gzone0111/musique_hotpotqa_graph_retriever huggingface dataset:
Question: Who was the first president of the publisher of Journal of Comparative Psychology?
Context: Document 1: Adolescence: The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.
Document 2: Journal of Comparative Psychology: The Journal of Comparative Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association. It covers research from a comparative perspective on the behavior, cognition, perception, and social relationships of diverse species.
Answer: G. Stanley Hall
Reasoning steps: Journal of Comparative Psychology >> publisher Answer: American Psychological Association
Who was the first president of American Psychological Association ? Answer: G. Stanley Hall
Question: Where was the capital before Trinh T. Minh-ha's birthplace?
Context: Document 1: Trinh T. Minh-ha: Trinh T. Minh-ha (born 1952 in Hanoi) is a Vietnamese filmmaker, writer, literary theorist, composer, and professor. She has been making films for over thirty years and may be best known for her films "Reassemblage", made in 1982, and "Surname Viet Given Name Nam", made in 1985. She has received several awards and grants, including the American Film Institute's National Independent Filmmaker Maya Deren Award, and Fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts and the California Arts Council. Her films have been the subject of twenty retrospectives.
Document 2: French Indochina: A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi.
Answer: Saigon
Reasoning steps: Where was Trinh T. Minh-ha born? Answer: Hanoi
Where was the capital before Hanoi ? Answer: Saigon
Question: What was the record label of the producer of Ecstasy?
Context: Document 1: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Document 2: Ecstasy (Lou Reed album): Ecstasy is the eighteenth solo studio album by American musician Lou Reed, released in 2000. It is a concept album about Reed's personal experiences with marriage and relationships and is his final rock album that is not a collaboration.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: Ecstasy >> producer Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: Where was the capital before Nguyễn Lộc's birthplace?
Context: Document 1: Nguyễn Lộc: In his younger years he trained in traditional Vietnamese martial arts. In 1938, grandmaster Nguyễn introduced his style "Vovinam" to the public. After a demonstration in 1939 in Hanoi, Vovinam quickly spread across the country, and internationally to the Vietnamese diaspora via France. However the French banned the movement in 1942.
Document 2: French Indochina: A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi.
Answer: Saigon
Reasoning steps: Nguyễn Lộc >> place of birth Answer: Hanoi
Where was the capital before Hanoi ? Answer: Saigon
Question: What was the record label of the performer of Ecstasy?
Context: Document 1: Ecstasy (Lou Reed album): Ecstasy is the eighteenth solo studio album by American musician Lou Reed, released in 2000. It is a concept album about Reed's personal experiences with marriage and relationships and is his final rock album that is not a collaboration.
Document 2: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: Ecstasy >> performer Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: What organization was the person who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism a member of?
Context: Document 1: E. L. Thorndike Award: The E. L. Thorndike Career Achievement Awards is an award of the American Psychological Association given to living recipients for substantial career achievements in educational psychology. The award's winners are recognized for research in the best tradition of educational psychology, meaning that the award is conferred for original, scientific, empirically-based research that contributes significantly to knowledge, theory, or practice in educational psychology. It was named for the noted psychologist, Edward Thorndike.
Document 2: Reinforcement: Laboratory research on reinforcement is usually dated from the work of Edward Thorndike, known for his experiments with cats escaping from puzzle boxes. A number of others continued this research, notably B.F. Skinner, who published his seminal work on the topic in The Behavior of Organisms, in 1938, and elaborated this research in many subsequent publications. Notably Skinner argued that positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in shaping behavior. Though punishment may seem just the opposite of reinforcement, Skinner claimed that they differ immensely, saying that positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioral modification (long - term) whereas punishment changes behavior only temporarily (short - term) and has many detrimental side - effects. A great many researchers subsequently expanded our understanding of reinforcement and challenged some of Skinner's conclusions. For example, Azrin and Holz defined punishment as a ``consequence of behavior that reduces the future probability of that behavior, ''and some studies have shown that positive reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in modifying behavior. Research on the effects of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment continue today as those concepts are fundamental to learning theory and apply to many practical applications of that theory.
Answer: American Psychological Association
Reasoning steps: who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism Answer: Edward Thorndike
Edward Thorndike >> member of Answer: American Psychological Association
Question: What college did the performer of Vicious go to?
Context: Document 1: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Document 2: Vicious (Lou Reed song): "Vicious" is a song written by Lou Reed, released as a single in 1973 and originally featured on "Transformer", Reed's second post-Velvet Underground solo album.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: Vicious >> performer Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What is the record label of the lyricist of After Hours?
Context: Document 1: After Hours (The Velvet Underground song): "After Hours" is a 1969 song written by Lou Reed and originally performed by The Velvet Underground. It is the tenth and final track on their self-titled third album. It is one of few songs with lead vocals by drummer Maureen Tucker, as Lou Reed stated the song was "so innocent and pure" that he could not possibly sing it himself. Tucker's vocals are accompanied by acoustic and bass guitar. The style of the lyrics and the music is somewhat reminiscent of Tin Pan Alley songs of the 1930s.
Document 2: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: After Hours >> lyrics by Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: What college did the lyricist of Lulu go to?
Context: Document 1: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Document 2: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: Lulu >> lyrics by Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What's Ecstasy's producer's alma mater?
Context: Document 1: Ecstasy (Lou Reed album): Ecstasy is the eighteenth solo studio album by American musician Lou Reed, released in 2000. It is a concept album about Reed's personal experiences with marriage and relationships and is his final rock album that is not a collaboration.
