Kilyos - Karaburun arasında Karadeniz suları altındaki linyit oluşumunun sulu ortam madenciliği teknikleriyle üretilebilirliğinin araştırılması /
Yazar: HAKAN SELVİ
Danışman: PROF. DR. SENAİ SALTOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Maden Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 1995
Konu: Maden Mühendisliği ve Madencilik = Mining Engineering and Mining
Dizin: Deniz suyu = Sea water ; Karadeniz = Black Sea ; Linyit = Lignite ; Sulu ortamlar = Aqueous media

Özet:
Bu çalışmada, Kilyos - Karaburun arasında, deniz altoda uzanan linyit rezervini sulu madencilik teknikleriyle çıkanlabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bölge koşullan ve örtü karakteristikleri belirlendikten sonra, bölgedeki üretim sistemi incelenmiştir. Geleneksel yüzey madenciliği ekipmanları ile denizin doldurulması ve ardından örtükazı işlemiyle gerçekleştirilen üretim sisteminin en büyük dezavantajı, deniz derinliği artışıyla paralel artan dolgu miktarı ve bunun sonucu yükselen dekapaj oram ve maliyetidir. Çalışma ortamı su olduğundan, bu ortama uygun tekniklerin araştırılması yapılarak dünyadaki sulu ortam madenciliği teknik, ekonomik ve çevresel yönüyle incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme ve araştırma sonuçları; bu ortamlar için gekştirilmiş değişik tip ve kapasitede pek çok taraklama ekipmanlarının bulunduğunu ve dünyada oldukça geniş uygulama alanları olan bu tekniklerin birim maliyetlerinin uygun seviyelerde olduğunu gözler önüne sermiştir. Edinilen bilgilerden yola çıkılarak, bölge için yıllık üretim ve dekapaj kapasitesi tayin edilmiştir. Yıllık 4 milyon ton kömür üretimi hedeflenerek, bölge koşullarında ve örtü karekteristiklerinde bu hedefi en iyi performansla gerçekleştirebilecek ekipmanlar seçilmiştir. Mevcut yöntem ile taraklama teknikleri arasmda birim dekapaj maliyeti cinsinden yapılan ekonomik bir karşılaştırma araştırmaya şu olumlu sonuçlan kazandırmıştır : Bölgede taraklama tekniHerinin kullanılmasıyla dekapaj oram yaklaşık üçte bir az olmakta ve birim maliyet değeri de düşük çıkmaktadır. Diğer yandan fizibilite sınırlarım aşmak üzere olan mevcut yöntemin teknik ekonomik ve çevresel olarak üstesinden gelemeyeceği smırlamalan ortadan kaldıracak ve denizde kalan rezervi kazanacaktır. vnı

Abstract:
Mining operations between Kilyos and Karaburun Regions include two different environment. These are on land and in the Black Sea Waters. Conventional surface mining equipment is used in both environment. Mining operations on land have been carried on for a long time. So that the lignite reserve on land is about to be used up, the mining operations extend so far in to the sea. The overburden consist of clayey sand, sandy clay and clayey sandy marl each in turn. The average overburden thickness above the first and second lignite layers is 17 m and 11m, totally 28 m. The first lignite layer is 1.5 m and the second one is 1.0 m in thickness. Total thickness is about 2.5 m. Mining operations in the location are carried on by e few companies which operate in the sea beyond 1.0 km from the shore. Due to the lack of drilling and sampling works in the sea, neither reserve nor overburden characteristics can be determined. But it is estimated that the reserve will be approximately 200. million tones. Mining method in the sea consist of filling in the sea clayey and sandy material, and stripping the overburden. Firstly a seawall is constructed from low permeable clays which is sttripped in the land operations. The seawall's width changes between 50 and 100 m. Then, stripped material during the land operations are dumped behind the seawall. The filled material is about 5-8 m above the sea level to be protected against the dangerous sea impacts. Finally the filled material and the overburden are stripped and lignite is excavated. Nowadays, the mining operations extend as far as 1 km in to the sea. İn this extension point, some operational parameters which belong a company DCare like these sea depth is about 15 meters, stripping ratio is 30 : 1 and the unit excavating cost is about 53.2 cent / m3. There are a number of technical and economical restraints on the existing niining method in the sea. increase in water level will also increase the amount of required filling materials, stripping ratio and unit cost. Because of lack of the adequate filling materials, mining operations will be effected negatively. So that the mining operations are in the sea, the applicability of the wet mining techniques should be investigated by benefititng from the wet mining applications ( Dredging ) in the world. It is a fact that the mining operations in the world go towards the seas, lakes and rivers. This is becauese, mineral contents in land is used up rapidly, and a given area of the sea is more productive than a comparable areas of land. There are more than 70 dredging operations in the world in production dimonds, gold, heavy mineral sands, iron sands, lime sands, sand and gravel. For example, more than 60 % of the world's sand and gravel production is extracted from the sea, and 10 % of the world's total tin production is supplied from the sea. Today, rriining application fields of dredging techniques are extending. These are Placer Mining ( simple river deposit, beach deposits, onshore consolidated sediments and offshore deposits. ), Marine Deposits ( manganese nodules, metalliferious mud, sand and gravel, phosphate etc.), Industrial Bulk Minerals ( sand and gravel, booxite, clays, salts, phosphate rocks, bentonite dolomite, diatomite, asbestos, feldspar, sulphur and others.), Solid Fuelds ( peat, lignite, brown coal, coal and oil sands ), and