Türkiye "Tek pencere" denizcilik uygulamasının incelenmesi ve geliştirilmesi
Analyzing and improving maritime practice of "Single window" in turkey
Yazar: KADİR DİLBER
Danışman: PROF. DR. SERDAR KUM
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Deniz Ulaştırma İşletme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Deniz Ulaştırma İşletme Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2019
Konu: Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi = Information and Records Management ; Denizcilik = Marine ; Ulaşım = Transportation

Özet:
Global ticaretin gösterdiği artış yanında modern tedarik zinciri süreçlerinin karmaşıklaşması ile ve ticarete konu paydaşların ciddi şekilde artış göstermesi ile varlıkların ticaretinde bilginin kontrolüne olan ihtiyaç da ticaret hızına uygun olarak artış göstermektedir. Fakat devrim niteliğindeki bilgi teknolojileri alanındaki gelişmelere ve ticari veri alış veriş standartlarındaki gelişmelere rağmen, ticarete konu işlemlerde dokümantasyon hala kağıt üstünde yürümeye devam etmektedir. Ancak bu durum modern ticari konularda verimlilik ve güvenliği sağlamaktan uzaktır. Bu gibi temel sorunlar da nihayetinde Tek Pencere Sistemlerini doğurmuştur ve geçtiğimiz yıllarda ticareti kolaylaştırma noktasında Tek Pencere Sistemleri anahtar kavram olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Tek pencere sistemi kavramı, temel anlamda tek veri giriş noktasında, tek bir arayüz aracılığıyla tek seferde veri, belge iletimi sağlayarak, ticaret paydaşlarının ihracat ve ithalata konu yasal düzenlemelere daha verimli bir şekilde uyum sağlayabilir hale gelmesini ifade etmektedir.
Dünyada mevcutta kullanılan tek pencere sistemleri ülkelerin ihtiyaçlarına göre farklı farklı şekillenmiştir. Bazı ülkelerde sadece gümrükler gibi kamu kurumları yoğun olarak kullanılmakta; bazı ülkelerde ise tüm devlet kurumlarının sisteme dahil edilmesi ile işletilmektedir. Bazı ülkelerde ise, tek pencere sistemine limanlar ve ticarete konu diğer kurum ve kuruluşlar da dahil edilerek geniş bir kurum yelpazesine dağıtıldığı görülmektedir.
OECD tarafından yapılan bir çalışmada, uluslararası ticarette prosedürlerin oluşturulması, uygulanması, dokümanların uyumlulaştırılması ile otomasyona yönelik çalışmalar sayesinde %13,2 ile %15 oranları arasında bir maliyet kazancı hesaplanmış ve paylaşılmıştır.
Bu yapılar sayesinde edinilen en temel pozitif etki, internet kullanımı ile taraflara sunulan 7/24 erişim imkanı ile zaman unsurunun ortadan kalkmasıdır. Ticari faaliyetteki varlıklara ait bilgiler standart bir yapıda sisteme girilmekte ve tek seferde bu sağlanabilmektedir. Bürokratik işlemlerin azalması ve hız kazanım faktörleri ile birlikte, ticaret yapan taraflarda şeffaflık ve takip edilebilmesi sağlanması da diğer olumlu etkilerindendir denilmektedir.
"Türkiye Denizcilik "Tek Pencere" Uygulamasının İncelemesi ve İyileştirme" başlıklı bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye'de yakın dönemde faaliyete geçen sistemin uygulamasında yaşanan aksaklıkları tespit etmek ve iyileştirme önerilerini sunmaktır.
Bu çalışma beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde giriş kısmı yer almakta olup, Tek Pencere Sistemi kavramı tanımı ve amacı anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde Tek Pencere Sistemi yaklaşımları ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Tek Pencere Sisteminin gelişimi ve evrim aşamalarına yer verilmiştir, iş süreçleri ve teknik altyapıya ve mimariye ilişkin bilgilere yer ayrılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde ise Tek Pencere Sistemlerine ilişkin literatür taraması sonucundaki bilgilere yer verilmiş; gelecek uygulamalarının yanında Türkiye'deki Tek Pencere Sistemleri'ne ilişkin bilgiler paylaşılmıştır. Son bölümde ise, tek pencere sisteminin ülkemizde geldiği konum ile denizcilik tek pencere sisteminin uygulamalarında yaşanan sorunlar ve bu sorunlara yönelik altyapısal, idari, süreç ve teknik çözüm önerileri paylaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye Tek Pencere uygulaması öncesi ve sonrası paydaşların süreç memnuniyet düzeyleri ölçülmüştür.

Abstract:
Besides expansion of global trade numbers, complexity of modern supply chain processes and increase in the number of trade related parties are becoming a requisite for the control of knowledge accordingly to the speed of trade. Despite the rapid revolutionary developments of information technology fields and advancements of the trade related standards, trade related documentation still mainly remained mostly on paper based. However, this paper based, hardcopy printed environment is far from providing security and efficiency. These kinds of major problems resulted a need for Single Window Systems. Beginning from previous decade, Single Window concept came to sight and became a key term on trade facilitation point.
