Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e askere alma sistemi (1826-1970)
Recruitment system as from Ottoman till today (1826-1970)
Yazar: MEHMET VURMAZ
Danışman: Y.DOÇ.DR. HÜSEYİN ÇINAR
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı / Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2007
Konu: Tarih = History

Özet:
Osmanl	Devleti'nin yönetiminde zamanla ortaya ç	kan zaaflar, savalardaal	nan yenilgiler, dier ülkelerdeki askerlik sistemi ve teknolojisindeki gelimelerDevlet erkân	n	yeni tedbirler almaya itmitir. Bu maksatla yap	lan tüm	slah çabalar	naramen bir türlü eski etkinliine kavuturulamayan, yenilik ve gelimelerin önündeki enbüyük engel haline gelen Yeniçeri Oca	'n	n kald	r	lmas	bir zorunluluk halinegelmitir. Yeniçeri Oca	'n	n kald	r	lmas	yla da Türk toplumu aç	s	ndan yeni bir askerealma uygulamas	balam	t	r. Ancak, Osmanl	Devleti'nin yap	s	, ekonomik durumu vevatandalar	n	n sahip olduklar	özellikler ile Yeniçeri Oca	'n	n kald	r	l		ndan hemensonra balayan savalar, askere alma uygulamalar	n	n yaz	l	kurallar haline getirilmesinigeciktirmitir.Tanzimat Ferman	ile ilân edilen ilkeler yeni dönemdeki askere alma kurallar	n	nbelirlenmesindeki esas faktörü oluturmutur. +lk olarak 1846 tarihli Kur'a Kanunu ileyaz	l	kurallar haline getirilen askere alma ilemleri, gayrimüslim unsurlar	n tutumlar	,yap	lan düzenlemelerdeki istisnai durumlar	n fazlal		ve uygulamalardan doannoksanl	klar nedeniyle amac	na ulaamam	t	r. Bir önceki düzenlemenin aksayanhususlar	n	gidermekten öteye geçemeyen 1870 ve 1886 tarihli Kanunlarla, 1908 tarihlidüzenlemeler de bu hedefi gerçekletirmekte yeterli olamam	lard	r. Ayn	amaçdorultusunda, savalardan ve yap	lan uygulamalardan elde edilen tecrübeler			ndayeni bir anlay	la ele al	nan, ancak ihtiyaç duyulan konularda s	k s	k yeni düzenlemeleryap	lmas	n	gerektiren 1914 tarihli Kanun, I. Dünya Sava	öncesinde muvakkat olmakkayd	yla ç	kar	lm	, Millî Mücadele dönemi ile Cumhuriyet'in ilk y	llar	nda dauygulanm	t	r.1914 tarihli Kanun'un birçok deiiklie uramas	, uygulanmas	ndaki zorluklar,yetersizlikler ve askere alma uygulamalar	nda meydan gelen gelimeler sonucunda,1914 tarihli Kanunla yap	lan düzenlemelerden büyük oranda etkilenen 1927 tarihliAskerlik Kanunu kabul edilerek yürürlüe konmutur. Türk toplum hayat	nda, yaz	l	kurallar haline getirildikten sonra, en uzun süreli yürürlükte kalma özelliine sahip olan1927 tarihli Askerlik Kanunu, balang	çta teferruatl	ve her durumu kar	layacak ekildeIIdüzenlenmitir. Ancak, zaman içerisinde ortaya ç	kan; beklenmeyen durumlar,kar	la	lan yeni olaylar, devletin ve bireylerin ihtiyaçlar	, dier alanlardaki kanunîgelimeler ile tehdit ortamlar	nda eksik kalan yönler, s	k s	k kanun deiiklii yap	lmaksuretiyle giderilmeye çal		lm	t	r. Özellikle, tehdit ortam	nda ve sosyal yaant	dameydana gelen deiiklikler ç	kart	lan kanun deiikliklerinin nedenlerinioluturmutur.1927 ilâ 1970 y	llar	aras	nda, dorudan Askerlik Kanunu'nda deiiklik yapan40 yeni kanun ç	kart	lm	t	r. Yap	lan düzenlemelerin bir k	sm	n	n ilâve hükümlergetirdii, bir k	sm	n	n mevcut uygulamalar	n eklini deitirdii, bir k	sm	n	n da art	kuygulanmas	na gerek kalmayan hükümleri iptal ederek eski duruma dönülmesinisalad		görülmütür. Dolay	s	yla, yasal zorunluluklar d		nda, askerlik hizmeti gibiTürk toplumunda son derece önemli olan bir konuyu düzenleyen kurallar	n; ülkeningelimilii, gelimeye elverililii, siyasî, ekonomik, askerî ve sosyal faktörlerdekideiimlerin etkileri ile dier ülkelerde meydana gelen gelimelerin de dikkate al	narakgenel hususlar	içerecek ekilde düzenlemeye gidilmesinin daha mant	kl	olaca	sonucuna var	lm	t	r. Ayr	ca, 1914 tarihli Kanun'dan büyük oranda etkilenen 1927tarihli Askerlik Kanunu'ndaki düzenlemelerin; geçen süre zarf	nda edinilen tecrübeler,uygulamalardan elde edilen sonuçlar, teknolojik ve modern gelimeler ile ülkenin vetoplumun içinde bulunduu durum ve ihtiyaca cevap verecek ekilde yeniden eleal	nmas	n	n askere alma uygulamalar	n	daha etkin yapaca	düünülmektedir.

