Question:  Reminiscences of a Stock Operator is a thinly disguised biography of an american investor who passed away in which year ?

full_context: Document 1: R.H. Hooper &amp; Company: R.H. Hooper & Cooper & Company was the name used by two stock traders, Joseph C. Monier and Clifford M. Story, before they were suspended from the New York Cotton Exchange on June 18, 1930. The company was reportedly insolvent by June 18, 1930, announcing its intention
Document 2: The Great Crash, 1929: The Great Crash, 1929 is a book written by John Kenneth Galbraith and published in 1955; it is an economic history of the lead-up to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The book argues that the 1929 stock market crash was precipitated by rampant speculation in the stock market, that the common denominator of all speculative episodes is the belief of participants that they can become rich without work and that the tendency towards recurrent speculative orgy serves no useful purpose, but rather is deeply damaging to an economy. It was Galbraith's belief that a good knowledge of what happened in 1929 was the best safeguard against its recurrence.
Document 3: The Mystery of Banking: The Mystery of Banking is Murray Rothbard's 1983 book explaining the modern fractional-reserve banking system and its origins. In his June 2008 preface to the 298-page second edition, Douglas E. French suggests the work also lays out the “...devastating effects [of fractional-reserve banking] on the lives of every man, woman, and child.”
Document 4: Jesse Lauriston Livermore: Jesse Lauriston Livermore (July 26, 1877 – November 28, 1940) was an American investor and security analyst. Livermore was famed for making and losing several multimillion-dollar fortunes and short selling during the stock market crashes in 1907 and 1929.
Document 5: Reminiscences of a Stock Operator: Reminiscences of a Stock Operator is a 1923 roman à clef by American author Edwin Lefèvre which is the thinly disguised biography of Jesse Lauriston Livermore. The "Wall Street Journal" described the book as a "classic", it was ranked #15 on 'Fortune's 75 The Smartest Books We Know', and Alan Greenspan said it is "a font of investing wisdom."
Document 6: Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is a book with text by American writer James Agee and photographs by American photographer Walker Evans, first published in 1941 in the United States. The work documents the lives of impoverished tenant farmers during the Great Depression. Although it is in keeping with Evans' work with the Farm Security Administration, the project was initiated not by the FSA, but by "Fortune Magazine". The title is from a passage in the Wisdom of Sirach (44:1) that begins, "Let us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us".
Document 7: Think and Grow Rich: Think and Grow Rich was written in 1937 by Napoleon Hill, promoted as a personal development and self-improvement book. Hill writes that he was inspired by a suggestion from business magnate and later-philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. While the book's title and much of the text concerns increased income, the author insists that the philosophy taught in the book can help people succeed in any line of work, to do and be anything they can imagine. First published during the Great Depression, at the time of Hill's death in 1970, "Think and Grow Rich" had sold more than 20 million copies, and by 2015 over 100 million copies had been sold worldwide. It remains the biggest seller of Napoleon Hill's books. "BusinessWeek" magazine's Best-Seller List ranked it the sixth best-selling paperback business book 70 years after it was published. "Think and Grow Rich" is listed in John C. Maxwell's "A Lifetime "Must Read" Books List."
Document 8: George Soros: George Soros ( or ; Hungarian: "Soros György" , ] ; born György Schwartz, August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American investor, business magnate, philanthropist, and author. Soros is one of the world's most successful investors. As of May 2017, he had a net worth of $25.2 billion, ranking among the 30 richest people in the world.
Document 9: The Wolf of Wall Street (book): The Wolf of Wall Street is a memoir by former stockbroker and trader Jordan Belfort, first published in September 2007 by Bantam Books, then adapted into a 2013 film of the same name (directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort). Belfort's autobiographical account was continued by "Catching the Wolf of Wall Street", published in 2009.
Document 10: Bernard Madoff: Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff ( ; born April 29, 1938) is an American fraudster and a former stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier. He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market, and the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme that is considered the largest financial fraud in U.S. history. Prosecutors estimated the size of the fraud to be $64.8 billion, based on the amounts in the accounts of Madoff's 4,800 clients as of November 30, 2008.
Document 11: Harshad Mehta: Harshad Mehta was an Indian stockbroker, well known for his wealth and for having been charged with numerous financial crimes that took place in 1992. Of the 27 criminal charges brought against him, he was only convicted of four, before his death at age 47 in 2001. It was alleged that Mehta engaged in a massive stock manipulation scheme financed by worthless bank receipts, which his firm brokered in "ready forward" transactions between banks. Mehta was convicted by the Bombay High Court and Supreme Court of India for his part in a financial scandal valued at 4999 Crores which took place on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The scandal exposed the loopholes in the Indian banking system, Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) transaction system and SEBI further introduced new rules to cover those loopholes. He was tried for 9 years, until he died in late 2001.
Document 12: Ivan Boesky: Ivan Frederick Boesky (born March 6, 1937) is a former American stock trader who is notable for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States during the mid-1980s.
Document 13: Lewis Lehrman: Lewis E. "Lew" Lehrman (born August 15, 1938 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) is an American investment banker, businessman, Republican politician, economist, and amateur historian who supports the ongoing study of American history based on original source documents. He was presented the National Humanities Medal at the White House in 2005 for his contributions to American History, the study of President Abraham Lincoln and monetary policy. He was a member of the Advisory Committee of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and the Lincoln Forum. In addition to co-authoring "Money and the Coming World Order" and "The Case for Gold", Lehrman's has written "Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point," (2008), "The True Gold Standard, Newly Revised and Enlarged, Second Edition" (2012), "Money, Gold, and History" (2013) and "Lincoln "by littles"" (2013). He has written for major news publications such as the "Washington Post", the "New York Times" and the "Wall Street Journal", and has lectured widely on American history and economics. Lehrman also writes for the "Lincoln Institute" which has created award-winning websites on the 16th President. Lehrman achieved national political prominence in a 1982 campaign for Governor of New York, in which he ran against Democratic candidate Mario Cuomo, losing the election by only two percentage points. He is a senior partner at L. E. Lehrman & Co., an investment firm he established in 1981. He is also the chairman of the Lehrman Institute, a public policy research and grant making foundation founded in 1972. He and Richard Gilder were awarded the National Humanities Medal in an Oval Office ceremony on Thursday, November 10, 2005. The Medal was presented by President George W. Bush. He converted to Catholicism.
Document 14: Guy Spier: Guy Spier (born February 4, 1966) is a Zurich-based investor and author of a book on investing entitled "The Education of a Value Investor". He is well known for bidding US$650,100 with Mohnish Pabrai for a charity lunch with Warren Buffett in June 2007. In 2009, he was featured in "the Checklist Manifesto", by Atul Gawande regarding his use of checklists as part of his investment process.
Document 15: John Jacob Astor: John Jacob Astor (July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848) (born Johann Jakob Astor) was a German–American businessman, merchant, real estate mogul and investor who mainly made his fortune in fur trade and by investing in real estate in or around New York City.
ground_truth: 1940