Perge antik kentinde bulunan Anıtsal çeşme (F3)'nin belgelenmesi ve koruma önerileri
Documentation and conservation proposals for the Monumental fountain (F3) of Perge
Yazar: FEVZİYE DUYGU AKSOY
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. GÜLSÜM TANYELİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2016
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Klasik arkeoloji = Classical archeology ; Tarihi koruma = Historic preservation

Özet:
Bu tez çalışmasında arkeolojik alanda bulunan bir mimari yapının belgelenme çalışmaları yapılarak kültürel mirasın korunması ile ilgili gelişen kavramlar doğrultusunda nasıl korunması gerektiği değerlendirilmiştir. UNESCO Dünya Mirası Geçici Listesi'nde yer alan Perge Antik Kenti'nde bulunan Anıtsal Çeşme (F3), çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. İlk olarak çalışma alanının kentsel ve tarihsel gelişimi ele alınmış, 1946 yılında başlayan Perge kazılarında günümüze kadar yapılmış olan mimari proje ve uygulamalar incelenmiştir. 
Anıtsal Çeşme [F3]'ün 1970-72 yılları arasında yapılan kazılar sonucunda mimari verilerine ulaşılmakla birlikte yapının hangi dönemde yapıldığına dair bir yazıt bulunamamıştır. Fakat mimari bezemeleri, kazı çalışmaları sırasında etrafında bulunan heykelleri ve kuzey-güney doğrultulu sütunlu caddeyle olan bağlantısı sebebiyle Geç Hadrianus dönemine ait olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mimari parçalarının sayısına bakılarak yapılan gruplandırmalarla yapının üç katlı olabileceği ortaya konulmuştur.
Çalışmanın ilk kısmında, günümüze birinci katının büyük bir kısmı ulaşan çeşme yapısının rölövesi hazırlanmış, bozulma tespitleri yapılmış ve fotoğraflarla belgelenmesi sağlanmıştır. İkinci kısımda kazı sonucu ortaya çıkan mimari elemanlar üzerinde çalışılmış, yapı üzerindeki fonksiyonlarına göre gruplara ayrılarak katalog çalışması hazırlanmıştır. Tez çalışması kapsamında, restitüsyon önerisine yardımcı olacak çok kırık olmayan, tüm veya tüme yakın 437 adet mimari eleman incelenmiştir. Her bir eleman grubu kendi içinde yapı üzerinde bulundukları konum, mimari bezeme türleri, boyutları, işlenmiş yüzey sayısı vb. özelliklerine göre alt gruplarda tablo oluşturarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ele geçen veriler 1975 yılında Akif Dai tarafından hazırlanan restitüsyon önerisi ile karşılaştırılmış, bu kapsamda yeni bir restitüsyon önerisi hazırlanmıştır. Sonuç kısmında uluslararası tüzük ve yaklaşımlar kapsamında yapının ve yapıya ait mimari elemanların nasıl korunması gerektiği incelenmiştir. 
Günümüze yapı hakkında yeterli verinin ulaşamamış olması, geçmişte belgeleme ve araştırma çalışmalarının kapsamlı yapılmaması ve analoji çalışmasında yararlanacak birçok yapının toprak altında olması, arkeolojik alanlarda yapılacak restitüsyon çalışmaları için sorun oluşturmaktadır. Doğru ve kapsamlı bir öneri getirebilmek için, kazı çalışmaları sırasında ve sonrasında yapılacak belgeleme sürecinde detaylı, organize ve disiplinlerarası arası bir çalışmanın yapılması, restitüsyon problemlerinin çözülmesi konusunda önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu tez çalışması, Anıtsal Çeşme (F3) ile ilgili ileride yapılacak onarım çalışmalara rehberlik edebilecek bir ön çalışma kapsamında hazırlanmıştır.

Abstract:
In this thesis, documentation studies of an architectural monument in an archeological site and the evaluation on how to protect the cultural heritage in relation to developing concepts are reviewed. The Monumental Fountain (F3), located at the ancient city of Perge of the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, was chosen as the study site. In the first part of the thesis, the urban and historical development of the study site, the architectural projects and interventions made in Perge are evaluated.
Monumental Fountain (F3) was discovered after the archeological excavations between 1970-1972. No inscriptions indicating in which period the fountain had been constructed could be found.  However, it is believed to belong to the Late Hadrianus Period because of its architectural decoration, the statues around the structure, discovered during the excavation works, and its connection with North-South Colonnaded Street. The performed grouping - based on the architectural fragments - reveals that the fountain might have had three stores.
The Monumental Fountain (F3) is one of the Roman Imperial Period's building types with its facade architecture with niche and aedicule. The other fountains in Perge, such as F1 and F2 which have also been brought to light, are also considered to be part of this façade-architectural type. Monumental Fountain (F3) is considered to be one of the important structures of the city with its functionality, location as well as its visuality meanwhile fountains F1, F2 and F4 (from the Septimius Severus period) are structures that are more identified with the previously built monuments in Perge. The two other fountain structures in the city, F5 and (O) Fountain, have not yet been thoroughly analyzed from an architecture and archeological standpoint.
The survey is prepared fort he fountain structure whose first floor is almost preserved until today. Also, deterioration determinations were put together and documented with photographs. The overall width of the structure, which has a "U" shaped plan, is 20.42 m. In the current case, the first floor's height is 719 cm. Above it, the first floor architraves are should have been placed on these walls. There are two passages on both sides of the middle section, where the actual fountain structure is located, serving as a gate to the Acropolis. Podiums were built adjacent to these passages and leading to the front.