Abstract:
The lack of power and defeats suffered in wars during the Ottoman reign, as wellas the military service systems and technological developments in other countries haveall compelled the Government officials to take some new measures. Hence, abolishmentof the Janissary corps that was unable to regain their previous effectiveness in any waydespite all the amelioration efforts put forth has become inevitable since they were themost prominent obstacles averting the relevant reforms and developments. Withabolishment of the Janissary corps, a new conscription method has started to bepracticed for the Turkish people. However, the structure, economical status of theOttoman Empire and peculiarities of the citizens in addition to the wars broke outimmediately after abolishment of the Janissary corps have delayed regulation ofconscription in black and white.The principles announced with the Ottoman Reformation Decree have been thebasic factor in designation of conscription rules in the new era. Conscriptionproceedings, which were first regulated in writing with the Law of Drew Lots in 1864has not served its purpose due to the attitudes of non-Muslim elements, superfluity ofexceptional cases in the arrangements regulated and the shortcomings arising fromapplications. The Laws dated 1870 and 1886 which were no more than eradicating thedefective matters covered in the previous regulation, as well as the one dated 1908, havenot been sufficient to achieve the goal, either. In line with the same goal, the Law dated1914, which was handled on a new understanding in the light of experiences gatheredfrom wars and the applications conducted and yet necessitating more frequentarrangements when required, has been enacted during the Independence War era and inthe first years of Republic.In consequence of many amendments made to the Law dated 1914, difficultiesfaced in its application and developments occurred in putting the conscription law intopractice, the Military Service Law dated 1927, which was influenced to a great extentby the regulations enacted with the Law dated 1914, has been brought into force. TheLaw of Military Service dated 1927, which is the law that has remained in effect for theIVlongest period in Turkish social life, was initially prepared in detail to cover anysituation possible. However, the unexpected situations that were met during the courseof time, the needs of the individuals and the state, legal developments in other areas oflife and the parts omitted in cases of threat were amended through successive changes inlaws. Especially, cases of threat and changes in social life formed the basis of thechanges made in the laws.40 new laws amending the Law of Military Service have been enacted from1927 to 1970. It has been observed that some of the mentioned amendments introducedfurther clauses; some changed the existent applications, while some annulled the clausesthat were no longer needed. Hence, it has been concluded that, except legal exigencies,it would be more suitable to revise the regulations on military service which isconsidered as an essential part of Turkish social life considering current state ofdevelopment of the country, its potential for development, the effects of the change inpolitical, economic, military and social factors and the developments in other countries.Moreover, we conclude that the clauses put forward in the law dated 1927, which waslargely effected by the law dated 1914, shall be revised in view of the experiencegained, the consequences obtained as a result of the applications, technological andmodern developments, and the situation and needs of the country in order to makerecruitment applications more efficient.