Question: Which African-American composer co-wrote Air?

full_context: Document 1: New Bottle Old Wine: New Bottle Old Wine is an album by jazz composer, arranger, conductor and pianist Gil Evans recorded in 1958 by Evans with an orchestra. The album is a suite of songs written by and/or associated with major jazz musicians and composers, in original arrangements by Gil Evans, featuring Cannonball Adderley as the main soloist (like the albums Evans made with Miles Davis including "Miles Ahead", "Porgy and Bess", and "Sketches of Spain"). The orchestra also featured a number of important players including Bill Barber, Frank Rehak, Johnny Coles, Art Blakey, and Paul Chambers.
Document 2: Mixed (album): Mixed is a compilation album of two avant-garde jazz sessions featuring performances by the Cecil Taylor Unit and the Roswell Rudd Sextet. The album was released on the Impulse! label in 1998 and collects three performances by Taylor with Archie Shepp, Jimmy Lyons, Henry Grimes and Sunny Murray with Ted Curson and Roswell Rudd added on one track which were originally released under Gil Evans' name on "Into the Hot" (1961). The remaining tracks feature Rudd with Giuseppi Logan, Lewis Worrell, Charlie Haden, Beaver Harris and Robin Kenyatta and were originally released as "Everywhere" (1966). Essentially these are the three Cecil Taylor tracks form the "Gil Evans album" (i.e. Evans was not meaningfully involved but Impulse had printed the album covers) teamed with Roswell Rudd's Impulse album Everywhere, in its entirety.
Document 3: Ragtime: Ragtime – also spelled rag-time or rag time – is a musical style that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1918. Its cardinal trait is its syncopated, or "ragged", rhythm. The style has its origins in African-American communities in cities such as St. Louis. Ernest Hogan (1865–1909) was a pioneer of ragtime and was the first composer to have his ragtime pieces (or "rags") published as sheet music, beginning with the song "LA Pas Ma LA," published in 1895. Hogan has also been credited for coining the term "ragtime". The term is actually derived from his hometown "Shake Rag" in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Ben Harney, another Kentucky native, has often been credited for introducing the music to the mainstream public. His first ragtime composition, "You've Been a Good Old Wagon But You Done Broke", helped popularize the style. The composition was published in 1895, a few months after Ernest Hogan's "LA Pas Ma LA." Ragtime was also a modification of the march style popularized by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music. Ragtime composer Scott Joplin ("ca." 1868–1917) became famous through the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899) and a string of ragtime hits such as "The Entertainer" (1902), although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s. For at least 12 years after its publication, "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.
Document 4: Al Jewer: Al Jewer is a Native American flutist from Wisconsin. He has worked as a record producer and engineer, and as a studio musician, but he has become well known internationally for his work on the Native American flute. His original training was with the concert flute, and he has been performing classical music with that instrument since the early 1980s. In 1984, he established Laughing Cat Studio, and in 1994, Laughing Cat Records to give himself control over the recording, production and distribution of his music. This has given him the chance to work with many other musicians of the Midwestern United States, including Blackhawk, David Storei and Roxanne Neat, Natty Nation, Adrian Belew and Weekend Wages. Laughing Cat Records currently features artists who perform in Ambient, Native American, Reggae, Classical and Folk. Al has released two solo albums: "River Crossing" and "Prairie Plain Song" as well as "Two Trees" and "Music of the Earth" (with Andy Mitran). He also previously formed a duo with Christine Ibach called Cedar Wind. Cedar Wind released two albums, "Feather on the Wind" and "Kindred Spirits". His recent music often features harmonies on the alto and bass flute with melodies on the Native American flute.
Document 5: Scott Joplin: Scott Joplin ( ; 1867/68 or November 24, 1868– April 1, 1917) was an African-American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime". During his brief career, he wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas. One of his first, and most popular pieces, the "Maple Leaf Rag", became ragtime's first and most influential hit, and has been recognized as the rag.
Document 6: The Entertainer (rag): "The Entertainer" is a 1902 classic piano rag written by Scott Joplin. It was sold first as sheet music, and in the 1910s as piano rolls that would play on player pianos. The first recording was by blues and ragtime musicians, the Blue Boys in 1928, played on mandolin and guitar.
Document 7: George Gershwin: George Jacob Gershwin ( ; September 26, 1898 July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known. Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions "Rhapsody in Blue" (1924) and "An American in Paris" (1928) as well as the opera "Porgy and Bess" (1935).
Document 8: Scott Joplin (film): Scott Joplin is a 1977 biographical film directed by Jeremy Kagan and based on the life of American composer and pianist Scott Joplin. It stars Billy Dee Williams and Clifton Davis. It won an award from the Writers Guild of America in 1979. The only other composers mentioned as worthy equals in the film are John Philip Sousa and Jelly Roll Morton.
