Büro binalarında hazır bölücü elemanlarla mekan tasarımında planlama sorunları /
Yazar: ÖZLEM MUTLU
Danışman: PROF. DR. EROL KULAKSIZOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Büro binaları = Office buildings ; Mekan tasarımı = Space design ; Ticari binalar = Commercial buildings

Özet:
Bu tezin amacı, gelişen bina teknolojisi karşısında değişen büro binalarının da değişebilir ve gelişebilir hale getirilmesidir. Yeni teknolojileri uygulamak ve eskileri yenilemek değişen ve gelişen işletmelere de oldukça bağımsız seçenekler sunabilmek, çalışanların fiziksel ve psikososyal konfora sahip olmalarını sağlamaktır. Büro binalarının fizksel ve çevresel ihtiyaçlara cevap verebilir olması gerekir. Özellikle son yıllarda gelişen bilgisayar teknolojisi ve elektronik donanımlı binaların yapılması konvansiyonel kullanımların azalmasına ve yer yer yok olmasına neden olmuştur. Bunun sebebi de esneklik ihtiyacıdır. Esneklik bina ile kullanıcı arasındaki ilişkiyi belirleyen en önemli öğedir. Değişen teknoloji kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarının da değişmesine neden olmuştur. Zamanının büyük bir kısmını bürolarda geçiren insanlar gerekli konfor şartlarının sağlanmasını istemektedir. Dolayısıyla mekansal nitelikten ısıl niteliğe, aydınlatmadan havalandırmaya kadar birçok problem esnek çözümlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. İlk bölümde günümüzün büro binalarında sürekli ; bir değişimin yaşanması sonucu çalışanları da etkileyen birtakım problemler belirlenmiş ve bu problemlerin çözümüne yönelik çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. İkinci bölümde büro binalarının işlevsel analizi üzerinde durulmuş, geçmişten günümüze büro binası kavramı irdelenmiş, açık ve hücresel planlı mekanlarda esnek kullanımların yaygınlık kazanmasından bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde büro binalarında açık ve hücresel planlı mekanlarda esneklik ihtiyacı ve gelişen teknolojinin doğurduğu esneklik sorununun büro binalarında tasarımın temel sorunu haline geldiği belirlenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Esneklik sorununa çözüm olarak esnek planlama çözüm doğrultuları ve buna yardımcı sistemlerden ve bunların başarılı kullanımına ilişkin ana ilkelerden bahsedilmiştir, özellikle açık planlı bürolarda yaygın kullanım kazanan hafif bölücü sistemlerin ilişkin çözümler irdelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde ise, gelişen teknoloji karşısında belirlenen sorunların bina destek sistemleriyle bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiği ortaya konmuştur. Bu sistemlerin çözümünde esnekliğe olan ihtiyaç vurgulanmıştır.

Abstract:
Business is changing world-wide. Information technology alters what we do and how. People too are changing so; office design and planning need some accommodation in order to cope with new technologic developments and business changes. The thesis is about office interior; fitting out new technologies and refurbishing old. Better light and air, more comfortable chairs, far better communications, but still mostly the large office block in the city centre or on the edge of town with ever -expanding floor plates in the former and car parks for the latter. Inside the lush reception area, the intelligent lifts the long walk to the person you want to see the open plan with its rectilinear ordering of rounded bodies. Advances in electronics have given workers a new freedom and a new meaning to workplace flexibility. People are now free to move about, to find the best place to work. A flexible workplace can encourage flexible thinking, so workers can be more creative. The flexible environment gives business processes the freedom to change, while still protecting them from a hostile climate. Flexibility can include working anywhere around the world, but extreme flexibility can frighten people. Comfort can alleviate this. Comfort not just of body, but of mind. Flexibility and communication are not enough on their own; humanity is what makes change tolerable and even enjoyable. In comfort and security of a humane environment the worker feels safe to take risks, and strong enough win the battle. He feels himself at home, ready to work effectively for the company's profit and his own. Office accomodation is often relatively inflexible and costly to modify to meet new or changing requirements, such as the needs of IT equipment; structural changes are difficult and expensive. Furniture, fittings and overall design, therefore, are important to the quality, effectiveness and flexibility of the office interior, whether in new or refurbished premises. Office occupies a wide range o building types, representing different periods of building and architectural style. Older buildings are sometimes more adaptable than newer ones. ixThe onus is on the prospective occupier to find the most appropriate building and make optimum use of accommodation. When looking at the building types it is seen that conventional uses is significant in overall range. There are some categories about the building types from the pre- 1940s These are only some important common features. In periodically;. Pre- 1940 buildings - Building type : cellular, load-bearing walls, natural ventilation and radiator heating Services : Few provided, installation expensive, surface-run exposed Use of space : generally very poor Flexibility : Inflexible Conversion cost: very high Ease of change: very difficult. 1 940s hutted or recent portable buildings Building type : generally single storey, framed construction, natural ventilation and radiator heating Services : Few provided, installation expensive, surface-run exposed Use of space : medium; if less than 6m deep a very high ratio of circulation space to useful space incurred Flexibility : depends on depth of space but generally poor Conversion cost: high Ease of change: difficult. 1950/1 960s buildings Building type : multi-storey, framed construction, rectilinear clear space, generally suspended ceilings natural ventilation and radiator heating Services : generally run below windows, limited installation possible Use of space : variable but can be good Flexibility : variable but can be good Conversion cost: medium to highEase of change: medium to difficult. 