Urartu kaya gömütleri /
Yazar: NEVZAT ÇEVİK
Danışman: PROF. DR. FAHRİ IŞIK
Atatürk Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Arkeoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 1991
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology
Dizin: Kaya mezarları = Rock tombs ; Urartular = Urartians

Özet:
Erken Demirçağ başlarında Anadolu'nun Doğusu 'nda güçlü bir krallığın ve parlak bir uygarlığın adı olan "Urartu", arkeolojide özellikle kaya anıtlarının çeşit lemelerindeki yaratıcılık ve işçiliklerindeki nitelikle tanınır. Buna karşın, türün en yaygını bilinen "Kaya Gömütleri" konusunda bugüne dek monografik bir araştırma yapılmayışı eksiklikti; Nevzat Çevik' in gerçekleştirdiği bu çalışma da, arkeolojide duyulan bu eksikliği gidermek içindi. Tez, urartu'nun Anadolu'daki egemenlik sınırları içindeki otuzu aşkın yerleşiminden derlenmiş toplam 51 kaya-gömütünü içermektedir. Bunlardan bilinenler, çizim, fotoğraf, tanıtım ve de yorumlarıyla yenibaştan ele alınmış; bilinmeyenler ise yine aynı bilimsel yöntemlerle bilim evrenine kazandırılmıştır. Çalışmanın akışı içerisinde gömütler tek tek irdelendikten başka, "Van" -"Murat" -"Yukarı Fırat" yörelerinde kümelendirilmiş; farklı biçim ve döşemlerde farklı tarihsel dizin oluşturma ve yöresel özellikler yakalama arayışına gidilmiştir. Mimari biçim ve döşemlerin komşu Doğu Budunları'yla olan kültürel ve sanatsal ilişkilerine dayanılarak yapılan yorumlarla da, yazılı belgelerin suskunluğunda bilinmeyen "Urartu ölü-tapınımı"na değgin doyurucu sonuçlara varılır. Bu yolla ayrıca Urartu'nun eskiçağlarda "kaya-gömütlerinin yaratıcıları" olduğu kanıtlanmış; komşu İran'ı etkilediği, Frigya-Paf lagonya-Likya ile türün "Anadolulülaşmışlığına" ve ardından Batı'ya "köksürmüşlüğüne" öncülük ettiği belgeleriyle ortaya konmuştur. Tez; gömütlerin konumlandığı kaleya da yerleşim yerlerindeki diğer Urartu kalıntılarının özlüce dökümünü eksiksiz bir literaturla veren ayrıntılı "Katalog"uyla da, Urartu araştırıcılarına bir "önbilgi dağarcığı" sunar. Prof.Dr. Fahri Işık

Abstract:
Urartians have choosen to live in the mountains, the mountains were their borders and the rivers were their ways. Following these ways with those of castles, small and big in size, in the Highlands of Eastern Anatolia there exist the independence chain of Urartians. The chain following Upper Euphrades and Murat Rivers, was strengthened by the big city states Van, Kayalıdere, Altıntepe, Palu, that belong to Van. Contrary to the city expansion, the rock-tombs were developed and formed in comformity with the importance of the cities they have, for example, though in many of the Urartian settlements there are small single-roomed rock-tombs, in upper city states we find monumental multi-roomed rock-tombs. Therefore, each area's rock-tombs has a common charecteristics in them selves and these charecteristics give the mentioned areas the development of the rock-tombs as well as Urartian historical widening: while in the Iastest reached Western Urartu (Upper Euphrades) -excluding several points- we see burrial-banched rock-tombs and the front has a vault, in Murat area we mostly find niched rock-tombs; in the part of Van area on the other hand, there are direcdy entered monumental rock-tombs that are suitable to the capital Tuşhpa. Shortly, these rock-tombs reflect different kind of charecteristics parallel to the differences of the ethnics who live in these areas and these differences are intensified in the some geographical borders. Thus, as these groups of rock-tombs don't reflect the exact borders, the groups of tombs are classified by some specialities. Conseqently, these rock-tombs are easily classified by multi-roomed (I) and single-roomed (II) in ona way and other architectural charecteristics as appropriate to the places in the field in the other. To be single-roomed causes some differences in their inner elements as well, and then the different examples of the groups can be divided easier. The inner elements of architecture of the rock-tombs of Urartians are richer than just opened for burrying. Thus, it has been proved that if examined deeply, there exist some element that reflect burrying, ritual ceremonies, worships and shortly that of detailed tradition and philosophy about the cult of death. The wells, rock-pots, mihraps and niches are all tomb elements that serve for the ceremonies of the cult of death. While Mesopotamien and Anatolian inscriptions and archaeological findings are serve for interpreting these elements on one hand, other cults of scenes on the Urartian seals also proves some of these interpretations.ît is possible to put archaeological classification in them selves by the help of their inner elements and that of plan charecteristics. According to this, the neched tombs which are suitable to the cremation are previous, and burrial-benched tombs which are to burry corps are the latest kind of examples. Although, there are some exceptions -this rule is right for most of the rock-tombs- and in fact Urartian latest burrial-benched rock-tombs provide the transform of the latest cultures, such as Phryg and Achamenid. Though Urartu and that may have a small effect from the underground chamber-tombs which is known to be existed in Assyria, Hittite and Eastern Anatolia, created for the first time the rock-tomb architectural form and have the role of transference to the contemporary and latest cultures that come afterwards. Especially, Phrygian rock-monuments, from the tombs to the niches, are originated by Urartu; there are strong similarities from all the point of views such as in the outlook and to the elements of the cult of death. This tradition is not only with Phrygia, but also through it has been transformed to the Paphlagonia and Lykia and in this way these Urartian rock-tombs are widened and became rich and took its roofs in Anatolia.