Motor yat ön dizayni ve ekonomik analizine etki eden parametreler
Parameters affecting the preliminary design and economical analysis of the motor yacht
Yazar: SEDA ATEŞ GÜMÜŞ
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. BARIŞ BARLAS
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makineleri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Gemi Mühendisliği = Marine Engineering
Dizin: Gemi inşaatı = Shipbuilding ; Gemi maliyeti = Ship cost ; Maliyet analizi = Cost analysis ; Yat tasarımı = Yacht design ; İşçilik maliyeti = Labour cost

Özet:
Denizlerin turizm amaçlı kullanımı son yıllarda dünyada görülen çeşitli krizlere rağmen devamlı artış eğiliminde olmuştur. Yat ve gezinti tekneleri üretimi ve satışı, genelde dünya ekonomisinin genel durumunu yakından takip eden ve ona uygun iniş ve çıkışlar gösteren bir sanayi kolu olmasına rağmen 90'lı yılların başından itibaren yat ve gezinti tekneleri sanayi dünya krizlerinden önemli oranda soyutlanmış ve devamlı büyüyen sanayi kolları arasına girmiştir. Hem yelkenli tekne hem de motor yatlara duyulan ilgi artmış, teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak daha büyük, daha lüks ve daha hızlı tekneler inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır. Yat ve gezinti tekneleri inşa sanayinde arz tarafının temel özellikleri, üreticilerin çokluğu ve çoğunlukla küçük ve orta ölçekli kuruluşlar olmasıdır. Yat ve gezinti tekneleri inşa sanayinde talep tarafının temel özellikleri ise alıcıların alım gücü ve tüketim arzusudur.Tekneden istenilen ekonomik olma, kullanışlılık, uzun ömür, kolay temizlenme, mukavemetli bir yapıya sahip olma, hafiflik, yeterli hız, sağlıklı yapı, en yüksek seyir güvenliği, geniş iç hacim ve konfor, iç ve dış estetik özelliklerinin sağlanması inşa edilecek olan malzemeye doğrudan bağlıdır ve malzeme seçimini etkiler.Elbette hiçbir malzeme her açıdan tatmin edici değildir. Ancak iyi bir tasarımcı tekneden istenilen özelliklerin olabildiğince elde edilmesini sağlayacak doğru malzemeyi seçebilmelidir.Bu çalışmada kompozit motor yat imalatı üzerine fiyat araştırması yapılarak, 12.9-16-19-22 ve 24 metre boyutlarında 5 farklı kompozit motor yatınekonomik modellemesi en küçük kareler yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kullanılan veriler 2012 yılı işçilik fiyatları ve malzeme fiyatlarıdır.?Proje nedir ve nasıl yönetilir? konusunu irdelediğimiz ikinci bölümde öncelikle proje kavramı açıklanmıştır. Bir projenin mühendislik yönünü kapsayan hususları ve sınırlayıcı şartları açıklanmasının ardından projeyi oluşturan öğelere yer verilmiştir. Herhangi bir projeyi gerçekleştirmek için yapılması gereken işler ve izlenecek çalışma yöntemlerine ikinci bölümde ana hatlarıyla yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümün sonuç kısmında yatırım öncesi etüdler hakkında tavsiye edilen metod sunulmuştur. Genel proje olgusundan gemi inşaat sektöründeki proje yöntemlerine geçiş yapılmış, diğer belli başlı sektörlerle arasındaki farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur.Üçüncü bölümde Türkiye ve dünyada yat sahipliği ve üretimi hakkında genel bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Dünyada yat sahipliği konusunda yapılan araştırmada gelişmiş ülkelerin bazılarında yat sahipliği oranları her 5 kişiye bir tekne oranını sağladığını görmekteyiz. 2008 yılında dünya ekonomilerinde yaşanan kriz öncesi Türkiye'de yat sektörüne ait veriler sunulmuştur. Yat imalat sektöründe dünya üreticileri arasındaki yeri ve belli başlı projeleri hayata geçiren tersanelerimiz hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.Yat imalat sektöründe kompozit malzemelerin kullanım yerleri ve uygulama yöntemleri anlatılmıştır. Malzeme verilerini toplamak için çeşitli marka ürünlerin ortalama fiyatları alınmıştır. İşçilik verilerine yat imalatı sektöründe çalışan alt yükleniciler tarafından edinilen veriler sonucunda ulaşılmıştır.Yat üretiminde kompozit malzemeler ve kullanım yerleri hakkında bilgilere yer verilirken, imalat yöntemleri de anlatılmıştır. Kompozit malzemelerin kullanım yerlerine göre avantaj ve dezavantajları listelenmiştir.Dördüncü bölüm 12.9 metre kompozit motoryat projesinin maliyet kalemlerinin ve üretim planlamasını incelediğimiz kısımdır. Tekne imalatında kullanılan her malzeme teker teker fiyatlandırılmıştır. Maliyet listesinin detaylı hali eklerde sunulmuştur.Beşinci bölümde maliyet tahmini konusu açıklanmış, gemi inşaat sektöründeki maliyet tahmini ve karşılaştırmaları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. En küçük kareler yöntemi ve çoklu regresyon analizi açıklanmıştır.Altıncı bölümde 12-24 metre arası kompozit teknelerin maliyetleri listelenmiştir. Elde edilen datalar çoklu regresyon analizi ile modellenip tahmini kompozit motor yat ekonomik modeli oluşturulmuştur.

Abstract:
