Kentsel hareketlilikte queer kimliğingündelik yaşam pratikleri
Daily life practices of queer identity in urban mobility
Yazar: AYBÜKE AKGÜN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. EDA BEYAZIT İNCE
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Kentlerin içerisinde farklı kimliklerden oluşan LGBT+ bireylerin gündelik hareketlilik pratikleri önemli bir inceleme alanı oluşturmaktadır. Post-yapısalcı dönem sonrasında kentlerde ve gündelik hayatın içerisinde yer alan farklı kimliklerin inceleme alanı günümüzde queer bireyleri kapsayacak şekilde genişlemiştir. Tez kapsamında LGBT+ bireylerin queer sosyo-politik ve mekânsal varoluşu üzerinden incelenen gündelik hareketlilikleri, bütünleşmenin önemi doğrultusunda cinsiyetsiz homoseksüel / heteroseksüel olarak tüm bireyleri kapsayacak şekilde ele alınmıştır. Gündelik hayatın içerisinde queer birey kimliği birçok hareket ve davranış biçimi sergiler. Buna ek olarak, yeni hareketlilik kavramının bedensel ve küresel olarak çok ölçekli inceleme alanı kent içerisinde iktidar mekanizmasını da LGBT+ birey kimliğine katar. İktidar mekanizmalarının davranış kalıpları birey kimliğine dayatılmakta, kadın-erkek düalizmi ise tahakkümü güçlendirir. Tüm bu baskı süreci queer hareketliliklerini sınırlandıran veya sınırsızlaştıran alanları meydana getirir. Kentsel alanın farklı kimliklere karşı sınırlı veya sınırsız yapısı fiziksel mekâna yansıyarak, davranış pratiklerini mekân içerisinde değişmesine neden olmaktadır. Gündelik hayatın en temel taşını oluşturan hareket ve davranış pratikleri bireylerin kentsel alanda meydana getirdiği mücadeleyi de kapsamaktadır. Mücadele alanı olarak kent, güç mekanizmasına karşı duruş halini meydana getirerek, farklı kimliklerin hareketliliklerini genişletmeyi hedefler. Hareketlilik imkânlarının genişleterek politikaların üretilmesi oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Üretilen politikaların, farklı kimliklerin adil hareketliliklerini içermesi kentsel ve toplumsal bütünleşmeyi destekler. Hareketliliğin iktidar ve normlar tarafından tekrar baskıcı üretimi ise LGBT+ birey hareketliliğini ve hareketlilik adaletini kentte sürekli zedelemektedir. 
Uluslararası literatürde queer hareketliliğinde göç/turizm konularına değinilmekte, günlük queer hareketlilik incelemesi yetersiz kalmaktadır. Türkiye gündeminde ise sorgulamanın yeterli olmadığı "queer hareketliliği" önemli bir çalışma alanının gerekliliğinin ortaya koymaktadır. Tez kapsamında queer bireylerin hareket alanları tanımlanmış, hareketlilik adaleti adına ihtiyaç duyulan politikalara odaklanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın yöntemi gündelik yaşam hareketlilikleri içerisinde yer alan söylem analizinden meydana gelmektedir. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde gelişen dil olgusunun gücü ve iktidar tarafından oluşturulan baskı unsurunun gündelik hareket içerisinde incelenmesi potansiyel bir alan araştırmasını meydana getirmektedir. İstanbul İli'nin yaş grubu olarak etkin hareketli LGBT+ bireyleri içeren alan çalışması sonucunda queer bireylerin hareketliliklerinin tanımlanması ve ihtiyaç duyulan politikaların ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Hedef doğrultusunda hareketlilik imkânı olan bölgelerin hareketsiz alanlar meydana getirebildiği ve queer hareketlilik adaletinde eksik bir alan oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tez kapsamında elde edilen bulgular, hareketlilik söyleminde belirli toplu taşıma seçeneklerini ön plana çıkartırken belirli toplu taşıma araçları hareketsiz bölgeleri göstermiştir. Ulaşım seçeneklerinin fazla olması hareketli bölgeler tanımlamamakta aynı zamanda queer kimlikli bireyler için kentte yeniden üretilmesi gereken politikaları göstermiştir.

Abstract:
In daily mobility, includes misrepresentation of societies and the relation to the power. This threatens the individual differences between communities and the natural acting field of being human. However, one needs to understand different social movement shapes that individuals produce as singular or collective agents, as well as scientific analyses when it comes to explanations on people and society. Therefore, mobility constitutes as a significant domain of investigation in order to signify phenomena and define story in daily life. In addition to these, the power structures of the system are important to define the social components of mobility. For this purpose, investigation of daily mobility of queer identity that is invisible in the urban space stands out as important.
