Piyade tipi teknelerde elektrikli tahsik sistemi optimizasyonu
Electric propulsion system optimisation for infantrytype of fishing boats
Yazar: YAKUP SERHAD ÇELİK
Danışman: PROF. DR. OSMAN AZMİ ÖZSOYSAL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makineleri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makineleri Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Gemi Mühendisliği = Marine Engineering

Özet:
Piyade tipi balıkçı tekneleri, özellikle Ege ve Akdeniz'in birleşme yeri olan Köyceğiz Gölü havzasında, denizden 10 millik bir açıklığa kadar ve bölgenin iç sularında balıkçılar ve son zamanlarda özellikle bölgenin yoğun turist almasıyla gezi tekneleri olarak turizm gezi acenteleri tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Ağaç malzemeden üretilen bu teknelerin boyları 7-12 m arasında değişmektedir. Teknelerin geometrisi yaklaşık 100 senelik bir süreç sonunda günümüzdeki halini almıştır. 
Bu çalışma ile Piyade teknelerinin, zengin biyolojik çeşitliliğe ve hassas ekosisteme sahip çalışma sahalarına zarar vermeden turizm faaliyetleri ve balıkçılık için kullanımına devam edebilmesi adına elektrikli tahrik sistemine dönüştürülmesi gerektiğine vurgu yapılmıştır. Ayrıca piyade tipi bir teknede olması istenen hareket kabiliyetini yerine getirebilmek için tasarlanan elektrikli ve dizel tahrik sistemine ait tüm hesaplamalar ve modellemeler de paylaşılmıştır. Köyceğiz-Dalyan Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi sınırları içerisinde 500'ün üzerinde kayıtlı Piyade tipi tekne olmasına rağmen bu çalışma için kullanılacak amortisman hesaplamalarında, çalışma süreleri ve rotalarının belli olması sebebiyle Akyaka Bölgesi'nde Kadın Azmağı Nehri'nde kullanılan 23 adet tekneye odaklanılarak bu hesaplamalar yapılmış, böylelikle bu çalışmanın bir diğer çıktısı olarak bu bölgedeki tekne sahiplerinin (şahıs veya kooperatif) ne kadarlık bir yatırım ile bu dönüşümü yapılabileceği, yaklaşık işletme maliyetleri ve çevreye nasıl bir katkı sağlayacakları hakkında fikir sahibi olmalarının sağlanması hedeflenmiştir.
İlk bölüm, tezin açıklaması niteliğindedir. Tezin amacı, bugüne kadar yapılmış elektrikli tekne uygulamaları, tez çalışmasında yaptığımız kabuller ve sınırlardan bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde gemi mühendisliğinde yapılacak hesaplamaların temelini oluşturan gemi tanımları, katsayılar, direnç ve direnç bileşenleri hakkında açıklayıcı bilgiler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde dizel motorlar hakkında bilgiler verilip daha sonra dizel tahrikli sevk sisteminin açıklaması ve tasarımı anlatılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde batarya elektrikli tahrik sistemi hakkında bilgilendirme yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Piyade sınıfı tekneler için elektrikli tahrik sistemi tasarımı yapılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise dizel ve elektrikli tahrik sistemlerinin maliyetleri çıkartılarak ekonomik yönden karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır.  Son olarak sonuç bölümünde elektrikli sistemin maliyet açısından uzun dönemde avantajlı olduğu ortaya konulmuştur ve Piyade teknelere uygulanmasının öneminden bahsedilmiştir

Abstract:
Infantry type of fishing boats are used especially in the Köyceğiz lake, which is in the joint of Aegean and Mediterranean Sea, by fishers as a fishing vessel and for touristic tours for millions of domestic and foreign tourists. In this way, this type of boats has become the main source of living for local community in that region. These boats are made of wooden and have length between 7-12 meter. Their construction is formed by talented boat constructors in their own shipyards over hundreds of years without using any scientific calculation method and reached finally todays form. When investigating their hydrodynamic form, it can be clearly seen that the experiences of boat constructers defined after several trial and errors enabled this type of fishing boats to have todays form which is quite efficient.
Dalyan and Akyaka towns in Köyceğiz region were visited to determine the boat type which will be used in this study. There were made inquiries with the boat owners and captains about the infantry type of fishing boats working in the region and their condition of uses. Although more than 500 pieces of infantry type of fishing boats are registered in this region, 23 pieces of infantry type of fishing boats were focused for this study to narrow down the study in a particular area where all boats work in the same conditions. All of the boats working in this region have diesel engine propulsion system.
