Dört farklı alev geciktiricili polimerik tekstil ürünlerinin alev dayanım performanslarının incelenmesi
Investigation of flame resistance performances of four different flame retardant polymeric textile products
Yazar: MUHAMMED FATİH ASLAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. HAKAN SERHAD SOYHAN
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Yangın ve Yangın Güvenliği Anabilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Mühendislik Bilimleri = Engineering Sciences

Özet:
Tarih boyunca insanlığın en önemli yardımcısı olan ateşin kontrol altında tutulamadığı durumlarda ortaya çıkan yıkıcı etkisini önlemek için birçok önlem almaya çalışılmıştır. Gelişen teknolojiyle beraber yangın güvenlik önlemlerinin artması için yapılan çalışmalar büyük buluşları beraberinde getirse de hala ateşin gücüne dayanacak bir malzeme sentezlenebilmiş değildir. Bu durum yangına müdahale ekiplerinin müdahaleleri esnasında birçok güçlük çıkarmaktadır. Yangın yerindeki tehlikelerin başında gelen yüksek sıcaklığa maruziyet ve doğrudan alevlerle karşı karşıya kalmak itfaiyeciler için çok ağır sonuçlar doğurabilecek olaylardır. Yangınla mücadelede KKD itfaiyeciler için hayati önem arz etmektedir. KKD olarak Yangına yaklaşma elbisesi (YYE) en önemli bileşen olarak gösterilebilir. YYE itfaiyecinin gövdesi, kol, bacak ve boynunu yangın yerindeki tehlikelerden korumak için tasarlanan tek veya daha fazla parçadan oluşan bir ekipmandır. YYE polimer teknolojisinin gelişmesi ile teknik tekstil işletmeciliği, acil durum ekiplerinin yangından korunması için çeşitli malzemeler sentezlemiştir. Sentezlenen polimer liflerinin giyilebilir noktaya getirilebilmesi için süreç içerisinde farklı teknikler geliştirilerek farklı standartlar göz önüne alınarak işlemler yapılmıştır. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE) tarafından hazırlanmış standartlara uygun malzemelerin üretilmesi ve kullanılması sağlanmıştır. Bu malzemelerden, yüksek performanslı aramid tabanlı polimer zincirleri ve polibenzimidazol tabanlı elyaflardan üretilen içerik olarak dört farklı tip kumaş incelenecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek performanslı aramid polimerleri ve polibenzimidazol tabanlı elyaflardan imal kumaşlarla üretilen elbiseler ısıl dayanımları ve yırtılmaya dayanımları analizlerini yaparak gerek benzer polimer arasında gerek benzer polimer karışımına sahip kumaşların kıyaslanarak elde edilen veriler ortaya konulacaktır. İnceleme yapılırken uygulanan testler TSE standartlarına uygun olarak hazırlanmış deney düzenekleri kullanılmış olup sonuçlar değerlendirilirken deney sonuçlarının aritmetik ortalamaları alınmıştır.  Çalışmamız da, farklı polimerizasyonlarla elde edilmiş olan kumaşların ısıya ve yırtılmaya karşı davranışlarını kıyaslaması yapılmıştır. Radyan ısı transferi, konvektif ısı transferi, alev yürümezlik testlerinin yanı sıra iki tip kumaş için yırtılma mukavemeti testleride yapılmıştır. Bu sayede, optimum kullanım için hazırlanacak itfaiyeci elbiselerinin performans özellikleri ortaya konarak bilimsel veriler ışığında standartlar gözden geçirilerek gelecekteyapılabilecek benzer konularda ki araştırmalara öncülük edebilecek bazı önerilere yer verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Abstract:
Throughout history, many measures have been tried to be taken to prevent the destructive effect of fire, which is the most important helper of humanity, when it cannot be kept under control. Although the efforts to increase fire safety measures with the developing technology bring great discoveries, a material that can withstand the power of fire still has not been synthesized. This situation creates many difficulties during the intervention of fire fighting teams. Exposure to high temperatures and direct exposure to flames, which are the leading dangers in the fire place, are events that can have very serious consequences for firefighters. PPE is vital for firefighters in firefighting. PPE, approach to fire suit (YYE) can be shown as the most important component. YYE is a single or more piece of equipment designed to protect the torso, arms, legs and neck of the firefighter from hazards at the fire site. With the development of the polymer technology, technical textile business has synthesized various materials for fire protection of emergency teams. In order to bring the synthesized polymer fibers to the wearable point, different techniques were developed during the process and processes were carried out considering different standards. The production and use of materials in accordance with the standards prepared by the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) was ensured. From these materials, four different types of fabrics will be examined as content produced from high-performance aramid-based polymer chains and polybenzimidazole-based fibers. The aim of this study is to analyze the thermal resistance and tear resistance of clothes produced with high-performance aramid polymers and fabrics made of polybenzimidazole-based fibers, and the data obtained by comparing both similar polymers and fabrics with similar polymer mixtures will be revealed. Test setups prepared in accordance with TSE standards were used during the examination, and the arithmetic averages of the test results were taken while evaluating the results. 
