Atık floresan camlarının asfalt betonu kaplamalarında filler olarak kullanımı
Utilization waste fluorescent glass a mineral filler in flexible pavement
Yazar: SERKAN SELÇUK
Danışman: PROF. DR. ABDULLAH HİLMİ LAV
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering

Özet:
Nüfusun hızla artması, kentleşme ve hızlı sanayileşme sebebiyle, dünyadaki doğal kaynaklar hızla azalırken, gereklilikleri günden güne artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, atık malzeme oluşumunun çoğalması çevre sorunlarını artırmaktadır. Cam atıkları biyolojik parçalanmaya karşı dayanıklı olduklarından dolayı çöp deponi alanlarında bertaraftı çevre kirliliğinin yaşanmasına neden olan bir davranış olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle atık cam malzemelerinin tekrar kullanılması ülke ekonomisine olumlu etkilerinin yanında çevrenin korunması yönünden de çok büyük öneme sahiptir.
Yapılan bu çalışmada, atık floresan camlarının asfalt betonu kaplamalarında filler olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Atık floresan camları öğütülerek 200 nolu elekten elenmiştir. Elde edilen bu filler malzeme ve geleneksel olarak kullanılan kırmataş filler malzemesi ile aynı gradasyona sahip numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada aşınma tabakası için ayrı ayrı cam tozu ve taş tozu kullanılarak  %3, %5,5 %8 filler oranlarında; binder tabakası için ayrı ayrı cam tozu ve taş tozu kullanılarak %2, %5,5 ve %7 filler oranlarında numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Her bir tabaka ve her bir filler oranı için %4, %4,5 %5, %5,5 ve %6 oranlarında bitüm kullanılarak hazırlanan numunelere  Marshall Deneyi uygulanmış ve optimum bitüm oranları bulunmuştur. Daha sonra İndirekt Çekme Deneyi için aşınma tabakasında  %3, %5,5 %8 filler ve optimum bitüm kullanılarak cam tozu ve taş tozu için ayrı ayrı numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Binder tabakasında %2, %5,5 ve %7 filler ve optimum bitüm kullanılarak cam tozu ve taş tozu için ayrı ayrı numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan bu numunelere İndirekt Çekme Deneyi uygulanarak her bir tabakanın farklı filler oranlarındaki esneklik modülü bulunmuştur.Aşınma tabakası için %5,5 filler ve optimum bitüm kullanılarak cam tozu ve taş tozu için ayrı ayrı numuneler hazırlanmış ve hazırlanan numunelere Tekerlek İzi Deneyi uygulanmıştır.

Abstract:
Nowadays, the concept of sustainability which local and accepted on a global scale; resources and the protection of ecosystems, long-term availability of resources, the use of re-evaluation and aims to be low cost. Continuously increasing world population and rapid industrialization cause to world's naturel resources decreasing whereas its neccessity increasing. However, waste materials occurs environmental problems. Storage or throwing over to the nature of varius products gained in the form of waste creates great difficulties and lead to great problems including environmental pollution in the civilization. Glass industries are occuring environmental pollution due to high greenhoues gases emissions and intensive use of energy. Wastes can be used to obtain new products or as an additional substance in the present products. Recycle of wastes and by-products both prevents damage to the nature and reduces the occurrence of environmental problems to a minimum level by reducing the usage of very scarcely found natural substances. For this reason, the recycling of waste glass is very important for not only environmental protection, bu also economic gain. 
In this study, using waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler was investigated in hot mix asphalt pavement. The waste fluorescent glass was milled and sieved from the number 200 sieve thus into filler materials. The usage of waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler was compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust in this study. Waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler was used for surface course ratio of 3, 5,5 and  8 percent in hot mix asphalt and was compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust ratio of 3 %, 5,5 % and 8 %. And  waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler was used for binder course ratio of 2 %, 5,5 % and  7% in hot mix asphalt and was compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust ratio of 2 %, 5,5 % and 7 %. Asphalt concrete mixtures where waste fluorescent glass and traditionally fillers having the same aggregate gradation were prepared. The optimum percentage of bitumen was determined by Marshall stability tests for each hot mix asphalt prepared with waste fluorescent glass and crushed stone dust as filler each ratio in first part of study. In second part of study, the elasticity modules of mixtures in which was used optimum percentage of bitumen and waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler for surface and binder course was determined with indirect tensile strength (ITS) test and was compared with hot mix asphalt prepared with traditionally used crushed stone dust as filler. Than the mixture which was used optimum percentage of bitumen and 5,5 % waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler, were evaluated for deformation behavior with Hamburg wheel tracking (HWT) test and compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust filler material specimen result. And the last part states conclusions. 
