Binalarda güvenlik /
Yazar: O. RIZA CENANİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. ALTAN ÖKE
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1998
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Bina güvenliği = Building security ; Binalar = Buildings ; Güvenlik = Security

Özet:
ÖZET İnsan yaradılışı gereği sığınacak ve korunacak yerlere ihtiyaç duyar. Bu ihtiyaç yemek, içmek ve uyumak kadar hayati önem taşımaktadır. Yaşamsal faaliyetlerin çoğunun açık havaya göre kapalı yerlerde daha kolay yürütülebilmesi, insan hayatının yüzde doksanı gibi tamamına yakın bölümünün bina içinde geçmesine yol açmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, günlük yaşam içinde bu kadar ağırlıklı bir yere sahip olan binalar kadar, binalarda güvenlik konusu da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Genel bir girişin yer aldığı birinci bölümün ardından, tez çalışmasının ikinci bölümünde binalarda güvenliğin tanımlanması amacıyla gerekli temel konular sunulmuş, güvenliğin tarihsel gelişiminden bahsedilmiş ve yaşanmış olaylardan örnekler verilmiştir. Daha sonra binaların güvenliğini tehdit eden unsurlar gösterilmiş, çözüme kavuşturulacak problem belirlenerek çalışmanın amacı ve metodu tanıtılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ilk olarak binalarda güvenliğin sağlanması konusuna girilmeden önce gerekli olan yöntem ve sistemler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra güvenliğin teknolojik gelişmelerle ilişkisi belirtilmiş ve bunlar karşısında kalıcı olmasının yolları gösterilmiştir. Tez çalışmasının dördüncü bölümde binalarda güvenliğin sağlanması için yapılması gerekenler ve kullanılacak yöntemler, gerekli temel bilgiler eşliğinde gösterilmiştir. Bu bölümdeki asıl amaç, güvenlik sistemleri için üretilmiş malzeme ve araçların tanıtılmasından çok, binaların ortaya çıkış süreçleri içinde güvenliğin sağlanması için yapılması ve bilinmesi gerekenlerin anlatılması olarak belirlenmiştir. Tez çalışmasının sonunda yer alan beşinci ve son bölümde elde edilen sonuçlar anlatılmış ve önemli noktalar tekrar vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca topluma ve bireylere düşen görevler hatırlatılmış ve bütün mimarları ilgilendiren ana fikre tekrar dikkat çekilmiştir. Binalarda güvenliğin sağlanması için gerekli olan bilgilerden yoksun mimarların tasarladığı binaları sonradan güvenli hale getirmek ya çok zor ya da imkansız olmaktadır. Böyle binalarda hayatını veya malını kaybeden, yaralanan ya da zarara uğrayan kişilerden mesul olmamak için, mimarların binalarda güvenliğin sağlanması konusunda yapılması gerekenleri öğrenme ve bu öğrendiklerini hayata geçirme konusunda bütün gayreti sarf etmeleri gerekmektedir.

