# Buggy code
def query(
    url,
    method="GET",
    params=None,
    data=None,
    data_file=None,
    header_dict=None,
    header_list=None,
    header_file=None,
    username=None,
    password=None,
    auth=None,
    decode=False,
    decode_type="auto",
    status=False,
    headers=False,
    text=False,
    cookies=None,
    cookie_jar=None,
    cookie_format="lwp",
    persist_session=False,
    session_cookie_jar=None,
    data_render=False,
    data_renderer=None,
    header_render=False,
    header_renderer=None,
    template_dict=None,
    test=False,
    test_url=None,
    node="minion",
    port=80,
    opts=None,
    backend=None,
    ca_bundle=None,
    verify_ssl=None,
    cert=None,
    text_out=None,
    headers_out=None,
    decode_out=None,
    stream=False,
    streaming_callback=None,
    header_callback=None,
    handle=False,
    agent=USERAGENT,
    hide_fields=None,
    raise_error=True,
    **kwargs,
):
    """
    Query a resource, and decode the return data
    """
    ret = {}

    if opts is None:
        if node == "master":
            opts = salt.config.master_config(
                os.path.join(salt.syspaths.CONFIG_DIR, "master")
            )
        elif node == "minion":
            opts = salt.config.minion_config(
                os.path.join(salt.syspaths.CONFIG_DIR, "minion")
            )
        else:
            opts = {}

    if not backend:
        backend = opts.get("backend", "tornado")

    match = re.match(
        r"https?://((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[01]?\d\d?)\.){3}(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[01]?\d\d?)($|/)",
        url,
    )
    if not match:
        salt.utils.network.refresh_dns()

    if backend == "requests":
        if HAS_REQUESTS is False:
            ret["error"] = (
                "http.query has been set to use requests, but the "
                "requests library does not seem to be installed"
            )
            log.error(ret["error"])
            return ret
        else:
            requests_log = logging.getLogger("requests")
            requests_log.setLevel(logging.WARNING)

    # Some libraries don't support separation of url and GET parameters
    # Don't need a try/except block, since Salt depends on tornado
    url_full = tornado.httputil.url_concat(url, params) if params else url

    if ca_bundle is None:
        ca_bundle = get_ca_bundle(opts)

    if verify_ssl is None:
        verify_ssl = opts.get("verify_ssl", True)

    if cert is None:
        cert = opts.get("cert", None)

    if data_file is not None:
        data = _render(data_file, data_render, data_renderer, template_dict, opts)

    # Make sure no secret fields show up in logs
    log_url = sanitize_url(url_full, hide_fields)

    log.debug("Requesting URL {0} using {1} method".format(log_url, method))
    if method == "POST" and log.isEnabledFor(logging.TRACE):
        # Make sure no secret fields show up in logs
        if isinstance(data, dict):
            log_data = data.copy()
            if isinstance(hide_fields, list):
                for item in data:
                    for field in hide_fields:
                        if item == field:
                            log_data[item] = "XXXXXXXXXX"
            log.trace("Request POST Data: {0}".format(pprint.pformat(log_data)))
        else:
            log.trace("Request POST Data: {0}".format(pprint.pformat(data)))

    if header_file is not None:
        header_tpl = _render(
            header_file, header_render, header_renderer, template_dict, opts
        )
        if isinstance(header_tpl, dict):
            header_dict = header_tpl
        else:
            header_list = header_tpl.splitlines()

    if header_dict is None:
        header_dict = {}

    if header_list is None:
        header_list = []

    if cookie_jar is None:
        cookie_jar = os.path.join(
            opts.get("cachedir", salt.syspaths.CACHE_DIR), "cookies.txt"
        )
    if session_cookie_jar is None:
        session_cookie_jar = os.path.join(
            opts.get("cachedir", salt.syspaths.CACHE_DIR), "cookies.session.p"
        )

    if persist_session is True and HAS_MSGPACK:
        # TODO: This is hackish; it will overwrite the session cookie jar with
        # all cookies from this one connection, rather than behaving like a
        # proper cookie jar. Unfortunately, since session cookies do not
        # contain expirations, they can't be stored in a proper cookie jar.
        if os.path.isfile(session_cookie_jar):
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(session_cookie_jar, "rb") as fh_:
                session_cookies = msgpack.load(fh_)
            if isinstance(session_cookies, dict):
                header_dict.update(session_cookies)
        else:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(session_cookie_jar, "wb") as fh_:
                msgpack.dump("", fh_)

