Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri aracılığıyla havaalanı yer seçimi yapılması ve pist kullanılabilirliğinin incelenmesi: Tokat Havaalanı örneği
Choosing the suitable airport location by using geographical information systems and investigation of runway usability: Tokat Airport case
Yazar: SAFİYE HAYMANA
Danışman: PROF. DR. RAHMİ NURHAN ÇELİK
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry
Dizin: Analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi = Analytical hierarchy method ; Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri = Geographical information systems ; Sivil havacılık = Civil aviation ; Tesis yer seçimi = Site selection

Özet:
Geçmişte insanların bir yerden yere göç etmesiyle ulaşım alanında önemli gelişmelerin temeli atılmıştır. İnsan gücüyle kısa mesafelerde başlayan ulaşım serüveni, teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte yerini uzun mesafelerde etkili ulaşım çeşitlerine bırakmıştır. Hızla artan nüfus, beraberinde ulaşım alanında yeni talep ve ihtiyaçların doğmasına neden olmuştur. Zamanla taşımacılık alanında önce karayolu ulaşımı sonrasında denizyolu ve demiryolu ulaşımı gelişmiştir. Günümüzde ise sağladığı avantajlarla birlikte havayolu ulaşım sistemleri önemli bir role sahip olmuştur. 
Havayolu ulaşımı, yolcuların zaman yönetimini kolaylaştırarak seyahat etmelerini, esnek rotalar ve hizmetlerle kısıtlanmayan bir yolculuğa sahip olmalarını, uzak mesafelere hızlı bir şekilde ulaşmalarını ve sadece yolcular için değil ayrıca yüklerin taşınabilmesini sağlayan dijitalleşmiş bir ulaşım şeklidir. 
Havayolu ulaşımı sağladığı kolaylıklar dolayısıyla hem uluslararası hem ülke içi ulaştırmada rağbet görmeye başlamıştır. Böylelikle ülkeler yeni havaaalanları inşası konusunda yatırımlarını büyük derecede arttırmışlardır. 
Yeni bir havaalanı yapılmak istendiğinde akıllara gelen ilk soru havaalanının nereye yapılacağı sorusudur. Havaalanı inşa edilecek yerin belirlenmesi oldukça efor isteyen bir aşamadır. Doğru bir planlama yapılmadığında, inşa edilmiş ya da inşa edilecek olan bir havaalanında kapasite eksikliği, finansal kayıp, kullanılamaz hale gelmek ve ihtiyaçlara cevapsız kalmak kaçınılmaz bir sondur. Meteorolojik koşullar, arazi yüksekliği ve eğimi, uçuş hattında bulunabilecek yapay ve doğal engeller, havaalanı kapasitesini karşılayabilecek nüfus yoğunluğu ve havaalanına olan ulaşım gibi bir çok parametrenin karar aşamasında değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Birden fazla parametrenin değerlendirilmesi gerektiği bu aşamada karar verebilmek için Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden biri olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHY) sıkça kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi ile ağırlıklı kriterleri incelemek, karar vermek ve analiz etmek için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nden faydalanılır. CBS mekansal verilerin bilgisayar ortamında elde edilmesini, yönetilmesini, analiz edilmesini ve görüntülenmesini sağlayan günümüz teknolojisinde sıklıkla kullanılan bir sistemdir. Ayrıca, afet yönetimi, risk yönetimi ve planlama gibi birçok alanda analiz çalışmaları için altlık olarak kullanılabilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, altyapı sorunları nedeniyle eski pisti kullanılamayıp yeni bir pist inşa edilen Tokat Havaalanı'nda en uygun yer seçimi yaparak havaalanı yerinin doğruluğunu görmek ve yeni pist ile eski pisti kullanılabilirlik açısından değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. ÇKKV yöntemlerinden biri olan AHY ile gerekli kriterler kullanılarak CBS aracılığıyla en uygun havaalanı yer seçimi yapılarak eski ve yeni pistin kullanılabilirliği üzerine eleştirel bir yaklaşımda bulunulmuştur.

Abstract:
In the past, with the migration of people from one place to another, the foundation of important developments in the field of transportation was laid. The adventure of transportation, which started in short distances with human power, has left its place to effective transportation types over long distances with the development of technology. The rapidly increasing population has led to the emergence of new demands and needs in the field of transportation. Over time, in the field of transportation, first road transportation, then sea and rail transportation developed. Today, with the advantages it provides, air transportation systems have an important role.
Airline transportation is a digitalized mode of transportation that enables passengers to travel by making time management easier, have an unrestricted journey with flexible routes and services, reach long distances quickly, and transport not only passengers but also loads.
Airline transportation has started to be popular in both international and domestic transportation due to the convenience it provides. Thus, countries have greatly increased their investments in the construction of new airports.
When a new airport is wanted to be built, the first question that comes to mind is where to build the airport. The determination of the place where the airport will be built is a stage that requires a lot of effort. Lack of capacity, financial loss, becoming unusable and being unresponsive to needs are an inevitable outcome in an airport that has been built or will be built, when proper planning is not done. Many parameters such as meteorological conditions, terrain height and slope, artificial and natural obstacles on the flight line, population density that can meet the airport capacity and transportation to the airport need to be evaluated during the decision stage. Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods are used to decide at this stage where more than one parameter should be evaluated. Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods are the methods that aim to find the "most suitable" alternative among the alternatives when many different alternatives are encountered during the decision-making stage. The Analytical Hierarchy Method is one of the most frequently used Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods. It is a method that facilitates decision making. In the first step, a hierarchical structure is created between the criteria by dividing the problem into parts and possible alternatives are determined. In the second step, comparative decision-making and preference matrices are created. A 9-point comparison scale is used to determine the degree of importance of the criteria relative to each other. A 9-point comparison example a scoring is made according to the importance degrees of the criteria with respect to each other. In the third step, paired comparison matrices are created according to the importance levels specified in the comparison scale. The pairwise comparison matrix is obtained. After, the weight vector is calculated. 
