Çekirdek Konut ve Uygulamaları
Nucleus Housing System and the Patterns of the System from the world and Turkey
Yazar: HAKAN TONG
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. FERHAN YÜREKLİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1989
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Konut sorunu = Housing problem

Özet:
Günümüz insanının en önemli sorunlarından biri olan konut sorununtm ve bu sorunun çözümü için geliştirilen çekirdek konut sistemiııin ele alındığı bu tezin ilk böltimünde konut sorununu ortaya çıkaran nedenler:j sorunun çöZ'ilmü için başvurulan yollar ve çözümde devletin oynadığı rol, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan 
ü."1.keler ile Türkiye açısından incelenmektedir. 
İkinci bölüm.de, konut sorununun çözüıml için, öncelikle ge­lişmekte olan Ulkelerde u;ygulanan çekirdek konut sistemi tanı­tllmakta, sistemin amaç, uygulama özellikleri ve süreç özellik­lerine yer verilmektedll". Ayrıca çeld.rdek konut sistem.inin diğer konut gerçekleştirme sistemleri ile amaç, süreç ve sonuç­lar açısından karşılaştırılması gene bu bölüm kapsamında yapıl­maktadır. 
Üçüncü bölümde, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ve Türkiye' de yapılan çekirdek konut uygu.J.amalarından örnekler incelenmektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasında ele alınan örnekler, Latin Ame­rika ülkelerinden Kolombiya, Kasta Rilm • Şili, Guatemala, Nika­ragua, Panama ve Meksika' ya ait toplam 19 proje, Afrika Ulke­lerinden Lesotho, Zambia ve Kenya' ya ait toplam 4 proje, Asya ülkelerinden Hindistan, Filipinler ve Sri Lanka' ya ei t toplam. 4, Avrupa üıkeleri erasıııden Yunanistan' a ait l proje ile Türkiye I de yürütülen u;ygı.tlamaları kapsamakta ve her ülkenin de­mografik yapısı, konut sorunu, konut ile ilgili çalışmalar orga­nizasyon ve fiziksel plan.lama açılarından ele alınmaktadır. 
Dördüncü bölümde ise tezin sonuçları yer almaktadır. Bu kapsamda, incelenen örnekler genel olarak organizasyon ve :fizik­sel planlama özellikleri açısından değerlendirilmekte, sistemin TUrkiye' de uygulanma imkanı, başarı şansına değinilmekte ve bundan sonra neler yapılabileceği konularına yer verilmektedir.

Abstract:
Tb.e f'irst part of the thesis consists of the defini tion of one of the mest important problema of the 20 th., century the housing problem. In the same chapter the reasons of the housing problem, its solution alternatives and a solution alternative 
the nucleus housing system, the role of the government is stud.ied 
in relation wi th the developing and developed countries and Turkey. 
The reasons of the housing problem is studied by the follow­ing hea dings. 
-	Population growth 
-	Migr-ation f'rom rural to urban areas 
-	The pbysical obsolescence 
-	The quali tatif unsu:fficiency of the existent dwellings. 
-	The unsuitableness to the present housing standards. 

