gzone0111/musique_hotpotqa_graph_retriever huggingface dataset:
Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in the Earth's southernmost continent?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Document 2: Antarctica: A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.
Answer: International Polar Year
Reasoning steps: What is the Earth's most southern continent? Answer: Antarctica
When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica ? Answer: International Polar Year
Question: Since what year has tourism been ongoing to the Earth's southernmost continent?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.
Document 2: Antarctica: Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Answer: 1957
Reasoning steps: What is the Earth's most southern continent? Answer: Antarctica
Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica ? Answer: 1957
Question: When did tourism start on the continent with the highest elevation?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.
Document 2: Antarctica: Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.
Answer: 1957
Reasoning steps: Which continent is the highest in elevation? Answer: Antarctica
Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica ? Answer: 1957
Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in the continent highest in elevation?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.
Document 2: Antarctica: Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.
Answer: International Polar Year
Reasoning steps: Which continent is the highest in elevation? Answer: Antarctica
When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica ? Answer: International Polar Year
Question: On which continent would you find the hilly region containing Beaudoin Peak?
Context: Document 1: Beaudoin Peak: Beaudoin Peak () is a snow-free peak, high, surmounting the southeast part of the Meyer Hills in the Heritage Range. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Douglas W. Beaudoin, United States Antarctic Research Program meteorologist at Ellsworth Station, 1961.
Document 2: Holt Peak: Holt Peak () is a bare rock peak, high, surmounting the northeast end of the Meyer Hills in the Heritage Range of Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1961 to 1966, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for William C. Holt, a United States Antarctic Research Program auroral scientist at Ellsworth Station in 1961.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Beaudoin Peak >> part of Answer: Meyer Hills
Meyer Hills >> continent Answer: Antarctica
Question: In which continent is Carnein Glacier located?
Context: Document 1: Eisenhower Range: The Eisenhower Range is a mountain range, about 72 km (45 mi) long and rising to 3,070 m (10,072 ft), which rises between Reeves Névé on the west, Reeves Glacier on the south, and Priestley Glacier on the north and east, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The range is flat topped and descends gradually to Reeves Névé, but is steep cliffed and marked by sharp spurs along the Priestley Glacier.
Document 2: Carnein Glacier: Carnein Glacier () is a glacier draining the southeast corner of the Eisenhower Range, flowing south along the west side of McCarthy Ridge to merge with the lower Reeves Glacier at the Nansen Ice Sheet, in Victoria Land. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1955–63, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Carl R. Carnein, glaciologist at McMurdo Station, summer 1965–66.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Carnein Glacier >> located on terrain feature Answer: Eisenhower Range
In which continent is Eisenhower Range located? Answer: Antarctica
Question: On what continent would you find the mountain range which features Barnes Icefalls?
Context: Document 1: Neptune Range: The Neptune Range is a mountain range, long, lying WSW of Forrestal Range in the central part of the Pensacola Mountains in Antarctica. The range is composed of Washington Escarpment with its associated ridges, valleys and peaks, the Iroquois Plateau, and the Schmidt and Williams Hills. It was discovered and photographed on January 13, 1956 on a US Navy transcontinental plane flight from McMurdo Sound to Weddell Sea and return.
Document 2: Barnes Icefalls: Barnes Icefalls () are the icefalls along Washington Escarpment between Mount Dover and Bennett Spires in the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains. They were mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1956–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for James C. Barnes, meteorologist and station scientific leader at Ellsworth Station, winter 1962.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Barnes Icefalls >> located on terrain feature Answer: Neptune Range
What continent is Neptune Range on? Answer: Antarctica
Question: What continent is Little America on?
Context: Document 1: Ross Ice Shelf: The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica (as of 2013 an area of roughly and about across: about the size of France). It is several hundred metres thick. The nearly vertical ice front to the open sea is more than long, and between high above the water surface. Ninety percent of the floating ice, however, is below the water surface.
Document 2: Little America (exploration base): Little America was a series of Antarctic exploration bases from 1929 to 1958, located on the Ross Ice Shelf, south of the Bay of Whales.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Little America >> located on terrain feature Answer: Ross Ice Shelf
The continent that Ross Ice Shelf is on is what? Answer: Antarctica
Question: What continent holds the projecting land mass where the Edwards Islands are located?
Context: Document 1: Edwards Islands (Enderby Land): The Edwards Islands are a group of islands in the east side of Amundsen Bay, about southwest of Mount Oldfield in Enderby Land. They were plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956, and were named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for T. Edwards, an assistant diesel mechanic at Wilkes Station in 1960.
