protocolSection identificationModule nctId: NCT06291103, orgStudyIdInfo id: 2022/0342/HP, briefTitle: Screening for Subclinical Antibody Mediated Rejection and Efficacy of Belatacept in the Context of de Novo Donor Specific Antibody After Kidney Transplantation (BELA-M-R), acronym: BELA-M-R, statusModule overallStatus: NOT_YET_RECRUITING, startDateStruct date: 2025-01-01, primaryCompletionDateStruct date: 2031-03-01, completionDateStruct date: 2031-03-01, studyFirstPostDateStruct date: 2024-03-04, lastUpdatePostDateStruct date: 2024-03-04, sponsorCollaboratorsModule leadSponsor name: University Hospital, Rouen, class: OTHER, descriptionModule briefSummary: Antibody mediated rejection (ABMR) is a major cause of graft loss after kidney transplantation (KT) and is mainly associated with preformed anti-HLA donor specific antibodies (DSAs) (phenotype 1) or de novo DSAs (dnDSAs) (phenotype 2). Preexisting DSA-associated ABMR have superior graft survival compared with dnDSA-associated ABMR, which could partly be explained by the fact that patients with de novo DSA-associated ABMR have biopsy later, when graft dysfunction and/or proteinuria are already present. ABMR is a progressive process with an early stage called subclinical ABMR (sABMR), in which histological lesions are present in the kidney graft without clinical graft dysfunction. These early lesions are now well recognized as risk factors for transplant glomerulopathy and poor graft survival in phenotype 1 ABMR (ref 5). The impact of sABMR associated with dnDSA at any time post-transplant has been less studied and reported. Recently, we published a retrospective multicenter study within the Spiesser Group that included 123 patients without graft dysfunction who underwent graft biopsy because of the presence of dnDSA (One Lambda, MFI \> 1000). Performing a kidney graft biopsy after dnDSA indentification without renal dysfunction leads to the diagnosis of active sABMR in 35 % of cases. Nevertheless, we did not observe any effect of standard of care treatment in active sABMR. Very recently, an expert consensus for the recommended treatment for ABMR after KT was published. They concluded the clear lack of evidence but a standard of care for ABMR was nevertheless defined. Therefore, we propose to evaluate a new strategy for active sABMR, testing a conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) to belatacept associated with the recently recommended standard of care (SOC) compared to continuing CNI. Belatacept might help to manage nonadherence, decrease the toxicity of CNI on an endothelium already affected by microvascular inflammation, and reduce DSA titers.The monitoring of dnDSA after KT and an indication graft biopsy in case of appearance, even in the absence of graft dysfunction, is not part of a routine clinical practice in all KT centers. This strategy could be a valuable option, in order to begin treatment of ABMR before graft dysfunction occurs, and therefore to improve prognosis associated with phenotype 2 ABMR. Parajuli et al.4 suggested that early diagnosis and treatment of sABMR with SOC, using DSA monitoring may improve outcomes after KT, but this is a retrospective and no-randomized study. This study will be the first prospective randomized study in the context of de novo DSA. We will evaluate a new combination of treatment for ABMR in the context of dnDSA with subclinical lesions and in the same time may help to determine the real incidence of sABMR in KT recipients with subclinical dnDSA. The use of belatacept in the context of sABMR to improve the non-adherence and to decrease the endothelial toxicity had never been evaluated in a prospective way., conditionsModule conditions: Kidney Transplant Rejection, designModule studyType: INTERVENTIONAL, phases: PHASE2, phases: PHASE3, designInfo allocation: RANDOMIZED, interventionModel: PARALLEL, primaryPurpose: TREATMENT, maskingInfo masking: NONE, enrollmentInfo count: 290, type: ESTIMATED, armsInterventionsModule interventions name: Conversion to Belatacep, interventions name: Standard of care treatment (SOC regimen) with Tacrolimus, outcomesModule primaryOutcomes measure: The efficacy of belatacept combined with standard of care, compared to calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) combined with standard of care, among kidney transplant recipients with sABMR, eligibilityModule sex: ALL, minimumAge: 18 Years, stdAges: ADULT, stdAges: OLDER_ADULT, hasResults: False