Standart doğru akım-doğru akım dönüştürücünün aviyonik uygulamalar için uygun hale getirilmesi
Second line if necessary third line if necessary, fit title in three lines
Yazar: SEYFETTİN ÖKSÜZ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. METİN YAZGI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Elektronik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği = Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Dizin: Aviyonik sistem = Avionic system ; Elektronik = Electronics ; Elektronik devreler = Electronic circuits

Özet:
Hava ulaşımı günümüzde en güvenli ulaşım türlerinden biri olmuştur. Hava ulaşımı başlangıç yıllarından bugüne güvenlik ve konfor alanında büyük bir gelişme kat etmiştir.  Hava ulaşımının başlangıç yıllarında kazaların şiddetinin çok büyük olması önlem alınmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Kaza şiddetini azaltma yönünde bir çalışma yapılması zor olduğu için kaza olasılığına düşürecek çalışmalara odaklandı. Bu kapsamda meydana gelen her kazağın kök nedeni incelenmiş ve bu nedenleri engelleyecek çözümler üretilmiştir. Kök nedenler insan ve donanım kaynaklı olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır.  İnsan kaynaklı hataları azaltmak için çalışma sınırlamaları getirilmiştir.
Donanım   bazlı hataları azaltmak için hataya sebep olan etkiler incelenmiş, tekrarlanmaması için gereken özellikler belirlenmiştir. Bu yöntem sistematik bir şekilde her donanım için uygulanmış ve bu özellikler belli standartlar altında toplanmıştır.  Günümüzde sivil havacılıkta kullanılan her Yapı belli standartlara uyumlu olmak zorundadır, malzemeden son   ürüne kadar her şey denetim altındadır. Denetim ve standartlara uygunluk hava ulaşımını en güvenli ulaşım türlerinden biri haline getirmiştir.
Sıkı Denetim maliyetlerin artmasına üreticilerin azalmasına yol açmış bu tekelleşmeyi meydana getirmiştir. Bu durum üreticilerin fiyatları istedikleri gibi belirleyebilmesine yol açmış, yeni aviyonik ürün tasarımlarında maliyeti arttırmıştır.
Bu tez çalışmasında standartlar incelenmiş ve standartlara uygun olmayan bir yapıyı uyumlu hale getirmek için bir tasarım yapılmış ve Tasarımın sistematik hale getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.   
Çalışmada doğru akım kullanan komponentlerin çoğunda bulunan DC-DC dönüştürücüler ele alınmış standart uygulamalarda kullanılan bir dönüştürücünün aviyonik komponentlerde kullanılabilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Öncelikle aviyonik komponentlerin uyması gereken standartlar belirlenmiş, bunlar incelenmiş, standartlara nasıl uygun hale getirileceği tasarlanmıştır. Daha sonra bu standartlara farklı koşullarda da nasıl uygun hale getirileceği belirlenmiş ve bir yöntem oluşturulmuştur.  
Standartlarda uyulması gereken çevresel ve elektriksel gereksinimleri vardır. Yöntem dahilinde devre elemanlarının çevresel gereksinimleri karşılayacak şekilde seçilmesi incelenmiş, elektriksel gereksinimleri karşılamak için farklı yapılar tasarlanmıştır.

Çalışmanın sonunda bu yöntem ile aviyonik sektörde kullanılan bir dönüştürücüye bağlı kalmadan aviyonik komponent tasarımı yapılabilecektir.  Bu yöntem ile yerli üretim de desteklenmiş olacaktır.

