Balat 2306 ada sivil mimarlık örnekleri
Balat 2306 plot, examples of civilian architecture
Yazar: MESUT YILMAZ
Danışman: PROF. DR. FATMA İLKNUR KOLAY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Bu tez çalışmasında Tarihi yarımada Balat semtinin Mürselpaşa Caddesi ile Hızır
Çavuş Köprübaşı Sokak ve devamı Yıldırım Caddesi arasında kalan 2306 adada yer
alan tescilli Sivil Mimarlık Örneği yapılar incelenmiştir. Ada yapılarının hemen
tamamı tarihi Haliç surları üzerinde bulunmaktadır.
Bölge de bulunan ahşap konut yapıları, 19. yüzyılın yıkıcı etkisi yüksek
yangınlarından sonra kâgir olarak yeniden yapılmıştır. 2306 adada bulunan 102 adet
parselde yer alan yapılardan, 5 adeti Anıt Eser, 58 adeti de Sivil Mimarlık Örneği
yapıdır. Bu yapılar ile ilgili Fatih Belediyesi tarafından "Fener ve Balat Semtleri
Rehabilitasyon Programı" dâhilinde çalışma yapıldığı öğrenilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili
doküman ve yapılara ait rölöveler ilgili belediyeden temin edilememiştir. Bunun
üzerine yapıların projelerini yapan firmadan istekte bulunulmuş fakat olumlu yanıt
alınamamıştır. Ardından İstanbul 1 Numaralı Yenileme Alanı Kültür Varlıklarını
Koruma Bölge Kurulu'ndan yazı ile tescilli yapılara ait bilgi, belge ve doküman
istenmiştir. Yazı üzerine kurul 2306 ada ile ilgili elindeki belgeleri paylaşmıştır.
Kurul arşivinde yapılan çalışmada; 63 adet korunması gerekli tescilli taşınmaz kültür
varlığı olan yapıdan 10 tanesinin dosyasının olmadığı, 33 tanesinin dosyasında yapı
rölövelerinin yer almadığı ve ancak geriye kalan 20 adet yapının dosyalarında
rölövelerinin olduğu görülmüştür. Tamamı Sivil Mimarlık Örneği olan bu 20 adet
yapının rölöve paftalarının fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve dijital ortamda bu projeler tekrar
çizilmiştir. 2306 adada bulunan Sivil Mimarlık Örneği yapılardan 76 parselde
bulunan yapı hariç; gerek yapıların hali hazırda kapalı olmaları, gerek tehlike arz
edecek derecede metruk ve yıkılmış olmaları, gerek hali hazırda yerinde olmaması ve
gerekse de yapı sakinlerinden izin alınamaması sebebi ile hiçbir yapının iç
mahallerinde herhangi bir ölçüm, inceleme ve tespit yapılamamıştır. Tüm
değerlendirmeler; İstanbul 1 Numaralı Yenileme Alanı Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma
Bölge Kurulu dosyasından edinilen fotoğraf, bilgi ve veriler, bu veriler
doğrultusunda çizimleri yapılan rölöveleri ve sahada dışarıdan yapılan gözlemler
neticesinde ulaşılan sonuçlar doğrultusunda yapılmıştır.
20 yapı üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmeler neticesinde 6 yapının ikiz ev, 4 yapının
sıraevler ve 10 adet yapının da tekil evler olduğu görülmüştür.
Yapıların yarısından fazlasını teşkil eden 11 tanesinin plan şeması; kuzeyde bir oda,
güneyde bir oda ve bu odaların arasında merdiveni de içeren bir sofa şeklindedir.
Geleneksel Türk evi plan tipolojisi açısından da değerlendirilen yapıların 11 adetin
orta sofalı plan tipi grubuna geriye kalan 9 adetinin de tek yüzlü iç sofalı plan tipi
grubuna girdiği tespit edilmiştir.
Balat 2306 adada çalışma konusu yapılan plan şeması ve cephe özellikleri açısından
19. yüzyıl sonu kâgir İstanbul evleri özellikleri gösterdiği görülmektedir.

Abstract:
This thesis is a study of the registered structures which offer examples of Civilian
Architecture on 2306 plots stretching between Mürselpaşa Avenue and Hızır Çavuş
Köprübaşı Street and the Yıldırım Avenue that follows it in Balat neighbourhood on
the historical peninsula. Nearly all of the plot structures are located on the historical
city walls of the Golden Horn.
The Balat neighbourhood, which stretches in the north-eastern part of the historical
peninsula, lost its urban character as a neighbourhood of frame houses after highly
destructive earthquakes and fires in the 19th century, and was rebuilt with masonry
houses. The most important sign of this change are the settlements which were built
in late 19th century, which still preserve their structural and architectural
characteristics for the most part.
In this framework, the borders of the study were identified to include the mass of
buildings, which best represent this change, which include uninterrupted series of
attached buildings in the neighbourhood, which best reflect the social and urban
character of the neighbourhood and the identity of the houses of Balat and for which
physical and technical data is still available.
