Mimarlık ile eğimli arazi ilişkisi /
Yazar: İPEK YÜREKLİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. HÜLYA YÜREKLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1993
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bina bilgisi = Building information ; Eğimli arazi = Sloping ground

Özet:
Bu çalışmada; 'eğimli arazilerde mimarlık" konusu ele alınmıştır. Topografyanın mimarlıktaki yeri ve topoğrafik verilerin çeşitli açılardan mimarlığa etkisi incelenmiştir. Birinci bölüm; konuya giriş niteliği taşımaktadır. ikinci bölümde; topografya' konusu ele alınmıştır. Topografyanın tanımı, mimarlıktaki yeri, tabiatın önemli bir parçası olarak insan için anlamı ve kendi içinde incelenmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Arazi şekil ve yüksekliklerini inceleyebilmek için, bazı sınıflamalar kullanılmıştır. Eğimli arazi ile düz arazı arasındaki, kullanıma ve çevreye yönelik veya anlamsal ve algısal açıdan yorumlanabilecek bazı farklılıklar ortaya konmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde; 'mimarlık' konusu incelenmiştir, önce, genel olarak bazı mimarlık tanımlamaları, amaçları ve yaklaşımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra, mekan ele alınmıştır. Şekil-mekan ilişkilerinden başlayarak, mekanın soyut (geometrik, topolojik) ve somut yönlerden incelenmesi; Mekanı oluşturan, tanımlayan elemanlar, mekan oluşturarak kurulması istenen ilişkiler yanında, mekan örgütlenmesi, mekan türleri, mekanın 'yer' niteliği kazanması ile mimarlığın, zaman, hareket, ışık yardımıyla insan tarafından algılanışı üzerinde durulmuştur. Arazi eğiminin, bu konular kapsamında mimarlık ile ilgisi saptanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, eğimli arazinin mimarlığa etkisi, bir örnek bölge yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir, örnek bölge olarak İstanbul Boğazı'nın bir bölümü ele alınmış ve bölge, ikinci ve üçüncü bölümdeki açılımlar yardımıyla incelenmiştir. -v-

Abstract:
The subject studied in this work is 'architecture on sloping ground'. To analyse the subject; two main themes of it, topography' and 'architecture' are defined and examined; their relations to each other are displayed. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the subject. In chapter 2, topography and its role in architecture is defined and examined. Landform is one of the main three-dimensional data of the environment. As scale and permenanc® it's the dominant one. Contour maps are used for showing the landforms in plan. They are comprised of lines, called contours, connecting points of equal elevation. Despite its heterogeneous character, w® can have some classifications for the topographical forms such as mountains, valleys, ridges, hills etc. They can be open (like plain or plateau) or closed (like valley or canyon); they can have dominant or homogeneous character. The three main character defining elements of landscape are; - silhouette, - scale, - slope. Mountainous regions are composed of limitless variations on three themes; valley, peak and slope. Slopes are diagonals, the connective elements between peaks and valleys. They largely determine accesibility, visibility and landscape character. Slopes consume more area than peaks or valleys. Five basic slope forms are detectable on counter maps; - straight, - s-shaped, - concave, - convex, - compter Slope gradients can be classified as; - very steep (>25°; >%50), - steep (15°~25°;%25-50), -vf-- moderate (5°-10°; %10~%25), - gentle (<5°;<10). The effects of sloping ground are various.They can be sum up in two main topics; as functional and perceptional effects. Some of the functional effects are about the usage of the ground. Steep slopes are not useful for all the functions. For example; agriculture needs flat lands. That is why; in traditional settlements, flat lands have always been used for agriculture; where as houses hav© been built on slope and hilltops. There are difficulties in building structures and especially traffic roads on slope, either. The impact of slope gradient on the layout of circulation systems Is usually viewed as negative. One of the main functional effects of slope is the on® on local climate. Topography has perhaps the greatest influence on mountain microclimates, affecting temperatures, air movements, and the amount of snow cover. The aspect of a slop® - the compass direction toward which a slope faces - largely determines the amount of sojar radiation that reaches it. Local air movements are products of surface relief interacting with solar radiation. During the daytime, the ground is warmed, the air In contact with it is warmed as well. This warmed air rises, moving upslope and upvalley generally parallel with the valley axis. After sundown, the soil surface loses its heat through reradiation, and the air in contact with it loses heat. The cooled air is denser and flows downslope and downvalley, causing a phenomenon known as 'cold air drainage'. The perceptional effects of sloping areas are visual, psychological and phenomenological. The impact of their scale and form are effective. People of various cultures have used the form of sloping ground, mountains as a motif and symbol in their art pieces. For centuries, religions have recognized the spirituality of mountain summits by making high peaks into symbols of ascension, abodes of godes, and objects of sacred journeys. Altitude is a universal symbol of an uplifted spirit, and the mountain itself is a symbol of enlightenment. Angular landform profiles are common in mountain landscapes. The dominent componens of a mountain seen© are the steep mountainsides and the more gently sloping base that forms the transition to the valley floor. The ridge tops, often sharp, are likely to read as edges rather than area and mark a sharp line of contrast with sky. Although mountain masses are solid and unmoving, there is a suggestion of movement in