İnşaat mevzuatı ve inşaat izni verilmesinde gerekli belgeler ile mevzuata uygunluk kontrolü
Building regulations and granting of a construction permit with the necessary documents and compliance control
Yazar: MELİKE YAPICI TOPUZ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. AHMET MURAT ÇIRACI
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
İnşaat sektörü farklı katılımcılardan oluşan, karmaşık ve maliyet etken bir sektördür. Bir yapı tasarım aşamasından, kullanım aşamasına ve ömrünü tamamlama sürecine kadar bir çok teste tabi tutulmakta olup uyulması gereken geniş bir mevzuat bulunmaktadır. Bu mevzuat insanoğlunun birarada fen, sağlık ve çevre şartlarıyla düzen içerisinde yaşayabilmesi adına geliştirilmiş olup tarihi çok eskiye dayanmaktadır.
Tez kapsamında; yapıların daha sağlıklı ve güvenli olmasını sağlamak, kalite maliyet ve zaman faktörleri açısından en uygun şekilde tasarlanıp tamamlanmasını sağlanmasında önemli işlevi olan mevzuatın bileşenlerinin öncelikle tanımlarını yaparak ve bu mevzuatın uygulanmasında kullanılan araçların ülkemizde ve Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde neler olduğunu belirleyerek farkları görmek hedeflenmiştir.
Tezde bu hedef kapsamında; ilk önce Amerika da bulunan mevzuatın kavramsal açıklamaları incelenmiş ve özetlenmiştir, daha sonra ABD eyaletlerinde bu mevzuat bileşenleri ortaya konulmuştur.
Tezin üçüncü bölümünde; Türkiye'de binaların tasarımında ve inşaat izni verilmesinde uyulması zorunlu olan mevzuatın bileşenleri belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye'de bulunan mevzuatın tek bir dökümanda toplanması hedeflenmiştir.
Tezin dördüncü bölümünde; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde inşaat izni verilebilmesi için proje sahiplerınden istenen belgeler neler olduğunu ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca yapım izni verilebilmesi için mevzuata uygunluk kontrolünün nasıl ve hangi araçlar ile yapıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun için seçilen bazı ABD eyaletlerinin web sayfaları incelenmiş ve dökümanlara ulaşılmıştır. 
Tezin beşinci bölümünde; İstanbul ilçe belediyelerinde inşaat izni verilebilmesi için proje sahiplerınden istenen belgeler neler olduğunu ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca yapım izni verilebilmesi için mevzuata uygunluk kontrolünün nasıl ve hangi araçlar ile yapıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun için İstanbul ilçe belediyelerinden 15 belediye ile görüşme sağlanmış, görüşme sağlanan belediyelerin İmar ve Şehirclik müdürlüklerinden gerekli belgeler temin edilmiştir.
Tezin altıncı bölümünde ise; Tezde ilk beş bölümde yapılan çalışmaların bulgularından hareketle ve bunlara dayanarak Türkiye'de önce mevzuat açısından temel farkları ve eksikleri belirlemek hedeflenmiş olup, daha sonra inşaat izni verilmesi için istenen belgelerdeki farklılıkları ve eksikleri belirlenmiştir. Son olarak ise inşaat izni verilmesi için mevzuata uygunluk kontrolündeki farkları ve eksiklikleri belirleyip ve tüm adı geçen farlılıkların ve eksiklerin giderilmesi için Türkiye'deki duruma ilşkin öneriler yapılmaktadır.

Abstract:
A structure is subject to many legal expirations from the design phase, the construction phase and the life completion phase. The permit process is a comprehensive and complex process. There are many participants from different disciplines in this process. There are compulsory legislation that must be followed in order to be granted construction permission during the audit process.
Within the scope of the thesis, definitions of these legislative components were made. In the second part of the thesis, the components of the legislation are examined in the United States and their definitions are summarized. The legislation, which is mandatory for construction permits in US states, is reviewed under the headings of laws, regulations and standards, and the existing legislation is summarized.
Turkey also part of the legislation in the third chapter of the thesis and components laws, regulations and standards are examined under the headings of this legislation are regulated in all state thesis.
In the United States, there is an International Code Council facility, which can be obtained from a single source of all necessary information on building construction permits. As in the International Code Council, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive member system with authority in the preparation of laws and regulations, the development and application of laws. These members are; It should consist of different disciplines, including designers, architects, construction specialists, building supervisors, municipal employees, institutional representatives, and other users involved in the development and maintenance of the built environment.
When all participants in the application permit have sufficient knowledge; a correct design has been made during the design phase, which allows the approval process to proceed faster and more accurately, minimizing the risk of error and increasing safety, reliability, productivity and productivity.
