Question: Which of the American Opera Projects' directors was born in 1948?

full_context: Document 1: American Opera Society: The American Opera Society (AOS) was a New York City based musical organization that presented concert and semi-staged performances of operas between 1951 and 1970. The company was highly influential in sparking and perpetuating the post World War II bel canto revival, particularly through a number of highly lauded productions of rarely heard works by Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Vincenzo Bellini. The AOS also presented many operas to the American public for the first time, including the United States premieres of Benjamin Britten's "Billy Budd", Giuseppe Verdi's "Giovanna d'Arco", George Frideric Handel's "Hercules" and Hector Berlioz's "Les troyens" to name just a few.
Document 2: Opera America: Opera America, officially OPERA America, is a service organization promoting the creation, presentation, and enjoyment of opera in the US. Almost all professional opera companies and some semi-professional companies in the United States are members of the organization including such opera companies as the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, and Dallas Opera. Opera America also includes international affiliated opera companies such as the Theatro Municipal de São Paulo. Opera America also hosts businesses, educational institutions, libraries, foundations, guilds, and opera artists such as singers and composers. It is also the home of New York Children's Opera Studio. The organization was founded in 1970 and has been led by President and CEO Marc A. Scorca since 1990.
Document 3: Center for Contemporary Opera: The Center for Contemporary Opera (CCO) is a professional opera company based in New York City, and a member of OPERA America. The company focuses on producing and developing new opera and music theater works and reviving rarely seen American operas written after the second World War. The Center for Contemporary Opera has staged the premieres of many works written during the latter half of the twentieth century. Works are performed at all stages of development from readings to workshops to full productions on the professional stage. In line with its mission to promote an interest in new operatic and music-theater culture among the American public, the company presents panel discussions and colloquia, and publishes a bi-annual newsletter "Opera Today". Since 2004, the company has been a regular participant in the New York City Opera's annual festival, "Vox: Showcasing American Composers".
Document 4: Family Opera Initiative: Family Opera Initiative (FOI) is an American opera company based in New York City that commissions, develops, and premieres original works for cross-generational audiences. It was founded in 1995 by Grethe Barrett Holby, originally as part of American Opera Projects (also founded by Holby). Its mission was and remains to create new repertory for family audiences, to bring the experience of opera to a diverse audience, and to engage the community in the process and performance of their works.
Document 5: Nathaniel Merrill: Nathaniel Merrill (February 8, 1927 – September 9, 2008) was a celebrated American stage director and opera director. He was the resident stage director at the Metropolitan Opera from 1956-1985. During his 28 seasons at the Met he staged a total of 14 new productions in addition to directing several revivals. He also served as the Artistic Director of Central City Opera from 1959-1966. In 1981 he and his wife, conductor Louise Sherman, founded Opera Colorado. Merrill served as the company's artistic director and stage director and his wife worked as the company's musical director. Upon his wife's death from cancer in 1998, Merrill retired and thereafter lived in Denver until his death of complications related to Alzheimer's disease a decade later.
Document 6: Artistic director: An artistic director is the executive of an arts organization, particularly in a theatre company, who handles the organization's artistic direction. They are generally a producer and director, but not in the sense of a mogul, since the organization is generally a non-profit organization. The artistic director of a theatre company is the individual with the overarching artistic control of the theatre's production choices, directorial choices, and overall artistic vision. In smaller theatres, the artistic director may be the founder of the theatre and the primary director of its plays. In larger non-profit theatres (often known in Canada and the United States as regional theatres), the artistic director may be appointed by the board of directors.
Document 7: Michael Scott (artistic director): Michael Scott is the founder of the London Opera Society. In his role as the society's sole artistic director, he brought to London Marilyn Horne, Joan Sutherland, and Boris Christoff. He was also responsible for introducing Sherrill Milnes, Ruggero Raimondi, and Montserrat Caballe. He is a highly regarded expert in the field of opera with an extensive knowledge of the history of vocal music, and his books include volumes 1 and 2 of "The Record of Singing" and "The Great Caruso". In 1992, he also wrote "Maria Meneghini Callas", being one of the few Maria Callas biographers to have seen her frequently on stage in her prime. He is a frequent contributor to "Opera News".
Document 8: American Opera Projects: American Opera Projects (AOP) is a professional opera company based in Brooklyn, NY and is a member of OPERA America, the Fort Greene Association, the Downtown Brooklyn Arts Alliance, and the Alliance of Resident Theatres/New York (A.R.T./NY). The company's primary mission is to develop and present new operatic and music theatre works and has gained a reputation for the "rarefied range" of the projects it fosters (Opera News, Dec 2008). AOP was founded in 1988 by Grethe Barrett Holby who served as Artistic Director of AOP from 1988 until 2001, at which point Charles Jarden became the company's Executive Director and Steven Osgood the company's Artistic Director. Steven Osgood left the post of Artistic Director in 2008 to pursue conducting full-time but remains the Artistic Director for AOP's "Composers & the Voice" program.
