Yerleşmelerde güneş ışınımından optimum yararlanma ve gökyüzü görüş faktörünün belirlenmesine yönelik bir algoritma önerisi
An algorithm proposal for optimum utilization of solar radiation and determination of sky view factor in settlements
Yazar: ORÇUN FINDIK
Danışman: PROF. DR. GÜL KOÇLAR ORAL
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı / Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2022
Konu: Enerji = Energy ; Mimarlık = Architecture
Dizin: Enerji tüketimi = Energy consumption ; Güneş ışığı = Sunlight ; Modelleme = Modelling ; Optimizasyon modelleri = Optimization models ; Yerleşim alanları = Settlement areas

Özet:
Hızla artan enerji tüketimi ve sebep olduğu CO2 salımlarının çevreye vermiş olduğu geri dönüşü olmayan tahribatlar, enerji tüketiminin önemli bir bölümünden sorumlu olan konut yapılarında özellikle ön tasarım aşamasında enerji etkin önlemlerin alınmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ülkemizde konut yapılarının ısıtılması için harcanan enerjinin ön planda olması, konut yerleşmelerinde güneş ışınımı kazancını etkileyen başlıca faktörler olan yön, form, yükseklik ve yapılar arasındaki mesafeler gibi parametrelerin organizasyonu ile enerji verimliliği bağlamında iyileştirmeye gidilebileceğini göstermektedir. Bahsi geçen faktörlerin yanı sıra, dış konfor koşulları için önem arz eden kentsel ısı adası etkisi değeri ve dolayısı ile gökyüzü görüş faktörü değeri arasındaki ilişki son yıllarda yapılmış olan çalışmalar için sıklıkla incelenen bir konu olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Yapıların performansı bağlamında tasarım parametreleri ve performans hedefleri arasında çoklu eşleştirmeler yapmada ve optimize çözümleri elde etmede yetersiz kalan geleneksel tasarım metotlarının aksine, hesaplamalı tasarım metodları ve parametrik tasarım araçları, tasarım alternatiflerinin göz önünde bulundurulması aşamasında insan hatası sebebi ile olabilecek ihmallerden kaynaklı veya tahmini yaklaşımlar ile göz ardı edilmiş alternatiflerin olabileceği durumların dışında kalarak daha güvenilir bir süreç ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu tez çalışmasında, konut yerleşmelerinin evrimsel optimizasyon kullanılarak güneş ışınımı bağlamında eniyilenmesi ve ardından gökyüzü görüş faktörlerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir algoritma geliştirilmiş olup parametrik tasarım ve evrimsel optimizasyon süreçlerinin ön tasarım aşamasında alınması gereken enerji etkin önlemler bağlamında nasıl ele alınabileceğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Geliştirilmiş olan algoritma, sınırları belirlenen bir yerleşme tasarımı örneğinde, sıklıkla karşılaşılan nokta blok ve sıralı blok yapı yerleşmelerinde, taban alanları sabit tutulan kare ve dikdörtgen planlı yapılar için İstanbul iklim koşullarında denenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, kullanıcının bir yerleşme alanında güneş ışınımı bağlamında optimizasyon ve gökyüzü görüş faktörü bağlamında kontrolü yapılırken oluşabilecek çoklu yerleşim senaryolarını gözlemleyerek faydalanabileceği yeni bir tasarım yaklaşımı geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda, bu tez çalışması kapsamında geliştirilen algoritma kullanılarak yapılan eniyileme çalışmasının ve gökyüzü görüş faktörü hesabının, konut yapısı yerleşmelerinde ön tasarım aşamasında alınabilecek enerji etkin önlemler bağlamında kullanılabilirliğini göstermiştir.

