Enerji verimli elektrikli cihazlar için geçerli mevzuatın split klimalar özelinde incelenmesi
Investigation of current regulation for energy efficient electrical equipment by the case of split airconditioner
Yazar: ÖMER ÖZÇAM
Danışman: PROF. DR. SERMİN ONAYGİL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Enerji Enstitüsü / Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2012
Konu: Enerji = Energy
Dizin: Enerji tasarrufu = Energy saving ; Split klima = Split climate

Özet:
Yirminci yüzyılda gerçekleşen iki dünya savaşının ana temalarından biri enerji arzıydı. 1973 yılından önce enerjinin temini ve maliyeti ile ilgili olarak ülkelerin gündeminde hiçbir problem olmamasına rağmen,  15 Ekim 1973 tarihinde Petrol İhraç Eden Arap Ülkeleri Birliği olan OPECe Mısır ve Suriye?nin de eklenmesi ile oluşan OAPECin ilan ettiği petrol ambargosu bir enerji krizi ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu olaydan sonra petrol fiyatları ve genel olarak enerji fiyatlarında ciddi bir yükseliş gerçekleşmiştir. Bu gelişmeler sonucunda ülkeler enerji bağımlılıklarını ve enerji arz güvenliklerini gözden geçirmeye başlamışlardır. Özellikle elektrik üretiminde bir can simidi olarak görünen nükleer enerjide 1979 yılında gerçekleşen Three Mile Island kazası ve 1986 yılında Ukranya?daki Çernobil kazaları ile ciddi bir prestij kaybına uğramıştır. Bu arada 1990lı yıllarda etkisini yavaş yavaş göstermeye başlayan küresel ısınma ve fosil yakıt rezervlerin azalması ile de ülkeler alternatif enerji kaynaklarına yönelmeye başlamışlardır. Diğer yandan, alternatif enerji kaynaklarının en büyük sorunları olan baz enerji olarak kullanılamamaları ve depolanmalarındaki problemler bu yakıtların ekonomik olarak yeterli düzeyde kullanılabilmelerini engellemektedir. Bu nedenle var olan enerjinin daha verimli kullanılması gündemdeki yerini her zaman korumuş ve enerji verimliliği tüm dünyada önem kazanmıştır. 
Bu yüksek lisans tezinin ilk bölümünde enerji verimliliği kavramı incelenmiştir. Daha sonra ABD, AB, Japonya ve Türkiye?nin enerji verimliliği; bu ülkelerin enerji politikaları ile birlikte ABD, AB ve Türkiye?de enerji verimliliğinin arttırılmasına yönelik uygulamalar için çıkarılan yasalar ve halihazırda uygulanan programlar kapsamında tartışılmıştır. Bir sonraki aşamada enerji verimli cihazlar için yapılan çalışmalar ve özellikle ülkemizi de ilgilendiren Avrupa Birliği gündemindeki ECODESIGN direktifleri ele alınmıştır. Bunu takip eden süreçte, iklimlendirme sektörü dünya ve ülke genelinde incelenip, bu sektörün kapsadığı dört alandan biri olan soğutma konusu ithalat, ihracat ve kullanımsal açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ardından ülkemizde yaklaşık olarak yılda 2,5 milyon adet üretilen split klimaların teknik özellikleri ve ülkelere göre enerji verimliliği rakamları incelenmiştir. Tezin uygulama kısmında ülkemizde bulunan split klimaların teknik özellikleri ve enerji verimliliği rakamları incelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise kullanımda bulunan toplam 7 milyon adet split klimanın içinde bulunan 5 milyon adet eski teknoloji içeren klimaların yeni teknoloji ile değiştirilmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkacak sonuçlar ortaya konup, bunun yapılabilmesi için kamu ve özel sektörün atabileceği adımlar önerilmiştir.

Abstract:
One of the main concepts of the two world wars occurred in the 20th century was energy submission. Although there was no problem between countries about energy supply and cost, petroleum embargo declared by OAPEC, which was established by Egypt and Syria with OPEC, ended with an energy crisis. As a result of this crisis, costs of petroleum and energy significantly increased which lead the countries to revise their energy dependency and security of energy submission. In addition, nuclear energy, which was accepted as a life-saver for electricity generation, lost its prestige due to Three Mile Accident in 1979 and Chernobyl disaster in 1986, Ukraine. During this time period, global warming and declining of fossil fuel reserves, which have started in 1990?s, caused countries to tend to alternative energy resources. Problems about the alternative energy sources which are related to storage and not being usable as base energy prevent economic usage of alternative energy resources. For this reason, more efficient usage of the existing energy has been coming up and energy efficiency has gained importance. 
