Türkiye'de arkeolojik sitlerde koruma yaklaşımları: perge antik kenti örneği
Conservation approaches in archaeological sites in turkey: the example of the ancient city of perge
Yazar: MERVE EYLÜL ZORLU
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ GÜLSÜM TANYELİ
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2024
Konu: Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Klasik arkeoloji = Classical archeology ; Tarihi koruma = Historic preservation

Özet:
Perge Antik Kenti, Antalya şehir merkezine en yakın antik kentlerden biri konumundadır ve Pamphylia bölgesinin en önemli antik kentlerinden biri olmasının yanı sıra, kentte bulunan anıt yapılar ve kazılar sırasında bulunan eserlerin önemi nedeniyle UNESCO Dünya Mirası Geçici Listesi'nde de yer almakta olan bir antik yerleşim yeridir. 
Tez, altı ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Tezin aynı zamanda giriş bölümü de olan ilk bölümde çalışmanın amaç, kapsam ve yöntemi açıklanmıştır.
Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde dünyada kültürel mirasın korunmasına ilişkin gelişen kavram ve düzenlemeler doğrultusunda arkeolojik mirasın korunmasına ilişkin hazırlanan uluslararası metinler ve kültürel mirası koruma alanında çalışan uluslararası kuruluşlar ile, Türkiye'de kültürel ve arkeolojik mirası korumayla ilgili yapılan yasal düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Türkiye'deki arkeolojik alan koruma yaklaşımları, UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi'nde de kendine yer bulmuş olan Efes ve Pergamon/Bergama antik kentleri ile Side Antik Kenti'nde gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazılar ve yapılan restorasyon müdahaleleri örneklendirilerek açıklanmıştır.
Daha sonra çalışma alanının tarihsel gelişimini anlayabilmek adına Perge Antik Kenti'nin de içinde bulunduğu Pamphylia Bölgesi'nden ve Perge Antik Kenti'nin tarihinden kısaca bahsedilmiş, 19. yüzyılda yabancı gezginlerin kente dair yaptıkları çalışmalar ve kentte 1946 yılından bu yana sürdürülen kazılar incelenmiştir.
Prof. Dr. Arif Müfit Mansel'in 1943 yılında Türk Tarih Kurumu'nun (TTK) desteğiyle Pamphylia Bölgesi ile ilgili yaptığı araştırmalar sonucunda 1946 yılında Perge Antik Kenti'nde ilk resmi kazı faaliyeti başlamıştır ve yapılan kazının Türk arkeoloji tarihi için Antalya bölgesinde yapılan ilk metodik araştırma olması açısından da önemi bulunmaktadır. 
Dördüncü bölümde Perge'de 1946 yılından günümüze kadar gerçekleştirilen mimari proje ve uygulama çalışmaları, kentte bulunan her bir önemli anıt yapı özelinde kazı arşivi, kazı sonuçları toplantılarının raporları, koruma kurulu kararları, anıt yapıların incelendiği tez çalışmaları gibi çeşitli kaynaklar kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Alanda gerçekleştirilen mimari koruma ve restorasyon müdahalelerini yapılar özelinde incelemek, kazıların ilk başladığı 1946 yılından günümüze kadar gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik alandaki restorasyon çalışmalarındaki yaklaşımları ve kullanılan teknolojiyi kronolojik olarak takip edebilmek açısından kolaylık sağlamıştır. 
