Türk inşaat sektöründeki proje paydaşlarının sürdürülebilirlik algısı
The assesment of project stakeholders' sustainability perceptions in Turkish construction industry
Yazar: GİZEM AKGÜL
Danışman: PROF. DR. HEYECAN GİRİTLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje ve Yapım Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bina yapımı = Building construction ; Finansal sürdürülebilirlik = Financial sustainability ; Mimari projeler = Architectural projects ; Proje değerlendirme = Project evaluation ; Sürdürülebilir mimari = Sustainable architecture ; Sürdürülebilir çevre = Sustainable environment ; İnşaat projeleri = Construction projects

Özet:
Dünya nüfusunun artması ile daha fazla konut, bina ve altyapı ihtiyacı oluşmaktadır. Enerji ve su tüketimi, atık üretimi devamlı olarak artmaktadır. Bu şekilde ilerlemesi durumunda sonraki nesiller için kaynaklar belirgin şekilde azalacaktır. Dünyada bu konu ile ilgili çalışmalar başlatılmış ve çeşitli çözüm arayışları üzerine projeler yapılmaktadır. İnşaat sektörü için sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri, belli ülkelerin önderliğinde sertifika sistemi olarak toparlanmıştırlar. 
Sürdürülebilir bina üretim süreci kapsam olarak geleneksel yöntemden farklı bir süreç takibini gerektirmektedir. Sürdürülebilir binaların ana özelliği tüm bina yaşam ve ölüm sürecini ele almasıdır. Proje yapım kararı ile başayan süreç; binanın tasarım, uygulama, işletme, bakım, onarım ve yıkım aktivitelerinin tümünü en baştan planlayan ve bu nedenle proje paydaşlarına sürecin en başından ihtiyaç duyan bir modele sahiptir. Ayrıca proje paydaşları arasındaki iletişim, sorun çözümleri ve karar verme metotları proje başlangıcında belirlendiği için yapıcı bir yaklaşım göstermektedir. Araştırmada tüm dünyada uygulanan sertifika sistemlerine de yer verilmiş olup genel başlıkları ve değerlendirme kriterlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Genellikle yeşil bina kriterleri aynı esaslar çerçevesinde belirlendiği saptanmıştır. 
Bu çalışmanın amacı kapsamında; Türk inşaat sektöründeki, proje paydaşlarının meslek, pozisyon ve deneyimleri ile sürdürülebilirlik algısı arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışma ölçümü için anket hazırlanmıştır. Ülkemizde henüz belirlenmiş sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri bulunmamaktadır; ancak yasal kurumlar tarafından düzenlenmiş; atık yönetimi, enerji tasarrufu gibi konular ile ilgili yönetmelikler mevcuttur.  Dünyada yaygın olarak kullanılmakta olan sertifika sistemlerinden, LEED sertifika sistemi,  ülkemizde en çok başvurulan ve uygulanmış olanıdır. LEED sertifika sistemi resmi verilerine göre Türkiye'de 308 adet bina projesi kaydı bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle ankette ele alınan sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri, LEED sertifika sistemi değerlendirme kriterleridir. LEED kriterleri; sürdürülebilir araziler, su kullanımında etkinlik, enerji ve atmosfer, malzeme ve kaynaklar, iç hava kalitesi, yenilik ve tasarım olarak belirlenmiş olup, anket katılımcılarının bu kriterler hakkındaki farkındalığı değerlendirilmektedir. Sürdürülebilirlik kriterleri yanında kullanılan araç ve teknikler, risk ve fayda unsurları da ölçülmüştür. Değerlendirmeler; meslek, pozisyon ve deneyim grupları üzerinden yapılmıştır. Bu şekilde değerlendiren grupların yanıtlarındaki farklılıklar grupların özelliklerine göre değişkenlik gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir.

Abstract:
The rapid growth of the world population has increased the need for; buildings and infrastructures. This shift has given rise to problems ranging from enviromental pollution to  energy and water consumption. If this situation continues to deteriorate over time, there will be a shortage of resources  for the next generations. Therefore, there exist a number of studies which aim to improve the world's well-being and sustainable development. The term "sustainability" has emerged as an important agenda and integrated into all industries. Construction industry has long been associated with the detrimental effects to the earth.  Project stakeholders, both private and public sectors, are under pressure to look for accountable project evaluation in a sustainability contex. For this reason, project stakeholders will  need to pay particular attention to sustainability outcomes, given the current public awareness and global challenges on sustainability. To decrease the damage and to remove the green subjectivity, sustainability criteria are defined in  many countries. Further more, these countries developed certification systems to encourage industry to build sustainable environment.