The use of the seas for the tourism sector has always the tendency to rise even though the recent global crisis. Althought the Production and sales of yacht and leisure craft industry usually follows rear the general condition of the world?s economy and acts in consistent with its down and up times, beginning of 90?s yacht and leisure craft industry has been isolated from the global crisis? and became one of the industries that rise in a sustainable way.Public interest is increased both for sailing boats and motor yachts, bigger, luxurious and faster boats has been started to produced in parallel with technological developments.The main specification of the supply side in yacht and leisure craft?s building industry is that many producers are available of which are mainly small and mid-size companies.The main specification of the demand side in yacht and leisure craft?s building industry is that the wealth of the buyers and the desire to consume. The expectations of the boat like to be economical, ergonomical, long life span, easy to clean, to have a strong structure, lightness, desired speed, highest possible safety at sea, wide inner spaces and comfort, to fulfill inner and outer estethic requirements are linked directly with the building materials and effects the selection of equipments. Nevertheless, none of the materials are satisfactory from all angles. However a good designer shall be able to select the right equipments that will deliver the desired needs of the boat as much as possible.Boat design, production requirements, the project cost and time required, the conditions of doing business, including the delivery terms of the bidding process works. The project will be delivered at the end of the boat must gain the approval of both sides in the first place. Some of the basic design concepts to figure out the designer of the boat must be resolved. At this stage of the general structure of the yacht complies with the demands of customers, the general features are dissolved, and the interior living spaces designed profile. Within this process throughout the design process, conceptual design process, technical requirements and features, customer requests and needs of the yacht started to design in harmony with the general structure, the general characteristics of the yacht has been solved, the flow of life and indoor venues are designed, the specifications given in the decision processThe aim of this thesis, describing an economicallyapproach to estimate the composite motor yacht in order to create equations using the cost of the labour, material costs. Technical characteristics of the boats and all materials used in every boat in taking over and priced separately. In addition, considering the labor cost of the project planning of manufacturing evaluated was calculated separately for each item in manufacturing. Manufacturing cost calculations in the light of these datas were obtained for the three different yacht parameters. Vessel lengthsare 12.9, 16, 19, 22 and 24 meters. Deep V-type boats, maximum speeds ranged from 24 knots to 32 knots by the forces of the selected main engine power.The application methods and places to use composite materials in yacht production sector has been summarised. In order to collect the datas of the equipment, the average prices from various original equipment manufacturers.The man-hour datas has been collected via the sub-contractors working in the yacht building sector.This cost analysis study done in motoryachts composite produced between 12.9-24 meters. Already produced in the sample based on a boat, the boat in the production process of the investigated, the cost items listed. Then 16, 19, 22 and 24 meters (to be different from each other) are calculated. Cost analysis was computed by regression module of the microsoft excel program. This program is carried out by changing the cost of inputs in this way the current costs can be obtained. For example, man-hour costs, paint, machinery prices and etc.The second chapter has focused on ?What is a project and how it is managed?? and clarified the project as a term. The steps that create the project is provided after detailing the limiting borders and the subjects that comply with engineering approach. Second chapter has provided the what to do?s and ways to do?s in order to realize a project with its main items. The adviced method for study before investment has been provided in the end of the second chapter. Shifted from the general concept of project into shipbuilding sector project methods and underlined the major differences in some of the main sectors. The recommended method of pre-investment surveys, one of the possible ways and has the following features: It is simple logical way for work to be done. Phases according to the characteristics of each