Question: What technique, taught by Nelly Ben-Or, is an educational process that attempts to develop the ability to avoid unnecessary muscular tension by retraining physical movement reactions?

full_context: Document 1: Władysław Szpilman: Władysław Szpilman (] ; 5 December 19116 July 2000) was a Polish pianist and classical composer of Jewish descent. Szpilman is widely known as the central figure in the 2002 Roman Polanski film "The Pianist", which was based on Szpilman's autobiographical account of how he survived the German occupation of Warsaw and the Holocaust.
Document 2: Method acting: Method acting is a range of training and rehearsal techniques that seek to encourage sincere and emotionally expressive performances, as formulated by a number of different theatre practitioners, principally in the United States, where it is among the most popular—and controversial—approaches to acting. These techniques are built on the Stanislavski's "system" of the Russian actor and director Konstantin Stanislavski. Though many have contributed to the development of the Method, three teachers are associated with "having set the standard of its success", though each emphasized different aspects of the approach: Lee Strasberg (the psychological aspects), Stella Adler (the sociological aspects), and Sanford Meisner (the behavioral aspects). The approach was first developed when they worked together at the Group Theatre in New York. All three subsequently claimed to be the rightful heirs of Stanislavski's approach. His three major books were "An Actor Prepares", "Building a Character", and "Creating a Role".
Document 3: Rosen Method Bodywork: Rosen Method Bodywork (or Rosen Method) is a type of Complementary and alternative medicine. This bodywork, described as "psycho-somatic", claims to help integrate one's bodily and emotional/mental experience while identifying unconscious patterns of muscular holding, feeling, and behavior. The main theory underpinning this method is that a person protects themselves from past painful experiences through the body, separating one from one's true self. This alleged protection is said to be experienced most frequently as chronic musculoskeletal pain and tension, and purportedly can be observed by the bodywork practitioners as restricted patterns of movement and posture, muscular tension, or shortness of breath. Rosen Method Bodywork purports to integrate the body, mind, emotions and spirit; and unlock the unconscious.
Document 4: The Pianist (memoir): The Pianist is a memoir by the Polish-Jewish pianist and composer Władysław Szpilman in which he describes his life in Warsaw in occupied Poland during World War II. After being forced with his family to live in the Warsaw ghetto, Szpilman manages to avoid deportation to the Treblinka extermination camp, and from his hiding places around the city witnesses the Warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943 and the Warsaw uprising (the rebellion by the Polish resistance) the following year. He survives in the ruined city with the help of friends and strangers, including Wilm Hosenfeld, a German army captain who admires his piano playing.
Document 5: Sensory integration therapy: Sensory integration therapy is based on A. Jean Ayres' theory of Sensory Integration. Ayres' Sensory Integration (ASI) is a theory that describes (1) how the neurological process of processing and integrating sensory information from the body and the environment contribute to emotional regulation, learning, behavior, and participation in daily life, (2) empirically derived disorders of sensory integration (, and (3) an intervention approach. “Sensory integration theory is used to explain why individuals behave in particular ways, plan intervention to ameliorate particular difficulties, and predict how behavior will change as a result of intervention” (p. 5). Sensory integration theory originated from the work of A. Jean Ayres, PhD, OTR, an occupational therapist and psychologist, whose clinical insights and original research revolutionized occupational therapy practice with children. Dr. Ayres wrote "Sensory Integration is the organization of sensations for use. Our senses give us information about the physical conditions of our body and the environment around us...The brain must organize all of our sensations if a person is to move and learn and behave in a productive manner" (p. 5).
Document 6: Bioenergetic analysis: Bioenergetic analysis is a form of body psychotherapy (body-oriented Reichian psychotherapy), based upon the work of Wilhelm Reich. It can also be termed as a very specific kind of body psychotherapy which is based upon the continuity between body and mind. This form of body psychotherapy adds a number of innovations to the classic methods, these innovations include emphasis on the importance of grounding (i.e. being in strong contact with the ground through feet and legs) and on psychoanalytic theories such as transference, countertransference, dreams, slips of the tongue and Oedipal issues. It also places even greater emphasis on sexual fulfilment than Reichian psychotherapy. It was developed by Alexander Lowen and John Pierrakos, both patients and students of Reich. The idea behind current bioenergetic practice is that blocks to emotional expression and wellness are revealed and expressed in the body as chronic muscle tensions which are often subconscious. The blocks are treated by combining bioenergetically designed physical exercises, affective expressions and palpation of the muscular tensions.
Document 7: Nelly Sachs: Nelly Sachs (10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a Swedish poet and playwright of Jewish German birth. Her experiences resulting from the rise of the Nazis in World War II Europe transformed her into a poignant spokeswoman for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews. Her best-known play is "Eli: Ein Mysterienspiel vom Leiden Israels " (1950); other works include the poems "Zeichen im Sand " (1962), "Verzauberung " (1970), and the collections of poetry "In den Wohnungen des Todes " (1947), "Flucht und Verwandlung " (1959), "Fahrt ins Staublose " (1961), and "Suche nach Lebenden " (1971). She was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1966.
