İdeal toplum modelleri-mimarlık etkileşimi Hayali/Ahali projeleri /
Yazar: AKIM SEVİNÇ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. BELKIS ULUOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Kullanıcı tahmini = User estimate ; Mimari tasarım = Architectural design ; Mimarlık tarihi = Architectural history

Özet:
ÖZET 'İdeal Toplum Modelleri' ya da 'ütopya'lar, toplumların yaşadıkları hoşnutsuzlukları görüp çözümler arayan düşünürlerin, mevcut olanın yerine düşüncede kurup kağıt üzerinde sundukları kusursuz düzenlerdir. Değişik dönemlerde farklı etkilerle farklı anlayışla biçimlenen ütopyacı gelenek, zaman zaman kesintilere uğrasa da hiçbir zaman yok olmuyor. Zincirleme bir gelişim gösteren bu sistemlerin en temel özellikleri; kapalılık, toplumsallık, işlevsellik, durağanlık, sil baştanlık, düzenlilik ve buyurganlıktır. Mevcut olanın yerine önerilen toplum modeli ortaya koyulurken öncelikle, toplumun içinde yaşayacağı fiziksel çevrelerin tasarlandığını, ilk olarak Rönesans'la birlikte ortaya çıkan örneklerde görüyoruz. İnsanın, yaşadığı sorunları aklıyla çözebileceği inancı, düşsel olan ve daha önce hiçbir yerde görülmemiş kentlerin/sistemlerin belirmesine olanak vermiştir. Uygulanmaya dönük olmak yerine hayali olanın anlatıldığı bu ilk örneklerden sonra, Sanayi Devriminin de etkisiyle kentlerin hızla büyümesiyle sorunların oluştuğunu ve hayali projelerin XVIII. ve XIX. yy.larda, kimi toplulukların yaşamaları için hayata geçirildiklerini görüyoruz. Sosyalist düşüncenin eşitlikçi ve paylaşımcı ideallerinden beslenen Simon, Owen, Fourier ve Cabet'in ideal toplum modelleri, kendilerinden sonra gelecek, gerek mimarlık gerekse toplumsal alanlardaki oluşumlarda belirleyici oluyorlar. Bu oluşumlardan en belirgin olan Modernizm, düşünceleri Rönesans'a dayanandırarak ve XVIII. ve XIX. yy. larda hayata geçirilen ideal toplum denemelerinin birikimlerinden faydalanarak kendisini XX. yy. in başında yazılı ve yapılı olarak ortaya koyuyor. Ütopyaların ortaya çıkabilmeleri için gerekli toplumsal/ekonomik/siyasi değişim dönemlerinden bir diğerine 1950'lerde rastlıyoruz. Yapısalcı dönem adı verilen ve yaklaşık otuz yılı kapsayan süreçte karşılaştığımız örnekleri Hayali/Ahali Projeleri olarak adlandıracağız. Bu dönem örneklerinin, mimarlık tarihinde 'utopia' kavramının 'iyi ve yokyer' niteliklerinin ikisini de barındırdıklarını görüyoruz. II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası teknolojik alanlarda yaşanan bilimsel gelişmelerin toplumların geleceklerini iyileştireceği yönünde duyulan güveni kurgularına yansıtan bu anlayış 1970'lerde etkisini yitirirken, 1980'lerde karşımıza Dekonstrüktivizm çıkıyor. Dekonstrüktivizm kendisini tıpkı Modernizm gibi farklı ve ütopist dünya görüşüyle ortaya koymuştur. Belli dönemlerde üzerinde yoğun olarak düşü(nü)lüp, ürünler verilen ütopyacı anlayış, günümüzün 'bulanık' olarak adlandırılan sosyal/mimari ortamlarında belirleyici olma konumunu kaybetmiş bulunmaktadır. Ütopya adı altında tasarlanan yapıtlara baktığımızda teknolojik ve ekolojik verilere dayandırılan kurguların, toplumlar için değil küçük topluluklar için çözümler aradıklarım görüyoruz. 'Ütopya' kavramının bu içi boşaltılmışlığının temel nedeni, bu ideal modellerin kendilerini ortaya koyarken dayandıkları kavramlarla, bugünün geçerli kavramlarının çelişiyor olmasıdır.

