# Buggy code
def __init__(
    self,
    path,
    mode="r",
    driver=None,
    schema=None,
    crs=None,
    encoding=None,
    layer=None,
    vsi=None,
    archive=None,
    enabled_drivers=None,
    crs_wkt=None,
    **kwargs,
):
    """The required ``path`` is the absolute or relative path to
    a file, such as '/data/test_uk.shp'. In ``mode`` 'r', data can
    be read only. In ``mode`` 'a', data can be appended to a file.
    In ``mode`` 'w', data overwrites the existing contents of
    a file.

    In ``mode`` 'w', an OGR ``driver`` name and a ``schema`` are
    required. A Proj4 ``crs`` string is recommended. If both ``crs``
    and ``crs_wkt`` keyword arguments are passed, the latter will
    trump the former.

    In 'w' mode, kwargs will be mapped to OGR layer creation
    options.
    """

    if not isinstance(path, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid path: %r" % path)
    if not isinstance(mode, string_types) or mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
        raise TypeError("invalid mode: %r" % mode)
    if driver and not isinstance(driver, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid driver: %r" % driver)
    if schema and not hasattr(schema, "get"):
        raise TypeError("invalid schema: %r" % schema)
    if crs and not isinstance(crs, compat.DICT_TYPES + string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid crs: %r" % crs)
    if crs_wkt and not isinstance(crs_wkt, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid crs_wkt: %r" % crs_wkt)
    if encoding and not isinstance(encoding, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid encoding: %r" % encoding)
    if layer and not isinstance(layer, tuple(list(string_types) + [int])):
        raise TypeError("invalid name: %r" % layer)
    if vsi:
        if not isinstance(vsi, string_types) or not vfs.valid_vsi(vsi):
            raise TypeError("invalid vsi: %r" % vsi)
    if archive and not isinstance(archive, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid archive: %r" % archive)

    # Check GDAL version against drivers
    if driver == "GPKG" and get_gdal_version_num() < calc_gdal_version_num(1, 11, 0):
        raise DriverError(
            "GPKG driver requires GDAL 1.11.0, fiona was compiled against: {}".format(
                get_gdal_release_name()
            )
        )

    self.session = None
    self.iterator = None
    self._len = 0
    self._bounds = None
    self._driver = None
    self._schema = None
    self._crs = None
    self._crs_wkt = None
    self.env = None
    self.enabled_drivers = enabled_drivers

    self.path = vfs.vsi_path(path, vsi, archive)

    if mode == "w":
        if layer and not isinstance(layer, string_types):
            raise ValueError("in 'w' mode, layer names must be strings")
        if driver == "GeoJSON":
            if layer is not None:
                raise ValueError("the GeoJSON format does not have layers")
            self.name = "OgrGeoJSON"
        # TODO: raise ValueError as above for other single-layer formats.
        else:
            self.name = layer or os.path.basename(os.path.splitext(path)[0])
    else:
        if layer in (0, None):
            self.name = 0
        else:
            self.name = layer or os.path.basename(os.path.splitext(path)[0])

    self.mode = mode

    if self.mode == "w":
        if driver == "Shapefile":
            driver = "ESRI Shapefile"
        if not driver:
            raise DriverError("no driver")
        elif driver not in supported_drivers:
            raise DriverError("unsupported driver: %r" % driver)
        elif self.mode not in supported_drivers[driver]:
            raise DriverError("unsupported mode: %r" % self.mode)
        self._driver = driver

        if not schema:
            raise SchemaError("no schema")
        elif "properties" not in schema:
            raise SchemaError("schema lacks: properties")
        elif "geometry" not in schema:
            raise SchemaError("schema lacks: geometry")
        self._schema = schema

        if crs_wkt:
            self._crs_wkt = crs_wkt
        elif crs:
            if "init" in crs or "proj" in crs or "epsg" in crs.lower():
                self._crs = crs
            else:
                raise CRSError("crs lacks init or proj parameter")

    if driver_count == 0:
        # create a local manager and enter
        self.env = AWSGDALEnv()
    else:
        self.env = AWSGDALEnv()
    self.env.__enter__()

    self._driver = driver
    self.encoding = encoding

    try:
        if self.mode == "r":
            self.session = Session()
            self.session.start(self)
        elif self.mode in ("a", "w"):
            self.session = WritingSession()
            self.session.start(self, **kwargs)
    except IOError:
        self.session = None
        raise

    if self.session is not None:
        self.guard_driver_mode()
        if not self.encoding:
            self.encoding = self.session.get_fileencoding().lower()


# Traceback (UnicodeDecodeError)
name = 'Rhône-Alpes'
name
'Rhône-Alpes'
import json
json.dumps(name)
'"Rh\\u00f4ne-Alpes"'
name_utf8 = name.encode('utf-8')
name_utf8
b'Rh\xc3\xb4ne-Alpes'
name_utf8.decode('Windows-1252')
'RhÃ´ne-Alpes'
name_utf8.decode('ascii')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 2: ordinal not in range(128)