Document 9: M-Base: The term "M-Base" is used in several ways. In the 1980s, a loose collective of young African-American musicians including Steve Coleman, Graham Haynes, Cassandra Wilson, Geri Allen, Robin Eubanks, and Greg Osby emerged in Brooklyn with a new sound and specific ideas about creative expression. Using a term coined by Steve Coleman, they called these ideas "M-Base-concept" (short for "macro-basic array of structured extemporization") and critics have used this term to categorize this scene’s music as a jazz style. But Coleman stressed "M-Base" doesn’t denote a musical style but a way of thinking about creating music. As famous musicians did in the past, he also refuses the word "jazz" as a label for his music and the music tradition represented by musicians like John Coltrane, Charlie Parker, Louis Armstrong, etc. However, the musicians of the M-Base movement, which also included dancers and poets, strived for common creative musical languages, so their early recordings show a lot of similarities reflecting their common ideas, the experiences of working together, and their similar cultural background. To label this kind of music, jazz critics have established the word "M-Base" as a jazz style for lack of a better term, distorting its original meaning.
Document 10: Tom Turpin: Thomas Million John Turpin (November 18, 1871 – August 13, 1922) was an African-American composer of ragtime music.
Document 11: Ko-Ko: "Ko-Ko" is a 1945 bebop recording composed by Charlie Parker. The original recorded version features Parker on alto saxophone with trumpeter Miles Davis, double bassist Curley Russell and drummer Max Roach. Due to the absence of Bud Powell, Dizzy Gillespie was enlisted to play piano, instead of his usual trumpet. Pianist Sadik Hakim, then known as Argonne Thornton, was also known to be present at the session. Rumors persist to this day about precisely who played trumpet and piano on this piece; some claim Gillespie plays trumpet and, or instead of, piano; some claim Hakim is the pianist on all or part of one or both of the takes. However, it seems likely that Dizzy Gillespie was both playing piano and trumpet parts due to: 1. the simplicity of the piano comping, 2. the absence of any piano playing in the intro or coda while Gillespie was playing trumpet and 3. the absence of a trumpet solo on the recording, as Dizzy would not be able to comp for himself.
Document 12: Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy: Louis Armstrong Plays W. C. Handy is a 1954 studio release by Louis Armstrong and His All Stars, described by Allmusic as "Louis Armstrong's finest record of the 1950s" and "essential music for all serious jazz collections". Columbia CD released the album on CD in 1986 in a much altered form, with alternative versions in place of many of the original songs, but restored the original with its 1997 re-issue, which also included additional tracks: a brief interview by the producer, George Avakian, with W. C. Handy; a joke told by Louis Armstrong; and several rehearsal versions of the songs.
Document 13: Air Lore: Air Lore is an album by the improvisational trio Air featuring Henry Threadgill, Steve McCall, and Fred Hopkins performing compositions by Jelly Roll Morton and Scott Joplin. It was reissued on compact disc by Bluebird/RCA in 1987 and included in the eight-CD box set, "Complete Novus and Columbia Recordings of Henry Threadgill and Air" on Mosaic Records.
Document 14: Clarence E. Brandon Sr.: Clarence E. Brandon Sr. (1887–1962) was a writer, composer, and performer of ragtime music in the early twentieth century. He wrote or composed more than 50 songs from 1911 to 1947, including ragtime, jazz, and marches. While there are no known copies of music before 1911, his son, Clarence E. Brandon Jr., claimed his music-writing career began as far back as 1903. He published under many publishing companies, many his own, including Syndicate Music Company, Weile Publishing Company Inc., Buck and Lowney, Brandon and Josse Publishing Company, Orpheum Music Company, Brandon Music Company, S.S. Kresge, and Stark Music Company.
Document 15: Robert ÆOLUS Myers: Robert ÆOLUS Myers is a composer, performer and producer best known for his cinematic soundscapes incorporating flute, synthesizer, and percussion. These works utilizing western classical and indigenous compositional stylings draw readily from Asian, Arabic, and African influences. He has composed four albums—AEOLIAN MELODIES and RAYS, released by Global Pacific Records in conjunction with CBS/Sony Group Inc. and THE MAGICIAN and HIGH PRIESTESS as independent releases. He has additionally appeared on multiple album projects and most closely collaborated with musicians Nelson Hiu, Kit Ebersbach, Bob Kindler, Gerardo Maza, and Charlottémarie. ÆOLUS: A Retrospective, a compilation album featuring works from AEOLIAN MELODIES, RAYS, THE MAGICIAN, and HIGH PRIESTESS, was produced by Aloha Got Soul Records.
ground_truth: Scott Joplin