Mimari tasarımda detayların performans değerlendirmesine yönelik bir analiz aracı önerisi
An analysis tool for performance evaluation of architectural details: A proposal
Yazar: IŞIL TÜRKAY
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. MEHMET CEM ALTUN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Teknoloji alanındaki gelişmeler, piyasaya arz edilen yeni malzemeler, çeşitlenerek artan kullanıcı gereksinimleri mimari detay oluşturmada tasarımcıyı daha karmaşık sorunlarla karşı karşıya bırakmaktadır. Mimarlıkta teknoloji eğitiminde de hazır detay çözümleri ile birlikte uyarlama ve özgün tasarım becerisinin kazandırılması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu bağlamda "hazır" detaylara ilişkin bilgi aktarımı ile birlikte değişik problemlerin çözümüne olanak verebilecek yaklaşımlar gerekmektedir. Hızla değişen koşullara uygun tasarımlara güncel teknolojiyi entegre edebilecek ve temel bilgilerin detay geliştirmede kullanılmasını sağlayacak "sistematik" yaklaşımların kullanılması bir çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu amaçla, gerek mimarlık pratiğinde, gerekse mimarlık eğitiminde kullanılabilecek, çeşitli kaynaklardan yararlanılarak ve elde edilen veriler ile mimari tasarımda kullanılabilecek mimari detayların performans değerlendirmesine yönelik bir analiz aracı geliştirilmiştir. Önerilen araç ile mimarlık öğrencilerinin, yapı elemanlarının tipik bölge detaylarının ve birleşim detaylarının tasarım ilkelerini öğrenmeleri; mimarlık pratiğinde ise tasarımcıların tasarlanan yapı elemanı tipik bölge detaylarında ve birleşim detaylarında bulunan eksik ve hataları tespit edip, detayı iyleştirmede bireysel tasarım yaklaşımları geliştirmeleri hedeflenmiştir. Entegrasyon teorisine temellenen analiz aracında, bina alt-sistemler arasındaki ilişkilerin kurulması ile detay ve binanın parça-bütün ilişkisinin farkındalığının arttırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araç sistemler yaklaşımıyla bina, servis sistemi, taşıyıcı sistem, kabuk sistemi ve detay ölçeklerinden oluşmuş olup; detay ölçeğinde performans yaklaşımıyla hem tipik bölge detaylarının, hem de birleşim detaylarının performans değerlendirmesini kapsamaktadır. Bina, servis sistemi, taşıyıcı sistem ve kabuk sistemi ölçeklerinde "fiziksel" ve "görsel" analiz alt-modüllerinden; tipik bölge detayı ile birleşim detayı ölçeklerinde "fiziksel" ve "performans" analiz alt-modüllerinden oluşturulabilecek akış şemaları ile esnek kullanım olanağı sunan analiz aracının çeşitli alt-modüllerinde, verilen destek yan-araçlar ile değerlendirmeyi güvenilir sonuçlara ulaştırıcı özelliği sayesinde, deneyim düzeyi düşük olan değerlendiricilerin aracı kolay kullanabileceği gibi; bu destek yan-araçlarına başvurmaya ihtiyaç duymayan, bilgi ve deneyim düzeyi yüksek değerlendiriciler de "uzman görüşü" ile değerlendirme sonuçlarına ulaşabilmektedir. Araca bu özelliği sağlayan, destek yan-araçlarından başka; performans değerlendirmesinde basitleştirilmiş bir hesap ve/veya "benzeterek" karşılaştırma olanağı sağlayan bir yöntem önerilmiş olmasıdır. Bu araç, literatürde bulunan yaklaşımların derlenip analiz edilmesiyle ve uyarlanmasıyla oluşturulmuş; lisans ve yüksek lisans eğitiminde seçme derslerde kullanılarak, yapılan gözlemler ve çeşitli ölçütlerle değerlendirmeler ile geliştirilmiştir. Araç; mimari detay tasarımı eğitiminin ilk aşamasında; mimarlık pratiğinde ise mimari detay tasarım sürecinde ve uygulama projesi ile detay projesinde kontrol amaçlı kullanılabilmektedir.

Abstract:
Design is a term, which has many definitions based on every single designer's approach. However, its definition can be simplified into a "process" or a "product". The process is the whole of the actions to solve a problem, which can be described with some specific needs or demands. The product is the result of these actions. Adapting these definitions to architecture, "building" is an architectural product; "the answers to how-questions" is architectural process. Architectural detail, being a part of the building, is also an architectural product, but of a different design problem than of the building's.
