Question: Who developed the prototype pacemaker used by the 34th President of the USA?

full_context: Document 1: Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center: Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center is a nationally ranked hospital at the Texas Medical Center. It is the first hospital founded in the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas (and its founding predates the Texas Medical Center). Founded in 1925, it is the primary teaching hospital for McGovern Medical School (formerly The University of Texas Medical School at Houston (UTHealth Medical School)) and the flagship location of 13 hospitals in the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System. It is one of three certified Level I Trauma Centers in the greater Houston area. The Memorial Hermann Life Flight air ambulance service operates its fleet of helicopters from Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. The hospital has 33,614 admissions and performs 14,937 inpatient and 3,972 outpatient surgeries.
Document 2: Dwight D. Eisenhower: Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower ( ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front.
Document 3: Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower: The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower began on January 20, 1953 at noon Eastern Standard Time, when he was inaugurated as the 34th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1961. Eisenhower, a Republican, took office as president following a landslide win over Democrat Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election. This victory upended the New Deal Coalition that had kept the presidency in the hands of the Democratic Party for 20 years. Four years later, in the 1956 presidential election, he defeated Stevenson in a landslide again, winning a second term in office. He was succeeded in office by Democrat John F. Kennedy after the 1960 election.
Document 4: Mended Hearts: Mended Hearts is a United States-based charity which functions as a support group for individuals suffering from heart disease. It was founded in 1952 by cardiac surgery pioneer Dwight Harken. Dr. Dwight Harken was the first surgeon in history to repeatedly perform successful heart surgery. Dwight Harken asked four post-surgery heart patients to get together to give encouragement and support to each other and prospective patients. It was there that these patients spoke of their "mended hearts". Mended Hearts offers a program for the families of children born with congenital heart defects known as Mended "Little" Hearts.
Document 5: Kay Summersby: Kay Summersby (23 November 1908 – 20 January 1975) was a member of the British Mechanised Transport Corps during World War II, who served as a chauffeur and later as personal secretary to Dwight D. Eisenhower during his period as Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force in command of the Allied forces in north west Europe. They were together a great deal until the war ended, when Eisenhower cut ties and returned to the United States. It is generally agreed that Summersby and Eisenhower became extremely close during the war, and some writers have suggested that they had a sexual relationship, although several people who knew both of them at the time have rejected that claim, as have most of Eisenhower's biographers.
Document 6: George S. Patton: General George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European theaters of World War II, but is best known for his leadership of the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.
Document 7: David Eisenhower: Dwight David Eisenhower II (born March 31, 1948) is an American author, public policy fellow, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and eponym of the U.S. Presidential retreat, Camp David. He is the only grandson of 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the son-in-law of the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon.
Document 8: Bruce Reitz: Bruce A. Reitz is a Board Certified Cardiothoracic Surgeon. Reitz is one of the foremost cardiac surgeons in the world and, during his term as chairman of the Department of Cardiothoracic surgery, he played a major role in keeping Stanford at the forefront of education, research and patient care in cardiac surgery. He obtained an undergraduate degree at Stanford University (B.S. 1966) a medical degree at Yale Medical School (M.D. 1970) and completed an internship at Johns Hopkins Hospital (1971) and residencies and fellowships at Stanford University Hospital (1972 and 78) the National Institutes of Health (1974). He joined the surgical faculty at Stanford University (1978) then became Chief of cardiac surgery at Johns Hopkins University (1982–92) and Chairman of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Stanford (1992–2005). In 1981, Reitz and his team performed the first successful heart-lung transplant, which also was the first time a lung had ever been transplanted . In 1995 he conducted another pioneering operation: he performed the first Heartport procedure, using a device that allows minimally invasive coronary bypass and valve operations. Reitz also played a major role in the resident education program at Stanford, which he reorganized and maintained as one of the top two or three programs in the country.
