Diyarbakır Silvan Gazi İlkokulu (Bedri Bey Konağı) koruma önerisi
The preservation proposal of Diyarbakir Silvan Gazi Elementary School (Bedri Bey Mansion)
Yazar: BAŞAK AKAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. YEGAN KAHYA SAYAR
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture

Özet:
Tarih boyunca pek çok uygarlığa tanıklık eden Silvan; Orta Çağ İslam dünyasının en önemli yerleşimlerinden biriyken, sonraki dönemlerde yaşanan savaşlarda tahrip olmuş, önemini yitirmiştir. 19. yüzyılda küçük bir kasaba niteliğine gelen yerleşim, 20. yüzyılın başında nüfusunun önemli bir bölümünü kaybetmiştir. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kalkınma çalışmalarıyla gelişmeye başlayan ilçe, 80li yıllarda il olmaya doğru gitmekteyken, 90lı yılların çatışma ortamı bölgeyi olumsuz etkilemiş; bölge nüfus kayıpları yaşamıştır. Günümüzde orta büyüklükte bir ilçe konumundadır.
Şehir dokusu 80lerden sonra hızlı bir değişim sürecine girmiştir. Tarihi kent dokusunu sınırlandıran sur hattı içinde çok katlı betonarme apartmanların yükselmesi, şehrin kimliğini tamamen değiştirmiştir. Koruma çalışmalarının yetersizliği, son döneme kadar koruma amaçlı imar planının olmaması, tahrip sürecini hızlandırmıştır. Sivil mimarlık örnekleri yok olmaya yüz tutmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında Silvan'ın sivil mimarlık örneklerinden biri olan Gazi İlkokulu ele alınmıştır.
Diyarbakır ili, Silvan ilçesi, Kale Mahallesi, 209 ada, 19 parselde bulunan Gazi İlkokulu, 19. yüzyılda yapılmış bir sivil mimarlık örneğidir. 1916 yılına kadar konut olarak kullanılan yapı, 1916'da Atatürk'ün 16. Kolordu komutanı olarak Silvan'da görev yaptığı sırada karargâh binası olarak kullanılmıştır. İlerleyen yıllarda yapıya okul işlevi atanmış, günümüze kadar bu işlevi sürdürmüştür.
Çalışma kapsamında ilçenin tarihsel gelişimi, kent dokusunu oluşturan unsurlar ve sivil mimarlık örnekleri incelenmiştir. Halk arasında Bedri Bey Konağı olarak bilinen Gazi İlkokulu'nun günümüzdeki durumu rölöve çizimleri, fotoğraflar, hasar, malzeme ve dönem analizleriyle ayrıntılı olarak belgelenmiştir. 
Çalışma konusu yapı ile plan tipolojisi, cephe düzeni, yapı elemanları, bezemeler bakımından benzer özellik gösteren sivil mimarlık örnekleri belirlenip benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları saptanarak restitüsyon için veriler elde edilmiştir. Yapının özgün durumunu yansıtan restitüsyon önerisi, analojik veriler, yapısal izler, eski fotoğraflar ve yapı kullanıcılarıyla yapılan sözlü görüşmeler neticesinde oluşturulmuştur. 
Yapıya yapılacak müdahalelerle yapının niteliksiz eklerinden arındırılması, özgün niteliklerinin su yüzüne çıkarılması hedeflenmiştir. Konut olarak inşa edilen yapı kent hafızasında ilkokul olarak yer edinmiştir. Yapının, ilkokul çocuklarına okul saatleri dışında hizmet veren bir sosyal merkeze dönüştürülmesine, böylelikle eğitim işlevini sürdürmesine karar verilmiştir.

Abstract:
Silvan has witnessed many civilizations throughout history, it was an important medieval Islamic city. After the 13th century, the city had been destroyed by many wars and lost its importance. In the 19th century, Silvan had become a small town. At the beginning of the 20th century, the town had lost a significant part of its population.
After the proclamation of Turkish Republic, the town began to grow again due to agricultural development plans and developments in transportation. The town was located on major transportation lines which connects Diyarbakır to other eastern cities. In the 1990s, the region witnessed clashes caused by political issues, which had a negative impact on the region. The population of Silvan had decreased again.
The town entered a rapid change process after 1980s. The urban fabric of the old town was completely changed by the rise of high-rise reinforced concrete apartment buildings. Conservation works about the city were limited. There was not any master plan for conservation until 2010s. Due to these reasons, the destruction of the historical buildings is accelerated. Examples of civil architecture disappear day by day.
In this thesis, Gazi Elementary School, one of the examples of Silvan's civil architecture, is examined. It was built as a residence in the 19th century. In 1916 Atatürk was assigned as the commander of the16th Corps and came to Silvan. The building was used as the headquarters for the duration of his service. After that period the building is used as primary school till today. The building underwent some changes and lost some of its original details. Vacuous interventions were made due to the needs of the school which accelerated deterioration process.
The thesis is consist of six chapters. In the first chapter, the aim of study and methods which are going to be used in the next phases are mentioned. 
In the second chapter, the historical development of the district, the elements of urban fabric and examples of civil architecture are examined. To comprehend the thesis work, characteristics of the civil architecture of Silvan was observed. 
