Sentetik hekzaploid buğday hatları ve ekmeklik buğday genotiplerinin morfolojik ve moleküler  karakterizasyonu
Morphological and molecular characterization of synthetic hexaploid bread wheat lines and wheat varieties
Yazar: FEYZA ÇAY
Danışman: PROF. DR. İSMET BAŞER
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2020
Konu: Ziraat = Agriculture

Özet:
Çalışmada, 58 sentetik buğday hattı ve 6 ekmeklik buğday çeşidi materyal olarak kullanılmıştır (Çizelge 3.1). Sentetik ekmeklik buğday hatları CIMMYT den sağlanmıştır. Denemede standart olarak Selimiye, Flamura 85, Pehlivan, Aldane, Bereket ve Gelibolu ekmeklik buğday çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Denemelerde ekmeklik buğday genotipleri 8x8 kısmen dengeli latis deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Denemelerde her genotip 2 metrelik sıralara 4 sıra olarak metrekareye  500 tohum olacak şekilde elle ekilmiştir. Çalışmada, tane verimi, bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu, kışa dayanım, stoma sayısı, boyu ve  eni,  bitki örtüsü, sıcaklığı, yaprak klorofil içeriği,  yatma oranı ve açısı, sarı pas, mumsuluk, külleme, septorya, kök çürüklüğü, protein oranı, gluten,  gluten indeksi,  sedimentasyon,  gecikmeli sedimentasyon, embriyo kararması, süne emgi oranı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca incelenen genotiplerde gliadin band desenleri belirlenerek genotipik farklılıkları ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen verilere göre buğday genotiplerinde tane verimi ilk yıl 256,00-642,00 kg/da, ikinci yıl ise 200,00-900,00 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. İlk yıl en yüksek dekara tane verimi 642,00 kg/da ile ZFSN 4, HRSN 7-12 ve HRSN 7-6 da elde edilmiştir. En düşük verim ise 256,00 kg ile ZFSN 30 ve 266,00 kg ile ZFSN 16 da bulunmuştur. İkinci yıl en yüksek tane verimi 900,00 kg ile HRSN 1-14 ve 833,33 kg ile HRSN 1-11 de elde edilirken, en düşük verim ise 200,00 kg/da ile HRSN 2-14 ve 233,00 kg /da ile HRSN 14-2 de elde edilmiştir.  İlk yıl ZFSN 4, HRSN 7-12, HRSN 7-6, ZFSN 33, HRSN 11-11, HRSN 12-14, HRSN 12-9, HRSN 10-9, ZFSN 21, HRSN 2-16, HRSN 4-10, ZFSN 5, ZFSN 31, HRSN 1-14, ZFSN 28, 500,00 kg/da üzerinde dekara tane verimi ile bölge için ümitvar genotiplerdir. İkinci yıl ise, HRSN 1-14, HRSN 1-11, ZFSN 7, HRSN 11-14, HRSN 13-2'nin verimleri 700,00 kg/da'ın  üzerinde olup  Flamura 85 sentetik çeşidini geçmişlerdir. ZFSN 24, Pehlivan çeşidi, HRSN 12-11, HRSN 11-11, HRSN 14-18, HRSN 15-13 hatları Aldane çeşidinden daha yüksek verim vermişlerdir. Her iki yılda da dekara tane verim yönünden bazı sentetik buğday genotipleri bölge ortalamasına göre oldukça düşük değerler verirken bazı genotipler standart çeşitlerle aynı hatta daha yüksek tane verimi vermişlerdir. Trakya bölgesi'nde önemli sorunlardan olan kök çürüklüğü yönünden en düşük değerler  ZFSN 3, ZFSN 8, HRSN 6-2, ZFSN 26, HRSN 13-17 ve ZFSN 6 sentetik buğday genotiplerinde belirlenmiştir. Buğday genotipleri abiyotik stres faktörleri, biyotik stres faktörleri, kalite karakterleri ve kök çürüklüğü yönünden incelendiğinde, abiyotik stres faktörleri,  HRSN 13-2, HRSN 12-11, HRSN 15-13, HRSN 12-9, ZFSN 16, ZFSN 7 ve HRSN 11-14; biyotik stres faktörleri HRSN 13-9, HRSN 13-17, ZFSN 7, HRSN 6-2, ZFSN 32, HRSN 9-7, HRSN 1-14, HRSN 10-9, HRSN 1-6, HRSN 11-11 ve ZFSN 24, HRSN 4-10, ZFSN 22, HRSN 14-18 ve ZFSN 16; kalite özellikleri ZFSN 2, HRSN 14-10, ZFSN 30, HRSN 6-8, HRSN 14-18, HRSN 14-2 ve HRSN 15-6 ve kök boğazı çürüklüğü yönünden ZFSN 3, ZFSN 8, HRSN 6-2, ZFSN 26, HRSN 13-17 ve ZFSN 6 en üstün genotipler olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen kriterler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, HRSN 14-18, ZFSN 16, ZFSN 7 ve ZFSN 6-2 sentetik buğday genotipleri en ümitvar genotipler olarak bulunmuşlardır.

