Sıcak nemli iklim bölgesi için iklimsel tasarım parametrelerinin ısıl performansa etkisini değerlendirme: Bir konut örneği
The evaluation of the effect of climatic design parameters on thermal performance for the hot and humid climatic zone: A residential building sample
Yazar: MEHMET HAYRİ TÜRKTAŞ
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜL KOÇLAR ORAL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Sürdürülebilir enerji = Sustainable energy

Özet:
Bu çalışmada, sıcak nemli iklim bölgesi için iklimsel koşullara uygun konut tasarlamak ve tasarlanan konut önerilerinde farklı tasarım parametre değerlerinin ısıl performansa etkilerinin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir.
Bu hedef doğrultsunda birinci bölüm olan giriş bölümünde enerji etkinliğinin önemine değinilmiş, tezin amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde ısıl konfor konusu ele alınmıştır. Kullanıcı sağlığı ve performansı açısından binalarda öncelikli sağlanması gereken ısıl konfor koşullarıdır. Günümüzdeki enerji ve çevresel problemler gözönünde bulundurulduğunda binalarda öncelikle sağlanması gereken ısıl konfor koşullarının minimum enerji ile gereçekleştirilmesi gerekliliğidir. Bu bölümde ısıl konforun tanımı ve ısıl konfor koşullarını etkileyen parametreler açıklanmıştır.Üçüncü bölümde, sıcak nemli iklim bögesinin özellikleri ve iklimsel tasarım parametreleri ele alınmıştır. Öncelikle iklimsel tasarım kavramı ve enerji etkinliği kavramına değinilmiş, sıcak nemli iklim bölgesinde iklimsel tasarım parametreleri, sıcak ve nemli iklim bölgesine ait tasarım yaklaşımlarından hareketle açıklanmıştır. 
Dördüncü bölümde, sıcak nemli iklim bölgesi iklimsel tasarım yaklaşımlarından yararlanarak oluşturulan konut önerileri açıklanmıştır. Tasarımda, sıcak nemli iklim bölgesinde uzun yılara dayanılarak benimsenmiş iklime duyarlı tasarım yaklaşımı yeni oluşturulan öneriler için temel teşkil etmiştir. Oluşturulan önerilerde tasarım parametre değerlerinin değiştirilmesi ile geliştirilen senaryolar ışığında konut önerilerinin ısıl performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirmede her bir senaryo için enerji simülasyonları yapılarak yıllık iç hava sıcaklığı değişim eğrileri çizilmiştir. Yıllık iç hava sıcaklığı değişiminden yararlanılarak ısıl performans belirlenmiştir. Yıllık iç hava sıcaklığı değişiminin belirlenebilmsi için enerji simülasyonlarının gerçekleştirilmsinde  Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2010 programı kullanılmıştır.Sonuç bölümünde geliştirilen farklı tasarım parametre değerlerini kapsayan her bir senaryo için enerji simülasyonu sonucunda elde edilen yıllık iç hava sıcaklığı değişimi aracılığı ile önerilerin gösterdiği ısıl performans değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda istenen performensı gerçekleştiren uygun parametre değerlerinin belirlenmesi ve gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler sunulması hedeflenmiştir.

Abstract:
This study which examines the effect of the climatic design parameters on the thermal performance of the residential building sample in the hot and humid climate zone, is based on a proposal of a newly designed residential building sample. While recommending the residence, the purpose of this thesis is to form a simple model and prototype of a residential building that is appropriate for the needs of our age and at the same time that is shaped by the traditional culture of local construction strategies. With the help of this long architectural experience, this study aims to offer a climate sensitive, energy efficient building and to use the design parameters of the building as the passive elements while the building is formed. Also; during the design process, instead of active mechanical systems, only passive systems have successfully been used. After changing the parameters, providing passive air conditioning becomes possible by means of some construction elements that are related with the needs of the present day. This study's goal is to use the same space in every season by changing its parameters instead of using different seasonal spaces with various characteristic features for every climatic season, so that it will be possible to use the same space effectively during the whole year. It is aimed to present a different approach to passive conditioning methods and to utilize sustainable architectural approaches by traditional experiences.
In the first chapter of the study, the objective of this study, its scope and the methodology that have been applied are explained after a general presentation. The primary purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the effects of the change in the design parameters on the thermal performance of the space and examine its contribution to the passive conditioning. This study is done for the hot humid climatic zone and the subject is discussed over the proposal newly designed building. The building is evaluated as a residence in building scale and its yearly thermal performance is studied. After conducting a research on the design parameters for the hot humid climate, the process of creating the proposal building's design has started. While shaping this proposal, thermal assessment energy simulation software has been used. The results derived from this simulation have been defined on the graphics and by commenting and criticizing on these results, crucial points have been indicating.
In the second chapter of the study, the term of thermal comfort is expressed. While making a recommendation, an assessment is done on the thermal performance and occurrence of thermal comfort conditions within the interior air temperatures is investigated. Since the factor of thermal comfort condition temperatures is the key of this study, thermal comfort as a term fully dealt with in this part. Besides, in this chapter the need of thermal comfort and the conditions which are effective over it are clarified. Thermal comfort conditions must be provided primarily at residential buildings in terms of users' health and performance. When energy and environmental problems of the present day are considered, the thermal comfort conditions which need to be initially provided in buildings have to be applied by using minimum energy. In this section, thermal comfort and the parameters that affect thermal comfort conditions are examined.
