Yol inşaatlarında bakım, onarım çalışmaları ve iş güvenliği sorunları
Maintenance, repair works and safety issues at road construction
Yazar: ÖZGE BİCAN SAYILIR
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. MEHMET UĞUR MÜNGEN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2013
Konu: İnşaat Mühendisliği = Civil Engineering

Özet:
Ülkemiz çalışma ortamında yaşanan en önemli günümüz sorunlarından biri de yıllardan beri süre gelen, düzeltme çalışmalarının halen yetersiz olduğu işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği problemidir. Her iş günü yaklaşık 1i ölümlü 21 iş kazasının gerçekleştiği inşaat sektörü ise bu problemin kendini en çok hissettirdiği faaliyet kollarından biri olarak ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği kavramının önemine ve tarihsel gelişimine değinilmiştir. Ardından, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu istatistik yıllıklarından yararlanılarak işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği bakımından sayısal değerlendirmeler, faaliyet kolları arasında ve inşaat sektörü içinde bazı değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
Değerlendirmeler ışığında, inşaat sektörünün diğer kollarının aksine karayollarındaki çalışma alanlarında, saha içi çalışanlar ve sistem kullanıcıları birbirinden tam olarak ayrı tutulamadığından iş güvenliği sorunlarının yanında trafik güvenliği sorunlarının da belirgin olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Böylelikle güvenliğin, çalışma alanlarındaki işçiler için olduğu kadar her gün binlerce insanın kullandığı karayollarındaki sürücüler ve yayalar için de hayati önem taşıdığının altı çizilmiştir.
Büyük kentler için özellikle önemli olan şehir içi karayollarında gerçekleştirilen çalışmaların, trafiğe getirdiği olağandışı ekstra yük ile trafik güvenliği açısından risk artışına sebep olduğu saptanmıştır. Sadece inşaat faaliyet kolu çalışanları olarak bile düşünüldüğünde büyük bir kesimi ilgilendiren şantiyelerdeki iş güvenliği durumunun, bu faaliyet kolunun etki alanının toplumu da içine alması ile daha fazla sorgulanmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle, tez kapsamında sektör içinde iş ve trafik güvenliği açısından önemli bir yer tuttuğuna inanılan karayolu şantiyeleri üzerinde durulmuştur.
Araştırma kapsamında ayrıca karayolu yapım, bakım ve onarım çalışmalarından ve bu çalışmalarda karşılaşılan sorunlardan bahsedilmiştir. Bu gibi çalışmaların yolu kullananlar üzerindeki etkisi bazı dava dosyaları ile desteklenerek, gözler önüne serilmiştir.
Kamu alanlarına müdahalenin fazlaca olduğu şantiyelerin gerektirdiği güvenlik önlemlerinin, işçinin yanında toplum açısından da gerekliliğini vurgulayan şehir şantiyeciliğinden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmaları ve trafiği beraber ilgilendiren yol yapım, bakım ve onarımlarında alınması gerekli önlemler ve trafik işaretleme standartlarına ve çalışmalar sırasında yapılması gereken kontrollere değinilmiştir. Son olarak da uygulamaları kolaylaştırıcı ve iyileştirici öneriler sunulmuştur.

Abstract:
One of the most significant problems in the present working environment is the health and safety at work, which has been an ongoing problem for years and the corrective efforts are still insufficient.
In our country, the frequency of the accidents, having the first place among world countries in terms of accidents, increase the importance of the issue. One of the most important reasons for this situation is that the specific conditions of the construction activities. 
From past to present, there has occurred most improvements in the health and occupational safety regulations although, applications not yet reached the desired level. It is shown that illiteracy as a cause of this situation. Therefore, it is important to focus on the educational component.
Construction industry is among the leading branches of business where this problem can be felt significantly, as there are approximately 21 work accidents with 1 involving death every workday.
In this study, the importance and historical evolution of the term `health and safety at work is mentioned. Following this, using the statistical annuals of the Social Security Institution, numerical assessments in terms of health and safety at work, assessments between various branches of activities and assessments in the construction industry are performed.
Occupational safety is the significant problem that should be considered at construction sites. On the other hand, it is not expected to have the same kind of risks and accidents in each construction sites.
At the present, requirements of infrastructure such as highway and sewer continue to increase for parallel with the development of cities. So these requirements cause that construction sites, which incorporates elements of hazard, interfere to areas of public.
In the light of these assessments, besides the health and safety problems, traffic safety problems also occurs distinctly in the highway construction sites, since the workers in the highway construction sites and the system users cannot be completely separated from each other.
Many studies which include construction activities have been executed and are still executing about occupational safety. However lack of studies, which is dangerous for both workers and users, about construction activities carried out in urban is attracted attention. Whereas many deaths, injuries and material loss are caused by accidents of near urban construction sites.
The vital importance of safety is underlined not only for workers in the jobsite, but also for thousands of drivers and pedestrians that use highways every day. Due to this intervention some additional safety precautions should be taken for both employees and public. Developed a system that aims to secure not only for workers but also for public who lives unaware of the risks.
Construction sites can be safe when workers are aware of hazards and prevent the probable risks.
From past to present, many studies have been executed about occupational health and safety. Also at the present, it is thought that works affect not only employees in fields of works but also people around the work areas.
Urban roads are especially important for major cities and it is determined that the construction works performed on these urban roads cause extraordinary increase in the traffic and consequently cause an increase in the traffic safety risk. The health and safety at construction sites concerns a significant part of the society even when only construction industry workers are considered. This concern should increase when highway construction sites are considered since this industry involves the society within its influence area.
Considering the interventions to public, it is seen to be a risk of works that maintenance, repair and renovation of existing roads more than others. It is necessary to investigate the current situation and what can be done for this problem because of lack of studies about. For this reason, it is intended that risks caused by maintenance and repair works carried out on the roads and current situation are revealed within the scope of this study.
So, highway construction sites are emphasized within the scope of this study since it is believed that these sites have a significant place in terms of health and safety at work and traffic safety at the same time.
In this thesis, firstly it is described that the current situation and the development of occupation safety in Turkey and the world.
After, the statistics of work and traffic accidents which published annually by Turkish Statistical Institute, Labor and Social Security Institution and General Directorate of Security are discussed. Accidents of costruction sector has been compared with others between 2008 and 2011. Besides, 73 case files are examined in this thesis and risk assessment which about maintenance and repair works on the roads.
In this context, work items on road works have defined and the risk scores of these are calculated. For calculating this risk assessment, 5x5 Risk Assessment Decision Matrix Method is used.
It was concluded that people, especially to the drivers are most responsible for accidents but it also was seen that the road faults have not been enough in statistics. Besides it is found that road failures such as wheel trace, road pit and lack of road signs have a significant problems  for traffic.
It is mentioned what kind of work done in roads and problems of encountered in these works. Besides the statistics shows that many workers have been hired without any insurance however they are faced with many accidents.Finally, it is focused on what can be done for the safety of the work site and its surrounding area and it has been made suggestions on these problem.
Construction and maintenance works and the problems faced during these works are examined in this study. The effects such works on the road users are given and they are supported by several case documents.
As in many countries, deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents are a major public health problem in Turkey.
It is mentioned that construction sites in the urban areas emphasizes necessity of security precautions required in construction sites that has great interference on public domains not only for workers but also for public. Because not taking the enough precautions for the work and traffic accidents cause more problems.
Necessary controls during working process, standards related to traffic signs, and precautions to be taken for road construction, maintenance and repair which concerns both construction works and traffic are mentioned. Finally, suggestions to facilitate and correct applications are presented.