Tüketim kültüründe ürün tasarımı ve sürdürülebilirlik ilişkisine eleştirel bir yaklaşım
A critical approach to relationship between product design and sustainability in consumption culture
Yazar: SERVET YÜKSEL
Danışman: PROF. DR. SEÇİL ŞATIR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı = Industrial Design
Dizin: Etik = Ethics ; Sürdürülebilir tasarım = Sustainable design ; Sürdürülebilirlik = Sustainability ; Tüketim kültürü = Consumption culture ; Ürün tasarımı = Product design

Özet:
Endüstri Devrimi sonrası süreçte gerçekleşen yoğun insan faaliyetinin doğal denge üzerindeki sonuçları, 1970'lerde uluslararası düzeyde seslendirilmeye ve tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Ortak bir anlayış belirleme zorunluluğunu ortaya koyulmuş ve süreç içerisinde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma modeli öne sürülmüştür.Çevreye duyarlı tasarım anlayışının ya da başka bir deyişle çevreye duyarlı tasarımlara olan ihtiyacın doğuşu, endüstri devrimi sonrası yoğunlaşan çevre tahribatı ve tahribatın somut şekilde kendini göstererek gün yüzüne çıkmasıyla ilişkilidir ve çevre tahribatına karşılık önerilen çözüm anlayışlarının tasarım mesleğine yansımalarının bir sonucudur.Bugünün gereksinimlerini, gelecek kuşakların da kendi gereksinimlerini karşılayabilme olanağından ödün vermeksizin karşılamak tanımlamasıyla ortaya konulan Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma hareketi 1987 Bruntland Raporu'ndan günümüze bir çok toplantıda seslendirilmiş yaygın bir modeldir. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma sürdürülebilirlik kelimesinin de popülerleşmesine katkılarda bulunmuş, zamanla çevre problemleri ve sürdürülebilirlik kelimeleri sıklıkla aynı cümleler içerisinde kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma konulu görüşlerin bir çoğunda çevre tahribatının önlenmesi ve şirket karlılığının artırılmasının yan yana kullanıldığı, iş verimlilik modelleri, yöntem ve stratejiler bulunmaktadır.Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, sürdürülebilirlik, çevreye duyarlı tasarım veya daha yaygın kullanımıyla sürdürülebilir tasarım; bugün henüz doğruları ve yanlışları tam olarak netleşmemiş, olgunlaşmamış kavramlardır. Zaman içerisinde belirli bir denge tutturulması öngörülebilecek bu kavramların, endüstri ürünleri tasarımı ile olan etkileşimi çerçevesinde, bu çalışmada değerlendirilen konu başlıkları altında, iki farklı perspektiften olaylara ve kavramlara dair tespitlerde bulunulmuştur ve konu tartışmaya açılmıştır.Bunlar;?-Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve bu kalkınma modelinin gereksinimlerini karşılayacak "çevreci bir tasarım anlayışı" gerçeklerini savunan ve icra eden düşünce. Bu düşünce temel olarak, mevcut üretim-tüketim alışkanlıklarını değişmeksizin devam ettirerek, var olan ürün tasarım sürecine bazı yenilemeler ve ek uygulamalar (metotlar, prensipler, standartlar, hesaplama yöntemleri yardımıyla) getirerek sürdürülebilir olunabileceğini savunmaktadır.?Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın temelde sürdürülebilir bir ekosistemle bağdaşmayan bir kavram olduğunu öne süren düşünce. Bu düşünce ana hatlarıyla, sürdürülebilir tasarım olgusunun Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma modeli temelli bir anlayış olduğunu belirterek, pazar bazlı ekonomik taleplerden domine edildiğini ifade eder. Sürdürülebilir bir yaşama ulaşmak için yenilikçi yollar izlenmesi gerektiğini ve bu yolun Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma modelinin önerileriyle gerçekleşmeyeceğini belirtir.Çalışmada endüstri ürünleri tasarımı mesleği ve mesleğin, çevre ve endüstri ile olan ilişkisinde gerçekçi bir durum tespiti yapılmış, her iki perspektiften de ?Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma anlayışı ve alternatif sürdürülebilir yaşam- ,sürdürülebilir tasarımın ortaya çıkması için gerekliliklerden, tüketim kültürü ve endüstriyel tasarım ilişkisinden ve tasarımcıların sürdürülebilirlik stratejilerindeki rolleri ve sınırlamalarından bahsedilmiştir.Konuya dair yapılan tespitler, varsayımlar ve eleştirilerin, mevcut uygulamalar, düşünceler ve bilinirlik içerisindeki durumu, anket çalışması ve görüşmelerden çıkan sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir.Sonuçlar bölümünde, anketler, görüşmeler ve yapılan karşılaştırmalardan edinilen bulgular, çevreye duyarlı tasarım, endüstri ürünleri tasarımcının temel görevleri ve iyi tasarıma getirilen tanımlar çerçevesinde ; ?tasarım etiği? kavramı değerlendirme kıstası alınarak yorumlanmıştır.

