Question: Whe did the country of citizenship of Liston Bochette gain independence from spain?

full_context: Document 1: James Corson: James Corson, born in 1906, earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Pacific, where he was also a tackle on their football team. He went on to receive his master's degree from the University of Southern California and was the recipient of an honorary doctorate from his alma mater. In addition to playing football, Corson won the bronze medal in the discus throw for the United States in the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam, Netherlands. By the time he joined Willamette, Corson had been a teacher, coach, and dean, but above all he considered himself an administrator who got the job done. When Willamette University Board Chairman George Atkinson approached Corson with the offer to serve as interim president, Corson was 66 years of age and happy to take the position with no desire to be promoted. He took over an administration plagued with low morale and broken trust after Fritz's term and left Willamette having "revivified the spirit of Willamette by approaching problems openly, practically and sensibly…" Corson came to Willamette to help in any way he could or as he would have said it "to put a little hay in the barn."
Document 2: Randall W. Hanna: Hanna has a B.S. degree from the University of Florida and an M.B.A. from the Goizueta Business School at Emory University. He earned his juris doctor at Florida State University where he was a member of the Law Review and Order of the Coif. Hanna received his Doctorate in Education from the University of Pennsylvania. He has been listed in The Best Lawyers in America and served as Chairman of The Florida Board of Bar Examiners and Chairman of the Tallahassee Area Chamber of Commerce.
Document 3: Puerto Rico: Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people, the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for the Crown of Castile during his second voyage. Later it endured invasion attempts from the French, Dutch, and British. Four centuries of Spanish colonial government transformed the island's ethnic, cultural and physical landscapes primarily with waves of African slaves, Canarian, and Andalusian settlers. In the Spanish imperial imagination, Puerto Rico played a secondary, but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain. Spain's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century, helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans, Africans, and Iberians. In 1898, following the Spanish -- American War, the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
Document 4: Gregory Pence: He graduated cum laude with a B.A. from William and Mary and a Ph.D. from New York University, writing under visiting Australian bioethicist Peter Singer. Professor Pence taught a required course in bioethics for thirty-four years to 165 medical students at the University of Alabama School of Medicine. In 2006, Samford University awarded him a Pellegrino Medal for achievement in medical ethics. In 2011, he switched from teaching in the medical school to chairing the UAB Department of Philosophy, which he did from 2012 to 2018, after which he continued to be a professor in the department. In 1995, he began to direct, and continues to direct now, UAB's EMSAP (Early Medical School Acceptance Program).
Document 5: Arsenio López: Lopez was born in Humacao, Puerto Rico. He attended the Bolles School in Jacksonville, Florida, where he was a member of the Bolles School Swimming Club. Lopez accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he competed for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team under coach Gregg Troy. He majored in civil engineering at the university.
Document 6: Michael T. Benson: Benson earned his bachelor's degree "Cum Laude" from Brigham Young University, and then went on to earn a doctorate in Modern Middle Eastern History from St Antony's College, Oxford. Benson also earned a master's degree "Cum Laude" in Non-Profit Administration from the Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame. A firm believer in life-long education, Benson is currently enrolled in an online program to earn a master's degree in liberal arts from Johns Hopkins University. In recent years he has received national attention for his religious ecumenicism and his humorous use of social media to reach students. Benson is an accomplished athlete, having played basketball at Oxford and on the JV team at Brigham Young University. He is also a golfer and marathon runner.
Document 7: Independence movement in Puerto Rico: After four hundred years of colonial rule by the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico finally received its sovereignty in 1897 through a Carta de Autonomía (Charter of Autonomy). It was signed by Spanish Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and ratified by the Spanish Cortes.
Document 8: History of Puerto Rico: On August 10, 1815, the Royal Decree of Grace was issued, allowing foreigners to enter Puerto Rico (including French refugees from Hispaniola), and opening the port to trade with nations other than Spain. This was the beginning of agriculture-based economic growth, with sugar, tobacco, and coffee being the main products. The Decree also gave free land to anyone who swore their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Thousands of families from all regions of Spain (particularly Asturias, Catalonia, Majorca and Galicia), Germany, Corsica, Ireland, France, Portugal, the Canary Islands and other locations, escaping from harsh economic times in Europe and lured by the offer of free land, soon immigrated to Puerto Rico. However, these small gains in autonomy and rights were short lived. After the fall of Napoleon, absolute power returned to Spain, which revoked the Cádiz Constitution and reinstated Puerto Rico to its former condition as a colony, subject to the unrestricted power of the Spanish monarch.
Document 9: Karen Boback: Boback earned a bachelor's degree in Elementary/Special Education and a master's degree in Education/Certification-Technology from College Misericordia, a master's degree from Elementary School Guidance Counseling Marywood University, a Ph.D. in Organizational Leadership from University of Pennsylvania, and a Supervisory Certificate/School Guidance Counseling from University of Scranton. Prior to elective office she worked as a teacher, guidance counselor and college professor. She was presented with the Excellence in Education Award by College Misericordia in November 2006 and was named Harveys Lake Citizen of the Year in 2006.
Document 10: Puerto Rico: Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people, the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage. Later it endured invasion attempts from the French, Dutch, and British. Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves, Canarian, and Andalusian settlers. In the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico played a secondary, but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain. Spain's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century, helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans, Africans, and Iberians. In 1898, following the Spanish -- American War, the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
Document 11: 51st state: Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited no voting rights. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.
Document 12: Liston Bochette: Bochette attended the University of Florida on a Track and Field Scholarship offered to him by Olympic Coach Jimmy Carnes and was, later, inducted into the University's Hall of Fame, as a Distinguished Letterwinner. He has also studied at Florida State University, the University of Puerto Rico, and was accepted at Stanford University. He collected a Bachelor's degree in Fine Arts from the University of Florida; a Master's degree in Humanities from Inter American University; and a Ph.D. in Education from Pacific Western University.
Document 13: Chris Couch: Couch was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Buddy Alexander's Florida Gators men's golf team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1992 to 1995. As a sophomore, he was a member of the Gators' 1993 NCAA championship team that also included future PGA Tour golfer Brian Gay. During his time as a Gator golfer, the team also won Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships in 1992, 1993 and 1994. Couch was recognized as the SEC Freshman of the Year in 1992, a second-team All-SEC selection in 1993 and 1994, and a first-team All-SEC selection in 1995. In 1993 and 1995, he received All-American honors.
Document 14: Puerto Rico: Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people, the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage. Later it endured invasion attempts from the French, Dutch, and British. Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves, Canarian, and Andalusian settlers. In the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico played a secondary, but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain. Spain's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century, helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans, Africans, and Iberians. In 1898, following the Spanish -- American War, the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The treaty took effect on April 11, 1899.
Document 15: History of Puerto Rico: Located in the northeastern Caribbean, Puerto Rico formed a key part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest and colonization of the New World. The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The smallest of the Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico was a stepping - stone in the passage from Europe to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the northern territories of South America. Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the Spanish -- American War, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World; they served as Spain's final outposts in a strategy to regain control of the American continents. Realizing that it was in danger of losing its two remaining Caribbean territories, the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in Spanish, English and French in order to attract Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with the arrival of new settlers. Free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.
ground_truth: 1897
sub_queries: Liston Bochette >> country of citizenship Answer: Puerto Rico
when did Puerto Rico gain their independence from spain Answer: 1897