# Buggy code
def dumps(self, msg, use_bin_type=False):
    """
    Run the correct dumps serialization format

    :param use_bin_type: Useful for Python 3 support. Tells msgpack to
                         differentiate between 'str' and 'bytes' types
                         by encoding them differently.
                         Since this changes the wire protocol, this
                         option should not be used outside of IPC.
    """

    def ext_type_encoder(obj):
        if isinstance(obj, six.integer_types):
            # msgpack can't handle the very long Python longs for jids
            # Convert any very long longs to strings
            return six.text_type(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):
            # msgpack doesn't support datetime.datetime datatype
            # So here we have converted datetime.datetime to custom datatype
            # This is msgpack Extended types numbered 78
            return msgpack.ExtType(
                78, salt.utils.stringutils.to_bytes(obj.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S.%f"))
            )
        # The same for immutable types
        elif isinstance(obj, immutabletypes.ImmutableDict):
            return dict(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, immutabletypes.ImmutableList):
            return list(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, (set, immutabletypes.ImmutableSet)):
            # msgpack can't handle set so translate it to tuple
            return tuple(obj)
        # Nothing known exceptions found. Let msgpack raise it's own.
        return obj

    try:
        if msgpack.version >= (0, 4, 0):
            # msgpack only supports 'use_bin_type' starting in 0.4.0.
            # Due to this, if we don't need it, don't pass it at all so
            # that under Python 2 we can still work with older versions
            # of msgpack.
            return msgpack.dumps(
                msg, default=ext_type_encoder, use_bin_type=use_bin_type
            )
        else:
            return msgpack.dumps(msg, default=ext_type_encoder)
    except (OverflowError, msgpack.exceptions.PackValueError):
        # msgpack<=0.4.6 don't call ext encoder on very long integers raising the error instead.
        # Convert any very long longs to strings and call dumps again.
        def verylong_encoder(obj):
            if isinstance(obj, dict):
                for key, value in six.iteritems(obj.copy()):
                    obj[key] = verylong_encoder(value)
                return dict(obj)
            elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
                obj = list(obj)
                for idx, entry in enumerate(obj):
                    obj[idx] = verylong_encoder(entry)
                return obj
            # A value of an Integer object is limited from -(2^63) upto (2^64)-1 by MessagePack
            # spec. Here we care only of JIDs that are positive integers.
            if isinstance(obj, six.integer_types) and obj >= pow(2, 64):
                return six.text_type(obj)
            else:
                return obj

        msg = verylong_encoder(msg)
        if msgpack.version >= (0, 4, 0):
            return msgpack.dumps(
                msg, default=ext_type_encoder, use_bin_type=use_bin_type
            )
        else:
            return msgpack.dumps(msg, default=ext_type_encoder)


# Traceback (AttributeError)
ID: pip-deps
Function: pip.installed
Name: python
Result: False
Comment: An exception occurred in this state: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/salt/state.py", line 1913, in call
**cdata['kwargs'])
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/salt/loader.py", line 1898, in wrapper
return f(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/salt/states/pip_state.py", line 910, in installed
if pkg_name.lower() in already_installed_packages:
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'lower'
Started: 13:14:27.731677
Duration: 1944.946 ms
Changes:

# Fixed code
def dumps(self, msg, use_bin_type=False):
    """
    Run the correct dumps serialization format

    :param use_bin_type: Useful for Python 3 support. Tells msgpack to
                         differentiate between 'str' and 'bytes' types
                         by encoding them differently.
                         Since this changes the wire protocol, this
                         option should not be used outside of IPC.
    """

    def ext_type_encoder(obj):
        if isinstance(obj, six.integer_types):
            # msgpack can't handle the very long Python longs for jids
            # Convert any very long longs to strings
            return six.text_type(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):
            # msgpack doesn't support datetime.datetime datatype
            # So here we have converted datetime.datetime to custom datatype
            # This is msgpack Extended types numbered 78
            return msgpack.ExtType(
                78, salt.utils.stringutils.to_bytes(obj.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S.%f"))
            )
        # The same for immutable types
        elif isinstance(obj, immutabletypes.ImmutableDict):
            return dict(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, immutabletypes.ImmutableList):
            return list(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, (set, immutabletypes.ImmutableSet)):
            # msgpack can't handle set so translate it to tuple
            return tuple(obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, CaseInsensitiveDict):
            return dict(obj)
        # Nothing known exceptions found. Let msgpack raise it's own.
        return obj

    try:
        if msgpack.version >= (0, 4, 0):
            # msgpack only supports 'use_bin_type' starting in 0.4.0.
            # Due to this, if we don't need it, don't pass it at all so
            # that under Python 2 we can still work with older versions
            # of msgpack.
            return msgpack.dumps(
                msg, default=ext_type_encoder, use_bin_type=use_bin_type
            )
        else:
            return msgpack.dumps(msg, default=ext_type_encoder)
    except (OverflowError, msgpack.exceptions.PackValueError):
        # msgpack<=0.4.6 don't call ext encoder on very long integers raising the error instead.
        # Convert any very long longs to strings and call dumps again.
        def verylong_encoder(obj):
            if isinstance(obj, dict):
                for key, value in six.iteritems(obj.copy()):
                    obj[key] = verylong_encoder(value)
                return dict(obj)
            elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
                obj = list(obj)
                for idx, entry in enumerate(obj):
                    obj[idx] = verylong_encoder(entry)
                return obj
            # A value of an Integer object is limited from -(2^63) upto (2^64)-1 by MessagePack
            # spec. Here we care only of JIDs that are positive integers.
            if isinstance(obj, six.integer_types) and obj >= pow(2, 64):
                return six.text_type(obj)
            else:
                return obj

        msg = verylong_encoder(msg)
        if msgpack.version >= (0, 4, 0):
            return msgpack.dumps(
                msg, default=ext_type_encoder, use_bin_type=use_bin_type
            )
        else:
            return msgpack.dumps(msg, default=ext_type_encoder)