Geç Osmanlı Dönemi hapishaneleri
Ottoman prisons in late Ottoman era
Yazar: SEZİN DİRİHAN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. VESİLE GÜL CEPHANECİGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Klasik dönemde İslam Hukuku'na dayalı bir hukuk sistemini temel alan Osmanlı Devleti, Tanzimat Fermanı'nda yer alan can ve mal güvenliğinin sağlanması, herkesin eşit ve kanuna uygun bir şekilde muamele görmesi şeklindeki hükümleri doğrultusunda hukuk alanında kapsamlı düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Bu dönemde pek çok alanda çeşitli düzenlemeler yapan devlet, Tanzimat ile birlikte Avrupa'da hukuk alanındaki yenilikleri de takip etmeye başlamış ve bu etkileşim; suç ve ceza kavramlarına bakış açısını değiştirerek yargılama ve cezalandırma süreçlerine yeniden yön verilmesini sağlamıştır. Tanzimat Fermanı sonrasında çıkarılan ceza kanunları ise Osmanlı hukuk sisteminde önemli adımlar atılmasına vesile olmuştur.  

Tüm bu gelişmeler mahbeslerin hapishaneye dönüşüm sürecini doğurmuş ve hapishane kavramının mimari açıdan sorgulanmasını sağlamıştır. Osmanlı hukuk sisteminde hapis Tanzimat'a kadar; bugünkü anlamıyla olduğu gibi bir ceza kurumu olarak değil, suçlunun hakkında karar verilene kadar tutulduğu yer veya kısa süreli cezalandırma yöntemi olarak yer alıyordu. Tanzimat sonrası dönemde ise ceza kurumunu temsil eden bir terim olarak Osmanlı hukuk sistemine giren 'hapishane', zindanların veya farklı işlevdeki diğer yapıların dönüştürülmesiyle ya da sıfırdan inşa edilmesiyle mimari açıdan da yeni bir yapı tipi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. 
Bu çalışmada da Tanzimatla değişen hukuk sistemi ve bu dönüşüm süreci içerisinde yeni bir bakış açısının ürünü olan, Osmanlı Devleti'nin de cezalandırma yöntemi olarak kullanmaya başladığı hapishanelerin mekan kurgularının incelenmesi planlanmaktadır. Daha önce bir imam evi veya şehir surlarının kulelerinde de görülmesi mümkün olan bu cezalandırma işlevi için yeni mekanların ortaya çıkması yeni bir mimari bakış açısını da getirmiş olmalıdır. 
Ceza ve ceza mekanları hakkında tarih, sosyoloji ve hukuk gibi alanlarda yapılmış çalışmalar olmakla birlikte Osmanlı dönemi hapishane mimarisini tasarlanmış örnekler ve etrafındaki tartışmalar açısından ele alan çalışmalar sınırlıdır. İşlev mekan ilişkisinin bu denli önemli olduğu bir yapı tipi olan hapishanelerin mimari olarak ele alınması, dönemin ihtiyaç programı çerçevesinde plan şemalarının incelenmesi, benzeri diğer örnekler ile karşılaştırılması veya üsluplarının incelenmesi bu çalışmanın amaçlarını oluşturmaktadır. 
Yukarıda bahsedilen bu kurgunun incelenmesinin, dönemin mimari anlayışı hakkında bilgi vereceği gibi sosyolojik araştırmalara da yeni bakış açıları kazandıracağı düşünülmektedir.

Abstract:
The Ottoman State, which had a legal system based on Islamic Law in the classical period, made extensive regulations in the field of law in line with the provisions of the Tanzimat Edict (Gülhane Rescript) principles such as ensuring the safety of life and property and treating everyone in an equal and lawful manner. During this period, the state, which made various regulations in many fields, started to follow the innovations in the field of law in Europe together with Tanzimat and this interaction. By changing the point of view on the concepts of crime and punishment, the judicial and punishment processes were redirected. The penal codes especially enacted after the Tanzimat Edict led to important steps in the Ottoman legal system.
When we look at the history of the punishment, it is seen that the actions that every community accepts as a crime vary by region and their own values. Even though every community determines the punishment of the action in a similar way; it is seen that the corporal punishments are mainly applied. Until the end of the 16th century, payment for the crime was the main purpose of punishment. The transformation of corporal punishments including torture, crippling or death, which are used as punishment methods, into prison, begins with the birth of the idea of imprisonment. However, the need for raw materials and labor, which increased due to the increase in trade and production activities, brought up the idea of working as a penalty; Employment of people who have committed a crime in the mines or rowing slaves in exchange for the damage caused to the state has been added to the agenda. The workhouses (or house of correction), which are the product of this idea, started with Bridewell in England (1552) within this period and spread to Europe, particularly the Netherlands.
