Question: Which virus that causes respiratory problems and is being studied in laboratories in big cities around the globe was discovered by a former President of the Chinese Medical Association?

full_context: Document 1: Chinese Medical Journal: The Chinese Medical Journal is an official publication of Chinese Medical Association, co-published by Chinese Medical Association Publishing House and Wolters Kluwer Medknow. The journal publishes peer-reviewed English-language articles, covering technical and clinical studies related to health, as well as ethical and social issues in medical research.
Document 2: S. Samar Hasnain: S. Samar Hasnain FRSC is the Max Perutz professor of Molecular Biophysics at the University of Liverpool. He is current editor in chief of IUCr Journals. In 1991 he became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and in 2002 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Additionally, in 1997 he became a Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences and in 2011 a Fellow of the Society of Biology.
Document 3: Merkel cell polyomavirus: Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) was first described in January 2008 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the first example of a human viral pathogen discovered using unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing with a technique called digital transcriptome subtraction. MCV is one of seven currently known human oncoviruses. It is suspected to cause the majority of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer. Approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) tumors have been found to be infected with MCV. Three years later, a team of researchers at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute developed an antibody that detected MCV expression in 97% of MCC tumors. MCV appears to be a common—if not universal—infection of older children and adults. It is found in respiratory secretions suggesting that it may be transmitted by a respiratory route. But it also can be found shedding from healthy skin, and in gastrointestinal tract tissues and elsewhere, and so its precise mode of transmission remains unknown. Most MCV viruses found in MCC tumors, however, have at least two mutations that render the virus nontransmissible: 1) The virus is integrated into the host genome in a monoclonal fashion and 2) The viral T antigen has truncation mutations that leave the T antigen unable to initiate DNA replication needed to propagate the virus.
Document 4: SARS coronavirus: The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York City, San Francisco, Manila, Hong Kong, and Toronto.
Document 5: Wilson Ko: Wilson Ko, M.D. was an Ellis Island Medal of Honor recipient in 2008, and a renowned cardiothoracic (heart and lung) surgeon practicing in New York City. He has served as Professor of Surgery at the New York Medical College, State University of New York, Cornell University Medical College, and as the chief cardiothoracic surgeon at Saint Vincent Hospital-Manhattan, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, and New York Hospital Queens. His community services include serving as the President of Chinese American Medical Society, the President of China AIDS Fund (6), Vice-Chairman of the National Council of Asian Pacific Islander Physicians (7), board director in American Cancer Society-East Asian Unit, Chinese American Cardiovascular Association (8), and Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation (9). He was featured as one of the eight most influential Chinese Americans in the "ViViD" magazine (10) in 2011.
Document 6: Hart Park virus: Hart Park virus, or HP virus, is a single-stranded RNA arbovirus that is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes. The HP virus is classified in the Rhabdoviridae family and is related to the viral agents that cause rabies and vesicular stomatitis. The exact date of discovery of this virus is uncertain, but its presence in the entomological community dates back as far as 1964. Because of its relatively recent discovery, its exact effect on hosts is uncertain. Currently, there is no known disease affiliated with the Hart Park virus.
Document 7: Systemic acquired resistance: The systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and there is evidence that SAR in plants and innate immunity in animals may be evolutionarily conserved. Plants use pattern-recognition receptors to recognize conserved microbial signatures. This recognition triggers an immune response. The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995) and in Arabidopsis (FLS2, 2000). Plants also carry immune receptors that recognize highly variable pathogen effectors. These include the NBS-LRR class of proteins. SAR is important for plants to resist disease, as well as to recover from disease once formed. SAR can be induced by a wide range of pathogens, especially (but not only) those that cause tissue necrosis, and the resistance observed following induction of SAR is effective against a wide range of pathogens, which is why SAR resistance is sometimes called "broad spectrum." SAR is associated with the induction of a wide range of genes (so called PR or "pathogenesis-related" genes), and the activation of SAR requires the accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA). The pathogen-induced SA signal activates a molecular signal transduction pathway that is identified by a gene called "NIM1", "NPR1" or "SAI1" (three names for the same gene) in the model genetic system "Arabidopsis thaliana". SAR has been observed in a wide range of flowering plants, including dicotyledon and monocotyledon species. SAR can be activated in corn, however, widely adapted commercial like Benzothiadiazole may not be efficient against "P. sorghi" causing common rust.
Document 8: Jason X.-J. Yuan: Jason X.-J. Yuan (born 1963) is an American physician scientist whose research interests center on pulmonary vascular pathobiology and pulmonary hypertension. His current research is primarily focused on the pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary vascular diseases and right heart failure.