Weights are calculated from the values obtained by normalizing the pairwise comparison matrix, and then a weight vector is written showing the weights of the criteria. As a result of the operations performed, the Consistency Ratio is calculated, and the work continues if the values are consistent.
Geographic Information Systems are used to examine weighted criteria with the Analytical Hierarchy Method, to decide and to analyze. Geographic Information Systems spatial
It is a frequently used system in today's technology that enables data to be obtained, managed, analyzed, and displayed in computer environment. Geographical Information System can be used as a basis for analysis studies in many areas such as disaster management, risk management, and planning.
Many parameters should be considered when choosing the appropriate airport location. Analytical Hierarchy method and Geographic Information Systems are also frequently used in choosing the appropriate airport location.
In this study, Tokat Airport was chosen as a case study area in order to select the appropriate location for the airport and to examine the runway availability. The construction of Tokat Airport was finished in 1995, but the airport could not be used efficiently due to runway and infrastructure problems. A new runway was built at the airport, and it was started to be used again in 2022. The aim of the study is to determine the most suitable place to build an airport in the province of Tokat and to examine the usability of the newly built runway with the help of Analytical Hierarchy method and Geographic Information Systems.
Within the scope of the study, a total of 15 criteria, divided into 4 main groups to be used in determining the most suitable location for an airport, were determined and data/information was obtained. Topography, meteorology, infrastructure, and environmental factors constitute 4 main groups.
Under the topography group, height, slope, land use and vertical obstacle/mania criteria were evaluated. Under the meteorology group, temperature, precipitation, fog, wind, pressure, and air density criteria were evaluated. Under the infrastructure group, underground/surface water resources, power plants and transportation criteria were evaluated. Population density, noise and bird migration route criteria were evaluated under the environmental factors group. In order to be able to choose the suitable location for the airport among these criteria, the criteria of temperature, precipitation, altitude, slope, population density, proximity to highways were weighted with AHY and thematic maps were produced through Geographical Information Systems. As a result, Spatial Matching Analysis was performed and a suitability map showing the most suitable and unsuitable region for constructing an airport in Tokat province was obtained.
The usability of the runway to be built at the airport is also important for a region to be suitable for making an airport. Determining the runway location, the physical parameters of the runway, the performance of the airplanes that will use the runway, the ability of the runway to be sufficient for these airplanes, and the prevailing wind components that pose a danger to the airplanes on the take-off and landing lines should be evaluated. When determining the runway parameters, the length of the runway varies according to the performance and operational requirements of the airplanes and must be able to meet these requirements. The runway width should be determined according to the boots of the aircraft and the situation that it will not overflow the runway in case of a possible cross wind. The performance and dimensions of the aircraft affect the runway dimensions as well as the location of the terminal buildings, the distance between the aircraft when parked, the apron and taxiway dimensions, and the number of passengers. As the number of passengers increases, more planes and a larger terminal are needed. It is important to choose an airport and runway location that can meet this increase. In addition, the prevailing wind direction is the direction in which the wind blows the most in a region. Crosswind, on the other hand, is the wind at right angles from the right and left sides of the airplane and is the most dangerous wind type for airplanes. For this reason, a planning should be made so that the aircraft will not be exposed to the crosswind or will be minimally affected. When the usability of the old and new runways to Tokat Airport is examined; In terms of its physical properties, the old runway is not sufficient to meet the landing and take-off performances of aircraft such as Airbus 320 and Boeing 737, which are frequently used in Turkey and in the world. 
The new runway, with its length of 2700 meters and width of 45 meters, is sufficient to meet the aircraft performance. The old runway is located in the south of the prevailing wind direction in the province of Tokat, so it is on a front where it can be exposed to crosswinds. This reason puts flight safety at risk on windy days. The new runway, on the other hand, increases the flight safety and aircraft performance by taking the headwind as it is located in the prevailing wind direction. When the vertical obstacle analysis for the old runway is examined, it is seen that the landing and take-off cannot be performed safely due to the natural obstacles that cross the take-off and approach surfaces. The new runway, on the other hand, is located in an area with an approach and take-off surface free from natural obstacles in terms of vertical obstacle analysis.
As a result of the study, it has been determined that the region located in the northeast of Pazar district and west of Tokat central district is the most suitable region for airport location selection. Likewise, Tokat Airport is located at this location. However, it is obvious that the old runway is unusable, unable to meet the needs of the aircraft and endangering the flights with the prevailing wind it is exposed to. It can be said that the new runway is more useful than the old runway and does not create a flight risk.
It is important to improve the analyzes and use new technologies in order to obtain an effective result in the studies. For example, when examining land use and vertical obstacles in the airport location selection, a more sensitive and accurate study can be carried out with high resolution satellite images. However, a newly built airport may undergo deformation, both during and after construction, depending on the ground motion that develops on land. By monitoring the changes that will occur over time through Space Based Interferometry, precautions can be taken before the structures become unusable. Finally, in order to prevent the air traffic that has arisen with the recent increasing demand, wider and longer aircraft with increased passenger capacity have been started to be used. For this reason, while planning the runway and airport, it is important to choose a land where the existing structure can be expanded with a quality that can meet the needs of this type of aircraft. In summary, newly built runways and airports must keep up with the future development trend, as the demand for air transport increases and technological developments continue rapidly. It will be meaningful to make the right investments as a follower of the developing aviation activities and technology both in our country and in the world, so that the airports built can turn into a product that gives productive results for years.