Beşinci bölümde örnek olarak seçilen Bergama, Side ve Efes antik kentleri ile Perge Antik Kenti'nin koruma problemleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Sonrasında Perge Antik Kenti'nde 1946-2023 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen uygulamalar, yasal mevzuat ve kültürel mirası korumaya ilişkin uluslararası belgeler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Son bölümde ise Perge Antik Kenti'nde gerçekleştirilen mimari koruma ve restorasyon çalışmalarının yapıldıkları dönem şartları, o dönemde kabul gören uluslararası koruma ve restorasyon yaklaşımları ve mevcut teknolojik imkanlar dahilinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiğiyle ilişkin değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Örnek olarak incelenen antik kentlerde ve Perge Antik Kenti'nde zaman zaman turizm odaklı kazı ve onarım yapılmasına yönelik eleştiriler yapılmıştır. Perge örneği üzerinden ülkemizdeki arkeolojik restorasyon ve koruma yaklaşımlarının incelendiği tez çalışmasının, gelecekte Türkiye'deki arkeolojik alanlarda gerçekleştirilecek restorasyon uygulamaları ve kültürel miraslarımızdan biri olan arkeolojik sitlerin korunması için yol gösterici olabilme durumu değerlendirilmiştir.

Abstract:
The Ancient City of Perge is one of the important cities of the Pamphylia region and one of the ancient cities closest to Antalya city center. In addition to being one of the most important ancient cities of Pamphylia region, Perge is also an ancient settlement that is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List due to the importance of the monuments and artifacts found during excavations.
The Ancient City of Perge is one of the important cities of the Pamphylia region and one of the ancient cities closest to Antalya city center. In addition to being one of the most important ancient cities of Pamphylia region, Perge is also an ancient settlement that is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List due to the importance of the monuments and artifacts found during excavations.
The thesis consists of six main chapters. In the first chapter, which is also the introduction chapter of the thesis, the aim, the scope and the method of the thesis are explained. 
Since the excavations of the Ancient City of Perge started in 1946, excavations have been carried out by Turkish archaeologists and restoration interventions have also been carried out by Turkish specialist. In this study, the excavation and architectural restoration practices carried out by foreign archaeologist teams in the important ancient ruins in Turkey were also examined through examples, thus aiming to compare the excavation and restoration approaches of Turkish and foreign archaeologists in ancient cities.
At the beginning of the study, in order to examine the conservation approaches in archaeological sites in Turkey, it was determined that an antic archaeological site should be selected according to two parameters; only Turkish archaeologists should work as the head of the excavation and if foreign archaeologists worked, the number of people should be low. Perge Ancient City was determined as the subject of the study because it has been excavated by Turkish archaeologists since the beginning of the excavations and simple architectural restoration interventions were mainly carried out by the working Turkish team.
The fact that the excavations started in the middle of the 20th century, the restorations carried out over time can be easily read on the monuments, and the existence of sources related to the practices made it easier to carry out the thesis. However, some of the resources obtained regarding the architectural interventions did not provide as much technical detail as desired, and the restorations carried out in some monuments could not be examined in detail.
During the source research in the thesis study, project drawings, excavation reports and notes in the Istanbul University Antalya Region Archeology Research Center archive, books related to the subject in the Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture Library, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantıları (Excavation Results Meeting) reports published by the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums, ANMED Magazine , Belleten Magazine and Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler Dergisi (Turkish Institute of Ancient Sciences News Magazine) were used as main sources.
In the second chapter, international texts prepared for the protection of archaeological heritage in line with the developing concepts and regulations regarding the protection of cultural heritage in the world, international organizations working in the field of cultural heritage protection, and legal regulations regarding the protection of cultural and archaeological heritage in Turkey are examined. Archaeological site conservation approaches in Turkey are explained by exemplifying the archaeological excavations and restoration interventions carried out in three ancient cities, Ephesus, Pergamon and Side, which two of them are also included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Then, to understand the historical development of the study area, the Pamphylia Region, which includes the Ancient City of Perge, and the history of the Ancient City of Perge were briefly studied. The Pamphylia Region, located on the southern coast of Asia Minor and extending in an east-west direction, is adjacent to Lykia Region in the west, Cilicia Region in the east, Pisidia Region in the north and the south of the region is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. The important cities of the Pamphylia Region, from west to east, are Attaleia, Perge, Sillyon, Aspendos, Side and Lyrbe. The Ancient City of Perge is located 11 km from the Mediterranean Sea and Kestros (Aksu) River which is flowing 4 km east of the city, connected this ancient city to the Mediterranean Sea. Today, the city is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu district. 
