Poyrazlar gölü ornitofaunası
Ornithofauna of the Poyrazlar lake
Yazar: KADİR YAŞAR ORAN
Danışman: PROF. DR. ALİ UZUN
Sakarya Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Derece: Yüksek Lisans, 2023
Konu: Biyoloji = Biology
Dizin: Ekoloji = Ecology ; Su kuşları = Waterfowl

Özet:
Bu çalışmada, Sakarya ve Marmara Bölgesi kuşları ve aynı zamanda günübirlik insan faaliyetleri açısından önemli bir sulak alan olan Poyrazlar Gölü'nün ornitofaunası 2021-2022 yılları arasında bir yıllık süreçte aylık periyotlarla araştırılmıştır. 
Çalışma neticesinde Poyrazlar Gölü ve çevresinde 16 takımdan 38 familyaya ait 88 kuş türü tespit edilmiştir. Türlerin takımlara göre sayısal dağılımı; Podicipediformes 2, Suliformes 3, Ciconiiformes 1, Pelecaniformes 4, Anseriformes 3, Accipitriformes 4, Gruiformes 2, Charadriformes 6, Columbiformes 3, Cuculiformes 1, Strigiformes 1, Coraciiformes 2, Caprimulgiformes 1, Bucerotiformes 1, Piciformes 5, Passeriformes 49 şeklindedir. 
Tespit edilen türlerden; 44'ü yerli, 15'i yaz göçmeni, 12'si kış göçmeni ve 17'si ise göç statüsü belirlenememiş özelliktedir. IUCN (2022)'ye göre 4 tür (Aythya niroca (Paşbaş patka), Gallinago media ( Büyük su çulluğu),Turduc iliacus ( Kızıl ardıç kuşu), Anthus prasentis ( Çayır incir kuşu) NT (Near Threatened=Tehdite Yakın),  1 tür (Aythya ferina (Elmabaş patka) VU (Vulnarable=Hassas) ve 83 tür LC (Least Concern=Düşük Riskli) koruma statüsüne sahiptir. 
En yüksek tür sayısı 58 ile ilkbahar mevsiminde, 43 tür ile ise en az yaz mevsiminde kaydedilmiştir. Yine 3801 ile en fazla birey kış mevsiminde, 926 birey ile en az birey ilkbahar mevsiminde sayılmıştır. Aylara göre ise en fazla tür 39 ile mart ayında en az tür 24 tür ile kasım ayında gözlenmiştir. Buna karşın birey sayısı bakımından en yüksek rakama 2276 ile aralık ayında en düşük rakama ise 261 birey ile nisan ayında ulaşılmıştır.  
Araştırma süresince her bir ayda yapılan gözlemlerde ikişer saatlik dilimler esas alındığında çalışma sonucunda en az tür sayısı 06.00-08.00 ve 18.00-20.00 saatleri arasında kaydedilmiştir. En fazla tür 128 ile 12.00-14.00 saatleri arasında daha sonra 122 tür ile 10.00-12.00, 111 tür ile 08.00-10.00 saatleri arasında yapılan gözlemlerde kaydedilmiştir.
Mevsimlik planda değerlendirildiğinde sonbahar 31 tür ile 12.00-14.00, Kış 39 tür ile 12.00-14.00, İlkbahar 38 tür ile 14.00-16.00 ve Yaz 28 tür ile 10.00-12.00 ve 12.00-14.00 saatleri arasında en fazla tür sayısı kaydedilmiştir. Mevsimler süresince 58 tür ile en fazla tür ilkbaharda kaydedilmiştir. Bunu 56 tür ile Sonbahar, 52 tür ile Kış ve 43 birey ile Yaz mevsimi takip etmiştir.
Sonuç olarak  bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler alana özgü literatürle kıyaslandığında gölün ornitofaunistik değerinin zaman içerisinde önemli ölçüde zarar gördüğü görülmektedir. Başta kullanım çeşidi ve yoğunluğunun artması, gölün özellikle su kuşlarının üreme alanı olan kısmının kuruyup karasal özelliğe dönüşmesi, göl çevresindeki doğal sazlık alanların belli kısımlarda yok edilmesi belli kısımlarda daraltılması bu azalıştaki en önemli nedenler olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle koruma-kullanma dengesi doğrultusunda mesire alanı büyüklüğü ve günlük insan yoğunluğu taşıma kapasitesi belirlenerek kontrol altına alınmalı aynı zamanda gölün doğal yapısı özellikle su kuşları üreme bölgeleri açısından rehabilitasyon çalışmaları yapılmalıdır.

