Türkiye'de atık karakterizasyonu metodolojisi için temel kriterlerin belirlenmesi /
Yazar: EDA YAĞCILAR
Danışman: PROF. DR. OSMAN ATİLLA ARIKAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Bilimleri, Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Çevre Mühendisliği = Environmental Engineering

Özet:
Katı atık yönetiminin temel amacı insan sağlığını ve çevreyi korumak, ayrıca kaynakları verimli kullanmaktır. Atık, toplumun üreticileri veya tüketicileri tarafından çok az değeri olan veya hiç değeri olmayan bir malzemedir. Bu nedenle, katı atık yönetimi planlanması ve işletilmesi sırasında politik, ekonomik, yasal ve mühendislik hususları dahil edilmelidir. Son yirmi yılda ülkemizde katı atık yönetimi çalışmaları ciddi gelişmeler göstermiştir. İyi finanse edilen belediyeler entegre katı atık yönetim planı oluşturmuş ve etkin bir şekilde uygulamaya geçirmiştir.
Entegre katı atık yönetimi planlanması kapsamında atık karakterizasyonu büyük önem taşımaktadır. Katı atıkların karakterizasyonuyla etkili atık yönetimi, malzeme geri kazanım potansiyelini tahmin etme, bileşen üretim kaynaklarını tanımlama, işleme ekipmanlarının tasarımını kolaylaştırma, atığın fiziksel, kimyasal ve termal özelliklerini tahmin etme, ulusal ve uluslararası yasalara uyum sağlama mümkün olabilmektedir. Üretilen atıkların bileşimi mevsimsel, yaşam tarzı, kültür, demografik, coğrafi ve mevzuat etkilerinin bir sonucu olarak son derece değişkendir. Bu değişkenlik, atık bileşiminin tanımlanmasını ve ölçülmesini daha zor ve aynı zamanda daha önemli hale getirmektedir. Atığın karakterizasyonu, atık yönetimiyle ilgili bir hedefe (atık geri kazanımı, tesis tasarımı vb.) ulaşmak için bilgi sağlama amacına sahiptir. Bu nedenle kullanılacak uygun yaklaşım ve yöntemleri belirlemek oldukça önemlidir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de katı atık karakterizasyonu metodolojisi için temel kriterlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, dünyada atık karakterterizasyonu için kullanılan metotlar incelenmiş, ayrıca farklı ülke ve şehirler ile ülkemizde yürütülen atık karakterizasyonu çalışmaları ortaya konmuştur. Mevcut veriler ve geçmişte yapılan çalışmalardan yararlanılarak Türkiye'de Katı Atık Karakterizasyonu metodolojisi için kullanılacak kriterlerle ilgili öneriler getirilmiştir.Bu öneriler yapılırken özellikle basit ve kolaylıkla uygulanabilir olmasına dikkat edilmiştir.
Numune miktarının 1 m3'ten 0,5 m3'e azaltılması, haftada 2 gün yerine 7 gün standart sayıda (21 adet) numune alınması, atık ana bileşenlerin güncellenmesi, gruplama olmadan atık toplama araçlarından rastgele numune alınması çalışmada yapılan önemli öneriler arasındadır. Maliyet açısından daha etkin olması amacıyla bu çalışmaların her yıl yerine, 2-3 senede bir düzenli olarak tekrarlanması tavsiye edilmektedir. Bu sayede atık bileşimindeki değişimler rahatlıkla izlenebilecektir.

Abstract:
The main objectives of solid waste management are to protect human health and the environment, and to use resources efficiently. Waste is a material of little or no value to the producers or consumers of society. For this reason, political, economic, legal and engineering issues should be included in the planning and operation of the solid waste management. In the last two decades, solid waste management have improved in Turkey. Well-financed municipalities have prepared Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and implemented effectively.
Solid waste characterization is of great importance within the scope of integrated solid waste management planning. Effective waste management can be successful through the characterization of solid wastes, estimating the material recovery potential, identifying component sources, facilitating the design of processing equipment, estimating the physical, chemical and thermal properties of waste, and complying with national and international laws. The composition of the wastes is extremely variable as a result of seasonal, lifestyle, culture, demographic, geographical and regulatory effects. This variability makes the composition and measurement of the waste more difficult and also more important.
Characterization of waste has the purpose of providing information to achieve a waste management goal (waste recovery, plant design, etc.). For this reason, it is important to determine the appropriate approach and methods for waste characterization.
The first step in developing an effective solid waste management system is to create management systems that comply with the legislation. These should include information broad enough to be applicable at the national level and specific enough to meet the needs of municipal solid waste systems at the local level. Studies such as analysis and characterization of the existing solid waste system are required for proper planning.