The city was built at the end of 4th century - beginning of the 5th century as a Syriac city named Martyropolis. The city became an important border garrison in Byzantine period. In 640, the city was conquered by Islamic armies. After the conquer the city was named Meyyâfârikîn. Meyyâfârikîn was ruled by Hamdanis, Marwanis, Artuqids, Ayyubids. Through these periods, the architectural texture of the city flourished. In 1260 Mongols conquered the city and the city was ruined. In 16th century Ottomans commanded the city. 
Silvan Castle, Grand Mosque, Ayyubi Minaret, Karabehlülbey Mosque, Belediye Mosque, Malabadi Bridge, Altıbudak Fountain are some of the important monuments built in Silvan. Üstünler Mansion, Aliağa Mansion, Hatip Bey Mansion, Reis Celo Mansion are the examples of the civil architecture of Silvan which examined detailly for the thesis. 
In the third chapter, current situation of Gazi Elementary School is documented with photos and drawings. The building detected particularly with its survey, material and deterioration analyses. First of all for the documentation of existing building; the site plan was prepared at 1/200 and 1/100 scale. Plans, sections, and views prepared at 1/50 scale. Various colors and scanning methods have been preferred to describe the materials used in the construction, damage over time, and periodic appendages. 
All spaces and all façades in the building are explained in detail in this chapter of the thesis. The materials used in construction and deterioration are also examined in this section. Deterioration caused by user intervention, structural deterioration and material deterioration are examined detailly. Many changes have been made in the building to meet the needs of the school function. 
Gazi Elementary School is located in Kale Neighborhood. 'U' planned, two-story masonry building is consist of three parts. The west wing of the structure makes 96 angle with the southern section, while the eastern wing is perpendicular to the southern section. The building, which sits on an area of 345 m2, forms a courtyard of 200 m2 open to the north, surrounded by building façades in other three directions.
In 1970's, first annex was built, it was situated on the north façade of the adjacent building's west wing. In 1990's second annex was built to the  east side of the Gazi Primary School building. A structure used as a toilet is situated between the school building subject to the thesis and the second annex building. The original courtyard walls of the building was collapsed.
The structure is accessed through the door on the southern façade. The entrance door opens to the vestibule and the vestibule opens to the courtyard. The vestibule and the iwan situated next to it are the semi-open units of the building. The entrances to the spaces on the ground floor are provided from the vestibule and the courtyard. The stairs situated on the west wing of the building lead to the first floor corridor. The access to the other spaces on this floor is provided from the corridor. 
Bright spaces were created by the use of large number of windows. Different types of arches were used to create windows and doors. The façades of the building are rich in decoration. There are three arched openings on the northern façade. The arches of the iwan sit on a column; this is common in traditional Silvan houses. 
There are stone buttresses on the south and west sides. There is a balcony above the entrance door on the west side of the building. The concrete slab of the balcony is carried by stone buttresses. 
Cut and rough limestones were used on the façades. The walls of the building are layered, between the two rows of stones there is the rubble core. On the ground floor wood floor was used. On the ground floor, wooden suspended ceiling elements cover the wooden beams. The wooden beams are seen in two spaces. The floor of the indoor spaces on the ground floor is cast mosaic. The pavement of the courtyard, the iwan and the entrance area are stone. The ceiling of the first floor is reinforced concrete. The walls and ceiling of the first floor are plastered and painted. On the ground floor there is a reinforced concrete beam that runs along the east-west direction which supports the brick wall situated on the upper floor. The building has an hipped roof.
Fourth chapter, focuses on the understanding the original design of the structure and the plan of the building. Civil architecture examples which have similar characteristics in terms of plan typology, façade layout, structural elements, ornaments are determined. After this research, restitution proposals were developed. The restitution proposal is formed as a result of analogical data, structural traces, old photographs and interviews with building users. 
As a result of the researches, it was determined that the building was not built in a single construction process. It was concluded that the building was completed in four different periods. The single-story building with a rectangular plan was enlarged according to the needs. Traces of different periods are read on the façade of the building. The pointed arches on the northern façade were an early architectural element, it was reckoned that the arched windows and doors highlighted by jambs were of late form. In the second period of the building second story and a space for staircase was built, the west and south wings of the building were built in the third period of the building. With the transformation of the building into a school, significant changes were made in the plan scheme and the first floor plan scheme was moved to a quite different point from the plan scheme of a typical Silvan house. These changes of the structure were conveyed through analysis. 
Since the exact results of the restitution could not be reached, it was decided to protect the structure with its current state; attention was paid to the points that need to be emphasized during the preliminary restoration process. Before the application of the restoration, it is necessary to carry out a research rasp in the building. Restitution decisions should be updated according to new data.
In the fifth chapter, interventions for deteriorations and reuse are determined in detail by intervention analyses. In the restoration proposal, the interventions as cleaning, consolidation, re-integration, re-construction, modern additions are explained detailly. It is decided to maintain the educational function of the building. The building and its yard is rearranged as an after-school activity center. All of the idle spaces in the building has refunctioned.
In the last chapter of the thesis, the findings and results of the survey, restitution, and restoration projects are evaluated.