Türkiye kentleşmesi için yeni bir yol arayışında orta ölçekli kentler üzerinden kır-kent dayanışma ağları: Kars-Boğatepe örneği
In search of a new approach for Turkey's urbanisation related rural-urban solidarity networks on the basis of medium-sized cities: The case of Kars-Bogatepe
Yazar: ÇARE OLGUN ÇALIŞKAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. AZİME TEZER
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bilim Dalı
Derece: Doktora, 2019
Konu: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama = Urban and Regional Planning

Özet:
Dünya kentleşmesi, nüfus büyüklükleri ve yerleşim ölçekleri bakımından hakim kentleşme eğilimlerinin sürmesi halinde kırsal alanları ve ekolojik sistemleri kritik bir yakın geleceğin beklediğini ortaya koyarken, farklı kentleşme yaklaşımlarına yönelik gereksinimleri de öne çıkarmaktadır. Bu açıdan önemi daha da artan gelişmekte olan ülkelerden biri olan Türkiye'de kentleşmesinin ekonomi-politik, ekolojik yapı, kır-kent ilişkisi ve yerleşim sistemi gibi farklı konularda önemli sorunlar içerdiği ve bu sorunlu kentleşme yapısının devam etmesi halinde mevcut durumun daha da çözümsüz olacağı açıktır. Hızlı büyümeye çalışan ve neoliberal kentleşme politikalarının baskınlığına sınırlı ve yetersiz müdahalesiyle devletin de göz yumduğu bu sürdürülemez kentleşme eğilimi, gelişmekte olan ülkeler kadar dünya geneli için de benzerlikler taşırken farklı çözüm arayışlarını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Yakın gelecekte kentlerin niteliksel ve niceliksel baskı ve yayılmasının süreceği ve bu gidişata dayalı artan nüfusu en çok barındıracağı öngörülen yerleşme türü olan orta ölçekli kentlerinse (OÖK) önerilecek yeni kentleşme yaklaşımları içinde özel ve öncelikli bir yere sahip olması gerekmektedir. Şimdiye kadar nüfus ve temel sosyo-ekonomik gelişme ekseni dışında ele alınmayan OÖK'ler, ülkemizdeki sürdürülemez kentleşme seyri için farklı potansiyeller, nitelikler ve ilişkiler üzerinden çözüm yaklaşımının temelini oluşturabilecektir. Türkiye kentleşmesinin sürdürülemezliğinde, yeni bir yol arayışı için OÖK'yi odağına alan bu çalışma bu bakımdan OÖK'lerin hangi niteliksel boyutlar ile ele alındığında kentleşmede yapıcı/çözümleyici bir rol üstlenebileceğini sorgulamakta ve bu bağlamda OÖK'leri güçlü bir kır-kent ilişkisi, yerel ekonomileri canlandırabilecek, rekabetçilik yerine dayanışma ve ağ ilişkilerine dayalı olarak tariflemeye çalışan bir yöntem denemesini içermektedir. Türkiye'de süregelen kentler ve bölgeler arası dengesizlikler, ekolojik kayıplar, kırsalın ve üretim yapılarının azalan değeri ile göç olgusu hala önemini korumaktadır. Mekânsal açıdan çok merkezli gelişim ihtiyaçlarını farklı yönleriyle içeren bu çalışma, bir yanıyla metropolleşen (büyükkentleşen), bir yanıyla da çok yönlü gelişme sorunları yaşayan kentler arasında denge unsuru olarak OÖK'leri görmekte ve bu kentler üzerinden kır-kent dayanışma ağlarının teorik-kavramsal bir arka plan üzerinden genişletilmiş okumasını yaparak Türkiye için görece özgün bir OÖK tanımı ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. İstatistiksel veri analizleri ve haritalama çalışmalarıyla şekillenen OÖK'lerin belirlenmesinde 4 farklı temsil düzeyi öne çıkmış ve en düşük profilli temsil düzeyinde yer alan Kars-Boğatepe'de saha araştırması yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda, OÖK'leri kır-kent ilişkisi ve dayanışma ağları bakımından tanımlamak için belirli aşamalardan oluşan çok değişkenli bir yöntem uygulanmış, ulusal ölçekte istenilen düzeyde veri temini ve analizi yapılamamış olsa da belirli ön bulgulara ve ileriye dönük olarak çalışmanın geliştirilmesine yardımcı olacak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Tezin önerdiği çözüm yaklaşımının pratikteki yakın karşılığı olarak görülebilecek Kars-Boğatepe süreci üzerinden kırsal odaklı yerel ekonomilerin gelişimi, kır-kent dayanışma ağları bağlamında irdelenmiş ve yapılan mülakatlar sonucunda önemli bulgular elde edilmiştir. Görece düşük nitelikli bir OÖK'nin kırsal hinterlandı ile nasıl bir gelişme dinamiği yaratabileceği ve etkileşim yapısı, diğer OÖK'ler için de olası gelişme potansiyelleri konusunda önemli ipuçları sunmuştur. Bu çalışma, gerek kentleşmede OÖK'nin yeri ve önemini gerekse taşıyacağı niteliklerin türü ve temsilinin ne denli gerekli ve bir o kadar da zor olduğunu ortaya koyması bakımından son derece önemli olup ileride artacağı öngörülen OÖK'leşme politikalarına da ışık tutmaktadır.

