Yol aydınlatması otomasyon sistemleri'nde enerji verimliliği kapsamında görsel performans koşullarına bağlı kontrol stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi
Developing control strategies in scope of energy efficiency depending on visual performance conditions in road lighting automation systems
Yazar: BURCU BÜYÜKKINACI
Danışman: PROF. DR. SERMİN ONAYGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2018
Konu: Bilim ve Teknoloji = Science and Technology ; Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği = Electrical and Electronics Engineering ; Enerji = Energy
Dizin: Enerji verimliliği = Energy efficiency ; Sistem otomasyonu = System automation ; Yol aydınlatması = Road lighting

Özet:
Son yıllarda yalnızca Türkiye'de değil tüm dünyada bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisi alanlarındaki gelişmelerden faydalanılarak yerleşim merkezlerini akıllı şehirlere dönüştürme stratejileri uygulanmakta, ulaşım, çevre, güvenlik, enerji ve daha pek çok alandaki akıllı teknolojiler şehirlerin yaşam kalitesini arttırmak için kullanılmaktadır. Akıllı sistemlerin hızla uygulanabildiği en önemli alanlardan biri yol aydınlatması tesisatlarıdır. Özellikle LED teknolojisindeki gelişmeler sayesinde, LED'li armatürlerin hem etkinlik faktörlerinin yüksek, ömürlerinin uzun olması hem de ışık akılarına kolayca kumanda edilebilmesi akıllı yol aydınlatması sistemleri ile ilgili çalışmaları hızlandırmıştır.
Standart yol aydınlatması sistemleri genellikle zaman ayarlı ya da foto elektrik kontroller ile anahtarlanmakta ve tesis edilmiş lambalar gün ışığı bulunmayan saatlerde sürekli aynı güçte çalışarak aynı ışık akısını vermektedirler. Diğer yandan yoldaki trafik ya da meteorolojik koşullarda zamana bağlı oluşan değişimler sonucunda farklı koşullar oluşabilmekte ve bu durumlarda yol üzerinde ihtiyaç duyulan ortalama parıltı düzeyi değerleri değişebilmektedir. Yol üzerinde o anda ihtiyaç olmadığı halde, fazla aydınlatma gerçekleştirilmesi, enerjinin boşa harcanması anlamına gelmektedir. Günümüzde çok basit sistemlerden, son teknolojinin kullanıldığı karmaşık sistemlere kadar çeşitlilik gösteren aydınlatma kontrol sistemleri kullanılarak yolun değişen dinamik durumuna göre aydınlatma yapabilecek yol aydınlatma tesisatları kurulmaktadır. Teknik olarak LED ışık kaynaklı armatürlerin ışık akıları istenilen seviyelerde loşlaştırılabilmektedir. Ancak yol aydınlatmalarında temel amaç gerekli aydınlatma koşullarının oluşturulması ve trafik güvenliğinin sağlanmasıdır. Can ve mal güvenliği açısından yeterli aydınlatma kriterlerinin sağlanması gereken yol aydınlatmalarında armatür ışık akısının gelişigüzel loşlaştırılması düşünülemez. Aydınlatma kalite kriterlerinden ödün vermeden ve görüş konforunu bozmadan gereksiz enerji tüketiminin önüne geçmek için doğru stratejiler uygulanmalıdır. Bu nedenle, sürüş güvenliği açısından, armatür ışık akısını azaltmanın sürücülerin görme performansı üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi önemlidir.
