Afet sonrası geçici yerleşim alanlarında kentsel tarım: Hatay Umutkent örneği
Urban agriculture in post-disaster temporary settlements: A case of study Hatay Umutkent
Yazar: ÖMER FARUK DEREGÖZÜ
Danışman: DOÇ. DR. EBRU ERBAŞ GÜRLER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı / Kentsel Tasarım Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Bu çalışma temel olarak, afet sonrası kurulan geçici yerleşim alanlarında kentsel tarım faaliyetlerinin etkisini ve uygulanabilirliğini incelemektedir. Afet sonrası geçici yerleşim alanlarında gıda güvencesi ve toplumsal dayanışmanın sağlanması büyük önem taşır. Bu bağlamda, kentsel tarım faaliyetlerinin bu tür alanlarda nasıl uygulanabileceği ve afetzedeler üzerindeki etkileri, çalışma kapsamında ele alınan temel sorunsallardır.
Tez kapsamında literatür taraması ile oluşturulan genel bir kavramsal çerçevenin ardından dünya genelinde meydana gelen doğal afetlerden sonra hayata geçirilen kentsel tarım projeleri incelenmiş, ardından da Hatay Umutkent Konteyner Kenti vaka çalışması olarak ele alınmıştır. Konu kapsamında dünyadan seçilen örnekler 2010 Haiti depremi, 2011 Japonya depremi ve tsunamisi, 2013 Haiyan tayfunu ve 2015 Nepal depremidir. Bu felaketlerin ardından hayata geçirilen kentsel tarım faaliyetleri çalışmayı derinleştirmek için araştırılmış ve çalışmanın sonraki aşamalarına temel oluşturan çıkarımlar elde edilmiştir. 2010 Haiti depremi sonrası, afete maruz kalmış yerel halkın gıda güvencelerini sağlamak amacıyla geçici barınma alanlarında topluluk bahçeleri kurulmuştur. Buna benzer olarak, 2011 Japonya deprem ve tsunaminin ardından, yerel halkın gıda ihtiyaçlarına erişim ve toplumsal dayanışmayı güçlendirme konularına dikkat çekilerek topluluk bahçeleri, seralar oluşturulmuş ve aynı zamanda, insanların tarım becerilerini geliştirmek hedefiyle tarım eğitimleri verilmiştir. Ayrıca, Filipinler'de meydana gelen Haiyan tayfunu ve 2015 Nepal'de meydana gelen afetlerin uzun vadede yönetim plan uygulamalarında, insanların küçük ölçekli tarım projelerine teşvik edilerek hem gıda güvencesi hem de topluluklar arasındaki dayanışmanın arttırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu örnek incelemeleri, kentsel tarım kavramının afet sonrası iyileşme süreçlerindeki hayati rolünü göstermektedir.
Literatür taraması ve örnek incelemesinin ardından Türkiye'de 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremin ardından Koç holding ve beraberindeki topluluklar ile AFAD ortaklığıyla Hatay'ın Antakya ilçesine ait Güzelburç mahallesinde inşa edilen "Hatay Umutkent Konteyner Kenti", vaka çalışması olarak ele alınmıştır. Vaka çalışmasındaki veri toplama sürecini literatür taraması, yerinde tespit ve gözlem ile yarı-yapılandırışmış görüşmeler oluşturmaktadır. Hayat Umutkent'te gerçekleştirilen vaka çalışması, yerleşme içerisinde yaşayan insanların tarımsal faaliyetlere yönelik pozitif düşüncelerini ortaya koymuştur. Aynı zamanda bu çalışmada, tarım girişimlerinin gıda güvencesini sağlamasıyla birlikte komşuluk ilişkilerini destekleyerek toplumsal dayanışmayı arttıracağını ve bunun yanında, deprem sonrası bireylerin yaşadıkları stres ve üzüntünün bu tip tarım uygulamaları ile azalacağı tespit edilmiştir.