Abstract:
SUMMARY SECURITY IN BUILDINGS Because of its nature, human beings need closed places to live. This necessity is as important as eating, drinking and sleeping. Indoor activities is easier than outdoor ones, so ninety percent of human life takes place in closed places. Because of this reason, security in buildings have an importance as buildings themselves. A chain is as strong as its weakest ring. Like a chain's rings, security in buildings has a lot of parts which are linked each other and the weakest one set the strength of the total system. So, every afford is important and necessary to make a building more secure. Some of the information in this thesis will be considered as unnecessary for architects in part or at whole. To avoid this type of wrong judgements, it is essential to remember that point : In a life time, architects learn lots of knowledge from different but connected business areas like building materials, air conditioning, construction techniques and urban planning, but this is not valid for security. So the buildings of the past caused many security problems. To solve this urgent problem, required works about security in buildings must be started as quickly as possible and the subject of security must be enter architects area of study. Security in buildings can be only possible and durable by cooperation of all the experts from building construction industry's different areas with leadership of the security specialists. Architects have a certain place in this cooperation. Professionals from various business areas can misunderstand each other during the teamwork and this will cause deficient or wrong solutions. A common language is needed to solve this problem. To form this language, professionals which have more experience than their colleagues must lead others. Architects without the knowledge of security, can design insecure buildings which are difficult or impossible to be secure afterwards, so they can be dangerous for the inhabitants. Not to be responsible for deaths or injuries and loss or damage of possessions, architects must do their best to learn and use the required information about security in buildings. XIIn the first section of this thesis an introduction to the issue takes place, the following topics can be found in the second section of it : Definition of security in buildings, basic issues related to security, the difference between security and safety, security experts and security organizations, historical development and lived examples of security, threatening elements of security, the problem of security in buildings, the purpose and characteristics of this thesis and its methodology. In the third section of this thesis, demands of security are presented : The required techniques for security ; forecasting the future, leaving insecure zones in the building, preferring security to familiarity, using different equipment together, tracking of building users with escorts, cooperation with inhabitants, controlling with inspectors in the shape of customers and finding out weak points with artificial dangers. The required systems for security ; sensing systems, identifying systems, tracking systems and limiting systems in buildings' security. The relationship of security with technological developments and making security durable. In the fourth section of this thesis, the following topics take place : Providing security outside the building which consist of controllable and uncontrollable surrounding areas. Providing security on the shell of building including parts which are under and over the ground level. Providing security inside the building which can be done according to divisions or floors. Providing security from the angle of the building users, including dwellers and occupants. In the fifth and the last section of this thesis a conclusion takes place and main points are underlined. The missions of society and persons are also remembered and the main dictum of this thesis which interests all architects is pointed out. Many people treat the two words security and safety as applied to buildings although they are synonymous. This is a serious confusion which needs to be corrected at the beginning. The dividing line between security and safety is very indistinct, but the two subjects are in essence very different and only merge rather confusingly in relation to fire. Safety is taken to mean the protection of the occupants of the building from accident, while security is assumed to mean protecting those occupants, their possessions and the actual property they occupy from willful attack. It is really the degree of intention which makes the distinction between these two definitions ; one is to do with sheer accident and the other with someone's willful attack. Today security specialists are helping architects to design more secure buildings while security organizations are spreading the experiences throughout the world to develop and to strength the security business. XIIThe following is a list of real incidents which are related to this thesis :. Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah building (Oklahoma City, USA),. Explosion in the World Trade Center's garage (New York, USA),. Taking hostage in the Japanese ambassadorial building (Lima, Peru),. Gunman's shootings in the Empire State Building (New York, USA),. Murdering of 16 children in a primary school (Dunblane, Scotland),. Attack using poisonous sarin gas in subway stations (Tokyo, Japan),. Unabomber's explosive parcels around the USA (various cities, USA),. Bomb attack to a US military complex (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia),. Bomb explosion at Canary Wharf in Docklands (London, England),. Taking hostage in the Olympic Village in 1972 (Munich, Germany),. Triple murder in the Sabancı Center's office tower (Istanbul, Türkiye),. Rocket attack to the Aksaray Police Headquarters (Istanbul, Türkiye),. Rocket attack to a military building in Harbiye (Istanbul, Türkiye),. Explosion in the M.K.E. Ammunition Factory (Kırıkkale, Türkiye). Technology today seems to generate action and reaction in opposite directions with equal proportions. This overheated development has encouraged the individual or organization who believes in the motto that the latest is the safest to throw out last year's defenses in favor of more technically advanced later models. And this condition will only change by changing