overburden removal and tailing rehandling. Dredging has a very old history. During the Middle Ages, dredging was used in Holland to keep ditches, canals and rivers open for drainage, travel and commercial transportation. In 1400s, the dredges were equipped with various devices such as a horrow or a plow to loose the water bottoms. A milestone in dredging was the development of Bucket Line Dredge. In 1860s, the first hydrolic dredge was developed. The results of rapid developments of construction ships and using iron, mining industry benefited from these developments. Together with scientific developments, many different types of dredges were developed to excavate various types material and remove overburden. XToday, a lot of dredgers such as Backhoe, Grab, Dipper, Trailing Suction Hopper, Cutter Suction, Bucket Ladder, Bucket Wheels and Reclamation Dredgers exist in terms of type and capacity. These dredgers are equipped with cutters, wheels, dragheads, grabs, dippers, buckets, centrifugal pumps and high pressure water jets to removal and transport of soil from water bottoms. Dredging equipment can raugly devided into hydrolic dredgers, mechanical dredgers and support equipment. Hydrolic dredgers are equipped with centrifugal pumps for the transport of the dredged soil as a fluid mixture of soil and water. In the case of mechanical dredgers, the soil is loosened and transported by mechanical way. Support equipment includes transport barges, tug boats, booster stations and pipelines. In this thesis, the main characteristics and technical spesifications of the dredging equipment are examined in much fuller details. The trailing suction hopper dredgers are equipped with one ore more suctions pipes which terminate in the draghead, and the pump installations. These Dredgers are succesfully in mining phosphate, sand and gravel, and have high capacity and dredging depth. The cutter suction dredgers work as the same way as the trailing hopper dredgers. These equipment can handle sand, gravel, clay, soft rocks and even hard rocks. These type of dredgers can work in high capacity and dredging depth. Bucket wheel dredgers represent a new concept in dredging technology. These type of dredgers are the most suitable equipment which can handle sticky and as well as the hard materials, and have the good characteristics of the bucket ladder and cutter suction types dredgers. Grab dredgers have simple construction and low capital value. These dredgers'capacity is low, but can work relatively high dredging depth. Bucket ladder dredgers are one of the most efficient equipment for use in all kind of deposits. These type equipment has high capital cost, but can work in high capacity and dredging depth. A wide variety of dredging equipments applications exist in the world. Some case studies of these applications are presented. These case studies show that the approximate unit costs' ( including supervision, engineering, labour, power, supplies, replacement parts, maintenance, major overhaul, XIattendant equipment etc. ) change between 8.25 and 46.0 cent / m3 depending on the different formations, dredging depths,and accurate information obtained in drilling and sampling works. Selection of a spesific type dredging equipment is depend on site conditions, soil characteristics and performance demands. In order to select the most suitable equipment, these factors have to be evaluated carefully. If local conditions are suitable for the standart type of dredgers, this will be the best economic choice. In the case the local conditidions require large mining rates, custom built equipment will be the most appropriate solution. Asimplified set of performance data of different types of dredging equipment under varios soil characteristics and site conditions are given in a table. The general characteristics of the Kilyos - Karaburun Regions are marked in this table. After having been investigated the market possibilities and companies'yearly production rate in the location, the yearly lignite production rate is determined as much as 4,000,000 tones. According to the this value, the yearly dredging capacity will be 32,8 0,600 m3. In this connection, the required dredging rate for the overburden will be about 7330 m3 / hour, and in the case of lignite, it will be 895 m3 / hour. It is planned that the dredging operations will begin from the far of which existing mining equipment has reached, and extend as much as 2.6 kilometers behind that far. Under these conditions, dredging equipment will work in the dredging depth of 60 m below the water level. İn the result, the dredging equipment which can excavate the overburden in the highest performance will be Bucket Wheel Dredger, Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger and Bucket Ladder Dredger in turn. In the case of lignite's excavation, Bucket Wheel Dredger, Bucket Ladder Dredger and Grab Dredger will be the best choice each in turn. After having been selected the dredging equipment for the location, an economic comparison is made between existing mining method and dredging techniques. This comparison show that the unit excavating cost of the dredging techniques is lower than the cost of existing equipment. In addition to this, the stripping ratio of the dredging techniques will be less as much as three times than the existing stripping rate. It is a fact that feasibility study shows the most appropriate results when evaluating a mining project. The factors which shoud be determined in xnmuch fuller details, are lignite reserve, jeotechnical parameters of the overburden, enviromental effects, reclamation plans, disposal sites etc. xm