Çalışmanın son kısmında literatür taraması, incelenen örnekler ve vaka çalışmasından edinilen veriler kapsamında, afet sonrası geçici yerleşimlerde kentsel tarımın önemi değerlendirilmiştir ve geçici yerleşim alanlarında afet sonrası ilk müdahale, toparlanma ve iyileşme ve sürdürülebilirlik dönemi olmak üzere 3 aşamada uygulanabilecek kentsel tarım stratejileri geliştirilmiştir. Bu stratejiler kapsamında afet sonrası kriz döneminde konteyner bahçeciliği, toparlanma ve iyileşme döneminde topluluk bahçeleri ve sürdürülebilirlik döneminde ise modern kentsel tarım uygulamaları önerileri sunulmuştur. Aynı zamanda, bu tarım faaliyetleriyle birlikte gelecekte meydana gelebilecek afet sonrası geçici barınma alanlarına örnek teşkil edebilecek bir konteyner kent modeli de tasarlanmıştır.

Abstract:
This study comprehensively examines the impact and applicability of urban agriculture activities in temporary settlement areas established after disasters. Providing food security and supporting social solidarity in temporary settlement areas after disasters are of critical importance in the reconstruction processes of communities affected by disasters. In this context, how urban agriculture activities can be implemented in such areas and their effects on disaster victims constitute the main themes of the study. Within the scope of the thesis, a general conceptual framework was created by first reviewing the literature on urban agriculture and temporary settlements after disasters. This framework includes the definition of urban agriculture, its historical development and examples of implementation after various types of disasters. Following the literature review, urban agriculture projects implemented after natural disasters around the world were examined in detail. This review covers projects implemented after large-scale disasters such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami, the 2013 Haiyan typhoon and the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Each of these projects has made significant contributions to ensuring food security, strengthening social solidarity, and developing agricultural skills of local people in the post-disaster period. For example, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, community gardens were established in temporary shelters to ensure food security for local people. These gardens provided both economic and psychosocial support by allowing disaster victims to grow their own food. Community gardens in Haiti helped disaster victims gain economic independence and strengthen social solidarity by enabling them to grow their own food. These gardens also encouraged a culture of collaboration and sharing within the community, thus helping to strengthen social ties among disaster victims. The Haitian example clearly demonstrates the critical role that urban agriculture plays in post-disaster recovery processes.
Similarly, after the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami, community gardens and greenhouses were established and agricultural training was provided. The projects in Japan aimed to increase food security and strengthen social solidarity by improving the agricultural skills of local people. Agricultural trainings have increased the knowledge and skills of disaster victims in agricultural production, encouraging sustainable food production in the long term. Greenhouses established in Japan have enabled local people to engage in agricultural activities throughout all four seasons, which has been an important step in terms of food security and economic stability. The example of Japan shows that urban agriculture projects are not limited to food production, but can also contribute to social resilience and psychosocial recovery processes.
After the 2013 Haiyan typhoon and the 2015 Nepal earthquake, urban agriculture projects were also implemented by encouraging small-scale agricultural practices.
After the Haiyan typhoon in the Philippines, community gardens and small-scale agricultural projects allowed disaster victims to produce their own food, thus ensuring both food security and increasing social solidarity. These projects allowed disaster victims to produce their own food, thus gaining economic independence and strengthening social solidarity. Post-Haiyan typhoon projects increased the participation of local people in agricultural production, which made a significant contribution to social solidarity and economic stability.
Similarly, urban agriculture projects were implemented in Nepal after the 2015 earthquake. The projects in Nepal provided food security and increased social solidarity by encouraging disaster victims to produce their own food. Small-scale agricultural projects allowed disaster victims to produce their own food, which strengthened social solidarity and provided economic independence. The Nepal example clearly demonstrates the critical role that urban agriculture plays in post-disaster recovery processes. These examples examined in the literature clearly demonstrate the vital role of urban agriculture in post-disaster recovery processes. In addition to ensuring food security for disaster victims, urban agriculture projects increase social solidarity and help them gain economic independence. These projects encourage the participation of disaster victims in agricultural production, thus increasing sustainable food production and social resilience in the long term.
In the second phase of the thesis study, the "Hatay Umutkent Container City" built in the Güzelburç neighborhood of the Antakya district of Hatay by Koç Holding and AFAD in partnership following the Kahramanmaraş-centered earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023 in Turkey was taken as a case study. In the case study, data were collected using literature review, on-site detection and observation, and semi-structured interviews. With these methods, the effects of agricultural activities carried out in Hatay Umutkent on disaster victims were examined. The findings obtained showed that urban agriculture has positive effects on people living in Hatay Umutkent. Individuals participating in agricultural activities increased their economic independence by producing their own food and strengthened social solidarity in this process. In addition, it was determined that agricultural activities helped reduce stress and sadness experienced after the earthquake. Agricultural activities carried out in Hatay Umutkent helped disaster victims ensure food security and strengthened social solidarity. Agricultural activities contributed to disaster victims gaining economic independence and strengthening social solidarity. In addition, it has been determined that agricultural activities contribute to the psychosocial recovery processes of disaster victims and help reduce stress and sadness experienced after the earthquake.
