Küreselleşme sürecinde İstanbul'da mekansal değişim; Esentepe Mahallesi örneği
Spatial change during the globalization process of Istanbul; Esentepe Neighbourhood
Yazar: HAFİZE BÜŞRA BAŞKURT
Danışman: PROF. DR. NİLGÜN ERGUN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Araştırma, Esentepe ve Büyükdere Caddesi'ndeki fabrikalar bölgesinin geçirdiği dramatik değişim ve dönüşümün, küresel kent ideolojisinin sosyo-mekânsal etkileri çerçevesinde irdelenmesine odaklanmaktadır. İstanbul'da 1980'lerden itibaren etkilerini belirgin olarak göstermeye başlayan küresellik olgusu, ekonomik, siyasi, sosyal, teknolojik ve kültürel boyutları ile birçok alana konu olmakta, tanımı ve anlamı ise farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Literatürdeki araştırmaların bir bölümü küreselleşmenin toplumlarda refah düzeyini arttırdığını, toplumlar arasındaki farkı azalttığını savunurken, başka bir bölümü ise bu kavramı neo-liberal politikaların yeni bir düzeni olarak görmektedir. Oysaki bugün küreselleşmenin toplumun tüm kesimlerinde refah düzeyini arttırmadığını, zenginin daha zengin olurken, yoksul için şartların aynı düzende gelişmediğini görüyoruz. 
Araştırmaya konu olan sanayi alanları bağlamında küreselleşme sınıfsal ilişkiler üzerinde de ciddi baskılar oluşturmuştur. Sınıf içi bölünmeler artmış ve bu bölünmelerin mekânsal ve toplumsal hayattaki karşılıkları önem kazanmıştır. Batılı ülkelerde 60'lı yıllarda ortaya çıkan sanayisizleşme süreci ülkemizde 80'li yılların sonunda kendini göstermiştir. Ancak aradaki 20 yıllık süreç bu oluşumun karakteristiklerinde herhangi bir değişim göstermemiştir. Süreç batılı ülkelerde olduğu gibi İstanbul'da da sanayisizleşen alanlardaki toplumsal kesimin fakirleşmesine neden olmuş, bununla ilgili olarak da bölgede yaşayanların mekân seçimleri etkilenmiş, boşalan fabrika alanlarını neo-liberal politikaların getirdiği belli sermaye gruplarını gözeten emlak, turizm, finans eksenli projelerin yağmasına açmıştır. Küreselleşmenin tanımında da olan bu oluşum, söz konusu mahallelerde yaşayanları saf dışı bırakarak bu kesimin küreselleşememesine yani bu yeni düzene entegre olamamasına neden olmuştur. Bu durum mekânsal formların değişmesiyle de kendini göstermiştir. Önceleri küçük ölçekli düşük yoğunluklu olan konut alanları yeni inşaat akımları çerçevesinde birkaç parseli toplayan ve üzerinde yükselen çok yoğun büyük ölçekli konut projelerine dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Fabrika arazileri avm, otel, iş merkezi binaları olarak karşımıza çıkarken, alt gelir grubunun yaşadığı konut alanları da artık orta sınıfa hitap eden çok katlı kapalı konut alanlarına dönüşmüştür. Sonuç olarak eskinin üretim mekânları artık birer tüketim mekânıdır.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, küreselleşmenin tüm bu etkilerini, İstanbul'da açıkça görebildiğimiz Esentepe - Büyükdere Caddesi'ndeki fabrikalar bölgesi yakın çevresi özelinde irdelemektir. Araştırmada, küreselleşmenin mekânsal etkisi tarihi bir kurgu içinde haritalanacak; mekân üzerindeki yansımaları ise çalışma alanında yapılmakta olan projeler yoluyla irdelenecektir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen veriler ve ortaya konan bulgular, sosyal, mekânsal ve toplumsal alanlardaki çalışmalara katkı oluşturacaktır.

Abstract:
Cities have been formed in different periods under different conceptions of planning in order to keep pace with the changes required by the periods they are in and to get a top position in the globalization process.
İstanbul is in a process of change and transformation which has been going on for centuries. Undoubtedly, this process of change and transformation made İstanbul a metropolitan city in the 21st century.
İstanbul, as one of the oldest cities in the world, became the capital of many civilizations and this mission came to an end with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Because of its geopolitical position, its network of relatives and its population the importance of İstanbul has been high for centuries.
