Kırsal yerleşmelere ilişkin mekansal tasarım yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi ve İzmir Çınardibi Köyü örneği
Evaluation of spatial design approaches to rural settlements and case study of Izmir Cinardibi Village
Yazar: YAĞMUR KUTLAR
Danışman: PROF. DR. AZİME TEZER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kentsel Tasarım Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2015
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Kentleşen bir dünyada nüfusun yarısından çoğunun yaşadığı kentsel yerleşmeler için, bu yerleşmeleri besleyen kırsal alanların önemi fark edilmeye başlanmıştır. Kırsal yerleşmelerin tarımsal üretimle kentleri beslemenin ötesinde doğal kaynakları, üretkenliğiyle günümüzün ekolojik kaygılarına ilişkin cevapları içinde barındırmaktadır. Öte yandan; kırsal alanlar üretken peyzajları, özgün dokuları ve yaşam biçimleriyle kendine yetebilen yerleşmeler olarak örnek teşkil etmektedirler. Kentleşmenin kırsal sınırlara dayanması, kırsalın göç, ekonomik darlık, hizmetlerden mahrumiyet gibi farklı sebeplerle güç kaybetmesi önemli bir sorun olarak gündeme gelmektedir. Kırsal yerleşmelerin üzerindeki baskılar (doğal, ekonomik, sosyal), kentlerin çekici hale gelmesiyle kırsalın cazip olmaması karşısında kalkınma odaklı projeler, altyapı yatırımları belli bir noktaya kadar etkili olmaktadır. Kırsal yerleşimlerin bölgesel ölçekteki yaklaşımlar, vizyonlar, kalkınma projeleri kadar mekansal yaklaşımlara da ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmaktadır. 
Kırsal yerleşmelerle ilgili mekansal yaklaşım, ortak alanların tasarımı, katılımcı tasarım süreçleri vb. konular, bu yerleşmeler üzerinde dokusuyla, yaşamıyla  uyum göstermeyen projelerle eş zamanlı olarak, daha yoğun bir şekilde tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Kırsalın tarım, ekonomi, hayat koşulları, göç gibi sorunlarının giderek büyümesi ve kırsal alanların güçsüzleşmesiyle paralel olarak bu yerleşmelere ilişkin değişen tanımlamalar tartışma konusu olan mekansal tasarım meselesini daha önemli bir zemine taşımaktadır. Kırsal yerleşmelerin ilk çağlardan bu yana var olma biçimi, çevresel koşullara göre biçimlenişi, kendine yeterli olması, ortak üretim ve ortak alanlara sahip olmaları gibi yerleşmelere özgü karakteristikler olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. 
Mekanla uğraşan Planlama, Peyzaj mimarlığı, Mimarlık gibi tasarım disiplinleri yoğunluklu olarak kentsel mekan ile uğraşıyorken son dönemlerde ilgiyi yavaş yavaş kırsala yöneltmiştir. Tasarım disiplinlerinin ilgisini yönelttiği kırsal yerleşimlerde yoğun olarak; sürdürülebilirlik, ekoloji, doğa koruma gibi konulara yönelik araştırmalar ağırlık kazanmıştır. Kırsal koruma, kırsal mimari, kırsal peyzaj gibi korunması gereken kültürel miras öğeleri kadar yerleşme bütünü için de çalışmalar önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Kentsel-kırsal arasındaki güçlü ilişki, kırsalın gizli birikimi, kent mekanında çalışan disiplinlerin kırsal yerleşmelere yönelmesine vesile olmuştur. Kırsal yerleşmelerde birtakım ihtiyaçların karşılanabilmesi için oluşmuş olan mekanlar, ortak alanlar, yerel çözümler özgün bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir.
Kırsal yerleşmelerin "kendi kendine" gelişme hali yanında mekansal olarak daha bütüncül bir yaklaşım geliştirmenin gerekliliği bu çalışmanın ana odağıdır. Kırsal yerleşmelerin sunduğu özgün karakteristikler, korumaya değer yapıları ve peyzaj alanlarının öne çıktığı günümüzde, bu alanların biçimlenişleri tasarım ölçeğinde pek çok ipucu vermektedir. Kırsal yerleşmelerin sahip olduğu özgün karakteristikler, yaşam biçimi ve ortaya koyduğu mekansal örnekler, tasarım disiplinlerine örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu alanlardaki çalışmaların birarada sunulması, geçmişten bugüne ayna olabilecek yaklaşımların değerlendirilmesi önem teşkil etmektedir. Kırsal yerleşimler üzerine mekansal çalışmalar önem kazanmaya başlamış olsa da, geniş bir zemine oturmamaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında kırsal yerleşmelerin sahip olduğu karakteristiklerden yola çıkarak bu yerleşmelerde özellikle ortak alanlara ilişkin bir mekansal tasarım yaklaşımı geliştirmek ve gelecek çalışmalara kaynak oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır.

