Enerji kadastrosu
Energy cadastre
Yazar: GÜL ŞAHİN
Danışman: PROF. DR. TAHSİN YOMRALIOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Enerji = Energy ; Fotovoltaik enerji = Photovoltaic energy ; Güneş enerjisi = Solar energy ; Güneş enerjisi sistemleri = Solar energy systems ; Tapu kadastro = Land register cadastre ; Yenilenebilir enerji = Renewable energy ; Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları = Renewable energy resources

Özet:
Günümüzde enerji tüketiminin hızla artması ve fosil yakıt rezervlerinin tükenebilir 
oluşu dünya genelinde önlem alınmasına ve bu kapsamda çalışmalar yapılmasına 
neden olmuştur. Özellikle kent alanlarında nüfus ve bina yoğunluğunun artması ile 
enerji tüketimi artmakta ve tüketimden kaynaklanan gaz emisyonları doğaya zarar 
vermektedir. Bu kapsamda, birçok ülkede öncelikle binaların enerji performansını 
belirlemek amacıyla enerji kimlik belgeleri üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Belgelerde 
binaların kullanım alanı başına düşen yıllık birincil enerji tüketimi ve yıllık sera gazı 
salınımı A-G arasında değişen bir referans ölçeğine göre sınıflandırılmaktadır. 
Dünya genelinde "Enerji Performans Sertifikası (EPC)" olarak anılan çalışmalar 
irdelenerek, nelere dikkat edildiği ve sahip oldukları veri tabanları açıklanmıştır. 
Enerji tüketimini ve çevreye olan zararları azaltmayı hedefleyen bu çalışmalar 
kullanıcıları özellikle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kullanıma teşvik etmeyi 
hedeflemektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, enerji ihtiyacının artması ile yenilenebilir 
enerji kaynaklarına olan yönelim, enerji verimliliği ve tasarrufu sağlamak amacıyla 
binalar için hazırlanan "Enerji Kimlik Belgeleri (EKB)" ve enerji yönetiminde bu tür 
bilgilerin parsel bazlı kayıt altına alınmasını amaçlayan bir "Enerji Kadastrosu" na 
olan ihtiyaç irdelenmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını yüksek verimde 
kullanabilmek, bina enerji potansiyellerinin daha hassas belirlenmesi ve enerji 
yönetimi sağlayabilmek için 3-boyutlu verilerden yararlanarak oluşturulan kent 
modelleri üzerinden enerji üretim ve tüketim tahminlerinin yapıldığı, kullanıcılara 
uygun çözüm önerileri sunan ve enerji kimlik belgelerinin ilişkilendirildiği bir 
kadastral envanter modeli araştırılmıştır. "Güneş Kadastrosu", "Çatı Kadastrosu" ve 
"Güneş Sicilleri" olarak adlandırılan sistemler incelenerek örnekler sunulmuştur. Bu 
sistemlerde kullanılan enerjinin ölçülmesi ve kayıt altına alınmasında gerekli olan 
veriler, arazi ölçüm teknikleri, uzaktan algılama teknikleri ile bina çatı ve 
cephelerinde ışınım analizleri yapılarak enerji potansiyeli belirleme aşamaları 
açıklanmıştır. Enerjinin kadastro parsel bazında kayıt altına alınması ve kat mülkiyeti 
ile ilişkilendirilmesi öngörülmüştür. Bu kayıtlar CBS ile desteklenerek yerel 
yönetimlerce enerji verilerini içeren kent modellerinin üretilebileceği, ülkemizin
enerji potansiyelinin parsel bazlı belirlenmesi ve bu bilgilerin stratejik plan
çalışmalarında dikkate alınması anlamında bir "Enerji Kadastrosu"na ihtiyaç olduğu 
sonucuna varılmıştır.

Abstract:
Human beings need energy sources for their basic needs such as the continuation of 
life, nutrition, shelter and heating. Energy sources are available in different types in 
nature. While some energy sources are renewable in nature, some are limited and 
non-renewable. Therefore, energy sources are divided into two as renewable and 
non-renewable energy sources. Reasons such as population growth, misuse and 
natural destruction cause the rapid depletion of these resources. This situation poses a 
threat especially for the limited resources in nature like fossil resources. In addition 
to the rapid depletion of resources, nature is badly affected by these processes. 
Therefore, governments are looking for solutions to use non-renewable energy 
sources for a longer life and to minimize the damage to the environment.
Especially in urban areas, with the increase in population and building density, 
energy demands are increasing day by day. The increase in energy consumption and 
the gas emissions caused by this consumption harm the environment. The fact that 
buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO₂ emissions 
in the European Union required governments to work on this issue. Reducing these 
levels, decreasing energy losses and predicting energy demands are among the 
priority targets. Obtaining economic, clean and reliable energy has become essential 
for countries and the continuity of energy has become an important issue. For this 
reason, a certificate application has been started in which the energy performance 
and gas emissions of the buildings can be determined. The energy performance of the 
building is determined by an energy class according to a certain reference scale in 
documents that are often called "Building Performance Certificate". Energy classes 
are determined between the letters A-G. The effects of factors such as area, design, 
climate and positioning on energy demand are taken into account when creating 
building energy classes. It is possible to access many important information such as 
the energy class according to the primary energy consumption of the building, the 
CO₂ emission class according to the final energy consumption, the greenhouse gas 
emission rate, the renewable energy usage rate, in the energy certificate. Therefore, 
with the start of issuing energy identity certificates, the precise determination of 
building potential has become a more important issue. 
