Question: What organization was the person who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism a member of?

full_context: Document 1: Experimental psychology: Experimental psychology was introduced into the United States by George Trumbull Ladd, who founded Yale University's psychological laboratory in 1879. In 1887, Ladd published Elements of Physiological Psychology, the first American textbook that extensively discussed experimental psychology. Between Ladd's founding of the Yale Laboratory and his textbook, the center of experimental psychology in the US shifted to Johns Hopkins University, where George Hall and Charles Sanders Peirce were extending and qualifying Wundt's work.
Document 2: Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874 -- 1949), who observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home - made puzzle boxes. A cat could escape from the box by a simple response such as pulling a cord or pushing a pole, but when first constrained, the cats took a long time to get out. With repeated trials ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, so the cats escaped more and more quickly. Thorndike generalized this finding in his law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences tend to be repeated and those that produce unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. In short, some consequences strengthen behavior and some consequences weaken behavior. By plotting escape time against trial number Thorndike produced the first known animal learning curves through this procedure.
Document 3: William James Fellow Award: The William James Fellow Award is an award of the Association for Psychological Science which "honors APS Members for their lifetime of significant intellectual contributions to the basic science of psychology". The requirement is that "recipients must be APS members recognized internationally for their outstanding contributions to scientific psychology". It is named after William James. As part of APS's 25th Anniversary, the APS Board of Directors recognized a larger class of William James Fellows in 2013, identifying them as individuals who have had a profound impact on the field of psychological science over the previous quarter century.
Document 4: Radical behaviorism: Radical behaviorism, or the conceptual analysis of behavior, was pioneered by B.F. Skinner and is his ``philosophy of the science of behavior. ''It refers to the philosophy behind behavior analysis, and is to be distinguished from methodological behaviorism -- which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors -- by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of human and animal psychology. The research in behavior analysis is called the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of this field is called applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Document 5: Richard E. Mayer: Richard E. Mayer (born 1947) is an American educational psychologist who has made significant contributions to theories of cognition and learning, especially as they relate to problem solving and the design of educational multimedia. Mayer's best known contribution to the field of educational psychology is multimedia learning theory, which posits that optimal learning occurs when visual and verbal materials are presented together simultaneously. He is the year 2000 recipient of the E. L. Thorndike Award for career achievement in educational psychology, and the winner of 2008 Distinguished Contribution of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training Award from the American Psychological Association. He was ranked #1 as the most productive educational psychologist in the world for 1997-2001. He is the author of more than 390 publications including 23 books on education and multimedia. He received a PhD in psychology from the University of Michigan (1973), and served as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Psychology at Indiana University from 1973-1975. Mayer is Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) where he has served since 1975.
Document 6: Operant conditioning: B.F. Skinner (1904 -- 1990) is often referred to as the father of operant conditioning, and his work is frequently cited in connection with this topic. His book ``The Behavior of Organisms '', published in 1938, initiated his lifelong study of operant conditioning and its application to human and animal behavior. Following the ideas of Ernst Mach, Skinner rejected Thorndike's reference to unobservable mental states such as satisfaction, building his analysis on observable behavior and its equally observable consequences.
Document 7: History of science: The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.
Document 8: B. F. Skinner: Skinner was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles.  Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism, along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. A June 2002 survey listed Skinner as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.
Document 9: E. L. Thorndike Award: The E. L. Thorndike Career Achievement Awards is an award of the American Psychological Association given to living recipients for substantial career achievements in educational psychology. The award's winners are recognized for research in the best tradition of educational psychology, meaning that the award is conferred for original, scientific, empirically-based research that contributes significantly to knowledge, theory, or practice in educational psychology. It was named for the noted psychologist, Edward Thorndike.
Document 10: Eleanor Rosch: Eleanor Rosch (once known as Eleanor Rosch Heider; born 1938) is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, specializing in cognitive psychology and primarily known for her work on categorization, in particular her prototype theory, which has profoundly influenced the field of cognitive psychology.
Document 11: Spearman Medal: The Spearman Medal is an early-career award of the British Psychological Society's Research Board, given in recognition of outstanding published work in psychology which represents a significant body of work in terms of theoretical contributions, originality, and impact. The award was inaugurated in 1965 and is named in honour of Charles Spearman.
Document 12: Lawrence K. Jones: Lawrence K. Jones is an American counseling psychologist, career assessment developer, and writer of international standing. Jones is a professor Emeritus in the College of Education at North Carolina State University. He received his Master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania, and his Ph.D. in counseling psychology at the University of Missouri. His work has been published in more than 50 scientific journals and books. He is the author of the "Encyclopedia of Career Change and Work Issues", selected as one of the "Outstanding Reference Sources" by the American Library Association. He received the annual, national Professional Development award of the American Counseling Association and he is a National Certified Counselor.
Document 13: Behaviorism: During the first half of the twentieth century, John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events. It was not until the 1930s that B.F. Skinner suggested that private events -- including thoughts and feelings -- should be subjected to the same controlling variables as observable behavior, which became the basis for his philosophy called radical behaviorism. While Watson and Ivan Pavlov investigated the stimulus - response procedures of classical conditioning, Skinner assessed the controlling nature of consequences and also its' potential effect on the antecedents (or discriminative stimuli) that strengthens behavior; the technique became known as operant conditioning.
Document 14: Reinforcement: Laboratory research on reinforcement is usually dated from the work of Edward Thorndike, known for his experiments with cats escaping from puzzle boxes. A number of others continued this research, notably B.F. Skinner, who published his seminal work on the topic in The Behavior of Organisms, in 1938, and elaborated this research in many subsequent publications. Notably Skinner argued that positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in shaping behavior. Though punishment may seem just the opposite of reinforcement, Skinner claimed that they differ immensely, saying that positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioral modification (long - term) whereas punishment changes behavior only temporarily (short - term) and has many detrimental side - effects. A great many researchers subsequently expanded our understanding of reinforcement and challenged some of Skinner's conclusions. For example, Azrin and Holz defined punishment as a ``consequence of behavior that reduces the future probability of that behavior, ''and some studies have shown that positive reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in modifying behavior. Research on the effects of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment continue today as those concepts are fundamental to learning theory and apply to many practical applications of that theory.
Document 15: Social learning theory: In the 1940s, B.F. Skinner delivered a series of lectures on verbal behavior, putting forth a more empirical approach to the subject than existed in psychology at the time. In them, he proposed the use of stimulus - response theories to describe language use and development, and that all verbal behavior was underpinned by operant conditioning. He did however mention that some forms of speech derived from words and sounds that had previously been heard (echoic response), and that reinforcement from parents allowed these 'echoic responses' to be pared down to that of understandable speech. While he denied that there was any ``instinct or faculty of imitation '', Skinner's behaviorist theories formed a basis for redevelopment into social learning theory.
ground_truth: American Psychological Association
sub_queries: who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism Answer: Edward Thorndike
Edward Thorndike >> member of Answer: American Psychological Association