Question: The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by a linguist that is a laureate professor at what university?

full_context: Document 1: Combinatory categorial grammar: Combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) is an efficiently parsable, yet linguistically expressive grammar formalism. It has a transparent interface between surface syntax and underlying semantic representation, including predicate-argument structure, quantification and information structure. The formalism generates constituency-based structures (as opposed to dependency-based ones) and is therefore a type of phrase structure grammar (as opposed to a dependency grammar).
Document 2: Sasha Costanza-Chock: Sasha Costanza-Chock is a communications scholar, participatory designer, and activist. Sasha is an Associate Professor of Civic Media at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sasha received their A.B. from Harvard University, M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, and Ph.D. from the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism at the University of Southern California. Sasha researches social movements, media, and communications technologies, and has published work about the Occupy Wall Street, the immigrant rights movement in the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission, the CRIS campaign for communication rights, and media policy, among other areas. As an activist Sasha has contributed to citizen mediamedia justice projects such as VozMob, Transmission and Indymedia. Sasha has worked extensively in the political activism realm as an advocate for the Immigration Rights Movement and evaluates the success of the DREAM Act's active presence in the social realm. Sasha works with activist media networks and has always been involved with the community.
Document 3: Head-driven phrase structure grammar: Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a highly lexicalized, constraint-based grammar developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. It is a type of phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar, and it is the immediate successor to generalized phrase structure grammar. HPSG draws from other fields such as computer science (data type theory and knowledge representation) and uses Ferdinand de Saussure's notion of the sign. It uses a uniform formalism and is organized in a modular way which makes it attractive for natural language processing.
Document 4: Cornel West: Cornel Ronald West (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, political activist, social critic, author, public intellectual, and prominent member of the Democratic Socialists of America. West is an outspoken voice in American leftist politics, and as such has been critical of many center-left figures, including President Barack Obama and former Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. He has held professorships at Harvard University, Princeton University, Yale University, Union Theological Seminary, and the University of Paris during his career. He is also a frequent commentator on politics and social issues in many media outlets.
Document 5: Phrase structure grammar: The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammars as defined by phrase structure rules, i.e. rewrite rules of the type studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as "constituency grammars". The defining trait of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars.
Document 6: Feature structure: In phrase structure grammars, such as generalised phrase structure grammar, head-driven phrase structure grammar and lexical functional grammar, a feature structure is essentially a set of attribute-value pairs. For example, the attribute named "number" might have the value "singular". The value of an attribute may be either atomic, e.g. the symbol "singular", or complex (most commonly a feature structure, but also a list or a set).
Document 7: Linus Pauling: Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. "New Scientist" called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history.
Document 8: Noam Chomsky: Avram Noam Chomsky ( ; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes described as "the father of modern linguistics," Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is the author of over 100 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. He holds a joint appointment as Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and laureate professor at the University of Arizona.
Document 9: Chuck W. Morse: Chuck W. Morse (born 1969) is an American anarchist, academic, translator, editor, and writer. He founded the Institute for Anarchist Studies and "The New Formulation: An Anti-Authoritarian Review of Books". Morse was the editor of "Perspectives on Anarchist Theory" and taught at the Institute for Social Ecology.
Document 10: Howard Zinn: Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922January 27, 2010) was an American historian, playwright, and social activist. He was a political science professor at Boston University. Zinn wrote more than twenty books, including his best-selling and influential "A People's History of the United States". In 2007, he published a version of it for younger readers, "A Young People′s History of the United States".
Document 11: Phrase structure rules: Phrase structure rules are a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar, being first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts, also known as syntactic categories, including both lexical categories (parts of speech) and phrasal categories. A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation, and a grammar that employs phrase structure rules is therefore a "constituency grammar"; as such, it stands in contrast to "dependency grammars", which are based on the dependency relation.
Document 12: Murray Bookchin: Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American anarchist and libertarian socialist author, orator, historian, and political theorist. A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin initiated the critical theory of social ecology within anarchist, libertarian socialist, and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics, philosophy, history, urban affairs, and ecology. Among the most important were "Our Synthetic Environment" (1962), "Post-Scarcity Anarchism" (1971) and "The Ecology of Freedom" (1982). In the late 1990s he became disenchanted with the increasingly apolitical lifestylism of the contemporary anarchist movement, stopped referring to himself as an anarchist, and founded his own libertarian socialist ideology called Communalism.
Document 13: Head grammar: Head grammar (HG) is a grammar formalism introduced in Carl Pollard (1984) as an extension of the context-free grammar class of grammars. Head grammar is therefore a type of phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar. The class of head grammars is a subset of the linear context-free rewriting systems.
Document 14: Charles Murray (political scientist): Charles Alan Murray ( ; born January 8, 1943) is an American Libertarian, political scientist, author, and columnist. His book "Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980" (1984), which discussed the American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced subsequent government policy. He became well-known for his controversial book "The Bell Curve" (1994), written with Richard Herrnstein, in which he argues that intelligence is a better predictor than parental socio-economic status or education level of many individual outcomes including income, job performance, pregnancy out of wedlock, and crime, and that social welfare programs and education efforts to improve social outcomes for the disadvantaged are largely wasted.
Document 15: Generalized phrase structure grammar: Generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) is a framework for describing the syntax and semantics of natural languages. It is a type of constraint-based phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar. GPSG was initially developed in the late 1970s by Gerald Gazdar. Other contributors include Ewan Klein, Ivan Sag, and Geoffrey Pullum. Their book "Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar", published in 1985, is the main monograph on GPSG, especially as it applies to English syntax.
ground_truth: University of Arizona