Osmanlı Devleti'nde sürgün siyasetinin Eyâlet-i Rûm'daki yansımaları (XIX. yüzyıl)
The reflections of external politics in the Ottoman State in the state (XIX. century)
Yazar: ERDOĞAN POLAT
Danışman: PROF. DR. SEBAHATTİN SAMUR
Erciyes Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Ana Bilim Dalı / İslam Tarihi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2019
Konu: Tarih = History
Dizin: 19. yüzyıl = 19. century ; Osmanlı Devleti = Ottoman State ; Osmanlı Dönemi = Ottoman Period ; Osmanlı tarihi = Ottoman history ; Rum eyaleti = Province of Rum ; Rumlar = Rums ; Sürgün = Exile

Özet:
İnsanlığın tarihi kadar geçmişi olan sürgün cezasını Osmanlı Türkleri de hukuklarına dâhil ederek uygulamışlardır. Şartları İslâm hukukunun şemsiyesi altında belirlenen bu cezayı özellikle de son asırlarında tazir kapsamında tatbik etmişlerdir. Önceleri daha çok batıya doğru yapılan fütuhâtın kalıcı hâle gelmesini temin etmek amacıyla yapılan toplu sürgünler zamanla eşkıyalık yapan bazı aşiretlerin cezalandırılmasında da kullanılmıştır. Osmanlının orta zamanlarında çıkarılmış olan kanunnâmelerde bazı adi suçlar için bir yaptırım olarak karşımıza çıkan nefy cezasının süresi ve şartlarıyla sarih olmayacak bir şekilde yer almış olduğunu görmekteyiz. Sürgün cezasının hukukî bir çerçeveyle süresinin ve şartlarının açık bir şekilde ortaya konduğu ceza kanunnâmeleri ancak Tanzimat sonrasında vaz edilmiştir. II. Mahmud zamanında çıkarılmış olan 1838 tarihli "Tarik-i İlmiyeye Dair Ceza Kanunâmesi" ile Osmanlı idaresi ilk defa sürgünü yalnızca padişahın veya sadrazamının kararıyla verilen ceza olmaktan çıkararak somut suçların karşılığı olarak bir zümreye tatbik edilebilir bir ceza hâline getirmiştir. Suçların ilk defa tasnifinin yapıldığı en kapsamlı ceza kanunnâmesi olan 1858 tarihli Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümâyun ile hangi suçun karşılığının ne kadar süreyle sürgün cezası olacağı açıklanmıştır. Aynı kanunda bir kimsenin bulunduğu yerden başka bir yere gönderilerek müebbed veya muvakkat ikamet ettirilmesi olarak tanımlanan sürgün cezası; siyasî suçlar başta olmak üzere zimmete para geçirme, rüşvet alma veya verme, mahkeme kararlarına müdahale etme, katl-i nüfus, hedk-i ırz, gasp, zulmetme, asker kurasına muhalefet etme, görevini suistimal, isyan veya buna yönelik tahrik, haramları açıktan işleme, yasaklı yayınları dağıtma benzeri suçlarda da tatbik edilmiştir.  
19. yüzyılda Orta Anadolu'nun doğusunda yer alan Eyâlet-i Rûm'da bulunan Sivas paşa sancağı ile eyâletin diğer iki sancağı Amasya ve Tokat'ın sürgün mahalleri olarak tercih edilmelerinin iklimleri ve merkezden uzaklıkları kadar sahip oldukları sağlam kaleleriyle de irtibatlı olduğu bir gerçektir. Bu merkezlerin sürgünlerin olduğu kadar kalebend veya ruhbanlardan manastırbend edilenlerin de cezalandırılmak üzere sürgün edildiği yerler olmuştur. Özellikle II. Mahmud zamanında başarısız paşaların ikamete memur edildiği bir yer hüviyetindeki bölge; heterodoks şeyhlerin ve dervişlerin ıslahı için de tercih edilen bir yer konumuna gelmiştir. Osmanlı donanmasının kürekçilere ihtiyacı olduğu bir zaman diliminde suçlulara taziren kürek cezasının revaçta bir ceza olması gibi; Osmanlı Devleti'nin dağılma ve inkırazının asrı olan bu yüzyılda da muhaliflerin ve suçluların en çok cezalandırıldıkları yöntem sürgün olmuştur. Tanzimat sonrasında siyaseten katl cezasının yerini alan bu cezaya, siyasî suçluların kazanılması veya te'dibi için özellikle de yüzyılın son çeyreğinde daha sık müracaat edilmiştir.  
