Chronic breathing disruptions and poor sleep may lead to cognitive impairment and brain changes linked with early neurodegenerative processes. As such, identifying early markers of cognitive impairment and dementia risk in individuals with chronic respiratory and sleep breathing disorders is crucial for understanding how these diseases may contribute to accelerated brain ageing. This study will comprehensively measure sleep, lung function, cognitive performance and blood-based markers of dementia risk and inflammation. The investigators will use innovative technologies to identify biomarkers of cognitive impairment and dementia risk in people with chronic sleep and breathing disorders. The investigators will also investigate the relationships between disrupted sleep and abnormal breathing and the brain. This research may also inform future early interventions to improve cognition and brain health in chronic sleep and respiratory disease. conditions: COPD conditions: Overlap Syndrome conditions: OSA studyType: OBSERVATIONAL observationalModel: COHORT timePerspective: CROSS_SECTIONAL count: 104 type: ESTIMATED name: High density electroencephalogram (HdEEG) name: Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) name: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) name: Blood collection name: Neuropsychological battery name: Questionnaires name: Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) name: Cognitive Assessment name: Polysomnogram (PSG) measure: Scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) neuropsychological assessment for dementia risk. measure: Blood levels of amyloid beta (Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio). measure: Absolute Electroencephalographic (EEG) Power During Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep. measure: Brain tissue oxygenation during cognitive tasks and sleep. measure: Hypoxemia as measured by pulse oximetry. measure: Sleep Fragmentation measure: Assessment of premorbid functioning and preinjury through the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF). measure: Assessment of verbal learning and memory through the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). measure: Assessment of mild forms of cognitive dysfunction through Delis Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-CEFS) neuropsychological assessment. measure: Assessment of speed of processing and executive functioning through the Trail Making Test (TMT). measure: Assessment of verbal fluency through the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). measure: Assessment of attention, perceptual speed, motor speed and visual scanning through the Symbol Digits Modalities Test (SDMT). measure: Blood levels of fibrinogen. measure: Blood levels of clusterin. measure: Blood levels of 8-isoprostane measure: Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) measure: Blood levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). measure: Blood levels of plasma tau. measure: Blood levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL). measure: Blood levels of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). measure: Blood levels of Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-4). measure: Blood levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8). measure: Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). measure: Blood levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). measure: Blood levels of amyloid beta (Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio). measure: Scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) neuropsychological assessment for dementia risk. measure: Brain structure: cortical thickness and volumetric brain maps measure: Brain structure: diffusion-weighted imaging measure: Brain function: resting-state BOLD fMRI measure: Brain pathology: T1-weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted imaging, and FLAIR measure: Assessment of sensorimotor function and comprehension through the Motor Screening Task (MOT) of CANTAB. measure: Assessment of processing and psychomotor speed through the Reaction Time (RTI) test of CANTAB. measure: Assessment of working memory and strategy through the Spatial Working Memory (SWM) test of CANTAB. measure: Assessment of visual episodic memory through the Paired Associate Learning (PAL) test of CANTAB. measure: Sleep Spindles During Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep measure: Traditional sleep staging. measure: Absolute Electroencephalography (EEG) Power During Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep. measure: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) severity metrics measure: Lung function as measured by clinical pulmonary function tests (PFT) sex: ALL minimumAge: 40 Years maximumAge: 65 Years stdAges: ADULT stdAges: OLDER_ADULT facility: The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research status: RECRUITING city: Sydney state: New South Wales zip: 2113 country: Australia name: Angela D'Rozario, PhD role: CONTACT phone: 02 9850 3246 email: angela.drozario@mq.edu.au name: Laura Harris, MScMed role: CONTACT phone: 02 9805 3194 email: laura.harris@woolcock.org.au lat: -33.86785 lon: 151.20732 hasResults: False