Zenonopolis Kilisesi ve Erken Bizans mimarlığı içindeki yeri
Zenonopolis Church and its place in Early Byzantine architecture
Yazar: GÖZDE DEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. NEJAT TURGUT SANER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2018
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Çalışma kapsamında, antik Isauria bölgesinde yer alan Zenonopolis (Büyükkarapınar köyü-Karaman) antik kentinde bulunan kilise, kilise çevresinde tespit edilmiş taş mimari eserler ve Büyükkarapınar Köyü'ndeki evlerde devşirme olarak kullanılmış parçalar konu alınmıştır. 2008-2009 yıllarında yüzey araştırmasında bulunan parçalar grubunun yanında 2017 yılında tez kapsamında gerçekleştirilen ziyarette tespit edilen parçalar da değerlendirilmiştir. 

Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Isauria Bölgesi, İmparator Zeno, Zenonopolis antik kenti ve kentin araştırma tarihi ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Bu bölümün amacı kilisenin bulunduğu bölgeyi, antik kenti, 5. yüzyılın siyasi olaylarını ve dönemin koşullarını ana hatlarıyla anlamaktır.

İkinci bölümde Zenonopolis antik kentinde, yaylada tespit edilen kilisenin kalıntı durumu ve inşaat özellikleri incelenmiştir. Belgeleme çalışmalarından elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda kilisenin mevcut durumu detaylı şekilde tanıtılmış ve ölçüleri verilmiştir. Ayrıca 2008 yılında ve 2017 yılı öncesinde gerçekleştirilen yasadışı kazılardan söz edilmiş ve bu kazıların kilisede oluşturduğu tahribata ve yeni kattığı bilgilere değinilmiştir. Kilisenin günümüze ulaşan özelliklerinden yola çıkılarak yakın coğrafyada bulunan çağdaş, benzer kiliseler ile karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bunun sonucunda üç farklı restitüsyon önerisi hazırlanmıştır. Arazide bulunan başlık ve korniş parçalarının konumları bu önerilerde tartışılmıştır.  

Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde kilise alanında tespit edilmiş on iki adet taş mimari eser ve Büyükkarapınar Köyü'ndeki evlerin duvarlarında devşirme olarak kullanılmış sekiz adet parça incelenmiştir. Eserlerin mevcut durumu ve ölçüleri yüzey araştırması sırasında gerçekleştirilen belgeleme çalışmaları ve ölçekli fotoğraflar yardımıyla detaylı olarak açıklanmıştır. Parçaların işlevi, tarihlendirilmesi ve yapıda kullanıldığı bölümlere ilişkin öneriler için, taş mimari eserler başta Isauria ve Kilikya Bölgesi çağdaş kiliseleri olmak üzere Likya, Pamfilya, Suriye ve başkent Konstantinopolis kiliselerinde tespit edilmiş mimari plastik ile karşılaştırılmıştır. 

Tezin amacı 2008-2009 yıllarında iki defa ile sınırlı yüzey araştırması sırasında belgelenen kilise ve kilisenin mimari taş eserlerini yakın coğrafya örnekleri ile özellikle  mevcut literatür yardımıyla karşılaştırarak değerlendirmek ve hem kilisenin hem de mimari plastiğinin özgün durumuna ilişkin önerilerde bulunmaktır. Ayrıca 5. yüzyıla tarihlenen ve Zenonopolis antik kentinin adı geçtiği bir yazıttan yola çıkılarak İmparator Zeno'nun (ve/veya kardeşinin) doğduğu kente bir kilise armağan etmiş olması düşüncesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu sebeple Zenonopolis Kilisesi'nin erken dönem Bizans kiliselerinin mimari plastiği ile uyum içinde olduğunu kanıtlamak ve elde edilen bilgiler sayesinde kiliseyi 5. yüzyıla tarihlemek mümkün olmuştur.