1960/1 970s buildings Building type : deep space, multi-storey, suspended ceilings, air conditioned dependent on artificial light Services : limitted underfloor trunking sometimes provided installation relatively easy Use of space : very good Flexibility : very good Conversion cost: generally low Ease of change: generally easy. 1970/1 980s buildings Building type : central core, multi-storey, suspended ceilings, air conditioned Services : variable Use of space : generally good Flexibility : Restricted depth can limit planning options Conversion cost: generally low Ease of change: generally easy. 1980s buildings Building type : multi-storey, suspended ceilings, air conditioned generally raised floor Services : very easy if complete raised floor provided Use of space : very good Flexibility : very good Conversion cost: low very low if raised floor provided Ease of change: low very low if raised floor provided Indeed, the office of the future must emphasise three specific areas beyond the introduction of new electronic products: 1. a definition of new critical environmental performance qualities needed intelligent workplace; 2. the systems integration needed to achieve these performance qualities and; 3. The changes in the building delivery process needed to ensure integration for performance. xiBy corporating these three conditions, the office of the future will provide for unique and changing assemblies of recent technologies and work styles in appropriate physical, environmental and organizational settings to enhance worker satisfaction, understanding, communication and overall productivity. To create high-quality setting needed for worker productivity and user satisfaction it is necessary to define a manageable list of critical performance qualities for office environments for their evaluation, programming, design, construction, maintenance and use. Significant precedent has been set in defining a discrete list of building performance requirements, by the national bureau standards. To provide a manageable list of discrete criteria, however six performance qualities based on the fundamental human senses and their protection over time, could capture the performance qualities we want to find in the workplace today: 1. spatial quality, 2. thermal quality, 3. air quality 4. acoustic quality, 5. visual quality and 6. Building integrity over time. First, there are a series of mandates relating to interior occupancy requirements (human, animal, plant, artifact, and machine) and their elemental needs for health, safety and welfare (comfort and protection for the five senses in the cases of human occupancies). An another important feature in office design is space planning. Any planning of space is hypothetical. The space may be used as intended, but equally it may need up being used in quite another way. It will surely alter as the tide of commerce ebbs and swirls into unforeseen opportunities Space planning is important, but only as a tool to a workable set up; not as a straight jacket inhibiting growth and change. So organizations ask for flexibility; but this need not mean moving furniture and partitions. Instead, people can move around to whatever space fits what they are doing, and which is free at the time. Power and data connections become the main restrictions. Flexibility of body encourages flexibility of mindset, so that the restaurant becomes seen as a place where staff can meet to work at any time, whether they eat or not. In this climate space planning is becoming increasingly creative with workstations clustered and grouped, with tight spaces and open spaces, spaces for concentration and spaces for discussion; simple regimentation being replaced with layouts that reflect clearly the different activities for which they are being used. At the same time it is increasingly pragmatic and cost conscious. Lavish provision against every eventuality has given way to shrewd assessment of what is likely: 95% of the performance for 75% of the cost. XUWhere an existing building is being considered for complete or partial occupation the sponsor needs to review the factors that can have an impact on its use, whether directly or indirectly. External considerations (such as noisy neighbour) may affect the way the interior can be used. The depth of the building, window to window, the core positions and the general shape and size of the floorplate are central to the way the layout can be planned. Deep floorplates (over 20 m between windows) are flexible, have short communications and encourage maximum interaction. Shallow ones (less than 15 m) can provide natural light, ventilation and views out, and can easily accommodate cellular offices. Offices between these limits can combine the advantages of both and thus be excellent options. Suitable dimensions are: Window to window 15-18m Window to core 6- 1 2m (9m preferred) An atrium turns a deep plan into a series of shallower ones, bringing natural light and views if not natural ventilation, into the centre of he building. The bottom of an atrium may also form part of a single large floor. Some building frames are designed to allow the atrium to be infilled at the lower levels to provide deep floor space should be needed. However, atria can restrict the way of floors are planned in the same way that cores do. The shell services, settings (partitions, ceilings and floors) furniture and furnishing of a building have different life spans and amortization rates. Thus to reconfigure the divisions within a space may well make financial sense after six years, bur major alterations to the air -conditioning may need to wait longer. In addition, there has been a fundamental mandate over the centuries for building integrity or the protection of he building's appearance and critical properties from degradation though moisture, temperature shifts, air movement, radiation, chemical and biological attack, human attack, and natural disasters. As a result, contemporary intelligent office buildings will provide for unique assemblies of current technologies and work styles in appropriate physical, environmental and organizational settings to enhance worker speed, understanding communication and overall productivity.