Kuyumculuk ve mücevher tasarımı sektörünün tarihi merkezden desantralize edilmesinin yaratıcılık açısından değerlendirilmesi: Kapalıçarşı ve çevresi
Assessment of the desantralisation of jewellery sector from historical center through creativity: Grand Bazaar and its environment
Yazar: REYCAN ÇETİN
Danışman: PROF. DR. NURAN ZEREN GÜLERSOY
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Yirmi birinci yüzyıl kentlerinin kalkınma politikalarında yaratıcı ekonomi ve yaratıcı sektörler gittikçe daha çok yer almaktadır. Yaratıcı sektörlerin ürettiği ürünler, kullanıcının yüklediği anlamla değer kazandıkları için, üretim süreçlerinde tasarım büyük önem taşımaktadır. Farklı tasarımlar üretmek ve bu sayede katma değer kazanmak için yaratıcı sektörlerin kent merkezinin sunduğu çok kültürlü, yüksek toleranslı ve dinamik çevreye ihtiyaçları vardır. Kuyumculuk ve mücevher tasarımı sektörü geleneksel üretim yapısı, köklü tarihi ve diğer yaratıcı sektörlerden farklı olarak hammaddesinin de değerli olması sebebiyle özellikle son on yıldır akademik çalışmaların konusu olmaktadır. Sektörün ürettiği ürünler, hammaddelerinin değerli olmasına rağmen, özgün tasarımlar ürettiği oranda kıymetli olmaktadır. Bu sebeple küresel ekonomik rekabet içerisinde yer edinmek isteyen ülkeler, özgün tasarımlara ve bu tasarımların üretilebileceği yaratıcı ortamları oluşturmaya önem vermektedir. Sektör, çoğunlukla kentlerin tarihi merkezlerinde yer almakta ve bulundukları mekanla güçlü ilişkiler kurmaktadır. Sektör, kendi çevresinde yarattığı kültürle aynı zamanda turizme de katkı sağlamaktadır. 
 
Sektör, Türkiye'de 500 yılı aşkın senedir Kapalıçarşı ve çevresi ile beraber anılmaktadır. Öyle ki kuyumculuk denildiğinde akla Kapalıçarşı, Kapalıçarşı denildiğinde akla kuyumculuk gelmektedir. Bu köklü ortak geçmiş mekan ve sektör arasında diğer tüm dünya örneklerinde olduğu gibi güçlü bir bağ oluşturmuştur. İlişkiler, üretim şekilleri, eğitim ve ürünlere değer katan tasarım tarihi mekanın etkisi altında şekillenmektedir. 
Sektör, seksenli yıllardan itibaren büyümeye ve yapısal olarak dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Sektörü domine eden küçük ölçekli firmaların yanı sıra büyük firmalar da yer almaya başlamış, butik üretimin yanı sıra seri üretim de başlamıştır. Yeni oluşan bu yapı kent çeperinde gelişmiş, ancak merkezle olan ilişkiler korunmuştur.  
2000li yılların ortasında ise Eminönü Belediyesi üretim yapılan tüm firmaların tasfiyesine karar vermiş ve adres olarak özel bir girişim olan Kuyumcukent'i göstermiştir. Kent merkezinden yaklaşık 25 kilometre uzak olan bu komplekse firmaların bir kısmı taşınmış ancak çoğunluk kalmayı tercih etmiştir. Tez çalışmasında sektörün tarihi merkezde kalma isteğinin yaratıcılıkla ilişkisi araştırılmış ve zorunlu bir desantralizasyonun yaratıcılığa ne şekilde etki edeceği sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. 

İstanbul kuyumculuk ve mücevher tasarımı sektörünün ürettiği tasarımlar sektörün geçmişte ürettiği ürünlerden, kurduğu ilişkilerden, mekanda bırakılan somut izlerden etkilenmektedir.  Ayrıca küçük ölçekli firmaların devam etmesine imkan sunmaktadır. İstanbul kuyumculuk ve mücevher tasarımı sektörü süreçlerin birbiri ile iç içe geçtiği kompleks bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu sebeple sürecin önemli bir parçası olan üreticileri merkezden koparmak sektörün tamamını etkileyecektir. Kapalıçarşı ve çevresine alternatif olarak sunulan Kuyumcukent, tarihi merkezden uzak oluşu, aynı ilişkileri sürdürmeye imkan vermeyen yapısı ve kentin geri kalanından izole olan konumu itibari ile sektörün ihtiyaç duyduğu yaratıcı ortamı sunmada yetersiz kalmaktadır. Kuyumcukent yapısı itibari ile fabrika tipi üretim yapan firmalara yahut en temel işlemin yapıldığı Sektörün büyümesine ve mekan sınırına karşılık olarak tek alternatif Kuyumcukent'in sunulmaması, büyük ölçekli merkezler yaratmak yerine kirliliği az olan butik firmalar için çevrede küçük merkezler oluşturulması teşvik edilmelidir.

