Kıyı kentlerindeki ikonik kültür-sanat yapılarının tasarım kriterleri üzerine bir değerlendirme
An evaluation  on design criteria of iconic cultural buildings in coastal cities
Yazar: İMRAN GÜMÜŞ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. FATMA ERKÖK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Kentler için daima cazibe unsuru olan su, tarih boyunca insanlar ve sermaye için çekici bir güce sahip olmuştur. Bu nedenle su ile ilişkili olan kıyı kentleri her zaman diğer kentlerden farklı olarak, dinamik mekânsal ilişkileri ve mimari pratikleri barındırırlar. Kentsel kıyı alanları, kentlerin ticari, ekonomik ve kültürel faaliyetlerinde önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Kentlerin markalaşma stratejileri, kıyı dönüşüm projeleri ve liman teknolojisindeki gelişmelere bağlı olarak şekillenen kentsel kıyı alanları, kentlerin yeni çekim merkezleri olarak global ağda hizmet veren kentsel mekanlar haline gelmiştir. Kıyı kentlerinde uygulanan kültür stratejileri de kentlerin küreselleşme süreçlerinde başvurduğu bir diğer kaynaktır.  Kıyı kentlerinde de ikonik yapıların üretilmesini teşvik eden bir unsur olan kültür stratejileri, çeşitli etkinlikler ve organizasyonlar aracılığıyla kentsel mekânın biçimlenmesinde etkili olmaktadır. Kıyı kentleri içerisinde liman kimliğine sahip olan kentlerde teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak yaşanan kentsel dönüşüm süreçlerinde uygulanan kıyı dönüşüm projeleri kapsamında kentsel kıyı mekanları yeniden işlevlendirilmiştir. Karma kullanımlı yapılardan oluşan ve yeni kent merkezleri olarak belirlenen kıyı alanlarında gerçekleştirilen bu kıyı dönüşüm projeleri kapsamında, turist ve yatırımcıları çekmek amacıyla ikonik yapılar üretilmiştir.
Kentsel kıyı alanlarında inşa edilen ikonik yapılar, kentlerin cazibesini arttıran bir unsur görülmekte ve küresel platformda yarış içinde olan kentlerin simgesi olarak hizmet vermektedir. Çağdaş mimari pratiklerin uygulama alanı olan kıyı alanlarında inşa edilen ikonik kültür sanat yapıları, kentsel bağlam, program önerileri, yenilikçi ve bağımsız konsept anlayışı, kentin tarihi veya kültürel mirasının yeniden değerlendirilmesi, metaforik tasarım yaklaşımı gibi farklı tasarım yöntemleriyle şekillenmektedir. Mimari pratiklere yön veren tasarım kuramları ikonik yapıların tasarım süreçlerinde etkili olmaktadır. Rowe, Tschumi, Koolhaas, Eisenman, Rossi gibi mimar-teorisyenlerin tasarım yaklaşımları bu tez kapsamında ikonik yapıların biçimlenmesinde belirleyici unsur olarak ele alınmıştır.  Dünya üzerinde inşa edilmiş ikonik yapılar bu kuramsal yaklaşımlara göre incelenmiştir. İkonik yapıların biçimlenmesine yön veren kavramlar üretilerek kavramsal sınıflandırma elde edilmiştir. Bu kavramlar aracılığıyla yapılan gruplandırmalar doğrultusunda, çeşitli kentlerde yer alan ikonik yapılar analiz edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.
Kıyı kentleri, su ve kenti bir araya getiren eşik alanları olan kıyı mekânlarına sahip olmaları nedeniyle, global ölçekte ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmelerin gerçekleştiği alanlardır. Bu nedenle yeni mimari pratiklerin, farklı tasarım yaklaşımlarının uygulanması için elverişli mekanlar sunmaktadır. Kıyı kentlerinde konumlanan ikonik kültür sanat yapılarının kavramsal, biçimsel, kentsel doku ve su ile ilişki durumları, yapılan özgün sınıflandırmalar doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Bu yapıların ikoniklik algısının güçlü ve zayıf olmasını etkileyen parametreler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Kıyı kentlerinin dinamik ve özel coğrafi yapısı, ikonik yapıların tasarım süreçlerini ve yapıların ikoniklik algısını etkilemektedir Tez kapsamında, kıyı kentlerinde seçilen 34 kültür sanat yapısının ikonik olma durumlarını etkileyen tasarım kriterleri, yapılan sınıflandırmalar ve anket çalışması doğrultusunda ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Kıyı kentlerinin dinamik, özgün, kent-doğa ilişkisinden beslenen mekânsal niteliklerinin, ikonik kültür sanat yapılarının tasarım kriterlerini nasıl şekillendirdiği bu örnek yapılar üzerinden analiz edimiştir. Bu çalışma kıyı kentlerindeki ikonik kültür-sanat yapılarının tasarım kriterlerini ortaya koyarak, güncel tasarım yaklaşımlarının kıyı kentlerindeki uygulanma biçimlerini araştırır. Bu araştırma kıyı kentlerindeki ikonik yapı üretimi için başvurulan yöntem ve pratikleri bir araya toplayarak, kıyı kentlerindeki üretilecek olan ikonik yapıların tasarım süreçleri için bir altlık oluşturmaktadır.

