Kentsel dönüşüm süreçlerinin irdelenmesi ve Ümraniye örneği
Examination of urban transformation processes and the case of Ümrani̇ye
Yazar: MUSTAFA TANIŞ
Danışman: PROF. DR. MUSTAFA YANALAK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry

Özet:
İnsan yaşamının sürdürüle geldiği kentler tarih boyunca sürekli olarak değişimlere uğramıştır. Bu değişimler çoğu kez bireyin elinden olduğu gibi yine en çok da bireyi etkilemiştir. Şehirlerin yaşadıkları tüm gelişim ve başkalaşımlar içindeki sakinleri olarak, başta insan olmak üzere tüm canlıları etkilemektedir. İçinde yaşadığımız şehirlerdeki ormanlar, binalar, sanayi tesisleri, su kaynakları, tarım alanları, yollar ve daha birçok bileşenin kendi içerisinde ve birbirleri ile geçirdikleri dönüşüm süreçlerinden paye alarak günümüzdeki şekline gelmiştir. İnsan ihtiyaçları ve çevresel etmenler barınılan yapıları şekillendirirken zaman ve iklim koşullarının değişmesi ile beraber yapıların sağlam, ergonomik ve diğer tüm ihtiyaçlara cevap verebilir hale gelmesi önem arz etmektedir. Eskiyen ve olası tehlikelere cevap veremeyip güvensiz durumda kalan yapı ve barınakların değiştirilmesi ve dönüştürülmesi işi bu noktada karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ülkemizde son elli yılda yaşanan köyden kente göç ile beraber şehirler insan akınına uğramış olup birçok insanın alışkanlıklarını da beraberinde getirmesi ile beraber kaçak ve güvensiz yapıların sıklığı artmıştır. Deprem başta olmak üzere tüm doğal ve yapay afetlere karşı, yapıları korumayı amaç edinen ve kamu otoritesi tarafından çıkartılan yönetmelikler, genelgeler ve kılavuzlar yapıları statik açıdan daha iyi noktalara götürmeyi hedeflemiştir. Mevcut yapı stoklarının bilimsel deney ve gözlem ile teste tabi tutulması, yapı malikleri, yapı inşacıları ve kamu otoritesi arasındaki ilişkiler hayatımıza 'kentsel dönüşüm' kavramını sokmuştur. Bu kavram bizlere yapıların çeşitli sebeplerle tehlike oluşturması karşısında insanların aldığı ilk refleksi ifade etmektedir.
Temel iktisat teorisinde ifade edildiği üzere "insanların maddi gücü sınırlı ancak ihtiyaç ve istekleri sınırsızdır." bu meyanda tüm insanlar güvenli yapılarda hayatlarını sürdürmek istemektedir ancak maddi olanaklar ve mevzuatsal engeller sebebiyle bu her zaman mümkün olamamaktadır. Kamu gücünü elinde bulunduran merkezi idare ve yerel yönetimler belli bir strateji dahilinde imar planlarını oluşturmakta, kanunlar ile uygulamaların detaylarını belirlemekte ve kentsel yenilemeye yön vermektedirler. İşte burada ise öncelikli alanlar ile mevzuat bazlı sorunlar karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kentsel dönüşümde öncelikli alanların belirlenmesinde ortaya çıkan sorunlar ile öncelik kavramının içeriği hakkında çeşitli araştırmalar ile Ümraniye örnekliği ele alınmıştır.

Abstract:
Cities where human life is sustained have undergone constant changes throughout history. These changes have mostly affected the individual as well as the individual. All the changes, developments and metamorphoses that cities experience affect all living things. The forests, buildings, industrial facilities, water resources, agricultural areas, roads and many other components in the cities we live in have gained their present form by taking part in the transformation processes they have gone through within themselves and with each other. While human needs and environmental factors shape the sheltered structures, it is important that the structures become robust, ergonomic and responsive to all other needs with the change of time and climatic conditions. At this point, the work of changing and transforming the old and unsafe structures and shelters that cannot respond to possible dangers emerges at this point. With the migration from village to city in the last fifty years in our country, cities have been flooded with people and the frequency of illegal and unsafe structures has increased with the habits of many people. Regulations, circulars and guides issued by the public authority aiming to protect the structures against all natural and artificial disasters, especially earthquakes, aimed to take the structures to better points in terms of static. The need to test the existing building stocks with scientific experimentation and observation and to renew the existing building stock with the personal stories of people has introduced the concept of 'urban transformation' into our lives. This concept refers to the first reflex that people take in the face of the dangers of buildings for various reasons. As it is said in economic theory, "people's material power is limited, but their needs and wants are unlimited." In this context, all people want to live in safe structures, but this is not always possible due to financial opportunities and legislative obstacles. Central and local governments, which hold public power, create development plans within a certain strategy, determine the details of laws and practices, and direct urban renewal.
