Web-CBS ile hızlı görsel tarama sistemi tasarımı
Fast visual scanning system design with Web-GIS
Yazar: BARIŞ SERKAN AKIN
Danışman: PROF. DR. HİMMET KARAMAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Deprem Mühendisliği = Earthquake Engineering
Dizin: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Deprem yönetmelikleri = Earthquake regulations ; Görsel tarama = Visual scanning ; Web = Web

Özet:
Ülkememizde ve dünyada konut ihtiyacı her geçen büyükmekte, yeni yapılar yapılmakta ve mevcut konutları yenilenmesinin önemide gittikçe artmaktadır. İstanbul ilindeki binaların çoğu yüksek deperemsellik bölgesinde bulunmakta ve yapım yılları dikkate alındığında Deprem Yönetmeliklerinden önce çıktığı ve bir an önce yenilenmeli veya depreme dayanıklı hale getirilmelidir. Burada en büyük sorun yenileme veya güçlendirme çalışmalarına nereden başlanacağı, hangi binaların öncelikli olarak ele alınacağıdır. Burada tüm binalarda fiziksel analizler yapılan, analizlerin vakit alındığı yöntemler yerine, dünyada kabul görmüş Hızlı Görsel Tarama yöntemlerinin önemi ve pratikliği, bu yöntemler öne çıkarmaktadır. Bunlardan en önemlisi ve kapsamlı olanı FEMA-154 standartlarında üretilen Hızlı Görsel Tarama Yöntemidir. Yalnız bu yöntemde bile tarama formları maktu çıktı alınarak saha tespitlerin forma girilmesini ve sonrasında forma girilen verilerin ofis ortamında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi ortamına aktarılar analizlerin yapılmasını gerekmektirmektedir.
Bu tezde bu süreyide en aza indirebilmek için Web tabanlı CBS ve anket uygulamaları kullanılmıştır. FEMA-154 Seviye 1 Yüksek Depremsellik Hızlı Görsel Tarama Formuna sadık kalınarak web ortamında anket formu oluşturulmuş, saha personelinin görsel tarama yaptığı binayla ilgili sadece sahadan toplanması gereken bilgilere odaklanmasını sağlayacak hale getirilmiştir. Sahadan binanın konumu seçilirken bile önüne GPS onumunu alan digital bir harita çıkmakta olur, adres, enlen boylam bilgilerini elle girme ihtiyacı ortadan kaldırılmıştır. Bina tiplerini ve binalarda görülen yatay ve düşey düzensizlikleri hızlıca tespit edilmesi için web formunda gerekli görseller ve açıklamalar seçeneklerle beraber gösterilmektedir. Tüm bilgier sahadan toplandıktan sonra, Zemin türü, temel puanlalar ve bina yapım yılına ve diğer parametrele göre temel puan üzerinde değişikliğe neden olan hesalamalar form sonunda otomatik hesaplanarak tekrar ofiste analiz yapma ihtiyacı kaldırılmıştır. Bu sayede kısa sürede çalşıma yapılan sahadaki görsel taramalar tamamlanabilir ve çökme yaşanacak muhtemel binalar puanlanmış olur.
Bu çalışmada kullanılan görsel fotoğraflar ve form üzerinde standartlaştırılan parametreler, bir yapay zeka sinir ağı üzerinde eğitim verisi olarak kullanılarak ileride konum ve fotoğraf üzerinden puanlama yapılmasına altlık oluşturulmuştur.
Web tabanlı CBS uygulamalrın gelişen teknojiyle bile mobil cihazlara kadar inmiş olması yüksek depremsellik yaşanan bölgelerde hızlı taramalar yapılmasına imkan vermiştir.

Abstract:
The need for housing in our country and in the world is growing, new buildings are being built and the importance of renovating existing houses is increasing. Most of the buildings in the province of Istanbul are located in the high seismic zone and considering the construction years, they came before the Earthquake Regulations and should be renewed or made earthquake resistant as soon as possible. The biggest problem here is where to start the renovation or strengthening works and which buildings will be given priority.
