Betonarme endüstriyel binalarda yapısal yangın güvenliğinin ulusal ve uluslararası standardlar kapsamında incelenmesi
Investigation of structural fire safety in reinforced concrete industrial buildings within the scope of national and international standards
Yazar: GÖKTUĞ ŞEN
Danışman: PROF. DR. MUSTAFA GENÇOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Yapı Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering

Özet:
Toplumların ve bireylerin temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olarak güvenliğe ihtiyaçları vardır. Güvenlik konusu farklı şekillerde analiz edilebilir. Bu çalışmada, NFPA (Ulusal Yangından Korunma Birliği), Eurocode ve BYKHY (Binaların Yangından Korunmasına İlişkin Yönetmelik) yönergeleri takip edilerek fabrikalarda yangınların nasıl önleneceği ve yönetileceği araştırılacaktır. Yangınlarda insanların canı ve malları risk altındadır. Ancak dikkatli davranarak ve yangına hazırlıklı olarak ölüm ve hasar riskini azaltabilmektedir. Yangınlardan ölüm ve hasar açısından en çok Kanada, ABD ve İngiltere zarar görmektedir. Endüstriyel alanda teknolojinin ilerlemesi yangınlara yol açmaktadır. Yangın, beton binalara zarar verebilir ve onları güvensiz hale getirerek ölüm ve hasara neden olabilir. Mimari planlarda yangın güvenliğinin dikkate alınabileceği doğru olmakla birlikte ülkemizde sahip olduğumuz kaynaklar yetersizdir. Geçtiğimiz birkaç yılda çeşitli uluslardan çok sayıda standart Türkçeye çevrilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, yangına dayanıklı betonarme yapıların oluşturulmasında kullanılmadan önce daha fazla bilimsel araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Ülkemizde yapıların yangından korunmasına yönelik düzenlemeler bulunmaktadır. Yangın varsa binayı terk etmenin yöntemleri vardır. Binanın yapısal bütünlüğünü garanti altına almak ve yangından zarar görmesini önlemek amacıyla yanmaz malzemeler kullanılmaktadır. Araştırmacılar, yangın ve dumanın yapı içerisinde nasıl hareket edebildiğini ve bunların nasıl önlenebileceğini anlamak için deneyler yürütmektedir. Yangın durumunda eşyalarımızı ve kendimizi kaybetmemek için bu önlemleri alınmaktadır. İtfaiyecilerin kurtarma görevlerini verimli bir şekilde yerine getirebilmelerini sağlamak için Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik, yangına müdahale ve acil durum yönetim planlarının geliştirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Binalar mimar ve mühendislerin istekleri doğrultusunda tasarlanmaktadır. Ancak bazı binalar sadece NBCCR nin yüksek binalara ilişkin kurallarına göre inşa edildiğinde yangın güvenliği kurallarının tamamına uyum sağlayamayabilir. Sonuç olarak ülkemizdeki inşaat firmaları, yüksek yapılar inşa ederken NFPA ve Avrupa EN ve Amerikan NFPA yangın yönetmeliklerinin kapsamadığı çeşitli alternatifleri kullanarak tatmin edici sonuçlara ulaşmayı önceliklendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı endüstriyel binalarda yer alan yapıların yangın sırasındaki güvenliğini incelemektir. NFPA, Eurocode ve BYKHY kurallarından bilgi toplanacaktır. Araştırma nitel bir yaklaşım kullanarak aktif ve pasif yangın tedbirlerinin yangın yönetmeliği açısından ne kadar farklılaştığını ortaya çıkarmaya çalışmaktadır. Verilere dayanarak NFPA, Eurocode ve BYKHY gibi farklı yangın güvenliği standartlarının aktif ve pasif yangından korunma önlemlerini nasıl önerdiğini analiz edilecektir. NFPA ve Eurocode standartlarına göre Türkiye de binaların bu kurallara uygun olarak inşa edilebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma, mühendis ve mimarların yangın güvenliğini planlamak için NFPA ve Eurocode standartlarını kullandıklarını göstermektedir. NFPA standartları ve Eurocode, binaların statik ve mimari özelliklerini dikkate almaktadır. NFPA ve Eurocode Normlarının bina tasarımları için belirlediği yangın güvenliği kuralları daha kapsamlı ve eksiksiz olup, BYKHYnin kapsama girmeyen kısımları için bu kuralların kullanılmasına karar verilmiştir.