Abstract:
Considering both the scale and the rural-urban balance of the settlement systems in the world, our world is much more rapidly urbanized than it had been predicted in the report titled de "Limits of Growth" published by the Rome Club in 1972, and in addition to the revision of this report, the ecological aspect also faces a load over its capacity. Urbanization is now one of the main factors that take a large place with the ever increasing importance in all countries of the world, no matter which development level, and is at the center of the search for various solutions and different model constructions. When we look at the urbanization of the world, it is seen that, if the prevailing urbanization trends in terms of population and settlement sizes continue, a critical near future is expected in rural areas and ecological systems, the needs for different urbanization approaches are also highlighted. In this context, rapidly urbanizing rural power able to maintain a certain ratio and negative effects of urbanization is increasingly felt that the basic conclusions of the outstanding issues that will give direction to the approach based on urbanization in Turkey, summarizing will continue to increase in urban population, urbanization pressure on rural areas and increase the associated losses and the increasing importance of sub-metropolitan settlements (primarily mid-sized cities) in search of urban equilibrium.
The main hypothesis of the study "Turkey's local-economic development into the area and constructed over OOK an urban-rural solidarity network, and to reduce the multi-dimensional problem based on urbanization and more sustainable urbanization" has been determined. The study focuses on the necessity of a more balanced approach in the development of cities and explores how a solution approach can be developed through medium-sized cities, which will increase their importance in the foresight of urbanization in the near future. Considering that Turkey with different sizes and trends that shape the process of urbanization is unsustainable practices followed by both today and for the near future and increasing disparities between cities, it is clearly seen that it makes the solution approaches more difficult.
The maintenance of urbanization in Turkey appears to be on a trend whereby it will lead to further lack of solution in the existing situation not only by reason of its effect in terms of magnitude and dispersion on population movements and settlements, but on the basis of its multidimensional nature including social, ecological, economic-politic and rural-urban associations. This unsustainable trend of urbanization stems from the domination of neoliberal urbanization policies aiming at rapid development which the state turns a blind eye to by extending merely limited and insufficient interventions in response. Such a trend bears similarities in developing countries notably including Turkey and around the world and brings along with it necessities for varying solutions. For this reason, different solution approaches and model proposals can be developed.
On the one hand, this fundamental problem, which is rapidly becoming metropolises (with population accumulation and political decisions), increasing the pressures on rural-nature, and leading to a spatial polarization (unequal spatial growth) as a result of urbanized socio-economic conditions. It forms the starting point of the study. The study focuses on the necessity of a more balanced approach in the development of cities and at this point - how to develop a solution approach through medium-sized cities, which will increase their importance in the future urbanization projections. 
In this context, the necessity of an approach that reflects solidarity urbanization and network relations by supporting local economies through rural structures and rural-urban relations instead of competitive, localized commoditizing urbanization.