The fact that İstanbul has the largest population of the country and that it is part of a network of advanced relations has brought about some problems at the same time. The increase in population over time in an uncontrolled way has led to housing problems, and indirectly, uncontrolled urbanization and social problems.
Although these problematic areas have been tried to solve problems with different forms of intervention in different periods, it has not been achieved exactly. These problematic areas are indirectly and directly influenced by changes occurring in their immediate surroundings.
Esentepe Mahallesi, which is the subject of this study, had been attractive for the lower income group that migrated to İstanbul because of the industrial areas it has since 1950's.  The study area was also at the periphery of the city so that, it gradually turned into a squatter housing area with the houses that were built in one night.
The study focuses on dramatic change and transformation experienced in Büyükdere Street – Esentepe factories area, within the context of socio-spatial effects of the global urban ideology. The phenomenon of globalization which started to show the effects significantly since the 1980's in Istanbul, is subject to many areas with its economic, political, social, technological and cultural dimensions however its definition and meaning can vary. 
Some of the studies in the literature argue that, globalization increases the welfare of society, reduces the gap between society on the other hand the others consider this concept as new order of the neo-liberal policies. Yet today it is clearly seen that globalization does not increase the welfare of all sections of society, while the rich get richer, the conditions for the poor does not improve in the same order.
In the context of industrial areas which is subject of the research, globalization has also created severe pressure on class relations. Class divisions increased and the spatial and social counterparts of these divisions have become more important. 
The deindustrialization process appeared in the 60's in western countries, has shown itself at the end of the 80's in our country. But this 20-year period did not show any change in the characteristics of the formation. 
The processes led to the impoverishment of the social section in the field of deindustrialization in İstanbul, vacant factory areas have led to plunder of real estate, tourism, finance oriented projects that considers certain capital brought by the neo-liberal policies, as well as in western countries. 
The phenomenon of globalization, which is an extension of neo-liberal economic policies, has triggered the transformation of cities into international capital, and the urban transformation applications guided by the real estate market have left behind the social dimension that promoted transformation only through the value of rent and physical change.
In the 1980's, the decentralization of the industry has come to the agenda in the context of the globalization policies adopted by the country. The vacant factories have left their places to quite high buildings including the use of office, residence, shopping center, which is the symbol of global cities.
This change in life has affected the residential areas nearby and those living here to a great extent. The prestigious constructions that were built also affected the environment, increased the land values, attracted the attention of the contractors and created a new rent area.
This formation which is in the definition of globalization, eliminates the society, who live in these neighborhoods, from globalization and caused those people cannot be globalized and integrate this new order. 
This has manifested itself in the change of spatial forms. While factory lands are shoving up as shopping malls, hotels, business center buildings, in residential areas that the lower income groups live have turned into multi-storey residential areas appealing to middle class. As a consequence, former manufacturing sites are now become consumption spaces. 
In the thesis study, concepts of urban, urbanization, globalization and transformation are defined in the literature and the urbanization process has been examined in the historical order from the Republican Period to today both in İstanbul and in the study area.
Firstly, the theoretical framework of the study was revealed and the dynamics of urbanization were examined in the context of field study. The area of the city, which is the extension of the Esentepe Quarter, which is determined as a study area primarily in the field study, has been described in detail and is included in its history.
Purpose of field study have been determined as the physical and social changes of the area bounded by Esentepe Neighborhood and Büyükdere Street. The field study was based on three main periods. One of them is the period of 1950's and 1980's, when industrialization politics and squatter housings shaped urban fabric. 
The second term is between 1980's and 2000's when the construction of skyscrapers with shopping center, office and residence usage on both sides of Büyükdere Street as the showcase of İstanbul in globalizing Turkey Respectively. Finally, 2000's when new structures and their effects were examined on existing urban pattern.
The purpose of this research is to examine all the effects of globalization, we can clearly see specifically in Esentepe - Büyükdere Street factory region in İstanbul. In the study, the spatial effects of globalization have mapped in a historical fiction; the reflections on urban space has examined through ongoing projects in the study area. Also to undertstand the social structure, individual interviews from different ages, genders, and living conditions as house owner and tenant were conducted and evaluated.  The data and findings set out in the study will generate contributions to work of social and spatial fields.