The needs and demands in describing the design problem can be related to users. All the decisions, made in the design and construction phases of a building, affect users both physically and psychologically. Therefore, user needs and demands, the so-called "user requirements", must be analysed thoroughly and become the inputs of the design process. The role of the architectural detail in fulfilling the user requirements become evident at this point. For details are the codes of building elements and are the nodes where all sub-systems of the building intersect. The focus of this study is on the architectural details; namely:
 typical area details
 coupling details
Typical area details are the units of building element systems. They are composed of layers and complementary components for load transfer. A typical area detail consists generically of "core", "protective layers" and "finishings". Coupling details are the intersections of typical area details of the building element systems. Building element systems are classified according to their locations in building and their functions:
 Roof systems
 External wall systems
 Wall opening systems
 Floor systems
 Internal sub-division systems
 Vertical circulation systems
Coupling details comprise of combinations of typical area detail intersections among these systems, and a component of structural system. In some instances, a service system component may belong to coupling detail. A major difference of coupling details from typical area details is that they require additional constructive components for different functions. This is a result of the complexity in coupling details. For this reason, detail design and systems integration require coordination of different disciplines. They provide the integrity of sub-systems in terms of physical, performance and visual integrations. Hence, they require a good level of architectural technology knowledge and experience.
Architectural detail can be concretised in many ways by giving relative importance to design parameters. Since an outweighing design parameter can be relative based on different criteria, there is no one "right" solution. However, since the design problem is defined with user requirements, performance of the architectural detail stands always as one of the most important parameters.
Design processes sit on a scale of intuitional – systematic approaches. Building level design problems are often on the "intuitional" side of this scale. This kind of approach is named "black box" by many authors, because the design process cannot be described. On the other hand, detail design must concentrate more on the "systematic" end of the scale, since architectural details are the prerequisites for building construction and require architectural technology knowledge in their design processes.
Advances in building technology, material innovations and increasing levels of user comfort confront designers with more complex problems in architectural detail design. Communication and cooperation between actors of multidisciplinary environment in professional architectural practice are, therefore, vital to achievement of systems integration and detail design. In this context, planning of design phases must allow a particular architectural detail to be changed in any design phase by any designer. On the other hand, gaining skills of "adaptation" and "design-from-scratch" along with "use of ready-made detail solutions" have become a requirement in architectural technology education. In this regard, the need for knowledge transfer through the analyses of ready-made details and the need for developing detailing approaches in complex design problems seem to be obvious. As a consequence, the solution for these problems is the adoption of systematic approaches, in which the rapidly developing technologies can be integrated into design and basic architectural technology knowledge can be used in detailing. For this reason, an analysis tool for performance evaluation of architectural details has been developed that can be used both in architectural education and professional architectural practice. The analysis tool is generated through collecting, analysing and adapting design and analysis approaches in literature, and then developed by observations during the use in architectural education selective courses in undergraduate and graduate levels.
The proposed tool is aimed to be used in architectural education for learning design principles of building elements' typical area details and coupling details, where at least two building elements and a component of the structural system intersect. Besides, the tool is aimed to be adopted in professional architectural practice for detecting shortcomings and failures in details, and to help designers developing their own detailing approaches by using the tool to improve those details. Based on the integration theory, the analysis tool helps identifying relations between building systems and increases the awareness of the part-whole integrity in building and its details. In regard to systems thinking, the analysis tool consists of building level, service system level, structural system level typical area detail level and coupling detail modules. Building level, service system level and structural system level modules are divided further into "physical" analysis and "visual" analysis sub-modules, whereas detail modules are divided into "physical" analysis and "performance" analysis sub-modules. Performance evaluations in the detail modules are conducted separately for typical area details and coupling details. Consequently, the uniqueness of coupling details and how coupling details become solutions to various design problems, regarding user requirements and environemental factors in design process can be revealed by using the tool.
The tool can be used in the analysis of designed details, constructed details or details, which have a level of completeness. In this regard, the tool has three use areas:
 In architectural education: students, who have low level of knowledge and experience; to get to know the design principles
 In professional architectural practice: designers, who have mid-level of knowledge and experience; in design phases to control the details and to develop them
 In professional architectural practice: high level of knowledge and experience; in project management to control the details and to detect the shortcomings and failures
A level of flexibility in the use of the analysis tool has been achieved by letting the analysis sub-modules to be applied in different orders. In addition, generated support sub-tools, which can be used in various sub-modules, and the proposed evaluation method, which requires simple calculations and/or comparisons with the reference values, contribute to the reliability of evaluation results even if the analysis tool is used by a designer, who has a low level of experience. Still, the tool enables performance evaluation based solely on expert opinion in case the user has a high level of knowledge and experience. Eventually, the tool can be used in the early stages of architectural education, in the detail design stages in professional architectural practice, and in design review stages of construction projects and detail design projects.