Çalışmada suçluların sürgün gerekçelerinden, menfâlarına sevklerinden ve bununla ilgili görevlilerden, menfîlerin af talepleri ve gerekçelerinden, devletin ıtlak olunan sürgünlerden beklentilerinden, sürgünlere yönelik çıkartılan özel ve genel aflardan, sürgünlerin menfâlarında hastalık ve geçim sıkıntısı gibi sıkıntlardan, ailelerinin ise memleketlerinde yaşadıkları başta iktisadi olmak üzere menfilerin aflarına sebep teşkil edecek birçok sıkıntıdan bahsedilmiştir. Sürgün bulundukları yerin hava şartlarından ve burada geçinememekten şikâyetçi olan birçok sürgünün hâline merhamet edilerek kendilerine yevmiye veya maaş bağlandığı; bazı kalabalık sürgün mahkûmlarının da hayata tutunabilmeleri için kendilerine toprak ve ziraat aletinin dağıtıldığı da bu çalışmada gösterilmiştir. Böylece devletin soğuk yüzünü gören sürgünlere sonrasında merhamet edildiği ve birçoğunun ceza süresini ikmal etmeden ıtlak edildiği de konunun sınırları içerisinde incelemiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İslâm Hukuku, ceza, sürgün (nefy), kalebend, manastırbend, ikâmete memur edilme, Eyâlet-i Rûm, II. Mahmud, tazir, menfâ, menfi, ıtlak, Sivas, Tokat, Amasya, kale, Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümayûn-u.


THE REFLECTIONS OF EXTERNAL POLITICS IN THE OTTOMAN STATE IN THE STATE (XIX. CENTURY)
Erdoğan POLAT
Erciyes University, Institute of Social Sciences
Thesis, September 2019
Agents: Prof. Dr. Contact Sebahattin directly
ABSTRACT 
Ottoman Turks applied to add banishment which bases on as old as human history to their laws. They used that punishment which determines under the terms of the Islam Law especially in their last centuries. Mass banishments, which were done aiming to guarantee of the permanent victories in the beginning, were used being sentenced of some tribes doing banditry.  We have seen the duration and conditions of banishment took place unclearly as the enforcement for some ordinary offences in the statue books which were published in the middle ages of Ottomans. The criminal book that expressed duration and conditions of banishment clearly in the legal framework was able to preach after Tanzimat Reform. With "Tarik-i İlmiyeye Dair Ceza Kanunâmesi" which was published dated 1838 in time of Mahmud II, for the first time, the Ottoman authority has removed the banishment as a punishment given by only a sultan or grand vizier and has transformed the punishment that could be enforced to a particular class in acknowledgment of tangible crimes. With "Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümâyun", the most extensive statue book that the crimes were classified for the first time, it was announced how long exile punishment was given for every kind of crime.  In the same law, the banishment which was defined as that someone domiciled permanent or temporary by sent from somewhere to another where was applied for the crimes such as especially political offences, malversation, bribery or bribing, interference of court decisions, homicide, rape, robbery, persecution, interference of troop draw, malfeasance, rebel or agitation for rebellion, forbidden behaviors by religion in public, and delivering of banned publishing etc.  
It is the true there is reason of chosen of Sivas Province and its two districts, Tokat and Amasya, where take place at the east of Middle Anatolia as detention colonies not only their climates and far away from the center but also their durable castles in the 19 century. Those places also were detention colonies for confinement in fortress or confinement in monastery for clergies to punish. Especially in the period of Mahmud II, the region which was regarded as the place where unsuccessful pashas were appointed turned also the condition of choice place for betterment of heterodox sheiks and dervishes. The most common method which opponents and culprits were punished was exile in that century when was the fall and collapse era of Ottoman Empire like a punishment which was in demand hard labor in the period when Ottoman Navy needed paddlers. That punishment that substituted to the political homicide after Tanzimat was used the gain or discipline of political offenders especially in the last quarter of the century. 