According to the holes on the facade, it is understood that the structure is covered with thin marble slabs. Some marble slabs have also been observed on the facade surfaces. Through taking the postaments and bases that are found in situ on the podium and in the basin as a reference, it is possible to form an opinion about the first floor's column structure. There are pylons in the passageways that give full-size measurements. It has been suggested that the podiums may have been added to the structure at a later stage due to the mismatch between the eastern and western podiums and the pylon connection points.
The main building is made of limestone blocks. Also some of the column bases made of Prokonnesos marble were found in situ. Columns are made of many different materials, such as granite, colored marble and breccia, were found around the fountain.
When the structure is examined statically, no structural cracks are observed at significant levels, and there are capillary cracks that do not constitute a structural risk. In some parts, plant formation has taken place between stones. With time, growing roots have also led to the separation of parts. Especially on the northern front stones, they have become algae and have flowered. Calcification was observed on the marble surface in front of the basin.
Various interventions were carried out on the structure within the scope of the 2013 Perge excavation and repair works. Arch stones, on the niche in the center of the facade where the basin is located, are placed on an iron structure to be restored. In the north, the water channel, connected to this point, was covered with stone blocks, and the positions of some columns and postaments on the eastern podium were changed.
The architectural elements, thatfound in the excavations, were studied, and catalog studies were prepared through separation by their functions on the structure. Within the scope of the thesis study, 437 architectural elements (partially broken, almost complete and fully complete) have been examined which will help the restitution proposal. Each element group is evaluated and listed in subgroups depending on their specifications like positions on the structure, architectural forms, sizes, and various characteristics. The architectural elements studied were compared with the restitution proposal prepared by Akif Dai in 1975.
While examining reference buildings for restitution, fountains as well as certain doors, libraries and other structures with similar facade architecture were examined. According to the results obtained from the architectural elements, it is suggested that there is a possibility of a third floor in the building. The underlying reason is the high number of architrave with soffit decoration in the bottom side. Efes C. Laecanius Bassus Fountain and Miletus Fountain can be taken as reference for this. In the restitution proposal, the third floor is added hypothetically.
For archaeological sites to carry out protection works for architectural structures; it is crucial first to identify the initial situation of the structure and the interventions made in the following periods. As documentation work on the F3 Fountain, whose exavation studies was completed in 1972, a plan for the first floor and a restitution proposal prepared by Akif Dai in 1975 were reached. Decisions on maintinance and repair should be made after the documentation work is done. It is also important to protect the architectural elements around the excavation area itself. These architectural pieces, which deteriorate each day, have to be recorded individually by working under the scope of inventory work. Architectural elements should be placed around the structure based on their functions and floors. In the north-west of the building, it is proposed to assemble the building elements, which can be estimated to be side by side or overlaid in a 20 x 20-meter area, to form a 3-dimensional sample.
The excavations between 1970 and 1972 revealed a large part of the front and back facades of the fountain; however, most of the back façades of the eastern and western podiums are still covered with soil. Supervised excavation should also be carried out in these areas in order to ensure that the documentation is correctly performed. Missing architectural pieces are likely to be revealed in this area. As a result, helpful findings for the restitution proposal will be revealed. The repair project should be prepared by experts in the field by meeting the scientific needs of today and with interdisciplinary cooperation.
The architectural elements around the building and the natural stones of the same nature can be used to suggest "partial anastylosis". The anastylosis proposal is geared to protect the architectural elements scattered around the structure against external conditions, providing these elements the capacity to express themselves concurrently. Although such a suggestion has been made, the presence of missing architectural elements must be investigated by excavating the proposed areas behind the eastern and western podiums of the structure. After reaching the new data on architectural pieces, the restitution proposal can be re-worked. In this thesis, architectural elements have been studied as a preliminary study, and it is necessary to document these elements in detail before any repair. Alternatively, as a result of the static evaluation of the construction, it is key to discuss whether the architectural elements should be lifted in the original technique in the context of the presentation of the ancient city of Perge or the benefit of an anastylosis with a different system.
A number of suggestions were also made about the presentation of the fountain. The present information panels cover a large part of the inscription on the eastern podium, and also they are made of different materials. When the other information panels of the ancient city were examined, it was observed that they were formed by various materials and types. The information panels should not be planned on a single building scale while information is being provided on the same type of panels in an entire city. Panels should be supported by various drawings, not just text. The development and implementation of presentation programs should be part of the general planning and management process of the city.
The ancient city of Perge is in the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List. One of the most important factors for the ancient city of Perge to qualify to the World Heritage List in the future is to ensure its protection in line with international charters and approaches. Short, medium and long term studies should be done to establish a Perge Ancient City Conservation Plan where excavation and repair programs can be evaluated. A team of professionals from different disciplines should be formed while creating this management plan. The conservation specialist architects should also be involved in this team. The structures in the archaeological area need to be considered within a program that will be prepared by evaluating the whole area, as opposed to applications on a single structure scale.
There are problems for restitution proposals at archeological sites. There is not enough valid data about the monuments and, as well, there is a lack of comprehensive research. Moreover, documentation studies and many suitable structures for analogy studies are still underground. In order to have an accurate and comprehensive proposal, detailed, organized and multidisciplinary studies should be made on documentation processes during and after excavation studies. This is crucial for solving the problems on restitution. This thesis is prepared to involve a preliminary study which guides the implementations in the future.