Document 8: Nelly Ben-Or: Nelly Nechama Ben-Or, also known as Nelly Ben-Or Clynes, was born in 1933 in Lwow in Poland. She is an international concert pianist and a Professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where she has taught the piano and the Alexander Technique since 1975. She is also a Holocaust survivor.
Document 9: Rosina Lhévinne: Rosina Lhévinne (née Bessie; March 29, 1880, Kiev, Ukraine, Russian EmpireNovember 9, 1976, Glendale, California) was a pianist and famed pedagogue.
Document 10: Adaptive unconscious: The adaptive unconscious, first coined by Daniel Wagner in 2002, is described as a series of mental processes that is able to affect judgement and decision making, but is out of reach of the conscious mind. Architecturally, the adaptive unconscious is said to be unreachable because it is buried in an unknown part of the brain. This type of thinking evolved earlier than the conscious mind, enabling the mind to transform information and think in ways that enhance an organism's survival. It can be described as a quick sizing up of the world which interprets information and decides how to act very quickly and outside the conscious view. The adaptive unconscious is active in everyday activities such as learning new material, detecting patterns, and filtering information. It is also characterized by being unconscious, unintentional, uncontrollable, and efficient without requiring cognitive tools. Lacking the need for cognitive tools does not make the adaptive unconscious any less useful than the conscious mind as the adaptive unconscious allows for processes like memory formation, physical balancing, language, learning, and some emotional and personalities processes that includes judgement, decision making, impression formation, evaluations, and goal pursuing. Despite being useful, the series of processes of the adaptive unconscious will not always result in accurate or correct decisions by the organism. The adaptive unconscious is affected by things like emotional reaction, estimations, and experience and is thus inclined to stereotyping and schema which can lead to inaccuracy in decision making. The adaptive conscious does however help decision making to eliminate cognitive biases such as prejudice because of its lack of cognitive tools.
Document 11: Laban movement analysis: Laban movement analysis (LMA), sometimes Laban/Bartenieff movement analysis, is a method and language for describing, visualizing, interpreting and documenting human movement. It is based on the original work of Rudolf Laban, which was developed and extended by Lisa Ullmann, Irmgard Bartenieff, Warren Lamb and others. LMA draws from multiple fields including anatomy, kinesiology and psychology. It is used by dancers, actors, musicians and athletes; by health professionals such as physical and occupational therapists and psychotherapists; and in anthropology, business consulting and leadership development.
Document 12: Nelly Shulman: Nelly Shulman is the first female rabbi from Russia and was the first female rabbi in Belarus, having served as the chief reform rabbi of Minsk, Belarus. This makes her the first Russian-born woman to be a rabbi in the former Soviet Union. She was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, and received her rabbinical ordination at the Leo Baeck College in London in 1999. She was a rabbi in Belarus for five years, the first female rabbi to serve there. She later returned to Russia and worked as a rabbi in Moscow. She also became a founding member and rabbi for the World Union for Progressive Judaism in Russia. In 2006 she officiated at what is believed to be Russia's first Jewish same-sex commitment ceremony, which led to Russia's largest Jewish group, Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, asking the Jewish Russian community to boycott Reform Jews.
Document 13: Alexander Technique: The Alexander Technique (A.T.), named after Frederick Matthias Alexander, is an educational process that attempts to develop the ability to avoid unnecessary muscular tension by retraining physical movement reactions. Alexander believed the individual's spatial self-awareness was related to psychological conditioning; questionably trained foundation habits of posture can be unsuitably added into procedural skills. Alexander observed that those whose goals justified it necessary to have trained themselves to overcompensate could not trust their judgment of physical orientation and required effort, (their "sensory appreciation.").
Document 14: Eleanor Mlotek: Eleanor Chana Mlotek (née Gordon; April 9, 1922 – November 4, 2013) was a musicologist, specializing in Yiddish folklore. Isaac Bashevis Singer, the Yiddish writer and Nobel laureate, once called Mrs. Mlotek and her husband, Joseph, “the Sherlock Holmeses of Yiddish folk songs.” WorldCat lists her as author of 70 works in 112 editions, in 6 languages. They include both collections of music and exhibition catalogs of Yiddish authors. She held the position of Music Archivist at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, and was also a columnist at the "Yiddish Forward" for over forty years. She was born in Brooklyn and is the mother of Zalmen Mlotek, the artistic director of the Folksbiene.
Document 15: Edna Golandsky: Edna Golandsky is a classical music pianist, lecturer and pedagogue of renown. She is a graduate of the Juilliard School, where she studied under Rosina Lhevinne and Adele Marcus. She later studied privately during many years with noted pedagogue Dorothy Taubman, whom she considers her main influence. She has earned wide acclaim throughout the United States and abroad for her extraordinary ability to solve technical problems at the instrument and for her penetrating musical insight. Many well-known concert pianists frequently play for her in her New York studio, including Chopin Competition laureate Gabriela Montero and Leeds Competition winner Ilya Itin. Golandsky co-founded the Taubman Institute, of which she was Associate Artistic Director from 1976-2002.
ground_truth: Alexander Technique