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) Ayazağa Kampüsü'nde, İTÜ ve İSBAK İstanbul Bilişim ve Akıllı Kent Teknolojileri Anonim Şirketi ortak çalışması ile Bilim Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı tarafından desteklenen San-Tez projesi kapsamında, sürücülerin görme performansını ölçüp değerlendirmek için değişik koşul ve senaryoların yaratılabileceği bir test yolu kurulmuştur. Projenin sonunda, trafik algılayıcılarından araç hız ve yoğunluk bilgilerini alan, yol üzerindeki mevcut koşullara uygun loşlaştırma oranına karar verebilen ve armatürlere bu yönde kumanda ederek sürücü emniyet ve konforunu bozmadan enerji tasarrufu sağlayabilen bir akıllı yol aydınlatma kontrol sisteminin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Sürücüler için gerekli güvenlik koşullarının göz ardı edilmemesi ve söz konusu gerekliliklerin belirlenmesi amacıyla, denekler ile görülebilirlik testleri gerçekleştirilmiş, yol aydınlatması otomasyon sistemlerinin güvenlik ve verimliliklerini doğrudan etkileyen loşlaştırma senaryoları, görülebilirlik testlerinin sonuçlarına göre belirlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen ölçüm ve deneyler sonucunda, araç hızı şehir içi yollarda geçerli hız limitleri olan 90 km/saat, ya da  70 km/saat'de sabit olduğunda hesap alanındaki VL değerlerinin farklı aydınlatma sınıfları için kabul edilebilir sınırlar içinde kaldığı, armatür ışık akılarının değiştirilmesinin sürücülerin görme perfomansını önemli oranda değiştirmeyeceği görülmüştür. Bu sonuçla, trafik yoğunluğunun azaldığı, buna karşılık araç hızlarının düşmediği saatlerde yol parıltı düzeyinin azaltılabileceği ortaya konmuştur.
Tez çalışması kapsamında gerçekleştirilen görülebilirlik ölçüm ve hesapları göstermiştir ki trafik algılayıcılarından araç hız ve yoğunluk bilgilerini alan, yol üzerindeki mevcut koşullara uygun loşlaştırma oranına karar verebilen ve armatürlere bu yönde kumanda ederek sürücü emniyet ve konforunu bozmadan enerji tasarrufu sağlayabilen bir akıllı yol aydınlatma kontrol sisteminin geliştirilmesi mümkündür. Geliştirilen bu "otomasyon sistemi ve kontrol yazılımı"nın şehir içi yollardaki aydınlatma tesislerinde kullanılmasına örnek oluşturacak ilk pilot uygulama Kağıthane Cendere Caddesi'nin 500 metrelik kısmında tesis edilmiştir. Cendere Caddesi için yapılan örnek hesaplamalar sonucunda aydınlatma otomasyon sistemi kurulduğunda yaz aylarında yaklaşık %58-64 oranında, kış aylarında ise yaklaşık %62-63 oranında enerji tasarrufu elde edilebileceği tahmin edilmektedir. Tez çalışması, trafik algılayıcılarından araç hız ve yoğunluk bilgisini alan, yol üzerindeki mevcut koşullara uygun loşlaştırma oranına karar verebilen ve armatürlere bu yönde kumanda ederek sürücü emniyet ve konforunu bozmadan enerji tasarrufu sağlayabilen bir "akıllı yol aydınlatma kontrol sistemi"nin geliştirilmesi için gerekli olan loşlaştırma senaryolarına bilimsel altyapı sağlaması açısından önemlidir.

Abstract:
Road lighting automation systems, by which the luminous flux of the luminaires can be adjusted according to the road conditions, seems to be a significant way to save energy. However, there is not enough research yet on how the reduction of luminous flux will affect the visual performance, safety and comfort of drivers. So there are contradictory approaches when determining control strategies and dimming scenarios. Therefore, tests on real road conditions, surveys with real road users and more research about driving safety must be carried out, as much as possible, before determining the automation strategies and applications. 
Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and Istanbul IT and Smart City Technologies Inc. (ISBAK), developing a common project, with the support of Turkish Ministry of Science Industry and Technology, established a test road in Istanbul, ITU Ayazaga Campus where different road conditions and scenarios can be practiced in order to assess and measure the visual performance of drivers. The test road is 250 m long with two lanes. Each lane is 3.5 m wide and the total width of the road is 7 m. The lighting arrangement is single sided from the left. Eight lighting poles are installed with 30 m spacing. The height of the poles can be adjusted between 8 and 12 m and the overhang can be adjusted between 0.5 and 1.5 m. Two luminaires with high pressure sodium lamps and two LED luminaires are placed on each pole. The luminous flux of the luminaires can be dimmed to the desired level. Thus, different quality criteria can be ensured for different lighting classes on the test road. In this study 4000 K and 6000 K LED luminaires are used. The luminous flux of the luminaires can be controlled by 1-10V control system and different luminous flux values can be adjusted to deliver M2, M3, M4, M5 road lighting classes according to the EN 13201-1 standard. By the measurements and experimental results on the test road, it is aimed to develop a "road lighting automation system" working with correct dimming scenarios.
Technically, it is possible to adjust the luminous flux of luminaires with LED light sources at desired levels. However, when traffic safety is considered in real road conditions, the lack of information about the time and amount of dimming is the biggest obstacle in the application of road lighting automation systems in existing or newly installed road lighting. This thesis describes the studies which are carried out in order to determine the effect of dimming on the visibility performance of the drivers, in terms of driving safety. 
In order to be able to determine dimming scenarios correctly, driver's visual performance should be evaluated for time-varying parameters, such as traffic intensity and vehicle speed on the road. The visual performance of the drivers are studied in terms of visibility level (VL) calculations of the critical objects on the test road. In laboratory studies and on the visibility tests for road lighting, a 20 cm x 20 cm flat square object is mostly used. These objects, which are called the critical objects, have been used to form the basis of standards and recommendations for road lighting. Therefore, a 20 cm x 20 cm flat square object with a Lambertian surface is used in this study. In CIE recommendations the reflectance of the critical object is accepted as 0.20 and in ANSI/IES standard as 0.50. Theoretically, it is stated that for VL values higher than 1.0, the object starts to appear as a silhouette on the road surface background but for the critical object with a reflectance of 0.20, the minimum calculated VL is 2.22.  In order to study the visual performance of drivers in a wider range of VL values, objects with higher reflectances are required. Taking precalculations on the test road into consideration the reflectances of the critical objects were selected as 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50. Thus, VL values between 0 and 11 were obtained.
The measurements of the visibility levels (VL) and tests on the road are carried out for the fixed observer, located 60 meters behind the calculation area, which is used in the calculation of the road surface luminance in current standards and recommendations. In order to be able to define the required lighting quality values in different dimming scenarios, VLs of critical objects with different reflectances for all measurement points on the test road are calculated for different lighting classes.From the measured VL's, minimum VL values are found by experiments which were carried out under laboratory conditions. Measurement photographs that are taken for a fixed observer at 60 m are evaluated by real subjects in the laboratory. The intention is to find out which VL values of critical objects can easily be seen and which VL values are hard to see. The experiments, were conducted with a total of 30 subjects aged 25 to 35 years, including 18 men and 12 women. 121 scenes with different object reflectances on different road lighting classes are evaluated by each subject. According to the results, it is evident that critical objects with a VL value of 7 or greater can be seen 100% of the time in all scenarios. The minimum VL value varies between 7 and 8.5 for 100% of the critical objects on the road to be seen, the minimum VL value varies between 3.5 and 5.5 for 90% and the minimum VL value is 2.5 for 80% of the critical objects on the road to be seen.