Abstract:
The cities with the economic system, which is based on industry, are not the part of the cities of 21st century. In this century, the metropolitan cities created economic systems that mostly based on information, technology and culture. As a result of this change the economic policies of cities are evaluated too. The local and central governments make their policies to be part of global market, and the market is dominated by this new system. So the cities decentralizeted the industry areas from the city center to the urban fringe and create new areas for this new market. In city centers, there are no more factories. City centers are for the firms who produce technology, information, culture. And also for the people who work in these sectors.The creative sectors and creative economy become more important to the development policies of cities, specially in last twenty years. The cities try to make creative environments to impress investors. The people that work in creative sectors prefer to live and work in city centers. 
The products of creative sectors are not valuable because of their usefulness they are valuable because the consumer believes that they are valuable. Consumer feels special and good by buying the products of creative sectors. Therefore the design has a great importance to produce special and valuable goods. To create original and unique designs, creative sectors need urban space, specially city center. The city center provides multiculturalism, high tolerance and dynamism, with that creative people can improve their creativity and design more specialized products. The city center also provides to keep relationships with other creative sectors. The creative sectors need each other for marketing, transport and advertise. Jewelry sector became a subject to academic studies, especially in past ten years. The sector varies with its traditional product system, its history and having a valuable raw material. But although the raw material is valuable, only design makes the products unique. Therefore the cities that want to become a competitive player in this market consider creativity and creative environment important. Jewellery usage has a strong relationship with culture and history. Every culture's signs can easily have seen on the jewels. Jewelery sector is generally located at the historical centers of cities and builds strong relationships with the urban space. The sector produce relationships through the historical center. The historical center is a meet point for sector workers and customers. The design is getting shaped under the effect of historical patterns, the designs from history and relationship between producer and costumer. In the creative sector studies, the creative city was defined as a place, that have its own potential. The historical cities have this potential. They are the witnesses of the history and the culture of this city and presentative examples of past. 
Historical places also provide identification to people who work in creative sectors. They care the problems of cities and be the part of it. They work in a team to solute city's problems. 
Jewellery sector, in İstanbul, is mentioned with Grand Bazaar for over 500 years. Such that when talking about the Grand Bazaar, the jewellery sector is the first thing that comes to the mind, and the same is true for the opposite Bazaar is located on the heart of historical peninsula and around the bazaar there are many historical monuments which inspire the sector workers. This ancient common history created a strong relationship between the sector and the urban space. Relationships, production, education and design are figured under the influence of this historical space. The sector workers feel that urban space is a part of their job and take responsibility when a problem is appeared. 
Grand bazaar and its environment is the historical center of the sector for centuries. But in the 80s, the sector started to grow and transform. Before this transformation small firms dominated the sector, but after the transformation greater firms started to have important roles too. Greater firms needed larger spaces and the historical center is not enough for them so they preferred urban fringe to locate. In Yenibosna, Küçükçekmece, But they kept the relationships tight with the center. 
In 2000s The Municipality of Eminönü prepared a plan, which decided to clear off all workplaces from the historical peninsula and forced them to move. The reason of this desantralisation is that th sector causes harm to historical buildings and environment. The plan has not offered any organized area for the sector.  But Kuyumcukent (Jewellery City), which is built by private ventures was the most appropriate option. The complex has modern workplaces, security, well infrastructure and only 2.5 km away from İstanbul Atatürk Airport. But it is 25 km away from historical jewellery center and not related to city center.  It is also an isolated complex, so it is hard for firms they located in the complex, communicate to other creative sectors. 
Some of the firms applied the plan and moved in to this complex, but many of firms preferred to stay on their own place. And some of them moved their workplaces to Kuyumcukent (Jewellery City) and kept their offices in Grand Bazaar. So they can always have contact with the sector. Despite of the all technologic infrastructures that Kuyumcukent (Jewellery City) offered the firms doesn't prefer to move. They kept their places despite the all opportunities that Kuyumcukent offers. 
In this study, a possible link between creativity and the will of the sector to stay on the historical center and possible effects of a forced decentralization on creativity are studied. For this aim firstly the creativity and the relationship between creativity and urban space were defined. Then the opportunities that were presented by urban center for creativity were explained. The jewellery sector and its relationship with creativity and urban space also studied. Lastly, Istanbul jewellery sector and its relationship were studied. 
The study areas are the historical center of the sector (Grand Bazaar and its environment) and the new center (Kuyumcukent) that was offered. The research was mostly focused on the historical place. The most of surveys and interviews were completed in historical place. But in Kuyumcukent interviews and observations were made.) The opportunities that were offered by both of these centers were explained in details. 
The goods produced by Istanbul jewellery sector are influenced by historical place. The marks of former products, past relationships and the mark of history can be found on present designs. The historical center is an active and lively place, it is not only precious to see because of historical monuments. It is precious because it is the hometown for this sector and its culture. The sector needs historical place to create qualified goods, and historical place needs the sector to keep its culture. 
Historical place is also a meet point for many different cultures and many different life styles. This multiculturalism and different life styles are unequaled fortune for creativity. 
Istanbul jewellery sector has a complex system, the processes are in touch with the others, it is difficult to determine when one starts and the other one finishes. Therefore, seperating the workplaces from the center will affect every process in this chain. Kuyumcukent (Jewellery City) which is offered as an alternative jewellery center is incapable to provide a creative environment because it is distant from the historical center and isolated from the rest of city. It doesn't provide a lively city atmosphere. Wedding World, the shopping center, that is opened in 2010, is not enough to create this lively environment. 
This study recommends that Kuyumcukent (Jewellery City) should not be the only alternative location for the sector. It is clear that the historical center doesn't provide enough space for growing sector and in historical areas should be carefully used. The smaller firms, that focuses on special designs should be supported in historical area and the plan for this area should be prepared through cooperation with these firms.
If the sector keeps growing, the new areas will be needed. Creating smaller spaces which can be connected easily in the historical center will be more useful than building great and isolated centers. So the sector workers can keep their relationships with historical center and the customers.