To study these characteristics, it was found to be appropriate to focus on a single plot
of structures. A survey of the plots in the neighbourhood has resulted in selection of
2306 plots, due to the wide range of building stock, abundance of exemplary
registered buildings which offer examples of civilian architecture, their location at
the axis of trade and housing as they were built on the city walls of the Golden Horn,
their condition with well-preserved functional character in the urban structure
throughout centuries, and the good will of the Directorate of the Regional Council
for Cultural Heritage Protection of Istanbul 1st Reconstruction Site to share all
available documents and information.
This thesis consists of five main chapters. The introduction lays out the purpose of
and the methods used in the thesis.
The second chapter of the thesis studies the location of Balat neighbourhood, which
is the place of the study, as well as the origins of the name and history of the
neighbourhood. The historical development of the neighbourhood was studied under
two sections, namely pre-Ottoman era and the era from the Ottoman Empire until the
foundation of the Republic. The section starts from the first settlements in Istanbul
before the Ottoman era, following through the history of Balat in the Byzantine era.
The section covering the historical development after the Ottoman conquest
describes the impact of the housing and public works policy of the Ottomans on
Balat starting from the second half of 15th century, the chronological change in the demographic structure of Balat, and the transformation of the social and commercial
life in the neighbourhood, and the effects of the earthquakes and fires on the
structural texture of the neighbourhood.
Chapter three focuses on the subject of Traditional Turkish House. The main
reference in this chapter is primarily the principles suggested by Sedad Hakkı Eldem.
This section starts with a description of the definition and emerging of the concept of
Traditional Turkish House, followed by building components including floors,
rooms, gateways, stairs and sofas, and a description of the use of these components
in the plans. The chapter ends with a description and demonstration of the plan types
of the Turkish House, which consist of the plan type without a sofa, plan type with
exterior sofa, plan type with interior sofa and plan type with centre sofa.
The plans and facades of 20 house buildings which offer examples of Civilian
Architecture were studied since they were located on these 2306 plots and the
relevant data was available for these buildings.
Chapter four of the study demonstrates that the buildings on 102 parcels in 2306
plots in Balat included 5 monumental works and 58 structures which are examples of
Civilian Architecture. It was found out that Fatih Municipality has included these
buildings in the ongoing "Rehabilitation Program for Fener and Balat
Neighbourhoods." Relevant documents and survey books of the buildings could not
be obtained from the municipality. Therefore, a request was filed to the company
implementing the project in these buildings; however, a positive reply was not
received. Furthermore, a letter was written to the Directorate of the Regional Council
for Cultural Heritage Protection of Istanbul 1st Reconstruction Site to request the
information and documents of the registered buildings. In response to this letter, the
Council disclosed available documents for 2306 plots. A review of the archives of
the Council revealed that the files were not available for 10 out of 63 buildings which
are registered as immovable cultural assets to be protected, and the survey books for
33 buildings were not available in the files, and the survey books for the remaining
20 buildings were available in the relevant files. The survey sheets of these 20
buildings, all of which are examples of Civilian Architecture, were photographed and
the projects were redrawn in digital media. Any measurement, study or examination
could not be performed in the interiors of the buildings which are examples of
civilian architecture located in 2306 plots, excluding the building on plot 76, as they
were out of use, or dangerously derelict and destructed, or were demolished or access
was not given by the current residents of the buildings.
All evaluations were based on the photographs, information and data obtained from
the file at the Directorate of the Regional Council for Cultural Heritage Protection of
Istanbul 1st Reconstruction Site, on the building surveys drawn according to such
data, and on the results drawn from the observations on the site.
The last chapter offers an evaluation of the building analyses. According to all data
collected and observed, the houses on the plot were typologically classified in the
context of Traditional Turkish House, and the results of assessment of plan drawings,
facade structure and ornamental elements were indicated.
The bay windows of the buildings are rectangular shaped, and mostly located on the
frontal side of the buildings. Twin buildings have the bay windows on both sides
facing the street, and the bay windows on one side is adjacent to the bay windows on
the twin building. Half of the buildings have a normal floor plan consisting of a room in the south, another room in the north and a sofa between these rooms, which
comprise the central sofa plan type. The other half have a normal floor plan
consisting of a room and a sofa, which comprise the single-facade and interior sofa
house type. Half of the studied houses on the plot consist of single houses, and some
of the remaining houses (6 houses, 30%) are twin buildings. The remaining houses (4
houses, 20%) are row houses which were characteristic buildings of Istanbul in the
19th century, contemporary examples of which can be seen in Beşiktaş Akaretler,
Elmadağ Surp Agop, Kumkapı Tavaşi Çeşmesi Street, Ortaköy Onsekiz Akaretler,
Arnavutköy Bakkal Street, Kurtuluş, and Kadıköy Tellalzade Street.
The facades of the studied buildings are painted with housepaint on plaster, and
approximately half of the buildings have surface-mounted pointing lines on the
external facades of basement and ground floors, which is a typical characteristic of
the row houses of late 19th century. The profile belts at the flooring level of the
buildings stretch along the whole exterior facade. Approximately half of the studied
buildings have cantilever stoned mutules on the facade at the flooring level of the top
floor. It has been understood that all gaps on the buildings were originally flatarched.
It was observed that the buildings studied on 2306 plots in Balat bear the
characteristics of the masonry houses of Istanbul in late 19th century in terms of their
plan drawings and facade characteristics.