Analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ile alternatif katı atık düzenli depolama alanı yer seçimi: İstanbul ili örneği
Alternative landfill site selection using analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems: A case study Istanbul
Yazar: DOĞUŞ GÜLER
Danışman: PROF. DR. TAHSİN YOMRALIOĞLU
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2016
Konu: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri = Geodesy and Photogrammetry

Özet:
Katı atık yönetimi gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için oldukça önemli çevresel olgulardan biridir. Atık yönetiminde kullanılan yöntemler zaman içinde değişim göstermektedir. Katı atıkların bertaraf edilme yöntemlerinden biri olan düzenli depolama fazlaca kullanılan bir yöntem olarak bilinmektedir. İstanbul ilinde gerçekleştirilen altyapı projeleriyle birlikte kentleşmenin ve kentleşmenin bir sonucu olarak da nüfusun da hızla artacağı öngörülmektedir. Artan nüfusla birlikte oluşacak katı atık miktarında da hızlı bir artış görülmesi beklenmektedir. Katı atık depolama sahaları çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik etkilerinden dolayı yer seçimi işleminde oldukça önem gösterilmesi gereken yapılardır. Konumsal bilgi içeren problem çözümlerinde farklı disiplinlerin kullanılması çözüm için daha sağlıklı sonuçlar oluşturacağından çalışmada bilgi teknolojilerinden Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemlerinden Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHY) kullanılarak İstanbul ili için alternatif katı atık depolama sahası yer seçimi işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yakın geçmişte tamamlanmış veya yakın gelecekte tamamlanacak, ili büyük ölçüde etkileyecek projeleri de içeren çalışma alanı olarak İstanbul ili idari sınırlarını kapsayan bir bölge seçilmiştir. En uygun depolama sahası tespiti için kullanılacak faktörlere ait gerekli veriler belirlenmiş ve daha sonra farklı kaynaklardan elde edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, ülkemize ait yönetmelikte belirtilen kısıtlamalarla birlikte literatür araştırması yapılarak en yoğun olarak tercih edilen faktörler değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada çevresel ve ekonomik olmak üzere iki farklı ana kategoriye ait olmak üzere toplam 11 adet etki faktörü kullanılmıştır. Çevresel faktörler; arazi kullanımı, jeoloji, yerleşim alanları, yüzey suları, nüfus yoğunluğu, havalimanları ve korunan alanlardır. Ekonomik faktörler ise eğim, katı atık aktarma istasyonları, arazi değerleri ve karayollarıdır. Çalışma kapsamında katı atık depolama sahası yer seçimi işlemi için dinamik bir model oluşturulmuştur. AHY ile ağırlıkları hesaplanan kriterlerin İstanbul iline ait veri katmanları Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nin sağladığı konumsal analiz araçları yardımıyla analiz edilerek sonuç bulunmuştur. Sonuç verisi değerlendirilerek alternatif katı atık depolama sahası önerilmiştir. Model sonucunda elde edilen çıktıyla İstanbul ilindeki mevcut depolama sahalarının yerlerinin uygunluğu da irdelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilerle karar vericilere yol gösterecek dijital harita altlıkları oluşturulmuştur.

Abstract:
The immediate solution of environmental problems has been generally understood in recent years and much effort has been made to produce realistic solutions to problems. Instead of material-minded thoughts, studies involving multi-criteria methods are seen. All decision-making processes start with the identification and identification of the decision problem. The problem of decision is widely perceived as the difference between the present level of the system and the desired level. Decision-making ends with suggestions for future actions. The outcome recommendation should be based on the order of the alternatives and sensitivity analysis. Visualization techniques play a very important role in the presentation and transmission of results to decision makers and related groups. In developing countries, the increase of human population and related human activities accelerated urbanization. As a result of increasing population, change of consumption patterns, economic growth, change of income, urbanization and industrialization, solid waste production and diversification have increased. Solid waste management is an important environmental event for developed and developing countries. The methods used in waste management change over time. One of the methods of disposal of solid wastes, regular storage, is widely used as a method. Solid waste management is a complicated process because it involves many technologies and disciplines. Technologies related to production, management, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes and control of these processes are the technologies that solid waste management involves. All these actions should be carried out in the context of existing legal regulations and social guides and should be in a way that is acceptable to society, health, environment, aesthetics and economics. Integrated solid waste management system; The selection of appropriate methods, technologies and management programs for specific solid waste issues and objectives.
