gzone0111/musique_hotpotqa_graph_retriever huggingface dataset:
Question: On the map, where is the body of water that contains Nicholson Island?
Context: Document 1: Nicholson Island (Pennsylvania): Nicholson Island is an alluvial island in the Allegheny River in South Buffalo Township, Armstrong County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The island is situated across from Bethel Township.
Document 2: Allegheny River: The Allegheny River (/ ˌæləˈɡeɪni / AL - ə - GAY - nee) is a principal tributary of the Ohio River; it is located in the Eastern United States. The Allegheny River joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River at the ``Point ''of Point State Park in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny River is, by volume, the main headstream of the Ohio River.
Answer: Eastern United States
Reasoning steps: Nicholson Island >> located on terrain feature Answer: Allegheny River
where is Allegheny River located on a map Answer: Eastern United States
Question: Where on a map is the river by which Ross Island is located?
Context: Document 1: Ross Island (Pennsylvania): Ross Island is an alluvial island in the Allegheny River in Manor Township, Armstrong County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The island is situated across from Cadogan and North Buffalo townships.
Document 2: Allegheny River: The Allegheny River (/ ˌæləˈɡeɪni / AL - ə - GAY - nee) is a principal tributary of the Ohio River; it is located in the Eastern United States. The Allegheny River joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River at the ``Point ''of Point State Park in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny River is, by volume, the main headstream of the Ohio River.
Answer: Eastern United States
Reasoning steps: Ross Island >> located on terrain feature Answer: Allegheny River
where is Allegheny River located on a map Answer: Eastern United States
Question: How did many multiracial people with the same nationality as those who won the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 attain social and economic advantages?
Context: Document 1: Battles of Saratoga: The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley, hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario; the southern and western forces never arrived, and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York. He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York. They both failed.
Document 2: Multiracial Americans: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Reasoning steps: who won the battle of saratoga in 1777 Answer: Americans
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages? Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Question: When did the winners of the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
Context: Document 1: Law of the United States: Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."
Document 2: Battles of Saratoga: The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley, hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario; the southern and western forces never arrived, and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York. He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York. They both failed.
Answer: mid-19th century
Reasoning steps: who won the battle of saratoga in 1777 Answer: Americans
When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English? Answer: mid-19th century
Question: How did many multiracial individuals, of the people who the Bush administration described as heroic, attain social and political advantages?
Context: Document 1: War on Terror: Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse." Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage". Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.
Document 2: Multiracial Americans: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Reasoning steps: What did the Bush administration describe as heroic? Answer: Americans
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages? Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Question: When did the people described as heroic by the Bush administration begin establishing their own laws independent of the English?
Context: Document 1: Law of the United States: Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."
Document 2: War on Terror: Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse." Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage". Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.
Answer: mid-19th century
Reasoning steps: What did the Bush administration describe as heroic? Answer: Americans
When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English? Answer: mid-19th century
Question: How did many multiracial people of the same nationality as those who won the Battle of Saratoga in the Revolutionary War attain social and economic advantages?
Context: Document 1: Multiracial Americans: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Document 2: Battles of Saratoga: Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight, so he retreated to Saratoga (now Schuylerville) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17. His surrender, says historian Edmund Morgan, ``was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory. ''
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Reasoning steps: who won the battle of saratoga in the revolutionary war Answer: Americans
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages? Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Question: When did the people who won the Battle of Saratoga in the Revolutionary War really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
Context: Document 1: Battles of Saratoga: Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight, so he retreated to Saratoga (now Schuylerville) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17. His surrender, says historian Edmund Morgan, ``was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory. ''
Document 2: Law of the United States: Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."
Answer: mid-19th century
Reasoning steps: who won the battle of saratoga in the revolutionary war Answer: Americans
When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English? Answer: mid-19th century
Question: How did many multiracial people of the country where people don't live longer than Greeks or New Zealanders, get social and economic advantages?
Context: Document 1: Multiracial Americans: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Document 2: Economic inequality: For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Reasoning steps: Who lives no longer on average than Greeks and New Zealanders? Answer: Americans
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages? Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Question: When did the people who, on average, live no longer than Greeks and New Zealanders, really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
Context: Document 1: Economic inequality: For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.
Document 2: Law of the United States: Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."
Answer: mid-19th century
Reasoning steps: Who lives no longer on average than Greeks and New Zealanders? Answer: Americans
When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English? Answer: mid-19th century
Question: How did many multiracial individuals, of the nation that started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of WWII, attain social and economic advantages?
Context: Document 1: Anti-aircraft warfare: The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.
Document 2: Multiracial Americans: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Reasoning steps: Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war? Answer: Americans
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages? Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Question: When did people who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
Context: Document 1: Law of the United States: Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."
Document 2: Anti-aircraft warfare: The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.
Answer: mid-19th century
Reasoning steps: Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war? Answer: Americans
When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English? Answer: mid-19th century
Question: Where was the performer of "Yo-Yo" born?
Context: Document 1: Yo-Yo (Nicola Roberts song): "Yo-Yo" is a song by British recording artist Nicola Roberts, released as the third and final single from Roberts' debut solo album "Cinderella's Eyes" on 6 January 2012. Originally, "Yo-Yo" was set to be Roberts' debut single, but "Beat of My Drum" was selected in its place. "Beat of My Drum" and "Lucky Day", Roberts' previous singles, garnered positive comments from critics, but failed to impact commercially. "Yo-Yo" was written by Roberts, Maya Von Doll and Dimitri Tikovoi while it was produced by latter, and was the first song to be composed by the group. Roberts also claimed the track had defined her musical style.
Document 2: Nicola Roberts: Roberts was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, when her mother was 17. At the time of her birth, her father was working for the RAF and the resulting pay led to financial struggles which saw her father move to work for Ford Motor Company whilst her mother became a photographer to help the family monetary problems. Roberts grew up in Runcorn, Cheshire.
Answer: Stamford
Reasoning steps: Yo-Yo >> performer Answer: Nicola Roberts
Where was Nicola Roberts born? Answer: Stamford