While the solution approach proposed in the thesis study does not claim to cover all dimensions of urbanization, it presents a framework which is expected to accelerate an inclusive solution with its primary and indirect effects. In this approach based on medium-sized cities, it is tried to reveal a distinction between the settlements, taking the balance between settlements, including rural structure and relations (hence more ecologically sustainable), seeking a qualification that can create immigration holding capacity, which means 'rural-urban solidarity networks' conceptualized. This new approach to medium-sized based on the city laid out spatial planning-too-centeredness, local government, urban-rural policies and more sustainable if the evaluation of the local economic growth area and a stable Turkey is expected to provide benefits for urbanization. On the other hand, although the negative effects of metropolises and urbanization have an important place in terms of the main problematic which is defined as the starting point of the study, this fundamental problem has been tried to be focused on developing the cities in less developed geographies in terms of the proposed solution approach.
In this approach, based on medium-sized cities, it is tried to reveal a distinction between the settlements, taking the balance between settlements, including rural structures and relationships (and thus more ecologically sustainable), seeking a quality that can create immigration holding capacity, which in the form of rural-urban solidarity networks. It was conceptualized. This new approach to medium-sized based on the city laid out spatial planning-too-centeredness, local government, urban-rural policies and more sustainable if the evaluation of the local economic growth area and a stable Turkey is expected to provide benefits for urbanization. On the other hand, although the negative effects of metropolises and urbanization have an important place in terms of the main problematic which is defined as the starting point of the study, this fundamental problem has been tried to be focused on developing the cities in less developed geographies in terms of the proposed solution approach.
The study also differs from the medium-scale urbanization methods used in the local and international examples as well as the scope and type of the variables it uses, as well as the medium-size urban characteristics. In the method where secondary level data were used at the provincial level, determinations related to population and rural-urban population ratios and agricultural labor force structure were determinant in the first 2 stages. In the final stage, provinces were evaluated by a multivariate table in terms of urban and rural population ratios, industrial labor structures, development levels, environmental performance, national market access levels, number of internet users and number of cooperatives based on agricultural production. In this multivariate analysis process, AHS method was used to determine which variable was more important in the characterization of medium-sized cities and to include its effect based on the analysis.
In the determination of medium-sized cities shaped by statistical data analysis and mapping studies, 4 different levels of representation came to the fore and a field survey was conducted in Kars-Boğatepe, which has the lowest profile representation level. The final part of the study applied a multivariate methodology comprised of specific steps to define medium-sized cities in terms of the rural-urban linkage and networks of solidarity and even though the desired level of data acquisition and analysis could not be achieved at the national scale, the study was able to obtain specific preliminary findings and further deliberations that will assist in the prospective development of the study.The proposed solution approach is examined in the context of rural-urban solidarity networks and the development of rural-oriented local economies through the Kars-Boğatepe case, which can be regarded as the equivalent in practice and as a result of the interviews, important findings were obtained. The case study on how a relatively low-qualified medium-sized city can create a dynamic of development and interact with the rural hinterland has provided important clues about the development potential for other medium-sized cities. It has been observed that the proposed solution approach in Kars and similar medium-sized cities, which have a high production capacity based on agriculture and livestock sectors, have a high rural quality and have a small production pattern in industrialization, have structural difficulty in development and the potentials due to various disadvantages, can have positive results. The Kars-Boğatepe process, which was discussed in the last section of the study, was understood to have significant effects not only on the development of rural-urban relations based on local economies, but also on the development of different economic sectors (such as services and tourism) and on the protection of ecological environment in terms of multidimensional unsustainability in urbanization. On the basis of a limited and original field research, if this approach finds a chance to implement the structural transformations of the existing medium-sized cities - by taking into account the local potentials / characteristics specific to themselves - the development of the existing economic and social structure, the increase of capital accumulation and agricultural productivity, reduction of the economy and the development of trade and service sectors seem possible. 
As a result, in this study, it is concluded that the proposed solution approach is generally necessary, important and has a framework which can give positive results if it is accepted by the central authority and it is a very overlapping approach with Kars-Boğatepe example. Besides this study is very important in terms of determining the place and importance of medium-sized cities in urbanization and the necessity of the type and representation of qualifications.also sheds light on the medium-sized urbanization policies, which are expected to increase in the future.