Abstract:
In 2008-2009, Turgut Saner led two field surveys at four different places of ancient cite of Zenonopolis. The ruins of the church, the necropolis area, re-used architectural pieces which are founded at village houses, a mountain fortress have been documented. The church which is located in ancient settlement of Zenonopolis (today Büyükkarapınar Köyü near Ermenek) which takes places in ancient Isauria region, architectural stone pieces and pieces which are used for spolia in houses of Büyükkarapınar village are subjects of this thesis. Besides pieces that were found during the field surveys at 2008-2009, pieces detected during the expedition at 2017 are also considered. At the beginning of the work, the results of the field survey related to the church were compiled and the current situation was examined with supporting drawings. In addition to the field survey data, a literature search was conducted on the region and in 2017, the Alahan Monastery, Hagia Thekla, Corycus, Canbazlı, Emirzeli, Cennet-Cehennem, Dağ Pazarı, Kanlıdivan churches and Silifke Museum were visited together with Zenonopolis ancient city. Plans of the churches and the pieces in the third dimension which have lasted until today are observed on-site and the pieces found to resemble the architectural decoration of the Zenonopolis Church are photographed in scale.

First chapter of this thesis addresses the Isauria region, Emperor Zeno, ancient settlement of Zenonopolis and research history of the ancient site. The aim of this chapter is to explain the region of the church, ancient site, political events of 5th century and the circumstances of the era generally. Isauria is one of the hilliest and the stiffest area of Asia Minor. Zenonopolis, the birth place of the emperor Zeno, is situated on the south hinterland of Asia Minor, in the modern Turkish province of Karaman. Ancient city arose on the Küçüksu Valley which is close to the Göksu (Kalykadnos) Valley. The people of this region was known as the builder, besides being known as the barbarian. In ancient time they had a reputation for construction skill.
Bean and Mitford made researches in mountainous Cilicia between 1964 and 1968, but also went to Zenonopolis. The first survey of the city on the ground was made by the Bean and Mitford team to find the inscription. Shortly after the research, in 1970, a short article about the findings of this research was published. It is told that the foundations of the structures and tombs are destroyed, that all the ashlar are carried from the side, the ancient traces are composed of only a few rock-cut sarcophagi. Long after this visit to Bean and Mitford, in 2003, Osman Doğanay came to the area for his master's thesis and briefly mentioned the single arch that reached today and few pieces. In 2004, Turgut Saner visited the city and made his first observations with the article "Zeno, Zenonopolis and the Church of St. Socrates" in the book "Essays on Byzantine Architecture". Four years after this visit, a field survey and documentation study was conducted in 2008-2009, for a limited period of two years. After field surveys in 2016, Saner has published a more detailed article about the church which is called "A Recent Contribution to the Late Antique Architecture of Isauria: Zenonopolis Church". Begining of the 20th century, an inscribed marble slab which was brought to Braniewo (Poland) from Zenonopolis was determined in İstanbul, Kapalı Çarşı. Most of the scholars have dated slab to the year 488. The inscription mentions aqueduct leading to a fountain which is surrounded by atrium of the Church. This architectural composition has interpreted as the Church of St. Socrates by scholars. Saner argued that the Church which is founded in Zenonopolis might be as the Church of St. Socrates in terms of reflecting of some specific features of the 5th century.   

Ruins of the church and construction technique are investigated in second chapter. According to documentation in field surveys, current status of the church is explained in details and dimensions are provided. Also, the new information obtained from illegal excavations in after 2008 and pre 2017 and their damage to the church are referred. Starting from the features of the church that remained until today, comparisons were made between the church in Zenonopolis and contemporary and similar churches. The plan of the Zenonopolis Church follows basilical plan with three naves seen in the Isauria, Cilicia and Syrian churches of the 5th and 6th centuries. In the church, the divisions that divide the side naves and the mid-nave are again in the same geography. century features. Sections of used piers are quite large, and side naves of the church are narrow. In Binbir Kilise, Isauria, Cilicia and Syria, many examples of churches with wide pier and narrow sides were found. Some of these examples have galleries and others have not. For this reason, it is not possible to arrive at the conclusion that the Zenonopolis Church has a gallery or not. In the same way, it is known that 5th century churches used vaults or wooden roofs as cover systems. The roofing of the Zenonopolis Church is a rather heavy member made of limestone. As a result of the research on the carrying of these heavy roofs of the wooden roof, it was determined that many temples in the Greek and Roman period had wooden roof and were covered with stone roof elements. In other words, it is possible that the roof of the Zenonopolis Church is vault or wood. Three different restitutions were prepared for the church with the results obtained from these data. These are classified as "galleried" and "not galleried". Each restitution is presented in two different suggestions as a wooden roof and a vault. Location of the capital and three moldings which were discovered in the field are discussed. The main difference in the plans of the three proposals is that Capital 3 changes its position