The reason of this study is to provide motivation regarding the conversion of the boat propulsion system, which is used in the Akyaka area, from diesel propulsion system to battery electrical propulsion system and to show the boat owners that this conversion will be advantageous in terms of financial benefits in addition to natural contribution. The reason of this study was generated as a result of the observations made during the visit of the Köyceğiz region such as damage of the environment and endangering the living creatures on the edge of extinction due to using of diesel engine propulsion system.
The model test results which has been made for the previous thesis studies were exploit for the following calculations in this study. The required values in the former thesis studies were taken and the values for 10 meters long infantry type of fishing boat were calculated by the help of geometrical similarity rules and they were used as a starting point. Afterwards, diesel engine propulsion system concept design study for 10 meters long infantry type of shipping boats were made by assuming the service speed as 6 knots. This pre-concept study includes diesel engine, reduction gear and propeller selections. The selection of propeller includes the systematic analyses which is used to specify the most optimal propeller by using several calculation steps.
Electric propulsion systems have become attractive for the maritime sector after especially the developments lived in automotive industry and predictions by looking at the idea of electric engine to replace with electric engine and producing the electric with renewable energy sources
The selection of electric engine able to give the same brake power were made, the battery system able to supply the electric engine throughout the day were defined, the cells will be used in battery pack were selected and the type of connection between the cells and modules were determined so as to meet electric motor demand. 
In the last section of the study, the cost analysis was made for diesel and battery electric propulsion systems based on the pre-concept design study results. This cost analyses were divided into three categories. These are investments, operating expenditures and maintenance costs.
When comparing the two systems in terms of initial investment costs, it is seen that battery electrical propulsion system is approximately 16000 $ more expensive than diesel engine propulsion system. The main reason of this huge difference is because of high cell costs in the battery. As result of that, it is obvious that the ratio of battery pack prices in the battery electric propulsion system will decrease in a huge manner.
Operational expenditures were calculated by considering the fuel consumption of diesel engine for diesel engine propulsion system and battery capacity for battery electric propulsion system. When comparing the two systems in terms of operational costs, it is seen that the annual costs of battery electrical propulsion system is approximately 2000 $ cheaper than diesel engine propulsion system. On the other hand, when considering the increase of fuel costs over the past decade, it is obvious that electrical propulsion systems with renewable energy source will be much more advantageous in the near future.
When comparing the two systems in terms of maintenance costs, it is seen that the annual maintenance cost of battery electrical propulsion system is approximately 1000 $ more expensive than diesel engine propulsion system. However, only oil, oil filter and fuel filter changes mentioned in diesel engine maintenance catalog were taken into account when calculating the annual costs of diesel engine propulsion system. The potential engine failures such as alternator changes or maintenance of fuel injectors were not considered. On the other hand, despite of not being a specific maintenance cost for battery electric propulsion system out of periodic controls, the cells in the battery need to be changed after 3500 cycle which was given by the cell supplier. That's why, the cells are expected to live out of live in roughly 12 years and work no longer in compliance with Beginning of Life. The cost of cell change was added to annual maintenance costs by dividing the cells' total costs to the total expected life as defined. No other proposals out of cell change costs were found in the literature for battery pack maintenance costs. Similarly, no information is found in automotive sector to determine annual maintenance costs of battery pack used in automotive sector.
It is assumed that the lifetime of propulsion systems to be 25 years in amortisation analyses. According to this analyses, battery electric propulsion system is expected to be economically more profitable after 17 years. In this amortisation period, the declines in cell prices by the help of advanced technology and the increment in fuel prices because of decreasing sources in the world were ignored. In addition to that, the costs of battery electric propulsion systems are less than diesel engine propulsion system when excluding initial investments.
The component costs used in the calculation were taken from internet and they are unit prices. If the electrical conversion is applied to all boats working in Kadın Azmağı River, the demand in the count of cells and other components would increase 23 times more and as a result of that, a remarkable decrease is expected in the total prices. In other words, if getting in contact with cell suppliers and having quotation for electric propulsion system required for 23 pieces of boats, it is clear that the prices will decrease remarkably.
The disadvantages of high initial investments of the battery electrical propulsion system can be defeated by sponsorships and incentives given by government authorities for protecting the environment.
One other advantages of electrical propulsion system is the environmental attainments. While an infantry type of fishing boat using diesel engine propulsion system causes daily 683,2 gr CO2 and 23,17 gr NOx emission, the electrical propulsion system works with zero emission. As a result of this, natural beauties and clean environment can be protected which are the main outcomes of having such a huge tourist population in that region. Additionally, the electric engine are silent and this will have made a huge contribution to increase the number of the endangered eurasian kingfisher birds which lives in the Köyceğiz region.