As a result of increseased welfare with developing technology, an increase in the spending energy per capita is observed for example household electrical appliciances. Even the lightings in the houses had been accepted luxury, nowadays refrigrator, computer, television, washing machine, dish washer, oven, iron and especially split clima as a result of increasing temperature in hot summer days have been widely used. Energy efficiency, stating as evaluation of energy sources in all phases from production to consumption with the highest efficiency, involves reducing energy loss, reuse and recycle of waste, decreasing the energy consumption via new technologies without loss of quality and performance in production phase and also not to prevent social welfare. 
EU, US, and Japan have made big investment in research on energy and efficiency and have a leading role. As a result of this role mode, particular standards have been constituted. It is obvious that directives, which have been prepared toward thesestandards, will give a competitive advantage to these countries. The application of these directives not only provides the energy efficiency, but also increases dynamics the domestic and foreign markets and develops new exported goods. The countries, which have limited AR-GE capacity and have weakness on competition and innovation, should open their markets to these pioneer countries. It is clear that the countries, which provide necessity of energy and climate century, will win out.  So, it will be useful to firstly examine the policies of these countries. The first strategies and policies on energy efficiency was improved and applied by western countries and Japan in 1970?s as a result of petroleum crisis and the subsequently increase in energy prices. The concept on energy efficiency became an indispensable component of energy and development policies and now it has increasing prevalent application area.
The studies on energy efficiency in Japan and EU, applied policies, given promotions, regulations and prevention by these countries have given advantages and had a give start. The same pioneer studies have been also examined in US. Although it is state-specific differences in the federal system of US, there are leading developments have been already observed in the contrary of the most countries. For example, California is one the most successful state in EU in terms of energy efficiency. 
The first study on energy efficiency in Turkey had been started in 1980?s by Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration. Subsequently the study on determination of energy saving potential was done in 1981. As a result of these studies, saving equaling to 4 million TEP can be done. In 1995, National Energy Saving Centre was established within  national electric company. It is difficult to mention that the regulation is sufficient in the scope of energy efficiency. This regulation, which was non-obligatory on implementation, only involved industrial consumption,had not any items on energy consumption in houses, etc., energy production and transfer. After 12 years of publication of the regulation, in May 2007, Law on Energy Efficiency enumerated as 5627 was established.  After this law, publishing of document on strategy of energy efficiency was declared in January 2010. The main reasons of the publishing document were identification of the action and to act relevant organizations in co-ordination for decreasing energy intensity. The draft version of this strategy documents were declared in the beginning of 2010 to receive opinion and changes were done. The last version of the strategy document has officially entered into force in February 2012.
As a result of the studies on energy efficiency in our country, the energy saving potential has been declared as 30% in building sector, 20% in industry, 15% in tranfer. This saving potential equals to four times energy obtained form Keban Dam and this value also 7.5 million TL. According to IEA data, the buildings which are used for domestic and commercial aims, consume one third of whole energy of the world. Their ratios in all energy consumption are 60% and 40% in  IEA and EU, respectively. In Turkey, the residence number is 17 million according to the data of 2007. In 2009, this number increased to 26.6 million. On the speech notes of  the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, this numbered reached to 32 million in 2012. Energy consumption in Turkey countered as  230 billion kWh in 2011. According to this value, the energy consumption ration of houses is 20%. This value reveals the importance of the increasing usage of household electrical appliances.
Studies on the energy efficiency of household electrical appliances have been ongoing in EU and all the world. Energy consumption tags for increasing efficiency of household electrical appliances, minimum consumption (performans) standards, and Eco-Design Directives can be given as the main studies. 
In October 2009, 2009/125/EC directive with eco-design concept has been put on the agenda by EU. While 2005 version of the directive included only energy consumed products, the scope of this directive enlarged with the energy relevant products in 2009. As a result, eco-design products such as isolation materials and valves have been included in the last version of the directive. Eco-design directive was accpeted and entitled as `The regulation on eco-design requirements for energy-related products? in October 2012, in Turkey.The aim of the regulation is to contribute sustainable development  by increasing energy efficiency, the level of environmental protection and energy security descripe with the design conditions of the presenting the products related to energy to market or putting them into service.
In the application part of this thesis, 2.5 million split air conditioners have been examined in terms of technical aspects and energy efficiency. In the result part, there is a comparison between the presence situation and the potential situation which covers the changes the old-type 5 million split air-conditioner of 7 million total with the new technologies.