Yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası sabit referans istasyonlarının kabuk ve yapısal deformasyon belirleme amaçlı tasarlanan jeodezik ağlara entegrasyonu, ölçme ve değerlendirme stratejileri
Designed for crustal and structural deformation for determining the geodetic networks integration local, national and international of continuously operating reference stations, measurement and processing strategies
Yazar: PINAR DEMİRCİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. RAHMİ NURHAN ÇELİK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry

Özet:
%92 si deprem bölgesi olan ülkemizin deprem olmaksızın hareketinin kuzeybatıya doğru yıllık ortalama 2-3 cm/yıl olduğu gerçeği, hayatın ne denli tektonik bir ortamda sürdüğünün açık bir göstergesidir. Gerek mühendislik projeleri için gerekse hali hazırda var olan yaşamın güvenli bir şekilde idame ettirilebilmesi için yapılan kabuk ve yapısal deformasyonların belirlenmesi çalışmaları her geçen gün artmaktadır. Özellikle büyük mühendislik projelerinin hayata geçirilmesinden önce yapılacak çalışmalar son derece önem kazanmaktadır. Jeodezik yöntemler arasında son yıllarda daha çok yaygınlaşan GPS tekniğiyle konum belirlemenin de bu amaçla tasarlanan deformasyon ağlarında kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Sürekli Gözlem Yapan Referans İstasyonlarından yüksek doğrulukla veri elde edilebilmesi imkânı da bu ağların kullanımını artırmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, yapımına başlanmış İstanbul-İzmir Otoyolu Projesinin, otoyol kısmının önemli bir parçasının ve körfez geçişini sağlayacak köprünün güzergâhında kurulan deformasyon ağı incelenmiştir. Kuzey Anadolu Fay hattının aynı güzergâhtan geçmesi nedeniyle tasarlanmış bu ağın değerlendiriliş stratejisi belirlenmiştir. Sürekli Gözlem Yapan Referans İstasyonlarının bölgedeki varlığı değerlendiriliş stratejisinin temel yaklaşımını oluşturmaktadır. Ağlara entegre şekilde değerlendirilen deformasyon ağına ait ön sonuçlara ulaşılması, sabit referans istasyonlarının ise güncel durumlarının gözlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Bu bağlamda, birinci bölümde, çalışma bölgesi ve çalışmanın amacı açıklanmış, çalışmanın ana stratejisi ortaya konulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, bölgede uluslararası, ulusal ve lokal anlamda faaliyet gösteren Sürekli Gözlem Yapan Referans İstasyonlarının çalışma kapsamları ve teknik özellikleri incelenmiş, ağların bölgedeki etkinlikleri gözlemlenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Türkiye'nin tektonik yapısı ve depremselliği üzerinden, çalışma bölgesi olan körfez bölgesinin tektonik yapısı ve sismik durumun, inşa edilecek köprü güzergahını ne denli etki altına alabileceği irdelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, bölgede deformasyon çalışması gerektiren yeni İstanbul- İzmir Otoyolu'nun teknik ayrıntıları üzerinde durulmuştur. Beşinci bölümde ise, bölgede kurulan deformasyon ağının tasarımı ortaya konulmuş, ölçme ve değerlendirme stratejileri belirtilmiştir. Son olarak, yapılan ölçme ve değerlendirmelerin sonuçları, çalışmanın altıncı bölümünü oluşturan sonuçlar kısmında tartışılmıştır. Henüz ilk iki periyot ölçmesi tamamlanmış ağa ait 8 noktanın koordinat değerleri bilgisayar ortamında Leica GeoOffice programında değerlendirilmiş, yatay ve düşey konum doğrulukları, iki periyot arasında ortaya çıkan koordinat farkları ve noktalara ait fark vektörleri irdelenmiştir. Daha önce yapılmış benzer amaçlı çalışmalarla tutarlı olup olmadıkları kıyaslaması yapılmıştır. Aynı zamanda, çalışmanın bir başka amacını da, bölgede etkinliğini sürdüren Sürekli Gözlem Yapan Referans İstasyonları'nın güncel durumlarının belirlenmesi oluşturduğu için, sabit noktaların hareketleri incelenmiş ve bölgede beklenen hareketle tutarlı olup olmadığı irdelenmiştir.