In geography of transportation, mobility is considered transportation-oriented at an overview. This limits our perspective as it lacks a social dimension. Movement, that is at the intersection of transportation and social sciences, brings about the concept of new mobility just like the integration of differing forms, the change of complicated structures. This new concept includes domains such as anthropology, cultural studies, geography, migration, science/technology, tourism, transportation, and sociology. To that end, mobility means individuals being mobile in the social and geographic sense. Mobility involves the whole of social life beyond arrival from place to place. Spatial and social changes creates changes that influence the whole of society. Actual and potential socio-spatial mobility moves with the assumption of existence. It is possible to talk about social inequality and its change.
The daily mobility practices of LGBT + individuals consisting of different identities within the cities constitute an important field of study. After the post-structuralist period, the field of investigation of various identities in cities and everyday life has expanded to include queer individuals. Within the scope of this thesis, the daily mobility of LGBT + individuals examined on the queer socio-political and spatial existence is handled in a way to cover all individuals as sexless homosexual / heterosexual according to the importance of integration. The queer movement in the quest for a democratic space is very important with its characteristic that it occurs with contradictory and then embraces all individuals. In addition, the physical and global multidisciplinary field of study of the new concept of mobility incorporates the mechanism of power within the city into the LGBT + individual identity. Behavioral patterns of power mechanisms are imposed on individual identity and female-male dualism strengthens domination. As a result of this repression process, delimitated or unlimitated queer mobility areas are created. The limited or unlimited structure of the urban area against different identities is reflected in the physical space, causing behavioral practices to change within the space. Movement and behavior practices, which constitute the cornerstone of daily life, include the struggle of individuals in urban areas. The city, as a field of struggle, aims to expand the mobility of different identities by forming a stance against the mechanism of power. It is quite important to develop policies by expanding their mobility opportunities. The inclusion of mobility justice for different identities in the policies developed supports the urban and social integration. The oppressive production of mobility by the power and norms constantly damages LGBT + individual mobility and mobility justice in the city.
In the international literature, migration / tourism issues are on the table in queer mobility, so daily queer mobility analysis is inadequate. In Turkey's agenda, insufficiency of research on queer mobility reveals the necessity of an important study area. Within the scope of this thesis, mobility areas of queer individuals are defined and the policies, in sake of mobility justice, are focused. Consequently, the method of the study consists of discourse analysis, which is included in daily mobility. The method of ethnographic storytelling in cultural science and the study of daily life practices narrative are very important in the discussion of the action of queer identity individuals. This type of field work has been increasingly used in transportation research, especially in recent years, and mobility study and discourse narratives have come to the fore within everyday life practices.
First of all, it comprises diagrams consisting primarily of urban movement activities of queer individuals in daily mobility. Secondly, the power of the phenomenon of language developed in the historical process and the examination of the element of oppression created by the power within the daily mobility constitutes a potential field research. Daily mobility defines a space that directs the discourse since it occurs in the space of life and it directly affects life standards. Discourse analysis was conducted in four stages: i) reading the interviews, ii) coding of the interviews and determining the themes, iii) detecting the language that built the themes, iv) revealing the common language in all the themes and interpreting them in the terms of the topic of discussion. As a result of the field study of dynamic and mobile LGBT + individuals in Istanbul Province in accordance with the age group, it is aimed to define the mobility of queer individuals and to put forward the necessary policies. 
The findings of the thesis highlighted certain public transport options in the discourse of mobility, while certain public transport vehicles showed non-moving regions. The high availability of transportation options does not define mobile areas but also shows the policies that should be redeveloped in the city for queer identities. In accordance of this objective, it has been determined that the regions with mobility opportunities can create immobile areas and constitute a deficient area in queer mobility justice. In addition, the five themes that are reflected in the discourse of LGBT+ individuals during their movement in the city are the expression of identity, judged mobility, normal/non-normal mobility, insecurity and restricted mobility. In line with the field study conducted, it was found that there were mutually contradictory exclusionary discourses of LGBT+ and non-queer individuals. In addition, it is important to have an environment in which individuals reveal of their identity in an urban area. Almost all of the interviewees are unable to show their full identity in the urban area, but also gather behind closed doors because of fear, and the use of their names creates an unsettling element. In particular, the lack of location-based presence in the areas where the talks took place revealed the pressure of the power in the Turkish society structure. The decision mechanism, which is moving in line with the will of the power, continues its pressure against all different identities in society and in the city in a conservative structure. It has been determined that Istanbul Province is not sufficient for LGBT+ mobility justice. At the same time, this lack of mobility justice applies to many individuals with different identities.
All of these assessments have also defined a very clear area of the restricted mobility of individuals and the limits on which gender, which is a political element, should be expanded. Istanbul's multi-layered and mobile structure restricts queer mobility daily. In this respect, many contravention for opposition mechanisms in the urban area have been expressed by LGBT+ individuals. This state of defiance, with its Pride March, a lot of community awareness and contact content, sets the ground for the politics of reproduction in a society that is bound by its norms, but does not constitute the opportunity for mobility justice.