Doğa koruma alanlarından milli parklarda baraj ve hidroelektrik santrali uygulamalarının incelenmesi: Munzur Vadisi Milli Parkı örneği
An analysis of dam and hydroelectric power plant applications in national parks among natural protection areas: The case of Munzur Valley National Park
Yazar: NİLUFER DUNYA
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. AZİME TEZER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Bölge Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning
Dizin: Barajlar = Dams ; Doğa koruma = Nature conservation ; Milli parklar = National parks

Özet:
Doğa koruma anlayışının çevre sorunlarının dünya gündemine girmesinden çok daha önce, günümüz sınıflandırma anlayışlarından daha farklı bir şekilde kutsal alanların ve bazı hayvanlar ile yaşam alanlarının korunması ile başladığı söylenebilir. Günümüzde ise alan koruma yaklaşımı doğa koruma konusundaki en etkin yollarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu konuda çok sayıda kuruluş, çeşitli sistem ve kategoriler üzerinde çalışmaktadır. Fakat doğal alanların korunmasına yönelik uygulamalarda bir yandan koruma anlayışı benimsenip buna yönelik kanunlar uygulanırken, diğer yandan kalkınma, enerji üretimi gibi gerekçelerle az sayıda da olsa bazı ülkelerde koruma alanlarında baraj ve HES projeleri yapılmaktadır.Bu kapsamda geliştirilen tez çalışması ile, korunan alanlardan biri olan milli parkların koruma politikalarının önemine vurgu yapılarak, bu alanlarda baraj ve HES yapılabilirliği konusu Etki Değerlendirme Araçlarından; Çevresel Etki Değerlendirme araçları (ÇED, SÇD, REA, KED ve SED), Entegre Su Kaynakları Yönetimi (ESKY) ve Ekohidrolojik açıdan değerlendirme çerçevesinde uluslararası ve ulusal düzeyde incelenmesi ve MVMP' nda mevcut ve planlanan baraj ve HES uygulamalarının ÇED araçları, ESKY, Ekohidrolojik ve mekansal planlama süreci açısından değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmektedir.Başlıca beş bölümden oluşan tezin giriş bölümünde gözlem ve problemlerle birlikte çalışmanın amacı ve yöntemi belirtilmiştir.İkinci bölümde, tez çalışma alanının doğa koruma kategorilerinden biri olarak tanımlanan `milli park' niteliğine sahip olmasından hareketle doğa koruma kavramı ve korunan alanlar ile ilgili sınıflandırma sistemleri dünya örnekleri ile birlikte incelenmiş, Türkiye'nin doğa koruma alanındaki yasal durum ve kurumsal yapısına değinilmiştir.Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümü, baraj-HES uygulamalarının; yenilenebilir enerji, baraj ve HES kavramları ile birlikte ele alınması, Etki Değerlendirme Araçları (ÇED Araçları ve ESKY, Ekohidrolojik Açıdan Değerlendirme) çerçevesinde dünya örnekleri ve Türkiye'deki mevcut durumun genel bir değerlendirmesini içermektedir.Dördüncü bölümde çalışma alanı olan MVMP, öncelikle konumu ve genel yapısı ile ele alınarak, MVMP' nda, mevcut ve planlanan baraj ve HES projelerinin uygulamaların etki değerlendirme araçları kapsamında incelenerek, planlama süreci açısından değerlendirilmesine yer verilmiştir.Sonuç ve öneriler bölümünde ise, çalışmanın doğal/korunan alanlarda baraj ve HES uygulamaları açısından genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılarak, mevcut durum ve gelecekte yapılması planlanan uygulamalara yönelik politikalar için bir takım öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Abstract:
Different from today's classification concepts, nature conservation approach can be suggested to have started with conservation of sacred sites and certain animals and their habitat, long before the entry of environmental issues into the agenda of the world. Today, however, site conservation approach has become one of the most effective ways to conserve the nature. In this respect, many organizations are working on a variety of systems and categories. However, the understanding of conservation is adopted in applications for the protection of natural areas and related laws are applied on the one hand; dams and hydroelectric power plant projects are executed in conservation areas for reasons such as development and energy production on the other hand.In this context, with the thesis developed, it is aimed to highlight the importance of conservation and development policies for national parks that are one of the protected areas and to analyze the feasibility of dam and HPP construction and operation in these areas within the framework of Impact Assessment Instruments such as the Environmental Impact Assessment tools (EIA, SEA, REA, CEA, and SIA), Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), and eco-hydrological assessment at international and national level, and to assess existing and planned dam and HPP implementations in Munzur Valley National Park in terms of eco-hydrological and spatial planning process by using EIA tools and IWRM.In the first chapter of the thesis, which primarily consists of five chapters, the aim and the methodology of the study are presented together with observations and problems.In the second chapter, motivated by the fact that the study area of the thesis is a 'national park' which is defined as one of the nature conservation categories, the concept of nature conservation and the categorization systems for conservation areas are analyzed with reference to examples from the world, and the legal situation and the institutional structure in the field of nature conservation in Turkey are examined further.The concept of conservation has started with conservation of sacred sites and has become a form of site management with the environmental problems introduced into the agenda of the world in 20 centuries. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the organization that is responsible for internationally accepted definitions, practices, management styles, and zoning in protected area management. With the last released concepts, IUCN has defined the categories ranging from naturalness (conservation) to usage and the boundaries set for intervention to protected areas (management plans-zoning). Apart from IUCN, there are also applications defined by UNESCO and EU in the field of protected area management. However, the most common protected area management in the world is the national parks defined in the 2nd category of IUCN.The most common nature conservation areas in Turkey are the national parks. In this context, the Law on National Parks, National Parks Regulations and Legislation, and Long-Term Development Plans are the most important legal instruments to protect nature conservation areas (national parks). In the recent period, the Regulation on the Planning of Protected Areas and the draft Law on the Conservation of Nature and Biodiversity