Uzaktan algılama ve coğrafi bilgi sistemi kullanımı ile potansiyel termal su alanlarının araştırılması: Kaz dağları ve çevresi örneği
Investigation of potential thermal water areas by using remote sensing and geographical information system: Exploration of Kaz mountains and environment
Yazar: ABDURRAHMAN YASİN OKUR
Danışman: PROF. DR. HİLAL GONCA COŞKUN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2017
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry

Özet:
Günümüzde, sürekli artan enerji ihtiyacı nedeniyle yenilebilir enerji kaynaklarının ve jeotermal enerjilerin önemi artmaktadır. Son yıllarda jeotermal enerji araştırmalarında Uzaktan Algılama yöntemleri ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. 
Tez çalışmasında Kaz Dağları ve Çevresinin 16.07.2011 tarihli Landsat 5 TM uydusuna ait 30 m geometrik çözünürlüklü multispektral görüntüsü ile SPOT 4 uydusuna ait 19.07.2011 tarihli 20 m geometrik çözünürlüklü multispektral ve 10 m geometrik çözünürlüklü pankromatik görüntüleri kullanılarak Kaz Dağları ve Çevresinde  potansiyel jeotermal kaynakların tahmini yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, yüksek geometrik çözünürlüklü uydu verisi ile yüksek spektral çözünürlüklü  multispektral uydu verisini birleştirerek,  yüksek geometrik ve spektral çözünürlüklü yeni uydu verileri elde edilmiştir. Görüntü füzyon yöntemlerinden Dalgacık Dönüşümü, Multiplicative Dönüşümü, IHS (Intensity-Hue-Saturation), Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) ve Brovey Dönüşümü kullanılmıştır. Görüntü füzyonu yöntemleri ile elde edilen sonuç görüntülere kontrolsüz ve kontrollü olmak üzere iki aşamada sınıflandırma işlemi uygulanmıştır. Sınıflandırma işlemlerinden sonra sonuç görüntülerin doğruluk analizleri elde edilmiştir. Çalışma bölgesi için kullanılan yöntemlerin genel doğruluk analiz sonuçları kıyaslanarak, bölge için yüksek doğrulukla elde edilebilen füzyon teknikleri belirlenmiştir.
Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında bölgeye ait iki ve üç boyutlu sayısal yükseklik modelleri (SYM) Arc Map 10.1, Surfer 13 ve Global Mapper 18 programlarında oluşturulmuş ve sonuçlar kendi aralarında karşılaştırılarak irdelenmiştir. Yükseklik ve sıcaklık ilişkisini kurabilmek için yine bölgeye ait yüzey sıcaklık analizleri (YSA/LST) tek pencere algoritması kullanılarak Erdas Imagine 2013 ve Arc GIS 10.1 programlurında yapılmıştır. Tek pencere algoritmasının bir aşaması olan NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegatation Index)  çalışması için  Landsat 5 TM uydu verisinin 3. ve 4. kanalları kullanılmıştır. Tek pencere algoritması  için  Landsat 5 TM uydu verisinin termal kanalı  olan  6. kanal kullanılmıştır.  Termal band sayesinde yayınırlık, atmosferik geçirgenlik ve ortalama atmosferik sıcaklık parametreleri elde edilerek tek pencere algoritması gerçekleşmiştir.
 Son olarak bölgeye ait fay hatları haritaları Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü'nün sitesinden indirilip, sayısallaştırılarak uydu görüntülerine entegre edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tüm parametler aynı anda değerlendirilerek çalışma bölgesindeki potansiyel jeotermal alanların tahmini yapılmıştır.

Abstract:
Today, the importance of renewable energy sources and geothermal energies is increasing due to the ever increasing need for energy. In recent years, Remote Sensing methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been extensively used in geothermal energy researches.
In this study, Kaz Mountain  and surroundings located within the borders of Balıkesir Province was determined as a study area. Today, the need for renewable energy is increasing and the importance of geothermal energy, one of the renewable energy sources, is understood.
In this thesis study, SPOT 4 multispectral satellite image with 20 meter geometric resolution and SPOT 4 panchromatic satellite image with 10 meter geometric resolution s  s dated 19.07.2011 have been used along with multispectralLandsat 5 TM satellite image with30 meter geometric resolution  dated 16.07.2011.
