Kullanıcı - çevre uyum probleminin tasarım sürecinde çözümlenmesi
Solution user - environment adaptation problem in design process
Yazar: BANU GÜL
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. NUR ESİN ALTAŞ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1993
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Kullanıcı gereksinimleri = User requirements ; Tasarım = Design ; Çevre = Environment

Özet:
"Kullanıcı-Çevre Uyum Probleminin Tasarım Sürecinde Çözümlenme si" başlıklı bu tezin konusu insanın yaşadığı mekanları değiştirme davranışı üzerine temellenmiştir. Giriş bölümünde, değiştirme davranışının gerçekte bir uyum problemin den kaynaklandığını ve bu problemin temel nedeninin tarihsel akış içerisindeki tasarım-üretim-kullanım süreçlerinin birbirinden ayrılması sonucu ortaya çıktığı anlatıl maktadır. Bu nedenle, insan ihtiyaçlarına hitap etmeyen yapay çevre problemi, bile şenlerine ayrılarak incelenmiştir. Bölüm 2'de çevreye ait tanımlar, sistem bazında çevrenin ne olduğu, çevreye ait bileşenler farklı açılardan ele alınmaktadır. Çevrenin nitelik ve özelliklerinin insan üzerindeki etkileri irdelenmektedir. Bölüm 3 'ün konusu, insanın kullanıcı olarak kim olduğu ve ne tür ihtiyaçları bulunduğu, ihtiyacın temelinde ne yattığıdır. Kullanıcının çevre ile etkileşiminde, bireysel, psiko-sosyal ve çevresel kriterlerin ne olduğu anlatılmaktadır. Bu kriterlerin ışığında çevreyi değerlendirmede hangi mekanizmaların kullanıldığı ve kullanıcı olarak çevreye ne tür tepkiler verdiği açıklanmaktadır. Bölüm 4'te, insan davranışının çok yönlü değerlendirilmesindeki temel kuramlar ve tasarım eylemi içinde nasıl değerlendirildiği incelenmektedir. Geliştirilen modellerin ve çalışmaların dökümü yapılarak yeni bir çalışma için girdi sağlan maktadır. Bölüm 5, tasarımcı-kullanıcı bağlantısının kurulmasındaki en önemli noktalardan biri olan bilgi alış-verişi üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu konudaki kaynakların, tekniklerin bilinmesi ve uygulanacak doğru tasarım için ne tür bir önem taşıdığı anlatılmaktadır. Bölüm 6, tasarım probleminin projelendirme süreçlerinde nasıl ele alındığı ve bu devrelerde tasarımcı ile müşteri adı altındaki kişilerin ilişkileri ele alın maktadır. Tasarım adımlarının ne olduğuna değinilmekte ve bütün bu bilgilerin toparlanması niteliğini taşıyan tasarım süreci modeli önerisi anlatılmaktadır. Sonuç bölümü, geliştirilen çözüm modelinin uygulanabilirliğinin tartışıldığı ve ne tür girdilerin rol oynadığı belirtilen bir tartışma bölümü şeklindedir. Tezin ek bölümünde kullanım sonrası, mekansal ve ekipmana bağlı değişim tespitleri örnekleri yer almaktadır.

Abstract:
In this thesis, occupants' behaviour towards changing their spatial environment and reasons of this change are studied. First chapter is an introduction to this thesis. Second chapter contains definitions of environment and the enviromental effects on human behaviour. An environment is the outer conditions that can be changed and factors which affect the human life and development. An environmental system is divided into two components: 1. Physical environment 1.1. Natural environment 1.2. Man-made environment 2. Social environment 2.1. Behavioral environment 2.2. Production affairs The man-made environment consists of three sub-systems:. Needs system. Environment system. Building system The man-made environment are studied in seven scales:. Equipment. Building. Building group. Neigbourhood. City. District. Country The surrounding man-made environment consists of the first three scales. The main components of an environment are; individual, physical env., personal env., environment: beyond individuals and socio-cultural env. Nature and man are the sub-systems of an environment. The environment has always a systematic characteristics. This system with its components create the environmental character. The other component of this system is the human behaviour which has some characteristics among stimulation, direction, goal determination, supporting and boundry formation. VIThe environment has a great importance on human satisfaction and happiness. In the third chapter, human being is studied. The man who uses the environment is called "the user". Users of the building and its surrounding environment are studied in two categories: 1. People that use the environment continuously 2. People who are temporary in that environment Continuous users are family person and continual or periodical district employees. Temporary users are guests and people passing by. Fundamentally each person or family has different needs among environment and we can not speak of avarage user. General user's needs are listed below:. Physical needs. Spatial needs. Needs belong to environmental conditions. Health. Security. Psycho-social needs. Privacy. Behavioral dimensions. Aesthetic Nowadays, physical needs are met much more than psycho-social needs by the design team. Users interact with their environment according to individual characteristics such as age, sex, personality properties and psycho-social enviromentaj characteristics such as social statutes, economical conditions, interpersonal relations and cultural group. The environmental evaluation mechanism of the human is a psychological process. This process occurs in three levels: perception, comprehension and spatial behaviour. The perceptible information is evaluated in affective and cognitive phases which create "a response". There are three types of responses: VII1. Adaptation to the environment If space satistifies, an individual adapts himself to the environment 2. Environment which is adapted to human needs It depends on design faults. Users change and renew the environment according to their needs and desires. 