the ascending lines and receding layers of peaks and ridges. This perception is not the only kinetic property of mountain landforms; real movement through the landscape is equally influential in shaping the perceived character of mountain regions. Traveling up and down, and through the mountains reveals landforms in endlessly changing relationships to one another. The advantage of various observing points and scan© opportunities on the sloping ground are important. Sloping grounds have -vii-such visual, perceptional advantages and some technical and economical disadvantages. For centuries, they hav® b@@n usad f ör setllements. Therö ara sorne attitudes for using the naiural slope in architecture. They ar®; -preservation of natural form -aecenîuaîion of natural form, -altöration o< natural form, -destmction of natural form. in chapter 3, architectural dafinitions and dimansions âre studied. Etements of arehiteeture, especially spac© la @xamin@d. Form-space relationships, the abstract and conerete aspeets of spâce, the concepî of 'place' and architecîural perception are tha main toplcs. A description of the architecîural iotality is carrted out by means of three dimensions; -building task (funcîion), -form, -technics. The interrelation b@tw@an the dimensions builds the fourth ona. Semanîical dimension covers th© changing relaîions b@tween the pragmatical, formal and îechnical aspects. Architacture is ba&ad on the el&rn@nt of space. Space is suggested as the raw maîarial of architecture. There are two main aspecîs of space: -abütract aspect; includes the more general schemata of topological and geometricai kind. -concrete a&pect; includes ©nvironmental @l©mant$, such as landscape, îûwnscape,buı!dings, physical things ete. Tha primary geometrical elements of space are point, line.plane and volume.On® of th© basic plane elements in architecture is îhe ground p an©. The ground piane ultimately supports ali ârchitectural eonsîruction Along wıth the cUmaîic and other geographieal conditions of the site îhe ground plane's îopographical character should affect the form of the buıidıng that rıses from it. The buiiding can merge with the around plan© sit on it, ör be eteyated above it. The ground plane itself can be manipulated as wfill to receıve a building form. it can be elevated to honor a sacred ör sıgnıncant place. it can b® bermed to defin© outdoor spaces ör buffer agaınst undasırable elements. lî can be carved ör terraced to provide a suıtable platform on which to build. lî can be sîepped îo allow chanses in topography to be easiiy traversed. Making a wise fit with the land makes architecture belong to its place. An mtımate way of such fit is the îechn!que of creating architecture by carving out of materiala rather îhan adding thern together, Underground structures are ine basis and the beginning of architecture. They have been commonly used in sloplng areas. Topology does not deal with permenant distances, angles and areas, but based upon relations such as proximiîy, separaîion, - viii -suceession.elosure and eontinuity.The estabüshment of three faclors is important; -cansres ör piaces, -direetions ör paths, -ar@as ör domains. They can be reachad by various space organi^ations. The basic space organizâtions are in eentralized, linear, radial and elıtstered (includes grid system) orda r. Organisations of settlements are sSmilar. Thre@ basic types of villages are; clusîer vlllag©, lineaî village and th© round village. The three variations on th© theme denslty are obviosiy determined by differenî regional and historical condiîions. On the iarge op©n plains ör in ©xtended forests whâre nature offers f©w distincî places, th@ enelüsed ör square forms ar© usual. in direcîed valteys the settlemenî generally hava a Hneal organization. in traditional hill towns; if îhe site is a ridge, the town will have a lineal shape along the ridge, Oîher main roads will run parailel to îiıis spin© furîher down th© slope. On round, dornieal hill sites, the main buildings are litely to be at the top; and th© sîreeîs descending concantric circles. On settlement scale, th© relationship of natural ground and buildings are generally determined by path systems. Paths, roads can line parallel, perpendicular ör diagonal to the contours. They can be straighî ör curved. The second eommon order used on sloping areas is clusîered order. They can be geometrical (grid system) ör organic. ön buiiding scale, the relationship of natural ground and buildings is östablished by using various systems, such as cut and fiil, split lavel, using posts ör bridges etc.Slopes provide a design opporîunity to manipulate and reduce the apparent bulk of larger buiiding masses. A strucîure will look smaller if it ıs terraced up a slope than iî it is sîacked yertically. Terracing also provides the continuüy of îh© spaces which ar© linked by steps îo öne another. Space is a bounded ör purposeful void with tha potential of physically linking things, it only becomes place when it is given a contextual meaning derived from cultural ör regional content. while types of spac© can be defined by caîegories ör îypologîes based on physical properîies, each place is unique, taking on the characîar of Us surroundings. This character consists both of; -concrete things (having material substance, shape, texîure and color) -and of more intângible cultural associaîions (a certain patına given by human use över tim©). Ârchiîecture is experienced by perception which is formed by an irnmediate percaptua! space and a more stabie spaoa schemata. Sorne factors affect and change perception; -movement, -îimâ, -size and scale, -liflht, -observing polnt (distance, alîitude). " ix-in ehapter 4, a part of Bosphorus is chosen for a ease study. The region is examin©d as a sloping area s@ttl@m@nt Th© topography of the ar©a, how it is parcaivdd and us@d, spâce orgânîıations on it are the main iîems.