Uydu görüntü verileri kullanılarak orman yangın analizi
Forest fire analysis using satellite images
Yazar: ÇİĞDEM İNAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. SEDEF KENT PINAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Bilişim Enstitüsü / İletişim Sistemleri Ana Bilim Dalı / Uydu Haberleşmesi ve Uzaktan Algılama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences

Özet:
Doğal dengenin tesisinde kritik öneme haiz nitelikteki ormanların, çevresel ve ekolojik
faydaları itibariyle ciddi biçimde korunması gerekmektedir. Orman yangınları etkileri
ve ortaya çıkardığı sonuçları bakımından tüm dünyada en vahim doğal afetlerin başını
çekmektedir. Dünya genelinde orman yangınlarından bahsedildiğinde, öncelikli olarak
Akdeniz ülkeleri, Avustralya, Kanada ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hatıra
gelmektedir. Söz konusu ülkeler yangınlarla mücadele açısından başarılı sayılabilir.
Bu başarıda, yangın tehlikesinin gerçekçi tahmini, doğru bir şekilde oluşturulmuş
planlama sistemleri ve tehlikenin olduğu yerlere acil müdahale imkânların da rolü
büyüktür. Türkiye'de, orman yangınlarının oluşumunda en elverişli şartlara haiz olan
Akdeniz ikliminin etkisinde yer almaktadır. Büyük ölçüde kuru-yarı nemli, yarı nemli
ve yarı kurak iklim şartlarının hakim olan Türkiye için, orman yangını bütün bölgedeki
orman alanları için yüksek risk ve ciddi tehlike barındırmaktadır.
Bütün Dünya'da ve benzer şekilde ülkemizde de ormanlara yapılan tahribatın başını
orman yangınları çekmektedir. İstatistiki bilgiler irdelendiğinde ülkemizde orman
yangınlarının değişik yapıya sahip olduğu ancak ilerleyen senelerde nüfus sayısındaki
artışa bağlı olarak yangınlar da da fark edilir bir artışın yaşandığı göze çarpmaktadır.
Bu durum; doğal orman yangınına ait yangın öncesi ve yangın sonrası Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS görüntüleri
kullanılarak, yanan alan belirlenmiştir.
Çalışma kapsamında söz konusu yangında, OGM verilerine göre 540 ha ormanlık
alanın yok olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak yapılan analizler sonucu, yanan alan
(NDVI) değeri 1372 ha , yanan alan (BAI) değeri 1403 ha ve yanan alan (NIR) değeri
1588 ha olarak hesaplanmıştır. Buna göre, en doğru ve kapsamlı sonucun NIR
bandının maskesinin filtrelenmesinden elde edildiği görülmüştür.

Abstract:
The ecosystem consisting of the interaction between microorganisms which are living
beings, animals, plants including trees, and physical environmental factors like light,
air, soil and temperature is called a forest. The infinite number of substances and events
that bring the forest to existence are in a two-way relationship and interaction with
each other. For this reason, the forest is an ecosystem that manifests itself through the
population of many plants and animals.
The forests which are playing a critical role in the establishment of natural equilibrium
have to be devoutly protected due to their environmental and ecologic benefits. Forest
fires are the leading cause of destruction to the forests worldwide as well as in our
country. When referring to forest fires all over the world, primarily Mediterranean
countries, Australia, Canada and the United States come to mind. These countries can
be considered successful in the fight against fires. This success is due to the realistic
prediction of the danger of fire, the right planning systems and the opportunities for
immediate intervention in places where there is danger. Turkey is situated under the
influence of the Mediterranean climate which provides the most favorable conditions
for the occurrence of forest fires. In Turkey, which is mainly dominated by dry and
semi-humid, semi-humid and semi-arid climatic conditions, forest fires constitute a
great risk and a serious danger for all forest areas in the region.
In areas where forest fires have occurred, fires are classified as areas to obtain
extensive information on the damage caused by fires. The main purpose of the
classification is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the activities carried out in combat
with fires and to contribute to the measures to be taken against this fight.
To achieve success in combating forest fires, it is not enough to use resources
economically and effectively by the timely and on-the-spot recruitment of the
necessary measures. In addition, advanced technologies must be used in every phase
of the firefighting process. For this reason, due to the possibilities they offer, Remote
Sensing methods have been used for the mapping of fire areas, fire management,
determination of the severity of the combustion and the burnt area for a long period of
time.
