Polivinil klorür (PVC) geri dönüşüm tesisinin yangın güvenliği ve fine kinney analiz metodu ile yangın riskinin değerlendirilmesi
Fire safety of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) recycling facility and assessment of fire risk using fine kinney analysis method
Yazar: ALİ ZEYNELGİL
Danışman: PROF. DR. MUSTAFA ŞAHİN DÜNDAR
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Yangın ve Yangın Güvenliği Anabilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Kimya = Chemistry

Özet:
Yeni teknoloji ve artan ihtiyaçlar, insan yaşamını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla yeni bileşikler ve maddelerin geliştirilmesine yol açmıştır. Bu maddeler arasında, polivinil klorür (PVC), esneklik, dayanıklılık, düşük maliyet, hafiflik, taşıma ve yerleştirme kolaylığı gibi özelliklerinden dolayı dünya genelinde yapı malzemelerinde en yaygın olarak kullanılan malzeme haline gelmiştir. PVC'nin temel monomerinde bulunan klor atomları, karbon atomlarına kovalent bağlarla bağlıdır ve bu monomerlerden oluşan zincirler arasındaki güçlü etkileşimler sonucunda sert bir polimerik malzeme oluşur.PVC, düşük yoğunluk, yüksek dayanıklılık, ekonomik üretim süreçleri gibi avantajlarıyla birlikte günümüzde hızla evrilen ve son derece çok yönlü bir malzeme olarak tanınmaktadır. Ambalaj, tarım, elektronik, inşaat, taşımacılık, sağlık, spor ve eğlence gibi farklı sektörlerde yaygın olarak kullanılan polimerler, her yıl yeni bileşimler ve özelliklerle zenginleştirilerek modern toplumun temel bir bileşeni haline gelmektedir. Ancak, bu malzemelerin biyolojik olarak ayrışamaması ve doğada uzun süre varlığını sürdürebilmesi, küresel çapta ciddi bir plastik atık problemine neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, PVC'nin geri dönüşüm süreci ve geri dönüşümü son derece önemlidir.
Geri dönüşüm tesislerinin sayısının artması ve depoladığı malzeme çeşitliliği, günümüzde yangın güvenliği açısından önemli bir risk oluşturmaktadır. Tesislerin açık veya kapalı alanlarda bulunması, yangın güvenliği açısından farklı stratejilere ihtiyaç duyar. Özellikle açık alandaki tesislerin, çevredeki yangın risklerini kontrol altında tutmak ve düzenlemek için çeşitli değişkenlerle ilişkilendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu husus, geri dönüşüm tesislerinde yangın güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından son derece kritiktir. Ulusal düzenlemelere göre, binaların yangından korunması için Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik, 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu ve İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Risk Değerlendirme Yönetmeliği gereği işyerlerinde yangın riskinin azaltılması veya kabul edilebilir seviyeye indirilmesi amacıyla risk analizi yapılması zorunludur. Araştırmada PVC geri dönüşüm tesisinde olası yangın senaryolarına odaklanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, öngörülen tehlikeler detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve yangın risklerinin azaltılması için Fine-Kinney analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Risk analizi yöntemi seçerken en uygun olanın tercih edilmesi büyük önem taşır. Bu yöntemlerde, benzer önceki olayların sıklığı göz ardı edilmemelidir. Risk skoru hesaplamasında, olasılık ve etkinin yanı sıra frekans değerinin de dikkate alınması, analize önemli bir katkı sağlar. Ancak, geçmiş verilere dayalı olarak belirlenen sıklık değeri, analize subjektiflik katabilir. Bu nedenle, Fine-Kinney risk analizi metodu tercih edilmiştir. Bu çalışma çerçevesinde, Ankara'da bulunan özel bir PVC geri dönüşüm tesisinde yangına sebep olabilecek potansiyel tehlikeler belirlenmiştir. Fine-Kinney yöntemi kullanılarak tanımlanan bu tehlikelerin değerlendirilmesi yapılmış ve bu tehlikelerin neden olabileceği risk değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ardından, hesaplanan risk değerleri Fine-Kinney yöntemine göre kategorize edilmiştir. Bu kategorilere göre, riskler önceliklendirilmiş ve kabul edilebilir seviyeye indirilmesi için düzeltici ve önleyici faaliyetler belirlenerek uygulanmıştır.
