Tarihi peyzaj restorasyonu: İstanbul'dan iki örnek
Historical landscape restoration: Two examples from Istanbul
Yazar: BURCU ŞALİKOĞLU
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. Y. ÇAĞATAY SEÇKİN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Peyzaj Mimarlığı = Landscape Architecture

Özet:
Yıllarca göçebe olarak yaşamlarını sürdürmüş daha sonra yerleşik düzene geçmiş Türk toplumlarının yaşantılarını yansıtan Türk bahçelerinin, tarihsel süreç içerisindeki değişimleri bir çok faktörün etkisiyle gerçekleşmiştir. Bu değişimlerin en iyi biçimde gözlendiği şehir ise İstanbul'dur. Tarihi yapıları ve alanlarıyla, asırlardır bir çok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış olan İstanbul, tarihi bahçe sanatındaki değişimin, gelişimin ve yapılan doğru ya da yanlış müdahalelerin en iyi biçimde gözlendiği tarihi bir şehirdir. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünde yer alan, Hüsrev Kethüda Dar'ul Kurrası ve Hüsrev Paşa Türbesi de bu tarihi şehirin Fatih ilçesinde yer almaktadır.Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde, tezin amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemine değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı ve kapsamı; tarihi yapıların en az kendileri kadar geçmiş dönem yaşantısını ve alışkanlıklarını yansıtan ve o dönemle ilgili bilgiler edinilmesine olanak sağlayan bahçelerinin korunması ve gerekli görülen durumlarda restorasyon projelerinin hazırlanarak uygulanması aşamalarının neler olduğunu göstermektir.İkinci bölümde, koruma ve restorasyon kavramları açıklanarak, bu kavramların çeşitlerinden ve korumacılıkla ilgili kuruluşlardan bahsedilmiştir. Sit alanları ve peyzaj arkeolojisi tanımları, peyzaj restorasyonu konusunun kavranabilmesine yardımcı olabilmesi için ana çerçeveleriyle değerlendirilmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde, çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünün örneklerini oluşturan, Mimar Sinan yapılarındaki Tarihi bahçeler ve Türk bahçelerinin, tarihsel süreç içerisindeki değişimlerine yer verilmiştir. Peyzaj restorasyonu projelerinin hazırlanma aşamalarının öncesini ve sonrasındaki uygulama aşamalarının anlatılmasıyla da bu bölüm sonuçlandırılmıştır.Dördüncü bölümde ise tezin başlığını oluşturan, İstanbul'da ki 16. Yüzyıl Mimar Sinan yapılarından iki tanesi incelenmiştir. Öncelikle bu yapıların restorasyon uygulamalarının yapıldığı İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi bünyesindeki Koruma Uygulama ve Denetim Müdürlüğü'nün çalışma alanlarından bahsedilmiş, daha sonra da Mimar Sinan'ın koruma anlayışına değinilmiştir. Son olarak İstanbul Fatih ilçesinde yer alan Hüsrev Kethüda Dar'ul Kurrası ve Hüsrev Paşa Türbesinin tarihçeleri anlatılarak, peyzaj restorasyonu kararları ve projelerine yer verilmiştir. Uygulama çalışmaları yapılan alanın, uygulama fotoğraflarının açıklamalı olarak anlatılmasıyla peyzaj restorasyonu safhaları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.Çalışmanın beşinci ve son bölümünde ise, önceki bölümlerde aktarılan bilgiler ışığında, tarihi peyzaj restorasyonuna başlanmadan önce yapılması gereken araştırmalar özetlenmiş ve peyzaj restorasyonu projesinin aşamaları hakkında sonuç ve öneriler ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.

