Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramvay hattı projesi coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS) tabanlı güzergah analizi ve gelişimi
Analysis and development of Eminonu – Alibeykoy tram line using geographical information system (GİS)
Yazar: SAİT BUĞRA UZUN
Danışman: PROF. DR. ALİ OSMAN ATAHAN
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2020
Konu: Ulaşım = Transportation

Özet:
Kalabalık şehirlerin en büyük problemlerinin başında ulaşım sorunu gelmektedir.
Dünyadaki bütün büyük şehirlerde olduğu gibi ülkemizin de en yüksek nüfusa sahip
şehirlerinden biri olan İstanbul aynı sorunla mücadele etmeye çalışmakta, çözümü
için yatırımlar yapmaktadır. Ancak yüksek maliyeti olan ulaşım yatırımları titizlikle
çalışarak yapılmalı, mümkün olan en az harcama ile en fazla verim alınmaya
çalışılmalıdır. Bundan dolayı halkın talepleri iyi değerlendirilmelidir. Halkın talepleri
ve eğilimleri doğrultusunda yatırımı gerçekleştirilecek olan ulaştırma projelerinden
en iyi fayda sağlanabilmektedir.
Birçok sektörde faydalanıldığı gibi ulaştırma sektöründe de verilerin etkili bir şekilde
analiz edilmesine coğrafi bilgi sisteminin katkısı göz ardı edilemez. Özellikle
ulaştırma projelerinde güzergâh boyunca gerçekleştirilecek analizlerde işlenecek
verilerin konumsal veriler ile kritik ilişkilerinin olması coğrafi bilgi sistemini
ulaştırma projelerinde daha önemli bir konuma getirmektedir. Bir ulaştırma
projesinde en önemli safha olan güzergâh seçimi gerçekleştirilirken kullanılacak olan
yolculuk talebi, nüfus yoğunluğu, diğer ulaşım sistemleri ile uyum, okul ve kamu
kurumlarına ayrıca sanayi ve ticaret alanlarına yakınlık verilerinin konumsal veri
olmadan anlamlandırılması beklenemez. Aynı zamanda konumsal niteliğe sahip
veriler birbirlerinden farklı önem derecelerine sahiptirler. Ulaştırma sektöründe
faaliyet gösteren uzmanların görüşleri alınarak çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleriyle
faktörlerin önem dereceleri ve ağırlık puanları belirlenir. Belirlenen ağırlık puanları
konumsal verilerle eşlenerek coğrafi bilgi sistemi yazılım programlarıyla analizin
gerçekleştirilmesi sağlanır. Bu verilerin en iyi şekilde analiz edilerek, ulaştırma
projelerinde güzergâh seçiminin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için çok kriterli karar verme
yöntemleri ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri karar vericilerin en büyük yardımcısıdır.
Mevcut duruma bakıldığı zaman 2019 verilerine göre İstanbul'da toplu taşıma
içerisinde raylı sistemlerin payı %18,6'dır. Hayata geçirilen metro, tramvay,
Marmaray vb. projelerle birlikte şehir içi ulaşımda raylı sistemlerin payı artmıştır.
Ancak İstanbul gibi büyük şehirlerdeki trafik sorununa raylı sistem projelerinin
çözüm olabilmesi için bu oran yeterli değildir. Raylı sistem hatları arttırılmalı ve
şehirde yaşayan her birey için raylı sistemler ulaşılabilir hale getirilmelidir. Bundan
dolayı ilk yapım maliyeti, karayolu yapım maliyetine göre çok daha yüksek olan
raylı sistemlerin güzergâhları iyi analiz edilmelidir. Yapım öncesi iyi analiz
edilememiş olan raylı sistem güzergâhları istenen sonucu sağlayamayacak, şehir
trafiğine olumlu etkisi gözlenemeyecektir.
Bu kapsamda İstanbul'da ulaşımı, güzergâhının geçtiği bölgelerde büyük oranda
rahatlatacağı düşünülen Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramvay hattının önemi çok fazladır.
