan ülkelerin 2005-2018 yılları arası karayolu trafik kazasına bağlı ölüm sayısı verisi gri ilişkisel analiz tekniği kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada karayolu trafik kazasına bağlı ölüm sayısı minimize edilecek değerler olarak alınmıştır. Çıkan sonuçlar ise OECD ülkelerinde ve Türkiye'de yaşanan kazalar olarak iki başlık altında incelenmiş ve karşılaştırma yapılmıştır.
Ülkelerin yolcu ve yük taşımacılığı, yaralanmalı karayolu trafik kaza sayısı ve karayolu trafik kazasına bağlı ölüm sayısı verileri kullanılarak yapılan karşılaştırmalar sonrasında ulaşılan bulgulara göre, gri ilişki derecesi en yüksek olan ilk 5 ülke sırasıyla Türkiye, sonrasında Norveç, İsviçre, İngiltere ve Fransa olarak tespit edilmiştir. En düşük olan son 5 ülke sırasıyla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Litvanya, Letonya, Avustralya ve Almanya'dır.

Abstract:
The transportation sector is an important field of activity that has played an active role in the development and revival of the social, economic, and cultural activities of countries throughout history. Despite the ever-evolving technology and the fact that the working environments have now entered the age of digitalization, this sector still conducts a large part of its business physically. The sector is divided into four main groups: road transport, railway transport, air transport, and sea transport. The sector meets the transportation and transportation needs of different qualities in these four main areas with different conditions and facilities.
Traffic accidents are the result of a vehicle hitting any other road vehicle, pedestrian, animal, or any other object. Studies have shown that the results of road traffic accidents are not limited to deaths and injuries, and that after the traffic accident, victims and their families struggle with psychological and physical problems such as depression, anxiety, memory loss, and insomnia. In addition, accidents cause important economic problems due to premature death, loss of workforce and heavy burden on social security systems.
Although the number of deaths from road traffic accidents in developed countries has been on the decline in the last 20 years, road traffic accidents still remain a major cause of death, injury and disability.
The aim of this study is to determine how the causes of road traffic accidents in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and Turkey are analyzed in the literature, to examine and to compare the results.
In this study, the death data of 21 countries from 38 OECD member countries due to road traffic accidents between 2005 and 2018 were used. Countries with missing data were not included in the analysis. Passenger and freight transport of one million people of the OECD member countries, the number of injured road traffic accidents and the number of deaths due to road traffic accidents were analyzed with the average data between 2005-2018. The number of people who died due to road traffic accidents was measured per million people. 
The years to be used in the analysis were specifically selected as the pre-pandemic time, taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic time. The Covid-19 period, which was excluded from the analysis, was examined in a separate section. In this study, the effect of the measures that significantly affect the mobility of daily life, such as physical distancing, quarantine, stay-at-home practices, school closures, and gathering and travel restrictions taken by countries during the during the COVID-19 period on road traffic accidents was investigated.
It has been stated that there is a correlation between the Oxford Stiffness Index, which measures the stiffness of the restrictions taken during the Covid-19 period in countries, and the number of people who died in road traffic accidents that occurred in these countries during the pandemic period. It has been said that this correlation is stronger in countries with an Oxford Stiffness Index above 50, such as Argentina, Italy, and Colombia; and weaker in countries with an Oxford Stiffness Index below 50.
During the Covid-19 period, the number of deaths caused by road traffic accidents decreased in almost all countries of the world. However, unlike other countries, road traffic accidents in the USA, Switzerland and Ireland in 2020 are higher than the 2017-2019 average. When we look at this different trend in the USA, it is seen that the number of people who lost their lives in road traffic accidents increased by 7.2%, although the mile value per vehicle driven decreased by 13.2% in 2020. When the reason for this increase is examined; It is seen that the reasons are exceeding the speed limits, drunk driving and not wearing the seat belt.
When the number of dead and injured people due to road traffic accidents in Turkey is examined, it is noteworthy that while the numbers in 2019 and 2021 are quite close to each other, this number is lower in 2020 compared to other years. This situation can be associated with travel restriction decisions taken across the country due to the pandemic in 2020.
According to TUIK data, when the average of fatal road traffic accidents in Turkey between the years 2017-2019 is compared with the number of fatal accidents in 2020, a decrease of 25.43% is observed. When this value is compared with the values prepared by the results of the study conducted by the ITF, it is seen that Turkey will be among the top 4 countries that recorded the largest decrease in 2020 compared to the 2017-2019 average.
The data of the OECD member countries on the number of deaths due to road traffic accidents between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed using the gray relational analysis technique. In the study, the number of deaths due to road traffic accidents was taken as the value to be minimized. 
According to the findings obtained after the comparisons made using the data of passenger and freight transport, the number of injured road traffic accidents and the number of deaths due to road traffic accidents, the first 5 countries with the highest gray relationship were determined as Turkey, followed by Norway, Switzerland, England and France. The last 5 countries with the lowest are the United States (USA), Lithuania, Latvia, Australia and Germany, respectively.
Countries that are members of the OECD and members of the EU, the 5 countries with the highest gray relational degree in terms of passenger and freight transport, number of injured road traffic accidents and number of deaths due to road traffic accidents are France, Sweden, Slovak Republic, Finland and Hungary, respectively. The 5 countries with the lowest gray relational degrees were found as Lithuania, Latvia, Germany, Italy and Spain, respectively.
Countries that are members of the OECD and not members of the EU, the 5 countries with the highest gray relational degree in terms of passenger and freight transport, number of injured road traffic accidents and number of deaths due to road traffic accidents are Turkey, Norway, Switzerland, England and Japan, respectively. The 5 countries with the lowest gray relational degrees were found as USA, Australia, Czech Republic, Korea and Iceland respectively.
According to the independent sample t-test, it was observed that there is no significant difference in the variables of passenger and freight transportation, number of road traffic accidents with injuries and number of deaths due to road traffic accidents between EU member countries and non-EU member countries (p>0.05).