project, may also be configured in different ways. Or more jobs can be grouped again be divided into sections. Increasing the amount and depth of business and cost-based phases in the form of geometric series has also grown. Pre-investment surveys require a very good service a renewed statistical documentation. Surveys the scope, technology, engineering and financial aspects, is necessary to conform to international standards.The third chapter provides general information regarding the yacht building and owning in the world and in Turkey. A research based on yacht owning shows that in developed countries 1 boat owner stands for 5 people. Yacht sector datas in Turkey before the crisis in global economies are provided. Information is given about our shipyards that has a significant place in yacht production sector and completed various projects. Yacht industry is very important for the further development of customer satisfaction and quality. With the development of understanding of both customer satisfaction and quality as well as boat manufacturers and industrialists, comes to a more standard and certification to use. Also production range would be more preferable on foreign markets.There are several methods for the production of the composite material. The information regarding the composite materials in yacht production and the places of use together with its production methods. FRP composite materials structure described how they carry high mechanical and physical properties. These materials were compared with the other ingredients that even though they are more appropriate than the other materials in many respects still in some respects may be less successful. The advantages and disadvantages are listed as per the places of use for composit materials.Fourth chapter is the section where we have investigated 12.9 m composite motoryacht project budgetary items and production planning. Built in 2007 12.9-meter composite motoryacht project received a thesis based on the calculation of the cost study. Listed from production planning by examining the labor costs of this boatproduction range, played a decisive role for the other boats. The main reason customers prefer to Turkey from abroad is the low labor costs. This creates a high priority on behalf of Turkey to be preferred in the world market. At this study shows that our labor costs in the boat between 12.9-24 meters compared to the cost of the boat manufacturing values ranged from 15% to 20%.The main quantities to form an idea about the boat; the boat length, width and technical specifications are listed in the draft. These sizes are important characteristics that determine the boat cost and the manufacturing process. Full height and width parameters, such as labor, composite body, paint effects, such as direct costs. Displacement parameters and maximum speed of the machine and the most important factors determining the cost of systems. The maximum fuel capacity of the boat could play a role in determining the route. Water tank capacity and sewage capacity determines the capacity of the person on the boat.?Estimated Job Cost? term means the realistic cost, or simply represents the cost of production. However, the value does not include the profit and sales. Total cost, labor, material and includes a precautionary value. but labour cost is the largest percentage of the total cost estimate at all times. Cost estimate described in the fifth section, the ship construction industry are given information about the cost estimate, and comparisons. Multiple Regression analysis explained.Multiple Variables Linear Regression Analysis response variables are two or more, one or more of the independent variable represents the regression model. There are some conditions required for the data fit the regression applications. The most important of these conditions, Y and X represent a normal distribution,X include accurate measurements, E include N(0, ? 2) parameters shows a normal distribution.Composite boats costs between 12-24 meters are listed in the sixth chapter. 12.9 meters composite motoryachts manufacturing items are discussed in this section. Paint area and composite body manufacturing estimation has been calculated by the using dimension of the boat. Electricity, navigation, machinery and systems estimations were utilized by technical data of the similar boats. Datas obtained by regression analysis modelled and transformed into the equation for the estimated cost of the boat.Yachts built in Turkish shipyards are sold the half price of the compare to the yachts built in Europe and America shipyards. The main reason for this is not to be able to create a global brand. Giving more importance to professional marketing and promotion can draw attention to yachts built in Turkish shipyards.