    for header in header_list:
        comps = header.split(":")
        if len(comps) < 2:
            continue
        header_dict[comps[0].strip()] = comps[1].strip()

    if not auth:
        if username and password:
            auth = (username, password)

    if agent == USERAGENT:
        agent = "{0} http.query()".format(agent)
    header_dict["User-agent"] = agent

    if backend == "requests":
        sess = requests.Session()
        sess.auth = auth
        sess.headers.update(header_dict)
        log.trace("Request Headers: {0}".format(sess.headers))
        sess_cookies = sess.cookies
        sess.verify = verify_ssl
    elif backend == "urllib2":
        sess_cookies = None
    else:
        # Tornado
        sess_cookies = None

    if cookies is not None:
        if cookie_format == "mozilla":
            sess_cookies = salt.ext.six.moves.http_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(
                cookie_jar
            )
        else:
            sess_cookies = salt.ext.six.moves.http_cookiejar.LWPCookieJar(cookie_jar)
        if not os.path.isfile(cookie_jar):
            sess_cookies.save()
        sess_cookies.load()

    if test is True:
        if test_url is None:
            return {}
        else:
            url = test_url
            ret["test"] = True

    if backend == "requests":
        req_kwargs = {}
        if stream is True:
            if requests.__version__[0] == "0":
                # 'stream' was called 'prefetch' before 1.0, with flipped meaning
                req_kwargs["prefetch"] = False
            else:
                req_kwargs["stream"] = True

        # Client-side cert handling
        if cert is not None:
            if isinstance(cert, six.string_types):
                if os.path.exists(cert):
                    req_kwargs["cert"] = cert
            elif isinstance(cert, list):
                if os.path.exists(cert[0]) and os.path.exists(cert[1]):
                    req_kwargs["cert"] = cert
            else:
                log.error(
                    "The client-side certificate path that was passed is "
                    "not valid: {0}".format(cert)
                )

        result = sess.request(method, url, params=params, data=data, **req_kwargs)
        result.raise_for_status()
        if stream is True:
            # fake a HTTP response header
            header_callback("HTTP/1.0 {0} MESSAGE".format(result.status_code))
            # fake streaming the content
            streaming_callback(result.content)
            return {
                "handle": result,
            }

        if handle is True:
            return {
                "handle": result,
                "body": result.content,
            }

        log.debug(
            "Final URL location of Response: {0}".format(
                sanitize_url(result.url, hide_fields)
            )
        )

        result_status_code = result.status_code
        result_headers = result.headers
        result_text = result.content
        result_cookies = result.cookies
        body = result.content
        if not isinstance(body, six.text_type):
            body = body.decode(result.encoding or "utf-8")
        ret["body"] = body
    elif backend == "urllib2":
        request = urllib_request.Request(url_full, data)
        handlers = [
            urllib_request.HTTPHandler,
            urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor(sess_cookies),
        ]

        if url.startswith("https"):
            hostname = request.get_host()
            handlers[0] = urllib_request.HTTPSHandler(1)
            if not HAS_MATCHHOSTNAME:
                log.warning(
                    "match_hostname() not available, SSL hostname checking "
                    "not available. THIS CONNECTION MAY NOT BE SECURE!"
                )
            elif verify_ssl is False:
                log.warning(
                    "SSL certificate verification has been explicitly "
                    "disabled. THIS CONNECTION MAY NOT BE SECURE!"
                )
            else:
                if ":" in hostname:
                    hostname, port = hostname.split(":")
                else:
                    port = 443
                sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
                sock.connect((hostname, int(port)))
                sockwrap = ssl.wrap_socket(
                    sock, ca_certs=ca_bundle, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
                )
                try:
                    match_hostname(sockwrap.getpeercert(), hostname)
                except CertificateError as exc:
                    ret["error"] = (
                        "The certificate was invalid. Error returned was: {0}".format(
                            pprint.pformat(exc)
                        )
                    )
                    return ret

