Kadıköy Moda semtinin tarihi ve kentsel sit olarak tanımlanması ve korunması için öneriler
Identification of Moda district as historic and urban heritage site and conservation proposals
Yazar: TANLA ATUN ATLI
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. ZEYNEP ERES ÖZDOĞAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Moda, eski çağlardan Cumhuriyet Dönemi'ne kadar yerleşim alanı olan Kadıköy'ün 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kentleşen bir semtidir. Antik Çağ'da "Kalkhedon" olarak isimlendirilen Kadıköy'ün Moda Burnu ve
civarında kurulmuş bir yerleşim olduğu bilinmektedir. Bizans ve Osmanlı Dönemi'nde kentsel özellikleri azalarak bir köy yerleşmesi görünümü alan Kadıköy, bağlı olduğu İstanbul'a fiziksel uzaklığı nedeniyle 19. yüzyıla kadar bir sayfiye yerleşmesi olarak kalmıştır. Antik Çağ'da Kalkhedon'un merkezi bir bölümü olduğu düşünülen günümüz Moda semti de impratorluklar dönemi boyunca yerleşim yeri olarak tercih edilmemiştir. 18. yüzyıl sonunda Osmanlı ileri gelenlerinin bağ ve bahçelerinin yer aldığı bir alan görünümündedir. Tanzimat Dönemi sonrası Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki Batılılaşma hareketleri, kendini özellikle kentsel alan ve mimari etkinliklerde göstermiştir. Kozmopolit bir başkent olan İstanbul'da Beyoğlu, Galata gibi semtlerin ve Boğaziçi köylerinin hızla geliştiği, kentsel düzen ve mimari yapım sistemlerinde Avrupa kentlerinin örnek alındığı bir döneme girilmiştir. Dönemin siyasi, mali ve kültürel dinamiklerinin yanısıra Kadıköy ve Moda'nın kentleşmesinde en büyük etken ulaşım olmuştur. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında başlayan vapur seferleri ve yüzyıl sonunda Haydarpaşa – İzmit demir yolunun hizmete girmesi Anadolu Yakası'nı İstanbul'a bağlamıştır. Levanten Ailelerin Moda Burnu'na yerleşmeleri; Rum, Ermeni ve Osmanlı seçkinleriyle bir arada sürdükleri Batılı yaşam tarzı; bugünkü Moda'nın kentsel, mimari ve kültürel mirasının temelini oluşturmuştur. Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nin ilk yıllarında da modern sayfiye kenti karakterini sürdüren Moda'nın nüfusu ve yapı stoğu 1950 – 1960 döneminden sonra büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde Moda, geçirdiği tüm değişime rağmen sosyal yapısı, denizle ilişkisi ve modern kent donatılarıyla İstanbul'un seçkin semtlerinden biri olmayı sürdürmüştür. Bugüne kadar Moda'daki kültür varlıklarını korumaya yönelik hazırlanan akademik çalışmalar, tek yapı ölçeğinde belgeleme ve korumaya yönelik hazırlamıştır. Bu çalışmalar; Mahmut Muhtar Paşa Köşkü, Sarıca Köşkü ve Antipa'nın Köşkü gibi 19. yüzyıl sonu, 20. yüzyıl başında inşa edilmiş özgün konut örneklerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Yüzyıl başından günümüze ulaşan özgün konut örneklerinin, kâgir ve ahşap sıra evlerin, anıtsal yapıların ve okulların tek yapı ölçeğinde koruma altında olduğu Moda; bütünsel bir koruma yaklaşımıyla ele alınıp değerlendirilmemiştir. Kentsel mirasına 20. yüzyıl modern konut mimarisinden özgün örnekleri de ekleyen semt, kentteki tüm yoğunluk ve hızlı yapılaşmaya rağmen tarihi ve kültürel değerini yitirmemiştir. Moda'nın tarihi ve kentsel değerini ortaya koyabilmek için 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında
üretilen sigorta haritaları, 1940 – 1966 tarihleri arasında çekilmiş hava fotoğrafları, saha gözlemleri, sözlü ve yazılı tarih çalışmaları karşılaştırılarak bir envanter çalışması yapılmıştır. Kadıköy'ün diğer tarihi semtlerinden farklı olarak henüz sit konumunda olmayan Moda'nın tarihi ve kentsel mirası, yakın dönem modern mimarlık mirasıyla birlikte ortaya konarak, geleceğine ilişkin koruma ilkeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çok katmanlı mirası gelecek kuşaklara en iyi şekilde aktarabilmak için gerekli çalışmaların modern çağın kentsel koruma teknikleri ışığında yapılması ümit edilmektedir.