Abstract:
In this study, 58 synthetic wheat lines and 6 bread wheat varieties were used as materials (Table 3.1). Synthetic bread wheat lines were provided from CIMMYT. Selimiye, Flamura 85, Pehlivan, Aldane, Bereket and Gelibolu bread wheat varieties were used as standard in the experiment. In this study, bread wheat genotypes were established according to 8x8 partially balanced lattice experiment design with 3 replications. In the experiments, each genotype was sown by hand at the rate of 500 seeds per square meter and was 2 m in length with 4 rows. In this study, grain yield, plant height, spike length, winter resistance, stoma number, length and width, plant covered temperature, leaf chlorophyll content, lodging rate and angle, yellow rust, waxiness, powdery mildew, septoria, root rot, protein ratio, gluten rate, gluten index, sedimentation, retarted sedimentation, black point, sunny pest damage rate were investigated. In addition, genotypic differences were determined by determining gliadin band patterns. According to the obtained data, grain yields of wheat genotypes ranged between 256.00-642.00 kg/da in the first year and 200.00-900.00 kg/da in the second year. The highest grain yield per decare was obtained with ZFSN 4, HRSN 7-12 and HRSN 7-6 lines with 642.00 kg/da in the first year. The lowest grain yield was found in ZFSN 30 with 256.00 kg/da and ZFSN 16 with 266.00 kg/da. The highest grain yield was obtained with HRSN 1-14 with 900.00 kg/da and HRSN 1-11 with 833.33 kg/da, while the lowest yield was HRSN 2-14 with 200.00 kg/da and HRSN 14-2 with 233.00 kg/da synthetic wheat lines in the second year. ZFSN 4, HRSN 7-12, HRSN 7-6, ZFSN 33, HRSN 11-11, HRSN 12-14, HRSN 12-9, HRSN 10-9, ZFSN 21, HRSN 2-16, HRSN 4-10, ZFSN 5, ZFSN 31, HRSN 1-14 and ZFSN 28 lines were found as promising genotypes for grain yields of more than 500.00 kg / da in the region in the first year. In the second year of the study, HRSN 1-14, HRSN 1-11, ZFSN 7, HRSN 11-14 and HRSN 13-2 synthetic lines having a grain yield of more than 700.00 kg were obtained the higher yields than Flamura 85 varieties. ZFSN 24, HRSN 12-11, HRSN 11-11, HRSN 14-18, HRSN 15-13 lines produced higher yields than Aldane. In terms of grain yield per decare, some synthetic wheat genotypes obtained very low grain yield compared to the region average, while some synthetic wheat genotypes yielded similar or higher grain yields with standard varieties. When genotypes were examined in terms of root rot, which is one of the important problems in the Thrace region, the lowest values were determined in ZFSN 3, ZFSN 8, HRSN 6-2, ZFSN 26, HRSN 13-17 and ZFSN 6 synthetic wheat genotypes. When wheat genotypes examined, abiotic stress factors, biotic stress factors, quality characteristics and root rot were evaluated in terms of wheat genotypes; HRSN 13-2, HRSN 12-11, HRSN 15-13, HRSN 12-9, ZFSN 16, ZFSN 7 and HRSN 11-14 lines in terms of abiotic stress, HRSN 13-9, HRSN 13-17, ZFSN 7, HRSN 6-2, ZFSN 32, HRSN 9-7, HRSN 1-14, HRSN 10-9, HRSN 1-6, HRSN 11-11, ZFSN 24, HRSN 4-10, ZFSN 22, HRSN 14-18, ZFSN 16 lines in terms of biotic stress, ZFSN 2, HRSN 14-10, ZFSN 30, HRSN 6-8, HRSN 14-18, HRSN 14-2 and HRSN 15-6 lines in terms of quality characters, and ZFSN 3, ZFSN 8, HRSN 6-2, ZFSN 26, HRSN 13-17 and ZFSN 6 in terms of root rot were determined as the most superior genotypes. When the examined characters are evaluated together, HRSN 14-18, ZFSN 16, ZFSN 7 and ZFSN 6-2 synthetic wheat genotypes were found to be the most promising genotypes.