İç mekan tasarımında enerji ve su etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi üzerine bir çalışma
A study on evaluation of energy and water effiency in interior design
Yazar: BAŞAK ERİK
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜL KOÇLAR ORAL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon = Interior Design and Decoration

Özet:
Yaşanılan, küresel riskler, sağlık, çevre ve iklimsel sorunlar karşısında doğal çevreye farklı bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşmak zorunlu olmaktadır. Dünya Ekonomik forumu tarafından yayınlanan Küresel Riskler Raporu (2020)'na göre gerçekleşme olasılığına göre sıralanan risklerde ilk 5 risk çevre ve iklim konularıyla ilişkilidir.  
Bunun yanı sıra Küresel Ayak İzi Ağı'nın her yıl yayınladığı Dünya Limit Aşımı değerlerinin artan nüfusa bağlı olarak tüketimin de artması nedeni ile, aşırı arttığı gözlenmektedir. Ayrıca ozon tabakasının incelmesi, küresel ısınma gibi çevresel problemler de insan yaşamını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Çevresel sorunlara yol açan sektörlerden biri de bilindiği üzere bina sektörüdür.  Bu açıdan bina sektöründe yer alan tasarımcıların belirledikleri tasarım parametre değerlerinin binanın tüm ömrü boyunca çevre etkisini belirleyecek temel unsurlardan biri olacağının bilincinde olup, bunu başlı başına bir tasarım ölçütü olarak değerlendirebilmelerinin önemi açıktır. 
Bilindiği üzere bina tasarımında mimarlık, iç mimarlık, inşaat mühendisliği, elektrik mühendisliği ve makine mühendisliği gibi birçok disiplin yer almaktadır. Enerji ve su etkin bina tasarımında, tasarımcı olarak rol alan mimar ve iç mimarlarının rolü büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında iç mekan tasarımında enerji ve su etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi hedefine yönelik olarak, mimar-iç mimarların tasarım kararlarındaki öncelik sırasının irdelenerek bilgi birikimleri ve tasarım yaklaşımlarının sorgulanması amaçlanmıştır.
Tez çalışmasının giriş bölümünde, ülkemizdeki enerji ve su tüketim oranlarına değinilerek tezin amacı, yöntemi ve kapsamı anlatılmıştır.
İkinci bölümde; bina ve iç mekan ölçeğinde enerji etkin bina tasarlanmasında aktif rol alan mimar ve iç mimarların tasarım kararlarının önemi üzerine literatür taraması ortaya konmuş, değerlendirmeler ve tanımlar yapılmıştır.
Üçüncü bölümde; su tüketimine ve Türkiye'de sektörel su tüketim oranlarına yer verilirken binalarda su etkinliğinin sağlanmasına ilişkin kullanılan atıksuyun ve gri suyun arıtılarak yeniden kullanımı, yağmur suyunun toplanılarak kullanımı ve iç mekanda sağlık donatımı sistemlerinde alınabilecek potansiyel önlemler ile iç mekanda su kullanımının azaltılması konuları ele alınmıştır. 
Dördüncü bölümde; dünyada en yaygın olarak kullanılan yeşil bina derecelendirme sistemlerinden biri olan LEED İç Mekan Tasarım ve İnşaatı (Interior Design + Construction) gereklilikleri açıklanmıştır.
Beşinci bölümde; iç mekan tasarımında enerji ve su etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi; LEED ID+C sertifikasyon kriterleri temel alınarak mimar ve iç mimarların bugüne kadar yapmış/yapmakta olduğu projelerde iç mekan ölçeğinde enerji ve su etkinliği kriterlerine vermiş olduğu önemin ortaya konması amacıyla hazırlanan anket sorularına yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada elde edilen verilerin analizi ve değerlendirilme sonuçları  irdelenmiştir.
Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, enerji ve su etkin tasarım kararlarında çalışmanın temel çıktılarını oluşturacak kullanıcı bilgileri ve armatürlerin su tüketim değerleri esas alınarak binadaki toplam su tüketiminin hesaplanması kriterinin hiç dikkate alınmadığı; binanın ısıtılması ve soğutulması için ihtiyacı olan net enerji miktarının tasarım sırasında hesaplanması kriterinin ise en az öncelikli olarak ölçüldüğü görülmüştür. Enerji ve su tüketimi açısından söz konusu kriterler önem taşıdığından yapılacak tasarımlarda bu kriterlerin ön plana alınmasını olanaklı kılan standart ve yönetmeliklerin hazırlanmasının önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Abstract:
The Global Risks Report 2020 has been published by the World Economic Forum. The top 5 risks in risks are related to environmental and climate problems. "Failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation" is one of the risks with the greatest impact. Other risks are by severity of impact over the next 10 years; weapons of mass destruction, major biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, extreme weather events (e.g. floods, storms, etc.) and water crises.
The natural environment should be re-evaluate with a different viewpoint than usual. The Global Footprint network publishes the World Overshoot day every year and with its increasing population last year, it  for a few more days due to excessive consumption. 
The building sector is one of the sectors that cause negative development of the results of environmental impact categories such as global warming potential and ozone depletion. These days, building designers must be aware that the material they choose will become one of the key elements that will determine the environmental impact throughout the lifetime of the building, for example, by going beyond functionality in the building materials they choose. It should consider this as a design criterion in itself.