According to EN13201-3 and CIE 140 standards and recommendations, the observer position is fixed for luminance measurements and is 60 meters from the first lighting pole in the measurement area. However, in real conditions, drivers move at a certain speed and one of the parameters taken into account when deciding the lighting class in road lighting automation applications is vehicle speed. The road lighting should be able to provide enough illumination to allow the drivers to notice the obstacles that come into their way when they are moving and to stop within safe stopping distance. The amount of light that drivers will need to drive safely on the road and recognize the obstacles, changes with time. The aim of the lighting automation system is to follow the variable parameters on the road and to provide a dynamic lighting accordingly. When a lighting automation system is applied, the luminous flux of the luminaires can be adjusted and the lighting class of the road can be changed between M1 and M6 classes according EN 13201-1 technical report while the vehicles are moving at a certain speed on the road. When choosing the road lighting class according to EN 13201-1, there are many parameters to take into consideration such as; road design speed or speed limit, traffic intensity, traffic composition (only motor vehicles or mixed with non-motorized vehicles), separation of the carriageway, intersection density, presence of parked vehicles, ambient luminosity and navigational task. Some of these parameters are related to the geometric structure of the road and do not change, while the parameters such as traffic intensity, and ambient luminosity vary depending on time. Consequently the road lighting class may vary according to these time dependent parameters. At the same time it is necessary to provide a luminance level that drivers can see the obstacles from a safe stopping distance. For this reason, the VL values are calculated for the moving observer from safe stopping distance to show how changing the road surface luminance will change the VL of the critical objects placed in the calculation area, while the vehicle speed is not changed.
When vehicles are moving at 90 km/h, which can be considered as the legal speed limit for M2 class roads, if the luminance is reduced from 1.5 cd/m2 to 1 cd/m2 (road class is changed from M2 to M3) and then from 1 cd/m2 to 0.75 cd/m2 (road class is changed from M3 to M4) the visual performance of the drivers should not be degraded. In order to reveal the change in the visual performance of the drivers under different road lighting classes, object and background luminances are measured under the lighting quality criteria appropriate to the classes M2, M3 and M4, from 78 meters which is the calculated value of safe stopping distance for the vehicle speed of 90 km/h, according to CIE 88 and for dry road conditions. Similarly object and background luminances are measured under the lighting quality criteria appropriate to the classes M3, M4 and M5, from 50 meters which is the calculated value of safe stopping distance for the vehicle speed of 70 km/h. VL values are calculated from these object and background luminances. The minimum VL values which are determined by laboratory experiments are then used as indicators to find out how dimming the luminous flux of the luminaires effect the visibility of the critical objects. As a result of the calculations, VL values could be seen with a probability of 80% in all scenarios. It is shown that the variation of VL values in the calculation area for different lighting classes is within acceptable limits, which means that changing the road lighting class up to two levels does not change the visual performance dramatically while the drivers are traveling at a constant speed. In this way, it is acceptable to reduce the road surface luminances at times when the time dependent parameters such as traffic intensity, ambient luminosity and navigational task is changing but the vehicle speeds are not reducing.
The first pilot application, which will be an example of the use of this "automation system and control software" developed for urban roads, was established in 500 meters of Cendere Street in Istanbul. The ability to obtain the expected performance of these "intelligent systems" which intend to provide energy savings in lighting installations without compromising safety and comfort conditions, depends largely on the quality of the particular installations in which they are installed. When these systems with high costs are used in installations that are not well designed for energy use, the payback periods are very long and the targeted savings rates are not achieved. For this reason, high pressure sodium lamp luminaires, which are available in 500 meters of Cendere Street, were replaced with LED luminaires. A total of 25 pieces of LED lamps in 500 meters can be controlled with the automation system and control software. 
For the lighting scenarios to be realized in accordance with the road lighting classes given in EN 13201-1, it is possible to take the vehicle speed and traffic intensity information from the traffic sensors and to adjust the luminous flux of the luminaires according to the existing conditions on the road. If a smart road lighting control system which can save energy is applied, according to the average speed of the passing vehicles, traffic density, road and ambient conditions, the lighting classes for Cendere Street will be changed between M2 and M5. When the lighting automation system is installed, it is estimated that energy saving ratios wil be about 58-64% in the summer months and 62-63% in the winter months, as a result of the calculations.