                # Client-side cert handling
                if cert is not None:
                    cert_chain = None
                    if isinstance(cert, six.string_types):
                        if os.path.exists(cert):
                            cert_chain = cert
                    elif isinstance(cert, list):
                        if os.path.exists(cert[0]) and os.path.exists(cert[1]):
                            cert_chain = cert
                    else:
                        log.error(
                            "The client-side certificate path that was "
                            "passed is not valid: {0}".format(cert)
                        )
                        return
                    if hasattr(ssl, "SSLContext"):
                        # Python >= 2.7.9
                        context = ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain(*cert_chain)
                        handlers.append(urllib_request.HTTPSHandler(context=context))  # pylint: disable=E1123
                    else:
                        # Python < 2.7.9
                        cert_kwargs = {
                            "host": request.get_host(),
                            "port": port,
                            "cert_file": cert_chain[0],
                        }
                        if len(cert_chain) > 1:
                            cert_kwargs["key_file"] = cert_chain[1]
                        handlers[0] = salt.ext.six.moves.http_client.HTTPSConnection(
                            **cert_kwargs
                        )

        opener = urllib_request.build_opener(*handlers)
        for header in header_dict:
            request.add_header(header, header_dict[header])
        request.get_method = lambda: method
        try:
            result = opener.open(request)
        except URLError as exc:
            return {"Error": str(exc)}
        if stream is True or handle is True:
            return {
                "handle": result,
                "body": result.content,
            }

        result_status_code = result.code
        result_headers = dict(result.info())
        result_text = result.read()
        if "Content-Type" in result_headers:
            res_content_type, res_params = cgi.parse_header(
                result_headers["Content-Type"]
            )
            if (
                res_content_type.startswith("text/")
                and "charset" in res_params
                and not isinstance(result_text, six.text_type)
            ):
                result_text = result_text.decode(res_params["charset"])
        ret["body"] = result_text
    else:
        # Tornado
        req_kwargs = {}

        # Client-side cert handling
        if cert is not None:
            if isinstance(cert, six.string_types):
                if os.path.exists(cert):
                    req_kwargs["client_cert"] = cert
            elif isinstance(cert, list):
                if os.path.exists(cert[0]) and os.path.exists(cert[1]):
                    req_kwargs["client_cert"] = cert[0]
                    req_kwargs["client_key"] = cert[1]
            else:
                log.error(
                    "The client-side certificate path that was passed is "
                    "not valid: {0}".format(cert)
                )

        if isinstance(data, dict):
            data = _urlencode(data)

        if verify_ssl:
            req_kwargs["ca_certs"] = ca_bundle

        max_body = opts.get(
            "http_max_body", salt.config.DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS["http_max_body"]
        )
        timeout = opts.get(
            "http_request_timeout",
            salt.config.DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS["http_request_timeout"],
        )

        client_argspec = None

        proxy_host = opts.get("proxy_host", None)
        proxy_port = opts.get("proxy_port", None)
        proxy_username = opts.get("proxy_username", None)
        proxy_password = opts.get("proxy_password", None)

        # We want to use curl_http if we have a proxy defined
        if proxy_host and proxy_port:
            if HAS_CURL_HTTPCLIENT is False:
                ret["error"] = (
                    "proxy_host and proxy_port has been set. This requires pycurl and tornado, "
                    "but the libraries does not seem to be installed"
                )
                log.error(ret["error"])
                return ret

            tornado.httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient.configure(
                "tornado.curl_httpclient.CurlAsyncHTTPClient"
            )
            client_argspec = salt.utils.args.get_function_argspec(
                tornado.curl_httpclient.CurlAsyncHTTPClient.initialize
            )
        else:
            client_argspec = salt.utils.args.get_function_argspec(
                tornado.simple_httpclient.SimpleAsyncHTTPClient.initialize
            )

        supports_max_body_size = "max_body_size" in client_argspec.args

        try:
            download_client = (
                HTTPClient(max_body_size=max_body)
                if supports_max_body_size
                else HTTPClient()
            )
            result = download_client.fetch(
                url_full,
                method=method,
                headers=header_dict,
                auth_username=username,
                auth_password=password,
                body=data,
                validate_cert=verify_ssl,
                allow_nonstandard_methods=True,
                streaming_callback=streaming_callback,
                header_callback=header_callback,
                request_timeout=timeout,
                proxy_host=proxy_host,
                proxy_port=proxy_port,
                proxy_username=proxy_username,
                proxy_password=proxy_password,
                raise_error=raise_error,
                decompress_response=False,
                **req_kwargs,
            )
        except tornado.httpclient.HTTPError as exc:
            ret["status"] = exc.code
            ret["error"] = str(exc)
            return ret
        except socket.gaierror as exc:
            if status is True:
                ret["status"] = 0
            ret["error"] = str(exc)
            return ret

