Güverte tayfasının çalışma periyoduna bağlı olarak gelişen psikofizyolojik verilerinin liman operasyonu süreçlerinde analizi
Analyzing the deck ratings' psychophysiological datas due to working period during port operations
Yazar: BARIŞ ÖZSEVER
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. LEYLA TAVACIOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Denizcilik = Marine

Özet:
Taşımacılık sistemlerinin teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte hızlanması ve bu durumun deniz taşımacılığına olan talebi artırması ile birlikte limanda kalma sürelerenin kısalması, sefer yoğunluklarının artması, personel sayısının azaltılması küreselleşmenin gemi adamları üzerinde olumsuz tezahürlerini oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışma periyodunun gemi adamları için stresör faktöre dönüştüğü, psikofizyolojik olarak olumsuz etkilediği ve operasyonel süreçlerde yapılan hatalar sonucu kazalara veya yaralanmalara neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Kazaların ve yaralanmaların gemilerdeki bir diğer unsuru olan tayfa sınıfı için yapılan bu çalışmada gemi adamlarının gerçek zamandaki verileri incelenmiş ve çalışma periyodunun bu verileri ve operasyonel süreçleri hız, emniyet ve hata oranı açısından nasıl etkilediği analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. 
Gemi adamlarının son bir ayda uğradıkları liman sayısı, gemi içindeki vardiya düzeni, vardiya düzeninin değişmesiyle birlikte vücuttaki biyolojik ritmin değişme sıklığı ve toplam çalışma saati olarak çalışma periyodunun değişkenleri belirlenmiştir.
Veri toplama işlemi geminin limana gelmesinden itibaren başlamış ve limandan ayrılanana kadar sürmüştür. Toplam 5 gemideki 14 gemiciden vardiya başında ve bitiminde beşer dakika olmak üzere E4 writband ile elektrodermal aktivite, H7 polar band ile kalp ritmi, kulaktan ateşölçer ile vücut sıcaklığı değerleri alınmıştır. Elektrodermal aktivite verilerini korele edebilmek için STAI TX-1 envanteri uygulanmıştır. Vardiya öncesinde ve sonrasında olmak üzere basit reaksiyon testi ve Piper yorgunluk ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Gönüllülerin genel psikolojik değerlendirmesinin yapılabilmesi için Psikolojik Genel İyilik Hali anketi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca vardiya süresince ölçümlerin alındığı zaman dilimlerinde aksiyon kamerası yardımıyla video kaydı yapılarak gemi adamları operasyonel süreçlerde izlenmiştir. Tüm veriler SPSS programında istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. 
Bu pilot çalışmanın analiz sonuçlarına göre çalışma periyodundaki niceliksel pozitif değişim gemi adamlarının reaksiyon hızlarında negatif etkide bulunmuştur. Bu değişim gemi adamlarının yorgunluk düzeylerinde de anlamlı görülmüş ancak anksiyete değerleri ile ilişki kurulamamıştır. Gemi adamlarının vardiya başı ve sonu yorgunluk ve reaksiyon hızı farkı çalışma periyodunun değişkenleri ile ilişkili görülmüştür. Ancak bu farkın ve gemi adamlarının operesyonel süreçlerdeki psikofizyolojik verilerin operasyonel süreçleri hız, emniyet ve hata oranı açısından etkilemediği yapılan analizler sonucu anlaşılmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, çalışma periyodunun değişkenlerinden liman sıklığı, vardiya düzeni, biyolojik ritim değişikliği sıklığı ve toplam çalışma saatindeki artışlar gemi adamlarının yorgunluk ve reaksiyon zamanlarındaki artışlarla anlamlıdır. Ancak çalışma periyodundaki artışların operasyonel süreçlerdeki anksiyete durumuna ve operasyonel süreçlere hız, emniyet ve hata oranı açısından nasıl etkide bulunduğunu görmek için bu konudaki çalışmaların artırılması gerekmektedir.

Abstract:
Going faster and faster transportation systems by technology and increasing the demand to maritime transportation create the negative effects of globalization on seafarers. These effects are decreasing the port stays, increasing the port frequency and decreasing the number of crew on ships.
It's known that working period comes to stressor factor for seafarers, effects negative as psychophysiological and cause accidents and diseases due to defects on operational process. Nevertheless, the researches on this topic up to now have been about officers, engineers and ship pilots in maritime domain. This thesis will contribute to literature as an empirical research on ratings which are critical ship elements in shipping accidents and diseases.
It can be said that stressor factors are the most important factor which effects negatively the process of perception, coding and implemeting of information with enviromental, physiological and psychological conditions. Thinking the ship place closed and complexed system, lots of stressor factors which effect the cognitive abilities of seafarers, should be investigated in real place. As behavior and biology sciences, stress is physical, biological and psychological situation which cause that the people can not control themselves and has compliance problem with their enviroment (Gaillard and Wientject, 1994). Fisher (1984), explains the most general description of stress as "any situation react against stress". There has not been any consensus about the description of stress. So that, there is no only one measurement method for evaluate stress and the process being under the stress (Hancock and Desmond, 2001).
When it is focused the symptoms and consequences of stressor factors thesis is established on base Cooper and Marshall (1976)'s the process model of work-related stressor factors theory. Stressor factors are concluded with accidents or diseases depend on individual conditions.
In this thesis tension, stress or drowsy, sleepy moods are invesitgated. According to Thayer (1970), the synchronization of electrodermal aktivity and heart rate variability in autonomic nervous system shows the arousal mood of person.