This study discusses results of the findings of a questionnaire survey interview with a group of senior practitioners in Turkish Construction industry, which was aimed at identifying existing perceptions on sustainability and the agreeable priority issues between stakeholders. This research includes the certification systems among the world to comprehend the head lines and assessment criteria. Local environment, culture, economy and technology factors are changing from country to country, however some certification systems have international criteria. The most popular certification systems are BREEAM (England), LEED (USA), Green Star (Australia), CASBEE (Japan), SB Tool (Canada) and DNGB (Germany).  Nearly whole certification systems include similiar subjects as; sustainable sites, water and energy efficiency, material and resources.  Also, internationally known certification systems have advantages like; contribution to sustainability, certainity of cost and planning, decreased risk, planning tool for execution, focusing on lifecycle and marketing benefits.
As a content of this research, stakeholders' responsibilities have reviewed. Sustainable building production process's scope needs different path from traditional building production process and requires integrated project delivery model.  Moreover, whole life cycle duration  is the key objective of sustainable building production. The project team has determined from the beginning; since the process approaches from the decision of the project to the end of it. Who have been participating from the beginning of the project, comprises core team members, titled client, architect, contruction engineer, static engineer, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, facility engineer, landscape architect, facility manager, primary contractor and interior architect. The fact of defining core team at the begining of the project provides communication among team members and generates problem solving and decision making methods. After composing core team, support team members who participates in some phases, have assigned according to project specifications. Support team members accept the same goal, schedule and operation with the core team members due to the fact that integrated projects requires coordination between team members. Eventhough, the members know their responsibilities, sharing the same goals for the project is very significant. Carefully prepared groups, roles and responsibility matrix clarifies services, assingments, leadership and support roles.
In Turkey, while sustainability criteria have not been clearly defined, regulations like waste management, energy efficiency had been made by legal agencies. In this document, key performance criteria adapted from LEED certification score card due to the information from LEED original website. According to the official data, 308 project registered in Turkey but only 49 building have certification; 67 percent of gold, 24 percent of silver and 8 percent of platinium. Although the registration number is slightly high; the certificated project number is insufficient as compared with developed countries.
The aim of this research is to assess the sustainable project steakholder' perception in Turkish construction industry from the point of occupation, job title and years of experience. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was made to assess the perceptions of each attendent with respect to LEED sustainability criteria. Head lines of LEED certification criteria; sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, material and resources, indoor environmental quaility and innovation in design were indicated to assess the perceptions of survey participants. In addition, only surveying of LEED criteria were inadequate to measure awareness; so the equipments, methods, risks and benefits also considered. The utilized equipments and methods, which had inquired about, were; credit responsibility matrix, LEED project book, cost-efficiency analyse, energy simulation, light analyse, air condition analyse and whole lifecycle costing. After the methods, assessed risks were financal risk, complex of building, lack of design planning, lack of construction planning, lack of advanced supplier, inexperienced contractor and inexperienced organization. And benefits mentioned in the survey were; decrease of capital cost, decrease of operational cost, marketing benefits, improve of responsibility to environment, health and productivity and new job sources. 
The questionnaire survey had sent to specialists, which have participated in a LEED certificated projects. Results have been analyzed in groups of occupation, years of experience and job title. Data received from the surveys were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and Schaffe tests to explain the means between averages. Besides, Kendall's W test was used to analyze the weighted scores' adhesion with the help of coefficient of concordance. 
From the results of tests, the project stakeholders, who had participated in a LEED certificated project, knew the most of sustainability criteria well  and had no complication to execute the criteria. On the other hand, according to the experience of respondents, brownfield development, bicycle storage and changing rooms, low-emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles, green power and certified wood criteria were detected as the option of "have no idea". Therefore, due to the respondents, these criteria were commented as may not be used or may not be practiced much. Besides, the differences were observed between the ratings of architects and civil engineers. And also variations were clearly seen between different job titles. After the sustainability criteria; used equipment and methods part of the survey had analyzed. Managers were indicated as using equipment and methods like heat control, energy efficiency, light assessment, budget and cost management more than workers were. Since the managers have been in a position that gives the last significant decisions. 
Because of the limited number of practiced green buildings in Turkey, risks were assessed majorly effective. Risk categories were evaluated incompatible among managers and workers; also between job titles. The risks of execution, financial risk and design and construction planning problems, advanced supplier, inexperienced contractor and organization were all found effective by respondents. All kinds of construction projects contain financial risk. In addition, design and construction planning risks can be solved by experienced team members. On the other hand, the lack of advanced supplier risk has originated from the construction industry. Material suppliers must improve themselves to serve the alterations in the sector by researches and developing teams. If green building production becomes more common, the sector will need to supply the materials that are demanded. 
Consequently, in Turkish construction industry people should focus on the benefits of green building and improve the sector by seeing construction sector as a strategic sector, valuing customer, removing dishonest trading, improving and marketing scientific researches, sharing knowledge between universities and industry, defining long term strategies, improving cooperation before competition, making long term benefit-cost analyzes, enhancing awareness, evaluating the opportunities and encouraging researches.