Abstract:
In this study, the ornithofauna of Poyrazlar Lake, Which is an important wetland fort he bird of Sakarya and Marmara region and also for Daily human activities, wa investigated in a one-year period 2021-2022.
As a result of the study, 88 bird species belonging to 38 families from 16 orders were determined in and around Poyrazlar Lake. The numerical distribution of the species according to the orders; Podicipediformes 2, Suliformes 3, Ciconiiformes 1, Pelecaniformes 4, Anserifomes 3, Accipitriformes 4, Gruiformes 2, Charadriformes 6, Columbiformes 3, Cuculiformes 1, Strigiformes 1, Coraciiformes 2, Caprimulgiformes 1, Bucerotiformes 1, Piciformes 5, Passeriformes 49.
While the Muscicapidae family is represented by 7 species in the research area, Fringillidae is represented by 6, Turdidae 5, Motacillidae, Corvidae, Accipitridae and Ardeidae families with 4 species each.
The family with the highest number of individuals in the study area is the Rallidae family with 2610 individuals, followed by the Sturnidae family with 1392 individuals. The family represented by the least individual is the Certhiidae family with 1 individual, followed by the Strigidae and Ciconidae families with 2 individuals.
Of the identified species; 44 of them are locals, 15of them are summer immigrants, 12 of them are winter immigrants and 17 of them have undetermined migration status. According to IUCN (2022), 4 species Aythya niroca (Ferruginous duck), Gallinago media (Great snipe), Trudus iliacus (Red wing), Anthus prasentis (Meadow pipit), NT (Near Threatened), 1 species Aythya ferina (Common pochard) VU (Vulnarable) and 83 species have LC (Least Concern) conservatşon status.
The species with the highest frequency in the study area were recorded as Podiceps cristatus (Great crested grebe), Fulica atra (Eurasian coot), Streptopelia decaocto (Eurasian collared dove), Garrulus glandarius (Eurasian jay), Pica pica (eurasian magpie), Corvus cornix (Hooded crow), Fringilla coelebs (Common chaffinch).
The species with the highest dominance value in the study area were recorded as Fulica atra (Eurasian coot) and Sturnus vulgaris (Common starling) species.
The highest number of species was recorded in spring with 58 species, and the lowest in summer with 43 species. Again, with 3801, the highest number of individuals were counted in the winter season, and the least with 926 individuals in the spring season. According to the months, the highest number of species was observed in March with 39 species, and the least in November with 24 species. On the other hand, the highest figure in terms of the number of individuals was reached in December with 2276 individuals, ant the lowest figure was reached in April with 261 ndividuals.
Based on the observations made in each month, the minimum number of species was recorded between 06.00-08.00 and 18.00-20.00 as a result of the study, based on two-hour slices. While the most species were detected between 196 and 12.00-14.00 hours, 190 species were detected between 10.00-12.00 hours. The highest number of species was recorded as 28 between 12:00-14:00 in January. Again, 25 species were recorded between 14:00-16:00 in January and 23 species between 12:00-14:00 in December. During the whole study, the most species were detected between the hours of 196 and 12.00-14.00, followed by the recordings made between 10.00-12.00 with 190 species. 
Based on two-hour periods in each observation, the minimum number of individuals was recorded between 06.00-08.00 and 18.00-20.00 as a result of the study. The highest number of individuals was detected between 2351 and 14.00-16.00, then with 1948 individuals between 12.00-14.00 and 1506 between 10.00-12.00. Again, 1221 individuals were recorded between 08.00-10.00 and 446 individuals between 16.00-18.00.
Based on the observations made every month during the research, the minimum number of species was recorded between 06.00-08.00 and 18.00-20.00 as a result of the study, based on two-hour slices. The highest number of species were recorded between 128 and 12.00-14.00, followed by 122 species between 10.00-12.00 and 111 species between 08.00-10.00.
