Harran evlerinin geometrik özelliklerinin ve yapım tekniğinin hesaplamalı performans bağlamında değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of geometric features and construction technique of Harran houses in context of computational performance
Yazar: SERHAT GÜLMÜŞ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. SEMA ALAÇAM ; DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ORKAN ZEYNEL GÜZELCİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Bilişim Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarımda Bilişim Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Görsel konfor = Visual comfort ; Gün ışığı = Daylight ; Mekansal organizasyon = Spatial organization ; Termal konfor = Thermal comfort ; Tipoloji = Typology ; Yapı malzemeleri = Building materials

Özet:
Yöresel sivil mimarlık, tarihsel süreç içerisinde profesyonel müdahale olmadan ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda biçimlenip bulundukları çevrenin fiziksel ve kültürel özelliklerini göz önünde bulundurarak yer aldığı coğrafyada var olan malzemelerle iklime duyarlı olarak inşa edilen yapı kültürünü temsil eder. Bu tür yapıların uzun zaman boyunca tercih edilmesi talep edilen ihtiyaçlara çözüm getirdiğini göstermektedir. Günümüzde yapıların artan enerji tüketimine karşı çözüm arayışlarında yöresel mimari örneklerinin önemi dikkat çekmektedir. Bu kültüre ait yapılarda kullanılan malzeme seçimi, yapım tekniği, biçimsel özellikleri (plan tipi ve formu) sayesinde inşa sürecinden başlayarak yapının kullanımı süresince enerji tüketimi minimuma düşmektedir. Harran Kubbeli Evleri (HKE) de bu tür yapıların özelliklerini gösteren özgün yöresel sivil mimarlık örneğidir.
Çalışmanın amacı HKE'nin performans değerlendirmesini termal konfor ve pasif iklimlendirme bağlamında analiz ederek elde edilecek sonuçların farklı tipolojilerdeki yansımalarını değerlendirmektir. Böylece tek bir yapı yerine tipoloji odaklı karşılaştırmalı analizle tasarım kriterleri belirlenmeye çalışılarak sistematik bir bakış açısı ile değerlendirme yapılmak istenmiştir. 
Bu kapsamda yapılan literatür taramalarında HKE'nin gelişim süreci, biçimsel özellikleri, strüktürel yapısı, malzeme ve yapım tekniği ile iklimsel özellikleri araştırılarak performans odaklı tasarım yaklaşımları ve performans kavramının mimarideki karşılığı üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir.
Giriş bölümünde araştırma konusunun belirlenmesindeki etkenler, çalışmanın kapsamı ve araştırma yöntemi açıklanmaktadır.
Harran Kubbeli Evleri bölümünde  bu yapıların tarihsel kökeni, biçimsel özellikleri plan geometrisi ve kubbe geometrisi başlığı altında incelenerek zaman içerisindeki gelişimi açıklandıktan sonra malzeme bilgisi ve yapım tekniği hakkında detaylara yer verilmiştir. Bu bölüm saha araştırması kapsamındaki gözlemlerle desteklendikten sonra devamında birim–modül yapısından kaynaklanan tipolojik özelliklerinden bahsedilmiştir.
Üçüncü bölümde performans odaklı yaklaşımların gelişim süreçleri hakkında bilgi verilip performans kavramının mimarideki karşılığı açıklanarak değerlendirme ölçütleri açıklanmıştır.
Çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan dördüncü bölümde benzer çalışmaların içeriğinden bahsedilip araştırmanın kapsam ve kısıtları anlatılmıştır. Termal konfor ve pasif iklimlendirme bağlamında yapılacak performans analizi sonuçları değerlendirilmektedir. Yapılacak analizlerin tasarım sürecindeki bir yapıda performans kriterlerini bütüncül bir yaklaşımla belirleyebilmesine olanak sağlaması için altı farklı tipolojinin analiz sonuçları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bunun için seçilen yapıları sayısal ortama aktarmak için Rhinoceros 6.0 programı üzerinden 3-boyutlu modellemesi yapılarak benzetime hazır hale getirilmiştir. Termal konfor analizi için Energy Plus programı üzerinden elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Pasif iklimlendirme analizi için web tabanlı CFD benzetimi olan Simscale programı kullanılmıştır.
Son bölümde ise elde edilen sonuçların genel değerlendirmesi yapılıp sonuçlar tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmanın zorlayıcı yönleri ve ileriye dönük yapılabilecek çalışmalardan bahsedilmektedir.

