Bilim kurgu filmlerindeki kentsel mekanın gelecek anlatısı ve İstanbul distopyası
The future of the urban space in science fiction and Istanbul distopia
Yazar: AYŞENUR BABACAN
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. GÜLDEN DEMET ORUÇ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2021
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture ; Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Sinema ve modern kent aynı yüzyılın iki ürünü olmakla birlikte daima birbirleriyle etkileşim halinde olmuşlardır. Sinemadaki kent anlatımları bazen kendi zamanının kentine ışık tutarken bazen de gelecekte nasıl olabileceği hakkında fikirler sunar. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, distopik bilim kurgu sinemasındaki kentsel anlatımlardan yola çıkarak İstanbul'daki yeni gelişme alanlarının genellikle bu bölgelerde yer seçen ve mega projeler olarak da tanımlanan karma kullanımlı, dikey, kapalı konut projeleri üzerinden distopik okumasını yapmaktır. Bu bağlamda 2000 yılı sonrası çekilmiş 6 adet distopik bilim kurgu sineması örneği incelenmiş, sinemadaki distopik kentin özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespitler doğrultusunda İstanbul'da son 15 yıl içinde tamamlanmış olan karma kullanımlı yüksek katlı kapalı konut projelerinden seçilen 6 örnek proje incelenmiştir.
Tezin 1.bölümünde tezin amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi açıklanmış, hipotezlere dair bilgiler verilmiştir. Çalışmanın 2. bölümünde sinemanın kenti deneyimleyip toplumun mentalitesini analiz etmesi açısından çok önemli bir kent araştırma yöntemi olduğu ve filmlerin bilimsel bir veri olarak kullanılabileceğine değinilmiştir. Filmlerin ve filmlerdeki kentsel çevrenin analiz edilmesinin, aslında toplumun analiz edilmesi olduğu literatür taraması ile tespit edilmiş olup, sinema ile kentlerin bugününü analiz edip geleceğe dair öngörülerde bulunabileceğimiz saptanmıştır. Sinemadaki gelecek mekanı "zaman" kavramıyla bağlantılıdır. Bu nedenle zaman-mekan tanımlamaları yapılarak gelecek zaman ve mekanı üzerine düşünebilmek adına, kent mimarisi ve sinemadaki zaman ve mekan ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca geleceğe dair öngörülerde bulunmayı ve mekansal açıdan fikirler üretmeyi sağlayan distopya kavramı tanımlanarak distopya kavramının sinemadaki gösterimi olan bilim kurgu sineması ana hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Genel bir tablo ile ele alınan bilim kurgu sineması içerisinden distopik özellikler ve kentsel imajları bir arada bulunduran filmler listelenmiştir. Tespit edilen filmler içerisinden 2000 yılından sonra çekilmiş ve geleceği anlatan 6 distopik film; The Island (2005), Dress (2012), Blade Runner 2049 (2013), Elysium (2013), Divergent Serisi (2014), The Maze Runner Serisi (2014) ele alınmıştır.
Tezin 3. bölümünde ise kentsel mekanın zaman içerisindeki değişimi ve bu değişime etki eden faktörler incelenmiştir. Kentin değişimine etki eden faktörler fiziksel, sosyo-kültürel, ekonomik ve teknolojik olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda İstanbul'un kentsel gelişim ve değişim süreci değerlendirilmiş, kentteki bu değişiklikler neticesinde karma kullanımlı yüksek katlı kapalı konut siteleri olarak tanımlanmış yeni bir kentsel yerleşim alanlarının gelişme gösterdiği görülmüştür. İstanbul'un yeni gelişim alanlarından olan bu dokunun distopik nitelikler gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.
Tezin 4. bölümünde, ikinci bölümde incelenmiş olan 6 film üzerinden yapılan distopik mekan çıkarımları ile tezin üçüncü bölümünde açıklanan İstanbul'un kentsel değişimi arasında ilişki kurulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda İstanbul'un farklı bölgelerinde bulunan son 15 yıl içinde yapılmış 6 proje (Maslak 1453, Metropol İstanbul, BatıŞehir, Varyap Meridian, Kartal İstMarina, Mashattan Projesi) analiz edilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümün son kısmında ise bu projeler ile distopik bilim kurgu filmlerinde tariflenen kentsel yaklaşımlar arasında ilişkiler kurulmuştur. Bu ilişkiler fiziksel ve sosyal olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmıştır. Fiziksel ilişkiler, kentsel sınırlar, çok katmanlı otoyol gelişimi, büyük ölçekli yapılaşma ve yoğunluk açısından irdelenmiştir. Sosyal ilişkiler ise yer, kimlik aidiyet kaybı, sınıfsal eşitsizliklerin belirginleşmesi ve gözetim toplumunun yaratılması gibi distopik tanımlamalarla ele alınmıştır.
Sonuç bölümünde, dördüncü bölümde tespit edilen İstanbul'un yeni kentsel gelişim alanlarının distopik yaklaşımlarına dair çıkarımlar yer almaktadır. Bu çıkarımlar neticesinde daha çok İstanbul'un yeni gelişim alanlarında yer seçen yüksek katlı karma kullanımlı kapalı konut sitelerinin yer aldığı alanlarda distopik odaklar oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşılmış, daha nitelikli ve yaşanabilir bir kentsel çevrenin oluşturulmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Abstract:
Besides being the two yields of the same century, cinema and city have always interacted with each other. City expressions in cinema, sometimes illuminates the city of its own time and sometimes presents ideas about how its future will be. The aim of this thesis is to make a dystopian reading of new development areas in Istanbul, based on the urban narratives in dystopian science fiction cinema, through mixed-use, vertical, gated communities, which are usually defined as mega projects in these regions. One of the purposes of the thesis is to analyse how foresights upon the future of cities could be created within the city presentations in dystopian science fiction pictures, by defining the descriptions of dystopian city.