Twelve architectural stone pieces and eight pieces which are used for spolia in houses of Büyükkarapınar village are investigated. Current states and dimensions of artifacts are explained in details with the help of documentation and photos with scaled which were obtained during the field surveys. In order to come up with suggestions for functions, dates and parts of the pieces that are used in the structure, architectural stone pieces are compared to architectural plastic   that belongs to contemporary churches mostly from Isauria and Cilicia regions and Licia, Pamfilia, Syria and capital Constantinopolis. The fragments of barriers found in the church area and village houses are the richest in terms of decoration. The chancel screen 1 and 2 and the piece 3 used as a spolia in a village house are more detailed in terms of decoration than the other architectural pieces. For this reason, these three parts were encountered more closely in similar geographical areas. These examples has features of 5th and 6th century. In the same way, it has been seen that as a result of the comparisons made for the other parts thought to be barriers in the village houses, the parts reflect the characteristics of the church and early period. The same applies to parts that are supposed to be lintel. It is seen that the three different block parts in the church area belong to the moulding block with the "S" profile. Kyma-recta profiled moulding blocks are used in church architecture especially in 5th and 6th centuries. It has been found that the moulding pieces in Zenonopolis are in harmony with the mouldings in early church examples in the immediate vicinity. In capitals of pier, kinship to the 5th century architecture of the ancient Cilicia and Isauria is seen. Profiles of capitals 1-2 and 3 on the piers that separate the naves reflect the characteristics of the close geography. It is also seen that there are parts of the village carrying late Byzantine features. This finding verifies that, ancient city of Zenonopolis was under the influence of Byzantine and was used for centuries. It may also be the result of the church being restored in later stages and being used for many years.
 
Besides, relying on an inscription which is dated to 5th century and having name of ancient cite Zenonopolis written on it, idea of Emperor Zeno (and/or his brother) giving a church as a gift to his hometown is emphasized. All this makes it possible to prove that Church of Zenonopolis is in a harmony with architectural plastic of other early era Byzantine churches. Also that reasoning leads us to date the Church to the 5th century. As a result of the evaluations, it has been seen that the architectural stone works of the church and the construction technique have many partnerships especially with the Alahan West Church. Hill thinks that the monastery in Alahan was built by the Corycus Church G (Transept Church), Corykus Church H (Tomb Church), Corycus Cathedral Church and the Dağ Pazarı Church by Zeno's investments. Gough, Mango, and Harrison agree with Hill on Alahan structures. It is known that Zeno has invested in several churches in Syria. Hugh Elton has given a new dimension to the controversy, stating that the decorative features of the Alahan structures are too "simple" to be built by the empire. Unlike Elton, it is possible that in the 5th century, the Emperor would present a church in the city of his own birth, in the construction of a dense church in the Isauria, Cilicia and Syrian territories, if the claims of other researchers were correct. In this context, the research overlaps with Saner's thought that Zenonopolis Church (founded by the "courtyard church" in the inscription named Zenonopolis) was built / restored by Emperor Zeno and / or his brother in the 5th century. The Zenonopolis Church, with its architectural and decorative features, is consistent with the 5th century and is likely to be associated with the Imperial family. If so, it will bring a new dimension to the debate over whether the Alahan West Church, which has so many common characteristics, is realized by the imperial initiative.