The reasons of the problem differe in relation with the countries situations. In develoned countries such as U.S.A. England, the problem ıs mostly th.e physical obsolescence and the qualitatif' insufficiency, being that the population growth and migration is under control there is not a big amount of homeless. Although in developing countries the reasons of the housing prob­lem is mostly the high popu.1ation gr-owth rate and the m:igration from rural areas to big cities. Alld aa a result, there is a big amount of homeless people. 
To solve the problem, the govenmıents have prepared various housing policies in order to produce tbe required amount of dwellings. While the developed countries reached there aims wi th their own resources, the developing countries which have a depend­ent development pattern tried to solve their problem partly With their own resources and partly by foreigh aids. And therefore there aim walil to reduce building costs. In Turkey, there is no system:1tic analysis on- the reas-ons of the housing problem. The reasons \vhich were previously shown abov.e are all present in tho housing problem in .oruı-key being that the studies which vrere under taken to sol-ve the housing problem did not contain a serious e:x:amination of the programr.ıing and planning of the housing problem in general, the partial studies and ap;,lications were not able ta solve the problem sys­tematically and as a result totally. 
As a solution to the housing problem, the Ifocleus Housing system is studied in the second chapter. Other housing systems are alsa studied regardinı::; their aims, properties, processes and concequences in the same chapter. 
The properties of thc nucleus housing system a.!'e studied by thA following heedings: 
- Land ownership: The users er the a;over:::u::ıent could avın the land. It is possible far ;ırivate ar public establishmer:.ts to p,ive thı::- land te the owners with free of ,-.·-:arı".e er in retu...""'n of a certain sur.t of :uoney. 
- Stnr.:es of productien and buildiı:ı,g costs: The t1roduc;ion of the d\fellirıP:s an: th􀃀 c.ests of t'.1e dwelli::.r.s car:. be c..:.vided ta certain intervals. 
- Deliverina; patterns of dwelline;s: In the first stac,es of the prorl.uction, an !ılternative establishment can ;)lan and build the nucleu::: unit and p.:ive it to the user. 
,_ The standarts: The nucleus unit rrrust scrve the users most urrı:ent neerls which is the protection from e::ctrenal environmental conditions. 
- The ııur,leus pror:ram: The nucleus unit can cantain a bath­room/WC unit, kitchen and a general living area. 
- The pror;ram of the development: The livingroam, bedrooms and dining room can be included to the nucleus uni t in a ranking order re􀄫arding their importance. 
User participation: The users can participate in the produc­tion of the construction in order ta reduce the cost of the dwel­linP,S. It is also possible to divide the housing production in cer­tain stages in the settlement scale. Vehicie and pedestrain ways, water, electricity and sewer systems can be produced in different stages as in the dwelling unit scale. The most urgent needs will be produced in the first stage of the construction process. Consequently, 1 t is possible to divide the total costs of the dwelling uıi1 ts 1n certain stages and the payments can be done in longer time intervals. 
The costs can be reduced by analysing the main components 
o'! the dwelling' a planning and constru.ction proceas. These com­ponents are Land, Materials used, Labor. 
The land can be sold to the users w1 th credi ts of low inte­rest and long term payment programs, by the government or by mun.icipalities. The materials can be obtained from the close vicini ty and easy and cheap methods. L€!bor costs can be reduced by the users participetion in the housing production. This is one of the most effective weys to reduce the production costs 
of dwellings. 
\'/hen the nucleus dwellings are being plamıed, the plenners must define the sesle of the project, the construction system, the financial resources and housing standarda. 
In the design phase, the decisions must be given about the type end context of the mıcleus uni t, the relations of the uni ts, their orientation in the whole settlement, the development capa­city of each unit and the sta5es of development. 
In the third chapter, examples o'f mıcleus dwelling uni ta were studied. Examples from Latin America (10 projects from Colombia, Costa Rica, Cbili, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama and Liexico), Afrika (4 projects from Lesotho, Zambia, Kenya) Asia (4 projects :f'rom India, Philippines, Sri Lanka) and Europe (2 Projects from Turkey, Greece) were analysed. 
The study was underlaken by defining the demogc-aphic struc­ture end housing problem of each country and the projects organi­zation and desigrı process was anal.ysed. 
'Hhen the projects were studied in rela tion wi th their orga­nization systems, the following properties are to be seen. 
- Organization of the projects: Gavernı;ıents, foreigı:ı eid establishments and academic esteblishments (Panama Projects) can organize the projects. -Sponcering of the projects: Required :finance can be obtain­ed from the government or people who will us.e tbe houses. It is also possible to find financial resources in other ways such as producing and selling dwellings to people wi th higher inceme. 
(ex. Cali-Colombia and Bhadreshwar-Ind.ia pro:rects). 
- Reduction in the use of the main buildi.ng elements: Land, materials used, Le.bor. 
- Land use studied: Si tes ere gi ven to the users wi th ar 
wi thout completing their site developments. In some projects the sites were given free from chm-ege and in seme projects, a certain rate of the dwelling cost was charged as the site value. This rate changed :from 0% (ex. Ocu􀁎 Panama) to 56% (e:ı:. Cali-Colambia) 
- Material studies: The materials reguired were selected from the close vicini ty. In some project like Tabasco-Me:ı:ico, the materials used were classified as temporary and permanant materials. The temporary materials were used in the first stages of the housing development and the permenant materials were used in the following stages. 
Labar studies: The users were i.J::ıformed. about simple .const­ruction technigues, and by the help of this information the users participated in the construction process. 
- Part:icipatill{; in the construction process: The organizars of the projects have developed information programs far the country, a certain area or a settıement in accordance wi th the scale of the project. The projects and their construction tech­niques were introduced to the users by modern information techni­ques such as exhibitions, conferences, f1lms and dia shows, broc­hures (book lets) and periodicals. With the help o:f these prog­ram, the users have the opportuni ty to participate in the coust­ruction process. 
When the projects design characteristics we:re studied, the following resul ts were to be seen: 
-Type of the nucleus uni t: In most projects, the first 
stage of the mıcleus unit consists of a living area, kitchen,wc 
and bethroom. In some projects like Villa Bangueta-Panama, WC and batlıroom can teke place autside tbe dwelling uni ts and can 
be used by a group of families., 
-The measurements of the mıcleus unit: Avarage arees of dwellings are 54 sq.m. in Latin American Countries, 6) sq.m. in African countries and 20 sq.m. in Asian. -Development process of nucleus units: The bedrooms had 
been added to nucleus units in most projects. The projects were developed vertically and/or horizontally. 
In the four:th and Last chapter, the results of the thesis has been explained. In general the projects exam.ined in the thesis was studied against two properties the organization pro­perties, the desigh properties. The application and succession possibilities of the nucleus dwelline systems were analysed and f'urther research areas were de:f'ined •