Solid waste characterization studies are of great importance in order to create, implement and monitor an effective waste management planning. Waste composition is one of the most important data in the design phase and method selection of waste facilities such as transfer station, landfill, incineration, composting, and biomethanization. In addition, policy recommendations for basic waste management principles such as waste prevention, waste reduction, reuse/recycling, which have come to the fore in recent years, are also a fundamental tool in terms of legislative changes, circular economy and zero waste studies. Correct determination of waste composition is only possible with a simple, applicable and reliable waste characterization methodology.
Solid Waste Characterization Analysis Method Manual is used for solid waste characterization in Turkey, and the methodology needs to be updated according to today's needs.
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Difficulties are encountered in conducting waste characterization studies in many cities around the world. Due to the lack of a consistent methodology and insufficient funding of the studies, the data provided often lead to false conclusions. In addition, other factors such as non-representative and insufficient sampling, ignoring seasonal changes also cause waste characterization studies to be unreliable. Inaccurate results lead to the selection of incorrect technologies and design errors, especially if the data are to be used in plant designs. This creates serious problems in the operation of the facilities and even causes the facilities to be closed.
The aim of this study is to determine the criteria for solid waste characterization methodology in Turkey. In this context, the methods used for waste characterization in the world were examined, and also waste characterization studies carried out in different countries and in Turkey were presented. Solid waste characterization methodology criteria have been evaluated for Turkey by using existing data and previous studies. While making these recommendations, attention has been paid to be particularly simple and easily applicable.
The basic criteria evaluated in this study are; waste definition, sampling point, sampling type, sample amount, statistical standard and sample number, sampling time, sampling period, sample preparation, screening before classification, main waste components, apparatus, personal protective equipment and personnel.
Although there are slight differences in the definition of waste in methodologies, it is mainly used for municipal solid waste.
Random sampling, simple or multi-stage sampling according to strafication is generally used as sampling method. Strafication is not recommended due to the insufficient reliable data in Turkey for the evaluation of the results obtained. For this reason, it is thought that it is more practical to take random samples from waste collection vehicles.
The sample amount used in waste characterization studies is generally between 100-200 kg and 1 m3. Considering the waste density as the sample amount, it is predicted that 0.5 m3 (approximately 100-200 kg) of waste will be sufficient.
Statistical methods are used to determine the number of samples in waste characterization studies. The number of samples can be calculated according to selected parameters such as confidence interval and margin of error. As the number of samples increases, the accuracy of the results increases. However, the increasing number of samples both increases the time required for the study and increases the cost. In addition, for statistical calculations, there must be an experienced staff in this field. For these reasons, it would be more practical to determine a standard sample number instead of using a statistical value and calculating the number of samples accordingly. For this purpose, it is recommended to take a total of 21 samples in 7 days as 3 samples per day.
In methodologies, samples are generally taken within a period of 1 week, and it can cover weekdays (5 days) or the whole week (7 days) depending on the collection of the wastes. Taking samples only on certain days may cause errors in some cases (due to the establishment of a market on that day, etc.). In Turkey, waste is mostly collected every day. For this reason, it is recommended to take samples on all days (7 days) when the waste is collected. If the wastes are collected for less than 7 days a week, samples can be taken in fewer days, provided that they cover each day the wastes are collected.
Waste composition is affected by seasonal changes. However, the variability in spring and autumn seasons in Turkey is relatively low. Therefore, waste characterization studies are recommended to be carried out twice a year in summer and winter.
Except for sampling directly from the waste container, the method of cone and quarter is generally used for representative sampling. It is recommended to continue the use of this method, which is currently used.
In some methodologies, the sample is passed through sieves before being classified. This application simplifies the classification process and requires additional equipment cost and additional time for screening. As screening does not change the waste composition, such an application is not considered necessary. However, 10 mm sieves can be used to separate ash in winter in cities with high ash content.
In methodologies, main waste component categories ranging from 10 to 16 are usually recommended. It is possible to use more subcomponents according to the purpose of the study. However, it should be kept in mind that increasing the number of components will increase the time required for classification of wastes. There are 16 waste components according to the current practice. However, according to the results of the characterization studies, it is recommended to remove the components that are very low, and to update them by adding the relatively high components (diapers, etc.).
Generally, apparatus and personal protective equipment are provided in methodologies. However, it is recommended to check the use of personal protective equipment during studies. Determining the staff list and job descriptions to take part in waste characterization studies will be useful for the successful execution of the study.
In order to be more cost effective, it is recommended to repeat characterization studies regularly every 2 to 3 years instead of every year. In this way, changes in waste composition can be easily monitored.