Gerek güzergâhın geçtiği turistik ve tarihi bölgeler, gerekse nüfusun yoğun olduğu
bölgeler ve ticaret alanları düşünüldüğünde bu düşüncenin yanlış olduğunu söylemek
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güç olur. Bu tezin amacı İstanbul'un T5 hattı olarak isimlendirilen ve inşa
aşamasında olan Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramvay hattı ulaştırma projesini çok kriterli
karar verme yöntemlerinden biri olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi kullanılarak
belirlenen faktörlerin hesaplanan önem dereceleri ve her bir faktörün içerisinde
konumsal verilere göre belirlenen ağırlık puanı öznitelik bilgilerinin, konumsal
verilerin nitelik tablosuna coğrafi bilgi sistemi tabanlı yazılım programları kullanarak
işlemek, çok yönlü bir şekilde bilimsel olarak analiz etmek ve tramvay hattının
ortaya koyacağı olumlu etkilerin nedenlerini bilimsel gerçeklerle beraber
göstermektir. Bu hattın analizi ile beraber Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramvay hattının bir
kolu olarak planlanan ve projelendirme safhasında olan Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramvay
hattı uzatmasının olumlu yönlerini aynı yöntemlerden faydalanarak göstermektir.
Son olarak Eminönü – Alibeyköy ve Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramvay hatlarının
analizlerini gerçekleştirirken kullanılan yöntemlerle Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramvay
hattıyla bağlantılı yeni tramvay hattı için güzergâh araştırması sonucu karar verilen
yeni tramvay güzergâhını öneri olarak sunmaktır.

Abstract:
Transportation problem is one of the biggest problem for crowded cities. Like all of
grand cities in the world, Istanbul is one of the highest population in Turkey which
try to struggle with same problem and transportation investments are made by
administration of Istanbul to solve transportation problems. However, transportation
investments should be realized carefully due to need high cost to construct
transportation system. Each participant should be worked to get maximum efficiency
with minimum cost. To get maximum efficiency, demands of people living in
Istanbul should be evaluated well. If transportation project can be applied according
to demands and trends of people, the city can be get maximum efficiency from
transportation project.
Deciding among many options is really hard process to decision makers for all
topics. Some methods have been developed in many years to choose best option.
With these methods, decision making process is easier than for decision makers. One
of the most used methods is Analytical Hierarchy Process. This method is one of
multi-criteria decision making methods. Analytical Hierarchy Process was developed
by Thomas L. Saaty in 1970s. Decision makers generally use this method for both
transportation and other sectors. Travel demands, population density, integration to
other transportation systems, proximity to industry and trade areas, proximity to
public and educational facilities, and slope factors are determined with Analytical
Hierarchy Process according to opinions of transportation sector experts. Importance
level and weight of determined factors are calculated with Analytical Hierarchy
Process.
As used in many sectors, geographical information system has huge contribution to
analysis data efficiently in transportation sector. Especially in transportation projects,
data to be used in analysis has critical relation with spatial data along transportation
system alignment. For this reason, geographical information system software has
important role in transportation projects because geographical information system
software has ability to work with spatial data. Selection of alignment is most
important phase for transportation projects. When choosing transportation system
alignment, travel demands, population density, integration to other transportation
systems, proximity to industry and trade areas, proximity to public and educational
facilities, and slope data play significant role. On the other hand, these data are not
logical and cannot be evaluated without spatial data. Geographical information
system software is the main assistant to analyze with best way for selection of
transportation system route.
When current situation is evaluated, according to 2019's data, usage ratio of railway
systems in public transportation is 18,6% in Istanbul. Total length of railway lines is
230 kilometers with 6 metro, 4 tramway, 2 funicular, 2 cable car, and suburban lines
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in Istanbul. In last decade, many new railway projects as metro, tramway, Marmaray
etc. are constructed in Istanbul. With these new railway projects, usage ratio of
railway systems has been increased. Unfortunately, number of constructed railway
lines is not enough to solve traffic jams problems in big cities like Istanbul. Railway
lines should be like spider web and railway systems should be constructed in every
region in cities. Number of railway system lines in cities should be increased and
railway systems should be accessible for each person. Due to initial construction cost
of railway systems is higher than initial construction cost of highway; railway
alignment should be well analyzed to eliminate additional cost. Except additional
cost effects, if railway alignment does not well analyze before the construction starts,
positive effects on traffic jams cannot be observed. So desired results cannot be
reached by administrator of cities.