Aging building stock in high seismic risk areas poses several risks and challenges that can have serious consequences for both building occupants and the wider community and aging buildings are more vulnerable to damage and collapse during earthquakes due to the degradation of their structural and non-structural components over time. This increases the risk of injury or death to building occupants and can also disrupt essential services such as hospitals, schools, and emergency response facilities. In addition, aging buildings are also more likely to have un-reinforced masonry, which is particularly susceptible to collapse during earthquakes. The maintenance and retrofit of aging building stock in high seismic risk areas can also present significant challenges and risks. For example, retrofitting older buildings to make them safer in earthquakes can be complex and expensive, especially for buildings with unique or historic features. This can lead to a lack of investment in the retrofit of older buildings, which can further exacerbate the risks posed by earthquakes. In addition, the retrofit of aging buildings can also cause displacement and disruption to the residents and businesses that occupy them, which can have wider social and economic consequences.
In conclusion, aging building stock in high seismic risk areas poses serious risks to both building occupants and the wider community, and addressing these risks requires a comprehensive and well-coordinated approach that considers the technical, economic, and social implications of retrofitting aging buildings.
Here, instead of the methods where physical analyzes are made in all buildings and the analyzes take time, the importance and practicality of the world-recognized Rapid Visual Scanning methods, these methods come to the fore. The most important and comprehensive of these is the Rapid Visual Scanning Method produced in FEMA-154 standards. However, even in this method, it is necessary to take a fixed printout of the scanning forms, enter the field determinations into the form, and then transfer the data entered in the form to the Geographical Information System environment in the office environment and make the analysis.
Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) of buildings for potential seismic hazards has several advantages. RVS is a fast and simple method that allows for a quick assessment of a building's seismic hazard potential. This can be especially important in emergency situations where a prompt response is needed and relatively low-cost method of
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evaluating buildings for seismic hazards, making it a cost-effective option for building owners, operators, and emergency responders. RVS does not require specialized training or equipment, making it a straightforward method for building professionals, emergency responders, and others to implement and also can help prioritize buildings for further evaluation and retrofit, allowing for the allocation of limited resources in an effective and efficient manner. RVS can raise awareness about the importance of seismic hazard mitigation and educate building owners and emergency responders about the potential risks associated with earthquakes.
In this thesis, Web-based GIS and survey applications were used to minimize this time. Adhering to the FEMA-154 Level 1 High Seismicity Rapid Visual Scan Form, a questionnaire form was created in the web environment, enabling field personnel to focus only on the information that needs to be collected from the field about the building they are scanning visually. Even when the location of the building is selected from the field, a digital map with GPS position appears in front of it, eliminating the need to manually enter the address, latitude and longitude information. Necessary images and explanations are displayed in the web form together with the options in order to quickly identify the building types and the horizontal and vertical irregularities seen in the buildings. After all the information was collected from the field, the calculations that caused a change on the base score according to the soil type, base scores and building year of construction and other parameters were automatically calculated at the end of the form, eliminating the need for analysis in the office again. In this way, visual scans of the study area can be completed in a short time and possible buildings that will collapse are scored.
Web technologies have greatly improved the way that geographic information systems (GIS) projects are conducted and have provided several benefits in these applications. Firstly, web technologies have made GIS data more accessible and interactive. GIS data can now be easily shared and viewed through web-based platforms, allowing for real-time collaboration and decision-making among stakeholders. This has increased the efficiency of GIS projects and has allowed for more effective communication among project teams and stakeholders. Second, web technologies have made GIS more user-friendly and intuitive. The use of web-based mapping platforms has allowed for the creation of interactive and intuitive maps that can be easily understood by a wide range of users, including those without technical expertise. This has increased the accessibility of GIS data and has allowed for more informed decision-making. Finally, web technologies have made GIS more scalable and cost-effective. By leveraging cloud computing and web-based platforms, GIS projects can now be conducted on a much larger scale and at a lower cost. This has increased the reach of GIS applications and has allowed for the creation of more complex and sophisticated GIS projects. The integration of web technologies in GIS projects has greatly improved the efficiency, accessibility, and scalability of these applications, making them more user-friendly and cost-effective for a wide range of users and stakeholders.
The visual photographs used in this study and the parameters standardized on the form were used as training data on an artificial intelligence neural network to form a basis for scoring on location and photograph in the future.
The fact that web-based GIS applications have come down to mobile devices even with the developing technology has made it possible to make quick scans in regions with high seismicity.