Kırsal yerleşimlerin değişen mekânsal ve sosyal örüntüsünün tarımköyler bağlamında değerlendirilmesi: karyağmaz örneği
Evaluation of the rural spaces under change on context of tarimköy projects: case of karyağmaz
Yazar: ÖZGE ÖZKUVANCI
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. YASEMİN ALKIŞER BREGGER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Kanunlar 6360 sayılı = Laws 6360 numbered ; Kırsal konutlar = Rural buildings ; Toplu konut projeleri = Mass housing projects

Özet:
Çalışmanın amacı 2012 yılında kabul edilen 6360 sayılı Büyükşehir Kanunu'nun kabulünde etkili olan nedenlerin belirlenmesi, değişen mekan üretim pratikleri doğrultusunda üretilen yeni konut bölgelerinin kırsal sakinlerin yaşam kalitesi ve yeterlilikleri üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerinin incelenmesi ve daha olumlu bir dönüşüm süreci için alternatif fikirler üretmektir. Çalışmanın birinci aşamasında büyükşehir belediye sınırları içerisindeki köylerin mahalleye dönüşmesiyle sonuçlanan süreci ortaya çıkartan etkenlerin belirlenmesi için bu süreç izlek bağımlılığı (path dependency) yaklaşımıyla takip edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada kırsal alanlardaki kendiliğinden gelişen yerleşimler ve planlı yerleşimler tipo-morfolojik yaklaşım doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada ise yetkinlik yaklaşımı (capability approach) doğrultusunda kırsalda devlet tarafından yasaya uygun biçimde üretilen yeni konut bölgelerinin sakinlerin yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2007 yılından itibaren Balıkesir'den Bursa'ya taşınma süreci devam eden Karyağmaz köyü çalışma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Karyağmaz, Balıkesir Büyükşehir Belediyesi sınırları içerisindeki bir orman köyü olma niteliğine sahipken köylülerin taşınması için köy ile aynı ismi taşıyan planlı bir mahallenin inşaası sürmektedir. Yerleşimcilerinin iki durumu da deneyimlemeleri dolayısıyla bu alan yapılacak çalışma için uygun bir zemin olarak görülmüştür.
Çalışma kapsamında 5216 ve 6360 sayılı kanunların şehir ve büyükşehirler üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi amacıyla Bursa ve Balıkesir yöresine ait yapı yoğunluğu ve yerleşimi etkileyen özellikleri gösteren haritalar hazırlanmıştır. Bütün mekânsal haritalamalar ve analizler ESRI ArcGIS™ programı yardımı ile hazırlanmış olup, morfolojik analiz haritaları ESRI'ye ait World Topographic Map verileri kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Karyağmaz köyündeki mevcut yapıların konumları uydu görselleri ve alanda yapılan doğrulama çalışması ile belirlenmiş, yapıların iç planları köylüler ile gerçekleştirilen birebir görüşmeler sırasında hazırlanmıştır. Tarımköy konutlarının kat planları ve inşa edildiği bölgeye ait vaziyet planı ise inşaat alanında görüşülen yetkililerden temin edilmiştir. Karyağmaz köyündeki konutların kat planları, Tarımköy konutlarına ait kat planları ile mekân kullanım kalitesi bağlamında karşılaştırılmıştır.
6360 sayılı Büyükşehir kanunu üzerine yapılmış olan çalışmaların çoğu Kamu Yönetimi, Hukuk, Coğrafya ve Ziraat disiplinleri kapsamında hazırlanmış ve kanunun yasal değişiklikler, yerel yönetim uygulamaları, kırsal nüfus miktarının belirlenmesi ve tarım üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Kent planlama disiplini kapsamında gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda ise kanunun köylerin planlanması üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında köylülüğün küresel ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik anlaşmaları, Avrupa Birliği'ne katılım süreci ve şehirleşme politikaları etkisinde geçirdiği değişim Tarımköyler bağlamında incelenerek kırsal mekanın geleceği üzerine öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The aim of this thesis is to produce more efficient solutions for the rural transformation process that begins with enactment of the Turkish Municipal Law No. 6360 and to examine the impact of the new rural residential areas which were built after the enactment of this law on the quality of life and capabilities of the settlers. With Law No. 6360 in 2012, the metropolitan municipality boundary widened into provincial borders. The purpose of this new law was to offer an equal amount of services to people who live far from the city center as well as city residents. However, it only replaced the term village with the neighborhood and removed self-governance authority.
Firstly, the reasons behind the adoption of Law No. 6360 has been examined with the path dependence approach. Secondly, the morphological properties of different types of villages have been examined with the typo-morphological approach. Finally, the effects of new rural residential areas using Tarımköy Program which was built with the help of government, to focus on the quality of life of settlers has been investigated with the capability approach.
In the second chapter of the thesis, the origins of the land ownership system of Ottoman Empire and neighborhood as a term that defines the smallest administrative unit was examined to determine the reasons behind current rural housing deficit. Due to the Metropolitan Law No. 6360, which was enacted in 2012, the planned period survey was divided into two parts, covering the years 1963-2007 (First-Eighth Five-Year Development Plan) and 2007-2018 (Ninth and Tenth Five-Year Development Plan).
