Question: When did Despo Rutti's country of birth become independent?

full_context: Document 1: Rigo Star: Rigobert Bamundele, best known as Rigo Star, is an appreciated soukous guitarist and composer from DR Congo, now based in Paris. He has played with several major soukous and world music acts, including Papa Wemba's Viva La Musica, Bozi Boziana's Anti-Choc, Kanda Bongo Man, Koffi Olomide, Kelele, Kékélé, and Paul Simon. His name is mostly associated with Congolese female singer M'bilia Bel, with whom he collaborated almost exclusively throughout the 1990s. He has also released a few solo works, including the 1998 album "Attention!" with Sam Mangwana on vocals.
Document 2: Fababy: Fababy released his first solo music video titled, "Fuck L'amour" (Fuck Love) on 14 February 2011, one year after his first collaborative video. He also featured on the rap album "Biography of Seven" and released a clip entitled "L'etat nous baratine" on 31 March as a collaboration with French rap artist Seven. Shortly after, he released another clip "Crie 93" exclusively on rap website Booska-p. Fababy then signed on with recording label Banlieue Sale, run by French rapper La Fouine.
Document 3: Zaire: Zaire (/ zɑːˈɪər /), officially the Republic of Zaire (French: République du Zaïre; French pronunciation: ​ (za. iʁ)), was the name for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that existed between 1971 and 1997 in Central Africa. The country was a one - party totalitarian dictatorship, run by Mobutu Sese Seko and his ruling Popular Movement of the Revolution party. Zaire was established following Mobutu's seizure of power in a military coup in 1965, following five years of political upheaval following independence known as the Congo Crisis. Zaire had a strongly centralist constitution and foreign assets were nationalised. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second Congolese Republic.
Document 4: Joseph Kabila: On 28 March 2004, an apparent coup attempt or mutiny around the capital Kinshasa, allegedly by members of the former guard of former president Mobutu Sese Seko (who had been ousted by Kabila's father in 1997 and died in the same year), failed. On 11 June 2004, coup plotters led by Major Eric Lenge allegedly attempted to take power and announced on state radio that the transitional government was suspended, but were defeated by loyalist troops.
Document 5: Republic of the Congo: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
Document 6: Republic of the Congo: The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
Document 7: Republic of the Congo: The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.
Document 8: Republic of the Congo: The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Document 9: Republic of the Congo: The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.
Document 10: History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: After an uprising by the Congolese people, Belgium surrendered to the independence of the Congo in 1960. However, the Congo remained unstable because tribal leaders had more power than the central government. Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba tried to restore order with the aid of the Soviet Union as part of the Cold War, causing the United States to support a coup led by Colonel Joseph Mobutu in 1965. Mobutu quickly seized complete power of the Congo and renamed the country Zaire. He sought to Africanize the country, changing his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko, and demanded that African citizens change their Western names to traditional African names. Mobutu sought to repress any opposition to his rule, in which he successfully did throughout the 1980s. However, with his regime weakened in the 1990s, Mobutu was forced to agree to a power - sharing government with the opposition party. Mobutu remained the head of state and promised elections within the next two years that never took place.
Document 11: Diwân: Diwân is a studio album released in 1998 by Franco-Algerian raï artist Rachid Taha. In contrast to his earlier releases, Diwân contains less rock and punk music, and features more traditional Arabic instruments. Many of the songs are about the founding fathers of raï music, and the lyrics are in Arabic and French.
Document 12: Despo Rutti: Spending his life in Kinshasa and in Brazzaville, he immigrated to France in 1992. He released his first recordings in 1999 "Tout c’que j'n'aurais pas" and "Les reufs meurent" and was featured in a number of rap compilations through producer Fabrice Yahiaoui and label Hématome Concept eventually signing with label Soldat Sans Grade Records releasing "Les sirènes du charbon" on 28 November 2006, as a double CD, being an EP of 9 titles and a street album mixed by DJ Boudj. It denounced the social inequalities and a protest for expulsion of immigrants. It was followed by another provocative release, "Convictions suicidaires", his debut studio full album treating taboo subjects of French society including national identity in face of changing immigration trends. This was followed by the mixtape "Discographie parallèle" mixed by DJ Uka and highlighting a number of collaborations.
Document 13: Republic of the Congo: The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
Document 14: Republic of the Congo: Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
Document 15: XCiTés: XCiTés: the Flamingo Book of New French Writing is an anthology edited by Georgia de Chamberet of French writing in translation which "aims to smash the stereotypes" by a new generation of writers who were unpublished in English at the time of publication (2000). The book includes stories by Frédéric Beigbeder, Mehdi Belhaj Kacem, Tonino Benacquista, Marie Desplechin, Ilan Duran Cohen, Agnès Desarthe, Virginie Despentes, Guillaume Dustan, Eric Faye, Michel Houellebecq, Mathieu Kassovitz, Mathieu Lindon, Mounsi, Lorette Nobécourt, Vincent Ravalec, Abdourahman Waberi. The INDEPENDENT said of it: "French society is diverse, richly multi-cultural - and the writing in this collection represents some of that diversity. If a writer is clearly wonderful - Abdourahman Waberi (originally from Djibouti) or Mounsi (Algerian) - then we want more. The last three inclusions - scenes from Mathieu Kassovitz's film La Haine, a piece on the house music scene by DJ Tov and an interview with Chelsea defender Marcel Desailly illustrate the point of this kind of new fiction which is to question traditional modes of publishing. The French are tired of their image."
ground_truth: 1960
sub_queries: Despo Rutti >> place of birth Answer: Kinshasa
What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of? Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo
when did Democratic Republic of the Congo become independent Answer: 1960