The studies carried out by foreign travelers on the city in the 19th century and the excavations carried out in the city since 1946 were also examined in the second chapter. The Ancient City of Perge has attracted the attention of many foreign scholars and travelers since the early 19th century and while most of the travelers briefly mentioned Perge in their books, two people in particular included more detailed information about their observations and experiences during their visit to the city. These people were Pierre Trémaux and G. Karl Lanckoronski. While the photographs and drawings of Trémaux provide evidence of the situation of Perge in the mid-19th century, Lanckoronski mentioned about the city more comprehensively in his book published in 1890 and included the city plan and various drawings of the monuments in the city.
As a result of Prof. Dr. Arif Müfit Mansel's research on the Pamphylia Region with the support of the Turkish Historical Society (TTK) in 1943, the first official excavations started in Perge in 1946, and this excavation has an importance for the history of Turkish archeology as it is the first methodical research conducted in the Antalya region. In the excavations carried out by Istanbul University, the head of the excavation between 1946 and 1974 was Prof. Dr. Arif Müfit Mansel. Then Prof. Dr. Jale İnan worked as the head of the excavation between 1975 and 1987. After Prof. İnan, Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu became the head of the excavation between 1987 and 2011. With the transfer of excavation authority of Perge from Istanbul University to the Antalya Museum Directorate in 2012, the excavations were carried out under the direction of Antalya Museum Director Mustafa Demirel between 2012 and 2019. In 2020, the excavations were transferred again to Istanbul University and since then, the excavations have been carried out under the direction of Prof. Dr. Sedef Çokay Kepçe as the head of the excavation.
In the fourth chapter, which is the main chapter of the thesis, for each important monument in Perge, the architectural projects and implementation works related to restoration of monuments carried out in Perge from 1946 to the present were examined by using various sources such as the İstanbul University's excavation archive, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantıları (Excavation Results Meeting) reports, conservation board decisions, and thesis studies examining the monuments in the city. Examining the architectural conservation and restoration interventions carried out in the Ancient City of Perge, which have been carried out since 1946, on a monument-by-monument basis has made it easier to follow chronologically the conservation approaches and technology used in the restoration works in the archaeological site.
In the fifth chapter, the conservation problems of the ancient cities of Bergama, Side and Ephesus, which were selected as examples, and the Ancient City of Perge were examined comparatively. Afterwards, the practices carried out in the Ancient City of Perge between 1946 and 2023 were evaluated within the framework of legal legislation and international documents regarding the protection of cultural heritage.
In the last chapter, evaluations were made regarding the architectural conservation and restoration works carried out in the Ancient City of Perge and that they should be evaluated within the context of the conditions of the period in which they were carried out, the internationally accepted conservation and restoration approaches at that time, and the available technological possibilities. It is also possible to consider that materials used in repairs can also be evaluated within the same context. However, since it is not clear how the materials used in the restorations will interact with the original parts of the monuments over time and whether they will damage the monuments or not, it is necessary to be cautious before carrying out restoration interventions in archaeological sites and be aware of the need for reversible practices when necessary.
For the Ancient City of Perge, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, a management plan must also be prepared. Having an interdisciplinary team, including conservation architects, during the preparation phase of the management plan is important in terms of approaching planning from a broader perspective. 
It is not always possible to find an architect or conservation expert who works constantly in archaeological excavations in Turkey. This issue can also be seen clearly in the example of the Ancient City of Perge. It is important to have an architect who works constantly within the excavation team so that detailed documentation of the unearthed monuments and repair projects can be prepared and implemented within the team itself, without being put out to tender. It has been evaluated whether the thesis study, which examines archaeological restoration and conservation approaches in our country through the example of Perge, can be a guide for the restoration practices to be carried out in archaeological sites in Turkey in the future and the protection of archaeological sites as part of our cultural heritage.