        if stream is True or handle is True:
            return {
                "handle": result,
                "body": result.body,
            }

        result_status_code = result.code
        result_headers = result.headers
        result_text = result.body
        if "Content-Type" in result_headers:
            res_content_type, res_params = cgi.parse_header(
                result_headers["Content-Type"]
            )
            if (
                res_content_type.startswith("text/")
                and "charset" in res_params
                and not isinstance(result_text, six.text_type)
            ):
                result_text = result_text.decode(res_params["charset"])
        ret["body"] = result_text
        if "Set-Cookie" in result_headers.keys() and cookies is not None:
            result_cookies = parse_cookie_header(result_headers["Set-Cookie"])
            for item in result_cookies:
                sess_cookies.set_cookie(item)
        else:
            result_cookies = None

    if isinstance(result_headers, list):
        result_headers_dict = {}
        for header in result_headers:
            comps = header.split(":")
            result_headers_dict[comps[0].strip()] = ":".join(comps[1:]).strip()
        result_headers = result_headers_dict

    log.debug("Response Status Code: {0}".format(result_status_code))
    log.trace("Response Headers: {0}".format(result_headers))
    log.trace("Response Cookies: {0}".format(sess_cookies))
    try:
        log.trace("Response Text: {0}".format(result_text))
    except UnicodeEncodeError as exc:
        log.trace(
            (
                "Cannot Trace Log Response Text: {0}. This may be due to "
                "incompatibilities between requests and logging."
            ).format(exc)
        )

    if text_out is not None:
        with salt.utils.files.fopen(text_out, "w") as tof:
            tof.write(result_text)

    if headers_out is not None and os.path.exists(headers_out):
        with salt.utils.files.fopen(headers_out, "w") as hof:
            hof.write(result_headers)

    if cookies is not None:
        sess_cookies.save()

    if persist_session is True and HAS_MSGPACK:
        # TODO: See persist_session above
        if "set-cookie" in result_headers:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(session_cookie_jar, "wb") as fh_:
                session_cookies = result_headers.get("set-cookie", None)
                if session_cookies is not None:
                    msgpack.dump({"Cookie": session_cookies}, fh_)
                else:
                    msgpack.dump("", fh_)

    if status is True:
        ret["status"] = result_status_code

    if headers is True:
        ret["headers"] = result_headers

    if decode is True:
        if decode_type == "auto":
            content_type = result_headers.get("content-type", "application/json")
            if "xml" in content_type:
                decode_type = "xml"
            elif "json" in content_type:
                decode_type = "json"
            elif "yaml" in content_type:
                decode_type = "yaml"
            else:
                decode_type = "plain"

        valid_decodes = ("json", "xml", "yaml", "plain")
        if decode_type not in valid_decodes:
            ret["error"] = (
                "Invalid decode_type specified. Valid decode types are: {0}".format(
                    pprint.pformat(valid_decodes)
                )
            )
            log.error(ret["error"])
            return ret

        if decode_type == "json":
            ret["dict"] = json.loads(salt.utils.stringutils.to_str(result_text))
        elif decode_type == "xml":
            ret["dict"] = []
            items = ET.fromstring(result_text)
            for item in items:
                ret["dict"].append(xml.to_dict(item))
        elif decode_type == "yaml":
            ret["dict"] = yaml.safe_load(result_text)
        else:
            text = True

        if decode_out:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(decode_out, "w") as dof:
                dof.write(result_text)

    if text is True:
        ret["text"] = result_text

    return ret


# Traceback (ImportError)
130 client@rabbit:/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/salt/cloud/clouds⟫ sudo python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Oct 26 2016, 20:30:19)
[GCC 4.8.4] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
import libcloud
from libcloud.compute.types import Provider
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/libcloud/compute/types.py", line 19, in <module>
from libcloud.common.types import LibcloudError, MalformedResponseError
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/libcloud/common/types.py", line 16, in <module>
from libcloud.utils.py3 import httplib
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/libcloud/utils/py3.py", line 67, in <module>
from backports.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname, CertificateError  # NOQA
ImportError: No module named backports.ssl_match_hostname