In first part of study, optimum percentage of bitumen  for hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and  traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral was determined by Marshall Stability tests using constant asphalt cement ratio of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5 percents in surface course for each ratio of 3 %, 5,5 % and 8 %. And also optimum percentage of bitumen  for hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and  traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral was determined by Marshall Stability tests using constant asphalt cement ratio of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 percents in binder course for each ratio of 2 %, 5,5 % and 7 %. Finally, the result of experiments for asphalt surface course and binder layer were compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust filler material specimen result.  Marshall stability and flow of hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler ratio of 5,5 %, for surface and binder course provide specification of Turkish Highway Department (KGM). And also Marshall stability and flow of hot mix asphalt in which was used  traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler ratio of 5,5 %, for surface and binder course is better than hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent as mineral ratio of 5,5 %. Value of Marshall stability and flow of hot mix asphalt asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler ratio of 3 % and 8 % for surface course doesn't provide specification of Turkish Highway Department. Value of Marshall stability and flow of hot mix asphalt asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler ratio of 2 % and 7 % for binder course doesn't provide specification of Turkish Highway Department. The optimum percentage of bitumen of samples prepared with  waste fluorescent as mineral ratio of 5,5 % was found to be 4,85 % for coating course. It was 4 % for binder course. Optimum percentage of bitumen of samples prepared with waste fluorescent as mineral filler ratio of 5,5 % is similar to samples prepared with crushed stone dust as filler.
In second part of study, the elasticity modules of mixtures in which was used optimum percentage of bitumen and 3 %, 5,5 % and 8 % waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler for surface course was determined with indirect tensile strength test and was compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust ratio of 3 %, 5,5 % and 8 %.  And also the elasticity modules of mixtures in which was used optimum percentage of bitumen and 2 %, 5,5 % and 7 % waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler for binder course was determined with indirect tensile strength test and was compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust ratio of 2 %, 5,5 % and 7 %.  Indirect tensile test is used to determine the elasticity modules of hot mix aspahlt under dynamic loads. The modules of elasticity is a measure of distribution of loads' ability for coating. Elasticity modules is one of the most important characteristics of performance of hot asphalt mixtures. Value of elasticity modules of hot mix asphalt in which was used  traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler, for surface and binder course is better than hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent as mineral. Value of indirect tensile strength test of hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler ratio of 5,5 %, for surface and binder course is better than hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and  traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral other ratio. 
The mixture in which was used optimum percentage of bitumen and 5,5 % waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler, were evaluated for deformation behavior with Hamburg wheel tracking test and compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust filler material specimen result. The Hamburg Wheel Tracing Device apparatus consistsof a stell casing with hinged cover. Two measuring places with rolling wheel units working in opposite directions are located inside the inner stainless steel casing. The wheels driven by a slider crank with frequensy controlled motor with a constant levering load system. The number of crossings, the track groove depth of both wheels and temperature inside are recorded by a Windows software program with online display. Colorado DOT recommends maksimum ruth depth for hot mix asphalt as 4 mm at 10.000 cross. It was limited 4 mm at 19.600 cross in Hamburg. It was found 3,5 mm at 20.000 cross for sample in which was used waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler. Value of deformation of hot mix asphalt in which was used  traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler is less than hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent as mineral filler. And also value of deformation of hot mix asphalt in which was used waste fluorescent glass and traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler provide specification of both of CDOT and Hamburg.
As a result, it was concluded that waste fluorescent glass can be used as mineral filler ratio of 5,5 percent in hot asphalt mixture. However, it was found that utilization waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler decreased the performance of hot mix asphalt mixture when compared with traditionally used crushed stone dust as mineral filler. Considering that the hot mix asphalt mixture in which is used waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler provide specification values and the negative effects of waste fluorescent glasses on the enviroment, hot mix asphalt mixture in which is used waste fluorescent glass as mineral filler can be used on roads with low traffic volume. So that recycle of waste fluorescent glasses prevents damage to the nature and reduces the occurrence of environmental problems to a minimum level by reducing the usage of very scarcely found natural substances.