Abstract:
SUMMARY
Security, a fundamental need for societies and individuals, holds significant importance, especially against fire risks. Fire safety can be analyzed using various methods and standards. This study examines how to prevent and manage fires in factories by following the guidelines of NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), Eurocode, and BYKHY (Regulation on Fire Protection of Buildings). In this context, the measures to be taken and methods to be applied for fire safety will be examined in detail.
Fires pose a serious threat to human lives and property. Especially in industrial areas, fires can lead to significant material losses and fatalities. Countries like Canada, the USA, and the UK are among those most affected by deaths and damage caused by fires. In these countries, the development and implementation of fire safety measures are of great importance. Minimizing the effects of fires is critical to prevent both material losses and ensure life safety.
Technological advancements in the industrial sector increase fire risks. Technological devices and machines can cause fires for various reasons. Fires can damage concrete buildings, making them unsafe and increasing the risk of death and damage. Therefore, considering fire safety in architectural plans is crucial for making buildings safer. While technology brings advantages, necessary precautions must be taken considering the fire risks it introduces.
In Turkey, there are various regulations related to fire safety. BYKHY, as the regulation on fire protection of buildings, sets the fire safety standards. However, more scientific research is needed to create fire-resistant reinforced concrete structures. In recent years, many fire safety standards from different nations have been translated into Turkish. More work is required to effectively implement these standards. Although the existing regulations in Turkey are important for ensuring fire safety, harmonizing them with international standards is necessary to enhance fire safety.
Various methods have been developed to safely evacuate buildings during a fire. Using fire-resistant materials helps maintain the structural integrity of buildings. Researchers conduct experiments to understand how fire and smoke move within structures and how they can be prevented. These measures are taken to protect both our belongings and ourselves in the event of a fire. Fire safety measures can be categorized into active and passive measures. Active measures include systems that directly intervene in fires, such as fire detection and suppression systems, while passive measures involve structural elements and materials that prevent the spread of fire.
To ensure that firefighters can effectively perform their rescue duties, the Regulation on Fire Protection of Buildings requires the development of fire intervention and emergency management plans. These plans enable quick and effective intervention during a fire, minimizing the loss of life and property. The effectiveness of the fire brigade is crucial for fire safety. Continuous training for fire brigade teams and regular updates of their equipment are necessary for quick and effective intervention during fires.
Buildings are designed according to the wishes of architects and engineers. However, some buildings may not fully comply with fire safety regulations if they are constructed solely according to NBCCR's rules for high-rise buildings. This situation may require additional measures to ensure fire safety. Considering fire safety in architectural and engineering designs makes buildings more resistant to fires. Fire safety designs not only protect the structural integrity of the building but also enable safe evacuation during a fire.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) provides comprehensive guidelines and standards for fire safety in buildings. These standards cover a wide range of topics, including the installation and maintenance of fire protection systems, building construction, and emergency planning. NFPA standards are widely recognized and used around the world due to their thoroughness and reliability. Adhering to NFPA standards in industrial buildings can significantly enhance fire safety and reduce risks. NFPA standards provide a comprehensive guide on fire safety and play a significant role in ensuring fire protection.
Eurocode is a set of European standards for the design and construction of buildings and civil engineering works. Eurocode standards include specifications for fire safety, particularly in terms of structural integrity and materials used in construction. These standards are designed to ensure that buildings can withstand fire for a certain period, providing time for evacuation and fire fighting operations. Eurocode standards are known for their detailed approach to structural fire safety and are widely used in European countries. Eurocode is considered an important reference source in fire safety designs.
The Regulation on Fire Protection of Buildings (BYKHY) in Turkey sets out the fire safety requirements for buildings. This regulation aims to minimize the risk of fire and ensure the safety of occupants through proper design, construction, and maintenance of buildings. BYKHY covers various aspects of fire safety, including building materials, fire detection and alarm systems, and emergency evacuation procedures. Although comprehensive, BYKHY sometimes requires supplementation with international standards like NFPA and Eurocode to address specific fire safety needs effectively. BYKHY forms the foundation of fire safety regulations in Turkey and plays a critical role in protecting buildings against fires.
A comparative analysis of NFPA, Eurocode, and BYKHY standards reveals both similarities and differences in their approaches to fire safety. While all three sets of standards emphasize the importance of fire-resistant materials and proper building design, there are differences in specific requirements and recommendations. For example, NFPA standards are highly detailed and prescriptive, while Eurocode focuses more on performance-based criteria. BYKHY, on the other hand, provides a framework that can be adapted to local conditions but may need to be supplemented with additional guidelines from NFPA and Eurocode for optimal fire safety. This comparison is important to understand which approaches might be more effective in implementing fire safety standards.
Implementing international fire safety standards like NFPA and Eurocode in Turkey can pose challenges due to differences in building practices, availability of materials, and regulatory frameworks. To overcome these challenges, the following recommendations are made:

Training and Awareness:Architects, engineers, and construction professionals should be trained in the application of NFPA and Eurocode standards. Fire safety training ensures the correct and effective implementation of these standards.
Adaptation and Customization: While adopting international standards, it is important to adapt them to local conditions and regulations. Fire safety standards tailored to the needs of the construction sector in Turkey will be more effective and applicable.
Collaboration and Consultation: Collaboration between local authorities, industry experts, and international organizations can facilitate the integration of global best practices. This collaboration supports the implementation of fire safety standards suitable for local conditions.
Continuous Monitoring and Improvement: Fire safety standards and regulations should be continuously monitored and updated to reflect the latest advancements in fire protection technology and practices. Regular reviews and improvements enhance the relevance and effectiveness of the standards.
Fire safety measures are typically categorized into active and passive systems. Active fire protection includes systems and measures that require action or motion to work effectively in the event of a fire, such as sprinkler systems, fire alarms, and fire extinguishers. Passive fire protection involves building materials and design features that help to prevent the spread of fire and smoke, such as fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors.
Ensuring fire safety in industrial buildings requires a comprehensive approach that combines the best practices from various standards and regulations. NFPA, Eurocode, and BYKHY provide valuable guidelines for enhancing fire safety, each with its unique strengths and focus areas. By integrating these standards and adapting them to local conditions, construction professionals in Turkey can significantly improve the fire safety of buildings, protecting both lives and property. This study underscores the importance of international standards in fire safety and highlights the need for ongoing research, training, and collaboration to achieve the highest levels of protection. 
The findings of this study demonstrate the critical role of international standards in ensuring fire safety and their applications in Turkey. Adapting these standards to local conditions and widespread adoption in the construction sector will contribute to enhancing fire safety. Additionally, promoting fire safety education and awareness will encourage compliance with fire safety standards in building design and construction. 
In conclusion, fire safety is crucial for the safety of buildings and people. Integrating international standards and local regulations minimizes fire risks and makes buildings more resistant to fires. In this context, continuous education, collaboration, and innovative approaches play a key role in ensuring fire safety.