City; It is the common area of citizens in terms of politics, society and economy. The areas we live in do not always have the qualities we desire, both socioeconomically and physically. Building-related disciplines have to come together and strengthen or renovate buildings to meet the necessary design criteria in urban renewal applications. Changing the location of some old buildings that do not meet the requirements, far from the expected level, or improving them with certain desired touches is often not sufficient in socio-economic terms. In such cases, renewal and transformation becomes a necessity.
In this study, which is built on the example of Ümraniye, the concept of urban transformation, the positive and negative aspects of this concept, the application process, types and similar issues are emphasized and the concept of urban transformation is explained in its general form. Requiring urban renewal; The methods used in the transformation of buildings with risk and technical inconveniences were emphasized and examined in detail in this district.In the study, the urban transformation strategy of Istanbul, the areas that carry the risk of artificial and natural disasters and need to be transformed first, and the 2D and zoning problems between the state and citizens and the effects of these problems on urban transformation were evaluated.
The aims of urban transformation; It is the identification of urban structures that have become obsolete, obsolete, deteriorated, in some cases abandoned or abandoned in terms of life, according to time, socioeconomic and material characteristics of the day, within a common framework. It can be expressed as changing, transforming, restoring and revitalizing the city, taking into account the conditions. In addition, with its urban transformation projects, it aims to create social spaces suitable for the urban structure, suitable for the architectural and cultural characteristics of the area, with very high density and without uniform renewal. Again, urban transformation is a policy set that aims to eliminate old buildings, gain new social facilities, make illegal structures useful in accordance with the legislation, and minimize possible loss of life and property in order to ensure the transition to new generation modern buildings in case of a disaster.
The urban renewal actions carried out during the establishment of the Republic also aimed to create new cities. The reason is that there is a tendency to switch to the defense industry. Residential areas will be built for defense factories and will create new urban areas. Thanks to the factories established, houses were started to be built around the factory to meet the shelter needs of the factory workers. Departing from the desire to reflect the innovation and modernity of the Republic to societies and structures in every field, it has turned to urban transformation action plans. In the action plans made for the capital Ankara, care was taken to show the structure and development of the city as an example. This situation came to an end with the Ankara City Trust Law No. 417, which came into force in 1924. Therefore, the zoning plans prepared for Ankara are of great importance for the structure of the city. Multi-party political life began in the 1950s. A growth system based on economic and industrialization policy has been adopted, which will increase the material impact of the work to be done.
Industrialization in the cities accelerated the migration from the countryside to the city, so the housing demand of the new society caused the construction in the cities to be insufficient. As a result, cities that cannot meet the rapid population growth begin to form clusters of points based on regional cultural and economic factors. The old-fashioned houses built on treasury lands on the outskirts of the city to meet the housing demand have derived the concept of "slum". Thus, the creation of urban centers that want to satisfy the population by destroying the sparsely populated areas of the city has been possible with urban transformation activities. A number of legal provisions have been put into practice in order to realize the action plans . The urban transformation experienced in 1980 accelerated the transition with the increasing mobility of the city centers in the process of adopting the economic policies of the period. With the effect of the interest in the city centers, the unlicensed construction and the revision of the slum areas are of great importance for the metropolitan areas. The occupation, which lasted until 1988, eventually led to the search for legislation for the licensing of these structures. Thus, the process of permitting the building occupation continued until the early 2000s, and it is said that solving the shanty property problems and converting illegal one or two-storey buildings such as slums into apartments contributed to population management.
In terms of urban transformation, it is aimed to prefer vertical buildings with apartments instead of horizontal structures such as slums. For this reason, one of the most effective legal regulations is the Mass Housing Law dated 1984 and numbered 2985. The aim of mass housing is to meet the housing needs of families with below-normal income and to build housing in accordance with the zoning regulations and laws. Licensed constructions increased in the city and settlements began to expand away from the center. In the following years, with the structuring of the Mass Housing Administration, public and private housing loans were added to the system. In this case, it has become possible for local governments to create counter-qualified housing opportunities in the slums formed on the outskirts of the city. After 1980, urban transformation, urban beautification and urban renewal methods were applied. Since the 2000s, urban transformation has started to take place in the laws in the years that continue until today, and it continues to exist today.
Urban transformation activities continued in this period with the cooperation of local governments and the private sector. In general, the physical dimension is at the forefront of regeneration. In other words, demolition is made in the necessary areas and the construction is planned according to the zoning plan. In the following years, the socio-cultural factors of the regions began to be prioritized. As a result, the areas of the application areas have been restored and transformed to create residences suitable for historical development and lifestyle. The majority of urban transformation applications in Turkey include periodic solutions to the problems of the region. In this case, it depends on the mutual dialogue between the central and local administration.
Here, however, we encounter priority areas and legislative-based problems. In this study, the problems that arise in the determination of priority areas in urban transformation, literature information about the content of the concept of priority, various researches, the example of Ümraniye and the results and suggestions are discussed