Abstract:
Water, which has always been an attraction for cities, has attracted people and capital throughout history. For this reason, coastal cities related to water always have more dynamic spatial relationships and architectural practices than other cities. Urban waterfront areas have a critical position in the commercial, economic and cultural activities of cities. Urban waterfront areas, which are shaped by city branding strategies, waterfront regeneration projects and developments in port technology, have become as the new attraction centers of the cities serving the global network. Cultural strategies applied in the coastal cities are another source of the cities' globalization process. Cultural strategies, which encourage the production of iconic structures in coastal cities, are an influential factor in shaping the urban space through various activities and organizations. Urban coastal areas have considered as a re-used areas as a part of the waterfront transformation projects implemented in the urban transformation processes that are carried out depending on technological developments in the cities which have harbour activity in the coastal cities. Within the scope of these waterfront transformation projects which are realized in coastal areas consisting of mixed-use structures and designated as new urban centers, iconic structures have been produced to attract tourists and investors.
The iconic buildings located on the urban waterfront areas are seen as a symbol of cities that are racing on the global platform and are perceived as enhancing the attractiveness of the cities. Iconic cultural buildings located on waterfront areas where contemporary architectural practices are applied are shaped by different design approaches such as based on urban context, program proposal, innovative design, tabula rasa concept design or approaches that are re-evaluated city's historical or cultural heritage. Iconic buildings have powerful imagery that can be perceived by many different user groups due to their astonishing sculptural appearance. While some of these structures, which have become characteristic features of the cities, are able to relate to the urban context, some are in the effort to impose their concept into accepted urban context.
Design theories that guide architectural practices play an active role in the design processes of iconic buildings. The design approaches of architect-theorists such as Rowe, Tschumi, Koolhaas, Eisenman, Rossi have been considered as the decisive factor in the formation of iconic constructions in this thesis. In this study, Koolhaas's ''The Generic City'' and ''Bigness'' articles, Rossi's book which is named of  ''The Architecture of the City'', Rowe's concept of contextualism which is introduced in the book of ''Collage City'', Eisenman's interpretations on the concept of context, the concept of event architecture that Tschumi revealed in his book series of  ''Event-cities'' has been examined. These concepts are thought to be used as a base in the formation of iconic buildings. The theories described by Groat and Wang as polemic-design theories were examined and the theories examined within the thesis were evaluated within the polemical design theories. These design theories have inspired architects to design various iconic buildings in different countries. These theories, which are used in different forms by different architects, are applied in various forms depending on context references, program requirements and urban fabric.
In addition to these design theories, Koolhaas's article entitled ''The City of Captive Globe '' is considered as a source of inspiration in the study of the relationship between iconic buildings and urban context in coastal cities. In this paper, Koolhaas depicts Manhattan with its grid urban pattern. In these grids, there are many structures designed with different ideologies and design principles apart from urban context. These buildings, which have their own urban fiction have come together to form the urban fabric and so as to describe Manhattan's urban context.
This article by Koolhaas has given an inspiration to the ''City of the City-Berlin: A Green Archipelago''  manifesto written by Ungers and a group of architects. According to this manifesto, Berlin, which was destroyed after the war, will be transformed into a living city through the revitalization of the designated attraction areas in the city. The living areas of the city have been determined according to the heritage of the city and the structures that constitute the attraction area. Potential areas of the city have designed as an independent island that is shaped by different design principles, and the remaining areas have been left as green areas.
Similarly, in this study, these texts have been considered as a source when evaluating iconic cultural buildings designed in many projects in coastal cities at different scales. These buildings have regarded as attraction and living centres of the cities. The iconic buildings that are constructed within the scope of mega projects, mega-events, the part of waterfront regeneration projects or as a detached building have different attraction areas engaging urban users and visitors.
The iconic buildings located in different countries around the world have been examined according to the theoretical approaches of aforementioned architect's and theorists'. As a result of this review, a conceptual classification was derived that guides the formation of iconic structures. The relationship between iconic cultural buildings located in coastal cities, conceptual, formal, urban texture and water relations have been examined in terms of classifications produced by the author.
