This prospective multicenter cohort study aims: (1) To compare the changes in the following outcomes over 4 years in adults with T1D and controls without diabetes of similar age, sex and body-mass index distribution: BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the femoral neck, hip, spine, and radius, trabecular bone score (TBS) by DXA, and serum biochemical markers of bone turnover (BTMs); (2) To evaluate whether long-term glycemic control or the presence of a microvascular complication are independent predictors of the changes in BMD and TBS in people with T1D. conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 conditions: Bone Health conditions: Bone Loss conditions: Bone Diseases, Metabolic conditions: Hyperglycaemia Due to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus studyType: OBSERVATIONAL observationalModel: COHORT timePerspective: PROSPECTIVE count: 163 type: ESTIMATED name: Clinical tests name: Biochemical tests name: DXA scan with TBS and VFA name: AGEReader measure: Change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the femoral neck in g/cm2 measure: Change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the spine in g/cm2 measure: Change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the total hip in g/cm2 measure: Change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the distal third of radius in g/cm2 measure: Change in Trabecular bone score (TBS) (unitless) measure: Glycemic control, assessed with mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of the past 7 years measure: Glycemic control, assessed with skin advanced glycation end products (AGEs) measure: Presence of a microvascular complication (neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy) measure: Areal bone mineral density at the femoral neck, g/cm2 measure: Areal bone mineral density at the femoral neck, T-Score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the femoral neck, Z-Score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the total hip, g/cm2 measure: Areal bone mineral density at the total hip, T-score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the total hip, Z-score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the spine, g/cm2 measure: Areal bone mineral density at the spine, T-Score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the spine, Z-score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the distal third of radius, g/cm2 measure: Areal bone mineral density at the distal third of radius, T-score measure: Areal bone mineral density at the distal third of radius, Z-score measure: Trabecular bone score (TBS) at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) (unitless) measure: Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) from the T4 to L5 vertebrae to detect the presence of vertebral fracture measure: Lean mass (arm, leg, trunk, android, gynoid and total) (g) measure: Fat mass (arm, leg, trunk, android, gynoid and total) (g) measure: C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (C-telopeptide, CTX) (ng/mL) measure: Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) (ng/mL) measure: Osteocalcin (ng/mL) measure: Sclerostin (pmol/mL) measure: Change in C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (C-telopeptide, CTX) (ng/mL) measure: Change in osteocalcin (ng/mL) measure: Change in procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) (ng/mL) measure: Change in sclerostin (pmol/mL) measure: Skin advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) (arbitrary units) measure: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, %) measure: Fasting glucose (mmol/L) measure: Complete blood count measure: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (mU/L) measure: Lipid panel (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, in mmol/L) measure: Creatinine (umol/L) measure: Microalbuminuria (mg/mmol) measure: Liver enzymes (AST, ALT) (U/L) measure: Calcium (mmol/L) measure: Albumine (g/L) measure: Phosphate (mmol/L) measure: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (nmol/L) measure: Parathormone (PTH) (ng/L) measure: Antitransglutaminase antibodies (U/mL) measure: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) (g/L) measure: Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (ng/mL) measure: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, women) (U/L) measure: Total testosterone (men) (nmol/L) measure: Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG, men) (nmol/L) sex: ALL minimumAge: 20 Years stdAges: ADULT stdAges: OLDER_ADULT facility: Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) city: Montréal state: Quebec zip: H2W 1R7 country: Canada lat: 45.50884 lon: -73.58781 facility: Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval city: Quebec City state: Quebec zip: G1V 4G2 country: Canada lat: 46.81228 lon: -71.21454 hasResults: False