In that paper, it is studied on the exile justifications of offenders, dispatching of their exile places and the officer in charge of it, negative forgiving demands and justifications, expectations of governments for forgiven banishments, special and general amnesties for exiles, and anguishes of exiles' places and their families in their own homelands. It has been showed in the study that many exiles who complained about the weather conditions of banishment places where they lived and did not earn money were had pity on and were put on salary or daily wage, and some crowded exile convicts were delivered land and agricultural instruments in order to provide them to survive. So, it is examined in the frame of the topic that the exiles that learnt the strict sides of the state were had pity on in the sequel and most of them were released before their penalty process completed. 
Key Words: Amasya, appointed, banishment, banishment place, castle, Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümayûn, confinement in fortress, confinement in monastery, exile, Islam Law, Mahmud II, negative, punishment, Sivas, Tokat.

Abstract:
Ottoman Turks applied to add banishment which bases on as old as human history to their laws. They used that punishment which determines under the terms of the Islam Law especially in their last centuries. Mass banishments, which were done aiming to guarantee of the permanent victories in the beginning, were used being sentenced of some tribes doing banditry.  We have seen the duration and conditions of banishment took place unclearly as the enforcement for some ordinary offences in the statue books which were published in the middle ages of Ottomans. The criminal book that expressed duration and conditions of banishment clearly in the legal framework was able to preach after Tanzimat Reform. With "Tarik-i İlmiyeye Dair Ceza Kanunâmesi" which was published dated 1838 in time of Mahmud II, for the first time, the Ottoman authority has removed the banishment as a punishment given by only a sultan or grand vizier and has transformed the punishment that could be enforced to a particular class in acknowledgment of tangible crimes. With "Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümâyun", the most extensive statue book that the crimes were classified for the first time, it was announced how long exile punishment was given for every kind of crime.  In the same law, the banishment which was defined as that someone domiciled permanent or temporary by sent from somewhere to another where was applied for the crimes such as especially political offences, malversation, bribery or bribing, interference of court decisions, homicide, rape, robbery, persecution, interference of troop draw, malfeasance, rebel or agitation for rebellion, forbidden behaviors by religion in public, and delivering of banned publishing etc.  
It is the true there is reason of chosen of Sivas Province and its two districts, Tokat and Amasya, where take place at the east of Middle Anatolia as detention colonies not only their climates and far away from the center but also their durable castles in the 19 century. Those places also were detention colonies for confinement in fortress or confinement in monastery for clergies to punish. Especially in the period of Mahmud II, the region which was regarded as the place where unsuccessful pashas were appointed turned also the condition of choice place for betterment of heterodox sheiks and dervishes. The most common method which opponents and culprits were punished was exile in that century when was the fall and collapse era of Ottoman Empire like a punishment which was in demand hard labor in the period when Ottoman Navy needed paddlers. That punishment that substituted to the political homicide after Tanzimat was used the gain or discipline of political offenders especially in the last quarter of the century. 
In that paper, it is studied on the exile justifications of offenders, dispatching of their exile places and the officer in charge of it, negative forgiving demands and justifications, expectations of governments for forgiven banishments, special and general amnesties for exiles, and anguishes of exiles' places and their families in their own homelands. It has been showed in the study that many exiles who complained about the weather conditions of banishment places where they lived and did not earn money were had pity on and were put on salary or daily wage, and some crowded exile convicts were delivered land and agricultural instruments in order to provide them to survive. So, it is examined in the frame of the topic that the exiles that learnt the strict sides of the state were had pity on in the sequel and most of them were released before their penalty process completed. 
Key Words: Amasya, appointed, banishment, banishment place, castle, Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümayûn, confinement in fortress, confinement in monastery, exile, Islam Law, Mahmud II, negative, punishment, Sivas, Tokat.