gzone0111/musique_hotpotqa_graph_retriever huggingface dataset:
Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in the continent on which the coldest pole is located?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.
Document 2: Antarctica: Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.
Answer: International Polar Year
Reasoning steps: Which of the the poles is colder? Answer: Antarctica
When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica ? Answer: International Polar Year
Question: What latitude is defined as being the border of the continent where Leningradskiy Bay is found?
Context: Document 1: Leningradskiy Bay: Leningradskiy Bay is an indentation in the ice shelf fringing Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, immediately west of Lazarev Ice Shelf. Leningradskiy Island is at the head of the bay. It was mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1959 and named by them for the Russian city that at that time was named Leningrad.
Document 2: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: What is the continent of Leningradskiy Bay? Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S
Question: How is the continent where the Smokinya Cove is located rank among the other continents?
Context: Document 1: Smokinya Cove: Smokinya Cove (, ‘Zaliv Smokinya’ \'za-liv smo-'ki-nya\) is the 3.5 km wide cove on Prince Gustav Channel indenting for 2.2 km the southeast coast of Trinity Peninsula in Graham Land, Antarctica. It is entered north of Azimuth Hill.
Document 2: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Answer: fifth-largest
Reasoning steps: What is the continent of Smokinya Cove? Answer: Antarctica
What is Antarctica 's ranking among the continents? Answer: fifth-largest
Question: Where does the size of the continent highest in elevation rank among the continents?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Document 2: Antarctica: Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.
Answer: fifth-largest
Reasoning steps: Which continent is the highest in elevation? Answer: Antarctica
What is Antarctica 's ranking among the continents? Answer: fifth-largest
Question: What latitude is defined as being the border of the continent on which Fenristunga is located?
Context: Document 1: Fenristunga: Fenristunga () is a sloping field of ice within the rock walls of hairpin-shaped Fenriskjeften Mountain, in the Drygalski Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Fenristunga (Fenrir's tongue) in association with Fenriskjeften Mountain.
Document 2: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: Fenristunga >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S
Question: What latitude is defined as being the border of Knobhead's continent?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Document 2: Knobhead: Knobhead () is a massive ice-free mountain, high, standing south of the western end of the Kukri Hills and overlooking Ferrar Glacier and Taylor Glacier at their point of apposition, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04) and so named because of its appearance.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: Which continent is Knobhead in? Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S
Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in the southernmost continent?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.
Document 2: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Answer: International Polar Year
Reasoning steps: What is the southern most continent? Answer: Antarctica
When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica ? Answer: International Polar Year
Question: What is the ranking in size of the continent where Samokov Knoll is located?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Document 2: Samokov Knoll: Samokov Knoll (Samokovska Mogila \'sa-mo-kov-ska mo-'gi-la\) is a peak of elevation 602 m in Yankov Gap area, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Surmounting Kaliakra Glacier to the northwest and Struma Glacier to the southeast.
Answer: fifth-largest
Reasoning steps: What is the continent of Samokov Knoll? Answer: Antarctica
What is Antarctica 's ranking among the continents? Answer: fifth-largest
Question: What is the size of the continent where George Glacier locates in square miles?
Context: Document 1: George Glacier: George Glacier is a valley glacier in the western part of the Anare Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The glacier rises east of Mount Burch and flows northwest past Mount Kelly to Lillie Glacier Tongue on the coast. This geographical feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–1965, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Robert Y. George, a zoologist at McMurdo Station, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island, 1967–1968. The glacier is situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare.
Document 2: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Answer: 5,400,000
Reasoning steps: George Glacier >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What is the size of Antarctica in square miles? Answer: 5,400,000
Question: What latitude is defined as being the border of the continent where Leckie Range is located?
Context: Document 1: Leckie Range, Antarctica: The Leckie Range is a group of peaks 50 miles south of Edward VIII Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica. The individual peaks were first shown on a 1947 Norwegian whalers chart by H.E. Hansen. The range was named by ANCA for Squadron Leader Douglas Leckie, RAAF, who commanded the RAAF Antarctic Flight at Mawson Station, 1956, and who piloted the Auster aircraft from which Phillip Law sighted and plotted these peaks.
Document 2: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: Leckie Range >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S
Question: What latitude is defined as the border of the continent on which Killermet Cove is located?
Context: Document 1: Killermet Cove: Killermet Cove () is the southernmost of two coves indenting the west side of Bryde Island, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. The cove appears on an Argentine government chart of 1950. It was so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 because three members of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey were chased into this cove in their dinghies by six killer whales while circumnavigating Bryde Island in May 1957. The three members' names were Evans, Hobbs and O'Neill.
Document 2: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: In which continent is Killermet Cove located? Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S
Question: How many square miles is the continent on which Mount Hampson is located?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Document 2: Mount Hampson: Mount Hampson is a mountain north of Mount Rhodes, in the northern part of the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land, Antarctica. It was plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956, and was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for R.V. Hampson, a member of the crew of the "Discovery" during the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929–31.
Answer: 5,400,000
Reasoning steps: Mount Hampson >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What is the size of Antarctica in square miles? Answer: 5,400,000
Question: what latitude is at the border of the continent where Grinder Island can be found?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Document 2: Grinder Island: Grinder Island is one of the ice-covered islands in the Marshall Archipelago, located within the Sulzberger Ice Shelf off the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. The island is long and wide and lies southwest of Steventon Island. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–65, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Harry W. Grinder, a U.S. Navy aviation structural mechanic of McMurdo Station, 1967.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: Grinder Island >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S
Question: What is the size of the continent Marian Cove is located in square miles?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:
Document 2: Barton Peninsula: Barton Peninsula is a small peninsula separating Marian Cove and Potter Cove at the southwest end of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1963 for Colin Barton, Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey geologist who worked in this part of King George Island, 1959-61.
Answer: 5,400,000
Reasoning steps: Marian Cove >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What is the size of Antarctica in square miles? Answer: 5,400,000
Question: Since what year has tourism been ongoing to the continent of Ginger Islands?
Context: Document 1: Ginger Islands: The Ginger Islands are a group of islands lying west of Cape Alexandra, off the southern end of Adelaide Island, Antarctica. The largest of the islands appears reddish when free of snow. They were surveyed by the Royal Navy's hydrographic survey unit in 1962-63 and named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Kenneth Ginger, Civil Hydrographic Officer responsible for British Admiralty charts of the Antarctic for several years beginning in 1958.
Document 2: Antarctica: Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.
Answer: 1957
Reasoning steps: What is the continent of Ginger Islands? Answer: Antarctica
Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica ? Answer: 1957
Question: What latitude is defined as being the border of the continent where Taylor Ledge is located?
Context: Document 1: Antarctica: New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.
Document 2: Taylor Ledge: Taylor Ledge is a notable flat-topped ridge displaying abrupt cliffs north and south, situated between Boyce Ridge and Mount Shinn on the west slope of Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica. The upper surface of the feature is ice covered and relatively level except for 3373-meter Knutzen Peak on the north edge.
Answer: south of 60° S
Reasoning steps: Taylor Ledge >> continent Answer: Antarctica
What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border? Answer: south of 60° S