The aims of the thesis are;
1.	Measure the psychophysiological datas of deck ratings in real places,
2.	Investigate the symptoms of deck ratings related to working period,
3.	Evaluate the symptoms of deck ratings related to working period effect the cognitive performances during operations and evaluate as quickness, non defect and safety for port operations,
4.	Analyzing the empirical datas, it is aimed to critisize working and resting hours of IMO and ILO.
The working period's farctors are determined as the number of port visits, the type of watch (4on-8off or 6on-6off), the frequency of change circadien rhythm and total working hours within last month.
Measurement has commenced when the ships come to port and has continued untill the ships leave. Electrodermal activity with E4 wristband, heart rate variability with H7 polar band, skin temprature have been measured on 14 able seaman from 5 ships at commence and end of watch as five minutes. To corelate electrodermal activity datas, STAI TX-1 has implemented. Before and after of watchs 2-choice reaction time tests and Piper Fatigue Scales have been implemented. To evaluate general psychological conditions of seafarers Psychological General Well-Being Index have been implemented. Also while the measurements taken, seafarers have been watched by action camera duruing operations. Whole datas was analyzed statisticaly in SPSS ( Statistical Package for the Socal Sciences) programme.
Psychological conditions coming to stressor factors for seafarers is a point underlined for this thesis. It is observed that there is drowsy and sleepy conditions on seafarers with psychological conditions coming to stressor factors during operations. 
Port visits, the type of watch, the frequency of change circadien rhythm and total working hours are seperately analyzed in this thesis It is tried to observe the relationship between these factors and the difference before and after or commennce and end of watch datas. Also before and after datas are analyzed seperately with working period factors.
According to hypothesis;
•	First stage,
i.	Working period effected negatively the reaction times of seafarers. The most factor enhanced the thesis is the frequency of port visits. When port visits increase it is observed that cognitive abilities like attention, sensation, coding and implementing which are necessary for operational process, decreased on seafarers.
ii.	Working period didn't cause anxiety on seafarers. Only for one seafarer it has been seen that the most important factor which cause the anxiety on seafarer during operation is 6 on 6 off shift work. Nevertheless, analyze has not been completed because of that there wasn't another seafarer has 6 on 6 off watch.
iii.	Working period caused fatigue on seafarers. The most factor enhanced the thesis is the frequency of change circadien rhythm.
iv.	Fatigue under effect of working period effected negatively the reaction times of seafarers. It has been seen that difference of fatigue levels with difference reaction times correlated but skin temperature. These datas have indicated that fatigue levels can not be perceived as stress by seafarers in research and seafarers in research can cope with fatigue. The relationship between fatigue and anxiety couldn't been completed as analyze due to second hypothesis.
•	Second stage,
i.	Decreasing of reaction times, fatigue and anxiety related to working period didn't effect port operations as quickness, non defect and safety. It has been observed that the seafarer has 6 on 6 off shift made defect while operation, nevertheless the analyze of relationship between the anxiety while operation and working period has not been completed.
According to results, increasing the port visits and sleeplessness effected negatively fatigue and reaction times of seafarers. Nevertheless, this situation caused neither anxiety during operations nor defect of quickness, non defect and safety during port operations.
It can be a lot of factor to explain pozitive picture. Firstly, the company which manage the ships under investigate for this thesis, arrange the shifts of seafarers as 4 on 8 off, not 6 on 6 off and arrange neccessary able seaman on their ships. Secondly, while 71 percentage of seafarers complain the frequency of port visits, it has been seen that managerial decisions are effective on some ships. Ship masters arrange the able seamen's shifts while voyage same as port shifts. This can provide safe navigation and can not change the frequency of change circadien rhythm even if the frequency of port visits increase. So this can not effect clearly fatigue levels of seafarers. Thirdly, the qualification of job able seamen proceed. 
To compare the deck ratings as more comprehensive, similar researches should be done on different type of ships. It has been well known that on tankers there are more complicated jobs and works on which should be attentive as safety while port operations. So that, the evaluation of psychophysiological changes of seafarers due to working period as the risks of accidents and injuries, can be possible by comparing the datas of seafarers on tankers and other types of ships.
According to research, the theory of Thayer (1970) "the synchronization of electrodermal aktivity and heart rate variability in autonomic nervous system shows the arousal mood of person" has been observed during the measurements. When activation levels show upper levels, electrodermal activity and LF/HF ratio are on upper levels. When activation levels show lower levels, electrodermal activity and LF/HF ratio are on lower levels. These datas gave us some imformations about the arousal moods of seafarers like drowsy, sleepy, fresh, being alarm.
The results show that, the regulations of IMO and ILO about working hours, don't include the factors of working periods which are underlined in this thesis, include only working and resting hours limits. These regulations should be improved as ship types, length and period of voyages, frequency of port visits.
The limitations of this thesis are being less of volunteer numbers, being more of variables and being less of constants. Being first study on deck ratings as empirical, this pilot study will exist in literature.
Consequently, the increasing of demand to maritime transportation, going faster and faster ship operations, companies' decisions like decrease the numbers of crew on ships, increase the pressure on seafarers. Even if this thesis didn't give us a negative picture, there are lots of seafarers work under the different type of stress conditions. Day by day, the ships have more port visits, less port stays, less number of crew. 
Human factor in maritime domain is coming more important as long as the investigations on ship accidents and injuries, increase. So that, increasing the researches on this topic which is mentioned in this thesis, provide basis to effect national and international regulations.