Document 2: Enderby Land: Enderby Land is a projecting land mass of Antarctica. Its shore extends from Shinnan Glacier at about to William Scoresby Bay at , approximately of the earth's longitude. It was first documented in western and eastern literature in February 1831 by John Biscoe aboard the whaling brig "Tula", and named after the Enderby Brothers of London, the ship's owners who encouraged their captains to combine exploration with sealing.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Edwards Islands >> located in the administrative territorial entity Answer: Enderby Land
Which continent is Enderby Land on? Answer: Antarctica
Question: What continent is the region Mount Scott is part of in?
Context: Document 1: Mount Scott (Antarctica): Mount Scott is a horseshoe-shaped massif on Kiev Peninsula, the west coast of Graham Land, which is open to the southwest with its convex side fronting on Girard Bay and its northwestern side on Lemaire Channel. It's a great place to say, "Great Scott!"
Document 2: Graham Land: Graham Land is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula that lies north of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. This description of Graham Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between the British Antarctic Place-names Committee and the US Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names, in which the name "Antarctic Peninsula" was approved for the major peninsula of Antarctica, and the names Graham Land and Palmer Land for the northern and southern portions, respectively. The line dividing them is roughly 69 degrees south.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Mount Scott >> part of Answer: Graham Land
Which continent is Graham Land in? Answer: Antarctica
Question: Bermel Peninsula is on which continent?
Context: Document 1: Campbell Crest: Campbell Crest () is a peak rising to at the west end of the Bowditch Crests, Bermel Peninsula, on the Bowman Coast of Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. The feature is the highest point in the Bowditch Crests and appears in aerial photographs taken by Sir Hubert Wilkins in 1928 and Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935. It was roughly mapped from the Ellsworth photographs by W.L.G. Joerg in 1937, and later photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service in 1940 and the U.S. Navy in 1966. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1958. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1993 after Jon C. Campbell. Campbell was a geographer with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 1981, a USGS member in the International GPS Campaign at McMurdo Station, Byrd Station, and South Pole Station from 1991-92 (he conducted developmental GPS geodetic surveys from USCGC "Polar Sea" at Mount Siple and Pine Island Bay), and the secretary for the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names under the U.S. Board on Geographic Names since 1993
Document 2: Graham Land: Graham Land is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula that lies north of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. This description of Graham Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between the British Antarctic Place-names Committee and the US Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names, in which the name "Antarctic Peninsula" was approved for the major peninsula of Antarctica, and the names Graham Land and Palmer Land for the northern and southern portions, respectively. The line dividing them is roughly 69 degrees south.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Bermel Peninsula >> located on terrain feature Answer: Graham Land
Which continent is Graham Land in? Answer: Antarctica
Question: On what continent is the mountain range that includes Bishop Peak?
Context: Document 1: Royal Society Range: The Royal Society Range () is a majestic mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica. With its summit at , the massive Mount Lister forms the highest point in this range. Mount Lister is located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar glaciers. Other notable local terrain features include Allison Glacier, which descends from the west slopes of the Royal Society Range into Skelton Glacier.
Document 2: Bishop Peak (Antarctica): Bishop Peak is a peak, rising to , near the center of Rampart Ridge, in the Royal Society Range. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and Navy air photos, and named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1963 for the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, which has been active in Antarctic research.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Bishop Peak >> part of Answer: Royal Society Range
Which continent is Royal Society Range in? Answer: Antarctica
Question: On which continent is Anne Hill?
Context: Document 1: Royal Society Range: The Royal Society Range () is a majestic mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica. With its summit at , the massive Mount Lister forms the highest point in this range. Mount Lister is located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar glaciers. Other notable local terrain features include Allison Glacier, which descends from the west slopes of the Royal Society Range into Skelton Glacier.
Document 2: Anne Hill: Anne Hill () is the most prominent hill on Radian Ridge in the Royal Society Range of Victoria Land. It rises to at the east side of Lava Tongue Pass. It was named after Anne C. Wright (later Anne Wright-Grassham), a geologist with, firstly, the New Zealand Geological Survey field party in this area, 1977–78, then with United States Antarctic Research Program field parties, 1982–83, 1983–84, and 1985–86 seasons, with work at Ross Island, Minna Bluff, Mount Discovery, Mount Morning, and Mason Spur.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Anne Hill >> part of Answer: Royal Society Range
Which continent is Royal Society Range in? Answer: Antarctica
Question: Which continent has the mountain range that includes Ball Glacier?
Context: Document 1: Ball Glacier (Victoria Land): Ball Glacier is a glacier long with the head located between Mount Lister and Mount Hooker on the east side of the Royal Society Range. The glacier flows northeast between Craw Ridge and Tasman Ridge into Blue Glacier. It was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board after Gary Ball, a New Zealand mountaineer who climbed Mount Lister with an Italian field party, 1976–77, and camped on this glacier; he was field assistant with R.H. Findlay’s New Zealand Antarctic Research Program party to this area, 1980–81.