Since the buildings have a certain volume and area, specific measurement techniques 
and mathematical solutions are needed. Moreover, various analyzes and calculations 
have become a necessity to benefit from the renewable energy sources used in 
buildings at the maximum potential. In this context, the sought solution is provided 
by the models and databases created by associating the cadastre and energy data.
Energy management can be achieved thanks to the cadastre providing location and 
area data, protecting ownership and property rights, determining easement rights, and 
being multifunctional with geographic information systems. Spatial and temporal analyzes become possible with the models created by geographic information 
systems.
Cadastre studies, especially for determining the energy potential in roof areas, are 
quite common. These studies, called "Solar Cadastre" and "Roof Cadastre", are used 
in many countries such as Germany, Austria and France. In this thesis, all of these 
cadastral works will be mentioned as Energy Cadastre. With these studies, 3D 
measurements of roof areas and solar radiation analyzes are made, and solutions are 
offered by choosing the appropriate location for photovoltaic systems. In addition, 
the determination of the energy requirements of the buildings allows the 
determination of heating and hot water demands.
There are studies conducted to determine the energy potential of not only roof areas 
but also building facades. It is desired to reduce energy losses to minimum levels by 
providing maximum benefit from buildings. In this context, remote sensing 
techniques are used to measure 3D data. Thanks to remote sensing techniques, digital 
elevation model, digital terrain model, orthophoto production, land use maps, 3D city 
models can be created. 
Solar radiation analyzes applied for building roofs and facades vary according to 
many factors such as time, location, height, latitude-longitude, sunshine duration, 
solar radiation. Many values such as seasonal differences, temperature, humidity and 
shading affect the radiation values. Geographical information systems allow the 
calculation of all these factors together with the data obtained by remote sensing 
techniques.
Solar cadastre studies are generally carried out with WebGIS applications that 
provide ease of operation in an internet environment. Thanks to WebGIS, data layers 
can be created, processed, analyzed, interpreted, visualized and stored. Energy 
cadastre studies are generally presented by local authorities through a geoportal. It 
can query many data such as usage status, solar radiation, estimated PV system size, 
projected electricity production and storage status through these geoportals. In 
addition, users are encouraged by providing information about the benefits, cost 
calculations and savings of photovolvatic systems that are user and environmentally 
friendly. Additionally, being of great importance in terms of energy management and 
efficiency, it also has great contributions to the real estate sector. Thanks to the 
databases created from certificates, it can provide services to citizens and plays an 
important role in the preference of residences.
In this thesis, the orientation towards renewable energy sources with the increase in 
energy need, the "Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)" prepared for buildings in 
order to provide energy efficiency and savings, and the "Energy Cadastre", which 
aims to record such information in energy management on a property basis the need
has been addressed. In order to use renewable energy sources with high efficiency, to 
determine building energy potentials more precisely and to provide energy 
management, a cadastral model in which energy production and consumption 
estimations are made through city models created by using 3-dimensional data, 
offering appropriate solutions to users and associated energy identity documents 
have been researched. Systems called "Solar Cadastre", "Roof Cadastre" and "Solar 
Registries" were examined, and examples were presented. The data required for 
measuring and recording the energy used in these systems for inventory purposes, 
land measurement techniques, remote sensing techniques and radiation analyzes on 
the roofs and facades of the buildings are generated and the stages of determining the 
energy potential are explained.
Turkey has the appropriate conditions for the energy cadastre in terms of sunshine 
duration. Compared to European countries, it is more advantageous in terms of 
geographical location and solar radiation. The cadastral works implemented in other 
countries were primarily started with building energy performance certificates. 
Energy performance certificate has also been made compulsory in Turkey. Buildings 
must have an energy identity document for purchase, sale and rental transactions. 
However, this mandatory document is not sufficient for the models and designs 
needed to determine the energy potential of the building. The cadastral studies and 
databases of other countries clearly show the importance of this issue. Energy 
performance certificate applications in Turkey should be improved. It is necessary to 
create a database supported by geographic information systems. Related studies 
should be carried out on 3D building models and urban maps. Because the effects of 
environmental factors, other structures and topography are very important in 
determining the performance of a building. These analyzes are necessary for Turkey, 
especially for minimizing energy losses and using renewable energy resources. 
Energy should be recorded on the basis of cadastral parcels and associated with the 
condominium. By supporting these records with GIS, city models containing energy 
data can be produced by local governments. There is a need for an "Energy Cadastre" 
in order to determine the energy potential of our country on a parcel basis and to take 
this information into account in the strategic plan studies.