# Fixed code
def query(
    url,
    method="GET",
    params=None,
    data=None,
    data_file=None,
    header_dict=None,
    header_list=None,
    header_file=None,
    username=None,
    password=None,
    auth=None,
    decode=False,
    decode_type="auto",
    status=False,
    headers=False,
    text=False,
    cookies=None,
    cookie_jar=None,
    cookie_format="lwp",
    persist_session=False,
    session_cookie_jar=None,
    data_render=False,
    data_renderer=None,
    header_render=False,
    header_renderer=None,
    template_dict=None,
    test=False,
    test_url=None,
    node="minion",
    port=80,
    opts=None,
    backend=None,
    ca_bundle=None,
    verify_ssl=None,
    cert=None,
    text_out=None,
    headers_out=None,
    decode_out=None,
    stream=False,
    streaming_callback=None,
    header_callback=None,
    handle=False,
    agent=USERAGENT,
    hide_fields=None,
    raise_error=True,
    **kwargs,
):
    """
    Query a resource, and decode the return data
    """
    ret = {}

    if opts is None:
        if node == "master":
            opts = salt.config.master_config(
                os.path.join(salt.syspaths.CONFIG_DIR, "master")
            )
        elif node == "minion":
            opts = salt.config.minion_config(
                os.path.join(salt.syspaths.CONFIG_DIR, "minion")
            )
        else:
            opts = {}

    if not backend:
        backend = opts.get("backend", "tornado")

    match = re.match(
        r"https?://((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[01]?\d\d?)\.){3}(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[01]?\d\d?)($|/)",
        url,
    )
    if not match:
        salt.utils.network.refresh_dns()

    if backend == "requests":
        if HAS_REQUESTS is False:
            ret["error"] = (
                "http.query has been set to use requests, but the "
                "requests library does not seem to be installed"
            )
            log.error(ret["error"])
            return ret
        else:
            requests_log = logging.getLogger("requests")
            requests_log.setLevel(logging.WARNING)

    # Some libraries don't support separation of url and GET parameters
    # Don't need a try/except block, since Salt depends on tornado
    url_full = tornado.httputil.url_concat(url, params) if params else url

    if ca_bundle is None:
        ca_bundle = get_ca_bundle(opts)

    if verify_ssl is None:
        verify_ssl = opts.get("verify_ssl", True)

    if cert is None:
        cert = opts.get("cert", None)

    if data_file is not None:
        data = _render(data_file, data_render, data_renderer, template_dict, opts)

    # Make sure no secret fields show up in logs
    log_url = sanitize_url(url_full, hide_fields)

    log.debug("Requesting URL {0} using {1} method".format(log_url, method))
    log.debug("Using backend: %s", backend)

    if method == "POST" and log.isEnabledFor(logging.TRACE):
        # Make sure no secret fields show up in logs
        if isinstance(data, dict):
            log_data = data.copy()
            if isinstance(hide_fields, list):
                for item in data:
                    for field in hide_fields:
                        if item == field:
                            log_data[item] = "XXXXXXXXXX"
            log.trace("Request POST Data: {0}".format(pprint.pformat(log_data)))
        else:
            log.trace("Request POST Data: {0}".format(pprint.pformat(data)))

    if header_file is not None:
        header_tpl = _render(
            header_file, header_render, header_renderer, template_dict, opts
        )
        if isinstance(header_tpl, dict):
            header_dict = header_tpl
        else:
            header_list = header_tpl.splitlines()

    if header_dict is None:
        header_dict = {}

    if header_list is None:
        header_list = []

    if cookie_jar is None:
        cookie_jar = os.path.join(
            opts.get("cachedir", salt.syspaths.CACHE_DIR), "cookies.txt"
        )
    if session_cookie_jar is None:
        session_cookie_jar = os.path.join(
            opts.get("cachedir", salt.syspaths.CACHE_DIR), "cookies.session.p"
        )