Abstract:
After the Industrial Revolution, the effects of intensive human activities on the natural balance was being negotiated and disputed at an international level in 70s.It was forged public opinion at the international level and a Sustainable Development model was propounded.Environment-friendly design or in the other words the need of environment-friendly design (all those concepts are shown with titles of sustainable product design, environmental-friendly design, environmental responsible design e.t.c.) are related to emerging ecocide after the Industrial Revolution, and it is also the result of incidences of suggested solutions response to ecocide on design profession.Sustainable Development is a common concept which was described as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs in Bruntland Report 1987 by Bruntland Commission. Becoming widespread of Sustainable Development concept increase the familiarness of sustainability. Hence the sustainability has been used together with environmental problems in the long run. There are many productivity models, methods and strategies can be found easyly in the literature related with Sustainable Development stand same position with the ideas of decreasing environmental effects and increasing company profit.The notions of Sustainable Development, sustainability, environment-friendly design or sustainable design has not become prominent with their advantages and disadvantages yet. With the provision of these notions should be in balance with time, in this study, two different perspective under the topics were determined and discussed on their relations with industrial products design. Those are;?The idea of Sustainable Development and defending and executing the truth of "environmental responsible perception". This idea comes up with the renovation and innovation of product design process without changing present production - consumption behaviours. It also maintains that it could be possible to be sustainable by performing new renovations and new applications (with the help of procedures, principles, standards, calculation methods etc.).?The idea that is against the Sustainable Development concept does not agree with ecosystem. This idea expresses that the sustainable industrial design is dominated by market based economical demands. It indicates that the innovative ways should be followed, so that having a sustainable life is not possible to gain by Sustainable Development.In this study, realistic detection of industrial product design profession and its correlation with industry and environment was executed. The necessities of sustainable product design, consumption culture and industrial design relations and the roles of designers in the sustainability strategies were mentioned by two percepectives.With consideration of critical point of view, it can be mentioned that the basis of the environmental issues has been risen because of desiring keep welfare level as much as high which occur issue of ?more than necessary? with superhuman ambition and human effort factors. This issues are mentioned in this study with titles of relationship with industrial product design,walfare level and contemporary position of industrial product designer in this relationship.Since Sustainable Development concept was introduced at the first time almost 25 yeas ago in Bruntland Report , the popularity of the word of sustainability has been being increased but the upward trend of environmental problems did?t dissappear nor decrease. With this consideration, there are many critisicms and harsh observings about Sustainable Development concept which claim the concept aims to sustain the current level of wellfare and the consumption culture was fictionalized in this system so that the main aim is to maintain existing economical structure with unsincere ?green? rule rather than to reach environmental friendly sustainable life style.It can be stated that environmental responsible design understanding is natural professional reflexion after tendecy of environmental resposiblity with emerging Sustainable Development model. Nevertheless, critisizings and assumptions are being put to Sustainable Development concept which claim the Sustainable Development concept is an understanding was emerged with the aim of maintaining the structure of consumption culture rather than protecting environment and habitat from hazardous effects with making new environmental friendly products, by way of critisize directly to concepts,models and understandings which can be named principally sustainable product design, environmental friendly design or environmental responsible design.This study put Turkish industrial product designer?s tendecy about issues with causes and results in this informational convergence period. The detection of Turkish industrial product designer?s awareness about environmental responsible design mentailty is reveal the tendecy of the study.It is stated constantly in the academical areas that the organization stucture of environmental responsible design need to have critical and holistic point of views. In order to have critical and holistic point of views, it has to be had deep information basis. The issues, models and methods that are mentioned on this study can be seen as in infancy period and it can be commented many of new related models will emerge in near future.Nevertheless, the indefiniteness of true and wrong,the overmuch information about issues and the critical comments show that the development of environmental responsible design mentality has?t been completed yet. Turkish designers like their professional colleagues on the other countries of the global world take a front stand in subjects of environment, environmental issues and sustainability. Designer and environmental responsibility relationship is examined with the perspective of environmental responsible design in this thesis while it is critisized and cross-examined.One of the main aim of this study is to contribute industrial product design in order to find new and critical ways rather than to determine if the criticisms of environmental responsible design or Sustainable Development are true or wrong,in the period which industrial product design and environmental responsibility has been matching frequently especially after millenium times.The study has include a wide literature research which aims to show findings, hypothesis and criticals in sensible line. Sustainable Development concept was investigated in the beginning of the study in order to understand sustainable design and related issues with holistic perspective and the relationship between the historical process of Sustainable Development and sustainable product design understanding has been determined in the study. The findings from literature which are hypothesis, criticals and current condition in industrial design fields are shown as objective by the writer.In spite of the fact that the criticals rise up from the point of view of industrial product design, literature reseach include psychology, sociology , economy and history surveys in order to support findings.The arguments that is stated in the study are compared with current condition and awareness of Turkish industrial design existence in questionary and causerie part.The questions was prepared with an aim of finding out the awareness of developed concepts and methods about sustainable product design in Turkish industrial product design field and current using case about those concepts and methods which shown up after Sustainable Development concept was emerged. The answers and anlyzed questionare finding shows Turkish industrial product designer?s common tendecy of their sensibilities and responsibiliy approach.In order to support arguments that are stated in first part(critical literature) and find out the position against practice and tendecy, there are 3 interview were done with tree main leading furniture company of Turkey?s design authorizeds.The main reason to determine making interview with companies from furniture industry is observing of advance collaborations between industrial product designers and Turkish furniture industry beside other industry fields in Turkey. And the companies also have background about sustainability issues.The detections, assumptions and critics, present applications, ideas and their familiarness, survey studies and their results were compared and reviewed.In results section, the surveys, discussions, indications from comparasions, environmental-friendly design, the fundementals of industrial designer's duties were discussed within the frame of "design ethics".