Abstract:
The evolution of Turkish gardens, which reflects the lives of Turkish societies that have maintained a nomadic life for years before exceeding to permanent settlements, has occurred as a result of many effecting factors within the process of time. Istanbul is the city where this evolution can be observed in the best way. After being host to many civilizations for centuries, and with its arising historical structures and areas through out all these centuries, istanbul is a city where evolution and development in garden art, and also right and wrong interventions, can be observed in the best way. Contained in the application section of the study, Husrev Pasha Tomb and Hüsrev Kethüda Dar'ul Kurra is located in the Fatih district of this historic city.In the introduction part of the study, the purpose, content and method of the thesis were outlined briefly and also, protection, restoration and landscape restoration concepts were explained. Protection, as well as cultural heritage conservation, restoration and development of needed that encompasses all the work, restoration, the structure is defined as all interventions made to protect the value. The protection, repair and restoration work of historic landscapes of the building were described in the definition of landscape restoration. Purpose and scope of the study, the historic buildings themselves, at least until the prior period and reflect the lives and habits of the gardens of that period that allows the acquisition of information about the conservation and restoration projects, when deemed necessary to show the stages of preparing the application.In the second part of the study, after explaining the concepts of conservation and restoration, varieties and related organizations from protectionism of these concepts were mentioned. Restoration compose trends, stylistic recomposition current, current romantic, historic restoration, stream restoration and modern, has enabled an understanding of the history of restoration. The concept of conservation areas and protected species is described in detail section of the site. Common examples of the world, but with a new concept of landscape archeology in Turkey, historical background, practices and the situation today in the form of the archeology of the landscape was explained, and after these definitions the secon part was finalized.In the third part, examples of study that make up the fourth section, historic gardens and the gardens of Turks, were included in the historical process changes. Historical gardens are living monuments and some of them are in good condition while others need to be restored. Because of the plants which are living materials, the gardens are different from the structures which protect the first forms. Turkish gardens are products of thousands of years of Turkish culture, geographical, cultural, religious, philosophical, and religious beliefs of the those interactions. These two definitions will help to understand the concept of the landscapes of historic buildings. Historical landscape restoration revitalize an important period of the landscape which is important in the historical process. The aim of a restoration is to bring the landscape to a certain period in its history. After explanied the defitions of the landscape restoration, the concept of work to be done before the plan development and restoration project, preparation stages of landscape restoration were listed. Those stages were listed as space analysis, photographic record, research and documentation, graphic records, written records, archaeological research and locations for research resources.In the fourth part, two of the `Mimar Sinan?s 16th century structures situated in Istanbul?, which also is the title of the study, were examined. First of all, the activity area of the Protection Administration and Control Management, which works under the Municipality of Istanbul, has been explained. After that, the life of Mimar Sinan and his understanding about protection was examined. Within the 16th century that includes the most powerful, forceful and effective years of Ottoman Empire, the mosques have had a special importance as being religious centers which determines the way of the life of communities. Because of that, the most important creations and masterpieces of Sinan came out as the mosques and complex of buildings adjacent to the mosques.The examples, that compose the implementation part of the study, are also involved in the most important creations of Sinan. Between the two structure that are in İstanbul?s Fatih district, primarily the history of Hüsrev Kethüda Dar?ul Kurra were explained and its landscape restoration decisions and projects are included in the study. This structure is under the ownership of `T.C. Prime Ministary General Management of Foundations, Management of Istanbul Division? and situated in Vefa district. Various studies were made before the restoration implementations to the landscape of this structure had been put into practice. Those are; firstly, a comprehensive preliminary study about the structure and its landscape is done, so that all the historical data about the structure is registered. In the second stage, elevations in the garden were determined in order to draw a plan showing the original state of the garden, and also the positions and the altitudes of the plants were determined in order to be able to process the available plants on to the project. And in the last stage, the landscape restoration project of the garden, that restoration decisions have been taken, were prepared according to the data?s in hand. After giving a detailed explanation of all those stages, the implementation photos and expressions of the area is included in the study. The second example structure in this stage of the study is the Tomb of Hüsrev Paşa, in which the grave of Hüsrev Paşa stands, who was one of the queens of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman. The same preliminary study stages of Hüsrev Kethüda Dar?ul Kurrası, were also executed for the Tomb of Hüsrev Paşa.In the fifth and also the last stage of the study, some determinations about landscape restoration is done, conclusion and suggestions have been made. In addition, its emphasized that; today, not the protection of historical structures, but the protection of historical environment, in another words and a wider spelling, the protection of historical structures with their environmental attribution has came into prominence. Because the historical urban areas are gain value with their landscape that compatible with the architectural inheritance. But generally in the protection and restoration studies, the care that shown to the structure does not shown to the garden and the environment of the structure. In other words, a simultaneous repair or restoration to the garden of the structure does not be made and because of that the destruction in the gardens comes out much bigger than the structure itself. After some determinations and suggestions like above, the investigations which should be done before starting a historical landscape restoration are summarized and finally the conclusion with suggestions are made about the stages of a landscape restoration project.