Abstract:
Moda is a district of Kadikoy, which was a settlement area from ancient times to the Republican Period and has been urbanized since the second half of the 19th century. Kadikoy, which was named as "Kalkhedon" in Ancient Ages, is known to be a settlement area established in Moda Cape and nearby. Kadıköy, which was seemed as a village settlement due to decrease in it's urban characteristics during the Byzantine and Ottoman Eras, remained as a summer cottage area until the 19th century due to its physical distance to Istanbul. Today's Moda district, which was thought to be a central part of Kalkhedon in Ancient Ages, was not preferred as a settlement area during the empires period. At the end of the 18th century, it seemed as an area where the vineyards and gardens of the Ottoman notables are located. The Westernization movements in the Ottoman Empire during 19th century showed
itself especially in urban areas and architectural activities. In Istanbul, which is a cosmopolitan capital, a period has begun in which districts such as Beyoğlu, Galata and the villages of Boğaziçi have developed rapidly, and European cities were held up as an example in urban layout and architectural structural. In addition to the political, financial and cultural dynamics of the period, the most important factor in the urbanization of Kadıköy and Moda was transportation. The ferry services that started in the second half of the 19th century and the opening of Haydarpaşa - İzmit railway at the end of the century connected the Anatolian Side to Istanbul.
Settling of Levantine families in Moda Cape and The Western lifestyle that they sustained together with the Greek, Armenian and Ottoman notables have underlied urban, architectural and cultural heritage of today's Moda. After the 1950-1960 period, the population and building stock of Moda, which maintained the modern summer cottage city character in the early years of the Republican Period as well, have been changed dramatically. In spite of all the changes it has undergone, in the Republican Period, Moda has continued to be one of the distinguished districts of Istanbul with its city layout, architectural output, social structure, relationship with the sea and urban
infrastructure. Up until today, academic studies to protect cultural assets in Moda have been mostly done for documentation and preservation on a single structure scale. These studies have been focused on unique houses such as Mahmut Muhtar Paşa Pavilion, Sarıca Pavilion and Antipa's Pavilion which were built in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Moda, where unique house examples, masonry and wooden row houses, monumental structures and schools, that have been protection on a single building scale since the beginning of the century, has not been considered with a holistic conservation approach. The neighborhood which has added original examples of modern house architecture from 20th century to its urban heritage, has not lost its historical and cultural value
despite all the density and rapid construction in the city. 'Arkitekt' magazine which has been published between 1930's and 1980 is an architectural documentary for Turkey's physical environment in that era. Most of the
buildings which have been constructed during 30's - 40's in Moda and have been placed on 'Arkitekt' with their project details are destructed through the years. As a result of scanning digital archive of 'Arkitekt', two houses are determined which are reached today without any destructions in the neighbourhood. One of that buildings is belong to Zeki Sayar, the architect and the editor of 'Arkitekt'. Multi-layered architectural heritage of Moda enables to be in a relationship of architects' work from different decades of 20th century. There are different
monuments and apartment buildings were designed by Giovanni Battista Barborini, Pappa the Architect, Vedat Tek, Emin Onat, Melih Koray, Behruz Çinici and Şevki Pekin. In order to demonstrate the historical and urban value of Moda, insurance maps produced in the first half of the 20th century, aerial photographs taken between 1940
and 1966, field observations, oral and written history studies were compared and an inventory study was conducted.
Unlike other historical districts of Kadıköy, the historical and urban heritage of Moda, which is not registered as a site yet, have been put forward along with the recent modern architectural heritage, and its conservation principles have been evaluated.
Through the identification of Moda district as historic and urban heritage site, an holistic approach could be developed for the place. While determining urban conservation principles for Moda district, the conservation approach is based on 'The Valetta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management of Historic Cities, Towns
and Urban areas' which was declared in 2011 by the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly.
The Valetta Principles includes a wider approach to conservation and sustainability of historic urban areas than former declarations such as The Washington Charter. The Valetta Principles underline the importance of tangible and intangible heritage assets together. Tangible assets such as traditional urban pattern, Levantine architecture, modern architecture, physical environment and vistas in Moda are considered with area's intangible cultural assets such as cultural environment, architects, people, routines in terms of preserving value about the whole place. Evaluation of the 20th century's modern housing architecture with late 19th century and early 20th century architecture together, immoveable cultural heritage is determined through mapping. Urban conservation proposals include registering ofmodern housing heritage as cultural assets and refunction of some buildings with a
cultural sustainable purpose. Further researches may be focused on restoration projects which are necessary for buildings from 1940's and 1950's. Moda district is concerned as a historical and cultural heritage site with its tangible and intangible cultural assets. Neighborhood such as Bahariye and Yoğurtçu is also worth to analyze with similar conservation approach. In order to transfer this multi-layered heritage to the next generations in the best manner, it is hoped that the necessary works will be carried out in the light of the urban protection techniques of the modern age.