Question: When did the y. pestis reach the country of citizenship of the author of Birthday Letters?

full_context: Document 1: Milton's 1645 Poems: Milton's 1645 "Poems" is a collection, divided into separate English and Latin sections, of the poet's youthful poetry in a variety of genres, including such notable works as "An Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity", "Comus", and "Lycidas". Appearing in late 1645 or 1646 (see 1646 in poetry), the octavo volume, whose full title is "Poems of Mr. John Milton both English and Latin, compos'd at several times", was issued by the Royalist publisher Humphrey Moseley. In 1673, a year before his death, Milton issued a revised and expanded edition of the "Poems".
Document 2: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock: ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '', commonly known as`` Prufrock'', is the first professionally published poem by American - born, British poet T.S. Eliot (1888 -- 1965). Eliot began writing ``Prufrock ''in February 1910, and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse at the instigation of Ezra Pound (1885 -- 1972). It was later printed as part of a twelve - poem pamphlet (or chapbook) titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917. At the time of its publication, Prufrock was considered outlandish, but is now seen as heralding a paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th - century Romantic verse and Georgian lyrics to Modernism.
Document 3: Jones Very: Born in Salem, Massachusetts to two unwed first cousins, Jones Very became associated with Harvard University, first as an undergraduate, then as a student in the Harvard Divinity School and as a tutor of Greek. He heavily studied epic poetry and was invited to lecture on the topic in his home town, which drew the attention of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Soon after, Very asserted that he was the Second Coming of Christ, which resulted in his dismissal from Harvard and his eventual institutionalization in an insane asylum. When he was released, Emerson helped him issue a collection called "Essays and Poems" in 1839. Very lived the majority of his life as a recluse from then on, issuing poetry only sparingly. He died in 1880.
Document 4: St. Botolph's Review: St Botolph's Review was the student-made poetry journal from Cambridge University, England in 1956, which saw the first publication of Ted Hughes' poetry, at the launch of which Hughes met Sylvia Plath. The first issue appeared on 26 February 1956.
Document 5: Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being: Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being is a book of literary criticism authored by Ted Hughes. Hughes has extensively discussed the poems and other literary works of Shakespeare in this book. The book is written in three parts:
Document 6: Black Death: The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India. In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.
Document 7: Black Death: The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.
Document 8: Lyrical Ballads: Most of the poems in the 1798 edition were written by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing only four poems to the collection, including one of his most famous works, ``The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ''.
Document 9: Burnt Norton: Burnt Norton is the first poem of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets". He created it while working on his play "Murder in the Cathedral" and it was first published in his "Collected Poems 1909–1935" (1936). The poem's title refers to a Cotswolds manor house Eliot visited. The manor's garden served as an important image within the poem. Structurally, the poem is based on Eliot's "The Waste Land" with passages of the poem related to those excised from "Murder in the Cathedral".
Document 10: Black Death: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".
Document 11: Interlunar: Interlunar is a 1984 poetry collection by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. One of her lesser documented works, the collection is divided into two sections. The first, "Snake Woman," explores one of her favorite motifs, the snake. The second section, "Interlunar," deals with themes of darkness. It features a poem "The Robber Bridegroom," that she later used as a title for a novel. Interlunar features several more myths related from a female point of view, including "Orpheus," "Eurydice," and "Letter from Persephone".
Document 12: Birthday Letters: Birthday Letters, published in 1998, is a collection of poetry by English poet and children's writer Ted Hughes. Released only months before Hughes's death, the collection won multiple prestigious literary awards. This collection of eighty-eight poems is widely considered to be Hughes's most explicit response to the suicide of his estranged wife Sylvia Plath in 1963, and to their widely discussed, politicized and "explosive" marriage.
Document 13: Black Death: Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.
Document 14: Remains of Elmet: Remains of Elmet is a collection of poems by Ted Hughes published in 1979. In this book Hughes has poetically covered the region of Elmet. The book contains black and white photographs by Fay Godwin, taken in the barren hill country of West Yorkshire, Hughes's birthplace.
Document 15: Black Death: The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.
ground_truth: 1349
sub_queries: Birthday Letters >> author Answer: Ted Hughes
Ted Hughes >> country of citizenship Answer: England
When did the y. pestis reach England ? Answer: 1349