Question: The 1996 book by Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West is a commentary and criticism on an influential essay first pulished in what year?

full_context: Document 1: The Star of Ethiopia: The Star of Ethiopia is an American historical pageant written by leading New Negro intellectual, W. E. B. Du Bois in 1911. Outlining the history of African-Americans throughout time, pageants were held in high regard by Du Bois who felt that Pageants could be utilized best as a form of educational theatre, or as an instructional tool to not only teach African Americans the meaning of their history, but also enlighten whites as to "reveal the negro...as human." Despite his minimal experience in playwriting, Pageant Movement intellectual W.E.B DuBois composed and constructed for the stage "The Star of Ethiopia" to be presented as an American historical pageant.
Document 2: Neo Booker T Washingtonism: Neo Booker T Washingtonism is a continued conceptualization of Booker T Washington's position in the 1960s civil rights movement of assuaging race relations between white and black Americans by positing that blacks should postpone their aspirations of full civil rights and work within the system of the government to ultimately be accepted in the long run as productive citizens.
Document 3: Beethoven Was One-Sixteenth Black: Beethoven was One-Sixteenth Black is a book of short stories by Nadine Gordimer, published by Bloomsbury. Reviewing the collection in "The New York Times", Siddhartha Deb said: "As she always has, Gordimer offers her readers a rare combination of intimacy and transcendence". Jonathan Gibbs wrote in "The Independent": "In her 84th year, Nadine Gordimer has produced a remarkable 10th collection. They show none of the "audacity" Richard Ford called for in his recent anthology of American short stories. Instead, what they show is tact: a quality that seems bound up in Gordimer's decades of experience. There are stories here that a 30-year-old could not have thought to write, let alone written."
Document 4: Dark Princess: Dark Princess, written by sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois in 1928, is one of his five historical novels. One of Du Bois's favorite works, the novel explores the beauty of people of color around the world. This was part of Du Bois' use of fiction to explore his times in a way not possible in non-fiction history. He expressed fully imagined lives of his characters, using them to explore the richness and beauty of black culture. The novel was not well received when published. It was criticized for its expression of eroticism as well as for what some critics thought was a failed attempt at social realism.
Document 5: The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross: The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross is an award-winning six-part Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television series written and presented by Harvard University scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. It aired for the first time in the fall of 2013, beginning with episode 1, "The Black Atlantic (1500-1800)", on October 22, from 8-9 p.m. ET on PBS, and every consecutive Tuesday through to episode 6, "A More Perfect Union (1968-2013)", on November 26. The companion book to the series, "The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross" (SmileyBooks, 2013), was co-authored by Gates and historian Donald Yacovone. The two-DVD set of the series was released in January 2014.
Document 6: The Talented Tenth: The Talented Tenth is a term that designated a leadership class of African Americans in the early 20th century. The term was created by Northern philanthropists, then publicized by W. E. B. Du Bois in an influential essay of the same name, which he published in September 1903. It appeared in "The Negro Problem", a collection of essays written by leading African Americans.
Document 7: North Group: The North Group was an intellectual community comprising various writers, artists, philosophers, politicians, and intellectuals from Northern Peru, especially from the La Libertad Region. It was founded in 1915 in the city of Trujillo. At first known as the "Bohemians of Trujillo," the community adopted the name "the North Group" in 1923. Early leaders included journalist Antenor Orrego and poet José Eulogio Garrido. Its most prominent members included poet Cesar Vallejo, politician Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, Alcides Spelucín, Macedonio de la Torre, Juan Espejo Asturrizaga, Francisco Xandóval, and Ciro Alegría. This group inspired the work of Eduardo González Viaña, one of its modern successors.
Document 8: The Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line: "The Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line" was a monthly periodical in publication during the years 1907 to 1910. It was the primary communication outlet for the Niagara Movement, and was edited by African-American editor, scholar and author W. E. B. Du Bois. The magazine was written primarily by African Americans and addressed many African-American themes. After the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed, publication ceased as Du Bois turned his attention to the NAACP's magazine, "The Crisis", which he also edited. Prior to "The Horizon", Du Bois published a comparable magazine, " Moon Illustrated Weekly", which lasted for one year in 1906.
Document 9: The Signifying Monkey: The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism is a work of literary criticism and theory by American scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. first published in 1988. The book traces the folkloric origins of the African-American cultural practice of “signifying” and uses the concept of Signifyin(g) to analyze the interplay between texts of prominent African-American writers, specifically Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Zora Neale Hurston and Ishmael Reed.
Document 10: W. E. B. Du Bois Institute: The W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research is located at Harvard University and was established in 1969. It is named after W. E. B. Du Bois, who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University (1895).
Document 11: W. E. B. Du Bois: William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
Document 12: Racism without Racists: Racism without Racists (full title: Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States) is a book about color-blind racism in the United States by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. It was originally published by Rowman & Littlefield in 2003, and has since been re-published four times, most recently in June 2017. The fourth edition was published soon after Barack Obama's election, and includes a new chapter on what Bonilla-Silva calls "the new racism". It received the 2004 Choice Award. It was reviewed favorably in "Science & Society", "Urban Education", and "Educational Studies".
Document 13: The Future of the Race: The Future of the Race is a 1996 book by prominent African-American scholars Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West. It is both commentary and criticism on W. E. B. Du Bois' essay "The Talented Tenth" . The Vintage Books edition includes the original text by Du Bois.
Document 14: Race Matters: Race Matters is a social sciences book by Cornel West. The book was first published on April 1, 1993 by Beacon Press. The book analyzes moral authority and racial debates concerning skin color in the United States. The book questions matters of economics and politics, as well as ethical issues and spirituality, and also addresses the crisis in black leadership. West's collection of moral essays on race relations in America was on the "New York Times" best-seller lists for many weeks. The profound book continues to be as important today as it was 25 years ago. Beacon Press will publish a 25th Anniversary edition on December 5, 2017.
Document 15: W. E. B. Du Bois: William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
ground_truth: 1903