Document 2: Royal Society Range: The Royal Society Range () is a majestic mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica. With its summit at , the massive Mount Lister forms the highest point in this range. Mount Lister is located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar glaciers. Other notable local terrain features include Allison Glacier, which descends from the west slopes of the Royal Society Range into Skelton Glacier.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Ball Glacier >> located on terrain feature Answer: Royal Society Range
Which continent is Royal Society Range in? Answer: Antarctica
Question: In which continent is the terrain feature the Dale Glacier is located on?
Context: Document 1: Royal Society Range: The Royal Society Range () is a majestic mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica. With its summit at , the massive Mount Lister forms the highest point in this range. Mount Lister is located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar glaciers. Other notable local terrain features include Allison Glacier, which descends from the west slopes of the Royal Society Range into Skelton Glacier.
Document 2: Dale Glacier: Dale Glacier () is a trenchlike glacier which drains the southwest slopes of Mount Huggins in the Royal Society Range and flows west into Skelton Glacier. First visited by F.R. Brooke and Bernard M. Gunn of the New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1956–58, it was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1963 for Lieutenant Commander Robert L. Dale, U.S. Navy, who was officer in charge of the Squadron VX-6 wintering-over detachment at McMurdo Station in 1960.
Answer: Antarctica
Reasoning steps: Dale Glacier >> located on terrain feature Answer: Royal Society Range
Which continent is Royal Society Range in? Answer: Antarctica
Question: Where are the badlands located, in the state that Peter Norbeck is from?
Context: Document 1: Peter Norbeck: Peter Norbeck (August 27, 1870December 20, 1936) was an American politician from South Dakota. After serving one term as the ninth Governor of South Dakota, Norbeck was elected to three consecutive terms as a United States Senator. Norbeck was the first native-born Governor of South Dakota to serve in office, and the first native-born U.S. Senator from South Dakota. (Norbeck was born in the portion of the Dakota Territory that would later become the state of South Dakota). He is best remembered as "Mount Rushmore's great political patron", for promoting the construction of the giant sculpture at Mount Rushmore and securing federal funding for it.
Document 2: Badlands National Park: Badlands National Park (Lakota: Makȟóšiča) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern South Dakota. It protects 242,756 acres (379.306 sq mi; 98,240 ha) of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. The park is managed by the National Park Service.
Answer: southwestern South Dakota
Reasoning steps: What city is Peter Norbeck from? Answer: South Dakota
where are the badlands located in South Dakota Answer: southwestern South Dakota
Question: What is the population of De Smet in the US state setting The Jumping-Off Place?
Context: Document 1: The Jumping-Off Place: The Jumping-Off Place is a children's novel by Marian Hurd McNeely about homesteading in South Dakota. It is set on the Dakotan prairie in the early 1900s. The novel, illustrated by William Siegal was first published in 1929 and was a retrospective Newbery Honor recipient for 1930.
Document 2: De Smet, South Dakota: De Smet is a city in and the county seat of Kingsbury County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,089 at the 2010 census.
Answer: 1,089
Reasoning steps: Which place is The Jumping-Off Place in? Answer: South Dakota
what is the population of desmet South Dakota Answer: 1,089
Question: Where are the badlands located in the state SoDak Con is named after?
Context: Document 1: SoDak Con: SoDak Con formerly called SoDak Anime Convention, is an annual three-day anime convention held during May/June at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in Rapid City, South Dakota. The name of the convention comes from the state that the convention is located in, South Dakota.
Document 2: Badlands National Park: Badlands National Park (Lakota: Makȟóšiča) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern South Dakota. It protects 242,756 acres (379.306 sq mi; 98,240 ha) of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. The park is managed by the National Park Service.
Answer: southwestern South Dakota
Reasoning steps: What is SoDak Con named after? Answer: South Dakota
where are the badlands located in South Dakota Answer: southwestern South Dakota
Question: Where are the Badlands located in the state where The Jumping-Off Place is in?
Context: Document 1: Badlands National Park: Badlands National Park (Lakota: Makȟóšiča) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern South Dakota. It protects 242,756 acres (379.306 sq mi; 98,240 ha) of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. The park is managed by the National Park Service.
Document 2: The Jumping-Off Place: The Jumping-Off Place is a children's novel by Marian Hurd McNeely about homesteading in South Dakota. It is set on the Dakotan prairie in the early 1900s. The novel, illustrated by William Siegal was first published in 1929 and was a retrospective Newbery Honor recipient for 1930.
Answer: southwestern South Dakota
Reasoning steps: Which place is The Jumping-Off Place in? Answer: South Dakota
where are the badlands located in South Dakota Answer: southwestern South Dakota