1929-1946 tarihleri arasında Cumhuriyet Gazetesinde yayımlanmış arkeoloji içerikli haberlerin bir değerlendirmesi
An evaluation of archeology news published on Cumhuriyet Newspaper between 1929 and 1946
Yazar: SABAHAT NAĞME BAŞARAN
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ BİLGE AR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Arkeoloji = Archeology
Dizin: Atatürk Dönemi = Atatürk Period

Özet:
Savaştan çıkmış yeni kurulan bir Cumhuriyet'i güçlendirip ayakta sağlam tutacak şeylerden en önemlisinin geçmişini bilen ve sahiplenen bir halk olduğunu bilen Atatürk, bu yolda Türk Tarih Kurumunu kurmuş, kazılar yaptırmış, yurt dışına arkeoloji ve antropoloji alanlarında eğitim görmeleri için öğrenciler ve öğretmenler göndermiştir. Bunun sonucunda ise, ülkede arkeoloji ve antropoloji kürsüleri kurulmuş, donanımlı öğretmenler, donanımlı öğrenciler yetiştirilmiştir. 
Atatürk'ün 1938'deki vefatı, İsmet İnönü'nün cumhurbaşkanı oluşu ve bu arada İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın başlayıp sona ermesi (1939-1945), ülkemizde ve dünyada sosyal ve siyasal dengelerin değişmesine yol açmıştır. Bu tezde, ülkede ve dünyada yaşanan değişimler yanında Cumhuriyet Gazetesi'nde basılan arkeoloji haberleri özelinde, hangi haber içeriklerinin aktarıldığı, en fazla yazılan içeriklerin neler olduğu, zaman içinde haberlerin ve içeriklerinin nasıl değiştiği, makale gibi yoruma açık içeriklerde, zaman içinde nasıl yorum farklılıklarının görüldüğü gibi konular okunmaya çalışılmıştır.
Gazetede basılan arkeolojik haberlerin sayısı 1928'den İkinci Dünya Savaşı'na kadar düzenli olmasa da artmıştır . İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında ise ciddi düşüş göstermiştir. Birinci ve İkinci Türk Tarih Kongrelerinde neredeyse her gün özellikle Afet İnan'ın konuşmalarının tam metinlerinin verilmesi nedeniyle bu zamanlarda daha fazla haberle karşılaşılsa da Üçüncü Türk Tarih Kongresi zamanında savaş nedeniyle haberler derinlemesine bilgi içermeden yazılmıştır. 
Gazete İstanbul'da basılsa da, yerel bir gazete olmadığı için basılan haberler bu kent ile sınırlı değildir. Anadolu'dan ve dünyadan da kazı, araştırma, buluntu, konferans haberleri basılmıştır. Taranan yıllar içinde en dikkat çeken haberler Ayasofya mozaiklerinin temizlenmesi ve Sultanahmet Arasta sokağında başlayan Büyük Saray kazıları olmuştur. Tezde ayrı ayrı alt başlıklarda anlatılmış içerikler: 'Kazı ve Müze: İstanbul'da Yapılan Kazılar, Araştırmalar ve Müze Haberleri', 'Konferans' ve 'Makale ve Kongre'dir. Bu çalışma sonucunda görülmüştür ki, yıllar içinde değişen ülke ve dünya gündemi çevresinde, Cumhuriyet Gazetesinde basılan arkeoloji içerikli haberler 1929-1939 yılları arasında oldukça çeşitliyken, savaş dolayısıyla 1940-1946 yılları arasında sayıca çok azalmıştır. 
İkinci Dünya Savaşı nedeniyle ülkeye gelemeyen yabancı bilim insanlarının yaptığı araştırma ve kazılar sekteye uğrasa da Türk bilim insanlarının çalışmalarının devam ettiğini bilinmektedir. Gazetede ise savaş döneminde bu yapılan kazı ve araştırmalar hakkında basılan haberler oldukça azdır.  Yine savaş nedeniyle yurt dışında geniş çaplı kongre ve konferanslar düzenlenmemiştir. Buna bağlı olarak savaş yıllarında yurt dışı kongre/konferans haberleri görülmemektedir. Bu dönemde, bilim insanlarının araştırmalarını sunması için Türk Tarih Kurumu ayda bir 'Toplantı' adı altında konferanslar düzenleyip bilim insanlarına söz vermiştir. Yurt içinde yapılan konferanslara ise ne yazık ki yabancı bilim insanları katılamamıştır. Bu durum, ülke içinde yapılan arkeolojik araştırmaların bilim dünyasına duyurulmasını geciktirmiştir.