There are many disciplines in building design, such as architecture, interior architecture, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. The role of architects and interior architects in energy and water efficient building design is of great importance. Within the scope of this thesis, it is aimed to question the knowledge and design approaches by analysing the energy and water saving in interior architecture, the order of priority in architect-interior design decisions. The study consists of five chapters.
In the first part, the distribution of energy consumption in industry groups in Turkey were examined. It is seen that the highest energy consumption is in the residential and services sector with 24.8%. The building sector, with the highest energy consumption, reveals the necessity of energy efficient building design in the fields of heating, cooling, lighting, air conditioning and materials. Various applications in Turkey and in the world on the subject are being followed. In this context, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan has come into force ın Turkey. Within the scope of this action plan, 12 actions have been defined through energy efficiency in the building and services sector. Defined actions; improvement of efficiency ratings of new and existing buildings, realization of savings potential in the public sector, dissemination of on-site production and use of renewable energy in buildings create a comprehensive building inventory study and awareness studies addressing all regions. 
Due to global climate change and limited resources, water efficiency is another important issue that requires efficiency in buildings. 13% of water consumption in Turkey is used as potable water. The high rate of water consumption in buildings has revealed the necessity of water-efficient design criteria in building design.
On the other hand, Covid 19, an important factor limiting human life since 2019, has become a global threat. Due to the different working and living conditions caused by the Covid 19 epidemic that changed the whole world order, people spend more time indoors, and healthy and comfortable interior design becomes even more important. It is clear that energy and water consumption will increase in parallel with the desire for a healthy and comfortable life. In this context, it is inevitable to evaluate the energy and water efficiency in buildings and interior spaces and to develop design proposals.
Based on these discussions, in this section the importance of the thesis subject, the purpose, and method of the thesis are explained.
In the second part, factors affecting energy efficiency and energy efficiency in buildings are mentioned. In reducing energy consumption in buildings, all design decisions from settlement scale to material scale should be evaluated with a holistic approach. In this section, the systems that consume the most energy from the building such as heating-cooling, ventilation and lighting are examined. In addition, a literature review was made, evaluations and definitions were made on the importance of design decisions made by architects and interior architects who take an active role in the energy efficient design of interior design.
In the third part, water consumption rates in Turkey are indicated. In the world and Turkey it has been identified that require efficient use of water. This part is based on an "efficiency first" approach to water conservation. Informations about the technologies of reuse of wastewater and graywater for conservation in buildings, rainwater harvesting have been given. In addition to this, to reduce potable water use in buildings cause the selection of efficient plumbing fittings, fixtures, and equipment. 
In the fourth part, the most widely used green building rating system in the world is explained. There are 5 different categories in LEED to register projects. These;
•LEED BD+C (Building Design and Construction)
•LEED ID+C (LEED Interior Design and Construction)
•LEED O+M (LEED Operation and Maintenance)
•LEED ND (LEED Neighborhood and Development)
•LEED Homes
As of November 2020, there are 74,465 certified buildings in the world and 55,021 projects whose applications are still ongoing. In our country, there are 420 certified buildings and 482 buildings whose applications are still ongoing.
LEED ID + C v4, category was considered in the study, as energy and water efficiency was evaluated at interior design. All prerequisites and credits under the main titles Integrative Process, Location and Transportation, Water Effiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Innovation and Regional Priority in this category are explained. 
In the fifth part; in the projects that architects and interior architects working in the sector in our country have done / are doing at the scale of the interior, energy and water efficient decision designs are prepared to determine brain views. The questionnaire form consists of 7 parts. In order to define the first participant participants, the participants' gender, age, profession, education level, job title and duration of experience in the sector are asked. The other 6 sections comply with the LEED ID + C v4 evaluation criteria. The questions are prepared under the following headings, which are the first evaluation category of LEED ID + C v4 and are examined with energy-water efficient design:
•Integrative Process (3 questions)
•Water Effiency (12 questions)
•Materials and Resources (10 questions)
•Indoor Air Quality-Energy (Comfort Interaction (13 questions)
•Energy and Atmosphere (8 questions)
•Innovation (1 question)
A total of 47 questions were submitted to the survey participants with a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis of the questionnaires was made by using IBM SPSS Statistic 25.0 software program.
As a result, the evaluation made through the survey study shows that the criterion of calculating the total water consumption in the building based on the user information and the water consumption values of the luminaires, which will constitute the main outputs of the study in energy and water efficient design decisions, is not taken into account at all; showed that the criterion of calculating the amount of net energy needed for the heating and cooling of the building during the design was measured with the least priority. Without clean, healthy water, the continuity of life is not possible. However, pressure on water resources is gradually increasing due to climate changes, increased water use and water pollution. Water conservation technologies in buildings are developed in many countries to be a solution to water shortage. On the other hand, energy efficient building design is one of the most important issues of today. In the study, it was determined that this purpose was not targeted by architects / interior architects. All the design factors in question are the design factors used in the preparation process of the interior design project in building, volume and element scales under the control of the architect / interior designer. With the savings provided by the projects based on energy and water efficient design factors, a significant contribution can be made to the reduction of the country's energy costs and water stress.
In this context, the importance of developing studies on the direction and evaluation of architects and interior architects who play an important role in ensuring energy and water efficiency is obvious. In the evaluation studies to be carried out in the advanced stages, besides measuring the importance-priority and the level of knowledge, the applicability of the criteria regarding energy and water efficiency should also be included in the questionnaire form. In this way, it will be possible to work out the applicability of the priority issues and to find solutions to the difficulties encountered in practice.