Abstract:
In an urbanized world where the most of the population has settled, the rural areas have been discovered recently as the ffood supplier of cities. Humans started to settle with farming activities centuries ago as the ancient people grow different plants instead of foraging. Agriculture can be counted as a milestone in  history which had lead to people to settle, build their neighbourhoods and create a different social life. Agricultural settlements used to be not only defined as rural settlements as they are more intermingled urban settlements. In today's world the distinction between rural and urban has been extreme so that there needs to be a perspective that can take them more holistically.
Rural areas have been important with their productive landscapes, natural resources like water, soil, forests etc. With all these wealth, rural areas are crucial for the sustainability of this world and the ecological crisis that the world is facing. Beyond the regional and wider perspective, rural settlements are also giving so much information how a settlement can sustain itself. The sustainability issues rising in the world since 1970s has become more important after 1990s. So rural settlements can be taken as the living examples for the sustainability issues not only for settlement planning but also for the general perspective. Rural settlements are self-sustaining, agriculture based, socially heterogenous and solidarist places. As the ecological crisis rises, cities are reaching their physical and non-physical boundaries, rural settlements start to become more important and at the same time more fragile. 
While the urbanization is spreading so fast, rural settlements are facing the problem of economic deficiencies, insufficient services, migration of the youth and over-consuming of the natural resources. The problems of the rural settlements are related with urbanization but also with the regional decisions. Regional approaches has been applied to many rural areas around the world but that is not enough for the revitalization. Regional approaches, visions, development plans for the future of rural areas has been necessary, whereas more spatial approaches are needed. 
Planning, architecture and landscape architecture disciplines which are dealing with places and design has been focusing and working on urban areas. On the other hand these design fields have not been familiar with the rural settlements which are directly connected with their urban playground. As the cities are growing and reaching their limits, rural settlements appear to be more important. Design disciplines have also understand the value of these settlements and start to bring their focus on rural areas which has unique, self-sustaining organization spatially and different social structure. 
Research on rural settlements in architecture, planning, landscape architecture and other related disciplines like geography and environmental fields started from 1970s. After 1990s the focus of the study for rural settlements started to be more focused on the ecological issues and sustainable planning. In the 21st century, the researches on rural settlement design, participatory design and preserving the rural character and lansdscape are getting more significant. 
Rural settlements are defined mostly with their economic structure, natural resources, social structure, traditions passed through generations. These characteristics are also the source of their problems facing in the developing world. Economic deficiencies, lack of services, natural difficulties and attractiveness of urban settlements has lead to weakening of rural settlements. 
Spatial approaches to the rural settlements have been developing in the world and Turkey recently. The need for spatial interventions rise with incompatible developing projects like energy plants, mining, housing etc. which has been also argued in the design disciplines. Agriculture, economy, living conditions, migration problem of the rural have lead to wider arguments and researches that spatial approaches should be developed. From the ancient times, rural has presented basic solutions how to adapt to the natural conditions, how the places can be organized, what materials can be used in building etc. These knowledge is also important for the future of the rural. Rural settlements need to be taken into account by urban planners and designers and they should develop spatial design approaches. 
As the design disciplines started to focus on rural settlements, the main focus was more on nature conversation, rural character, ecology and sustainability. With the need for spatial approach development also participatory design, common place creating and revitalized settlement issues have been taken into account. As rural settlements have been formed according to their needs, and the way they formed has been giving so many hints for the future design approaches, the next step should be to read the characteristics of these settlements.
Rural settlements that give example of self sustaining neighbourhoods with their production of food, use of natural resources, creating their place for living, producing and socializing need some guidance under the pressure of development. Design of these places are shaped by the natural, social and economic elements which are related with communities' need. The rural life with its limitations has its own positive sides and flexibility to adapt to its nature. So the design of settlements give so much information for creating guidelines for the future development of rural places. 
The research aims to reveal the main characteristics of the rural settlements and spatial practices to develop a perspective for spatial design approach. With the settlement pattern, rural landscape, ecological values, rural areas are presenting a self-sustaining example and solution according to the place characteristics. This research will present characteristics and indigenous solutions of rural settlements with the practices of settlement planning and design to develop a design criteria that can be taken into account in the case area and also may be further used in others. Further on, with the local people and the local actors, the design process is another issue this research is considering. 
Rural settlements with their uniqueness, indigenous solutions and self-sustaining character are re-evaluated to develop a spatial design approach with their inner dynamics(local people, knowledge etc.)  and potentials (available places, social life). Recent studies on rural settlement design is the Village Design Guidelines in the world and also in Turkey. Village Design Guidelines are serving the need for the development of villages which has character that need to be preserved and proposing some design solutions. Village Design Guideline for Ersizlerdere village is important for this research to have a ground and further to develop design criteria for villages in other parts of Turkey and give advices to local people and actors. In the case study of this research, Çınardibi Village in İzmir has been evaluated with the design criteria to improve the settlement design. The design criteria esssential for the development and revitalization or the rural settlements are presented in this research to inspire the future work on rural settlement design.