In the Hatay Umutkent case study, semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand the effects of agricultural activities on disaster victims. In these interviews, the thoughts and experiences of the disaster victims regarding agricultural activities were evaluated. In the interviews, how agricultural activities affect the daily lives of the disaster victims and their effects on increasing social solidarity were examined. The findings obtained show that urban agriculture plays an important role in providing food security and increasing social solidarity in temporary settlements after disasters.
In the last section of the study, in line with the data obtained from the literature review and case study, the importance of urban agriculture in temporary settlements after disasters was evaluated and strategies that can be applied in the post-disaster crisis, recovery and recovery periods were developed. Urban agriculture strategies that can be applied in 3 stages, namely first response, recovery and recovery, and sustainability
period, were developed. Within the scope of these strategies, container gardening in the post-disaster crisis period, community gardens in the recovery and recovery period, and modern urban agriculture applications in the sustainability period were proposed.
As a result, this study presents in detail the applicability of urban agriculture in post-disaster temporary settlements and the effects of these applications on disaster victims. The findings of the study show that urban agriculture plays a critical role in post-disaster recovery processes and that applicable strategies should be developed when similar situations are encountered in the future. In this context, it is recommended that urban agriculture activities be supported and disseminated more widely.
The applicability of urban agriculture in post-disaster temporary settlements is of great importance in terms of ensuring food security for disaster victims and increasing social solidarity. The examples and case studies examined in this study clearly reveal the critical role played by urban agriculture in post-disaster recovery processes. The findings of the study show that urban agriculture plays a critical role in post-disaster recovery processes and that such projects make significant contributions to improving the quality of life of disaster victims. Therefore, urban agriculture activities should be supported and disseminated more widely. These strategies not only ensure food security for disaster victims, but also increase social solidarity and help them gain economic independence. These projects encourage the participation of disaster victims in agricultural production, thus increasing sustainable food production and social resilience in the long term. The findings of this study show that urban agriculture plays a critical role in post-disaster recovery processes and that such projects make significant contributions to improving the quality of life of disaster victims. Therefore, urban agriculture activities need to be supported and disseminated more widely. These strategies not only ensure food security for disaster victims, but also increase social solidarity and help them gain economic independence. These projects encourage the participation of disaster victims in agricultural production, thus increasing sustainable food production and social resilience in the long process.
The applicability of urban agriculture in temporary settlements after disasters is of great importance in terms of ensuring food security for disaster victims and increasing social solidarity. The examples and case studies examined in this study clearly demonstrate the critical role that urban agriculture plays in post-disaster recovery processes. The findings of the study show that urban agriculture plays a critical role in post-disaster recovery processes and that such projects make significant contributions to improving the quality of life of disaster victims. Therefore, urban agriculture activities need to be supported and disseminated more widely. In addition to ensuring food security for disaster victims, these strategies increase social solidarity and help them gain economic independence. These projects encourage the participation of disaster victims in agricultural production, thus increasing sustainable food production and social resilience in the long term.
As a result, this study presents in detail the applicability of urban agriculture in temporary settlements after disasters and the effects of these practices on disaster victims. The findings of the study show that urban agriculture plays a critical role in post-disaster recovery processes and that applicable strategies should be developed when similar situations are encountered in the future. In this context, it is recommended that urban agriculture activities be supported and disseminated more widely. This study presents in detail the applicability of urban agriculture in temporary settlements after disasters and the effects of these practices on disaster victims.
The findings of the study show that urban agriculture plays a critical role in post-disaster recovery processes and that such projects make significant contributions to improving the quality of life of disaster victims. Therefore, urban agriculture activities should be supported and disseminated more widely. In addition to ensuring food security for disaster victims, these strategies increase social solidarity and help them gain economic independence. These projects encourage the participation of disaster victims in agricultural production, thus increasing sustainable food production and social resilience in the long term.