Fire characteristics and plant canopy can be determined in connection with the
temperature differences between the fire surface and the fire surface using the fire
algorithms used in Remote Sensing methods.
The severity of combustion is defined as the determination of the ecosystem specific
effect of the physical, chemical and biological structure that undergoes a change in the
fire. In this context, spectral changes occurring in the infrared bands of the vegetation
are taken into consideration in the determination of burning intensity and burned area,
and some analyzes are made by the determined indices. Combustion intensity can be
calculated by grading difference images generated by taking advantage of satellite
image indices before and after fire.
In the post-fire period, many activities are carried out by taking advantage of the
satellite image indexes for examining forest foliation. In this context, the responsible
institutions in our country are carrying out activities for the re-foresting of areas where
forest fire is happening, and forests have been damaged by fire.
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On the other hand, in the literature review, it has been determined that various studies
have been carried out to determine the forest fire characteristics (burning area and
intensity of burning) and to determine the rehabilitation of the area in question.
For example, the intensity of burning in forest fires in southern Spain has been
determined by processing LANDSAT TM / ETM satellite imagery. In the satellite
images obtained before and after the fire, the middle (M) and near (N) infrared (IR)
bands were analyzed and the locations of the burned and unburned pixels could be
determined. The middle (M) and near (N) bands were found to be the most appropriate
bands to determine the fire character.
Currently, when the fire effects of large-scale fires in various parts of the world are
examined, the dimensions of damage inflicted on vegetation can be categorized by
using the method of Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) which is widely used
in determining the forest burning intensity map.
As a result of the analysis based on the fire which took place in the Extremadura region
of Spain in 2009 and had an impact on 3000 hectares (ha) forest area, 15 satellite
images obtained through LANDSAT TM for forest foliation during the 27 months
after the fire were examined. The normalized difference for each image was examined
by calculating the NDVI for the aforementioned forest foliage survey.
Like all over the world, forest fires cause serious loss also in our country. For this
reason, one of the main tasks of forest fire fighting organizations is to reduce forest
fires to the minimum. Prediction of fire development and fire behavior characteristics
(burning substance consumption, burning intensity and spreading rate) is critical in
terms of firefighting activities.
The inadequacy of forest monitoring stations in our country and the spatial size of the
forests make it difficult to systematically detect forest fires. Remote Sensing methods
stand out as a vital data source for the operational activities to be carried out in large
scale with the possibilities that they have brought.
In terms of the effects of forest fires and their consequences, the worst natural disasters
in the world are leading. When statistics are analyzed, forest fires in our country have
different structures, but in the following years, there is a noticeable increase in fires
due to the increase in the number of the population. This situation; natural decay,
erosion, desertification, landslides and mass loss. However, renewal of forests and
vegetation damaged by fires is also important for land management.
Estimation of forest fires and their behavior is very important in terms of fire fighting
methods. In this context, using satellite imagery greatly facilitates the detection of fireaffected
areas and intensity of burning in large areas.
Temperatures reaching extremely high levels in July and August, particularly in the
Mediterranean region, pose a threat to forest areas when they reach low humidity.
Disaster struggle has an important position among remote sensing practices and forest
fires, one of the most frequent natural disasters today, can be critically evaluated
through satellite imagery.
In this study, we investigated the Antalya Kumluca fires, one of the forest fires in the
Mediterranean region in our country. Pre-and post-fire satellite images were used to
determine the burning area. In this sense, it is observed that the work put forward in
our country is not in the desired place. The aim of this work is to detect rapidly the 
burning area in forest fires that may occur in the future and to contribute to forest
rehabilitation applications to be realized through satellite images.
For this purpose, forest fire, remote sensing analysis techniques and Landsat 8 OLI /
TIRS satellite images which were effective in Kumluca district of Antalya province
between 24.06.2016 - 29.06.2016 were evaluated. Using the Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS
images before and after the fire of Antalya-Kumluca forest fire, the burning area was
determined.
Within the scope of the study, it has been determined that there is no forest area of 540
ha according to GGM data. However, the results of the analyzes were calculated as
1372 hectares for burning area (NDVI), 1403 ha for burning area (BAI) and 1588 ha
for burning area (NIR). Accordingly, it has been shown that the most accurate and
comprehensive result is obtained by filtering the mask of the NIR band.