    if persist_session is True and HAS_MSGPACK:
        # TODO: This is hackish; it will overwrite the session cookie jar with
        # all cookies from this one connection, rather than behaving like a
        # proper cookie jar. Unfortunately, since session cookies do not
        # contain expirations, they can't be stored in a proper cookie jar.
        if os.path.isfile(session_cookie_jar):
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(session_cookie_jar, "rb") as fh_:
                session_cookies = msgpack.load(fh_)
            if isinstance(session_cookies, dict):
                header_dict.update(session_cookies)
        else:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(session_cookie_jar, "wb") as fh_:
                msgpack.dump("", fh_)

    for header in header_list:
        comps = header.split(":")
        if len(comps) < 2:
            continue
        header_dict[comps[0].strip()] = comps[1].strip()

    if not auth:
        if username and password:
            auth = (username, password)

    if agent == USERAGENT:
        agent = "{0} http.query()".format(agent)
    header_dict["User-agent"] = agent

    if backend == "requests":
        sess = requests.Session()
        sess.auth = auth
        sess.headers.update(header_dict)
        log.trace("Request Headers: {0}".format(sess.headers))
        sess_cookies = sess.cookies
        sess.verify = verify_ssl
    elif backend == "urllib2":
        sess_cookies = None
    else:
        # Tornado
        sess_cookies = None

    if cookies is not None:
        if cookie_format == "mozilla":
            sess_cookies = salt.ext.six.moves.http_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(
                cookie_jar
            )
        else:
            sess_cookies = salt.ext.six.moves.http_cookiejar.LWPCookieJar(cookie_jar)
        if not os.path.isfile(cookie_jar):
            sess_cookies.save()
        sess_cookies.load()

    if test is True:
        if test_url is None:
            return {}
        else:
            url = test_url
            ret["test"] = True

    if backend == "requests":
        req_kwargs = {}
        if stream is True:
            if requests.__version__[0] == "0":
                # 'stream' was called 'prefetch' before 1.0, with flipped meaning
                req_kwargs["prefetch"] = False
            else:
                req_kwargs["stream"] = True

        # Client-side cert handling
        if cert is not None:
            if isinstance(cert, six.string_types):
                if os.path.exists(cert):
                    req_kwargs["cert"] = cert
            elif isinstance(cert, list):
                if os.path.exists(cert[0]) and os.path.exists(cert[1]):
                    req_kwargs["cert"] = cert
            else:
                log.error(
                    "The client-side certificate path that was passed is "
                    "not valid: {0}".format(cert)
                )

        result = sess.request(method, url, params=params, data=data, **req_kwargs)
        result.raise_for_status()
        if stream is True:
            # fake a HTTP response header
            header_callback("HTTP/1.0 {0} MESSAGE".format(result.status_code))
            # fake streaming the content
            streaming_callback(result.content)
            return {
                "handle": result,
            }

        if handle is True:
            return {
                "handle": result,
                "body": result.content,
            }

        log.debug(
            "Final URL location of Response: {0}".format(
                sanitize_url(result.url, hide_fields)
            )
        )

        result_status_code = result.status_code
        result_headers = result.headers
        result_text = result.content
        result_cookies = result.cookies
        body = result.content
        if not isinstance(body, six.text_type):
            body = body.decode(result.encoding or "utf-8")
        ret["body"] = body
    elif backend == "urllib2":
        request = urllib_request.Request(url_full, data)
        handlers = [
            urllib_request.HTTPHandler,
            urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor(sess_cookies),
        ]

        if url.startswith("https"):
            hostname = request.get_host()
            handlers[0] = urllib_request.HTTPSHandler(1)
            if not HAS_MATCHHOSTNAME:
                log.warning(
                    "match_hostname() not available, SSL hostname checking "
                    "not available. THIS CONNECTION MAY NOT BE SECURE!"
                )
            elif verify_ssl is False:
                log.warning(
                    "SSL certificate verification has been explicitly "
                    "disabled. THIS CONNECTION MAY NOT BE SECURE!"
                )
            else:
                if ":" in hostname:
                    hostname, port = hostname.split(":")
                else:
                    port = 443
                sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
                sock.connect((hostname, int(port)))
                sockwrap = ssl.wrap_socket(
                    sock, ca_certs=ca_bundle, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
                )
                try:
                    match_hostname(sockwrap.getpeercert(), hostname)
                except CertificateError as exc:
                    ret["error"] = (
                        "The certificate was invalid. Error returned was: {0}".format(
                            pprint.pformat(exc)
                        )
                    )
                    return ret