the thoughts of persons which rule and support the development of security business. Constructor and architect must consider the security of the building's occupants and their property during the whole production period of a building. Business owners, architects, designers and contractors are realizing that a building can be designed to increase security and protect its occupants if security is in mind. Designing a building with security in mind is not merely a matter of remembering to include such items as will prevent unwanted access and willful attacks. Also, secure buildings does not mean that they have to be ugly, fortress-like structures where inhabitants are willing prisoners. Rather, properly designed buildings lend a feeling of security and power to their occupants, making them less afraid and vulnerable. In addition to supplying the buildings with the necessary devices to avoid threats, architects should plan buildings to make them uncomfortable for the criminals to attack and to operate. No longer are the more complex security systems, retrospective items which did not concern the building designer. Today these need to be considered at the design stage, just as are other engineering services like heating, lighting and air conditioning. As a result, the architect must have a general background to what is going on in the security business and how relevant the various developments are to the needs of the clients. Only by this way can an architect offer authoritative advice and decide which solution is the best for the building. XIIIThe techniques which are required to provide security in buildings can be listed as follows ;. Forecasting the future,. Leaving insecure zones in the building,. Preferring security to familiarity,. Using different equipment together,. Tracking of building users with escorts,. Cooperation with inhabitants,. Controlling with inspectors in the shape of customers,. Finding out weak points with artificial dangers. The systems which are required to provide security in buildings can be listed as follows ;. Sensing systems in buildings' security,. Identifying systems in buildings' security,. Tracking systems in buildings' security,. Limiting systems in buildings' security. Surrounding area of a building forms the first layer of its security system and consists of neighboring buildings, nearby parklands, empty plots, surrounding roads, pavements, rivers, lakes, seas and building's garden. The surrounding area of a building can be divided into two parts ; controllable area (surroundings which belongs to the building) and uncontrollable area (surroundings which doesn't belong to the building). Shell of a building forms the second layer of its security system and consists of foundation slab, exterior basement walls, facade walls and roof slab. The shell of a building can be divided into two parts ; under-ground shell (shell elements which are below the ground level) and over-ground shell (shell elements which are above the ground level). Interior of a building forms the third layer of its security system and consists of divisions like entrance, service, circulation, executives, office and floors like basement, ground, normal, roof. The interior of a building can be examined in two ways ; according to divisions (divisions inside the building like entrance, service, circulation, etc.) and according to floors (floors inside the building like basement, ground, normal, etc.). Users' angle forms the fourth layer of a building's security system and consists of dwellers and occupants. The users of a building can be separated in two groups ; dwellers (continuous users of a building) and occupants (temporary users of a building). XIVIt is not the purpose of this thesis to increase the preoccupation of the public with crime. However, the facts must leave no doubt that, there does exist a very real problem and one that faces every architect ; the problem of how to protect the building and possessions from possible illegal attacks. The risks of such attacks certainly are increasing and as far as one can see will continue to increase. No one seems to have found a way of changing the attitudes of the potential criminals to illegal activity and until this happens an apparent slip into lawlessness - in minor crimes at least - would seem to be inevitable. Looking at the problem from another point of view, it would seem impossible for any police force to cope with the considerable increase in -minor crime which are experiencing today. They have enough difficulty coping with the major criminals who are learning to fight sophisticated security systems with ever greater sophistication.. It is also arguable whether the police should be seen as the major deterrent of the majority of minor crime. The responsibility may best be placed on the public to protect itself by using appropriate security methods. Society will have to find its own long-term solutions to the apparent slip into lawlessness and it is not enough to blame underemployment. Society will have to take a new look at moral standards and respect for property. But this will be a slow program of reconstruction. In the meantime it is up to every manager to look after the building. Although personal violence is the type of crime that appears to worry most people, the risks from it are increasing at a rate comparable with the increase in vandalism and burglary. The public's fear of burglary is often colored by fear of a violent confrontation with the intruder, which rarely occurs. What is more, the wanton destruction and soiling of the building by the burglar is equally rare. So the conclusion to be drawn from all this is not one which should increase the public's anxiety and obsession with crime, but merely increase awareness of the need for the architect to design with proper precautions to protect the building and its contents. These precautions should be in proportion to the risk that the building runs ; its type, location and the value of its contents. It is not a problem warranting panic, but one that merely needs a little bit of objective thought. Finally, this thesis will endeavor not to introduce necessary equipment of security systems, but it will try to present techniques which are providing security in buildings, most importantly point out the dictum ; architects must do their best to learn and use the required information about security in buildings. XV