Abstract:
Local civil architecture represents the building culture, which has been shaped in line with the needs without professional intervention in the historical process, and has been built with the materials available in the geography, taking into account the physical and cultural characteristics of the environment in which they are located, sensitive to the climate. The fact that such buildings have been preferred for a long time shows that they provide solutions to the demanded needs.
The energy crisis in recent years has led people to reduce their energy consumption. Buildings account for 30-40% of energy consumption in the world. Modern buildings experience great energy losses both during the construction process and during use. Today, the importance of local architectural examples draws attention in the search for solutions against the increasing energy consumption of buildings. Thanks to the material selection, construction technique and formal features (plan type and form) used in the buildings belonging to this culture, energy consumption decreases to a minimum during the use of the building, starting from the construction process.
Harran Domed Houses (HDH) is a unique example of local civil architecture showing the characteristics of such buildings. It reduces energy consumption as it can be built quickly thanks to its construction technique. In addition, the material used in the building can be reused because it is sustainable. Another feature of HDH is passive air conditioning. Thanks to passive air conditioning, the thermal comfort of the building is provided without the need for energy consumption.
The aim of the study is to analyze the performance evaluation of HDH in the context of thermal comfort and passive air conditioning and to evaluate the reflections of the results to be obtained in different typologies. Thus, instead of a single building, it was desired to make an evaluation with a systematic perspective by trying to determine the design criteria with a typology-oriented comparative analysis.
The aim is to emphasize the close relationship between the local environment of the city of Harran and sustainability. In this study, the domed houses, natural ventilation performance, climatic data and insulation properties of the materials used in the houses were investigated in Harran, a district of Şanlıurfa province in the southeast of Turkey. We try to find the balance between the environment and sustainability. HDH gives the messages of good harmony of nature with human life with the concepts of healthy environment, clean production, climatic building design and reusable building materials. Located in the hot and dry climate zone, the domed houses of Harran are notable examples of good design for a sustainable future.
In this context, the development process, formal features, structure, material and construction technique and climatic characteristics of HDH were investigated in the literature reviews, and studies on performance-oriented design approaches and the equivalent of the concept of performance in architecture were examined.
In the introduction, the factors in determining the research topic, the scope of the study and the research method are explained.
In the section of Harran Domed Houses, the historical origins and formal features of these buildings are examined under the title of plan geometry and dome geometry, and their development over time is explained, and then details about the material information and construction technique are given. After this section is supported by the observations within the scope of the field research, the typological features arising from the unit-module structure are mentioned in the continuation.
In the third chapter, information about the development processes of performance-oriented approaches is given and the equivalent of the concept of performance in architecture is explained, and evaluation criteria are explained.
In the fourth chapter, which is the subject of the study, the content of similar studies is mentioned and the scope and limitations of the research are explained. In the scope of data preparation an onsite survey of one unit has been measured in detail. All other houses are documented schematically as metadata including spatial features and relations such as tents, extensions, courtyard walls, modular structure of the units.  Precision measurements through three-dimensional scanning was not preferred. The different typologies and more complex spatial organizations are formed through a bottom-up approach based on the multiplication of the individual unit. In the simulation model, plan geometry and height of a unit is taken as a constant. In addition the surface curvature is taken as another constant. The orientation of the HDH is approached as a variable in the case study, as well as varying openings such as windows and doors.
The formation of HDH has evolved under the influence of many factors over a period of centuries. It can be asserted and empirically observed that the formation of HDH typologies respond to the needs of environmental conditions and energy efficiency. In this context, this study aims to reveal the energy efficiency potentials of HDHs through numerical models as a proof of concept study. The way HDH performs in the terms of passive climatization, thermal comfort, and daylight investigated. This study differs from the previous research in two ways. Approaching HMH through multiple performance criteria in the context of environmental comfort and comparing the performances of HMH with a typology-based classification instead of evaluating merely an individual house.
In order to enable the analyzes to be made to determine the performance criteria of a building in the design process with a holistic approach, the analysis results of six different typologies were examined comparatively. For this, 3-dimensional modeling was made on the Rhinoceros 6.0 program to transfer the selected structures to the digital environment, and they were made ready for simulation. For thermal comfort analysis, the results obtained through the Climate Studio program were evaluated. ClimateStudio is an advanced daylighting, electric lighting, and conceptual thermal simulation software developed by Solemma LLC. It supports a series of environmental analysis workflows for buildings and neighborhoods including annual illuminance simulations for LEED v4 daylighting credits, glare and thermal comfort distributions in daylit and artificially lit spaces, as well as annual and seasonal radiation map analysis for urban massing and shading design studies.

The Location panel is used to specify the site's geolocation and weather data, based on the closest available weather file. ClimateStudio uses Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather files, which contain measured hourly data for a variety of physical quantities that are required for environmental performance analysis, including direct and diffuse solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction. Simscale, a web-based CFD simulation, was used for passive climate analysis.
In the last section, a general evaluation of the obtained results are discussed. The challenging aspects of the study and future studies are mentioned.