Document 9: Si Xianmin: Si Xianmin (; born November 1957) is a former Chinese business executive who served as chairman and general manager of China Southern Airlines, the world's sixth-largest airline measured by passengers carried and Asia's largest airline in fleet size and passengers carried. Si Xiamin spent more than 20 years in China Southern Airlines. He was a delegate to the 12th National People's Congress. In November 2015, he was placed under investigation by the Chinese Communist Party's anti-corruption agency. He is the first head of civil aviation in China implicated since the beginning of Xi Jinping's anti-corruption drive after he took power in late 2012.
Document 10: Infectious Diseases Society of America: The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) is a medical association representing physicians, scientists and other health care professionals who specialize in infectious diseases. It was founded in 1963 and is based in Arlington, Virginia. As of 2013, IDSA had more than 9,000 members from across the United States and nearly 100 other countries on six different continents. IDSA’s purpose is to improve the health of individuals, communities, and society by promoting excellence in patient care, education, research, public health, and prevention relating to infectious diseases.
Document 11: Schizophrenia Research Foundation: Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF), is a non governmental, non profit organisation based in Chennai. Founded in 1984 by a group of philanthropists and mental health professionals led by M. Sarada Menon, a psychiatrist by profession. SCARF has established itself as a center of repute in rehabilitation and research in disorders of the mind. SCARF is one of the very few NGOs in the world to be named as a collaborating centre of the World Health Organization for mental health research and training.
Document 12: Merle Sande: Sande was a professor of Internal Medicine from 1971–1980 at the University of Virginia, where he performed research in mice on bacterial meningitis therapies such as novel antibiotics and corticosteroids. Dr Sande was Chief of Medical Services at San Francisco General Hospital in 1981 when he recognized a pattern of gay men being admitted with the rare pneumocystis pneumonia. His efforts on behalf of these patients resulted in the formation of an AIDS ward at San Francisco General Hospital and later an AIDS outpatient clinic. Teaming with such experts as Julie Gerberding and Paul Volberding he helped to craft what became known as the "San Francisco model" of AIDS therapy, a comprehensive, rational approach to care that avoided the fear and paranoia surrounding the disease at that time. The model addressed a need for infection-control guidelines, clinical studies and research financing and became a template for AIDS centers nationwide. Sande helped found to the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, which performed trials on some of the first anti-retrovirals such as zidovudine. He also helped to found the Infectious Diseases Institute at the Makerere University College of Health Sciences in Kampala, Uganda a major center for HIV education and research in Africa. Sande was a professor of Medicine at University of California, San Francisco from 1980–1996, chairman of the department internal medicine at University of Utah from 1996–2005 and Professor of medicine at University of Washington from 2005 until his death and president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America from 1993–4. He was also the editor of two highly regarded medical references "The Medical Management of AIDS." and "The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy". He also gave the always popular and well attended annual update in Infectious Diseases at the American College of Physicians annual meeting as well as the clinical case presentations at the Infectious Diseases Society of America annual meeting.
Document 13: An Zhisheng: An Zhisheng (; born 25 February 1941) is a Chinese geographer who specializes in quaternary geology, air particle pollution control, and global change. He is internationally known for his studies on Chinese loess and its implication for paleo-climate and paleo-environment changes. He is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), and Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences. He is a researcher and doctoral supervisor of the Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is a member of the Communist Party of China. He is an editor of "Quaternary Science Reviews". He served as the Vice Chairman of International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) from 1999 to 2007, and the Vice Chair of International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) steering committee from 2003 to 2006.
Document 14: Zhong Nanshan: Zhong Nanshan (; born 20 October 1936) is a Chinese pulmonologist, who discovered the SARS coronavirus in 2003. He was the President of the Chinese Medical Association from 2005 to 2009 and is currently the editor-in-chief of the "Journal of Thoracic Disease". He is most well known for managing the SARS outbreak in Guangdong province in 2003. He was voted one of China's top 10 scientists in 2010.
Document 15: Xiaoyuan (Shawn) Chen: Xiaoyuan Chen, Ph.D., is the Chief Investigator at the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) at the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1993 and Master of Science in 1996 from Nanjing University, China. He then moved to the United States and obtained his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Idaho in 1999 under the supervision of Professor Chien M. Wai. After two quick postdoctoral programs at Syracuse University (under the mentorship of Dr. Jon Zubieta) and Washington University in St. Louis (supervised by Professor Michael J. Welch), Dr. Chen joined the University of Southern California as an Assistant Professor of Radiology. He then moved to Stanford University in 2004 to help build the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) under the directorship of Professor Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2008. In the summer of 2009, he joined the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) as a tenured Senior Investigator. Dr. Chen also holds a joint appointment with the NIH Clinical Center.
ground_truth: SARS coronavirus