Yeşil dokunun yapma çevre ile bütünleşmesi
The green areas integrated with built environment
Yazar: MELİS UYSAL
Danışman: YRD. DOÇ. DR. SELİM VELİOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı / Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2014
Konu: Peyzaj Mimarlığı = Landscape Architecture
Dizin: Kentsel yeşil alanlar = Urban green areas

Özet:
Mekansal çevrenin yeşil dokuyla ilişkili olduğu unsurlara bağlı olarak yeşil doku ile yerleşim dokularını bütünleştiren yaklaşımlar gelişmektedir.
Antik çağlardan itibaren gelişen geleneksel yerleşim dokularını incelediğimizde, iklim, arazi yapısı, savunma, barınma gibi hem doğal unsurların hem de toplumsal gerekliliklerin mekansal karaktere yansıdığı görülmektedir. Özellikle sanayi devriminden itibaren değişen kent yaşantısının etkisi, çevre sorunlarının da belirgin hale gelmesine neden olmuş ve beraberinde doğal değerlere duyarlılığın da artması yeşil dokuyla bütünleştirici yaklaşımların en azından kavramsal anlamda öne çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çerçevede; doğa ile yapma çevre arasındaki bağı önceki dönemlerde yaşamsal gerekliliklerin kurması söz konusu iken, sanayileşmeden sonra değişen çevre koşullarına uyum ve çevre sorunlarını giderme amacının bu bağı biçimlendirdiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Literatür araştırmasına bağlı olarak, yeşil dokunun yapma çevreyle bütünleşmesinin birbiriyle ilişkili başlıca 3 tasarım ölçeğinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiği savını ortaya koyarak, çalışmamız bu kavramsal çerçeve içinde ilerlemiştir. Bunlar;
- Kent planlama ölçeği
- Kentsel tasarım ve yapı grubu ölçeği
- Tek yapı ölçeğidir.
Kent planlama ölçeğinde yeşil dokunun yapma çevreyle bütünleşmesi, kentin yeşil alan omurgasını biçimlendirerek ekolojik dengeyi kuran ve fiziksel çevre biçimlendirmesiyle çevre karakterini de etkileyen üst kararları alabilmeyi içerir.
Kentsel tasarım ölçeğinde yeşil doku ile yapma çevrenin bütünleşmesi, birbiriyle bağlantılı mekan dizisinin doğal değerlere duyarlılık gözetilerek akıcı bir yeşil doku bütünlüğüne sahip olmasını kapsar. Yapı grubunun parçalı yapısı arasında kalan mekansal çevrede, dış mekan yaşantısının etkisiyle kent ile bağlantı kurabilmeyi içerir.
Mimari ölçekte yapma çevrenin yeşil doku barındırması, yapının avlular oluşturacak şekilde biçimlenmesi, yeşil dokuyu kesintiye uğratmaksızın arazi formuyla bağlanarak yapının yeraltına gömülmesi, çeşitli uygulama tekniklerinden faydalanarak bitkisel unsurların yapı bileşeni olarak bina kabuğunda çatı ve cephe bitkilendirmesi olarak yer almasıdır.
Yeşil doku ile mekansal çevrenin bütünleşmesini bütüncül bir yaklaşıma dönüştürmeyi amaçlayan bu tez çalışması 4 bölümden oluşmaktadır:
1. Bölümde; temel sorun ortaya koyulmuş ve çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi
belirtilmiştir.
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2. Bölümde; doğal kaynakların çevre politikalarına göre korunması irdelenmiştir.
3. Bölümde; yeşil doku ile yapma çevre bütünleşmesinin birbiri ile ilişkili başlıca 3
tasarım ölçeğinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiğinin irdelenmesi yer
almaktadır. Bunlar; kent planlama ölçeği, kentsel tasarım ve yapı grubu
ölçeği ve tek yapı ölçeğidir.
4. Bölüm ise; tezin sonuçlarını içermektedir.

Abstract:
Green areas and built environment integrate according to the each part of spatial environment that are connected with green areas.
This thesis work aims to transform the green area and spatial environment integration into a unifying approach.
Before extracting the spatial environment into its dimensions and elements connected with green areas, a definition of a relationship between green areas and built environment is required. When we examine the traditional settlements from the beginning of the earliest time of urban life formation, we observe that within the context of the natural elements such as climate and topography, as well as diverse social requirements such as defense and shelter form the urban pattern. Likewise, when we examine the period from the industrial revolution began in 18th century to the present, we observe that the urban life has changed. Therefore, along with the increasing environmental problems the sensitivity to the nature has grown. Consequently, the integrative approach for the settlements and green areas come forward at least in the theoretical area.