PVC geri dönüşüm tesislerinde muhtemel yangın riskleri araştırılmış, olası tehlikeler tespit edilmiş, risk seviyeleri belirlenmiş ve olumsuz senaryoların önlenmesi için çözümler üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Araştırma, geri dönüşüm tesislerinde yangın güvenliğinin sağlanması ve yangının maddi ve manevi zararlarının azaltılması amacıyla risk analizinin nasıl yapılacağını gösterilmiştir.

Abstract:
New technology and increasing needs have led to the development of new compounds and substances to facilitate human life. Among these materials, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has become the most widely used material in building materials worldwide due to its properties such as flexibility, durability, low cost, lightness, ease of transportation and placement. Chlorine atoms in the basic monomer of PVC are connected to carbon atoms by covalent bonds, and a hard polymeric material is formed as a result of strong interactions between the chains consisting of these monomers. PVC is today recognized as a rapidly evolving and extremely versatile material, with its advantages such as low density, high durability and economical production processes. Polymers, which are widely used in different sectors such as packaging, agriculture, electronics, construction, transportation, healthcare, sports and entertainment, are enriched with new compositions and properties every year and become a fundamental component of modern society. However, the fact that these materials cannot biodegrade and persist in nature for a long time causes a serious global plastic waste problem. Therefore, the recycling process and recycling of PVC is extremely important. Since PVC recycling processes, especially mechanical recycling, do not significantly reduce the chain length of PVC molecules, it is thought that recycled PVC can produce products with similar strength and properties to original PVC. PVC polymer can be recycled at least eight times, depending on the application and the condition of the final product, making a significant contribution to reducing polymer waste accumulation and preserving natural resources. Production and processing of PVC polymer is more energy efficient than other types of polymers, making PVC a valuable polymer when properly recycled. Even though some types of PVC recycling are not currently feasible or economically viable, governments, manufacturers and consumers are seeking ways to ensure a sustainable future for the PVC industry.Effective recycling processes for PVC polymer are extremely important. Therefore, instead of burning waste PVC products, this study aims to obtain different secondary products by physically breaking them into pieces without breaking the polymer chains, formulating them and subjecting them to the extrusion process. Thanks to this method, waste PVC products are recycled and water, soil and air pollution is prevented. The fact that PVC has higher energy consumption and CO2 emissions compared to other plastics will contribute to the reduction of global warming. According to statistics, on average, a fire incident occurs in a recycling facility every two years. Therefore, fire protection is vital to the operation of the facility. The fire protection plan includes training personnel thoroughly and acting professionally in the event of a fire alarm. False alarms can reduce staff confidence in the fire alarm system and lead to incorrect reactions in the event of an actual fire. Therefore, false alarms are a risk that must be specifically addressed in fire protection design. The increasing number of recycling facilities and the variety of materials they store pose a significant risk in terms of fire safety today. Whether facilities are located in open or closed areas requires different strategies in terms of fire safety. Especially outdoor facilities need to be associated with various variables to control and regulate fire risks in the environment. This issue is extremely critical to ensure fire safety in recycling facilities.
