Toplu taşıma sistemlerinin optimizasyonu
Optimisation of publi̇c transportation systems
Yazar: HAYRİ KARAKAYA
Danışman: PROF. DR. HAKAN GÜLER
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Ulaşım = Transportation

Özet:
Günümüzde dünya genelinde hususi araç kullanımındaki artış, enerji sıkıntısı, trafik 
sıkışıklığı ve buna bağlı olarak bir noktadan başka bir noktaya ulaşımda harcanan 
süreler artış göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak enerji fiyatlandırmalarındaki artışlar da 
insanları hususi araç kullanımından toplu taşıma sistemlerine yöneltmektedir. Toplu 
taşıma sistemlerine olan talep artışı ile birlikte toplu taşıma idareleri bu taleplere 
cevap verebilmelidir. Toplu taşıma idareleri; insanların hızlı, güvenli, erişilebilir ve 
ekonomik çözümlerle bir noktadan bir noktaya ulaşımını sağlamakla yükümlüdürler. 
Bu çözümlerde kamu yararı gözetilerek mevcut kaynakların (yol altyapısı, araç ve 
işletme personelleri) kanun ve yönetmeliklere uygun olarak verimli kullanımının 
sağlanması gerekmektedir. Toplu taşıma türlerinin ve hat sayılarının artmasıyla 
birlikte hem mevcut seferlerin gerçekleştirilebilmesi hem de yolculuk talebine 
karşılık verebilmesi amacıyla toplu taşıma işletme planlaması ve optmizasyonu 
kavramı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Toplu taşıma işletme planlaması ve optimizasyonu için 
farklı ülkeler tarafından geliştirilmiş yazılımlar bulunmakta olup bu yazılımlar, toplu 
taşıma idarelerine kaynak (araç ve sürücü) bazlı verimlilik sağlayarak maliyetlerin 
düşürülmesinde büyük rol oynamaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi sorumluluğunda bulunan EminönüAlibeyköy 
tramvay hattının mevcut verileri göz önüne bulundurularak örnek bir 
uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Eminönü-Alibeyköy tramvay hattının işletme planı ve 
optimizasyonunu yapabilmek için IVU.Plan yazılımı kullanılmıştır. IVU.Plan 
yazılımına hattın yol ağı, araç, sefer, işletme personellerinin çalışma kuralları vb. 
veriler tanımlanmıştır. İşletmeye devam ederken gerçekleşebilecek farklı sefer 
senaryoları tasarlanmış ve bu senaryolar üzerinden optimizasyon analizleri 
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Optimizasyon analizleri sonucunda Eminönü-Alibeyköy tramvay 
hattında her bir sefer senaryosuna ait gerekli araç ve sürücü sayıları belirlenmiştir. 
Eminönü Alibeyköy hattında her iki yönde günlük toplam 488 seferin, 17 araç ve 42 
sürücü ile gerçekleştirilebileceği tespit edilmiş olup farklı sefer senaryoları ile 
birlikte sefer sayısı-araç sayısı ve sefer sayısı-sürücü sayısı verileri kullanılarak 
regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Farklı sefer senaryoları ve hattı kullanan yolcuların 
kart basım verileri göz önünde bulundurularak hattın gelecekteki yolculuk 
taleplerine, yolcu memnuniyeti ve verimli kaynak kullanımı sağlanarak cevap 
verilebilmesi için değerlenirmelerde ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Abstract:
Nowadays, states and local governments are working various studies in order to
reduce the negative effects on the environment in the transportation sector and the 
use of fossil fuels in energy consumption. In this context, the use of public 
transportation systems has gained importance instead of using private vehicles due to 
cost, energy consumption and environmental effects, and the tendency to use public 
transportation systems has increased.
Geographical conditions, cost, passenger supply, distance between stops, voyage 
duration, etc. in urban transportation by the state and local governments in order for 
the public to prefer public transportation systems. Investments are made taking into 
account the variables. Public transportation systems, which are divided into three 
types as road, rail and sea, contain different systems within themselves. Road public 
transport, rubber wheel systems; rail public transport metro, light rail, tram, 
funicular, etc. rail systems, maritime public transport, ferry, motor etc. consists of 
systems. The geographical conditions of the city where the public transportation 
systems are located, the road infrastructure, the passenger supply, etc. Due to the fact 
that it is shaped under the influence of the characteristics, it shows type and systemic 
differences from country to country and city to city.
