Hibrit (karma) sismik kontrol sistemi eklenmiş bir binadayapı zemin etkileşimi
Soil-structure interaction in a hybridly seismiccontrolled building
Yazar: SAADET KOSİF
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ARCAN YANIK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Deprem Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deprem Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Deprem Mühendisliği = Earthquake Engineering ; İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering
Dizin: Deprem = Earthquake ; Hidrit = Hydride ; Yapı analizi = Structure analysis ; Yapı zemin etkileşimi = Building ground interaction ; Zemin = Soil ; İnşaat = Construction ; İzolatör =

Özet:
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca doğal afetlerden en yıkıcı olanı depremlerdir. Yerkabuğu
içinde bulunan plakaların kırılmaları nedeniyle ani olarak ortaya çıkan titreşimlerin
dalgalar halinde yayılarak geçtikleri ortamları ve yer yüzeyini sarsma olayına
"DEPREM" denir. Ülkemizin de içinde bulunduğu sismik yönden aktif bulunan
bölgelerde sık sık görülen depremlerde oluşabilecek felaketlerin önlenebilmesi için
depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı fikri ortaya çıkmıştır. 1969 yılında ilk uygulaması
başlanılan izolatörler hala geliştirilmeye devam etmektedir.
Yapılan bu çalışmanın ilk kısımlarında, araştırmacıların önceki çalışmaları
incelenmiştir. Şu an kullanılan aktif, pasif ve karma kontrol sistemleri tanıtılmıştır.
Aktif kontrol sistemleri yapıya bir güç kaynağı ve bilgisayarlı sistemler ile yapının
sismik hareketine karşı direnç uygular. Ancak bu sistemlerin enerjiye bağımlılığı
problemini çözmek için karma kontrol sistemleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Karma kontrol
sistemleri, aktif ve pasif sistemlerin bir arada kullanılmasıdır. 1994 Northridge
depreminde istenilen taleplerin sağlanmaması bu fikri ortaya çıkarmıştır. Böylelikle
deprem esnasında sistemlerin herhangi birinin devre dışı kalması durumunda yapının
sağlıklı hareketine devam edebilmesini sağlar. Pasif kontrol sistemleri, yapı ile temel
arasında oluşturulan ara yüz sistemleridir. Amaç yapıya gelen sismik hareketin üst
birimlere yayılmadan izolatörlerce sönümlenmesidir. Bu sistemlerin daha iyi
sunulması amacıyla Dünyada ve Türkiye'de bulunan örnekler açıklanmıştır.
Tez çalışmasının asıl konusu olarak yapısal kontrolün, karma (hibrit) pasif kontrol
dalı incelenmiştir. Bu dalın önemli örneklerinden olan taban izolasyonları ve ayarlı
kütle sönümleyicilerin birlikte kullanımı sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. Taban
izolasyonu ve ayarlı kütle sönümleyicilerin beraber kullanıldığı karma (hibrit) pasif
kontrol sistem performansı SAP2000 programına tanımlanan binalara uygulanarak
deprem etkisi altında irdelenmiştir. Yapı zemin etkileşimi yapıya eksenel ve dönme
rijitliği ve sönümü olarak eklenmiştir. Tezde tanımlanan bina taban izolasyonu ve
ayarlı kütle sönümleyicisi eklenmiş durum ve yapı zemin etkileşiminin bulunduğu
hal için incelenmiştir. Çeşitli depremler etkisi altında geleneksel yapının davranışı ile
karma pasif kontrol sisteminin sismik davranışları karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen
sonuçlar yapı zemin etkileşimi etkisi ve yapının tabana ankastre olduğu durumlar için
karşılaştırılmalı olarak verilmiş ve irdelenmiştir.

Abstract:
Earthquakes have been the most destructive of natural disasters throughout the
human history. ''Earthquake'' is a term used to describe a phenomenon which
causes sudden vibrations to occur in the surroundings and on the surface of the earth
as a result of the breaking of plates in the crust. The concept of earthquake resistant
construction has been developed to prevent disasters that may arise in earthquakes,
which are frequently observed in seismically active regions, such as our country. The
isolators, firstly used in 1969, are still being developed to this day.
Our country is located on the Anatolian Plate. It is surrounded by the Eurasian Plate
in the north, the African and Arabian Plate in the south, the Eastern Anatolian Block
in the east and the Aegean Block in the west. In Turkey; There are 3 fault lines:
Northern Anatolian Fault Line, Eastern Anatolian Fault Line and Western Anatolian
Fault Line. Seismicity is quite high. Due to this seismicity, the use of insulators in
important buildings has become quite common. Especially since 2013, it has been
decided to make seismic isolation mandatory in all public hospitals with 100 beds
and above.