In the United States, the International Code Council is issuing laws such as the International Mechanical Law, the International Electricity Law, the International Plumbing Act, the International Special Waste Water Treatment Law, the International Property Protection Act, the International Fire Law, the International Energy Saving Law, the International Swimming Pool and Spa Law, enforcement is. These laws, which have an important place for construction legislation, are not located in the country but are not in the US Coastal Law, Gecekondu Law, Culture and Natural Resources Protection Law, Bosphorus Law, Metropolitan Municipality Law, Municipality Law, Tourism Encouragement Law, Ports Law, Road Traffic Law.
In addition, the US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has no fire prevention laws.
The common law published in the US and at the same time in our country is the Land Code. However, while the US ICC is updating this law every three years, the zoning law in our country is updated as needed and there is no specific time frame.
In norms, the law is always higher than regulation. The above-mentioned mechanical, electrical, fire, swimming pool, etc. issued by the United States as law. There are regulations in our country about the laws in question. For example; Regulation on Protection of Buildings from Fire, Regulation on Electrical Internal Facilities, Regulation on Thermal Insulation in Buildings.
The standards that are required to comply with construction permits are developed by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) in the USA and many countries have adopted the standards published by this institution. In our country, TSE (Turkish Standards Institute) is publishing standards, and most of the standards refer to ISO and EN (European Standards) standards. For example; TS EN ISO 9000, 2007 Quality management systems, such as the basic principles, terms and definitions standard.
In the fourth part of the thesis; In the USA, the design documents of the buildings and construction permits are given, and when the building permission is given, it has been revealed how and by which means the regulatory compliance control is carried out by authorized persons. The information in this section was taken from the internet pages of selected US states. These documents are on the internet page of each US state.
In the fifth chapter of the thesis; In the design of buildings in Turkey and issuing a construction permit project has been put forward what was requested documents from the owners and the compliance check how the legislation has been introduced which is carried out with vehicles. This section is identical with the 15 district municipalities in the districts of Istanbul Turkey's negotiations are provided. In these interviews, the interviewed municipal municipalities were informed of the required documentation during the construction permit, and it was determined how the municipalities performed the legislative compliance check in the projects for permission to build and which means they used to carry out this compliance check.
When comparing the list of documents that should be given for the construction permission of the 2 provinces where the internet pages of the US provinces are examined and the 15 Istanbul District Municipalities interviewed; In the USA, these checklists are also available manually in the Istanbul District Municipalities. As the content; architectural, and static projects are requested, five are desired in our country, and two are sufficient in the US state. The power of attorney and author registration documents are among the documents required in both countries. The contract made between the proprietor and the contractor for the construction is important. So, in both countries these documents are on the list of documents required for permission to make construction. Energy efficiency form is requested by US states, but not requested by 15 Istanbul District Municipalities. Property ownership is important for both countries. Internet pages require notarized approval of two US states and 15 county municipal property consents approved. Projects for permission to build are subject to certain legal fees. And in both countries these fees are not paid and are necessary for the construction permit.
The documents required for building permission are determined by the relevant laws and regulations in our country, and each municipality can make additions according to its own needs. The reason for these additions can sometimes be the special situation in which ilin or the syllabus is located. However, regulatory compliance check should be at least in a single language for the district municipalities of the metropolitan municipalities. Because the responsible laws are the same in every province. In thesis research; Of the 15 district municipalities in Istanbul, only 5 municipalities had manual control vehicles and two of them were also found to be automatic control vehicles. When all the district municipalities in İstanbul have a single regulation compliance check list, this investor is relieved and it is possible that they can easily invest in the other district municipalities where they did not work before. It also prevents the recognition and differentiation of a municipality from one municipality to another and / or within the municipality. A single language should be created and approved everywhere if this project complies with all legislation. Also, if you have a control vehicle, you risk being caught out of sight of any legislation.
In the USA, automatic control tools for the years have been the subject of research and they have produced various software for this. Of the 15 municipalities surveyed, only two use limited automatic control. In these municipalities, the project only provides automatic control in the parking lot, and other parts have manual control means. If the automatic control systems are extended and the software is worked on, the error risk is reduced to a minimum and the time is gained.
Internet pages examined Two 15 US Districts interviewed with the province of Istanbul Municipality Legislation in terms of compliance with the list of required documents when comparing the compliance; it was observed that most of the main headings were in both countries. For example, site plan, layout plan, floor plans, sections, views, such as the main headings. The contents of these main titles are changing. For example; There is 75% high efficiency lighting control in the US state under the floor plans title, but we do not have any energy efficiency items. In addition, there is no such request in the Istanbul Province municipalities where the interview was made when the Florida state of Florida, which has been exposed to natural disasters such as storms and floods for years, is required to mark the direction of storm water flow in its plan.
This is the main title of the Energy Requirements- Energy Form package in the US state, and no such obligation has been introduced in our country.