The research focused on possible fire scenarios in the PVC recycling facility. In this context, anticipated hazards were examined in detail and the Fine-Kinney analysis method was used to reduce fire risks. When choosing a risk analysis method, it is of great importance to choose the most appropriate one. In these methods, the frequency of similar previous events should not be ignored. In calculating the risk score, taking into account the frequency value as well as the probability and impact makes a significant contribution to the analysis. However, the frequency value determined based on historical data may add subjectivity to the analysis. Therefore, the Fine-Kinney risk analysis method was preferred. The Fine-Kinney method is a technique used to prioritize risks and direct resources effectively. This method grades risks by calculating their severity and helps decide when precautions should be taken. The Fine-Kinney method contributes to obtaining more realistic results because it allows the use of workplace statistics. This method determines the degree of risk using the Likelihood, Impact and Frequency scales.This method is a technique used to prioritize risks and prioritize resources. A rating is made by calculating the weighted ratios of the risks and it is decided when precautions should be taken. The Fine-Kinney method gives more realistic results because it allows the use of workplace statistics. In our study, we determined the fire risks of the facility with a systematic approach and conducted a comprehensive examination, taking into account the effects of possible fire on the people in the building. Our goal is to reduce the risk values we detect. We have determined the necessary measures to reduce the fire risk of the facility and laid out the steps that need to be implemented. We also evaluated the possibility of a possible fire spreading outside the facility and emphasized that neighboring businesses should be informed about fire risks when necessary.The fire safety risk assessment report should be reviewed regularly as it adapts to constantly changing processes. It is important to update the report when situations arise that may affect identified risks or create new fire risks. The main fire risks in the PVC recycling facility are the waste collection areas and storage areas in the facility. When the risk assessment here is made, high risk values include death, total disability and severe environmental impact. In very high risk assessment, multiple deaths and significant environmental disaster impact patterns occur. What needs to be done here is that regulatory and preventive measures should be taken without wasting time. The machinery and equipment within the facility pose a high risk in fire safety. Machinery and equipment should be checked regularly and used by authorized personnel. Meanwhile, when the risk assessment was made, it was evaluated as very high risk, high risk and significant risk. What needs to be done here is to pause the work and take precautions. As a result of the definitive measures taken, a short-term action plan should be developed and monitored carefully. Electrical hazard within the facility constitutes the majority of fire risk assessment. In the risk assessment, it was evaluated as very high risk and high risk as significant risk. In risk assessment, multiple deaths and significant environmental disaster impact patterns occur. With regulatory and preventive measures, risk assessment is reduced to significant risk, definite risk and acceptable risk. Risk analysis studies do not completely eliminate the identified risks. Instead, corrective and preventive actions determined to reduce risks or reduce them to acceptable levels must be completed by the deadline. Risk factors will be checked regularly and the risks triggered by possible changes will be intervened in time to reduce the risk of accidents.In particular, developing a safety culture and increasing employees' awareness of occupational health and safety contribute significantly to the prevention of accidents. The effectiveness of on-the-job and periodic training should be ensured and planned to ensure behavioral change. Research shows that the cause of many fires is people's unconsciousness. There is always a fire risk for all structures. The basic principle is to minimize the consequences of possible fires during the design, use and maintenance of structures. In this regard, all kinds of precautions must be taken by always taking fire safety measures into consideration, starting from the construction phase of the facility. The primary goal in terms of fire safety is to prevent fire from occurring. When this is not possible, it is to prevent the fire from spreading by controlling it at the point of origin. Uncontrolled fires can turn into disasters. Success in the fire safety process is achieved by minimizing the risk of fire. Within the framework of these studies, potential hazards that could cause fire in the existing PVC recycling facility were identified. These hazards, which were identified using the Fine-Kinney method, were evaluated and the risk values that these hazards may cause were calculated. Then, the calculated risk values were categorized according to the Fine-Kinney method. According to these categories, risks were prioritized and corrective and preventive actions were determined and implemented to reduce them to an acceptable level. Possible fire risks in PVC recycling facilities were investigated, possible hazards were identified, risk levels were determined and solutions were worked out to prevent negative scenarios. The research showed how to perform risk analysis in order to ensure fire safety in recycling facilities and reduce the material and moral damages of fire. As a result of this study, we concluded that structural measures should be taken to reduce the fire risks of the facility, fire extinguishing equipment should be checked regularly and personnel should receive fire training. We also determined that fire suppression and evacuation plans should be reviewed and updated regularly. Taking these measures will increase the safety of the facility by minimizing the effects of a possible fire. It is important to take a systematic approach to identify and reduce fire risks of facilities. With this study, we determined the precautions that the facility should take in terms of fire safety and revealed the steps that should be taken. Facility owners and managers must maintain a constant awareness and preparedness for such risks. Any investment made in fire safety is extremely important for the safety of both employees and the facility.