Almanya'da Boşnak kimliğinin oluşumunda anavatan-diaspora ilişkisinin etkisi
The effect of the relationship between the homeland and diaspora on the formation of Bosnak identity in Germany
Yazar: DAMİR SOFTİC
Danışman: PROF. DR. YÜCEL BULUT
İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Sosyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2024
Konu: Sosyoloji = Sociology

Özet:
Bu tez çalışmada Boşnak diasporasına mensup bireylerin Almanya'daki kimlik oluşum süreci incelenmiştir. Birçok göç dalgasından oluşan Almanya'da, artık ikinci ve üçüncü nesil Boşnak nüfusu varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında Almanya'daki Boşnak diasporası içinde yer alan 10 katılımcıyla görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Katılımcılar Almanya'da doğmuş Boşnak kökenli bireyler arasında yer almaktadır ve hem 'Gasterbeiterler'in hem de Bosna Savaşı mültecilerinin çocuklarıdır. Almanya'da doğan ve baskın toplumla etkileşime girerek - genellikle eğitim ve iş hayatında – kimlikleştirmeye ilişkin süreçlerle karşılaşan bu toplumsal grubun sosyalleşme ve kültürlenme deneyimlerinin araştırılması önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmada kimlik konusunun önemini ortaya koyan dört ana tema ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Katılımcıların özdeşleşme, kültürel farklılıklar, aidiyet duygusu ve anavatan algısı ile ilişkili ifadeleri anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. 
Araştırmaya katılan bireyler okul ve iş gibi çevrelerde Almanlarla aralarında bir eşitsizlik olduğunu fark ederek kim olduklarına ve kim olmadıklarına dair fikir edindiklerini vurgulamışlardır. Toplumsal etkileşim sayesinde ikinci nesil bireyler anne-babalarının köken kültürü ve Alman kültürü arasındaki farklılıkların bilincine varmışlar ve bu farkındalık üzerine bilinç geliştirmişlerdir. Bu bilinç kültürlerden birini benimseme birini ise dışlama refleksi oluşturmuştur. Bu farkındalığın sonucunda bireyler, Alman kültürünün unsurlarını, özellikle de aile ve arkadaş değerleri ile ilgili tutumlarını dışlamaktadırlar. Bunların sonucunda bu bireyler Boşnak toplum ve kültürüne daha yakın hissetmektedirler. Anavatan anlayışı, ikinci neslin kimlik edinme sürecinde hem doğrudan hem dolaylı olarak etkiler yaratmıştır. Çoğu katılımcı otantik duygu ve davranışlarının anavatanlarına dönük olduğunu aktarmışlar; bir kısmı da doğdukları ülke olan Almanya ile anavatan duygularını bağdaştırmışlardır. Genel olarak Boşnak diasporanın ikinci nesil bireylerinin diasporik atmosfer içinde yaşayarak ayrı bir kimlik geliştirdikleri anlaşılmıştır.

Abstract:
This study examines the processes of identity formation among the Bosniak diaspora in Germany. At its core, it reveals fluid side of the identity formation of the individuals born in Germany, who are considered as second-generation Bosniak migrants. These diaspora members do not represent some closed migrant origin community, but rather interacting with 'others' and participating in everyday life (communal and cultural practices) tend to be integrated and encultured within the host German society. They point out that since their childhood they have been in constant social interaction with German people and that has cleared their image of 'who they are'. This is considered as a fundamental element of identity formation and identity negotiation within the diasporic context. 
Growing up in between the dominant German culture and the culture of their parents (considered as the culture of their origin) reproduces significant positive and negative effects on second-generation migrants' identity. There are specific experiences that affect their consideration of themselves in a sense of 'who they are, or who they are not'. For example, participants in the research emphasized the inequality status between them and the Germans throughout many different situations and environments such as school and work. One of the participants mentioned the situation when there is routine police control; she explains "In situations like that I tend to behave and consider myself only as hundred percent German because I believe that they would act differently if they knew that I am migrant background. They are always much more suspicious about one who is migrant or migrant background".       
Through social interaction, second-generation individuals became aware of the differences between the culture of their origin and German culture. It develops consciousness of being different. Based on this awareness second-generation Bosniak diaspora members are embracing one culture and excluding the other. It is one of the main findings in this work which explains how this second-generation Bosniaks in Germany maintain ethnic and cultural boundaries.  These individuals explain why they exclude elements of German culture, especially their attitudes regarding family and friend values. As a result, these individuals find themselves more attached to the culture of their origins. However, there are some moments where this cultural exclusion of German culture does not apply; they have especially adopted some instrumental behaviors in order to provide a functional life, explaining that they have learned that adapting themselves to the German cultural context (more like a system). This is understood as an instrumental attachment to the rules of German bureaucracy.
The association with the homeland or the place where their parents come from has both direct and indirect effects on the identity formation process. Being associated with the homeland gives important insights and a closer look into the culture of their origin; helps them learn and improve their Bosnian language; and brings them to closer relationships with their relatives and friends who live in the homeland. These second-generation individuals point out that the simple way of visiting their homeland every year during their childhood helped them to establish special kinds of relations with the people and in consequence an emotional attachment to the geographical and cultural places. In this work, it is explained as authentic kind of feelings and attitudes directed towards the homeland. Beyond that, this work refers also to those who associate their feelings of homeland with Germany. According to them, it is the country where they were born, where they have decided to live and continue their lives. Actually, they are attached to the sense in which they feel and excess their gratitude to Germany as this country has provided them with education and jobs, in essence, a good, secure and quality life.    
Generally speaking, living inside a diasporic context these second-generation individuals develop a separate kind of identity. This is explained as identity formation based on three kinds of relationships in which these diaspora members are involved. They include themselves in a smaller family and diasporic community as places where they are primarily socialized. Secondly, they are in constant social interaction with German people throughout the school and their jobs. Encountering a different helps them to negotiate boundaries between two groups or cultures they have been attached. By the third sort of relationships, these diaspora members keep in touch with the homeland having symbolic and real/social ties. They who consider themselves attached to the homeland take care of constantly visiting 'there'; having an interest in an economic and political situation shows their attitude towards some kind of homeland-oriented activism. They represent a possible politically active Bosniak diaspora, which could help lobby for many issues for their country of origin.