Document 9: James Andrews (physician): Doctor James R. Andrews is one of the founding members of Andrews Sports Medicine and Orthopedic Center in Birmingham, Alabama. He is also co- founder of the American Sports Medicine Institute (ASMI) a non-profit institute dedicated to injury prevention, education and research in orthopedic and sports medicine. He continues to serve as Chairman of the Board and Medical Director of ASMI. Doctor Andrews is also a founding partner and Medical Director of the Andrews Institute in Gulf Breeze, Florida. He is President and Chairman of the Board of the Andrews Research and Education Foundation, which is also dedicated to prevention, education and research at the Andrews Institute. He has mentored hundreds orthopedic/sports medicine Fellows and more than 84 primary care sports medicine Fellows, who have trained under him through these Sports Medicine Fellowship Programs. He has become a pioneer in the medical field and has worked for many professional athletes and teams.
Document 10: R Adams Cowley: R Adams Cowley (July 25, 1917 – October 27, 1991), the "Father of Trauma Medicine," was an American surgeon considered a pioneer in emergency medicine and the treatment of shock trauma. He was the founder of the United States's first trauma center at the University of Maryland, in 1958, after the US Army awarded Dr. Cowley $100,000 to study shock in people—the first award of its kind in the United States. The trauma unit at first consisted of two beds, and was later expanded to four beds. Many people called the four-bed unit the "death lab." Cowley was the creator of the "Golden Hour" concept, the period of 60 minutes or less following injury when immediate definitive care is crucial to a trauma patient's survival. He was a leader in the use of helicopters for medical evacuations of civilians, beginning in 1969, and founded the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. He also founded the nation's first statewide EMS system, called MIEMSS by Executive Order of Maryland's Governor Mandel, 1972, as well as the National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, enacted by Congress in 1986 and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. He is also known for being one of the first surgeons to perform open-heart surgery and invented both a surgical clamp that bears his name and a prototype pacemaker that was used by Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Document 11: Ike (miniseries): Ike is a 1979 television miniseries about the life of Dwight D. Eisenhower, with heavy concentration on the time he went to Europe during World War II to serve as Supreme Commander. The screenplay by Melville Shavelson was based on Kay Summersby's 1948 memoir "Eisenhower Was My Boss" and her 1975 autobiography, "Past Forgetting: My Love Affair". Directed by Boris Sagal and Melville Shavelson, the production starred Robert Duvall as Eisenhower and Lee Remick as Kay Summersby. Film editors John Woodcock and Bill Lenny won an Eddie Award for their work and the series garnered five Emmy Award nominations.
Document 12: Henry Heimlich: Henry Judah Heimlich (] ; February 3, 1920 – December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon and medical researcher. He is widely credited as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver, a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking, described in "Emergency Medicine" in 1974. He also invented the Micro Trach portable oxygen system for ambulatory patients and the Heimlich Chest Drain Valve, or "flutter valve," which drains blood and air out of the chest cavity.
Document 13: Harry S. Truman: Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), assuming that office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. He is known for launching the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, for leading the Cold War against Soviet and Chinese communism by establishing the Truman Doctrine and NATO, and for intervening in the Korean War. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He used the veto power 180 times, more than any president since then, and saw 12 overridden by Congress; only Grover Cleveland and Franklin D. Roosevelt used the veto so often, and only Gerald Ford and Andrew Johnson saw so many veto overrides. He is also the only world leader to have ever used nuclear weapons in war, desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces, supported a newly independent Israel, and was a founder of the United Nations.
Document 14: Johns Hopkins Hospital: The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest by philanthropist Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins Hospital and the school of medicine are the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous medical traditions including rounds, residents and housestaff. Many medical specialties were formed at the hospital including neurosurgery, by Harvey Cushing; cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock; and pediatrics and child psychiatry, by Leo Kanner.
Document 15: Life Alert Emergency Response: Life Alert Emergency Response, Inc. is a nationwide American company, with headquarters in Encino, California, which provides services that help the elderly contact emergency services. Founded in 1987 by Zohar Loshitzer, Arik Amir and Isaac Shepher, the company's system consists of a main unit and a small wireless help button that is worn on the user at all times. Former Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop appeared in commercials for Life Alert starting in 1992, stating that he wore one. He remained a spokesman for the company until his death in 2013.
ground_truth: R Adams Cowley