Bilişim teknolojileri ile dönüşmekte olan mimarlık nesnesi ve maddesiz öğeleri
Impacts of information technologies on the architectural object and its immaterial attributes
Yazar: ÖZLEM KANDEMİR
Danışman: PROF. DR. ARZU ERDEM
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2012
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bilişim teknolojisi = Information technology ; Etkileşim = Interaction ; Mimari tasarım = Architectural design ; Mimarlık = Architecture ; Mimarlık kuramı = Architectural theory ; İletişim = Communication

Özet:
Gelişen bilişim teknolojileri ile hayata her geçen gün yeni bir farkındalık, dünyayı algılayışımıza yeni medya araçlarıyla yeni bir bakış açısı eklenir. Yeni iletişim araçları ve ara yüzleri yeni uzaklık tanımlarını oluştururken, zaman ve mekanda yeni var oluş biçimleri, yeni deneyim, imge ve algı kavramları ortaya çıkmaktadır.Mimarlık bazı fonksiyonel, kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik vb. hedeflerini gerçekleştirmek üzere teknoloji ve teknolojinin sunduğu araçlardan faydalanır. Kullanılan her teknoloji ürünü ve teknikleri mimarlık disiplinini dönüştürür. Günümüzde kullanılan çağdaş bilişim teknolojileri de kaçınılmaz olarak mimari tasarım sürecini, pratiğini ve nesnesini yeni bir yöne doğru itmektedir. Bu yeni hesaplama, tasarım, görselleştirme ve iletişim araçları mimarların hayal ettikleri yeni formları, duyarlı, esnek ve hatta fiziksel ve sanal mekanın sınırlarının birbirine karıştığı yeni ortam türlerinde tasarım ve üretim yapma olanağı sunmaktadır. Tezin hedeflerinden biri de mimarlık nesnesinin bu hızla değişen ve gelişen bilgi çağındaki bu yeni konumunu anlamaktır. Yeni medya araçları kullanıcı ve mimarlık nesnesi arasında bağ kurmakta aracı olmaktadır. Gerçek olan, sanal olan ve düşünsel olan bir araya gelerek, mimarlık nesnesi ve kullanıcısı arasında bilgi katmanını oluşturmaktadır. Mimarlık nesnesi sahip olduğu medya araçları üzerinden çevre ve kullanıcıyla iletişime geçerek; kullanıcıya, zamana ve duruma özel tepkiler vermekte, kendini konumlandırmaktadır. Bu durum mimarlık nesnesini, bilgi katmanıyla daha esnek, etkileşimli ve süreksiz hale getirmektedir. Bu tezde çağdaş bilişim teknolojileri ve araçlarının, mimarlık nesnesinin maddesiz öğeleri üzerinde kontrol sağlayarak, nesne üzerinde geçekleştirdiği değişimi ve öncelikle mimarlık nesnesinin maddesini anlamak üzere okuma ve tartışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mimarlık nesnesinin maddesiz öğeleri bağlamında gerçekleşen bu değişimi anlamak üzere, mekan, varlık, imge, algı ve deneyim üzerinde incelemeler gerçekleştirilmiş; bu kavramların bilişim teknolojileriyle nasıl dönüştüğü anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bilişim teknolojileri desteğiyle bilgi bileşeni ve mimarlık nesnesinin maddesiz öğeleri üzerinde arasındaki bu dinamik, dönüştürücü etkileşim ve dönüşümlerin gözlemlenip, irdelenebileceği çağdaş örnekler üzerinde araştırılmış ve irdelenmiştir. New York, Dünya Ticaret Merkezi ve Anıtı proje önerileri üzerinde ise ortaya konulmuştur.

