Saraçhane Arkeoloji Parkı'nın kent arkeolojisi bağlamında incelenmesi ve koruma önerisi
Evaluation of the Saraçhane Archaeology Park in the context of urban archaeology and its conservation project
Yazar: PELİN DOĞAN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ZEYNEP ERES ÖZDOĞAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
İstanbul'un çok katmanlı yapısının modern kentleşme ve özensizlik sebebiyle tahrip edilmesi kentin tarihi derinliğinin algılanmasını güçleştirmektedir. Höyükleşme gereği yeni yapıların eskilerinin üzerine yapılmış olmasıyla, kentin Bizans Dönemi ve öncesine dair yapı stoku birçok yerde Osmanlı Dönemi yapılarının altında kalmış, bu dönem yapıları ise hızlı kentleşme etkisiyle kimi yerde yok olmuştur. 
Saraçhane tarihi yarımadadaki merkezi konumu sebebiyle Bizans ve Osmanlı Dönemlerinde de yoğun yerleşim görmüştür. Bizans'ın ana caddesi olan Mese'nin bir kolu buradan geçmektedir. Mese, Osmanlı Dönemi'nde Divanyolu'na dönüşmüştür. Sosyal ve idari yapıdaki farklılıklar bu caddenin biçimlenişini değiştirse de cadde, önemli bir kentsel boşluk hattı ve güzergâh olarak varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Bu anayol güzergâhında yaşıyor olmak ya da yapı yaptırmak Bizans Dönemleri'nde ve Osmanlı Dönemi'nde de bir saygınlık olmuştur. Dolayısıyla bölgede her iki dönemden kalma yapıların nitelikli ve sayıca çok olması beklenilen bir durumdur. Bu bağlamda tez konusu olarak seçilen arkeoloji parkı alanı yakın çevresi ile birlikte incelenmiş, bölgedeki kültür varlıkları tarihi haritalar ve belgeler aracılığıyla saptanmıştır.
Kentin Bizans katmanına dair önemli bir yapı olan Polyeuktos Kilisesi'nin açığa çıkarıldığı kazı çalışmaları 1964-68 yılları arasında yürütülmüş, bölge kalıntıların görülebileceği bir arkeoloji park alanı olarak düzenlenmiş ve o tarihten bu yana kalıntıların çevresine çekilen bir dikenli tel haricinde önemli bir düzenleme yapılmamıştır. Kilise ile birlikte seçili çalışma alanında bulunmuş ancak çeşitli sebeplerle yıkılmış olan Mimar Ayas Camisi, Karagöz Camisi, Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa Hamamı, konaklar ve diğer yapılar da tarihi harita ve belgelerden araştırılmış böylelikle tezin konusu oluşturularak, İstanbul'un çok katmanlı yapısının bir modeli görülmüştür. Alanda özellikle Erken Bizans Dönemi ile Erken Osmanlı Dönemi yapıları dikkat çekmektedir. Tez çalışmasıyla alanının korunması ve topluma sunumu irdelenirken alandaki yapılarla ortaya konulan tarihi dönemlerin izleri üst ölçekte yakın çevrede de sürülmüştür.
Saraçhane Arkeoloji Parkı'nın kentsel arkeoloji bağlamında incelenmesi ve korunarak topluma sunulmasını amaçlayan bu tezde, park ve yakın çevresi bir bütün olarak incelenmiş kentsel arkeolojik rotalar oluşturulmuş ve park alanı için bir koruma projesi üretilmiştir.

Abstract:
Destruction of the multi-level structure of İstanbul owing to modern urbanization and negligence complicates the historical roots perception of the city. The necessity of the mound formation structures of The Byzantium and earlier periods are covered by The Ottoman Period structures and these later period structures also disappear due to rapid urbanization. 
Because of its central location on the historical peninsula, Saraçhane has been heavily settled during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Part of the main street of the Byzantine Mese'nin passes through here. The Mese was transformed into the Assembly Way during the Ottoman Period. Although the differences in the social and administrative structure changed the shape of this street, the street continued to exist as an important urban space and route. Living on this highway or building a structure is a sign of dignity in Byzantium Periods and the Ottoman Empire Periods. Therefore, it is expected that the structures of both periods in the region will be qualified and numerous in number. In this context, the archaeology park area, which is chosen as a thesis topic, has been examined together with its close surroundings and the cultural assets in the region has been determined through historical maps and documents.
The excavation of the Polyeuktos Church, an important structure of the Byzantine layer of the city, was unearthed between 1964 and 1968, and the area was arranged as an archaeology parkland where the remains could be seen, and no significant arrangement has been made except for a barbed wire, that surrounds the remains, since then. Mimar Ayas Mosque, Karagöz Mosque, Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa Bath, konaklar and other buildings, which existed in the selected study area but collapsed for a variety of reasons, were also researched from historical maps and documents and thus creating the subject of the thesis, a model of the multi-layered structure of Istanbul was seen. Especially the Early Byzantine Period and Early Ottoman Period structures are noteworthy in the area. Conservation of the field and its presentation to the society were examined by this study. In addition, the traces of the historical periods revealed by the structures in the area were tried to be followed in the close surroundings. 
In the first part of the thesis, an introduction to the thesis is made and the purpose and scope of the thesis is explained.
In the second part, Saraçhane Archeology Park is examined in terms of physical status, research history and legal status.