Abstract:
SUMMARY At the end of the XXth century, as it has been in the XVIIIth and XlXth centuries (probably due to the ongoing conflicts in art and culture), new products and researches on 'utopia' have started to be written. This study may be considered as one of these sequential studies. When the problems -either economical or political- faced by societies and the models they developed accordingly as solutions to these problems are examined, it can be seen that every society and some persons within these societies have produced new ideas related with the 'ideal society' concept since the Ancient Age. The tradition of building 'paradise on earth', although having stopped at certain times and produced poor and single-view-point examples, has never disappeared. Going through changes for about five centuries, the tradition of proposing ideal society models has come from Renaissance to our day. Utopian understanding has disappeared at certain times and reappeared at certain times. The starting point of this study is to analyze how the changes in the Utopian understanding, together with the changes in architecture, have affected the ideal society models and how architecture has been affected by these written and drawn works which have been prepared for making a project of the ideal. Just like people having values and expectations specific for themselves, societies also have values and expectations changing related to the time they live and their culture. Societies have chosen to bring up 'ideal society models' for showing their reactions to the conditions which conflict with their expectations. Concerned with the fact that Utopias have been reactionally created as a result of the disturbance by the 'present', the primary aims of the study are; to define the 'present' at the times that these works have been carried out, to examine where the disturbance has been concentrated and in which directions the following social and architectural formations have been affected by the architectural and social 'sparks' within these works of reaction. The attempts of Utopias to solve the problems of the period in which they have been proposed can be considered as 'sketches' of the new social and architectural formations which will come after these periods of problems and solve the problems. Although most of them are unrealistic designs, and produce solutions to neither economical nor social problems, and behave as if 'designed at once and applied instantly' and thus ignored; they make up a 'history of Utopias' since they give clues on certain 'threshold' periods and 'good news' on different formations that will follow them. This history of Utopia of five centuries will help to look at the events within the history of both architecture and civilization with a new eye. XIOne of the most important aspects, related to the history of civilization/architecture, of these ideal systems which are written and drawn as a result of the expectation of a better society is the new pathways they open. While working on the wishes, needs and problems of societies, they take architecture as a basic component of their products. It is necessary to fix certain main features of the ideal society models in order to obtain the same criteria for analyzing Utopias which result from different interests of different periods and to understand which criteria changed in which direction at different periods. The basic features that determine the scope and point of view of this study on Utopias are; isolation, sociality, functionality, stability, fundamentalism, order, dictatorship. In the first examples of ideal society models which are defined as 'order... set up in imagination and thought', it can be said that the 'imaginative' approach is dominating. The period that Utopias first appear and the 'imaginary society and place' in Plato's, More's and Campanella's works are analyzed under the heading 'No/where Projects'. The basic characteristic of these works in which perfect orders never heard or seen before are described is that they seem to be possible to be practiced in the conditions they are written, although they are expressed as set up only in texts. These 'imaginary' forms of society and description while setting up the 'ideal' is the most outstanding characteristic of these examples. With Renaissance, 'reasons' started to be questioned. 'Today' had gained more importance than 'yesterday' and 'tomorrow'. The world of 'realities' was encouraging everyone to produce, to bring practical solutions with the help of production, and making way for the 'rational' accumulation of these solutions to serve for other disciplines. There was a co-operation that was never seen before. Whole Europe was forced to question everything. Every result of the questioning was being dealt with one by one and all this was accelerating the interrelations and leading to unexpected discoveries and inventions. The very first outstanding and firm ring in this chain of Utopias which can be considered as consequent moves is Plato's Republic. The writings of Thomas More and Thomasso Campanella, who looked for solutions to the unhappy life caused by the social structure and the order of the Middle Age, exhibit the negative sides of their times and suggest imaginary systems which have never been seen before instead of the current system. The most important idea brought about in the period defined in the section titled 'Now/here Projects' is that 'a new and ideal society' can only be reached by 'a new and ideal city project'. In short, what was new in this period was that the prerequisite of the 'utopian' society projects proposed since the XVIth century was assigned as a 'utopian' city. XllThe continuously evident and measurable development in architecture till the XVIIIth century left its place to undefinition and uncontrol with the Industrial Revolution. Saint Simon, Robert Owen and Charles Fourier tried to find solutions to problems brought by the industrialized city of the XVIIIth and XlXth centuries and the rapid growth related to it and the attitude in their works was to redefine the city. The problems of this consumption process, which appeared as a rapid growth in sight, were the inevitable results of a process preparing the birth of Modern Architecture which was not yet felt. Several architects of