In the third chapter the term village was examined then the morphology of planned and unplanned rural settlements was compared according to typo-morphological approach. The first trail people leave on nature is the main ridge-top route that connects the highest points of the topography. This route, which facilitates access due to the lack of slope, provides the advantage of defence since it is located at the highest point compared to its surroundings. Therefore, the first route of the hunter and gatherer society was this route. Settlements, on the other hand, were built on the highest plain in the region between the two streams, instead of this crowded route where water is low due to the height. Triangular shaped areas, which are defined as promontory, are suitable for settling near springs. The routes that reach these plains (secondary ridge-top route) are spread over the topography, resembling the shape of tree branches. Etimesut model village pilot project was evaluated according to typo-morphological approach.
In the fourth chapter the changes in meaning of rurality was examined. Steps taken for sustainability produced results that sped up rural transformation. As an example, Turkey signed the United Nations Convention on Climate Change in 2004 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2009. Turkey received low-interest funding from the Clean Technology Fund financed by the World Bank. It is stated in the Clean Technology Fund Investment Plan, renewable energy investments in Turkey will contribute to the reduction of emissions of global greenhouse gases and grants will have a positive contribution to the quality of life and the environment. It is also noted that hydroelectric plant investments will contribute positively to the development of poor regions of the country.
Using cultivated areas for different purposes was forbidden before the Law 6360. According to Turkish Criminal Law 5237 article 154/2, penalties shall be imposed on any person who, in whole or in part, seizes, sits on, or continues to use immovable property such as pasture, threshing area, road and wetland knowing that it belongs to the village legal entity or has been abandoned to the common use of the village forever. Law No. 6360 opened the way to the unintended use of agricultural lands, and local administrations will make the decisions. Under these circumstances, the sensitivity of rural residents to the environment became crucial.
In the fifth chapter, the changes in Turkish metropolitan municipality system was examined to determine the reasons of current housing deficit, then Tarımköy projects as a solution for the housing deficit was evaluated. The core administrative areas managed by the headmen (muhtar) are called the "village administrative area", while the municipal and city areas managed by the municipality are called the "urban administrative area". With Municipal Law No. 6360 the Turkish metropolitan municipality system changed and village administrative units in metropolitan cities were abolished.
With Law No. 5216 in 2004 it was decided that the metropolitan municipality boundary governed by the mayor would be a circle with a radius of 20 kilometers for cities with a population of up to one million, a radius of 30 kilometers for cities with a population of between one and two million and a radius of 50 kilometers for cities with a population of more than two million. Secondly, with Law No. 6360 in 2012 the radius widened into the provincial borders.
Law no. 5216 indicates that any city with a population over 750,000 people can be defined as a metropolis if the physical settlement and economic development levels are appropriate. However, the law does not explain the physical or economic necessities that have to be met by the cities. Besides, the municipal system of Turkey is based on three local authorities: provincial, municipal and village to meet the local common needs. While Law no. 6360 centralizes all authorities, it overleaps the inherent needs of the rural areas in metropolitan cities. This act, Law no. 6360, caused indeterminacy between rural and urban areas both in the adjustment of borders and administration, as well as being against article No.127 of the Turkish constitution. Article No. 127 creates three local authorities: provincial, municipal and village to meet the local common needs. These local authorities were established as self-governing decentralization units, and they have their assets and budgets. Law 6360 disbands these local authorities. The purpose of this new law was stated to offer an equal amount of services to people who live far from the city center as well as city residents.
While this replacement annihilated the power of the muhtar (headman), the authority to control building production in villages was given to the district municipalities under the Unplanned Areas Regulation. In case of the request of the district municipalities, the construction of the non-commercial (residential) buildings to be built in villages turned into the construction of architectural projects according to traditional, cultural and architectural characteristics in the direction of the zoning legislation in force. If special projects were outside the type of projects to be applied, the projects should be approved by the district municipality according to current legislation.
In the sixth chapter the relocation process of Karyağmaz village was examined. Karyağmaz village was relocated in 2007 from Balıkesir to Bursa in the Marmara Region. It was a forest village before the Law No. 6360 and turned into a neighborhood of Balıkesir. Due to poor conditions the settlers requested to be relocated in another place in the past, and is now a new settlement using the articles of Law No. 6360. Due to the fact that the settlers' experiences is both rural and urban, the case of Karyağmaz is suitable for research.
All spatial mapping and analysis steps described were performed using ESRI ArcGIS™, and the data of the typo-morphological analyses are derived from the World Topographic Map dataset, produced by ESRI. The locations of buildings in Karyağmaz village are mapped from satellite images, and floor plans of houses are drawn from case study information. The floor plans of new Tarımköy houses are retrieved from authorized offices to compare with existing vernacular houses of settlers in terms of space use quality.
Most of the research on Metropolitan Law No. 6360 was prepared within the scope of Public Administration, Law, Geography and Agriculture disciplines focusing on legal changes, local government practices, determination of the rural population and the effects on agriculture. Within the scope of this thesis, the changes that the peasantry experience in the context of global ecological sustainability agreements, the accession process to the European Union and the urbanization policies were examined to produce suggestions on the future of relocated rural settlements.