In our study, the behavior of fabrics obtained with different polymerizations against heat and tearing will be compared. In addition to radiant heat transfer, convective heat transfer, flame resistance tests, tear strength tests will also be performed for two types of fabric. In this way, the performance characteristics of firefighter's suits to be prepared for optimum use were revealed, and the standards were reviewed in the light of scientific data, and some suggestions for future research on similar issues were included.
Fire is perhaps the most destructive of many disasters. The first action to be taken in the fight against fire is to create a conscious society and then to take active and passive fire safety measures. Responding to a fire should be considered as the last stage of fire protection.Today, although many studies have been carried out in the training and fire safety measures of fire protection stages, the destructive effects of fires are undeniable. 
Firefighters responding to such a devastating disaster are working in a very challengingenvironment. Fire is an environment that is completely out of control and contains many dangers.
The main task of fire teams is to fight fires in buildings, vehicles (land, air and sea) and forest areas, save the injured and extinguish fires in a way that minimizes material losses. In this context, in order for the fire team personnel to perform these services and to ensure their own safety;
Fire science,
combustion processes,
The behavior of fire and its relationships with different types of substances and environments,
Fire classifications and corresponding extinguishing agents,
They need to understand fire behavior signs, fire development patterns and potential rapid fire developments.
During fire, volatile organic compounds/semi-volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particles, isocyanates, halogenated dioxins, halogenated flame retardants, fiber fly are formed. For this reason, protective work clothes are needed during fire fighting.  
Protective work clothes do not only consist of clothes, but also attachment systems and other protective replaceable parts, gloves, caps, shoes, etc. added to the clothes. It is evaluated together with and when it contains these components, it is defined as personal protective equipment (PPE). Protective work clothing, personal protective equipment is expected to be as protective as the job requires, against whatever hazards in the job are concerned.
Meta-aramids are known for their good thermal tolerance and long-term stability at high temperatures and are therefore widely applied in thermal protective clothing. On the other hand, para-aramids are valuable for their high strength, high coefficients, as well as good thermal stability at high temperatures, making them suitable for ballistic applications. In this study, we tried to evaluate only the high temperature factor among the dangers in the fire environment. Although there are different ways of heat dissipation, we tried to find innovative approaches by examining the performance of fire approach suits, which are the most basic Personal protective equipment that protects firefighters in the fire environment, by conducting tests on radiant and convective heat dissipations in our study. According to the variety of polymeric materials in their (YYE) content, their resistance to heat transfers was observed. The results were evaluated by applying the tear strength test (YMT) to two samples from the RPP produced with fabrics belonging to different polymeric mixtures. The tests applied were carried out in accordance with the standards determined by the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). In order to better examine the water absorption performance of the aromatic rings in the polymeric structures in the YYE fabric content, the performances of the fabrics in the tests made by absorbing water (washing) were also included in our study.
Developing Polymer technology shows its effect in every aspect of life. Although a material that can withstand the power of fire has not been synthesized, flame retardant structures synthesized thanks to polymer technology have started to be used today.
In our thesis study, the effects of flame retardant polymers impregnated on cotton fabrics will be observed experimentally and the results will be presented in our thesis to shed light on future studies.