In the late 16th century, it is seen that the idea of imprisonment evolved from the house of correction to the prison. This opinion, which basically involves not only punishment, but also the rehabilitation and resocialization of the criminal, has led to the birth of Amsterdam type prisons, which are regarded as the first examples of imprisonment institutions. Known as Amsterdam prisons; Rasp house (Rasp-huis), where the prisoner rasp wood to produce dyes for textiles, for men in 1595 and Spinhouse, where textile works spinning and sewing for women in 1597 appear as the first example with the decision of the Amsterdam Criminal Court to educate and heal a young boy accused of theft instead of the death penalty.
With the ideas of the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, human, human honour and dignity became important and the idea of punishment was transformed. The idea came up that the payment of the crime should be not the human body but the soul. With this idea, it can be said that the formation of modern prisons are founded in today's context. The reflections of this transformation in Europe after the 16th century can only be seen after the 19th century in the Ottoman State.  
Life and property safety, protection of human dignity and the equality before the law, which were effective in Europe in the 18th century, also affected Ottoman statesmen. With the 19th century, new legislative arrangements were needed to increase the power of the state against the changes in economic balances, population movements and related requirements and criticisms of European states. In consideration of these ideas, Tanzimat Edict's mentioning the basic principles that it will protect the rights and freedoms of all citizens without any discrimination and stating that there will be no illegal crime and punishment required a criminal law that is valid for everyone. Preparation of criminal laws and regulation of the security agency are among the first steps taken in this context. Starting arrangements in the internal security system; It also made the urgent need for reforms on the subject of confinement in order to ensure public order and punishments to be made in accordance with the law. During the whole reform process, the situation of the Ottoman apostates was one of the subjects that did not fall from the agenda at the time of Tanzimat and beyond. Commissions were established for the transformation of the people, reports and regulations were published; Rehabilitation studies continued, both by employing foreign experts and attending international congresses or by investigating them on site, examining European examples.
Until the Tanzimat Reform Era, imprisonment was not a punishment institution in the Ottoman judicial system as it is today, but as a place of detention or short-term punishment until the verdict is rendered. Although it is known that temporary places such as dungeons, wells, cellars and cisterns are used for the prison place, sheltered places such as palaces, castles, fortresses, towers or shipyards were primarily preferred. In the Tanzimat Period, in addition to the adapting of existing buildings of different functions and types such as government mansions, inns, dungeons, castles and churches, it was observed that new prison structures were built to serve only this purpose. The space organization of these structures, which have been both adapted and newly built, have changed and transformed in line with the needs and conditions of the period.
In the post-Tanzimat period, "prison" which entered into the Ottoman legal system as a term representing the punishment institution, appears as a new building type in terms of architecture by transforming dungeons or other structures with different functions. In this study, it is planned to examine the legal system which has transformed with Tanzimat Reform Era and the layouts of the prisons which are the product of a new perspective of this transformation process and a new punishment method of the Ottoman State. Arising new spaces for this new punishment function which was previously seen in imam houses or dungeons should have brought a new architectural point of view. 
There are extensive studies on punishment and prisons in areas such as history, sociology and law. The number of studies examining the legal transformation and prison reform during the Tanzimat Period is also considerable. Some of these studies are aimed at understanding the development of the penal system in the Ottoman Empire, while others are studies that deal with prisons in a more general framework or from a legal perspective. Although there are studies that examine the history of Ottoman prisons in the context of the province; it is seen that these studies focus more on issues such as physical conditions in the region, prisoners' and officers' situation, crime rates and distribution rather than architectural transformation. However, the studies dealing with the Ottoman period prison architecture in terms of designed examples and discussions around them are limited. The aim of this study is to examine prisons, which are a building type where function and space relation is very important, as an architectural program, to examine the plan schemes within the framework of the needs program of the period, to compare them with other similar examples or to examine their styles. 
It is undeniable that all these studies contributed to the process of examining the development of prisons in the regional sense, but in order to fully see the architectural structures of the Ottoman prisons, it is necessary to consider the structures as a whole. However, it is also important how the space organization of this new building type, which developed in parallel with the transformation of the penal system all over the world, developed together with all other dynamics in the late Ottoman period. In this context, the thesis study aims to focus on the development of the Ottoman prison architecture and to contribute to the elimination of the deficiency in this field in the literature.
It is thought that the examination of this organization that is mentioned above will not only give information about the architectural understanding of the period, but also bring new perspectives to sociological research.