Accordingly, in the previous periods, living necessities had been establishing the connection between the nature and built environment; however, after the industrialization, it is appeared that the aim which forms this connection is this: the purpose of adaptation to ever-changing, differentiating, renewing environmental conditions and needs as well as the purpose of resolving the environmental problems.
Depending on the literature research, our work put forward the assertion of that the integration of green areas and built environment is required to be examined at interrelated major 3 design scales and so our work has progressed in this conceptual framework. The major 3 design scales are determined as follows:
- City planning scale
- Urban design and building groups scale
- Individual building scale
In the planning scale, formation of the green areas integrated with the physical environment comprise upper decisions in context with sustainability and ecology considered unifying approach. Due to forming fundamental green area structure of the city and also determining the environment character, the planning scale has a special feature of carrying the distinctive upper decisions.
In the urban design scale, the integration of green areas and built environment includes without interruption provision of a unifying effect of green areas in a series
of interconnected and flowing spaces between the fragmented structure of the building groups.
In the architecture scale, the green area involvement to the built environment indicates that setting the planting elements in open space use such as in courtyards and inner gardens as part of the spatial organization and also integrating the building envelope with vegetation by taking advantage of application techniques.
This thesis work which aims to transform green area and spatial environment integration into a unifying approach, composed of four chapters:
1. Chapter; comprises the definiton of the problem and presents the theoretical
framework of the investigation.
2. Chapter; examine the preservation of natural resources according to the
environmental policies.
3. Chapter; evaluate the green areas integrated with built environment
within the 3 interralated scales, these are the followings: city
planning scale , urban planning and building groups scale and
individual building scale.
4. Chapter; contains conclusion of the thesis.
In the first chapter; a definition of a relationship between green areas and built environment is determined. The traditional settlements from the ancient times and the industrial revolution are involved in this context. So the assertation of our work related to green areas and built environment integration put forward. Furthermore, the framework of 3 major design scales are explained.
In the second chapter, the preservation of natural resources is examined. Depending on the natural environment research, it is clear that the natural resources are integral part of the ecosystem. The principles and decisions related to the natural resource management and their sustainable use include a comprehensive approach for the natural environmental. Therefore,
- adaptation to climate change,
- preserving the water resources,
- preserving forest areas,
- preserving biological diversity
in the context of environmental policy are priority requirements. Especially, protecting natural values is fundamental in order to develop ecologically sensitive planning and designs.
In the third chapter, depending on the literature research, our work put forward the assertion of that integration of green areas and built environment is required to be evaluated at interrelated major 3 design scales and so our work has progressed in this conceptual framework.
According to the literature research, the impact of vegetation in the city was important during the previous periods of communities for different reasons. The vegetation was part of nature oriented planning and design initiatives. When urban forms are influenced by the nature, urban identity is composed with the spatial elements that are parts of urban forms.
In city planning scale, green area and built environment integration sustain the upper decisions that relates to city. Sustainability and ecological connections are considered in this context. Planning scale includes the unifying green area structure of the city.
In urban design scale, when we observe the previously used open spaces, it is seen that they have social functions such as socializing, coming together, creating a common identity, communicating and establishing a connection with the adjacent spaces. In the period of looking for the ecologically compatible space design; urban design came forward as part of environmental design developments.
As part of the building group design development, various green area aspects enrich the space character. Strengthening the scenery orientation of the building, including shaded walkways in open space that are provided between the buildings, creating transparent space organization between the interior and exterior of the building contribute to the urban environment.
Green areas are natural elements that have an effective and important role in forming the physical environment. Vegetation defines the urban forms, unify, seperate, direct and emphasize continuity with its dimension, texture and distribution.
In the individual building scale; integration of green areas with built environment includes that the form of the building allows for the courtyards and inner gardens, underground building envelops connect with the surrounding topography, vegetation is used as a structural component in vegetated roofs and facades.
In the individual building scale, the relationship between the green areas and built environment is composed of the following areas:
- Courtyard and inner gardens
- Building envelope integrated with vegetation
When the building structure form the courtyards, the spatial organization defines the open space. Continuity of green areas into the inner gardens enrich the space character. In this space organization, climatic benefits such as daylight and air circulation also contribute to the ecological aspects of the open space use. The recently developed application techniques enable to integrate the vegetation to the building as part of its structural component.
The scope of the building envelope integrated with vegetation is explained as follows:
- Underground building envelope
- Vegetated roof
- Vegetated facade
In the forth chapter, the conclusions of this thesis work obtained along with the discussions of each part of the conceptual framework.
Accordingly, this thesis conclude that it is fundamentally required to focus on the related major 3 design scale that are following; city planning scale, urban design and building group scale and the individual building scale in order to evaluate the green areas integration with built environment.