Question: André Jardin (1912 – 1996) was a French biographer and historian, best known for his studies of Alexis de Tocqueville and 19th century French history, translated into English as "Tocqueville: A Biography" in 1988 by Lydia Davis and Robert Hemenway—was acclaimed as the definitive account of the life and career of the author of "Democracy in America"/De La Démocratie en Amérique, is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville, published in how many volumes?

full_context: Document 1: The Spirit of the Laws: The Spirit of the Laws (French: "De l'esprit des lois", originally spelled "De l'esprit des loix"; also sometimes translated The Spirit of Laws) is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law, published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. Originally published anonymously, partly because Montesquieu's works were subject to censorship, its influence outside France was aided by its rapid translation into other languages. In 1750 Thomas Nugent published the first English translation. In 1751 the Roman Catholic Church added "De l'esprit des lois" to its "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" ("List of Prohibited Books"). Yet Montesquieu's treatise had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably: Catherine the Great, who produced "Nakaz" ("Instruction"); the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution; and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society, in "Democracy in America". Macaulay offers us a hint of Montesquieu's importance when he writes in his 1827 essay entitled "Machiavelli" that "Montesquieu enjoys, perhaps, a wider celebrity than any political writer of modern Europe."
Document 2: Mutual liberty: Mutual liberty is an idea first coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work "Democracy in America". In effect, Tocqueville was referring to the general nature of American society during the 19th century. It appeared to him, at least on the surface, that every citizen in the United States had the opportunity to participate in the civic activities of the country. Another way to look at mutual liberty is by accounting for the collective free wills of every rational being in a community. Even though the notion of mutual liberty was introduced by Tocqueville, it was John Stuart Mill who greatly expanded it. Mill believed that the most proper occasion for mutual liberty was in a community governed by the consent of the governed, i.e., a republic. And according to Mill, it is only in a republic where members of all political factions can participate. It has been said that a republic is the form of government that divides people least. This statement pertains greatly to mutual liberty. Unlike positive and negative liberty, mutual liberty encompasses all citizens. It makes no distinction between political preference and social status. Mutual liberty pervades all sectors of society, from the homeless man on the street to the premier of the state. It is the process through which a general sense of morality gets exerted on the widest range of people in any given communal setting.
Document 3: Georges Perec: A Life in Words: Georges Perec: A Life in Words is an authoritative biography of Georges Perec by David Bellos, Professor of French and Comparative Literature and Director of the Program in Translation and Intercultural Communication at Princeton University, who also translated Perec's major novel "Life: A User's Manual" (1978) from French into English. His prize-winning biography contains a full list of Perec's works. Unfortunately the first edition (1993) published in Australia contained a rather unfortunate binding error. About three-quarters of the way through, a whole section was reinserted into the book. This made the rest of the book rather unreadable. The second edition (1995) has hopefully corrected this.
Document 4: André Gide: André Paul Guillaume Gide (] ; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight". Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars.
Document 5: Alexis de Tocqueville: Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, Viscount de Tocqueville ( ; ] ; 29 July 180516 April 1859) was a French diplomat, political scientist, and historian. He was best known for his works "Democracy in America" (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and "The Old Regime and the Revolution" (1856). In both he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. "Democracy in America" was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.
Document 6: Jean Claude Jacob: Jean Claude Jacob was a serf from the Jura Mountains, supposedly 120 years old, who was brought from his native place to figure as "dean of the human race" in Paris at the Festival of the Federation of July 1790. Thomas Carlyle wrote of Jacob in :Having seen the Human Species itself, to have seen the 'Dean of the Human Species,' ceased now to be a miracle. Such 'Doyen du Genre Humain, Eldest of Men,' had shewn himself there, in these weeks: Jean Claude Jacob, a born Serf, deputed from his native Jura Mountains to thank the National Assembly for enfranchising them. On his bleached worn face are ploughed the furrowings of one hundred and twenty years. He has heard dim patois-talk, of immortal Grand-Monarch victories; of a burnt Palatinate, as he toiled and moiled to make a little speck of this Earth greener; of Cevennes Dragoonings; of Marlborough going to the war. Four generations have bloomed out, and loved and hated, and rustled off: he was forty-six when Louis Fourteenth died. The Assembly, as one man, spontaneously rose, and did reverence to the Eldest of the World; old Jean is to take seance among them, honourably, with covered head. He gazes feebly there, with his old eyes, on that new wonder-scene; dreamlike to him, and uncertain, wavering amid fragments of old memories and dreams. For Time is all growing unsubstantial, dreamlike; Jean's eyes and mind are weary, and about to close, — and open on a far other wonder-scene, which shall be real. Patriot Subscription, Royal Pension was got for him, and he returned home glad; but in two months more he left it all, and went on his unknown way.