Abstract:
Irreversible damage to the environment caused by rapidly increasing energy consumption and CO2 emissions reveal the importance of taking energy-efficient measures, especially in the preliminary design phase for the residential buildings, which are responsible for a significant part of energy consumption. Energy efficient measures to be taken at the preliminary design stage to reduce energy consumption in residential buildings and the determination of appropriate 
values for the parameters that determine the design of residential settlements make it possible to conserve energy. Most of the energy consumed in our country is for the heating of residential buildings. In this context, reducing energy consumption by making use of solar radiation in residential settlements is important. In residential settlements, the direction, form, height of the buildings and the distances between the buildings are the main factors affecting the solar radiation gain. In addition to the mentioned factors, in many studies conducted in recent years, it is seen that the relationship between the urban heat island which can negatively affect the external comfort conditions and the sky view factor, is observed. Contrary to traditional design methods, which are insufficient to make multiple matches between design parameters and performance targets in the context of the performance of the buildings and to obtain optimized solutions, computational design methods and parametric design tools are considered with more predictive approaches and avoiding stuations that may occur due to human error during the consideration of design alternatives. It provides a more reliable process, excluding situations where there may be overlooked alternatives. In this context, it is aimed to investigate how the parametric design and evolutionary optimization processes can be handled in the context of energy efficient measures that should be taken in the preliminary design phase. In this thesis, an algorithm has 
been developed with using evolutionary algorithm for the optimization in the context of solar radiation and determining the sky view factors of residential settlements. The softwares and plugins has been used in the phase of algorithm development are; 
 Rhino
 Grasshopper
 Ladybug
 Octopus
In this study, grasshopper was used for parametric model, ladybug was used for sun radiation octopus was used optimization. For sky view factor calculation, a developed sub algorithm was used and integrated into the main algorithm. The steps of the parametric model developing, sun radiation and sky view factor simulations and optimization processes steps are;
1. Creating the Parametric Model
1.1 Identification of the land where the settlement is located
1.2 Identification of the location of the structures on the land
1.3 Identification of the heights of the structures in the settlement
1.4 Identification of structures in the field
1.5 Determination of the distances between the buildings, the heights of the front 
and back facades and their ratios to the distances between the buildings
2. Solar Radiation Calculation
3. Optimization Process
4. Use of Datalogger/Data Recorder Modules
5. Sky Sight Factor Calculation
5.1 Identification of the land where the settlement is located
5.2 Identification of the location of the structures on the land
It is aimed to apply the developed algorithm to the settlement design example. In line with this goal, an optimization was made in the context of solar radiation for different scenarios in a settlement design example assumed to be located in Istanbul, and the selected alternatives were discussed in the context of sky view factor. Thus, a design approach has been tried to developed that allows the user of the algorithm to evaluate the different multi number optimum solutions that may occur in a settlement area due to sun radiation and sky view factor value observations. In this context, in the first part of the study, an algorithm that provides optimization in the context of solar radiation and control of the obtained results in the context of sky visibility factor has been developed.
Steps of the algorithm's development phase are:
 Paremetric model
 Sun Radiation Analysis
 Optimization
 Data Recorders
 Sky View Factor Analysis
As a first step in the setup of the algorithm, a parametric model was developed in the interface of the Grasshopper software, in which the number of buildings can be changed and the height of the buildings can be changed depending on the number of buildings in order to keep the total living area (m²) value constant, and the orientation and slope of the land can be changed, and whole process was observed in the Rhino modeling interface. The solar radiation values of different settlement scenarios produced by changing these parameters were calculated with the Ladybug plugin. Afterwards, the module of the Octopus plugin has been added to the algorithm in order to perform the optimization process in the context of solar radiation. Solar radiation values maximizing during heating term, and minimizing 
during cooling term were used as objective values while settlement parameters were used as genetic data for octopus plugin. At the last stage, the sky view factor values of the alternatives selected among the settlement scenarios were obtained. In this context, a sub-algorithm was developed and added to the main algorithm, which allows the measurement points to be formed automatically between the structures and the calculation of the sky visibility factor values of the settlements. In the second part of the study, the developed algorithm has been tested in a settlement design example with Istanbul climatic conditions, and the optimization process was carried out in the context of maximizing the solar radiation value in the heating period and minimizing it in the cooling period by keeping the land area and building floor area parameters constant. The results obtained by the optimization were analyzed and in the continuation of the 
study, among the solutions, the alternatives which have reasonable H/W ratios were selected and comparisons were made between the alternatives selected from the pareto pre solution scenarios with the sky view factor analysis.
The testing process was performed in the settlement types below:
 Rectangle Plan Block Settlement
 Rectangle Plan Row Housing Settlement
 Square Plan Block Settlement
 Square Plan Row Housing Settlement
The ranges of solar radiation values obtained during the optimization process were examined over generations. Pareto pre solution scenarios obtained as a result of the optimization process were grouped according to the number of floors of the buildings and examined and with observing the alternatives which have different number of the buildings and different building height values, the relation between intensity of settlement and solar radiation gain was investigated. While this study was limited to obtaining optimum benefit from solar radiation in settlements and determining the sky view factor, the parametric model, in which it is possible to obtain more efficient results by increasing the number of parameters, is open to development for the objectives of optimum utilization of wind energy, 
determination of energy loads, determination of energy costs, and can also be used for optimization in the context of the mentioned objectives. Within the scope of this study, it has been revealed that, with depending on certain 
boundary conditions (such as the targeted number of people and the area per capita (m²)) in residential settlements, optimum benefit from solar radiation can be achieved with optimization techniques based on parametric design and algorithms and as a result of the data obtained, it has been shown that the optimization study and the sky view factor calculation using the algorithm developed within the scope of this thesis can be used in the context of energy efficient measures that can be taken in the preliminary design phase of residential building settlements.