Urban public transportation systems, people's work, health, social, etc. these are the 
systems that collectively meet the transportation needs that arise due to reasons. It 
alleviates the traffic load with routes and price tariffs predetermined by the public 
transport administrations of the city where it is located, while reducing fossil fuel 
consumption and environmental pollution and transportation costs. In order to 
respond to travel demands, the most suitable system is selected and put into 
operation by making advance planning. It provides three different types of service as 
highway, railway and seaway. While road mass transportation systems consist of 
rubber-tyred systems, rubber-tyred systems are also divided into different units 
within themselves. Although there are private roads reserved for public 
transportation vehicles in different countries and cities, the majority of them serve on 
roads exposed to traffic load where private vehicle use is used. Maritime public 
transportation systems serve by selecting the units connected to the most suitable 
transportation vehicles according to the travel demand and the physical infrastructure 
of the line planned to be created. Although urban maritime public transportation 
generally has higher travel times compared to different systems, it also provides the 
opportunity to be used for touristic purposes. Railway public transport systems, on 
the other hand, can have the highest passenger carrying capacity when planned 
correctly in urban transportation. They are systems that can connect the main axes of 
the city, rarely have an intersection with road transportation, but are safer and can 
serve with a high accuracy of planned timetables since the majority of them are 
operated separately from road traffic. 
Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line, located between Fatih and Eyüpsultan districts within 
the provincial borders of Istanbul, is a rail system line covering the shores of the 
Haliç. The tram line, which is planned to be operated between Cibali-Alibeyköy Cep 
Otogarı stations in the first stage, has been designed to have a line length of 10.1 km. 
Küçükpazar and Eminönü stations, located after Cibali station, are planned to be 
completed and put into operation in the future.
Various expedition scenarios have been prepared for the operation planning and 
optimization studies on the Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line.
Later in the line; considering the increase in the number of integrations with the full 
opening of the line, the start of the education period of the universities around the 
line, etc., the number of trips should be increased with the increase in travel demand. 
It is possible to monitor the increase and decrease in the number of passengers that 
may be experienced while the tram line continues to operate and to prepare the 
operation plan accordingly. Different trip scenarios can be prepared by monitoring 
monthly, weekly, daily and hourly the card issuance data and analyzing travel 
demands. 19 trip scenarios have been prepared to be used in business planning and 
optimization studies for the Eminönü-Alibeyköy line to be operated with more 
efficient resource use.
The 19 trip scenarios prepared were also defined in the IVU.Plan program and the 
operation plan optimization studies of the T5 Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line were 
carried out.
Network points and groups of Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line, route, route variation, 
link, trip, vehicle working guidelines, duty guidelines and driver change guidelines 
are defined in IVU.Plan software. Integrated duty and vehicle working scheduling 
program in IVU.Plan software is used in optimization studies. In the integrated duty 
and vehicle working scheduling program, vehicle working and duty scheduling can 
be done at the same time, as well as vehicle working and duty scheduling can be 
done separately.
Vehicle working; it is the vehicle duty of a vehicle, which ensures the realization of 
the number of trip determined in the expedition scenarios, until it leaves the garage 
and returns to the garage. As a result of the optimization, vehicle working with 17 
vehicle duty were formed. The average vehicle working time was calculated as 17 
hours, and the total vehicle working time was calculated as 292 hours. The average 
distance traveled by a vehicle from the garage to the garage is 292 km and the total 
of 17 vehicles is 4959 km. The trip plan efficiency was calculated as 89%. Course 
refers to the number of vehicles that make scheduled trips. More than one vehicle 
working can combine to form a course, but within the framework of the defined 
rules, a course is created with each vehicle working. As a result of vehicle working 
optimization; it has been revealed that there is a need for 17 trams in order to carry 
out the 488 trips in the number 10 trip scenario and the working plans of these trams.
In order to carry out the trips to the vehicle workings and courses that are created by 
the vehicle working optimization, it is necessary to assign a driver. Together with the 
duty optimization, the number of duty, which is the number of drivers required for 
the execution of the trips, was found to be 42.
Depending on the increase or decrease in the number of trips or the changes in the 
guidelines of the operation plan, it is possible to reach the necessary number of tram 
vehicles and drivers in order to apply the schedules with the optimization analysis of 
the operation plan.