Image fusion technique is used in various areas of remote sensing. The aim of image fusion is to obtain multispectral images having both high geometric and high spectral resolution. In this study, six different image fusion techniques have been applied  to satellite images with high spectral and low spatial resolution by using high spatial and low spectral resolution images to obtain fused images with increased spatial resolution, while preserving spectral information as much as possible. Wavelet Transform, Multiplicative Transformation, Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Brovey Transformation are used in image fusion methods. Image enhancement techniques were applied to the data both before and after application of the fusion techniques.
IHS method transforms a color in RGB environment from  IHS environment. IHS environment  provides information and  parameter that are very close to human color perception.  The modified IHS transform  also improves the resolution of the fused  image. It changes the spectral contents of the image.
Wavelet transform is used to decompose two-dimensional signals into different levels of resolution for multi-resolution analysis. This multi-resolution feature is used to combine images having different resolutions.
The Principal Component Analysis is a linear transformation that transforms data with highly variable and highly correlated data into a new coordinate system without correlation. There is no correlation between the new components because they have perpendicular axes to each other.
Multiplicative Transform  applies a simple multiplicative algorithm which integrates 
the two raster  images.  The  multiplicative method is the simplest of the PCA and 
Brovey methods.
Brovey Transform is used to visually increase the difference between the lowest and highest edge values of the image. Because of this reason, this method is mainly used in studies where importance of perception of differences is prominent.
In the first phase of this work, new satellite data with high geometric and spectral resolution is obtained by combining high geometric resolution satellite data with high spectral resolution multispectral satellite data. Results obtained by image fusion methods were classified in two stages as supervised and unsupervised. When supervised classification is made, the sample control areas selected for the thermal areas are the basis for working from the Hattusha thermal facilities and surrounding area in the study area. Accuracy analyzes of the resulting images were obtained after classification. By comparing the results of general accuracy analysis of the methods used in the study area, fusion techniques that can be obtained with high accuracy for the region have been determined.
The percentages of general accuracy analysis of SPOT 4 MS and PAN fusion results are as follows: Waveleth Transform %92.09, Multicative Transform  %90.43, IHS Transform %87.83, Brovey Transform %83.82 and Principal Component Analysis  %83.75. The percentages for  Landsat 5 TM MS and SPOT 4 PAN results are as follows: Dalgacık Transform %90.09, Multicative Transform %86.83, IHS Transform %83.83, Brovey Transform %75.98 and Principal Component Analysis % 78.75 accuracies were achieved. Among these two datasets, the Wavelet transform is more accurate. Accuracy assesment percentage of SPOT 4 MS  –  SPOT 4 PAN fusion has higher than  Landsat 5 TM MS  –  SPOT 4 PAN fusion.
In the second phase of the study, land surface  temperature  (LST)  analysis of the basin was executed. Land Surface Temperature Analyzes (LST) of the region were also performed in the Erdas Imagine 2013 and Arc GIS 10.1 programs using the single window algorithm to establish the elevation-temperature relationship. For the  NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegatation Index) which is a step of the single window algorithm, the 3rd and 4th channels of the Landsat 5 TM satellite data are used. For the single window algorithm, channel 6, the thermal channel of Landsat 5 TM satellite data, was used. Owing to the thermal band, a single window algorithm has been realized by obtaining the parameters of emissivity, atmospheric permeability and average atmospheric temperature.The mono  window algorithm consists of six steps  converts the  digital number (DN) into spectral radiance, and the spectral radiance into a sensor brigtness temperature and then calculates land surface emissivity, atmospheric transmittance, mean atmospheric temperature, and finallized with LST retrieval.
The results indicate that the basin varies between 18 and 40  °C approximately. Between elevations of 1400 – 1750 m, it was seen 18 –  22 °C, elevations of 1100 – 1400 m it was observed  20 –  25  °C, elevations of 750  –  1100 m it was observed 22-37 °C,  elevations of  400 – 750 m it was seen 25-30°C and between elevations of  0 -  400 m it was observed that the temperature is always above 30 ° C in these areas.
In the third phase of the study, in order to establish the height-warm relationship, two and three dimensional digital elevation models (DEMs) belonging to the region were
created in Arc Map 10.1, Surfer 13 and Global Mapper 18 programs and the results were compared with each other.  
Finally, maps of fault lines belonging to the region have been downloaded from the site of the General Directorate of Mineral Research  and Exploration (MTA), digitized and integrated into satellite images.
As a result of all data obtained with above-mentioned techniques,the potential thermal water areas are estimated in the study area.