Waste management and waste disposal alternatives are a complex process involving decision makers and related parties. Selection of the most suitable landfill site; administrative constraints and regulations, as well as physical process conditions and environmental, economic, health and sociocultural impacts. One of the most sensitive issues in waste management is the selection of a suitable location for the storage site, and a number of factors are taken into consideration, and there is no universal formulation for selection. It is predicted that the population will increase as a result of urbanization and urbanization with the infrastructure projects realized in Istanbul province. It is expected that there will be a rapid increase in the amount of solid waste to be generated together with the increased population. In solid waste management in Turkey, T.C. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Environmental Management, Waste Management Department, Ministry of Health, T. C. Ministry of Development, Iller Bank, Municipalities and Ministry of Finance are authorized. Solid waste disposal sites are the ones that should be given great importance in the process of site selection due to their environmental, social and economic effects. In order to use different disciplines in the solution of the problems involving spatial information, the alternative solid waste storage site selection process for the Istanbul province has been carried out by using Geographic Information Systems and Analytical Hierarchy Process of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods from information technologies. A district covering the administrative provinces of Istanbul was selected as a study area which recently completed or will be completed in the near future and which includes projects that will greatly affect the province. The generation of the alternatives should be based on the process of setting the value structure and evaluation criteria. Limit the terminology of geographic information systems; points, lines, polygons, or raster data are used as attributes to determine the attributes of the data. As a study area, a region covering administrative borders of Istanbul province was selected. The same limits are used for all factors used in the spatial analysis. Because of the use of data such as continuity, land use and slope, a study area covering the administrative borders of Istanbul was chosen. The necessary data for the factors to be used for the most appropriate storage location determination were determined and then obtained from different sources. In the study conducted, the most intensively preferred factors were evaluated by conducting a literature search with the restrictions specified in the country's regulation. In the study, the most commonly used factors were evaluated by conducting a literature search along with the restrictions stated in the regulation of our country. In addition, the factors to be used are determined by considering the characteristics of the study area.
A total of 11 factors were used in the study, two of which are environmental and economic. Environmental factors; Land use, geology, settlement areas, surface waters, population density, airports and protected areas. Economic factors are inclination, solid waste transfer stations, land values and highways. The identified factors are separated by sub criteria according to the appropriateness of solid waste landfill and values are assigned. Values are assigned between 0 and 5 for all factors.
In the scope of the study, a dynamic model was created for the site selection process with solid waste storage. Factors and weights used for site selection of solid waste storage area may vary depending on the study area and the preferred scenario of importance. Scenarios with economic, environmental or social content can be produced. It will be easier to implement these operations with a dynamic model that can be modified, and it will be able to minimize the errors that may occur during the operation. Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to calculate the weighted criteria of the data layers of the province of Istanbul with the help of spatial analysis tools provided by Geographic Information Systems.An alternative solid waste storage site is proposed by evaluating the result data. As a result of the work done, alternative areas for solid waste landfill have been identified. Fields obtained as a result of analysis; classified as unsuitable, less suitable, appropriate and very appropriate.
One of the studies that has been made is the discussion of the creation of a dynamic model for the location selection of the solid waste storage area. The data, weights and parameters to be used as input according to the characteristics of the study area can be modified. The studies in the literature were examined and these weights were changed in order to examine the model and the results were evaluated. An ecological scenario was created in the hierarchy of the AHP. As a result of the model obtained, the appropriateness of the locations of the existing storage areas in Istanbul province was examined. As a result of the study, the digital map bases leading to the decision-makers were created.