In the third chapter, the features of the hot and humid climatic zone and climatic design parameters are revealed. Especially the term of climatic design and the term of energy efficiency are defined; the climatic design parameters in the hot and humid climatic zone are clarified with regard to the design approaches concerning the hot and humid climatic zone. Climatic design parameters are explained in three levels; beginning with the urban scale, in building scale and in construction details scale. In urbanization scale, topographical topics, site selection according to the climatic elements and orientation issues have been demonstrated. Furthermore, principals to follow in urban layout organization and landscape design have been identified. In the building scale, form and mass design approaches with space organization strategies have been explained. In this part also spatial characteristics and the space usages unique to the hot humid climate are described. Building envelope design and material selection regarding optical and thermophysical topics are signified in construction details scale. In addition important climatic factors such as the sun and the wind, to be used or to be protected in a beneficial  way and utilization advantageous sides or avoidance from harmful effects of them by designing structural components are underlined in this part as well. Because, sun protection in summer time is useful to avoid extreme temperatures, however solar radiation provides warming effect in cold seasons that necessitate heating. At the same time wind is a tool that is commonly preferred for natural ventilation and humidity control. Those options are considerable on comfort conditions for the hot humid climate zone.
In the fourth chapter, the main part of the study that examines effects of design parameters on the thermal performance for hot humid climate in a residential building sample is presented. This chapter consists of two sections, in the first section,the design stage of the sample building is introduced, also information and measurements about the building are defined. In this chapter the recommendations of the residential buildings which are formed with the help of  the design approaches for the hot and humid climatic zone are presented. The climate-sensitive design approach adopted after long years' experience has become the basis of the new recommendations for the design. Starting from the selection of the site, design of form and volume and organization of space are described at "design of house proposal" by using climatic design parameters which are stated at third chapter. In addition, with residential proposal, some explanations have been made that express the proposal including digital values that determine the proposal's living space and building data. When the data is given concerning the house proposal, after declaration of user profile and operation activity, the approach of change of design parameters is stated for evaluation and parameters to be evaluated have been disclosed. No active mechanic system was adopted in the proposal; only effectiveness of passive system is desired to be measured. Of the evaluated parameters, amount of volume and ratio of ceiling height to facade span were under control of the user for periodical modifications and were used for increasing the consistency with different climatic periods and were examined thermally for their effects on increment of climatic sensitivity. By usage of mentioned parameters with passive system logic the period where thermal comfort is obtained indoors was willed to be increased. Moreover thermal effects of a group of parameters which cannot be modified periodically but can be taken into consideration during the design phase were examined. Orientation, transparent surface layers, solar control and building envelope can be listed among the mentioned parameters. Besides, effects of ventilation, which is used as a comfort providing element in hot and humid climate, to thermal performance are evaluated by using different ventilation options. On the second section of the fourth chapter thermal performance of the house proposal is evaluated. Primarily assumptions, values and conditions that have been used in energy simulations where thermal performance was evaluated were clarified. The thermal performances of the recommended residential buildings are evaluated in the light of scenarios developed by changing the design parameter values. 17 different scenarios were formed by changing design parameters of the residential proposal. In the assessment, the annual ranges of interior air temperature curves are drawn by creating energy simulations for each scenario. The thermal performance is determined with the help of the annual interior air temperature range. While creating energy simulations to determine that annual interior air temperature range, the programme named ''Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2010''  has been used. By the help of comparing thermal performances of scenarios, differences in efficiency sourced from changing design parameters appeared, thus effectiveness and contribution of each parameter  have been provided. After all examination  scenarios, the most effective parameters are chosen in different seasonal periods for the recommended residential building in order to provide thermally comfortable conditions efficient all over the year. In the main   thermally  different parts  of the year; winter requires heating  and in summer  heating is not needed. After selecting appropriate parameters for these two seasons, annually in % 74 rates thermal comfort condition is provided with the passive techniques. To  supply the thermal comfort in three quarters of the year, parameters that show efficiency  in heating required dates are used in winter and the parameters that are efficient in hot conditions have been used in summer time. Herewith energy efficient capabilities of the residential recommendations are proven. In the last part of the fourth chapter, energy simulations and the factors that affect the thermal performance of the residential recommendations are criticized.
Finally, the thermal performance  that recommendations indicate is evaluated by means of the annual interior air temperature range detected with the help of energy simulations for each scenario involving various design parameter values, in the conclusion part. In the energy simulations which are performed in order to measure influence of design parameters that are used in the residential proposal, effects of each parameter have been observed in different scales over the thermal performance. Seeing the efficiency of the tested parameters, to be considered in the design phase, such as orientation, building envelope details and solar control have been emphasized regarding to their significance over the thermal performance of the space. Moreover the effectiveness of the parameters which can be modified according to the seasonal periods, have been detected as helpful and affirmative factors on behalf of climatic adaptation. Those periodically changing parameters cause relatively smaller impact when they are preferred alone; however they can create widely positive influence when used all together, hereby their suitability to use as a passive conditioner is shown in the study. Utilization of design parameters related to the building and the space, by the architect is thought as an instrument to make buildings more comfortable and energy efficient. Therefore effective usage of this instrument  provides functionality and flexibility for the occupant; also it's beneficial for people not only in the building but also in the environmental scale. The undeniable role of the design parameters over the thermal performance of building proves their importance in providing sustainable and unpolluted environment by using them carefully and consciously. In this respect the process for energy efficient formation begins with choosing the correct usage of spatial and structural parameters in design and planning. The Designs which are devoid of environmental concerns and ignore climatic data, require artificial energy and active mechanical systems to provide thermal comfort, due to inadequate and unconscious usage of spatial parameters.Taking the knowledge of vernacular architecture which has been developed in long years' experience, into consideration is beneficial and directive to build up climate sensitive and sustainable approaches. Favorable consequences in the residential recommendation of the study that have been evaluated by the energy simulations are sighted as a response through using traditional culture of the local construction strategies and also considering seasonal and climatic requirements. As a result of this assessment, it is aimed to determine appropriate parameter values that provide the needed performance and to produce recommendations for the future works.