Hungarian Kardeşler Street, Atatürk Boulevard, Kavalalı Street and Horhor Street are defined as Saraçhane Archaeology Park. At the south of the park the ruins of the Polyeuktos Church take parts, and a park with a children's playground was built to the north. The aforesaid park arrangement was made considering the axles of Polyeuktos Church. Accordingly, while one of the two main roads in the park, runs along the Narteks infrastructure of the Polyeuktos Church, and the other main road runs parallel to the northern wall of the Polyeuktos Church and perpendicular to the Narthex.
The area where the Saraçhane Archaeology Park is located was discovered in the 1960s and the remains of the Polyeuktos Church were discovered and expropriated for a possible scientific excavation. During the construction of the Haşim İşcan Pass, the southeastern parts of the Polyeuktos Church were exposed, and the excavations were planned as a rescue excavation and carried out between 1964-1968. The Polyeuktos Church was researched with the excavation, but the work in the northern area could not be continued. In this context, two measures have been taken for the future. First, the area where the remains in the north has been left as a parking area and the ruins of the Polyeuktos Church is thought to be seen in a landscape arrangement. The second measure is the construction of a warehouse on the northern corridor infrastructure of the Polyeuktos Church.
Although there were some decisions taken before, the decision to register the Church of Polyeuktos and its site was issued in 1997, and in 2012 it was included in the 1st Degree Archaeological Site as a Conservation Plan for the Historic Peninsula.
In the third part of the thesis, the structures in the study area or which have been found are examined. In this context, architectural history investigations related with the Polyeuktos Church, Architect Ayas Mosque, Karagöz Mosque and Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa Bath, and the mansions and other buildings found in the area have been included. In this section, Polyeuktos Church, which is the only structure still present in the area, has been explained in detail and the current and the first revealed situations of the excavated remains are mentioned in detail.
In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the historical topography of the Saraçhane Region, the process of the region starting from the prehistoric periods to the 20th century is briefly mentioned, and then the large study area which is centered on Saraçhane Archeology Park is defined. Cultural assets located in this large study area are investigated and these cultural assets found in the area from the Early Byzantine Period to the Late Ottoman Period are determined. And they are collected in a catalog in which they are examined in detail. In this study, historical maps and archival documents are used in addition to architectural history researches. The study area is investigated not only through cultural assets but also in the context of urban texture and social texture and today's urban texture is tried to be separated by overlapping historical maps, while the continuity of social texture is examined through neighborhood sizes and boundaries.
In the fifth part of the thesis, the problems of Saraçhane Archeology Park are emphasized. Saraçhane Archeology Park, despite its central location on the historical peninsula and within walking distance of the World Cultural Heritage Sites, has been kept out of sight. Far from attracting the attention of domestic and foreign tourists, it is an area that has not been adequately promoted considering the importance of Istanbul in terms of history. In this section, the problems of the field are mainly divided into three as protection, presentation and business model problems.
In the sixth part of the thesis, the conservation project developed for Saraçhane Archeology Park and its vicinity is explained. In response to problems identified in the fifth chapter of the thesis, the descriptions are made as collected in the protection, presentation and business model title.
At the beginning of the prescribed works for protection comprises, physical cleaning of the area, making a cleaning excavation to make the remnants removed from the excavation, building a retaining wall to prevent the soil flowing in the area, solving the problems such as joint emptying, planting and soot stains with current protection methods, removal of the paving stone applications in the narthex and transforming the warehouse built into the infrastructure of the northern corridor of the Polyeuktos Church into a warehouse-museum and regulate for floor of the park area located at the north of the remains, collecting and to make cleaning of  the dispersed column heading, removing the toys of the children's playground and transforming it into a children's workshop area, terminating the function of the car park area, removing the hut of the official located on the area and to transport the air measurement station out of the area.
The studies envisaged for the presentation can be considered as; construction of a wooden walkway where the ruins of the Polyeuktos Church can be easily seen from the park elevation 4 m above the level of the Polyeuktos Church, the combination of this walkway with the controlled route designed in the area, to make the exhibition of the remains of the Polyeuktos Church in the Atrium area, detachable visitor center and a museum shop with a linear display in the car park area. Additionally; painting the retaining wall to express the different layers, painting the contour of the Polyeuktos Church as a floor painting on the car park area, to mark the location of the Mimar Ayas and Candarlı İbrahim Pasha Bath some of which are located on the Hungarian Kardeşler Street and on the sidewalk at the north of the Saraçhane Archaeology Park by permanently painting on the ground. Besides, since Karagöz Mosque is located on the remains of the Polyeuktos Church; to express with the contemporary material so as not to mix with the remains are the suggestion studies to make for explaining the straatifying of the area. The proposed activities in the park can be alined as; design of the seating elements through the traces of Ottoman street texture, the use of wooden elements to reflect the street and the expression of the wooden mansions found on the face of Horhor Street, making the toilet infrastructure in the park suitable for disabled access, to design the lighting areas and raising the column headings to exhibit them at the entrance points of the park and containing the information boards to be supported by mobile applications at the whole fields. In order to increase the awareness of the local and foreign tourists and the citizens about the area and to make it an attraction point it is envisaged that; the periodic and continuous exhibitions to be held in the exhibition area converted from the parking lot, organizing the activities of the children workshop, and the urban archaeological routes in which the study area is connected with the city should be accessible in printed and mobile form.
In this thesis, which aims to examine and preserve Saraçhane Archaeology Park in the context of urban archaeology, as mentioned above; park and the vicinity have been examined as a whole, archaeological routes have been created and a conversation project has been produced for the park area.