Question: The Stranger (Italian: "Lo straniero" ) is a 1967 film by Italian film director Luchino Visconti, based on which 1942 novel, by French author Albert Camus?

full_context: Document 1: Luchino Visconti: Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and cinema director, as well as a screenwriter. He is best known for his films "Ossessione" (1943), "Senso" (1954), "Rocco and His Brothers" (1960), "The Leopard" (1963) and "Death in Venice" (1971).
Document 2: The Stranger (1946 film): The Stranger is a 1946 American film noir starring Edward G. Robinson, Loretta Young, and Orson Welles. It was Welles's third completed feature film as director. A drama about a war crimes investigator who tracks a high-ranking Nazi fugitive to a New England town, it is the first Hollywood film to present documentary footage of the Holocaust. The original story by Victor Trivas was nominated for an Academy Award. The film entered the public domain when its copyright was not renewed.
Document 3: The Stranger (novel): L’Étranger (The Outsider [UK], or The Stranger [US]) is a 1942 novel by French author Albert Camus. Its theme and outlook are often cited as examples of Camus' philosophy of the absurd and existentialism, though Camus personally rejected the latter label.
Document 4: The First Man (film): The First Man (French: Le Premier Homme ; Italian: Il primo uomo ) is a 2011 French-Italian drama film directed by Gianni Amelio and is based on the novel of the same name by Albert Camus.
Document 5: The Stranger (1967 film): The Stranger (Italian: "Lo straniero" ) is a 1967 film by Italian film director Luchino Visconti, based on Albert Camus' novel "L'Étranger", with Marcello Mastroianni.
Document 6: The Fall (Camus novel): The Fall (French: La Chute ) is a philosophical novel by Albert Camus. First published in 1956, it is his last complete work of fiction. Set in Amsterdam, "The Fall" consists of a series of dramatic monologues by the self-proclaimed "judge-penitent" Jean-Baptiste Clamence, as he reflects upon his life to a stranger. In what amounts to a confession, Clamence tells of his success as a wealthy Parisian defense lawyer who was highly respected by his colleagues; his crisis, and his ultimate "fall" from grace, was meant to invoke, in secular terms, The Fall of Man in the Garden of Eden. "The Fall" explores themes of innocence, imprisonment, non-existence, and truth. In a eulogy to Albert Camus, existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre described the novel as "perhaps the most beautiful and the least understood" of Camus' books.
Document 7: Stranger by the Lake: Stranger by the Lake (French: L'Inconnu du lac ) is a 2013 French drama-thriller film written and directed by Alain Guiraudie. The film premiered in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where Guiraudie won the award for Best Director. The film also won the Queer Palm award, and was mentioned on multiple top ten lists of the best films of 2014.
Document 8: Cross Damon: Cross Damon was a fictional character from Richard Wright's 1953 novel "The Outsider". Cross Damon was viewed as an "outsider" who did not attempt to become a product of the established culture of American society. Cross was considered a complete opposite to Bigger Thomas, another character created by Richard Wright in his novel "Native Son". He also ridicules Communist techniques and lives according to the principles of free choice. Cross Damon committed murder in a completely different spirit than Bigger Thomas. He acts as an individual who is free to do whatever his habits and desires lead him to do. His is not a victim of social and environmental pressures outside his control. In many ways, Cross Damon resembles Meursault, the hero of Albert Camus novel "The Stranger". Both men lived outside of any involvement with common humanity and paid no attention to social mores.
Document 9: Albert Camus: Albert Camus (] ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay "The Rebel" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.
Document 10: The Stranger Left No Card: The Stranger Left No Card (1952) is a British short film directed by Wendy Toye. The film won the Best Fiction award at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, where it was described as "a masterpiece" by Jean Cocteau. It marked the film debut of actor Alan Badel.
Document 11: Matthew Ward (writer): Matthew Ward (1950/1951 – June 23, 1990) was an American English/French translator noted for his 1989 rendition of Albert Camus' "The Stranger". He made several important alterations from the more British-toned translation (and previously only English edition) by Stuart Gilbert. Most notably he altered the quite well known opening line "Mother died today" to "Maman died today". Ward defended the alteration by noting that the more juvenile "Maman" reflects the "curious feeling he (Meursault) has for her". Other examples of Ward altering Gilbert's version include the line, "Il était avec son chien" from, "As usual, he had his dog with him" to "He was with his dog". Once again Ward felt this better reflected Meursault's character. Indeed, later in the novel Meursault notes Salamano's dog is worth no more or less than his wife.
Document 12: The Innocent (1976 film): The Innocent (Italian: L'innocente ) was the last film made by Italian director Luchino Visconti. Released in 1976, the film is based on the novel "The Intruder" by Gabriele d'Annunzio. It was distributed in the U.S. by Analysis Film Releasing Corp.
Document 13: The Possessed (play): The Possessed (in French Les Possédés) is a play written by Albert Camus in 1959. The piece is a theatrical adaptation of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel "The Possessed", later renamed "Demons". Camus despised nihilism and viewed Dostoyevsky's work as a prophecy about nihilism's devastating effects. He directed a production of the play at the Théâtre Antoine in 1959, the year before he died, which he financed in part with the money he received with his Nobel Prize. It was a critical success as well as an artistic and technical tour de force: 33 actors, 4 hours long, 7 sets, 24 scenes. The walls could move sideways to reduce the size of each location and the whole stage rotated to allow for immediate set transformations. Camus put the painter and set decorator Mayo, who had already illustrated several of his novels (L'Etranger - 1948 Ed.), in charge of the demanding task of designing these multiple and complex theater sets
Document 14: Resistance, Rebellion, and Death: Resistance, Rebellion, and Death is a 1960 collection of essays written by Albert Camus and selected by the author prior to his death. The essays here generally involve conflicts near the Mediterranean, with an emphasis on his home country Algeria, and on the Algerian War of Independence in particular. He also criticizes capital punishment ("Reflections on the Guillotine") and totalitarianism in particular.
Document 15: The Conformist (film): The Conformist (Italian: "Il conformista" ) is a 1970 political drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. The screenplay was written by Bertolucci based on the 1951 novel "The Conformist" by Alberto Moravia. The film stars Jean-Louis Trintignant and Stefania Sandrelli, and features Gastone Moschin, Enzo Tarascio, Fosco Giachetti, José Quaglio, Dominique Sanda and Pierre Clémenti. The film was a co-production of Italian, French, and West German film companies.
ground_truth: L’Étranger