When evaluated in the seasonal plan, the highest number of species was recorded between 12.00-14.00 with 31 species in autumn, 12.00-14.00 with 39 species in winter, 14.00-16.00 with 38 species in spring, and between 10.00-12.00 and 12.00-14.00 with 28 species in summer. During the seasons, the most species were recorded in spring with 58 species. This was followed by Autumn with 56 species, Winter with 52 species and Summer with 43 individuals.
Uzun et al. (2009) in a similar 2-year study carried out in the field between 2001-2003, 154 species from 39 families belonging to 17 orders were identified and a total of 32325 individuals were counted. When compared with this study at the order level, 14 orders were common in both studies, while 2 ordees (Suliformes and Bucetotiformes) were only in this study, 3 orders (Falconiformes, Galliformes and Caprimulgiformes) only Uzun et al. (2009) is included in the study.
Similarly, when both studies were compared at the species level, while 70 species were common, 18 species (Phalacrocorax aristotelis (European shag), Microcarbo pygmaeus (Pygmy cormorant), Buteo buteo (Common buzzard), Gallinago media (Great snipe), Actitis hypoleucos (Common sandpiper) , Larus michahellis (Yellow-legged gull), Spilopelia senegalensis (Laughing dove), Merops apiaster (European bee-eater), Dendrocopos syriacus (Syrian woodpecker), Dendrocopos medius (Middle spotted woodpecker), Picus viridis (Europian green woodpecker), Delichon urbicum (Common house martin) , Anthus pratensis (Meadow pipit), Chloris chloris (European greenfinch), Emberiza cirlus (Cirl bunting), Regulus ignicapilla (Common firecrest), Troglodytes troglodytes (Eurasian wren), Certhia brachydactyla (Short-toed treecreeper) were recorded only in this study. 84 species are only included in the study of Uzun et al (2009).
It is estimated that the differences in the number of orders, families and species are due to two main reasons. The first is the duration of the study, and the second is Uzun et al. (2009) study, the increase in the intensity and diversity of human pressure on the field over a period of about 20 years.
When the data obtained in terms of migration status of the species are compared with Uzun et al. (2009), it is seen that the status of 65 species is the same, while there are differences in the migration status of the remaining 23 species.
When the migration status of the species is compared with Anonymous (2021-Trakuş); The status of 52 species is the same. In this study, 7 ( Aquila chrysaetos, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Periparus ater, Sitta Krueperi, Certhia brachydactyla ve Emberiza cirlus) species whose migration status could not be determined were given as native in Anonymous (2021-Trakuş), 4 (Egretta alba, Fringilla montifringilla, Anthus pratensis ve Turdus pilaris) as winter migrant, 3 (Ficedula albicollis, Hippolais olivetorum ve Luscinia luscinia) as transiting and 1 (Anthus trivialis) as summer migrant in Anonymous (2021-Trakuş). In Anonymous (2021-trakuş) related to 2 (Phalacrocorax aristotelis and Larus argentatus) species, although there is no data recorded in the region, the Sakarya region is specified as a transitional species along the Black Sea coastline.
Phalacrocorax aristotelis (European shag), Microcarbo pygmaeus (Pygmy cormorant), Buteo buteo (Common buzzard), Gallinago media (Great snipe), Actitis hypoleucos (Common sandpiper), Larus michahellis (Yellow-legged gull), Spilopelia senegalensis (Laughing dove), (European bee-eater), Dendrocopos syriacus (Syrian woodpecker), Dendrocopos medius (Middle spotted woodpecker), Picus viridis (Europian green woodpecker), Delichon urbicum (Common house martin), Anthus pratensis (Meadow pipit), Chloris chloris (European greenfinch), Emberiza cirlus (Cirl bunting), Regulus ignicapilla (Common firecrest), Troglodytes troglodytes (Eurasian wren), Certhia brachydactyla (Short-toed treecreeper) species were recorded as new records for Poyrazlar Lake and its surroundings.
As a result, when the data obtained in this study are compared with the literature, it is seen that the ornitho-faunistic value of the lake has deteriorated significantly over time. The most important reasons for this decrease are the increase in the type and intensity of use, the drying up of the part of the lake, especially the breeding area of water birds, and the reduction in the natural reeds around the lake. For this reason, the size of the recreation area and the daily human density carrying capacity should be determined and brought under control in line with the protection-utilization balance. At the same time, rehabilitation studies should be carried out in terms of the natural structure of the lake, especially the breeding areas of waterfowl.