Ulus devlet, mültecilik ve menşe ülkeye geri dönüş: Türkiye'de yaşayan Suriyeli mülteciler
Nation state, refugee and repatriation to country of origin: Syrian refugees in Turkey
Yazar: ZEYNEP YILDIRIM
Danışman: PROF. DR. HATİCE BİRSEN HEKİMOĞLU
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2019
Konu: Siyasal Bilimler = Political Science ; Sosyoloji = Sociology
Dizin: Geri dönüş = Repatriation ; Göçmenler = Emigrants ; Menşe ülke = Country of origin ; Mülteci hakları = Refugee rights ; Mülteciler = Refugees ; Suriyeliler = Syrians ; Ulus-devlet = Nation-state ; Zorunlu göç = Forced emigration

Özet:
Sınırlı olan yeniden yerleşim fırsatları nedeniyle, milyonlarca mülteci, yeni bir vatandaşlık bağını başka bir devletle kurma hakkından mahrum bırakılmakta ve bu nedenle ulus-devlet sisteminin dışında kalmaktadır. Bu yüzden menşe ülkeye geri dönüş, uzun süreli mültecilik durumları için, en çok tercih edilen kalıcı çözüm yöntemi olmuştur. Menşe ülkeye geri dönüş, Suriye'de İç Savaş'ın başlamasıyla, Suriyelilerin kitlesel göçü ile karşı karşıya kalan Türkiye'nin de mültecilerin durumu ile ilgili en çok dile getirdiği çözüm önerisidir. Bu bağlamda, bu tezin amacı menşe ülkeye geri dönüşün, Türkiye'de yaşayan Suriyeli mülteciler açısından uygulanabilir bir çözüm önerisi olup olmadığını ortaya koyabilmektir.
Bu nedenle Türkiye'deki Suriyeli mülteciler için geri dönüşün anlamı ve uygulanabilirliği; geri dönüş söylemiyle "ev" ve "vatan" kavramlarının nasıl ilişkilendirildiği, menşe ve ev sahibi devletin geri dönüşle ilgili sorumlulukları, geri dönüş, ulus-devlet ve vatandaşlık tartışmasıyla bağlantılı olarak hakların mekânsallığı meselesi, geri dönüşün uluslararası toplum tarafından en uygun kalıcı çözüm olarak tercih edilmesinin altında yatan varsayımlar ve politik gerekçeler, mültecilerin geçmiş geri dönüş deneyimleri ve uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlar, Türkiye'deki önde gelen siyasilerin geri dönüşe dair açıklamalarının analizine ve mültecilerin doğrudan kendi söylemlerine başvurularak değerlendirilmiştir. Böylelikle, geri dönüş çözüm önerisi, söylemlerde ideal bir çözüm olarak sunulması ve uygulanabilirlik açısından çok basite indirgenmesine rağmen sürgünde geçirilen sürenin uzunluğuna bağlı olarak mültecilerin sorunlarının giderek daha karmaşık hale gelmesi nedeniyle, Türkiye'deki Suriyeli mülteciler için yakın gelecekte uygulanabilir bir seçenek olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ulus-devlet, Türkiye, Suriyeli Mülteciler, Kalıcı Çözümler, Geri Dönüş, Menşe Ülke

Abstract:
Because of the limited opportunities for resettlement, millions of refugees are deprived of their right to have a new citizenship bond to another country and hence, stay out of the general nation-state system. For this reason, the approach of repatriation to the country of origin has been the mostly adopted durable solution for the situations of protracted refugee. Returning to the country of origin is also the very same approach that has widely been mentioned as the solution to its refugee question by Turkey – a country who has faced the mass immigration of Syrians since the break out of the Syrian Civil War. In this context, the aim of the current research is thus to asses whether the repatriation to the country of origin as a solution approach is a viable option for the particular case of Syrian refugees in Turkey.
Accordingly, the implications and feasibility of the repatriation to the country of origin as a solution approach for the Syrian refugees in Turkey were evaluated based on an understanding of the way the idea of return to the country of origin is associated with the notions of "home" and "homeland", the responsibilities of the host country and also the country of origin in regards to the repatriation process, the question of the spatiality of rights with reference to the discussions of repatriation, nation-state and citizenship, the implicit assumptions along with the realpolitics behind the consensus amongst the international community that the repatriation to the country of origin is the most appropriate durable solution to the refugee issue and finally, the previous repatriation experiences of refugees and the practical problems associated with the overall process. This evaluation was additionally supported by a detailed analysis of the relevant explanations made by the prominent political figures of the period in Turkish politics together with a direct reference to the first-hand narratives of the refugees themselves.Consequently, it's been concluded here that the repatriation to the country of origin as a solution approach, no matter how it's presented in the narratives as an ideal solution and its practicability is overly simplified by underestimating inherent complexities, cannot be a viable option for the Syrian refugees in Turkey in the near term, due to the fact that the refugees' problems have got increasingly complicated depending on the length of time period spent in the exile.
Keywords: Nation-State, Turkey, Syrian Refugees, Durable Solution, Repatriation, Country of Origin