Document 7: Dominique Kalifa: Dominique Kalifa is a French historian, professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, where he is director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut Universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialises in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th France and Europe. He also teaches at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 and reviews for the French newspaper "Libération". His last book was devoted to the underworld and its role in the Western imagination. He is currently working on a new project about the concept of ""Belle Epoque"" and the ways 20th century France has represented the turn of the century.
Document 8: On Revolution: On Revolution is a 1963 book by American Jewish political theorist Hannah Arendt. Arendt presents a comparison of two of the main revolutions of the eighteenth century, the American and French Revolutions. She goes against a common view of both Marxist and leftist views when she argues that France, while well studied and often emulated, was a disaster and that the largely ignored American Revolution was a success. The turning point in the French Revolution occurred when the leaders rejected their goals of freedom in order to focus on compassion for the masses. In America, on the other hand, the Founding Fathers never betrayed the goal of "Constitutio Libertatis". However, Arendt believes the revolutionary spirit of those men had been lost, and advocates a “council system” as an appropriate institution to regain that spirit.
Document 9: Gustave de Beaumont: Comte Gustave Auguste Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont (16 February 1802 in Beaumont-la-Chartre, Sarthe – 30 March 1866, Tours) was a French magistrate, prison reformer, and travel companion to the famed philosopher and politician Alexis de Tocqueville. While he was very successful in his lifetime, he is often overlooked and his name is synonymous with Tocqueville's achievements.
Document 10: Alexis de Tocqueville Award: The Alexis de Tocqueville Award may refer to a number of awards named after the prominent Frenchman who wrote "Democracy in America". The current known awards include:
Document 11: The Old Regime and the Revolution: L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856) is a work by the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville translated in English as either The Old Regime and the Revolution or The Old Regime and the French Revolution. The book analyzes French society before the French Revolution—the so-called "Ancien Régime"—and investigates the forces that caused the Revolution. It is one of the major early historical works on the French Revolution. In this book, de Tocqueville develops his main theory about the French revolution, the theory of continuity, in which he states that even though the French tried to dissociate themselves from the past and from the autocratic old regime, they eventually reverted to a powerful central government.
Document 12: André Jardin: André Jardin (1912 – 1996) was a French biographer and historian, best known for his studies of Alexis de Tocqueville and 19th century French history. His 1984 biography of Tocqueville, "Alexis de Tocqueville: 1805-1859"—translated into English as "Tocqueville: A Biography" in 1988 by Lydia Davis and Robert Hemenway—was acclaimed as the definitive account of the life and career of the author of "Democracy in America".
Document 13: The Greater Journey: The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris is a 2011 non-fiction book by the Pulitzer Prize-winning author David McCullough. In a departure from McCullough's most recent works, Founding Fathers like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, who spent time in Paris, are not covered. Instead, the book is about 19th-century Americans like James Fenimore Cooper and Samuel Morse, who migrated to Paris and went on to achieve importance in culture or innovation. Other subjects include Elihu Washburne, the American ambassador to France during the Franco-Prussian War, Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female doctor in the United States, and American artists who worked in Paris such as George Healy, Mary Cassatt, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens.
Document 14: Soft tyranny: Soft tyranny is an idea first coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work titled "Democracy in America". In effect, soft tyranny occurs whenever the social conditions of a particular community hinder any prospect of hope among its members. For Tocqueville, hope is the driving force behind all democratic institutions. As such, whenever this all-encompassing hope is taken away from the people, liberal democracy fails.
Document 15: Democracy in America: De La Démocratie en Amérique (] ; published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840) is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville. Its title translates as On Democracy in America, but English translations are usually simply entitled Democracy in America. In the book, Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years.
ground_truth: two