Taranan gazete haberleri, tablo ile kronolojik olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ayrıca, söylem ve içerik analizleri konularında araştırmalar yapılmıştır. 1929-1946 yılları arasında ki arkeolojik ortamı anlamak ve bulunan haberlerle ilişki kurmak adına bir araştırma yapılmış, altyapısal hazırlık tamamlandıktan sonra Cumhuriyet Gazetesi taramaları için Atatürk Kitaplığı, Beyazıt Kütüphanesi ve gazetenin kendi çevrimiçi arşivinden yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan genel literatür çalışmalarından görüldüğü üzere, bu gazete tarama yöntemi, arkeoloji hakkında yapılan çalışmalarda kullanılmamıştır. 
Bu çalışmanın amacı, hem yıllar içinde basılan haberlerin değişimini görmek hem de üzerinde çalışma yapılmamış dönem haberlerinin nasıl yazıldıkları ve halka hangi haberlerin sunulduğunu incelemektir. Bu amaca bağlı olarak taramada dikkat edilen noktalar, hangi haberlerin ne kadar genişlikte yansıdığı –detaylı bir anlatım var mı gibi-, en fazla basılan konuların neler olduğu, değişen ülke ve dünya gündeminde okunan haberlerde ne gibi farklılıklar olduğudur.

Abstract:
As stated by Atatürk, the Turkish nation should understand and embrace its past to sustain and reinforce the newly-built, yet the war-torn Republic of Turkey. In line with this vision, he commissioned the establishment of  Turkish Historical Society and many archeological excavations and encouraged students to acquire higher education in abroad on archeology and anthropology. As part of these efforts, new archeology and anthropology departments were founded to raise qualified lecturers and students. After Ataturk's death in 1938, Turkey went into a social and political limbo.
This thesis strives to explore the changes within the country and the world, as well as the aspects of the archeology news published on "Cumhuriyet" such as the content of the news, the most featured topics, the change in the type of news and their content, the difference of interpretation over time in the content that is open to interpretation such as articles.
The number of archaeological news published in the newspaper increased, although not regularly, from 1928 to World War II  And showed a dramatic drop throughout World War II. The news did not include thorough information during the Third Turkish History Congress because of the war, although more and more newspaper articles were encountered in the First and Second Turkish History Congresses as the newspaper featured the full text of Afet Inan's speeches almost every day. 
Even though the newspaper was published in Istanbul, the news was not limited to Istanbul since it was not a local newspaper. The newspaper contained articles on excavations, research, conference news from Anatolia and around the world.  The most featured topics on the newspaper include the cleaning and restoration of Hagia Sophia mosaics and excavations of the Great Palace of Constantinople starting from Arasta Street.  The thesis includes the sub-headings of "Excavation and Museum: The Excavations Performed in Istanbul and News on Museum," "Conference," and "Article and Congress." This study concluded that in line with the changing local and global agenda over time, the archeology news on "Cumhuriyet" showed diversity between 1929 and 1939, but the number of news experienced a sharp decrease from 1940 to 1946 due to the war. 
Firstly, the first issue under the section that describes the archaeological developments in the country between 1929 and 1946 is the Turkish Historical Society and the History Congresses held during the years studied. In the second part, universities, new departments and scientists, students who sent abroad for studying, printed publications are explained.  In the third section, the excavations and museums opened during the years scanned are explained. In the fourth and last part, the institutes established and their studies are explained.  
In the next section of the thesis, I talk about the history and mission of Cumhuriyet Newspaper and in order to understand the layouts of the news published in the newspaper, changes such as the pages of the newspaper and the different subtitles printed on these pages, the number of pages varying over the years and the different contents included in the newspaper were explained. The contents of which more news were published during the years scanned were collected under separate subtitles. The first of these is the Excavation and Museum news.  Since the highest number of news items are included in these contents, it is considered appropriate to combine these two main headings and to gather the news about Istanbul under the same main headings.
Excavations, researches and museum related news located in Istanbul are published in the section where the excavations of the historical peninsula of Istanbul and Hagia Sophia's mosaic works explained.