3. Leaving the environment If users can not find any solution for adaptation then they leave their environment. Fourth chapter deals with the human behaviour and its theories. The origin of behaviour is human need. In this thesis, it is studied with the basic model of stimuli -». organism -* response. Behaviour changes due to personal characteristics such as biological features, man's background, mental condition and physical and social environment. The basic theories that behaviour is examined, are as follows:. Psycho-analysis theory. Neurobiological theory. Geştalt theory. Association theory. Wurtzburg school. Behavioral theory. Phenomenological theory. Congitive theory. System theory and decision making theory. Semiological theory. Information processing theory Theories are divided in general terms as positive and normative theory. The former is imaginative and open, the latter is defined as rational and close. When designer solve a problem, he follows the positive theory for spatial organization and the normatif theory for the human needs and design brief. Design models are developed according to these two theories. In this thesis, they are studied in two groups; the design methodology which is dealing with the mapping of the design process and the mechanisms in design thinking, and man - environment - behaviour models. 1. Design methodology models 1.1. First generation models They studied design process basically in analysis, synthesis VIIIand evaluation phases which follow each other step by step by feed-back information flow. They are systematic and rational models. Some examples: Alexander's RIBA, Markus-Maver's Asimow's, Archer's and Studer's models. 1.2. Second generation models They are established on the concept of participation. These models introduce a negotiation process between desing participants and design team. Main component in these models is the user. It is aimed to search the levels of human satisfaction in the environment. 1.3. Third generation models They contain both the design style and technics of first models and the participation notion of second models. Information processing model and computer studies are catergorized by some desing theorists as an new (forth) generation models. 2. Man-environment and behavioristic approach models Among these models, models of environmental psychology and ecological psychology, personal construct theory, spatial behaviour theory, "image of city" theory, behaviour setting model can be stated. According to Rapaport these models can be grouped as follows:. Perception based. Cognitive and Image-Based. Behaviour setting models. Environment as communication, non-verbal communication, symbolism. Competence and adaptation. Information flow models. Ecological models. Ethological models. Evolutionary models. Socio-cultural models. Preference in environmental quality. Performance based Moreover, Archea take these models int four programs; rationalism, empricism, structuralism and instrumentalism. For these models, four paradigms are stated. These are expert, psycho-physical, cognitive and experiential paradigm. IXRecently a research about a meta-model which comprises all of these models is being searched. The goal of these studies, approaches and models is to create an accumulated memory for new researchers. In the fifth chapter, the importance of the information flow between designer and client (user) is reviewed. Taking true information about users and giving appropriate solution to them are very important for designers. The information is studied in two main structures; design information and information about organizational procedures. The informatifon fields are user's needs and wants, building area and its environment, production problem and political limitation and standarts. Users, literature, statistics, market researchs, analysis of existing building, expertise fields and environmental reviews are the sources of desing information. In practice, information flow techniques are observation, interview, questionnaire, survey, comparison and ordering techniques, resemblance and visual preference techniques These techniques are supported by new technological development. Some of these techniques are used together. The success, in the use of these techniques, enables designer and client to receive true information and a successful reach design solution. In the sixth chapter, subjects of desing and project phases in desing practice and designer-client relations are considered. The adaptation problem, after occupancy, has to be solved by searching flexible solutions in design process to prevent the losses of time, productive power, money and production technics. The phases of formation process of physical environment are: 1. Determination of needs 2. Design 3. Production 4. Occupation If the problem is well-defined, realization of these processes will also well. In definition of problem, designer-client affairs are important. Design team may consist of an architect, interior designer, civil engineer, mechanical and electrical engineer and draughtsmen. Client is sometimes the user himself, him represantative, contractor or employer firm. XA project manager organizes designer-client affairs. Their meeting minutes, phone calls etc. are transferee! to related design people in the team. In this point, notes must be recorded carefully to prevent the information losses. practice. Modes of designer-client affairs are occured in several modes in. Traditional model,. Migration model,. Full-service model, are some of the models observed in practice. Before the project, designer and client ought to negotiate about desing limitations and evoluation criteria. Design phases are:. Preparation. Schematic design phase. Design development phase. Construction documants phase. Bidding, contract, construction administration phase In production phase, the realization of design must be controlled by the designer in order to ensure the quality of design. In this chapter, the design process model for practitioner proposed to define role of client in several desing phases. Final chapter is a conclusion of this thesis. Application fields of the proposed model, design inputs both about designer and user are discussed. XI