Question: Where was the capitol prior to Vũ Ngọc Phan's birthplace?

full_context: Document 1: France–Vietnam relations: French -- Vietnamese relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit father Alexandre de Rhodes. Various traders would visit Vietnam during the 18th century, until the major involvement of French forces under Pigneau de Béhaine from 1787 to 1789 helped establish the Nguyễn Dynasty. France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century under the pretext of protecting the work of Catholic missionaries in the country. France progressively carved for itself a huge colony, which would form French Indochina in 1887. France continued to rule Vietnam as a colony until France's defeat in the First Indochina War and the proclamation of Vietnam's independence in 1954.
Document 2: Auguste Henri Vildieu: Auguste Henri Vildieu was the French architectural adjutant in Hanoi while that city was an administrative center for the French colony of Indochina. Vildieu constructed several grand European-style buildings for the colonial government, including:
Document 3: North Vietnam: After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on September 2, 1945: a government for the entire country, replacing the Nguyễn dynasty. Hồ Chí Minh became leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt had spoken against French rule in Indochina, and U.S.A. was supportive of the Viet Minh at this time.
Document 4: Nguyễn Lộc: In his younger years he trained in traditional Vietnamese martial arts. In 1938, grandmaster Nguyễn introduced his style "Vovinam" to the public. After a demonstration in 1939 in Hanoi, Vovinam quickly spread across the country, and internationally to the Vietnamese diaspora via France. However the French banned the movement in 1942.
Document 5: History of Vietnam: After Quang Trung's death, the Tây Sơn dynasty became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to Nguyễn Huệ's infant son. Nguyễn Ánh sailed north in 1799, capturing Tây Sơn's stronghold Qui Nhơn. In 1801, his force took Phú Xuân, the Tây Sơn capital. Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802, when he sieged Thăng Long (Hanoi) and executed Nguyễn Huệ's son, Nguyễn Quang Toản, along with many Tây Sơn generals and officials. Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor Gia Long. Gia is for Gia Định, the old name of Saigon; Long is for Thăng Long, the old name of Hanoi. Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country. The Nguyễn dynasty lasted until Bảo Đại's abdication in 1945. As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as Annam, Gia Long asked the Manchu Qing emperor to rename the country, from Annam to Nam Việt. To prevent any confusion of Gia Long's kingdom with Triệu Đà's ancient kingdom, the Manchu emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam. The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long's reign. Recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese referred to their country as Vietnam.
Document 6: Nguyễn Phan Chánh: Painting on silk is considered to be a traditionally Chinese art form, although Chanh argued it ‘expressed the national (Vietnamese) character to the highest degree’ and goes on to talk about the enthusiastic reception given to his and other artists in their exhibition in Hanoi, 1954-1955, where opinion stated that the paintings were ‘neither Chinese, Japanese or French.‘ (i.e. that they were distinctively Vietnamese). The emphasis given to silk painting being an art form which effectively expresses Vietnam’s national identity reflects the political context of the times, and the directives from Truong Chinh (Marxism and Vietnamese Culture) and Ho Chi Minh, that art should follow the socialist agenda and be a form of propaganda, glorifying the peasants and soldiers of Vietnam.
Document 7: Vũ Ngọc Phan: Vũ Ngọc Phan (Hanoi, 8 September 1902 – 1987) was a Vietnamese writer and literary critic. His wife was the poet Hằng Phương and their daughter the painter Vũ Giáng Hương.
Document 8: Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Saigon or Sài Gòn Municipality Thành phố trực thuộc trung ương Clockwise, from left to right: Bến Thành Market, Ho Chi Minh City Hall, District 1 view from Saigon river, Municipal Theatre, Notre - Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon, Independence Palace Seal Nickname (s): Pearl of the Far East Location in Vietnam and Southern Vietnam Coordinates: 10 ° 46 ′ 36.8 ''N 106 ° 42 ′ 02.9'' E ﻿ / ﻿ 10.776889 ° N 106.700806 ° E ﻿ / 10.776889; 106.700806 Coordinates: 10 ° 46 ′ 36.8 ''N 106 ° 42 ′ 02.9'' E ﻿ / ﻿ 10.776889 ° N 106.700806 ° E ﻿ / 10.776889; 106.700806 Country Vietnam Central district District 1 Founded as Gia Định 1698 Renamed to Ho Chi Minh City 1976 Founded by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh Divisions 19 Urban districts, 5 Suburban districts Government Type Special - class Secretary of Communist Party Nguyễn Thiện Nhân Chairman of People's Committee Nguyễn Thành Phong Chairman of People's Council Nguyễn Thị Quyết Tâm Area Total 2,096.56 km (809.23 sq mi) Elevation 19 m (63 ft) Population (2016) Total 8,426,100 Rank 1st Density 4,000 / km (10,000 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) (2015 estimate) Total US $127.8 billion Per capita US $15,977 GRDP (nominal) (2016) Total US $45.73 billion Per capita US $5,428 Time zone ICT (UTC + 07: 00) Area codes 8 (until 16 Jul 2017) 28 (from 17 Jun 2017) Website hochiminhcity.gov.vn
Document 9: Nguyễn Huy Thiệp: Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (Hanoi, 29 April 1950-) is a Vietnamese writer. He has been described as Vietnam's most influential writer. In 1992, before Bảo Ninh (1993) and Dương Thu Hương (1996), he was the first to write a major novel taking the gloss off the "American War" experience.
Document 10: Geography of Vietnam: Vietnam is located on the eastern margin of the Indochinese peninsula and occupies about 331,211.6 square kilometers, of which about 25% was under cultivation in 1987. It borders the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and Pacific Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia. The S - shaped country has a north - to - south distance of 1,650 kilometers and is about 50 kilometers wide at the narrowest point. With a coastline of 3,260 kilometers, excluding islands, Vietnam claims 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) as the limit of its territorial waters, an additional 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) as a contiguous customs and security zone, and 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) as an exclusive economic zone.
Document 11: Đặng Phong: Đặng Phong (1937–2010), born in Hà Tây Province, Vietnam, is a historian specialized in Vietnam's economic history of the 19th and 20th centuries. He graduated from Hanoi University, Faculty of History, in 1960, National Economics University, Planning Faculty, in 1964 and Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Montpellier (Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier)  in 1991. He wrote many articles and books about Vietnam's economic history during the French colonization period, South Vietnam, the centrally planned economy period, and more recently on the "Doi Moi" (reform) in Vietnam.
Document 12: Françoise Chandernagor: She was born to a family of masons related to the descendants of an Indian free slave (hence her name). She married Philippe Jurgensen and is the mother of three children. Françoise Chandernagor divides her life between Paris and France's central region.
Document 13: Vũ Ngọc Nhạ: Vũ Ngọc Nhạ (Thái Bình, 3 March 1928 - Ho Chi Minh City, 7 August 2002) was a Vietnamese communist spy who served as an advisor to South Vietnamese presidents Ngô Đình Diệm and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.
Document 14: French Indochina: A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi.
Document 15: 3rd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army): The 3rd Military Region of Vietnam People's Army, is directly under the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam, tasked to organise, build, manage and commander armed forces defending the Red River Delta. The north-West region of Vietnam, borders with the Guangxi of China. In 1979, Chinese army with one infantry division, launched an invasion in this military zone.
ground_truth: Saigon
sub_queries: Vũ Ngọc Phan >> place of birth Answer: Hanoi
Where was the capital before Hanoi ? Answer: Saigon