are other important developments in the management of protected areas. On the other hand, laws such as the mining law and the energy law are binding for natural / protected areas. When dam and HPP projects in protected areas are analyzed with respect to the legislation, it is observed that laws that promote renewable energy are contradicting the conservation-oriented National Parks Act and National Parks Regulation.The third chapter of the study includes a general assessment of examples from the world and the current situation in Turkey in terms of dam and HPP projects implemented in natural / protected areas within the framework of renewable energy, dam and HPP concepts as well as impact assessment tools (environmental impact assessment tools and IWRM, eco-hydrological assessment).EU accepts HPP below 10 MW as renewable HPP in natural areas. Within the framework of this definition, each country has defined its own renewable energy range and accepted impact assessment tools of these structures. However, there are also countries such as the Netherlands that do not consider HPPs renewable energy.In terms of impact assessment tools for dam and HPP applications, IWRM and eco-hydrological assessment methods can also be used in addition to applications such as EIA, SEA, REA, CEA, and SIA, which are the most common elements of environmental impact assessment. EIA is the most widely used assessment tool in the world for impact assessment of the effects of projects. Lately, SEA, REA, and CEA tools are used for the assessment of the impacts of projects on the basin and the region. At the same time, SIA, which is considered part of the EIA, is used for the study of the social impact of the projects. IWRM is used as a tool for preparation of RBMP in accordance with the principles of WWF and for sustainable use of the water. In addition to these, the authorities have started to undertake eco-hydrological assessments in order to minimize the effects of projects.While the EU defines HPP within the framework of the definition of renewable energy, it does not put forward HPP definition for protected areas in order not to encourage HPP construction in protected areas. Based on this information, it can be concluded that HPP construction is not preferred in protected areas. However, it is detected that there are HPP applications in protected areas in some EU countries although the number of such applications is rather low. In this context, examples of dam and HPP applications from Switzerland, Norway, the U.S., and China are analyzed in the context of dam and HPP implemented in natural areas without conservation status whereas Scotland LLTNP and Macedonia MNP cases are studied in terms of impact assessment tools within the framework of applications undertaken in national parks with conservation status.Dam and HPP applications in Turkey's national parks are analyzed within the framework of the impact assessment tools and legislation presently implemented in Turkey. It is observed that with the latest change in the Electricity Market License Regulation (2011), no limit is imposed on the capacities of channel-type and river-type HPPs and no definition is given for the "renewable energy" attribution. On the other hand, recent changes to the EIA Regulation impose preliminary EIA for projects between 0.5 - 25 MW, and EIA for projects above 25 MW. Other impact assessment tools are not used in Turkey, but some changes are made in the legislation within the scope of the EU harmonization process (SEA and preparation of RBMP with WWF). At the same time, it is observed that in Turkey HPP projects are not assessed on the basis of the relevant basin but assessed partitively instead. So much so that, 24 national parks out of 41 in Turkey are observed to be facing dam or HPP buildings either inside or on the border of the national park. Among the national parks in Turkey, Munzur Valley National Park (MVNP) is the one with the highest number of planned dams and HPP applications.In the fourth chapter of the thesis, MVNP, which is the study area, is presented with its location and general structure. In addition to the existing and planned dam - HPP projects within the scope of the Munzur Project, an assessment of the applications in question in terms of the planning process is also presented within the scope of the impact assessment tools.MVNP has retained its naturalness owing to its remoteness from human impact in addition to its rich flora and fauna. However, it is estimated that implementation of dam and HPP applications, which are to create serious pressures, will lead to rapid destruction of the qualities of the protected area. In addition, it is elaborated that the definition made in terms of the importance of the resource between 2007 and 2012 plans of MVNP, which is declared to have a value as a national and global resource, might have been changed in order not to preclude the implementation of HPPs.MVNP dams and HPP projects are exempt from EIA, the single impact assessment tool used in our country (EIA Directive temporary article). As a result of the following court proceedings, Kaletepe and Bozkaya dams and HPPs considered within the context of Munzur project have been cancelled.In the conclusions and recommendations chapter, a general assessment of the study is presented and some suggestions are developed for the current situation and the policies for planned applications in the future.In this context, it is observed that natural areas and protected areas are different from each other; therefore, at this point, decisions should be made by considering the benefit of future generations. The important question at this point is whether there is still the need for implementation of HPP applications where the quality of the protected area is possibly under the risk of deterioration. As a result of the study, it is concluded that HPP implementation, which is considered renewable energy, should not be defined for the conservation areas that are declared as national parks with their conservation status and HPPs should not be built in protected areas so as not to encourage such applications.In this context, it is asserted that MVNP, which is examined as a case study, has the potential to be classified as an area protected by societies, sacred protected area, or sacred natural protected area within the scope of the new concepts of IUCN since it is an area which has been protected with its untouched naturalness as well as its natural sources and naturalness regarded sacred by its peoples; and dam-HPP projects to be implemented in this area are structures which can threaten this quality of the area.