Abstract:
Aviation is very important technology. It is a new technology that changed the world. For many years people use land and water for transportation and living. Within the invention of aircrafts people life changed dramatically. Ways that takes days took just hours. Far lands became close and now it is most important way of transportation.
It has emerged and became widespread after other modes of transportation. According to road transport, the accident rate is very low, but the mortality rate is high. This success in the airline has been made possible by the lessons learned from years of experience. 
Civil aviation was not so safe when it first started, there is a big drop in accident rates compared to the old times. 
If there is a pilot error, the root cause of this error is found. If the problem arises from working conditions, the working conditions are rearranged. Nowadays, there are strict rules that volatile personnel have to follow, for example, they cannot fly above their monthly weekly and daily maximum flight times.
If there is a problem from hardware, it is determined which equipment is causing problems and what needs to be done to avoid problems. The solution is applied to aircraft that are in use and will be newly manufactured. 
Over the years, the equipment has been developed in this way, and the current crash rate has been considerably reduced and specific standards have been set for each piece of equipment. To modify and manufacture such equipment, manufacturers must have certain standards and certificates. Aircraft manufacturers in the world complete the airplanes with the components from the manufacturers that meet these standards. The difficulty of obtaining a certificate and manufacturing in accordance with the standards limited the number of producers. Existing manufacturers can also sell their produced components at prices far above their value.
In this study, a cost-reducing technique has been introduced for domestic enterprises and certificate producers and it is aimed to support domestic production. 
In the study, DC-DC converters used in most of the direct current components are aimed to be used in the avionics components used in the standard applications.
First of all, the standards that the avionics components have to comply with are determined, these are examined and how they are adapted to the standards. Then, it is determined how to adapt these standards in different conditions and a method has been established.
Electronic systems used in air vehicles are called avionics systems. The avionics systems were initially made up of aircraft status indicators and then began to vary in these systems with the restructuring of the aircraft for different tasks. At the beginning, it was added to the digital systems, which were later used only in avionic systems consisting of sensitive analog circuits. Today, Analog and Digital are used together. In addition, avionics can be found in different systems of the aircraft. Aircraft systems are not only classified as avionics mechanics, but each system has its own rules. Some electronic elements in different systems are not directly incorporated into avionics systems but are still subject to avionics rules.  
All materials used in air vehicles can be used in a standard frame. Many standards have been created and used for this purpose. 
RTCA-DO standards are various standards for the provision of flight safety issued by the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics. The DO-160 standards are published to determine the design and test conditions of the avionics equipment. It was first published in 1975 and later revised and received its name from today's DO-160G. It is a worldwide accepted standard. Aircraft manufacturers (airbus, booing) require compliance with a certain standard for materials to be fitted on the aircraft. The DO160G for avionic equipment is a generally accepted standard, and the equipment to be used in aircraft is required to comply with these standards. 
If the DC-DC converter used does not undergo these tests, the companies producing in-flight components should re-test the component as a whole and obtain a certificate when using it. Taking a pre-tested transducer reduces the risk of problems that may arise later.
The certification process is a costly process. It also takes time. The companies that produce domestic converters and those who have the ability to test these tests in their own structures can reduce the cost. The company, which can produce airplane components, is already forced to pass the component. It is beneficial for both parties to have confidence and cooperation. 
Aviation is a high-gain, high-tech area. In this field, development and industry will have a major contribution to the country's economy. Countries that produce aviation technology also have authority in transportation. Everything depends on the rules and the producers have a great influence on the formation of these rules. Today, civil aviation and military aviation are very important. In the future, its importance will increase exponentially. 
Given the current conditions, entering the aviation industry is costly and involves a high risk. Reducing this risk and contributing a little to the sector is possible by providing new techniques and solutions. 
Avionics equipment used in aircraft has always increased in years. Airplanes are becoming more and more technological. This sector still has a great return and is open to development. In recent years, the air vehicles in different structures contain an even higher proportion of avionics.
In this thesis, the standards were examined and a design was made in order to harmonize a structure that does not conform to the standards and the aim was to make the systematic.
In this study, DC-DC converters in most of the components using direct current are considered and it is aimed to use a converter used in avionic components in standard applications.
Firstly, the standards that avionics components should comply with were determined and examined, and how to make them conform to the standards were designed. Then, it was determined how to comply with these standards under different conditions and a method was established.
The standards have environmental and electrical requirements that must be observed. In this method, the selection of circuit elements to meet the environmental requirements was examined and different structures were designed to meet the electrical requirements.
At the end of this study, avionics component design can be done with this method without being connected to a converter used in avionics sector. With this method, domestic production will be supported.