# Fixed code
def __init__(
    self,
    path,
    mode="r",
    driver=None,
    schema=None,
    crs=None,
    encoding=None,
    layer=None,
    vsi=None,
    archive=None,
    enabled_drivers=None,
    crs_wkt=None,
    **kwargs,
):
    """The required ``path`` is the absolute or relative path to
    a file, such as '/data/test_uk.shp'. In ``mode`` 'r', data can
    be read only. In ``mode`` 'a', data can be appended to a file.
    In ``mode`` 'w', data overwrites the existing contents of
    a file.

    In ``mode`` 'w', an OGR ``driver`` name and a ``schema`` are
    required. A Proj4 ``crs`` string is recommended. If both ``crs``
    and ``crs_wkt`` keyword arguments are passed, the latter will
    trump the former.

    In 'w' mode, kwargs will be mapped to OGR layer creation
    options.
    """

    if not isinstance(path, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid path: %r" % path)
    if not isinstance(mode, string_types) or mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
        raise TypeError("invalid mode: %r" % mode)
    if driver and not isinstance(driver, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid driver: %r" % driver)
    if schema and not hasattr(schema, "get"):
        raise TypeError("invalid schema: %r" % schema)
    if crs and not isinstance(crs, compat.DICT_TYPES + string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid crs: %r" % crs)
    if crs_wkt and not isinstance(crs_wkt, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid crs_wkt: %r" % crs_wkt)
    if encoding and not isinstance(encoding, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid encoding: %r" % encoding)
    if layer and not isinstance(layer, tuple(list(string_types) + [int])):
        raise TypeError("invalid name: %r" % layer)
    if vsi:
        if not isinstance(vsi, string_types) or not vfs.valid_vsi(vsi):
            raise TypeError("invalid vsi: %r" % vsi)
    if archive and not isinstance(archive, string_types):
        raise TypeError("invalid archive: %r" % archive)

    # Check GDAL version against drivers
    if driver == "GPKG" and get_gdal_version_num() < calc_gdal_version_num(1, 11, 0):
        raise DriverError(
            "GPKG driver requires GDAL 1.11.0, fiona was compiled against: {}".format(
                get_gdal_release_name()
            )
        )

    self.session = None
    self.iterator = None
    self._len = 0
    self._bounds = None
    self._driver = None
    self._schema = None
    self._crs = None
    self._crs_wkt = None
    self.env = None
    self.enabled_drivers = enabled_drivers

    self.path = vfs.vsi_path(path, vsi, archive)

    if mode == "w":
        if layer and not isinstance(layer, string_types):
            raise ValueError("in 'w' mode, layer names must be strings")
        if driver == "GeoJSON":
            if layer is not None:
                raise ValueError("the GeoJSON format does not have layers")
            self.name = "OgrGeoJSON"
        # TODO: raise ValueError as above for other single-layer formats.
        else:
            self.name = layer or os.path.basename(os.path.splitext(path)[0])
    else:
        if layer in (0, None):
            self.name = 0
        else:
            self.name = layer or os.path.basename(os.path.splitext(path)[0])

    self.mode = mode

    if self.mode == "w":
        if driver == "Shapefile":
            driver = "ESRI Shapefile"
        if not driver:
            raise DriverError("no driver")
        elif driver not in supported_drivers:
            raise DriverError("unsupported driver: %r" % driver)
        elif self.mode not in supported_drivers[driver]:
            raise DriverError("unsupported mode: %r" % self.mode)
        self._driver = driver

        if not schema:
            raise SchemaError("no schema")
        elif "properties" not in schema:
            raise SchemaError("schema lacks: properties")
        elif "geometry" not in schema:
            raise SchemaError("schema lacks: geometry")
        self._schema = schema

        if crs_wkt:
            self._crs_wkt = crs_wkt
        elif crs:
            if "init" in crs or "proj" in crs or "epsg" in crs.lower():
                self._crs = crs
            else:
                raise CRSError("crs lacks init or proj parameter")

    if driver_count == 0:
        # create a local manager and enter
        self.env = AWSGDALEnv()
    else:
        self.env = AWSGDALEnv()
    self.env.__enter__()

    self._driver = driver
    kwargs.update(encoding=encoding or "")
    self.encoding = encoding

    try:
        if self.mode == "r":
            self.session = Session()
            self.session.start(self, **kwargs)
        elif self.mode in ("a", "w"):
            self.session = WritingSession()
            self.session.start(self, **kwargs)
    except IOError:
        self.session = None
        raise

    if self.session is not None:
        self.guard_driver_mode()
        if not self.encoding:
            self.encoding = self.session.get_fileencoding().lower()