                # Client-side cert handling
                if cert is not None:
                    cert_chain = None
                    if isinstance(cert, six.string_types):
                        if os.path.exists(cert):
                            cert_chain = cert
                    elif isinstance(cert, list):
                        if os.path.exists(cert[0]) and os.path.exists(cert[1]):
                            cert_chain = cert
                    else:
                        log.error(
                            "The client-side certificate path that was "
                            "passed is not valid: {0}".format(cert)
                        )
                        return
                    if hasattr(ssl, "SSLContext"):
                        # Python >= 2.7.9
                        context = ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain(*cert_chain)
                        handlers.append(urllib_request.HTTPSHandler(context=context))  # pylint: disable=E1123
                    else:
                        # Python < 2.7.9
                        cert_kwargs = {
                            "host": request.get_host(),
                            "port": port,
                            "cert_file": cert_chain[0],
                        }
                        if len(cert_chain) > 1:
                            cert_kwargs["key_file"] = cert_chain[1]
                        handlers[0] = salt.ext.six.moves.http_client.HTTPSConnection(
                            **cert_kwargs
                        )

        opener = urllib_request.build_opener(*handlers)
        for header in header_dict:
            request.add_header(header, header_dict[header])
        request.get_method = lambda: method
        try:
            result = opener.open(request)
        except URLError as exc:
            return {"Error": str(exc)}
        if stream is True or handle is True:
            return {
                "handle": result,
                "body": result.content,
            }

        result_status_code = result.code
        result_headers = dict(result.info())
        result_text = result.read()
        if "Content-Type" in result_headers:
            res_content_type, res_params = cgi.parse_header(
                result_headers["Content-Type"]
            )
            if (
                res_content_type.startswith("text/")
                and "charset" in res_params
                and not isinstance(result_text, six.text_type)
            ):
                result_text = result_text.decode(res_params["charset"])
        ret["body"] = result_text
    else:
        # Tornado
        req_kwargs = {}

        # Client-side cert handling
        if cert is not None:
            if isinstance(cert, six.string_types):
                if os.path.exists(cert):
                    req_kwargs["client_cert"] = cert
            elif isinstance(cert, list):
                if os.path.exists(cert[0]) and os.path.exists(cert[1]):
                    req_kwargs["client_cert"] = cert[0]
                    req_kwargs["client_key"] = cert[1]
            else:
                log.error(
                    "The client-side certificate path that was passed is "
                    "not valid: {0}".format(cert)
                )

        if isinstance(data, dict):
            data = _urlencode(data)

        if verify_ssl:
            req_kwargs["ca_certs"] = ca_bundle

        max_body = opts.get(
            "http_max_body", salt.config.DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS["http_max_body"]
        )
        timeout = opts.get(
            "http_request_timeout",
            salt.config.DEFAULT_MINION_OPTS["http_request_timeout"],
        )

        client_argspec = None

        proxy_host = opts.get("proxy_host", None)
        proxy_port = opts.get("proxy_port", None)
        proxy_username = opts.get("proxy_username", None)
        proxy_password = opts.get("proxy_password", None)

        # We want to use curl_http if we have a proxy defined
        if proxy_host and proxy_port:
            if HAS_CURL_HTTPCLIENT is False:
                ret["error"] = (
                    "proxy_host and proxy_port has been set. This requires pycurl and tornado, "
                    "but the libraries does not seem to be installed"
                )
                log.error(ret["error"])
                return ret

            tornado.httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient.configure(
                "tornado.curl_httpclient.CurlAsyncHTTPClient"
            )
            client_argspec = salt.utils.args.get_function_argspec(
                tornado.curl_httpclient.CurlAsyncHTTPClient.initialize
            )
        else:
            client_argspec = salt.utils.args.get_function_argspec(
                tornado.simple_httpclient.SimpleAsyncHTTPClient.initialize
            )