Parameters have been revealed that affect the strength and weakness of the iconic perception of these buildings. The dynamic and special geographical characteristics of the coastal cities have affected the design processes of iconic buildings and the iconic perception of buildings. In the scope of the thesis, the design criteria affecting the iconic status of the prominent 34 culture buildings selected from the coastal cities have been revealed in accordance with the classification and survey studies. 
The analysis of the spatial characteristics of the coastal cities, which have dynamic, distinctive features and urban-nature relations, has shaped the design criteria of iconic cultural buildings. This study reveals the design criteria of iconic cultural buildings and investigates the ways of applying current design approaches in coastal cities. This research collects the methods and practices for the production of iconic buildings in coastal cities and forms a basis for the design processes of the iconic buildings to be produced in the coastal cities. 
In the fourth part of the thesis, the iconic structures in the cities which are changing with the waterfront transformation projects realizing as a result of the idling of the harbour areas, and the iconic cultural buildings related to the city's waterfront area are discussed. The city of Captive Globe, published by Koolhaas in 1972, was the influential factor when determining sample cities. A new urban model proposal described by Koolhaas as a 'city within the city', located in the metropolises and allowing for autonomous formal and functional differentiation in itself, is taken as a basis. Koolhaas used this model to express the conception of Manhattan's congestion culture and lobotomy, which formed the grid plan system and its autonomous structure islands. In this context, the buildings that created their own autonomous area in the coastal areas of the cities, which can be separated or integrated from the urban fabric, and which are considered to be a reference to the urban principle within the city, have been selected. Within the scope of the thesis, the iconic buildings located old harbour areas which becoming brownfield areas due to changing port technology and spatial needs are examined. Secondly, the buildings which are located on the waterfront of the city and having a leading role in order to realize the physical and cultural transformation of the city with its surroundings have defined in the scope of the Archipelago City design strategies.
Archipelago city design strategy have defined the sub-centres of cities which have different activities, cultural heritages and housing areas.  For this reason, this manifesto defines the attraction areas created by the iconic structures of the coastal cities, which have the power to transform the environment in the urban space. This manifesto is one of the factors that influence the selection criteria of cities in this study. In this context, cities with waterfront transformation projects and cities that declared waterfront areas as new attraction centres of cities are selected. The second factor affecting the selection criteria of the coastal cities examined is the listing of alpha, beta, gamma and strong evidence cities in 1999, which are included in Sassen's book of Global Networks, Linked Cities (2002). Some of the coastal cities take part in this list have been studied with iconic buildings and cities in the waterfront. This list includes 18 cities surveyed under the thesis: Marseilles, Shanghai, Barcelona, Genoa, Oslo, Kopenhagen, Miami, Athens, Lisbon, Hamburg, Glasgow, Guangzhou, Sidney, Amsterdam, Singapore, Mexico City, Rotterdam, Brazil. Some of these cities have waterfront transformation projects are implemented and iconic cultural buildings. Otherwise, due to the mega-events have brought the processes of construction of the iconic buildings, the cities (Liverpool, Xi'an, Yeo-si, Bilbao) that hosted mega-events are evaluated in these study. Apart from that, some coastal cities (Mandal, Panama City, Graz, Canberra, Stralsund and Alexandria), which are iconic cultural buildings in coastal areas are examined. The buildings in the coastal cities studied within the scope of the thesis are grouped according to their location on the urban waterfront or in the harbour area. It has been interrogated that what kind of design processes have been adopted during the design and construction phases. Organizations, urban mega projects and waterfront regeneration projects are the determinant factor which is taking into consideration designing iconic buildings. 
In the scope of the study, constructions are divided into groups as a result of analyzing and interpreting the formal features, the ways of establishing relations with urban context, and the concepts that guide contemporary architecture (with the aim of creating conceptual classifications). As a result of this grouping, relationship with urban context, form and conceptual classification titles are obtained.

As a result of this analysis, 34 iconic cultural buildings located on the waterfront area are placed in groups considered to belong to three different classifications. The examination of the design criteria of the waterfront buildings has revealed the architectural elements and decisions of the city-coastal interaction in contemporary architectural practices. In this thesis, formal and conceptual classification based on the theories and texts of the architect-theorists has been made to decipher the elements that characterize the iconic level of today's culture-art structures, which play an important role in the identity of cities and collective memories in coastal cities. It is considered that this work could form a basis for studies to examine waterfront buildings constructed and located in ports and coastal cities.