Although a lot of railway systems work in Istanbul, these are not enough to solve
transportation problem. On the other hand, both Istanbul and population of Istanbul
increase every day. Therefore, Istanbul needs new railway system investments to
prevent chaos which is created by high population in city. Increasing number and
type of railway systems are main solution to solve transportation problems. These
railway system investments should be built quickly. Therefore, railway systems
investments always should be gone on without any interruption to increase the ratio
of travel with railway system in Istanbul. If new railway investments evaluate,
Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line has significant role because alignment of this
line passes through in the crowded areas of the city. In addition, there are a lot of
touristic and historical area, high population density, and trade areas around
alignment of Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line. If all properties of Eminönü –
Alibeyköy tramway line evaluate together, importance of this tramway line
reappears. When Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line starts to work, positive effects
of this line will be seen on traffic. The other positive effect is cost. According to
metro project, infrastructure cost of tramway projects is cheaper than infrastructure
cost of metro projects. This infrastructure cost affects project duration in parallel. If
infrastructure cost of project increases, project duration increases. Due to
infrastructure cost of tramway project is less than infrastructure cost of metro project,
completion duration of tramway project is less than completion duration of metro
project. Therefore, infrastructure cost and project duration are two important items
for railway projects. There are advantages of tramway projects compared to metro
projects.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze Eminönü – Alibeyköy tram line with
determined factors. Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line which is in construction
phase is called T5 line in Istanbul railway network. Factors are determined with one
of the multi-criteria decision making method. This method is Analytical Hierarchy
Process. Analytical Hierarchy Process has critical role for decision makers when they
have to select the best way to solve complex problem. Especially, transportation
experts generally face off with significant problem. So they prefer to use Analytical
Hierarchy Process to reach solution easily. According to Analytical Hierarchy
Process, experts of transportation sectors compare each determined factors with the
other one by one. After comparison, each factor is listed by importance weight.
Alignment selection is evaluated with spatial data. According to type of factors,
importance weight of factors is matched with spatial data in attribute table. After
analyze of each factor, analysis maps are created for factors. Created maps are travel
demands, population density, integration to other transportation systems, proximity
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to industry and trade areas, proximity to public and educational facilities, and slope
maps. Importance weights are shown in these maps. Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway
line is evaluated in factor maps and analyzed according to factors importance weight.
All factor importance weights are gathered in one map to create result analysis map.
Result analysis map is shown significance of Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line.
After analysis of Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line, analysis of Eyüp –
Bayrampaşa which is designed as part of Eminönü – Alibeyköy tram line is
completed with same method. Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway line which is planned as
extension of Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line starts from Feshane station which is
middle station of Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line. This project is in design
phase. The length of Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway line is 3,1 kilometer and this line
has 6 stations. Like Eminönü – Alibeyköy tramway line, this line passes through area
which has high travel demand, high population density, near industry and trade areas.
Slope is appropriate to construct tramway for this line. Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway
line will have the opportunity to transfer with two important railway lines which are
M1 metro and T4 tramway lines in two different stations. According to grand railway
network plan of Istanbul, two another railway lines which have chance to transfer
Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway line will be constructed in Istanbul. After all of railway
lines have been constructed, Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway line has opportunity to
change public transportation vehicle in 4 stations. Although there is no significant
any public or education facilities around Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway line, total
weight score is high. Accordingly each factors, proximately analysis for high score
areas is done and analysis maps of factors are created. Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway
line is evaluated on factors and result analysis maps.
In conclusion, result analysis map is shown total weights of fields around determined
working area for analysis of Eminönü – Alibeyköy and Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway
lines. Except alignments of Eminönü – Alibeyköy and Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway
lines, some fields have high total weight score. Although these fields have high total
weight score, there is no any railway systems line around these. So new railway line
is suggested with this thesis to increase number of railway system lines and total
length of railway systems in Istanbul. The other main reason is to solve
transportation problem with increased number of railway systems. If new railway
systems construct rapidly, they will be more efficient for city. Because of the needs
of Istanbul, instead of new metro line, new tramway line is suggested. Infrastructure
cost of tram project is less than metro projects and construction duration of tram
projects is faster than metro projects. For these reasons, new tram line can be started
to work fast. According to designed alignment for suggested tramway line, route of
tramway line passes from areas which have high total weight score. Route of
suggested tramway is designed along Kağıthane creek. Same analysis with Eminönü
– Alibeyköy and Eyüp – Bayrampaşa tramway lines are done for suggested tramway
line. There are a lot of industry and trade areas, high population density and travel
demand around suggested new tram line.