these times were in effort to produce something new rather than adding something to the present and thus were in radical approaches instead of curing the ongoing things. The ideal city was put against the real city and that was all they could do. Modernism which is analyzed under the title 'Now/here Projects' put itself forward with certain and stable rules, similar to the Utopias of the XlXth century. Starting from the first years of the XXth century, architects who showed written reactions to the Neo-classic era started the first steps of a written/built Utopia which was seen in the 1920s. Different texts with different attitudes suggested different solutions, and all ideas transformed Modernism into a built state besides written. During 1930s, Modernism developed in relation to Enlightenment ideas from one side and the developed technology by the Industrial Revolution from the other side. The spontaneously developed concepts 'stability' and 'unquestionability' at the end of the 1950s prepared the end of Modernism like every Utopia. Like all other Utopias, Modernism sustained its existence with the opposition of the present condition and suggested radical solutions to the conflicts of the previous periods. The always-forecasting Utopian attitude killed Modernism about forty years after its birth (1920-1960) and started to look for a new path within the destruction of the Second World War. The new path lead to a period called the 'Structuralist Period' in which ideal society models were set up with different understandings. One of the most outstanding sides of these periods which start with building and end with destroying and make great changes in the history of civilization and architecture is that after the start of the practicing of the ideas of the previous period, the Utopian tradition chooses some new ideals to follow and targets to bring up new projects. Its idea of continuous renewal and dynamic character, which has to keep itself 'awake', can also tell itself that it has come to an end. While analyzing certain historical, social and architectural changes, it is necessary to pay attention to the events which cause these changes. Especially when talking about the Utopian understanding of the 1960s, it is impossible to ignore the state of the technology after the Second World War. What is seen in the Utopian projects of this period is a scientific and hopeful attitude. Architects who applied the development in the indefinitely trusted material technology into their designs realized new and inexperienced designs by using different materials together. XlllThe technologic development of the 1950s left its place to the development in 'communication' in the 1980s. It has become widely accepted to call all these 'the Revolution of Communication'. All this development which can be considered as the continuation of the Industrial Revolution helped knowledge to spread to the whole world and even to space. The projects of the Structuralist period tried to make use of earth pieces whereas space became an area of interest in the 1980s. When the ' Utopian' products of today are examined, it is seen that these Utopias do not carry out the basic features determined before as isolation, sociality, functionality, stability, fundamentalism, order, dictatorship. Although these features cannot be expected to be stable through five centuries, it is surprising that the products of today are based on the exact reversal of these features. When these features necessary for the existence of Utopia vanish, Utopia in its natural state vanishes. Therefore, the models supposed to be ideal society models fed by the problems of today appear to be cliches far from being persuasive and attractive and are analyzed under the title No/t/here Projects. The uncertain terms of today like 'undefinition' and 'turbidity' become obstacles against analyzing the present and bringing up new suggestions. With this scope, it is not possible to reach the solutions for the existing 'undefined disturbance' since the problems can yet not be determined. Therefore, since the 'utopia' concept does not come out of a certain necessity, all the forces spent go to nothing. It seems to be the only way to be optimistic by hoping that a new philosophy, when we compare the present condition with the condition of a hundred years ago, will develop. Because all possible suggestions and solutions are inhibited by capitalist thought. But it should be noted that there is a growing potential created by such a pressure. It is evident from the continuously growing reactions that attitude, which are clearly against systems and radical in both political and artistic/philosophic areas are gaining more interest day by day. However, those reactions are yet lacking to form a 'whole' and to be effective in unison. The postmodern attitude and understanding which is ongoing in all social/political/economical areas brings with itself many new phenomena; specialization, to be easily understood, to be built on knowledge, to benefit all opportunities of communication technology and may be the most important, the liberal manner which helps to be open to all sorts of different thoughts in all areas. A specialization formed totally in details and a sort of discrimination is present rather than generalization. What has happened to the ideal society models in these circumstances is that the scale of the products has decreased to scales of buildings, they have become unable to propose even a city model (forget about a city model), they have been reduced to a state of being only a piece of a metropolis. Therefore, these can be called 'congregation' models rather than 'society' models. XIVUtopias appear in history at certain intervals and these intervals are periods of changes. Utopias which start to appear just before such periods of change also give news about the birth of these periods. The end of a period and the start of a new one accelerates the writing of Utopias. In these periods, there is also an increase in researches and evaluations on Utopias. Today, Utopia is waiting to be re- written with an attitude, language and understanding specific to itself; by setting up the tomorrow of today with the accumulation of the tomorrow of yesterday. Or in other words, hoping this to happen becomes the 'utopia' of today. XV