In this context, 6 examples of distopic science fiction pictures examples, which were filmed after the year of 2000, were examined, dystopian city characteristics in movies were determined.
In short, the common features of dystopian films can be listed as follows: Society after war or climatic disaster, advanced technology and abuse of technology, creation of a surveillance society, the uncertainty of time and space in daily life. Urban memory that has lost its control in the face of the development of cities, urban dwellers are now being a spectator, that mean alienation, the formation of skyscrapers and wide highways, uniform people dreaming of another life. In accordance with these findings, in İstanbul randomly chosen 6 example projects of mixed-use high rise gated communities, which were completed within the last 15 years, were analysed.
In the first part of the thesis; the purpose, the content and the method of the thesis were explained, information on the hypothesises was given. In the second part of the study, it is mentioned that cinema is a considerable method of city research method on the aspect of analysing mentality of the society by experiencing the city and it is addressed that the films could be used as scientific data. That films and analysing the environment in films, in fact mean that it analyses the society, is determined by literature review, also it is detected that with cinema foresights upon future could be made by analysing present situation of cities.
The future space in cinema is associated with "time" concept. Therefore, city architecture and time – space relations in cinema have been analysed by time – space definitions were portrayed in order to be able to consider upon future time and space. Furthermore, after being defined, dystopia concept, which provides foreseeing about future and producing ideas on spatial perspective, is handled with the main lines, of which display is on cinema is science fiction pictures. Among science fiction pictures which are handled with a general view, films having dystopian features and urban images together are listed. Within the films that are determined, 6 dystopian films, which were filmed after the year of 2000 and illustrates the future, are discussed: The Island (2005), Dress (2012), Blade Runner 2049 (2013), Elysium (2013), Divergent Series (2014), The Maze Runner Series (2014)
In the 3rd part of the thesis, the change of urban space within time and the factors leading to this are analysed. The factors that affect the change of the city are classified as physical, socio-cultural, economic and technological. The factors that cause the most physical change are examined as modernism, postmodernism and city after postmodern cities according to time order. The concepts of place, identity and loss of belonging are explained as the most important factor causing social changes.
In consequence of these classifications, which changes, experienced for city of İstanbul, have been analysed for city of İstanbul. In accordance with the analysis, deductions are made upon İstanbul's turn into an urban dystopia.
In the 4th part of the thesis, the dystopian space deductions made through 6 films studied in part 2 are establishing relations with the urban change in İstanbul which was analysed in part 3. In this context, 6 projects (Maslak 1453, Metropol İstanbul, BatıŞehir, Varyap Meridian, Kartal İstMarina, Mashattan Project) which are in different parts in İstanbul and were made within the last 15 years, are shortly analysed. In the last section of the fourth part, dystopian features of these projects are analysed. For this purpose, relations among the dystopian concepts in dystopian science fiction films which are examined in the second part are made. These relations are divided into two as physical and social. Physical relations are examined on aspects of urban boundaries, multi-layered highway development, dimensional enormousness and density. On the other hand, social relations are examined on dystopian identified aspects of place, identity belonging loss, evidence of class inequity and creation of surveillance society.
In the last chapter, which has a physical relationship, the urban silhouette consists of high-rise skyscrapers as a common aspect of cities and dystopian film. Today, with the effect of neoliberalization, it has been determined that high-rise towers are built to make cities a center of attraction and show power globally. Likewise, it has been observed that the building that represents power and authority in the films is the tallest and largest building.
When the cities in dystopian films are evaluated in terms of social relations, it is seen that people are alienated from themselves and their surroundings, seeking identity and do not feel belonging to the places they are in. The feeling of not belonging gave birth to the no-place space. None-places spaces are temporary, places where no connection is established. Vertical storey houses are one of them. Today, people see residences as temporary living spaces. By living in closed sites, they first isolate themselves from the rest of the city and then live without interacting or establishing relationships with other people in the buildings they live in. At the same time, the race of cities with the effect of globalization has led to the formation of structures with similar images in every city. In dystopian movies, people are divided into communes and dressed in the same colors. This allows other people to stand out while determining where they belong. People who cannot be distinguished from each other are distinguished not by names, but by the codes given to them.
Likewise, these distinctions that cause social inequalities have been evaluated within the framework of social class differences. The proliferation of closed communities in the city also increases polarization. In the movies, the rich, the poor, the weak are generally depicted, and inequalities have manifested themselves.
Finally, the effect of the surveillance society feature, which is one of the most important features of dystopian fiction, in today's Istanbul was examined. The fact that each of the projects examined is monitored 24/7 with security concerns creates a feeling of surveillance. Not only are the inside of the site, but also its immediate surroundings recorded continuously, causing a feeling of insecurity towards the environment. In dystopian movies, peeping is a feature of authority. The power that wants to establish authority on it starts to monitor, attaches chips, just like the cards used when entering sites, it is personal.
In the conclusion section, there are implications for the dystopic approaches of Istanbul's new urban development areas identified in the fourth chapter. As a result of these inferences, it has been concluded that vertical mixed-use gated communities, which are mostly located in the new development areas of Istanbul, create dystopic foci in areas where they are located, and suggestions have been made for the creation of a more qualified and livable urban environment.