        supports_max_body_size = "max_body_size" in client_argspec.args

        try:
            download_client = (
                HTTPClient(max_body_size=max_body)
                if supports_max_body_size
                else HTTPClient()
            )
            result = download_client.fetch(
                url_full,
                method=method,
                headers=header_dict,
                auth_username=username,
                auth_password=password,
                body=data,
                validate_cert=verify_ssl,
                allow_nonstandard_methods=True,
                streaming_callback=streaming_callback,
                header_callback=header_callback,
                request_timeout=timeout,
                proxy_host=proxy_host,
                proxy_port=proxy_port,
                proxy_username=proxy_username,
                proxy_password=proxy_password,
                raise_error=raise_error,
                decompress_response=False,
                **req_kwargs,
            )
        except tornado.httpclient.HTTPError as exc:
            ret["status"] = exc.code
            ret["error"] = str(exc)
            return ret
        except socket.gaierror as exc:
            if status is True:
                ret["status"] = 0
            ret["error"] = str(exc)
            return ret

        if stream is True or handle is True:
            return {
                "handle": result,
                "body": result.body,
            }

        result_status_code = result.code
        result_headers = result.headers
        result_text = result.body
        if "Content-Type" in result_headers:
            res_content_type, res_params = cgi.parse_header(
                result_headers["Content-Type"]
            )
            if (
                res_content_type.startswith("text/")
                and "charset" in res_params
                and not isinstance(result_text, six.text_type)
            ):
                result_text = result_text.decode(res_params["charset"])
        ret["body"] = result_text
        if "Set-Cookie" in result_headers.keys() and cookies is not None:
            result_cookies = parse_cookie_header(result_headers["Set-Cookie"])
            for item in result_cookies:
                sess_cookies.set_cookie(item)
        else:
            result_cookies = None

    if isinstance(result_headers, list):
        result_headers_dict = {}
        for header in result_headers:
            comps = header.split(":")
            result_headers_dict[comps[0].strip()] = ":".join(comps[1:]).strip()
        result_headers = result_headers_dict

    log.debug("Response Status Code: {0}".format(result_status_code))
    log.trace("Response Headers: {0}".format(result_headers))
    log.trace("Response Cookies: {0}".format(sess_cookies))
    # log.trace("Content: %s", result_text)

    coding = result_headers.get("Content-Encoding", "identity")

    # Requests will always decompress the content, and working around that is annoying.
    if backend != "requests":
        result_text = __decompressContent(coding, result_text)

    try:
        log.trace("Response Text: {0}".format(result_text))
    except UnicodeEncodeError as exc:
        log.trace(
            (
                "Cannot Trace Log Response Text: {0}. This may be due to "
                "incompatibilities between requests and logging."
            ).format(exc)
        )

    if text_out is not None:
        with salt.utils.files.fopen(text_out, "w") as tof:
            tof.write(result_text)

    if headers_out is not None and os.path.exists(headers_out):
        with salt.utils.files.fopen(headers_out, "w") as hof:
            hof.write(result_headers)

    if cookies is not None:
        sess_cookies.save()

    if persist_session is True and HAS_MSGPACK:
        # TODO: See persist_session above
        if "set-cookie" in result_headers:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(session_cookie_jar, "wb") as fh_:
                session_cookies = result_headers.get("set-cookie", None)
                if session_cookies is not None:
                    msgpack.dump({"Cookie": session_cookies}, fh_)
                else:
                    msgpack.dump("", fh_)

    if status is True:
        ret["status"] = result_status_code

    if headers is True:
        ret["headers"] = result_headers

    if decode is True:
        if decode_type == "auto":
            content_type = result_headers.get("content-type", "application/json")
            if "xml" in content_type:
                decode_type = "xml"
            elif "json" in content_type:
                decode_type = "json"
            elif "yaml" in content_type:
                decode_type = "yaml"
            else:
                decode_type = "plain"

        valid_decodes = ("json", "xml", "yaml", "plain")
        if decode_type not in valid_decodes:
            ret["error"] = (
                "Invalid decode_type specified. Valid decode types are: {0}".format(
                    pprint.pformat(valid_decodes)
                )
            )
            log.error(ret["error"])
            return ret

        if decode_type == "json":
            ret["dict"] = json.loads(salt.utils.stringutils.to_str(result_text))
        elif decode_type == "xml":
            ret["dict"] = []
            items = ET.fromstring(result_text)
            for item in items:
                ret["dict"].append(xml.to_dict(item))
        elif decode_type == "yaml":
            ret["dict"] = yaml.safe_load(result_text)
        else:
            text = True

        if decode_out:
            with salt.utils.files.fopen(decode_out, "w") as dof:
                dof.write(result_text)

    if text is True:
        ret["text"] = result_text

    return ret