In Recommendation No. 33, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) defines Single Window Systems as "a facility that allows parties involved in trade and transport to lodge standardized information and documents with a single-entry point to fulfil all import, export, and transit-related regulatory requirements. If information is electronic, then individual data elements should only be submitted once".
Single Window concept means; from one single point, providing documents and data exchange submitting from one interface for trade related parties in order to facilitate import and export processes for conforming to legislative regulations in a more efficient manner.
The purpose of this system can be indexed as to complete merchandise trade procedures quickly from customs, delivering to the trade parties as fast as it can be, in a safer manner at a low cost, and improving logistics activities.
The term Single Window for Trade denotes a variety of platforms for the exchange of electronic information between traders, government agencies, and commercial service providers from the transport, logistics and banking sector. The objective is to offer a single point of submission of trade relevant data and single point of contact, and to speed up processing ideally in a paperless environment.
Current Single Window initiatives used in the world are shaped accordingly for the various needs of different countries, they do not follow the same model and each Single Window is set up in a different way. On some countries, only public institutions just like customs are mainly using Single Windows; whether on some countries, Single Window applications are being executed with the contributions of all government institutions. On some countries also, ports and trade related other public or private institutions are included to Single Window Systems resulting and extended and a broad spectrum. They vary on organizational and technological aspects and strategic design, but the initiatives follow the same conceptual ideas and approaches.
On a study prepared by OECD showed a decrease in the costs between 13, 2% and 15%, just because of preparing trade related procedures, harmonizing documents and endeavours related to automation. 
The main benefit gathered from these kinds of structures is taking away of time factor on trade with the help of 7/24 internet access opportunity that came into use for trade related parties. Information about commercial assets is entered to system in a standardized way and can be provided once when needed. Together with the help of minimizing bureaucratic procedures and acceleration factors, transparency and being easily followed can also be considered as other favourable effects.
When Single Window services are examined, distributed architectural structures draw attention. Public or private institutions are reaching these systems via their information systems; but ideally, a common database usage can be preferred. 
On trade related information exchange between institutions, computers began to connect with the usage of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) technology. Many countries have been adapted their data exchange applications accordingly to import and export documents. In Chinese example, Chinese Taipei launched their EDI network for customs clearance automation under their Ministry of Finance in the 1992. On Japanese version, Japan started their nationwide "Trade and Settlement EDI System" (TEDI) in 1998 as an initiative of their Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The original objective of the TEDI system was to reduce time and cost incurred in trade administration and operation by standardizing and exchanging electronic trade documents over safe and reliable networks.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Recommendation No. 33 emphasized some key success factors for implementation of Single Window. They are listed as; political will, a strong lead agency, partnership between government and trade, establishment of clear project boundaries and objectives, user friendliness and accessibility, legally-enabling environment, international standards and recommendations, identification of possible obstacles, financial model, payment possibility, promotion and marketing and communication strategy.
In addition to these factors, Single Window Implementation Framework (SWIF) released from UNECE in 2011. With this framework, Single Window systems implementations have been segmented and infrastructural hurdles presented. SWIF has been emphasized two harmonization principles. First, business strategies and information technology strategies needed to be align. Secondly, previously defined strategies must transform into information technology solutions in a systematic way.
This study named "Analyzing and improving maritime practice of Single Window in Turkey" consists of five main chapters. In the first introduction chapter, purpose and the scope of the study have been presented together with the related literature review.
In the second chapter, Single Window approaches have been discussed in detail.
In the third chapter, evolution and development steps of single window concepts have been taken up comprehensively, along with giving detailed information about business processes, technical infrastructure and architecture.
In the fourth chapter, Single Window Systems in Turkey is examined with the related literature review, besides future development and enhancement opportunities have been discussed with new technological frameworks and possible implementations using revolutionary block chain concepts.
In the last chapter, current status of single window applications in Turkey have been reviewed; specific problems and solution recommendations related to maritime single window have been suggested with the help of information gathered from all kinds of trade parties 	and maritime professionals. Business use cases have been analyzed, so defects and some troubles that users of single window interfaces faced have been identified, such as;
Lack of correction procedure on current version of Single Window System.
Absence of a call center giving service in a 7/24 basis for all trade parties deals with troubles, questions and various demands and help requests.
Issues regarding to information updates on reference data.	
In some cases, partners are not informed and updated when there occurs a termination of process situation.
Issues regarding responsibility of institutions. For example, institutions having cargo related responsibility such as customs are coordinating the processes regarding to vessel activities.
Documents demanded from single window systems can sometimes duplicate, while having similar information.
Difficulties faced on data harmonization and electronic data interchange points. 
English templates are missing on some documents, while they are commonly used on trade activities and processes on Single Window systems