The second subtitle is Conference title. Under this title, the speeches of foreign scientists, conferences held by the Turkish Historical Society and speeches of indigenous scientists sent abroad on behalf of the museum or Turkish Historical Society were examined. 
The third title is Article and Congress. Unlike news, articles are author's thoughts were written with the desire to prove his ideas. Because of that, it provided a convenient material for understanding the attitude of the newspaper and the language used in relation to it. The main reason why the title of the congress is combined with the title of the article is that almost all the news published in the congress content is about the Turkish History Congress and the most useful source for reading these articles is the articles written about the congress. At the end of the chapter,  news about congresses attended abroad were also mentioned.The fourth and last title is the numerical data section of the news table in which the diagrams created over the news from all scanned years are researched.
Turkish scientists kept on researching even though the outbreak of the Second World War interrupted foreign scientists to maintain their excavations and research activities in the country. That explains why the content of those articles is not diverse. The war made it impossible to hold wide-scale congress or conferences abroad; hence we cannot see any congress or conference-related articles in the newspaper during the period of war. During this period, the Turkish Historical Society held monthly conferences under the name of "Meeting" to give voice to scientists. Foreign scientists were not able to participate in the conferences held in Turkey, stalling off the local archeology research to be communicated across academia.
The scanned newspaper articles are arranged in chronological order on a table. Besides, I also explored how to perform a discourse and content analysis. The resources for the newspaper review include the Ataturk Library, the Beyazıt State Library and the online archive of the newspaper.  As seen from the studies on the general literature, archaeological studies did not utilize this newspaper screening method. 
The most important issue that should not be forgotten in the study is the newspaper law introduced during the Early Republican Period. Knowing that, articles and news written in accordance with this law will not be against the government, it would not be wrong to say that everything published is under government control. The main purpose of the articles based on published scientific data is to support the imposed Turkish History Thesis instead of providing scientific information about the excavations to the reader. 
If we look at the authors of the news and articles (we have information on 27 authors), 12 of them are educators and 10 of them are deputies. Among them are archaeologists, historians and architects.  As it is understood from this intensity of educators and politicians, the fact that the names of the authors will be recognized by readers in the newspaper not only supported the circulation but also helped to instill the ideas appropriate to the government policy in terms of reliability. 
In some of the reports mentioned in the research, French city planner Henri Prost's observations about Istanbul and the archaeological park plan he proposed were mentioned (The first news mentioned in p.69 can be seen). Particular attention should be paid to the excavations carried out in the historical peninsula, especially in Sultanahmet, and the reflection of these to the newspaper suggests that the Prost plan, which is thought to be implemented in the region by using archeology news, is trying to achieve public acceptance. 
It is noteworthy that the news of the archaeological excavations in particular are within the borders of the region marked as archaeological park in the Prost plan and 
It is observed that the expropriations and demolitions made to expose the continuation of the finds in the excavations are more easily applied within these limits. the news about the foreign scientists published in the newspaper gives an equal amount to the experts and the local scientists abroad and the success of the local scientists abroad is emphasized. 
In this way, the news emphasizes that the newly established Republic is scientifically equal with the contemporary advanced countries. It was tried to make the reader feel that being Turkish is a source of pride through the selection and presentation of the news. As in other fields, archeology news is used to support the construction of a nation.
The main questions that led to the emergence of the thesis can be listed as follows: What are the archaeological news published in newspapers today? Is there any news about archeology in the newspapers published in the Early Republican Period? How much of the institution, excavations and researches that Atatürk had initiated was reflected in the newspaper? Apart from large-scale excavations and surveys, has any news been published in the newspapers about small finds, rescue excavations, conferences and printed books or magazines? After Ataturk's death, some studies (such as the ones on Thrace) was called off or slowed down. Considering Ataturk's death and World War II, did the newspapers reflect the archeological studies that was or could not be performed? Can we see any global news related to archeology or just from Turkey?
This study aims to examine the transformation of the news articles over the years, as well as the tone of the news from specific periods which have not been studied and which news stories were communicated to the public. In line with this goal, the scanning attempts to explore various points such as to what extent the newspaper articles were reflected -whether a thorough or superficial language was used-, the most features topics and the differences in the news articles on the changing country and world agenda.