Abstract:
Developing information technologies constantly add new manners of operating with new media applications and tools to the perception of our environment and everyday life. While new communication means and interfaces define new distances,existences; new experience, perception and image concepts occurs on redefined time and space notion.In historical context; from invention of simple tools to improvement and development of modern gadgets; there has been a synergetic interaction between technology and society. Several technologies and its products are utilized on solving an architectural problems? from the first step which occurred in architects? mind (and transferred on paper and like), to the latter so on; until the finished product has come out or built. The mediums, ways, techniques and methods that are being used by architects, have been evolved in time and progressed.Architecture utilizes technology and its tools to achieve functional, social, economical goals. Every product and techniques of technology that has been used, transform the discipline of architecture. Thus the contemporary information technologies inevitably direct the architectural design process, practice and object to a new era. After the changes which have been initiated with reformist and progressive manifests of 20th century modernist movement which marked the last century of architectural production, today we are passing another threshold with the contemporary information technologies that are embedded to architectural object. Parallel to the tremendous change that occurred by 20th century industrialization and science on everyday life, society structure, architecture and urban design; today these concepts are still evolving with information technologies. Architectural object is defined by the attributes, elements and activities that are controlled by these new products of information technologies. The concepts and experiments can be done by the support of information technologies, which before was ineffective, difficult or impossible. This leads to discussions about the materiality and tangibility of architectural object.In this threshold; the concepts of form, meaning and structure are reinterpreted by architects and designers whom are experimenting on non solid - immaterial spacethat is also more flexible, responsive and interactive. These experiments not only done for the quest to find new function and image, also done for to achieve multitasking space that can produce new meanings and contexts simultaneously and separately which are possible with the support of information technologies.When the flexible, dynamic and interactive information layer of information technology is embedded to architectural object, the relationship between user and space is redefined, the experience, image and perception is transformed by constantly advancing technological tools like smart phones, smart screens, tablets/computers, xxnetworks?etc. When this transformation is examined through contemporary examples, we can see that architectural object is defined more and more by the immaterial attributes (like sound, light, heat etc...) that are controlled by information technologies; that are interacting with occupants/users, makes space more flexible and ephemeral. New media tools mediate new relationships between user and architectural object. The real, the virtual and the idea merge forming a unique information layer that enables interaction between the space and its user through these immaterial attributes.This new computation, processing, design and visualization mediums enable architects and designers to create and build new geometries, forms which can interact and be flexible on the new blurry boundary of virtual and actual space. The aim of this thesis is to understand this new position of architectural object that is transforming and evolving within information age.Hereby, second chapter of the thesis starts inquiries to understand the effects of information technology on architectural object, readings about matter and space, on philosophical perspective have been done. To understand matter and being, the information and thoughts of philosophers Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Husserl and Bergson has been investigated. Then, the effects of information technologies on thought, design and production processes are discussed which aimed to exhibit and understand the transformative interaction between space and technology.The object of architecture while communicating through media mediums with environment and its users, gives specific reactions to occasions and time, and repositions itself. This new status -also with the information component- makes architectural object more flexible, interactive and ephemeral.When we examine how technology changes our way to look and see things, environment; how we perceive and process space, how we communicate and what accelerates these processes (by using info screens, TV, smart phones, internet?etc.), we can conclude that the notion of space and architectural object is becoming more immaterial and non-tangible. These effects and interactions controlled by information technologies causes architectural object to be defined by immaterial attributes, to be transformed by adapting to environment and occasions, to gain and shape to new/non standard/ non Cartesian forms. In the second chapter, the thesis states how the information technology transforms the thought and relationships of architectural objects? image, perception and experience, on different scales, layers and forms. Thus, identification of the change and transformation in four groups which thesis stated the change is important. To understand this change and transformation; an investigation and examination has been made. The change is observed on projects/works that are produced at 1991 (the year in which the codes for World Wide Web written), to present day (2012); on the scientific/architectural publications, periodicals, digital databases, exhibitions and expositions. We can study this change in four groups. Moreover, they are:I. The examples/projects/works that are defined by immaterial attributes (like light, sound, heat, water?etc.) which are controlled by information technologies. II. The examples/projects/works that interact with its users/occupants, those adapt and transform to environment and with help of information technologies.xxiIII. The examples/projects/works on which the information technologies are used for gathering design data, processing and transforming into architectural form. IV. The examples/projects/works that are outside of classification generated by contemporary processes and conventional design methods. From year 2001, all the discussions surrounding the process of developing new proposals for new World Trade Centre New York, urban design and memorial building; finalizing of the competitions and the construction on site were actually concentrated on the same and constant problems of metropolitan architecture and urban design. All the proposals for new World Trade Center and Memorial projects takes a section of the architectural and urban design intellectual atmosphere (or can be said that it becomes a time capsule) which in the thesis, also becomes a architectural test group for it is situated on common site, goal and time. On the third chapter, the published proposals of New York World Trade Center and Memorial are studied. In this manner, from the year 2001 to 2012 these published proposals are classified by the contexts they published and re-examined/studied according to the transformation that set forth in four groups, stated on the secondchapter. The transformation studied by the conditions, defined by immaterial elements controlled by information technologies, the interaction and communication with users and environment that is possible by the support of information technologies, forms produced and processed with the help of information technologies. In final fourth chapter, the findings evaluated and discussed.To sum up with; in this thesis, perusal and discussions of architectural object and its immaterial attributes that are affected and being transformed by the control of information technologies and its tools, has been done. To understand this change and transformation in the context of architectural objects immaterial attributes; the concepts of space, matter, image, perception, experience and ways of thinking of architectural object, that are affected and transformed by rapidly developing information technology are investigated. This dynamic and transformative change and interaction between information component which is supported by information technology and immaterial attributes of architectural object is investigated on contemporary projects; then findings are tested on New York World Trade Centre Proposals. In conclusion we can say that new architectural object produces the contemporary cultural, political and social spaces defined by immaterial attributes with the help of information technologies.