Document 2: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: Ecstasy >> producer Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: Where was the capital of French Indochina before it was located in the city where César Boutteville was born?
Context: Document 1: French Indochina: A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi.
Document 2: César Boutteville: The son of a French father and a Vietnamese mother, Cesar Boutteville was born in Thin-Hao (or Thịnh Hào), nowadays part of Hanoi's urban district Dong Da. He moved with his family to France in 1929.
Answer: Saigon
Reasoning steps: César Boutteville >> place of birth Answer: Hanoi
Where was the capital before Hanoi ? Answer: Saigon
Question: What record label did the songwriter of Vicious belong to?
Context: Document 1: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Document 2: Vicious (Lou Reed song): "Vicious" is a song written by Lou Reed, released as a single in 1973 and originally featured on "Transformer", Reed's second post-Velvet Underground solo album.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: Vicious >> lyrics by Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: What college did the composer of After Hours go to?
Context: Document 1: After Hours (The Velvet Underground song): "After Hours" is a 1969 song written by Lou Reed and originally performed by The Velvet Underground. It is the tenth and final track on their self-titled third album. It is one of few songs with lead vocals by drummer Maureen Tucker, as Lou Reed stated the song was "so innocent and pure" that he could not possibly sing it himself. Tucker's vocals are accompanied by acoustic and bass guitar. The style of the lyrics and the music is somewhat reminiscent of Tin Pan Alley songs of the 1930s.
Document 2: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: After Hours >> composer Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What is the record label of the performer of Vicious?
Context: Document 1: Vicious (Lou Reed song): "Vicious" is a song written by Lou Reed, released as a single in 1973 and originally featured on "Transformer", Reed's second post-Velvet Underground solo album.
Document 2: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: Vicious >> performer Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: What college did the lyricist of the song Vicious go to?
Context: Document 1: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Document 2: Vicious (Lou Reed song): "Vicious" is a song written by Lou Reed, released as a single in 1973 and originally featured on "Transformer", Reed's second post-Velvet Underground solo album.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: Vicious >> lyrics by Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What was the record label of the producer of Homeland?
Context: Document 1: Homeland (Laurie Anderson album): The record was produced by Anderson, Lou Reed and Roma Baran. Anderson began touring the project in late 2007. The album was originally slated for release in 2008. Because the project kept changing in form, the release was pushed back several times. The final release in 2010 was a two-disc set consisting of a CD of music and a DVD.
Document 2: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: Homeland >> producer Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: What college did the songwriter of "After Hours" go to?
Context: Document 1: After Hours (The Velvet Underground song): "After Hours" is a 1969 song written by Lou Reed and originally performed by The Velvet Underground. It is the tenth and final track on their self-titled third album. It is one of few songs with lead vocals by drummer Maureen Tucker, as Lou Reed stated the song was "so innocent and pure" that he could not possibly sing it himself. Tucker's vocals are accompanied by acoustic and bass guitar. The style of the lyrics and the music is somewhat reminiscent of Tin Pan Alley songs of the 1930s.
Document 2: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: After Hours >> lyrics by Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What college did the producer of Homeland attend?
Context: Document 1: Homeland (Laurie Anderson album): The record was produced by Anderson, Lou Reed and Roma Baran. Anderson began touring the project in late 2007. The album was originally slated for release in 2008. Because the project kept changing in form, the release was pushed back several times. The final release in 2010 was a two-disc set consisting of a CD of music and a DVD.
Document 2: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: Homeland >> producer Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What record label does the composer of After Hours belong to?
Context: Document 1: After Hours (The Velvet Underground song): "After Hours" is a 1969 song written by Lou Reed and originally performed by The Velvet Underground. It is the tenth and final track on their self-titled third album. It is one of few songs with lead vocals by drummer Maureen Tucker, as Lou Reed stated the song was "so innocent and pure" that he could not possibly sing it himself. Tucker's vocals are accompanied by acoustic and bass guitar. The style of the lyrics and the music is somewhat reminiscent of Tin Pan Alley songs of the 1930s.
Document 2: Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album): Lulu is a collaboration album between rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed and heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on October 31, 2011 by Warner Bros. in the U.S. and Vertigo elsewhere. The album is the final full-length studio recording project that Reed was involved in before his death in October 2013. It was recorded in San Rafael, California, during April through June 2011, after Reed had played with Metallica at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary Concert which led to them wanting to collaborate. The lead single, titled "The View", was released on September 27, 2011.
Answer: Warner Bros.
Reasoning steps: After Hours >> composer Answer: Lou Reed
Lou Reed >> record label Answer: Warner Bros.
Question: What college did the performer of Ecstasy attend?
Context: Document 1: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Document 2: Ecstasy (Lou Reed album): Ecstasy is the eighteenth solo studio album by American musician Lou Reed, released in 2000. It is a concept album about Reed's personal experiences with marriage and relationships and is his final rock album that is not a collaboration.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: Ecstasy >> performer Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University
Question: What college did the performer of The Definitive Collection attend?
Context: Document 1: The Definitive Collection (Lou Reed album): The Definitive Collection is Arista's 1999 Lou Reed collection, complete with an appropriately decadent cover photo by Mick Rock from the mid-1970s.
Document 2: Lou Reed: Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head.
Answer: Syracuse University
Reasoning steps: The Definitive Collection >> performer Answer: Lou Reed
What college did Lou Reed go to? Answer: Syracuse University