Researchers' earlier studies were covered in the opening sections of this study. The
studies under consideration are often classified into three types: the system
definitions, isolator findings, usage result comparisons across multiple projects, and
distribution outcomes assessed for ground permits are all included in this.
Following a review of the literature, the definitions of the control systems (used to
stop earthquake, vibration, and wind movement) in structures were made. There are
three categories of control systems. These three types of control systems are active,
passive, and mixed. Chapter 2 of the thesis contains a definition of these systems.
The expanded summary includes an explanation of control system definitions. Active
control systems use computerized technologies to supply a power source to the
structure and provide seismic movement resistance. The movement of the structure
or an external influence starts the system cycle. Sensors in the system respond to
movement. The actuators produce the control force as a result of the computer's
calculation of control force. The structure achieves the requisite stability.
Mixed control systems, however, have developed to address the issues of potential
faults in these systems' code systems and their reliance on energy. When the desired
needs of the Northridge earthquake of 1994 were not reached, the concept of mixed
control systems was born. Mixed control systems are the combination of active and
passive systems. The goal is to make sure that the structure can keep moving
normally even if one or more of the systems fail during an earthquake. For this kind
of situation, there are several combinations. Usually, tuned mass dampers or tuned
liquid dampers are employed in acculators.
Passive control systems were the final system to be explored. Passive energy
absorbers and seismic isolation systems are passive control systems. Passive energy
absorbers are components that have been introduced to the structure with the
intention of ensuring energy absorption through the component's operation. The
interface systems built between the building and the foundation are known as seismic
isolated systems. The goal is to reduce seismic movement that the insulators of the
structure will cause before it spreads to the upper units. Base isolators enable the
structure's period to be extended. Moving insulators, however, use up much of the
necessary energy internally. The system is informed of the remaining demand. They
are the best control mechanisms. Examples from around the globe and from Turkey
are discussed in chapter 3 to help illustrate these systems.
The model of digital examples, and the processing of earthquake data, are discussed
as part of Chapter 4 of this thesis. A ten-story building, which complies with the laws
of our country, has been examined in the thesis. The height and opening of the
building has been decided in s symmetrical manner. The concrete class C25 has been
chosen. This is due to the fact that it is the most common type of concrete building
material. The structure was subjected to a variety of insulator systems during the
study. Subsequently, soil values have entered in the foundation system to monitor
interactions between soils.
Rubber isolators, adjustable mass dampers, and mixed (hybrid) systems are examples
of insulator types used. Base isolations and adjusted mass dampers are used in
combination to create mixed (hybrid) systems. Rubber insulator values are derived
from actual samples. Based on the values of the embedded structure, the tuned mass
dampers' values were chosen. By using it on buildings from the SAP2000 program,
the performance of a mixed (hybrid) passive control system with built-in
connections, base isolators, tuned mass dampers, and when both base isolation and
tuned mass dampers are employed together was studied under the earthquake effect.
The Kocaeli earthquake that struck in 1999 and the Kahramanmaraş-Pazarck
earthquake that occurred in 2023 are the two earthquakes that were chosen. The
Kocaeli earthquake took place on the Northern Anatolian fault line. Its duration is 7
seconds. Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık earthquake is an earthquake that occurred on the
Eastern Anatolian fault line due to its location. Duration ıs 105 seconds. Data were
retrieved from PEER and AFAD. Earthquakes are matched to design spectra that
have been established by law. It was found that the Kahramanmaraş earthquake
significantly exceeded the spectrum graph. Due to this issue, the original and
matched earthquake data were both reviewed, and the findings were given. The
displacement graphs of the floors, acceleration graphs of the floors, and accelerations
of the top floor were compared graphically within the three data sets.
The connection between a building and the ground has a specified foundation. The
foundation height is 1 m. This aids in defining the structure's axial and rotational
stiffness. Istanbul was chosen as the ground interaction location because it has
known ground values. Under the foundation, floor values are assigned as Winkler
Spring loads. The case of structure-soil interaction was addressed in the thesis using
the previously defined classical case, basic isolation case, adjustable mass damper
added case, and hybrid cases. The displacement graphs of the floors, acceleration
graphs of the floors, and accelerations of the top floor were compared graphically
within the three data sets. The findings are discussed in the pertinent parts, and a
comparison is made between the behavior of the conventional structure and the
seismic behavior of the mixed passive control system. The findings are presented and
compared for the influence of the structure-ground interaction and the scenarios in
which the structure is attached to the base in the conclusion section.