Abstract:
92% of the seismic zone without earthquakes in Turkey the northwestward movement of the annual average of 2-3 cm / year, the fact that life is a clear indication of how the continued tectonic environment. . This result demonstrates that all of the fixed objects which exist either naturally or artificially such as buildings, roads, bridges, trees, mountains, valleys etc. are exposed to continuous displacement. At the same time, unfortunately, tectonic history of Turkey has a lot of destructive earthquakes. Therefore, possible structural defects of constructions and crust & surface deformations of regions, where in significant constructions such as viaducts, bridges, dams are located, should be monitored in such a dynamic geological zone. To carry on engineering projects and sustain human life safely, determination of the crustal and structural deformations are increasing day by day. Especially, deformation analyze tha carry out before the implementation of major engineering projects, becomes extremely important. In recent years, more widespread of geodetic methods, GPS technique has been designed to determine the deformation of the networks has been increasingly used for this purpose. Continuously Operating Reference Stations make increase use of these networks because of the producing high accuracy data. Use of networks formed by Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), in a geodetic network design strategy aimed to monitor and find out the crustal deformation. These networks which are some international, national and local geodetic networks have been used for geodetic purpose and to process other micro-geodetic networks. IGS and EUREF which are the international networks, some of their existing stations in Turkey have been used to determine deformations and movements. In addition to international network, Turkey has national and local CORS?s networks such as TUSAGA, TUSAGA-Active and ISKI-UKBS. ISKI-UKBS is run by local water and sewerage authority of İstanbul. It is such network that condenses the TUSAGA-Active network that is national active CORS network. Thanks to existence of such networks, micro-geodetic networks for several different purposes can easily be designed, observed, processed and analyzed then it was in the past.In this study, a deformation network which has been located route of the new İstanbul- İzmir highway project has been observing. Scope of the project, a bridge will be constructed in İzmit Gulf region. Due to a part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone passes from the region , this micro-geodetic network has been designed in the same route of bridge and part of the highway. Because of presence of the Continuously Operating Reference Stations in this region have determined the processing strategy of this network. Using of International Geodetic Networks that has continuously operating GPS/GNSS receivers on has been very common technic to define tectonic activities all over the world. By using these networks; more rapid, healthy and accurate 24-hour data can be obtained by scientific and engineering institutes. One of these kinds of networks is the IGS one that is an international network works whole over the world including Europe and it provides pool resources and permanent GNSS station data to generate precise GNSS products. There are 5 IGS stations in Turkey, two of them in the Marmara Region (near İzmit Gulf Region). ISTA and TUBI stations are located in for the Marmara Region. In addition to these international systems, there are some national and local systems such as TUSAGA (Turkish National Continuously Operating System?s Network), TUSAGA-Active (Turkish National Continuously Operating System?s Network- Active) and ISKI-UKBS (Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority- Satellite Positioning Information System) which are active in Turkey can provide wide-ranged and more precise real-time positioning services. Turkish Real Time Kinematic (RTK) CORS-TR Network are called TUSAGA- Active established by Istanbul Kültür University in association with the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre of Turkey and the General Command of Mapping of Turkey and sponsored by the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Agency (TÜBİTAK). The network constitutes 147 Continuously Operating Reference Stations controlled by two control stations, the Master Control Station at the Department of Photogrammetry and Geodesy Administration of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre and the Auxiliary Control Station at the Headquarters of the General Command of Mapping of Turkey. Because of providing geometric strength, reference datum stability and of course redundancy to geodetic methods; TUSAGA-Active) is an important to national purpose. There are 6 stations in Marmara region to serve regional and local projects (the size of the rectangle is roughly 300 by 150 km). TUSAGA is another CORS network of the country and some of its stations are also member of IGS. This network has been established for same purposes by General Command of Mapping of Turkey. TUSAGA network has currently 26 stations actively. Six of these twenty six stations are dedicated as IGS stations. However, these stations have currently no real time facility to broadcast real time kinematic data. ISKI-UKBS (Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority- Continuously Operating Reference Stations? Network) is a local network that works Istanbul and around, established by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Authority- Satellite Positioning Information System. There are 8 stations. They continuously (24-hour 7 days a week) records and broadcast GNSS data and rages in between stations are well optimizes, 50 to 70 km. The deformation network which has been processed for the pre-results has integrated these stations. Except of the pre-result of this network, there is another purpose of this study. Another purpose of the study is to determine updating situations of reference stations.In this context, the first chapter, the study area and the study have been described, the main strategy of the study have been presented. The second section; technical features and scope of international, national and local Continuously Operating Reference Stations of this area has been explained and described their efficiency in this region. The third section, the tectonic structure and the seismicity of the study area, the tectonic structure and seismic condition of the gulf and how to influence the route of the bridge and part of the highway will be constructed are discussed. In the fourth chapter; The new Istanbul-Izmir highway project which causes a deformation analyze working in this region, have been focused on technical details. In the fifth chapter; Design of the network and its measurement and processing strategies have been explained. Finally, the observation and processing results of the study discussed in the sixth section forming part of the results. It has been just completed two periods GPS observations of the network?s 8 points coordinates have been processed on Leica GeoOffice with the accuracy of horizontal and vertical positions, the results of coordinates? differences between the two periods, and differences vectors of these points have been discussed. And compared with earlier studies made for similar purposes. At the same time, because of the another purpose of strategy is that determining updating situations of reference stations, reference stations have been analyzing and comparing expected movement and direction of the movement.