Penis envy From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation search For the Crass album see Penis Envy album For the Virgin  documentary see Envy  Penis envy in Freudian psychoanalysis refers to the theorized reaction of a girl during her psychosexual development to the realization that she does not have a penis Freud considered this realization a defining moment in the development of gender and sexual identity for women According to Freud the parallel reaction in boys to the realization that girls do not have a penis is castration anxiety  In contemporary culture the term is sometimes used symbolically or metaphorically to refer to the idea that women wish they had a penis or to refer to anxieties between men about the size of their genitals Contents hide        Freuds Theory           o  Criticisms of Freuds theory                   Within psychoanalytic circles                   Feminist criticisms       Male penis envy       See also       References       External links  edit Freuds Theory  Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of a little girls interest inand envy of the penis in his  article On the Sexual Theories of Children but did not fully develop the idea until substantially later in  when his work On Narcissism was published It was not mentioned in the first edition of Freuds earlier Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex   The term came to significance as Freud gradually refined his views of female sexuality coming to describe a mental process he believed occurred in girls as they passed through the Electra complex from the phallic stage to the latency stage see Psychosexual development  In Freuds psychosexual development theory the phallic stage approximately between the ages of  and  is the first period of development in which the libidinal focus is primarily on the genital area Prior to this stage the libido broadly defined by Freud as the primary motivating energy force within the mind focuses on other physiological areas For instance in the oral stage in the first  to  months of life libidinal needs concentrate on the desire to eat sleep suck and bite The theory suggests that the penis becomes the organ of principal interest to both sexes in the phallic stage This becomes the catalyst for a series of pivotal events in psychosexual development These eventsknown as the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girlsresult in significantly different outcomes for each gender because of differences in anatomy  For girls       Soon after the libidinal shift to the penis the child develops her first sexual impulses towards her mother      The girl realizes that she is not physically equipped to have a heterosexual relationship with her mother since she does not have a penis      She desires a penis and the power that it represents This is described as penis envy She sees the solution as obtaining her fathers penis      She develops a sexual desire for her father      The girl blames her mother for her apparent castration what she sees as punishment by the mother for being attracted to the father assisting a shift in the focus of her sexual impulses from her mother to her father      Sexual desire for her father leads to the desire to replace and eliminate her mother      The girl identifies with her mother so that she might learn to mimic her and thus replace her      The child anticipates that both aforementioned desires will incur punishment by the principle of lex talionis      The girl employs the defence mechanism of displacement to shift the object of her sexual desires from her father to men in general  The offshoot of these events often cited in the media and colloquially is that a girl really wants to become her mother so that she can control her father  A similar process occurs in boys of the same age as they pass through the phallic stage of development The key differences being that the focus of sexual impulses need not switch from mother to father and that the fear of castration castration anxiety remains The boy desires his mother and identifies with his father whom he sees as having the object of his sexual impulses Furthermore the boys father being the powerful aggressor of the family unit is sufficiently menacing that the boy employs the defense mechanism of displacement to shift the object of his sexual desires from his mother to women in general  Freud thought this series of events occurred prior to the development of a wider sense of sexual identity and was required for an individual to continue to enter into his or her gender role  While fashionable for a number of decades the concept of penis envy is no longer regarded as a serious one by some modern psychoanalysts edit Criticisms of Freuds theory edit Within psychoanalytic circles  Although popular in the early twentieth century when the theory was initially floated Freuds theories regarding psychosexual development in particular the phallic stage and the Oedipal crisis have been discreditedcitation needed Theories by other influential psychoanalysts such as Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are widely believed to be more broadly accurate and applicable to child psychological development Having said this Freuds theory continues to be relevant in some theoretical circumstances and is of such historical significance that it continues to find its way into psychoanalytical teachings Most of Freuds theories are still taught as part of curriculum in almost all universities and academic circles edit Feminist criticisms  A significant number of critics activists and feminists have been highly critical of penis envy as a concept and psychoanalysis as a discipline arguing that the assumptions and approaches of the psychoanalytic project are profoundly patriarchal antifeminist and misogynistic and represent women as broken or deficient men Karen Horneya German psychoanalyst who also placed great emphasis on childhood experiences in psychological developmentwas a particular advocate of this view She asserted the concept of womb envy to challenge the idea of penis envy  A small but influential number of Feminist philosophers have worked within Psychoanalysis see Psychoanalytic feminism including Luce Irigaray Julia Kristeva and Hlne Cixous who operate within a PostStructuralist Feminist tradition inspired by Jacques Lacan and Jacques Derrida Juliet Mitchellanother Feminist theoristattempted to reconcile Freuds thoughts on psychosexual development with Feminism and Marxism by declaring his theories to be simply observations of gender identity under capitalism She proposed a shift to Marxist models of rearing children which would result in the dismantling of the Electra complex and the Oedipus complex and the avoidance of penis envy edit Male penis envy   I worked with Freud in Vienna We broke over the concept of penis envy He thought it should be limited to women        Woody Allen Zelig  Unrelated to penis envy as referred to in psychoanalysis is small penis syndrome which is the anxiety of thinking ones penis is too small  even though it isnt  The female equivalent is small breast anxiety which is a womans discontentment about her breast size  The media attention given to penis size and some women being vocal in their penis size preferences have led some men to state their anxiety over their penis size Television shows such as Sex and the City and Ally McBeal popularised the penis size issue when characters in these TV shows stated their preference for wellendowed men over more modestlyendowed men Also in the  film Annie Hall Woody Allens character upon hearing the question asked by the title character about penis envy replied that he was one of the few males that suffered from it  Men can underestimate the size of their own penises see Perceptions of penis size Also there are wide differences between flaccid and erect states which can be misleading as in growers and showers edit See also Search Wiktionary  Look up penis envy in Wiktionary the free dictionary Search Wikisource  Wikisource has original text related to this article Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex       Castration anxiety      Electra complex      Sexuality      Penis panic      Psychoanalysis      Psychosexual stages      Vagina envy      Womb envy  edit References       Freud S  Three Essays of the Theory of Sexuality New York Avon Books Original work published       Kaplan H Saddock B and Grebb J  Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry th ed Baltimore Williams and Wilkins ISBN X       reference needed      Small Penis Syndrome on WebMDcom  edit External links       General Psychology Sigmund Freud   translation by AA Brill whose translations were often criticized as very imperfect      Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex by Sigmund Freud  Dr C George Boeree on Freuds theories      The Penis Preference  Will society ever be gender neutral  Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwikiPenisenvy Categories Gender  Men  Freudian psychology  Penis Hidden 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