Yeni liberalizmde piyasa refah devleti anlayışı: İngiltere, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Türkiye örnekleri
The Meaning of the market and welfare state in neo-liberalisms the cases of Britain, United Satates of America and Turkey
Yazar: SONGÜL SALLAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. MEHMET ALİ AĞAOĞULLARI
Ankara Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset Bilimi Ana Bilim Dalı / Siyaset Bilimi Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 1999
Konu: Siyasal Bilimler = Political Science
Dizin: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri = United States of America ; Devlet = State ; Keynesyen ekonomi = Keynesian economy ; Liberalizm = Liberalism ; Neo-liberalizm = Neo-liberalism ; Piyasalar = Markets ; Refah devlet = Welfare state ; Sosyal refah = Social welfare ; Türkiye = Turkey ; İngiltere = England

Özet:
Sallan, Songül, The Meaning of the Market and Welfare State iri Neo-Liberalism: The Cases of Briton, United States of America and Turkey, Phd. Thesis, Advisor: Prof. Dr Mehmet Ali AğaoğuUan, v-422p. Liberalism, started to develop in 17* century, could be seen as a theory that emphasizes individualism, individual rights and freedoms, private property, the free market and minimal sate intervention. However, during its historical development over the centuries liberalism has developed to be an ideology influencing and guiding political actions, agendas and public policies and offers a view of the state-market relations. The content and form of these relations change according to the shifts in social, political and economic structures. And liberalism influences these relations and the notion of welfare state and is simultaneously influenced by the changes in social, political and economic life. Accordingly, liberalism has taken different forms in retrospect such as 'classical liberalism', 'social or egalitarian liberalism', 'new liberalism' and 'neo-liberalism'. Each type of liberalism produced a critique of the earlier type, replaced it and contributed to the development of a new form of liberalism. Neo-liberalism, the contemporary and apparently the commonly acknowledged form of liberalism, could be considered as a reaction to social and egalitarian liberalism and one of ite institutions, namely the Keynesian welfare state. Neo- liberalism defends a view of welfare that is organized around the principles of the market-provision of social services, competition, individual self-sufficiency, work based individual welfare and minimal state. Moreover, it also seems to incorporate some of the ideas of neo-conservatism, such as familial and traditional values, community and family support, social order and some others. In neo-liberal approach, state is understood to be a minimal state or a "night- watchman" state. State intervention in economy is rejected. Neo-liberals argue against big state, storng bureaucracy and the Keynesian welfare state. Yet, they want the state to take necessary measures to guarantee the orderly working of the free market and to support the entrepreneurs and investors for the sake of economic development To achieve these goals, they assert that the numbers of welfare programs should be decreased, funding for these programs should be cut down and public budgets should be balanced, and any service to be provided by the state should be provided in a competitive and free market environment and spirit According to neo-liberals, the view of welfare also should befit into this market-based and competitive picture. They are not in a total denial of welfare state but accept some welfare services for the needy and for the worthy people, such as the elderly and the disabled, if they are provided according to the principles of the free market

Abstract:
The topic of this study focuses on a review of what the neo-liberal view of state- market relations are, on how neo-liberalism has shaped the contemporary form of state-market relations and the contemporary form of capitalist welfare state. Moreover, the study also examines what kind of impact the neo-liberal project has had on social welfare services, social security, social help or public assistance and what the impact of the neo-liberal project is for the different social classes or segments. This examination is not only a theoretical one but also has empirical grounds. The study is a comparative one. It includes the United States, the United Kingdom and Turkey and focuses especially on the administrations of Reagan, Thatcher and Ozal in these countries respectively especially during 1980s. One of the assertations of neo-liberal project is that the size of the welfare state and bureaucracy be decreased. The findings of the study indicate that this goal seems to be achieved in Britain to a great extent, whereas the results are mixed for Turkey and the United States. In the United States, the number of employees in government increased overall, but their number went down in the areas of social services. In Turkey, politics pressures and populist policies appear to have resulted in an increase in the size of public bureaucracy. However, in all countries the amount of social expenditures in monetary terms increased despite the fact that the changes in the rates of social expenditures to GNP and to total public expenditures were not all increases. Besides, the rates of social security premiums went up to the disadvantage of the working classes whereas the taxes on the upper income groups were unproportionately lowered. The funding for social welfare programs for the needy were decreased. Yet, the programs for the politically active and economically powerful, especially social security and heath care programs, continue to grow even though this growth was slower than it had been before the neo-liberal administrations. Under the administrations of Thatcher in Britain, Reagan in the United States and Ozal in Turkey, the neo-liberal government programs were introduced to promote the free market, to lower the taxes on the rich, to make the economy more competitive in the global market, to maintain the pace of economic development and to decrease the size of welfare state. Overall, in all three countries, the findings of the study suggest that the governments with neo-liberal agendas had some success in transforming the Keynesian welfare state toward a market based neo-liberal state of 'workfare' rather than 'welfare' in which the values or principles of individual self-sufficiency, work ethics, competitive provision of welfare services in the free market, lower levels of services for the lower income people seem to be highly valued. This transformation appears to benefit the rich, the better-positioned, the politically active and the recipients of social security programs more than the recipients of social help or public assistance programs, the poor and working class people with lower incomes. rf,^{*^~