Document 9: Opera North (U.S.A.): Opera North is an American opera company based in Lebanon, New Hampshire, and is the region's oldest professional opera company. The company presents an annual summer season of three fully staged and orchestrated productions: a traditional opera, a piece of classical music theater, and an American opera. Opera North productions are staged at the Lebanon Opera House. Opera North is a member of Opera America.
Document 10: National Opera Studio: The National Opera Studio in London, England was established in 1977 by the Arts Council as a link between the music colleges and the six main UK opera companies. It was resident at Morley College in Lambeth until 2003, when it gained use for the first time of its own dedicated premises in Chapel Yard, Wandsworth. Its director is the soprano Kathryn Harries, who succeeded Donald Maxwell at the start of 2009, and its Head of Music is Mark Shanahan. It is responsible for the training of approximately twelve singers each academic year, as well as three piano répétiteurs. Its funding comes in part from the six main UK opera companies – Royal Opera House, English National Opera, Welsh National Opera, Scottish Opera, Opera North and the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. Representatives from each company sit on the final audition panel for selection of each year's intake. The nine-month course usually includes residencies at three of the national opera companies, as well as opera scenes performances in London throughout the year.
Document 11: Opera Company of Boston: The Opera Company of Boston was an American opera company located in Boston, Massachusetts, that was active from the late 1950s through the 1980s. The company was founded by American conductor Sarah Caldwell in 1958 under the name Boston Opera Group.
Document 12: Stephen Barlow (director): Stephen Barlow is an Australian born (1973), London based opera director. He was educated at Melbourne Grammar School and the University of Melbourne. He has directed operas for the Metropolitan Opera New York, Glyndebourne Festival Opera, the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, San Francisco Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Santa Fe Opera, Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Opera Holland Park (London), Singapore Lyric Opera, Mid Wales Opera, British Youth Opera, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and University College Opera, London. He has also worked for the Royal National Theatre, London and the Mariinsky Theatre (formerly Kirov) in St Petersburg.
Document 13: Jochen Breiholz: Born in Oldenburg, Germany, Breiholz studied literature, theatre, musicology and art history at Free University of Berlin. In 1988 he did an internship at "Opera News" in New York City which led to an assignment as a freelance writer for the magazine. Until 2004, he worked for Opera News as a music critic, reporting mainly on the European opera scene. In 1996, Breiholz became a frequent contributor for "Opernwelt" magazine in Berlin. From 1997 until 2002 he worked as a writer and editor of the Arts section for the German daily newspaper "Die Welt". In 2002 he moved back to New York and worked as a correspondent for several European publications, reporting on opera, classical music concerts, and theatre. He has written articles for the British magazine "Opera Now", the German magazine "Rondo", "The Wall Street Journal Europe" and the Swiss magazine "Musik & Theater", among other publications. He has also worked as an interviewer for classical music radio programs. In 2005 he worked as a talent scout for a New York artists agency. He was Director of International Relations for the Latvian National Opera in Riga, Latvia, from 2006 until 2011 and also worked as dramaturg for the company. From August 2011 until March 2016 he was the Artistic Director of the Vlaamse Opera in Antwerp, Belgium. Since April 2016 he is the Director of Artistic Administration and Casting at Theater an der Wien in Vienna.
Document 14: American Opera Company: The American Opera Company was the name of four different opera companies active in the United States. The first company was a short-lived opera company founded in New York City in February, 1886 that lasted only one season. The second company was based out of Rochester, New York and was active from the mid-1920s up until 1930 when it went bankrupt not too long after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The third opera company was a short lived company located in Trenton, New Jersey that was active in 1937. The fourth and last opera company was actively performing in Philadelphia from 1946 through 1950.
Document 15: Grethe Barrett Holby: Grethe Barrett Holby (born April 26, 1948) is an American producer, stage director, choreographer and dramaturge best known for her work in opera. Holby is noted as the founder of "American Opera Projects", where she served as Artistic Director from 1988 until 2001. She currently serves as Executive Artistic Director of Family Opera Initiative which she founded in 1995, and Ardea Arts, Inc., which she founded in 2006. The Rockefeller Foundation awarded Holby a 2006 Creative Arts Residency The Bellagio Center.
ground_truth: Grethe Barrett Holby